text:
# Luciano Salce
Luciano Salce (25 September 1922 – 17 December 1989) was an Italian film director, comedian, television host, producer, actor and lyricist. His 1962 film Le pillole di Ercole was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.
As a writer of pop music, he used the pseudonym Pilantra. During World War II, he was a prisoner in Germany. He later worked for several years in Brazil.

## Selected filmography

### Director
- A Flea on the Scales (1953)
- Floradas na serra (1954)
- The Fascist (1961)[2]
- Le pillole di Ercole (1962)
- La voglia matta (1962)
- La cuccagna (1962)
- Le ore dell'amore (1963)
- Alta infedeltà (1964)
- El Greco (1964)
- Slalom (1965)
- The Man, the Woman and the Money (1965)
- Le fate (1966)
- Come imparai ad amare le donne (1967)
- Ti ho sposato per allegria (1967)
- La pecora nera (1968)
- Colpo di stato (1969)
- Il Prof. Dott. Guido Tersilli, primario della clinica Villa Celeste, convenzionata con le mutue (1969)
- Basta guardarla (1970)
- Il provinciale (1971)
- Il sindacalista (1972)
- Io e lui (1973)
- Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno (1974)
- L'anatra all'arancia (1975)
- Fantozzi (1975)
- L'affittacamere (1976)
- Il secondo tragico Fantozzi (1976)
- La presidentessa (1977)
- Il... Belpaese (1977)
- Dove vai in vacanza? (1978)
- Professor Kranz tedesco di Germania (1978)
- Riavanti... marsch! (1979)
- Rag. Arturo De Fanti, bancario precario (1980)
- Vieni avanti cretino (1982)
- The Innocents Abroad (1983, TV film)
- Vediamoci chiaro (1984)
- Quelli del casco (1988)

### Actor
- A Yank in Rome (1946) − L'ufficiale americano
- Caiçara (1950) − (voice)
- Terra É Sempre Terra (1951)
- Ângela (1951)
- Floradas na Serra (1954)
- Angela (1954) − (uncredited)
- Piccola posta (1955) − Dog Wotan's Owner
- Toto in the Moon (1958) − Von Braun
- Maid, Thief and Guard (1958) − Il Conte tedesco
- Tipi da spiaggia (1959) − Ionescu − the psychoanalyst
- I baccanali di Tiberio (1960) − Coronel
- Il carabiniere a cavallo (1961) − Il prete
- The Fascist (1961)[3] − German officer (uncredited)
- La ragazza di mille mesi (1961) − La Psicanalista
- La voglia matta (1962) − Bisigato (uncredited)
- La cuccagna (1962) − Il colonnello (uncredited)
- Le ore dell'amore (1963) − (uncredited)
- Gli onorevoli (1963) − Un invitato (uncredited)
- The Man, the Woman and the Money (1965) − Arturo Rossi (segment "L'ora di punta")
- Anyone Can Play (1968) − Psychiatrist Dr. Stelluti
- Colpo di stato (1969) − Himself
- Oh dolci baci e languide carezze (1970) − Carlo Valcini
- The Swinging Confessors (1970) − Monsignor Torelli
- Basta guardarla (1970) − Farfarello
- Mazzabubù... quante corna stanno quaggiù? (1971) − Il critico d'arte
- Homo Eroticus (1971) − Achille Lampugnani
- Non commettere atti impuri (1971) − Damiano
- Hector the Mighty (1972) − Mercurio
- Anche se volessi lavorare, che faccio? (1972) − Maresciallo Dorigo
- Hospitals: The White Mafia (1973) − Enrico
- La signora è stata violentata (1973) − Il monsignore
- Three Tough Guys (1974) − The bishop
- Commissariato di notturna (1974) − On. Luigi Colacioppi
- Il domestico (1974) − The director
- Amore mio non farmi male (1974) − Carlo Foschini
- City Under Siege (1974) − Paolo Ferrero
- Nipoti miei diletti (1974) − Don Vittorio
- Son tornate a fiorire le rose (1975) − Carlo Foschini
- Di che segno sei? (1975) − Leonardo
- I prosseneti (1976) − Giorgio
- Perdutamente tuo... mi firmo Macaluso Carmelo fu Giuseppe (1976) − Barone Alfonso Lamìa
- Maschio latino cercasi (1977) − colonnello (segment "L'amnistia")
- Ride bene... chi ride ultimo (1977) − Maresciallo (segment "Sedotto e violentato") / Bepi Pastorino (segment "La visita di controllo")
- La presidentessa (1977) − Bortignon
- Voglia di donna (1978) − Il matto
- Tanto va la gatta al lardo... (1978) − Dino Chini / Amilcare Severi
- Ridendo e scherzando (1978) − Lucio Sartori
- Belli e brutti ridono tutti (1979) − Santucci
- Riavanti... marsch! (1979) − Prof. Eduardo Settebeni
- Rag. Arturo De Fanti, bancario precario (1980) − Paolo Lavetti
- Vieni avanti cretino (1982) − Himself (uncredited)

## Bibliography
- Andrea Pergolari, Verso la commedia. Momenti del cinema di Steno, Salce, Festa Campanile, Firenze Libri, Rome, 2002.
- Andrea Pergolari, Emanuele Salce, Luciano Salce: Una vita spettacolare, Edilazio, Rome, 2009.

title: Luciano Salce

wikitext:
{{short description|Italian film director}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| name         = Luciano Salce
| image        = Luciano Salce 65.jpg
| caption      = Luciano Salce in 1965
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|df=y|1922|9|25}}
| birth_place  = Rome, Italy
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=y|1989|12|17|1922|9|25}}
| death_place  = Rome, Italy
| other_names  =  Pilantra
| occupation   = [[Film director]], [[actor]], [[lyricist]], [[comedian]], [[film producer]]
| style        = [[Comedies]], [[Comedy drama]], [[Epic movies]]
| years_active = 1961–1988
| spouse       = Diletta D'Andrea
| children     = 1
}}

'''Luciano Salce''' (25 September 1922 – 17 December 1989) was an Italian film director, comedian, television host, producer, actor and lyricist. His 1962 film ''[[Le pillole di Ercole]]'' was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the [[67th Venice International Film Festival]].<ref name="venezia67">{{cite web|url=http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/1937-1988|title=Italian Comedy - The State of Things|accessdate=1 August 2010|work=labiennale.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801004911/http://www.labiennale.org/en/cinema/festival/lineup/off-sel/1937-1988/|archive-date=1 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As a writer of [[pop music]], he used the pseudonym Pilantra. During World War II, he was a prisoner in Germany. He later worked for several years in Brazil.{{cn|date=July 2017}}

==Selected filmography==
===Director===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[A Flea on the Scales]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Floradas na serra]]'' (1954)
* ''[[The Fascist (film)|The Fascist]]'' (1961)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151118142249/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/91048/The-Fascist/overview Review: ''The Fascist'' (film)], nytimes.com; accessed 3 July 2017.</ref>
* ''[[Le pillole di Ercole]]'' (1962)
* ''[[La voglia matta]]'' (1962)
* ''[[La cuccagna]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Le ore dell'amore]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Alta infedeltà]]'' (1964)
* ''[[El Greco (1966 film)|El Greco]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Slalom (1965 film)|Slalom]]'' (1965)
* ''[[The Man, the Woman and the Money]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Le fate]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Come imparai ad amare le donne]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Ti ho sposato per allegria]]'' (1967)
* ''[[The Black Sheep (1968 film)|La pecora nera]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Colpo di stato]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Il Prof. Dott. Guido Tersilli, primario della clinica Villa Celeste, convenzionata con le mutue]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Basta guardarla]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Il provinciale]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Il sindacalista]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Io e lui]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Alla mia cara mamma nel giorno del suo compleanno]]'' (1974)
* ''[[L'anatra all'arancia]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Fantozzi (film)|Fantozzi]]'' (1975)
* ''[[L'affittacamere]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Il secondo tragico Fantozzi]]'' (1976)
* ''[[La presidentessa (film 1977)|La presidentessa]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Il... Belpaese]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Dove vai in vacanza?]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Professor Kranz tedesco di Germania]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Riavanti... marsch!]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Rag. Arturo De Fanti, bancario precario]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Vieni avanti cretino]]'' (1982)
* ''[[The Innocents Abroad#Adaptations|The Innocents Abroad]]'' (1983, TV film)
* ''[[Vediamoci chiaro]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Quelli del casco]]'' (1988)
{{div col end}}

===Actor===
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[A Yank in Rome]]'' (1946) − L'ufficiale americano
* ''[[Caiçara (film)|Caiçara]]'' (1950) − (voice)
* ''Terra É Sempre Terra'' (1951)
* ''Ângela'' (1951)
* ''Floradas na Serra'' (1954)
* ''[[Angela (1955 film)|Angela]]'' (1954) − (uncredited)
* ''Piccola posta'' (1955) − Dog Wotan's Owner
* ''[[Toto in the Moon]]'' (1958) − Von Braun
* ''[[Maid, Thief and Guard]]'' (1958) − Il Conte tedesco
* ''[[Tipi da spiaggia]]'' (1959) − Ionescu − the psychoanalyst
* ''I baccanali di Tiberio'' (1960) − Coronel
* ''[[Il carabiniere a cavallo]]'' (1961) − Il prete
* ''[[The Fascist (film)|The Fascist]]'' (1961)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151118142249/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/91048/The−Fascist/overview Review: ''The Fascist'' (film)], nytimes.com; accessed 3 July 2017.</ref> − German officer (uncredited)
* ''La ragazza di mille mesi'' (1961) − La Psicanalista
* ''[[La voglia matta]]'' (1962) − Bisigato (uncredited)
* ''[[La cuccagna]]'' (1962) − Il colonnello (uncredited)
* ''[[Le ore dell'amore]]'' (1963) − (uncredited)
* ''[[Gli onorevoli]]'' (1963) − Un invitato (uncredited)
* ''[[The Man, the Woman and the Money]]'' (1965) − Arturo Rossi (segment "L'ora di punta")
* ''[[Anyone Can Play]]'' (1968) − Psychiatrist Dr. Stelluti
* ''[[Colpo di stato]]'' (1969) − Himself
* ''Oh dolci baci e languide carezze'' (1970) − Carlo Valcini
* ''[[The Swinging Confessors]]'' (1970) − Monsignor Torelli
* ''[[Basta guardarla]]'' (1970) − Farfarello
* ''Mazzabubù... quante corna stanno quaggiù?'' (1971) − Il critico d'arte
* ''Homo Eroticus'' (1971) − Achille Lampugnani
* ''Non commettere atti impuri'' (1971) − Damiano
* ''[[Hector the Mighty]]'' (1972) − Mercurio
* ''Anche se volessi lavorare, che faccio?'' (1972) − Maresciallo Dorigo
* ''[[Hospitals: The White Mafia]]'' (1973) − Enrico
* ''La signora è stata violentata'' (1973) − Il monsignore
* ''[[Three Tough Guys]]'' (1974) − The bishop
* ''[[Commissariato di notturna]]'' (1974) − On. Luigi Colacioppi
* ''[[Il domestico]]'' (1974) − The director
* ''Amore mio non farmi male'' (1974) − Carlo Foschini
* ''[[City Under Siege (1974 film)|City Under Siege]]'' (1974) − Paolo Ferrero
* ''Nipoti miei diletti'' (1974) − Don Vittorio
* ''Son tornate a fiorire le rose'' (1975) − Carlo Foschini
* ''[[Di che segno sei?]]'' (1975) − Leonardo
* ''I prosseneti'' (1976) − Giorgio
* ''[[Perdutamente tuo... mi firmo Macaluso Carmelo fu Giuseppe]]'' (1976) − Barone Alfonso Lamìa
* ''[[Maschio latino cercasi]]'' (1977) − colonnello (segment "L'amnistia")
* ''Ride bene... chi ride ultimo'' (1977) − Maresciallo (segment "Sedotto e violentato") / Bepi Pastorino (segment "La visita di controllo")
* ''[[La presidentessa (film 1977)|La presidentessa]]'' (1977) − Bortignon
* ''[[Voglia di donna]]'' (1978) − Il matto
* ''Tanto va la gatta al lardo...'' (1978) − Dino Chini / Amilcare Severi
* ''Ridendo e scherzando'' (1978) − Lucio Sartori
* ''Belli e brutti ridono tutti'' (1979) − Santucci
* ''[[Riavanti... marsch!]]'' (1979) − Prof. Eduardo Settebeni
* ''[[Rag. Arturo De Fanti, bancario precario]]'' (1980) − Paolo Lavetti
* ''[[Vieni avanti cretino]]'' (1982) − Himself (uncredited)
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
<!-- ISSN/ISBN needed -->
*Andrea Pergolari, ''Verso la commedia. Momenti del cinema di Steno, Salce, Festa Campanile'', Firenze Libri, Rome, 2002.
*Andrea Pergolari, Emanuele Salce, ''Luciano Salce: Una vita spettacolare'', Edilazio, Rome, 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name | id=0757790 | name=Luciano Salce}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salce, Luciano}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Rome]]
[[Category:Italian lyricists]]
[[Category:Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico alumni]]
[[Category:People of Venetian descent]]
[[Category:People of Marchesan descent]]
[[Category:Italian prisoners of war in World War II]]
[[Category:Italian male comedians]]
[[Category:Comedians from Rome]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rome]]

title: Luciano Salce

Born: 25 September 1922 · Rome, Italy

Died: 17 December 1989 (aged 67) · Rome, Italy

Other names: Pilantra

Occupation(s): Film director, actor, lyricist, comedian, film producer

Style: Comedies, Comedy drama, Epic movies

Spouse: Diletta D'Andrea


text:
# المدرسة الدولية الروسية في دبي
المدرية الدولية الروسية في دبي هي مدرسة روسية تقع في مدينة دبي، الإمارات.
تتبع المدرسة المنهج الروسي، وهي المدرسة الوحيدة في دبي التي تتبع هذا المنهج. تأسست المدرسة في الأصل عام 1996 باسم مدرسة دبي الروسية؛ وكانت مدرسة قائمة على فيلا تضم 60 طالبًا، أسسها نجيب الله نجيب.
ومنذ ذلك الحين، انتقلت المدرسة إلى مكان آخر، حيث التحق بها 450 طالبًا في عام 2013، بدعم من 41 مدرسًا. وخلال ذلك العام، بالإضافة إلى الوافدين الجدد من دبي، جاء بعض الطلاب من إمارات أخرى، مثل عجمان والشارقة وأم القيوين.

## روابط خارجية
- Russian International School in Dubai (بالروسية)
- "Русская международная школа в Дубае становится все более популярна" (Archive). russkiymir.ru. 5 September 2014. (بالروسية)

wikiname: arwiki

title: المدرسة الدولية الروسية في دبي

in_language: ar

wikitext:
{{معلومات مدرسة
| name = المدرسة الدولية الروسية في دبي
| image =
| أنشئ = 1996
| النوع = [[مدرسة]]
| المدير =
| المدينة = [[دبي]]
| الدولة = [[الإمارات العربية المتحدة|الإمارات]]
| اللغة =
|website         =
}}

'''المدرية الدولية الروسية في دبي''' هي [[مدرسة]] [[روسية (توضيح)|روسية]] تقع في مدينة [[دبي]]، [[الإمارات العربية المتحدة|الإمارات]].<ref>"[http://www.dubairuschool.com/contact Контакты]." Russian International School in Dubai. Retrieved on April 12, 2015. "Школа расположена по адресу: Район Al Muhaisnah 4, Дубай, Объединенные Арабские Эмираты" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719091331/http://www.dubairuschool.com/contact |date=19 يوليو 2017}}</ref>

تتبع المدرسة المنهج الروسي، وهي المدرسة الوحيدة في دبي التي تتبع هذا المنهج. تأسست المدرسة في الأصل عام 1996 باسم مدرسة دبي الروسية؛ وكانت مدرسة قائمة على فيلا تضم 60 طالبًا، أسسها نجيب الله نجيب.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Общая Информация|مسار= https://dubairuschool.com:443/page/about-the-school|تاريخ الوصول=2024-10-08|صحيفة=Русская Международная Школа в Дубае|تاريخ=2013-09-21|لغة=ru|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20241003175516/https://www.dubairuschool.com/page/about-the-school|تاريخ أرشيف=2024-10-03}}</ref>

ومنذ ذلك الحين، انتقلت المدرسة إلى مكان آخر، حيث التحق بها 450 طالبًا في عام 2013، بدعم من 41 مدرسًا. وخلال ذلك العام، بالإضافة إلى الوافدين الجدد من دبي، جاء بعض الطلاب من إمارات أخرى، مثل [[عجمان]] [[الشارقة|والشارقة]] [[أم القيوين|وأم القيوين]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|عنوان=Example Domain|مسار= http://www.example.org/|تاريخ الوصول=2024-10-08|صحيفة=www.example.org|مسار أرشيف= https://archive.today/20210714191809/http://www.example.org/|تاريخ أرشيف=2021-07-14}}</ref>

==المراجع==
{{مراجع}}

== روابط خارجية ==
* [http://www.dubairuschool.com/ Russian International School in Dubai] {{أيقونة روسية}}
* "[http://russkiymir.ru/news/149529/ Русская международная школа в Дубае становится все более популярна]" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6XjlvnLAc Archive]). russkiymir.ru. 5 September 2014. {{أيقونة روسية}}
{{المدارس الدولية في الإمارات}}
{{شريط بوابات|دبي|عقد 1990|الإمارات العربية المتحدة|روسيا|تربية وتعليم}}
{{بذرة مدرسة إماراتية}}
{{بذرة مدرسة روسية}}
{{بذرة مدرسة روسية}}
[[تصنيف:تأسيسات سنة 1996 في الإمارات العربية المتحدة]]
[[تصنيف:العلاقات الإماراتية الروسية]]
[[تصنيف:مدارس دولية روسية]]
[[تصنيف:مدارس دولية في دبي]]
[[تصنيف:مدارس أسست في 1996]]

title: معلومات

النوع: مدرسة

title: الموقع الجغرافي

المدينة: دبي

البلد: الإمارات

الموقع الجغرافي: تعديل مصدري - تعديل


text:
# Скачани
Скачани (словац. Skačany) — село, громада округу Партизанське, Тренчинський край. Кадастрова площа громади — 15.38 км².
Населення 1357 осіб (станом на 31 грудня 2020 року).

## Історія
Скачани згадуються 1078 року.

## Населення
| Рік:            | 1994. | 2004.   | 2014.   | 2024.   |
| --------------- | ----- | ------- | ------- | ------- |
| Кількість осіб: | 1252  | 1274    | 1372    | 1327    |
| Різниця:        |       | +1,75 % | +7,69 % | -3,27 % |

| Рік:            | 2023. | 2024.   |
| --------------- | ----- | ------- |
| Кількість осіб: | 1319  | 1327    |
| Різниця:        |       | +0,60 % |

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Скачани

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Населений пункт Словаччини

|староста =Юрай Кліжан
|автошляхи
|висота = 205<ref name="base_info">{{cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Základná charakteristika |language=sk |date=2015-04-17 |author=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic |accessdate=2021-11-21}}</ref>
|код= 38<ref name="base_info"/>
}}
'''Скачани''' ({{lang-sk|Skačany}}) — село, [[громади Словаччини|громада]] округу [[Партизанське (округ)|Партизанське]], [[Тренчинський край]]. Кадастрова площа громади — 15.38 км².

Населення 1357 осіб (станом на 31 грудня 2020 року).

== Історія ==
Скачани згадуються 1078 року.

== Населення ==
{{SK|pop}}

== Примітки ==
{{reflist}}

== Посилання ==
* {{офіційний сайт||громади}}
{{obce}}

{{бібліоінформація}}

{{Округ Партизанське}}
{{Тренчинський край}}
[[Категорія:Округ Партизанське]]
[[Категорія:Засновані в Європі 1078]]

title: обец

Країна: Словаччина

Край: Тренчинський

Окрес: Партизанське → SPARQL ←

Водойма: Нітриця (річка)

· густота: 86,29 осіб/км²

Автомоб. ном.: PE

Староста: Юрай Кліжан

title: Карта

Карта:
Скачани (Тренчинський край)
Скачани у Вікісховищі


text:
# Tricorynus parvus
Tricorynus parvus är en skalbaggsart som först beskrevs av Henry Clinton Fall 1905.  Tricorynus parvus ingår i släktet Tricorynus och familjen trägnagare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

wikiname: svwiki

title: Tricorynus parvus

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|skalbaggs|datum=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Tricorynus parvus''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Djur]]
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum_sv = [[Leddjur]]
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis_sv = [[Egentliga insekter]]
| classis = Insecta
| ordo_sv = [[Skalbaggar]]
| ordo = Coleoptera
| familia_sv = [[Trägnagare]]
| familia = Ptinidae
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Tricorynus]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Tricorynus parvus'''
| taxon = Tricorynus parvus
| taxon_authority = ([[Henry Clinton Fall|Fall]], 1905)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| subphylum = Hexapoda
| subphylum_sv = [[Sexfotingar]]
| superfamilia = [[Bostrichoidea]]
| superfamilia_sv =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Tricorynus parvus'''''<ref name = "col29671"/><ref name = "col29859"/> är en [[skalbaggar|skalbaggs]]art som först beskrevs av [[Henry Clinton Fall]] 1905.  ''Tricorynus parvus'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Tricorynus]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[trägnagare]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga [[underart]]er finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/tricorynus+parvus/match/1|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 24 september 2012 |författare= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|datum= 2011|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "col29671">White, Richard E. (1982) A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico. Family: Anobiidae, US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook</ref>
<ref name = "col29859">Fall, H. C. (1905) Revision of the Ptinidae of boreal America, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. 31, nos. 2 and 3</ref>
<ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Trägnagare]]
[[Kategori:Tricorynus|parvus]]

title: Systematik

Domän: Eukaryoter · Eukaryota

Rike: Djur · Animalia

Stam: Leddjur · Arthropoda

Understam: Sexfotingar · Hexapoda

Klass: Egentliga insekter · Insecta

Ordning: Skalbaggar · Coleoptera

Överfamilj: Bostrichoidea

Familj: Trägnagare · Ptinidae

Släkte: Tricorynus

Art: Tricorynus parvus

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: Hitta fler artiklar om djur med Djurportalen


text:
# Cerstin Schmidt
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Schmidt.
Cerstin Schmidt, née le 5 mars 1963 à Zwickau, est une lugeuse est-allemande.

## Carrière
Cerstin Schmidt commence sa carrière par une deuxième place aux Championnats du monde 1981, et elle prend la même place à ceux de 1985. Elle est première de la Coupe du monde en 1984-1985 puis en 1986-1987, et est également championne d'Europe 1986 et championne du monde 1987. Schmidt arrête sa carrière après sa médaille de bronze obtenue aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988, à Calgary au Canada.

## Palmarès

### Jeux olympiques d'hiver
- médaille de bronze en individuelle en 1988.

### Championnats du monde
- médaille d'or en individuelle en 1987.
- médaille d'argent en individuelle en 1985.

### Coupe du monde
- 2 gros globe de cristal en individuel : 1985  et 1987.
- 10 podiums individuels :
  - en simple : 8 victoires, 1 deuxième place et 1 troisième place.

### Championnats d'Europe
- médaille d'or du simple en 1986.
- médaille d'argent par équipe en 1988.
- médaille de bronze du simple en 1988.

wikiname: frwiki

title: Cerstin Schmidt

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{homon|Schmidt}}
{{Ébauche|luge|Allemagne}}
{{Infobox Sportif
 | charte                     = sports d'hiver
 | nom                        = Cerstin Schmidt
 | image                      = Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1987-1016-036, Cerstin Schmidt.jpg
 | taille image               =
 | légende                    = Cerstin Schmidt en 1987.
 | sport pratiqué             = [[Luge de course|Luge]]
 | période active             = années 1980
 | site officiel              =
 | nationalité                = {{GDR-d}} [[Allemagne de l'Est|Est-allemande]]
 | nationalité administrative =
 | nom de naissance           =
 | date de naissance          = {{Date de naissance|5|mars|1963|âge=oui}}
 | lieu de naissance          = [[Zwickau]]
 | pays de naissance          =
 | taille                     = {{taille|m=1.78}}
 | poids                      = {{poids|kg=62}}
 | surnom                     =
 | club(s)                    =
 | équipe(s)                  =
 | entraîneur(s)              =
 | date de décès              =
 | lieu de décès              =
 | jeux olympiques            = [[Luge aux Jeux olympiques|Jeux olympiques]]
 | or JO                      = 0
 | argent JO                  = 0
 | bronze JO                  = 1
 | compétition mondiale       = [[Championnats du monde de luge|Championnats du monde]]
 | or CM                      = 1
 | argent CM                  = 1
 | bronze CM                  = 0
 | compétition mondiale 2     = [[Coupe du monde de luge|Coupe du monde]] (globes)
 | or CM2                     = 2
 | argent CM2                 = 1
 | bronze CM2                 = 0
 | compétition continentale   = [[Coupe du monde de luge|Coupe du monde]] (épreuves)
 | or CC                      = 8
 | argent CC                  = 1
 | bronze CC                  = 1
 | compétition nationale      =
 | or CN                      =
 | argent CN                  =
 | bronze CN                  =
 | date de mise à jour        =
}}

'''Cerstin Schmidt''', née le {{date|5|mars|1963|en sport}} à [[Zwickau]], est une [[Luge de course|lugeuse]] [[République démocratique allemande|est-allemande]].

== Carrière ==
Cerstin Schmidt commence sa carrière par une deuxième place aux Championnats du monde 1981, et elle prend la même place à ceux de 1985. Elle est première de la Coupe du monde en 1984-1985 puis en 1986-1987, et est également championne d'Europe 1986 et championne du monde 1987. Schmidt arrête sa carrière après sa médaille de bronze obtenue aux [[Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988]], à [[Calgary]] au Canada<ref>{{SportsReference|sc/cerstin-schmidt-1|name=Cerstin Schmidt}}</ref>.

== Palmarès ==
===  [[Jeux olympiques d'hiver]] ===
* {{Médaille|3|JO}} médaille de bronze en individuelle en [[Luge aux Jeux olympiques de 1988|1988]].

=== [[Championnats du monde de luge|Championnats du monde]] ===
* {{Médaille|1|MO}} médaille d'or en individuelle en [[Championnats du monde de luge 1987|1987]].
* {{Médaille|2|MO}} médaille d'argent en individuelle en [[Championnats du monde de luge 1985|1985]].

=== [[Coupe du monde de luge|Coupe du monde]] ===
* '''2''' gros [[Globe de cristal (luge)|globe de cristal]] en individuel : [[Coupe du monde de luge 1984-1985|1985]]  et [[Coupe du monde de luge 1986-1987|1987]].
* '''10''' podiums individuels :
** en simple : '''8''' victoires, 1 deuxième place et 1 troisième place.

=== [[Championnats d'Europe de luge|Championnats d'Europe]] ===
* {{Médaille|1|Eu}} médaille d'or du simple en 1986.
* {{Médaille|2|Eu}} médaille d'argent par équipe en 1988.
* {{Médaille|3|Eu}} médaille de bronze du simple en 1988.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

{{Palette|Championnes du monde de luge - Simple femmes|Vainqueur Coupe du monde de luge}}
{{Portail|luge|Allemagne de l'Est}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schmidt, Cerstin}}
[[Catégorie:Championne du monde de luge]]
[[Catégorie:Championne d'Europe de luge]]
[[Catégorie:Lugeuse est-allemande]]
[[Catégorie:Lugeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988]]
[[Catégorie:Médaillée de bronze olympique est-allemande]]
[[Catégorie:Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Mérite patriotique en argent]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en mars 1963]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Zwickau]]
[[Catégorie:Médaillée aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1988]]

title: Contexte général

Sport: Luge

Période active: années 1980

title: Biographie

Nationalité sportive: Est-allemande

Nationalité: Allemagne et République démocratique allemande

Lieu de naissance: Zwickau

title: Palmarès

Compétition: Or · Arg. · Bro.

Palmarès: modifier


text:
# Malian Family Code
The Family Code is a significant legal framework that governs family and personal matters in the West African nation of Mali.

## History of the Family Code
The Malian family code resulted after many years of discussion within the Malian government, with the first codification of family law occurring in 1962, just two years after women were granted equal rights under Malian law in 1960. The Malian family code has implications for the societal treatment and expected behaviors of both sexes. The Family Code was structured in a way that allowed the government to legislate marriage relations and define the treatment of women in society.
Since the initial implementation, efforts have been undertaken to change and modify the family code, with the first reform effort being initiated in 1999. The initial reform worked to expand the rights granted to women under the protection of the law, but conservative pushback resulted in the failure of that law to pass and the necessity for revisions. The reform efforts ultimately boiled down to a debate over preserving traditional Islamic values or expanding rights for women in a way that was perceived as being more Westernized. Following the restructuring of the Family Code, women's rights were not expanded, but rather almost wholly eliminated, perpetuating the notion that women are subject to the whims of their husbands.
When Mali's government implemented multiparty elections, there has been a greater push for reforms in the existing Family Code to expand the protections of women under Malian law. Much of the debate surrounding changing the Family Code is a result of apparent conflicts between proposed amendments and traditional Islamic practices.
The Malian governmental system defines itself as being secular, meaning the government should not intervene in religious institutions or practices. However, religious and cultural practices have great influences on the construction and enforcement of Malian law. Notably, the Family Code relies on the application of religious practices and customary law in issues of family interactions, inheritance, and marriage. A large proportion of the Malian population is of Muslim faith, generating more widespread support for upholding Islamic practices. Many of these influences are grounded in Islamic principles, thereby creating an Islamic influence on the law. This is largely due to the fact that a number of Mali's laws are based largely on a combination of French and Islamic law with very diverse local laws. Specifically, many of the Islamic practices detailing marriage and family customs have been integrated into Mali's laws concerning the same issues, especially in areas of the state with traditionally Muslim leadership.

## Reform of the Family Code
Since the adoption of the original Family Code, there has been a push for reforming the family code in an effort to provide women and children with more equal protection under the law. The argumentation over certain amendments within the code and the push for reform has been an ongoing debate that shows no signs of slowing down. Within the proposed reform to the law, women are no longer bound by law to obey their husbands, but only a minority of women who have been educated demonstrated strong support for the law. The largest driving force supporting the expanded female empowerment are the women who already have a greater capacity to interact with Mali's structural institutions given their greater degree of political knowledge.  Another tension challenging the law is the argument that it violates important family and marital principles of Islam, generating a large degree of pushback from the religious communities. There was also opposition on the groups that the new law only supported European ideals and not actual Malian ideology.
The closest reform got to a successful expansion of women's rights was in the 2009 reform period. The initial discussion of this new legislation granted more rights to women and expanded freedoms. The National Assembly actually ended up adopting this version of the law. Yet, widespread protests and backlash led to the bill being sent back and altered before officially passing. The version that ended up passing involved a lowering of the minimum marriage age and the reinstatement of the original obedience clause, stating that women have to obey the demands of their husbands.
One of the largest hindrances to successful reform is the understanding that changes to legislation will not be implemented effectively when there is a gap in enforcement and social practice. This has led to a lot of skepticism and distrust amongst individuals who feel that even with reform, the oppressive society will remain due to historical precedent and social norms. A key example of this dissonance is the fact that the Malian constitution explicitly states that men and women are equal, a principle that has persisted throughout governments; yet, the law does not reflect this equal standing.
The most controversial areas of reform have been bride price, registration of marriage, number of wives, the obligation to obedience, choice of the site of residence, and inheritance. In all of these cases, the fundamental disagreement comes down to whether the Family Code should preserve Islamic Principles and maintain the status quo legislation or should the legislation be altered to give women more power and freedom in their actions.

## Proposed amendment
The proposed amendment would have recognised only civil marriages, while defining marriage as a secular institution, thus entitling a divorcee to a share of inheritance. Women would have also been allowed greater inheritance rights than what was stipulated by Shariah law, as they would not be required to obey their husbands. The "paternal power" would be replaced with "parental authority," and also said "no marriage can be renounced." Furthermore, the bill raised the legal age for marriage to 18 and allowed divorce if a couple had lived apart for at least three years. A child born outside of marriage would also be entitled to a share of any inheritance.
President Toumani Touré supported the bill, which was seen as a move toward secularism. The law was initially adopted by the National Assembly on August 3, 2009.

### Advocacy
During the NGO Forum of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights in Banjul, an African women's rights groups called for the adoption of the bill, saying it "provides some crucial guarantees for Malian women's universal rights, [and] would constitute a fundamental first step towards bringing Malian laws into compliance with international and regional standards." The group cited Mali's ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1985, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990. It further said: "We are thus deeply concerned that the enactment of this legislation...is in suspense. Violations of Malian women's human rights are favored by this legislative gap. We stress the urgent need to adopt such a code...by ensuring that the second reading takes place without further delay and that the Family Code is enacted in its present form, without weakening of any of its provisions."

### Controversy
Mamadou Diamouténé, the head of a task group from the council, said that without the recommended changes, the bill would be "open road to debauchery. It is not that anyone can go wherever she wishes without her husband’s approval, because we cannot forget that the man is the head of the family."
Muslim leaders and other youth groups vowed to block the law and even threatened a campaign of violence. Threats against legislators, angry sermons, organised protest meetings and radio and television campaigns all attempted to rally opposition to the bill. Some Muslim leaders went so far as to call the law the work of the devil and against Islam. Tens of thousands marched in the streets to protest the law. In one such demonstration, 50,000 people rallied amidst calls that the bill was "an insult to the Koran."
Some women's groups were also opposed to the law. The president of the National Union of Muslim Women said that "only a tiny minority of woman here who want this new law. The poor and illiterate women of this country, the real Muslims, are against it".
One imam who spoke in support of the code went into hiding.

### Reactions
President Touré reasserted that the struggle to pursue "the dual objective of promoting a wave of modernization while preserving the foundations of our society" would continue. He also said that failures to update and enforce the law "proves that societal change is not ordered by decree. [The] door of debate is still open."
Mountaga Tall, an MP, said: "We demonstrated intellectual laziness in adopting the last code so quickly. This time, the assembly will start from zero."

#### Further amendments
As a result of public outcry, President Touré sent the bill back to parliament on August 27, 2009. "I have taken this decision to send the family code for a second reading to ensure calm and a peaceful society, and to obtain the support and understanding of our fellow citizens."
An amended version, endorsed by the High Islamic Council, the highest authority on Islam in the country, was tabled. This new bill included the reintroduction of religious marriage, altered the previous version's enhancement of women's inheritance rights, and changed the recognition of an illegitimate child. Other amendments being proposed, despite being blocked in the initial version, include:
- A husband and wife can keep separate homes only if the husband approves;
- A divorcée may keep her ex-husband’s name if he agrees;
- A girl would be allowed to get married at 15.[14]

However these three proposals have not been made a part of law, whereas religious marriage is still going to be maintained
The debate over the bill  included "civil society" groups in the first phase, and religious groups in the amendment phase.

## Women and the Family Code
Women are largely impacted by the existence of the Family Code. These impacts are structural, economic, political, and social. The Family Code outlines the ways that women are able to interact with society. The Family Code also has major implications on the ability for women to own or inherit property. As it exists right now, women are granted access to land, but not the rights to own or control it.
The African Court on Human and People's Rights determined that Mali's Family Code (as of 2018) violated not only women's rights but also the human rights of children. This determination was made after examining the fact that Mali's human rights laws actually had exceptions in place that allowed for the violation of human rights in times of emergency. Another determined violation included the age of marriage for girls, which in Mali was 16 while it was 18 according to the African Children's Charter. This case was incredibly notable because it is the first time that this court has actually determined a country to be in violation of the various human rights charters in place.
Many of the revision efforts place emphasis on expanding the rights of women and upholding the principle of female equality established in the Malian Constitution. The Government of Mali has favored laws that uphold the constitutionally established principles of equality. However, those principles do not directly translate to the amendments that exist within the Family Code.
Women have been largely driving forces to revisions in the Family Code, specifically as it relates to expanding their societal capacities and protections. These efforts have been undertaken by many different women's rights activists and educated individuals.
A correlation has been noted that women in Mali are more likely to be able to engage with the institutions beyond their home village if they have received higher education and have a broader understanding of the political systems. These same women are the ones who support revisions to the Family Code that would challenge some of the original provisions and replace them with ones that grant more female rights and empowerment.
Aside from education being a driving factor in female support for a revised family code, socioeconomic status uniquely impacts support. Women who are more empowered economically are more statistically likely to support the versions of the code that expand female protections under the law. All of the driving factors for female support are tied to their ability to access political knowledge and engage within the governmental and societal structures that already exist. The wage gap that exists in Mali is due to structural factors and the inequality in both the occupational hierarchy and structure of wages. When looking at typical gender norms in countries of similar economic development to Mali, Mali is unique in the sense that it has much wider gender differences in education and type of employment.
Even with education and higher socioeconomic status, the ability for a woman to participate in government is still largely governed by the decisions of men. This is due to the cultural expectation, and Family Code legislation requiring female obedience to her husband. Women's freedom to participate in government was largely expanded with the introduction of gender quotas in 2016. Until then, women did not hold seats in government. Even with the establishment of quotas, not all women are able to participate in government because they lack the means and ability to do so.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Malian Family Code

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Legal framework in Mali}}
The '''Family Code''' is a significant legal framework that governs family and personal matters in the West African nation of [[Mali]].

== History of the Family Code ==
The Malian family code resulted after many years of discussion within the [[Mali|Malian]] government, with the first codification of family law occurring in 1962, just two years after women were granted [[Women's rights|equal]] rights under Malian law in 1960.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Schulz |first=Dorothea |title=Political Factions, Ideological Fictions: The Controversy over Family Law Reform in Democratic Mali |date=2003 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685190360560933 |journal=Islamic Law and Society |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=132–164 |doi=10.1163/15685190360560933 |issn=0928-9380|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Malian family code has implications for the societal treatment and expected behaviors of both sexes.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Bleck |first1=Jaimie |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2018-06-01 |title=Is women's empowerment associated with political knowledge and opinions? Evidence from rural Mali |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18300160 |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=106 |pages=299–323 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.006 |s2cid=158267298 |issn=0305-750X|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Family Code was structured in a way that allowed the government to legislate marriage relations and define the treatment of women in society.<ref name=":52"/>

Since the initial implementation, efforts have been undertaken to change and modify the family code, with the first reform effort being initiated in 1999.<ref name=":52"/> The initial reform worked to expand the rights granted to women under the protection of the law, but conservative pushback resulted in the failure of that law to pass and the necessity for revisions.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Mali's new Family Law: women's rights denied, discrimination upheld |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/Africa/mali/Mali-s-new-Family-Law-women-s |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=International Federation for Human Rights |language=en}}</ref> The reform efforts ultimately boiled down to a debate over preserving traditional [[Islam|Islamic]] values or expanding rights for women in a way that was perceived as being more Westernized.<ref name=":52"/> Following the restructuring of the Family Code, women's rights were not expanded, but rather almost wholly eliminated, perpetuating the notion that women are subject to the whims of their husbands.<ref name=":32" />

When [[Politics of Mali|Mali's government]] implemented [[Elections in Mali|multiparty elections]], there has been a greater push for reforms in the existing Family Code to expand the protections of women under Malian law.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Soares |first=Benjamin |date=2009 |title=The Attempt to Reform Family Law in Mali |journal=Welt des Islams |volume=49 |issue=3–4 |pages=398–428|doi=10.1163/004325309X12499944891284 |jstor=27798322 |s2cid=144620120 }}</ref> Much of the debate surrounding changing the Family Code is a result of apparent conflicts between proposed amendments and traditional Islamic practices.<ref name=":13" />

The Malian governmental system defines itself as being [[Secularity|secular]], meaning the government should not intervene in religious institutions or practices. However, religious and cultural practices have great influences on the construction and enforcement of Malian law.<ref name=":13" /> Notably, the Family Code relies on the application of religious practices and customary law in issues of family interactions, inheritance, and marriage.<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last=Budoo |first=Ashwanee |date=December 2018 |title=Association Pour le Progrès et la Défense Des Droits Des Femmes Maliennes (APDF) and the Institute for Human Rights and Development in Africa (IHRDA) v. Republic of Mali (Afr. Ct. H.P.R.) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-legal-materials/article/association-pour-le-progres-et-la-defense-des-droits-des-femmes-maliennes-apdf-and-the-institute-for-human-rights-and-development-in-africa-ihrda-v-republic-of-mali-afr-ct-hpr/B1970D31213E9FFC98ECEEEDB9927D7D |journal=International Legal Materials |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1097–1130 |doi=10.1017/ilm.2018.51 |s2cid=159573446 |issn=0020-7829|doi-access=free }}</ref> A large proportion of the Malian population is of Muslim faith, generating more widespread support for upholding Islamic practices.<ref name=":103">{{Citation |last1=Artner |first1=Lucia |title=Contested Universal R/rights: The New Family Code in Mali |date=2016 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30984-2_10 |work=Negotiating Normativity |pages=159–173 |editor-last=Dhawan |editor-first=Nikita |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-30984-2_10 |isbn=978-3-319-30984-2 |access-date=2022-02-21 |last2=Maluleke |first2=Gavaza |editor2-last=Fink |editor2-first=Elisabeth |editor3-last=Leinius |editor3-first=Johanna |editor4-last=Mageza-Barthel |editor4-first=Rirhandu|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Many of these influences are grounded in Islamic principles, thereby creating an Islamic influence on the law.<ref name=":13" /> This is largely due to the fact that a number of Mali's laws are based largely on a combination of [[Law of France|French]] and [[Sharia|Islamic]] law with very diverse local laws.<ref name=":52"/><ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last=Soares |first=Benjamin |date=2005 |title=Islam in Mali in the Neoliberal Era |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi088 |journal=African Affairs |volume=105 |issue=418 |pages=77–95|doi=10.1093/afraf/adi088 |hdl=1887/9544 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Specifically, many of the Islamic practices detailing marriage and family customs have been integrated into Mali's laws concerning the same issues, especially in areas of the state with traditionally Muslim leadership.<ref name=":13" />

== Reform of the Family Code ==
Since the adoption of the original Family Code, there has been a push for reforming the family code in an effort to provide women and children with more equal protection under the law.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=MALI: Family Code |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02500.x |journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series |language=en |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=18070C–18071C |doi=10.1111/j.1467-825X.2009.02500.x |issn=1467-825X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The argumentation over certain amendments within the code and the push for reform has been an ongoing debate that shows no signs of slowing down.<ref name=":103"/> Within the proposed reform to the law, women are no longer bound by law to obey their husbands, but only a minority of women who have been educated demonstrated strong support for the law.<ref name=":02" /> The largest driving force supporting the expanded female empowerment are the women who already have a greater capacity to interact with Mali's structural institutions given their greater degree of political knowledge.<ref name=":42"/>  Another tension challenging the law is the argument that it violates important family and marital principles of Islam, generating a large degree of pushback from the religious communities.<ref name=":42"/><ref name=":02" /> There was also opposition on the groups that the new law only supported European ideals and not actual Malian ideology.<ref name=":02" />

The closest reform got to a successful expansion of women's rights was in the 2009 reform period.<ref name=":72">{{Cite journal |last=Vliet |first=Martin van |date=2012-01-01 |title=Mali |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004241787/B9789004241787_015.xml |journal=Africa Yearbook |volume=8 |language=en |pages=129–136 |doi=10.1163/9789004241787_015|isbn=9789004241787 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The initial discussion of this new legislation granted more rights to women and expanded freedoms. [[National Assembly|The National Assembly]] actually ended up adopting this version of the law.<ref name=":103"/> Yet, widespread protests and backlash led to the bill being sent back and altered before officially passing.<ref name=":93">{{Cite journal |last=Kombo |first=Brenda K. |date=2020 |title=A missed opportunity? Derogation and the African Court case of APDF and IHRDA v Mali |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1996-20962020000200019&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=African Human Rights Law Journal |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=756–776 |doi=10.17159/1996-2096/2020/v20n2a18 |s2cid=234999462 |issn=1996-2096|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":02" /> The version that ended up passing involved a lowering of the minimum marriage age and the reinstatement of the original obedience clause, stating that women have to obey the demands of their husbands.<ref name=":72" />

One of the largest hindrances to successful reform is the understanding that changes to legislation will not be implemented effectively when there is a gap in enforcement and social practice.<ref name=":52"/> This has led to a lot of skepticism and distrust amongst individuals who feel that even with reform, the oppressive society will remain due to historical precedent and social norms.<ref name=":52"/> A key example of this dissonance is the fact that the [[2021 Malian constitutional referendum|Malian constitution]] explicitly states that men and women are equal, a principle that has persisted throughout governments; yet, the law does not reflect this equal standing.<ref name=":13"/>

The most controversial areas of reform have been bride price, registration of marriage, number of wives, the obligation to obedience, choice of the site of residence, and [[inheritance]]. In all of these cases, the fundamental disagreement comes down to whether the Family Code should preserve Islamic Principles and maintain the status quo legislation or should the legislation be altered to give women more power and freedom in their actions.<ref name=":52"/>

==Proposed amendment==
The proposed amendment would have recognised only civil marriages, while defining marriage as a secular institution, thus entitling a [[Divorce|divorcee]] to a share of inheritance. Women would have also been allowed greater inheritance rights than what was stipulated by [[Shariah law]], as they would not be required to obey their husbands.<ref name="lawblock"/> The "paternal power" would be replaced with "parental authority," and also said "no marriage can be renounced." Furthermore, the bill raised the legal age for marriage to 18 and allowed divorce if a couple had lived apart for at least three years. A child born outside of marriage would also be entitled to a share of any inheritance.<ref name="orange">{{cite web |url=http://www.orange.ug/news/?p=26613 |title=Mali Parliament Asked To Review Law On Women's Rights |author=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=orange.ug}}</ref>

President [[Amadou Toumani Touré|Toumani Touré]] supported the bill, which was seen as a move toward [[secularism]]. The law was initially adopted by the [[National Assembly of Mali|National Assembly]] on August 3, 2009.<ref name="ngo"/>

===Advocacy===
During the ''NGO Forum of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights'' in [[Banjul]], an African women's rights groups called for the adoption of the bill, saying it "provides some crucial guarantees for Malian women's universal rights, [and] would constitute a fundamental first step towards bringing Malian laws into compliance with international and regional standards." The group cited Mali's ratification of the [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]] in 1985, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2005, and the UN [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] in 1990. It further said: "We are thus deeply concerned that the enactment of this legislation...is in suspense. Violations of Malian women's human rights are favored by this legislative gap. We stress the urgent need to adopt such a code...by ensuring that the second reading takes place without further delay and that the Family Code is enacted in its present form, without weakening of any of its provisions."<ref name="ngo">{{cite web |url=http://www.africa4womensrights.org/post/2010/06/15/Mali%3A-Call-for-urgent-adoption-of-the-new-Family-Code-without-weakening-any-of-its-provisions |title=Mali: Call for urgent adoption of the new Family Code without weakening of its provisions |date=15 June 2010 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=Africa for Women's Rights}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Mamadou Diamouténé, the head of a task group from the council, said that without the recommended changes, the bill would be "open road to debauchery. It is not that anyone can go wherever she wishes without her husband’s approval, because we cannot forget that the man is the head of the family."<ref name="amendments"/>

Muslim leaders and other youth groups vowed to block the law and even threatened a campaign of violence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=85676 |publisher=IRIN News |title=Mali: Threats of violence greet new family code |date=11 August 2009 |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> Threats against legislators, angry sermons, organised protest meetings<ref>{{cite web |date=2010 |url=http://www.camsao.com/news/breaking-news/mali-radicals-block-new-family-law |title=Mali: Radicals Block New Family Law |publisher=Camsao |accessdate=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727101653/http://www.camsao.com/news/breaking-news/mali-radicals-block-new-family-law |archive-date=27 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and radio and television campaigns all attempted to rally opposition to the bill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.camsao.com/news/breaking-news/mali-muslim-conservatives-blocking-new-family-law |date=2010 |title=Mali: Muslim Conservatives Blocking New Family Law |publisher=Camsao |access-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727101657/http://www.camsao.com/news/breaking-news/mali-muslim-conservatives-blocking-new-family-law |archive-date=2012-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some Muslim leaders went so far as to call the law the work of the devil and against [[Islam]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Vogl |first=Martin |date=27 August 2009 |title=Mali women's rights bill blocked |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8223736.stm |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> Tens of thousands marched in the streets to protest the law.<ref name="lawblock"/> In one such demonstration, 50,000 people rallied amidst calls that the bill was "an insult to the Koran."<ref name="orange"/>

Some women's groups were also opposed to the law. The president of the National Union of Muslim Women said that "only a tiny minority of woman here who want this new law. The poor and illiterate women of this country, the real Muslims, are against it".<ref name="lawblock" />

One [[imam]] who spoke in support of the code went into hiding.<ref name="aljaz">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/witness/2010/09/201095141841631119.html |title=The Family Code (video)|date=12 November 2010 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref>

===Reactions===
President Touré reasserted that the struggle to pursue "the dual objective of promoting a wave of modernization while preserving the foundations of our society" would continue. He also said that failures to update and enforce the law "proves that societal change is not ordered by decree. [The] door of debate is still open."

[[Mountaga Tall]], an MP, said: "We demonstrated intellectual laziness in adopting the last code so quickly. This time, the assembly will start from zero."<ref name="allafrica">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909010808.html |publisher=AllAfrica.com |title= Mali: Back to the Drawing Board for New Family Code |date=1 September 2009 |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref>

====Further amendments====
As a result of public outcry, President Touré sent the bill back to parliament on August 27, 2009.<ref name="allafrica"/> "I have taken this decision to send the family code for a second reading to ensure calm and a peaceful society, and to obtain the support and understanding of our fellow citizens."<ref name="lawblock">{{cite web |url=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&pagename=Zone-English-News/NWELayout&cid=1251021233325 |title=Muslim Protests Block Mali Family Code |publisher=Islam Online |date=27 August 2009 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001030310/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1251021233325&pagename=Zone-English-News%2FNWELayout |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

An amended version, endorsed by the [[High Islamic Council]], the highest authority on Islam in the country, was tabled.<ref name="aljaz"/> This new bill included the reintroduction of religious marriage, altered the previous version's enhancement of women's [[inheritance]] rights, and changed the recognition of an [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate child]].<ref name="newbill">{{cite web |url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20101006-malis-parliament-continues-family-law-debate |title=Mali's parliament continues family law debate |publisher=RFI |date=6 October 2010 |accessdate=25 November 2010}}</ref> Other amendments being proposed, despite being blocked in the initial version, include:
*A husband and wife can keep separate homes only if the husband approves;
*A divorcée may keep her ex-husband’s name if he agrees;
*A girl would be allowed to get married at 15.<ref name="amendments">{{cite web |url=http://newsite.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88251 |publisher=IRIN News |title=Mali: 'Reality check' needed in proposed changes to family code |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726190206/http://newsite.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=88251 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

However these three proposals have not been made a part of law, whereas religious marriage is still going to be maintained

The debate over the bill  included "[[civil society]]" groups in the first phase, and religious groups in the amendment phase.<ref name="newbill"/>

== Women and the Family Code ==
[[Women in Mali|Women]] are largely impacted by the existence of the Family Code. These impacts are structural, economic, political, and social. The Family Code outlines the ways that women are able to interact with society. The Family Code also has major implications on the ability for women to own or inherit property.<ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last1=Jones-Casey |first1=Kelsey |last2=Knox |first2=Anna |last3=Chenitz |first3=Zoey |date=2019-04-25 |title=Women, inheritance and Islam in Mali |url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/documents/3-1372 |journal=Gates Open Res |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1372 |pages=1372 |doi=10.21955/gatesopenres.1116321.1}}</ref> As it exists right now, women are granted access to [[Land tenure|land]], but not the rights to own or control it.<ref name=":132" />

[[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights|The African Court on Human and People's Rights]] determined that Mali's Family Code (as of 2018) violated not only women's rights but also the human rights of children.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Kombo |first=Brenda K. |date=2020-10-04 |title=Napoleonic Legacies, Postcolonial State Legitimation, and the Perpetual Myth of Non-Intervention: Family Code Reform and Gender Equality in Mali |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663920962552 |journal=Social & Legal Studies |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=704–725 |doi=10.1177/0964663920962552 |s2cid=225147964 |issn=0964-6639|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=IJRC |date=2018-05-29 |title=African Court Finds Mali's Family Law Violates Human Rights Obligations |url=https://ijrcenter.org/2018/05/29/african-court-finds-malis-family-law-violates-human-rights-obligations/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=International Justice Resource Center |language=en-US}}</ref> This determination was made after examining the fact that Mali's human rights laws actually had exceptions in place that allowed for the violation of human rights in times of emergency.<ref name=":93"/> Another determined violation included the age of marriage for girls, which in Mali was 16 while it was 18 according to the African Children's Charter.<ref name=":112"/> This case was incredibly notable because it is the first time that this court has actually determined a country to be in violation of the various human rights charters in place.<ref name=":112" />

Many of the revision efforts place emphasis on expanding the rights of women and upholding the principle of female equality established in the Malian Constitution.<ref name=":52"/> The [[Mali|Government of Mali]] has favored laws that uphold the constitutionally established principles of equality.<ref name=":132" /> However, those principles do not directly translate to the amendments that exist within the Family Code.

Women have been largely driving forces to revisions in the Family Code, specifically as it relates to expanding their societal capacities and protections.<ref name=":42"/> These efforts have been undertaken by many different women's rights activists and educated individuals.<ref name=":52" />

A correlation has been noted that women in Mali are more likely to be able to engage with the institutions beyond their home village if they have received higher education and have a broader understanding of the political systems.<ref name=":42" /> These same women are the ones who support revisions to the Family Code that would challenge some of the original provisions and replace them with ones that grant more female rights and empowerment.<ref name=":42" />

Aside from education being a driving factor in female support for a revised family code, socioeconomic status uniquely impacts support.<ref name=":42" /> Women who are more empowered economically are more statistically likely to support the versions of the code that expand female protections under the law.<ref name=":42" /> All of the driving factors for female support are tied to their ability to access political knowledge and engage within the governmental and societal structures that already exist. The wage gap that exists in Mali is due to structural factors and the inequality in both the occupational hierarchy and structure of wages.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Doumbia |first1=Saliha |last2=Meurs |first2=Dominique |date=2003 |title=Gender equality at work in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of Mali's modern sector |journal=International Labour Review |volume=142|issue=3 |pages=295–316 |doi=10.1111/j.1564-913X.2003.tb00264.x }}</ref> When looking at typical gender norms in countries of similar economic development to Mali, Mali is unique in the sense that it has much wider gender differences in education and type of employment.<ref name=":22" />

Even with education and higher socioeconomic status, the ability for a woman to participate in government is still largely governed by the decisions of men.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Cathryn Evangeline |date=January 2021 |title=Connecting Malian and Burkinabe women's local experiences of livelihood security to how they participate in politics |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105157 |journal=World Development |volume=137 |pages=105157 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105157 |s2cid=224880887 |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This is due to the cultural expectation, and Family Code legislation requiring female obedience to her husband. Women's freedom to participate in government was largely expanded with the introduction of gender quotas in 2016.<ref name=":82" /> Until then, women did not hold seats in government. Even with the establishment of quotas, not all women are able to participate in government because they lack the means and ability to do so.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Law of Mali]]
[[Category:Islamic family law]]
[[Category:Family law by country]]


text:
# Ernst Brandes
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Brandes.
Ernst Brandes ou Ernest Brandes est né le 3 octobre 1758 à  Hanovre et décédé dans la même ville le 13 mai 1810 était un juriste et écrivain allemand.
Il était l'un des principaux contre-révolutionnaires.

## Œuvres
- Betrachtungen über das weibliche Geschlecht und dessen Ausbildung im geselligen Leben. 3 Bände, Verlag Gebrüder Hahn, Hannover 1802.
- Ueber einige bisherige Folgen der Französischen Revolution, in Rücksicht auf Deutschland, Christian Ritscher, Hannover u. Osnabrück, 1793, online.
- Politische Betrachtungen über die französische Revolution, Johann Michael Mauke, Jena, 1790, online. Traduction Considérations politiques sur la Révolution de France. Paris : Laurent fils, 1791
- Ueber die Weiber. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1787.

title: Ernst Brandes

wikitext:
{{Voir homonymes|Brandes}}
{{Ébauche|écrivain allemand|Saint-Empire|Révolution française}}
{{Infobox Biographie2}}

'''Ernst Brandes''' ou Ernest Brandes est né le {{date de naissance|3 octobre 1758}} à  [[Hanovre]] et décédé dans la même ville le {{date de décès|13 mai 1810}} était un [[juriste]] et [[écrivain]] [[Allemagne|allemand]].

Il était l'un des principaux contre-révolutionnaires.

== Œuvres ==
* ''Betrachtungen über das weibliche Geschlecht und dessen Ausbildung im geselligen Leben''. 3 Bände, Verlag Gebrüder Hahn, Hannover 1802.
* ''Ueber einige bisherige Folgen der Französischen Revolution, in Rücksicht auf Deutschland'', Christian Ritscher, Hannover u. Osnabrück, 1793, [https://books.google.de/books?id=aTsAAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=false#v=onepage&q&f=false online].
* ''Politische Betrachtungen über die französische Revolution'', Johann Michael Mauke, Jena, 1790, [https://books.google.de/books?id=krpBAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=false#v=onepage&q&f=false online]. Traduction ''Considérations politiques sur la Révolution de France''. Paris : Laurent fils, 1791
* ''Ueber die Weiber''. Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1787.

== Liens externes ==
* {{autorité}}
* {{bases}}
* {{dictionnaires}}
{{Portail|Littérature|politique|Saint-Empire|Révolution française}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brandes, Ernest}}
[[Catégorie:Écrivain allemand du XVIIIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité contre-révolutionnaire]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en octobre 1758]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Hanovre]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance dans l'électorat de Brunswick-Lunebourg]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en mai 1810]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à Hanovre]]
[[Catégorie:Décès dans le royaume de Westphalie]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à 51 ans]]

title: Biographie

Naissance: 3 octobre 1758 · Hanovre

Décès: 13 mai 1810 (à 51 ans) · Hanovre

Sépulture: Neustädter Friedhof (d)

Nationalité: électorat de Brunswick-Lunebourg

Activités: Journaliste, philosophe, fonctionnaire, enseignant du secondaire, avocat, écrivain


text:
# Finsteraarhorn
O Finsteraarhorn (em português:  pico Finsteraar) com altitude de 4274 m, é a mais alta montanha dos Alpes Berneses, na Suíça e a mais alta do cantão de Berna. É também o mais alto ponto dos Alpes fora da cadeia principal, ou bacia. O Finsteraarhorn é a nona mais alta montanha dos Alpes e a terceira da cordilheira em proeminência topográfica. Desde 2001 o maciço e glaciares que o rodeiam estão classificados pela UNESCO como Património Mundial no sítio denominado Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn.
Apesar de ser a montanha mais alta dos Alpes Berneses, o cume do Finsteraarhorn é menos frequentado que os dos montes Jungfrau e Eiger. Tal deve-se à sua localização numa das zonas mais remotas dos Alpes, completamente rodeada por vales glaciares desabitados.
O Finsteraarhorn faz parte dos cumes dos Alpes com mais de 4000 m.

## Situação
A oeste fica o glaciar Fiescher, o terceiro maior dos Alpes e a leste estão os grandes glaciares do Aar. O menor glaciar Grindelwald inferior fica a norte do maciço. O Finsteraarhorn está rodeado pelos cumes do Schreckhorn e Lauteraarhorn a norte, o Gross Fiescherhorn, Grünhorn e Gross Wannenhorn a oeste e o Oberaarhorn a leste.
O cume fica no limite entre o cantão de Valais e o de cantão de Berna, que é também a divisória de águas entre os rios Ródano (mar Mediterrâneo) e Reno (mar do Norte). O Finsteraarhorn é o ponto culminante da bacia hidrográfica do rio Reno.

## SOIUSA
Segundo a classificação SOIUSA, o Finsteraarhorn dá nome a um  sub-grupo (Grupo do Finsteraarhorn) com o código I/B-12.II-A.2.b. Faz parte do:
- Grande setor dos Alpes do Noroeste
- Secção dos Alpes Berneses
- Subsecção  Alpes Berneses iss'
- Supergrupo Grupo do Finsteraarhorn-Oberaarhorn-Galmihorn e Grupo do Finsteraarhorn-Oberaarhorn.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Finsteraarhorn

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Montanha
|Nome                  = Finsteraarhorn
|Imagem                = Aerial image of Finsteraarhorn (view from the south).jpg
|Imagem legenda        = O Finsteraarhorn visto do sul
|Altitude_n            = 4274
|Altitude pés_n        = 14022
|Posição               =
|Proeminência_n        = 2280
|Posição proeminência  =
|Cume-pai              = [[Monte Branco]]
|Isolamento = 51.7
|Listas = [[Cumes dos Alpes com mais de 4000 m|4000s dos Alpes]]<br/>[[Lista de picos ultraproeminentes|Ultra]]
|Coordenadas           = {{coord|46|32|14.9|N|8|7|33.7|E}}
|Localização           = {{SUI}}
|Cordilheira           = [[Alpes Berneses]]
|Última erupção data   =
|Primeira ascensão data= 10 de agosto de 1829
|Primeira ascensão autores= Jakob Leuthold e Johann Währen<ref>{{citar periódico|primeiro =J. P. |último =Farrar |título=The First Ascent of the Finsteraarhorn: A Re-examination |periódico=[[Alpine Journal]] |volume=27 |número= |páginas=263–300 |doi= }}</ref>
|Melhor rota = caminhada sobre neve/gelo e rocha
|imagem_mapa_coordenada = Suíça
|mapa_alt =Switzerland relief location map.jpg
|latg=46 |latm=32 |lats=14.9 |latNS=N
|longg=8 |longm=7 |longs=33.7 |longEW=E
|coord_título=s
|legenda_mapa =
|Notas       =
}}

O '''Finsteraarhorn''' ({{lang-pt|pico Finsteraar}}) com altitude de 4274 m, é a mais alta [[montanha]] dos [[Alpes Berneses]], na [[Suíça]] e a mais alta do [[cantão de Berna]]. É também o mais alto ponto dos [[Alpes]] fora da [[Cadeia principal dos Alpes|cadeia principal]], ou bacia. O Finsteraarhorn é a nona mais alta montanha dos Alpes e a terceira da cordilheira em [[proeminência topográfica]]. Desde 2001 o maciço e glaciares que o rodeiam estão classificados pela UNESCO como [[Património Mundial]] no sítio denominado [[Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn]].

Apesar de ser a montanha mais alta dos Alpes Berneses, o cume do Finsteraarhorn é menos frequentado que os dos montes [[Jungfrau]] e [[Eiger]]. Tal deve-se à sua localização numa das zonas mais remotas dos Alpes, completamente rodeada por vales glaciares desabitados.

O Finsteraarhorn faz parte dos [[cumes dos Alpes com mais de 4000 m]].

==Situação==
A oeste fica o [[glaciar Fiescher]], o terceiro maior dos Alpes e a leste estão os grandes [[glaciares do Aar]]. O menor [[glaciar Grindelwald inferior]] fica a norte do maciço. O Finsteraarhorn está rodeado pelos cumes do [[Schreckhorn]] e [[Lauteraarhorn]] a norte, o [[Gross Fiescherhorn]], [[Grünhorn]] e [[Gross Wannenhorn]] a oeste e o [[Oberaarhorn]] a leste.

O cume fica no limite entre o [[cantão de Valais]] e o de [[cantão de Berna]], que é também a divisória de águas entre os rios [[rio Ródano|Ródano]] ([[mar Mediterrâneo]]) e [[rio Reno|Reno]] ([[mar do Norte]]). O Finsteraarhorn é o ponto culminante da [[bacia hidrográfica]] do [[rio Reno]].

==SOIUSA==
Segundo a classificação [[SOIUSA]], o Finsteraarhorn dá nome a um  [[sub-grupo alpino|sub-grupo]] ''(Grupo do Finsteraarhorn)'' com o [[código SOIUSA|código]] I/B-12.II-A.2.b. Faz parte do:
*  [[Grande setor alpino|Grande setor]] dos [[Alpes do Noroeste]]
*  [[Secção alpina|Secção]] dos [[Alpes Berneses]]
*  [[Subsecção alpina|Subsecção ]] Alpes Berneses ''iss'
* [[Supergrupo alpino|Supergrupo]] Grupo do Finsteraarhorn-Oberaarhorn-Galmihorn e Grupo do Finsteraarhorn-Oberaarhorn.

== Imagem ==

[[Ficheiro:Schreckhorn Finsteraarhorn.jpg|thumb|left|O [[Schreckhorn]] e o '''Finsteraarhorn''' (direita), com o Glaciar Grindelwald inferior entre eles.]]
{{clr}}
{{referências}}

==Ver também==
*[[Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn]]

==Ligações externas==
* {{cite summitpost|id=150587|title=Finsteraarhorn}}
* Panoramas gerados por computador [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/EUR/Finsteraarhorn-N.gif Norte] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/EUR/Finsteraarhorn-S.gif Sul] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html Índice]
* Fotografias panorâmicas do topo [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/4000mtn/Sveits/42-51_annotate.jpg Oeste] [http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/4000mtn/Sveits/56-61_annotate.jpg Leste]
* [http://www.fotogalerien.ch/index.php?gallery=43&&lang=2&pct=6 O Finsteraarhorn visto do Bachalpsee]

{{referências}}

{{Picos ultraproeminentes da Europa}}

[[Categoria:Montanhas da Suíça]]
[[Categoria:Alpes Berneses]]
[[Categoria:Montanhas dos Alpes com mais de 4000 metros]]

title: Finsteraarhorn

Proeminência: 2 280 m · Cume-pai: Monte Branco

Listas: 4000s dos Alpes · Ultra

Localização: Suíça

Cordilheira: Alpes Berneses

Primeira ascensão: 10 de agosto de 1829 por Jakob Leuthold e Johann Währen

Rota mais fácil: caminhada sobre neve/gelo e rocha


text:
# Hermann Finsterlin
Hermann Ludwig Wilhelm Finsterlin (Múnich, 18 de agosto de 1887 - Stuttgart, 16 de septiembre de 1973) fue un arquitecto, pintor, poeta, ensayista, fabricante de juguetes y compositor alemán, adscrito al expresionismo. Inicialmente estudió medicina, física y química y, más tarde, filosofía y pintura en Múnich. Arquitecto visionario, jugó un papel influyente en el movimiento arquitectónico expresionista a principios del siglo XX, pero debido a la crisis económica de la época no realizó ninguno de sus proyectos. En 1922 se orientó hacia la Nueva Objetividad, trasladándose a Stuttgart para concentrarse en la pintura y la escritura.

wikiname: eswiki

title: Hermann Finsterlin

in_language: es

wikitext:
{{ficha de persona}}

'''Hermann Ludwig Wilhelm Finsterlin''' ([[Múnich]], 18 de agosto de 1887 - [[Stuttgart]], 16 de septiembre de 1973) fue un [[arquitecto]], [[Pintura artística|pintor]], [[poeta]], [[ensayista]], fabricante de [[juguete]]s y [[compositor]] [[Alemania|alemán]], adscrito al [[expresionismo]]. Inicialmente estudió [[medicina]], [[física]] y [[química]] y, más tarde, [[filosofía]] y [[pintura]] en Múnich. Arquitecto visionario, jugó un papel influyente en el movimiento arquitectónico expresionista a principios del {{siglo|XX||s}}, pero debido a la crisis económica de la época no realizó ninguno de sus proyectos.<ref>Timothy O. Benson et al., ''Expressionist Utopias'', Berkeley, [[University of California Press]], 2001; p. 201.</ref> En 1922 se orientó hacia la [[Nueva Objetividad]], trasladándose a Stuttgart para concentrarse en la pintura y la escritura.
== Referencias ==
{{listaref}}

{{NF|1887|1973|Finsterlin, Hermann}}

[[Categoría:Arquitectos de Alemania del siglo XX]]
[[Categoría:Arquitectos expresionistas]]
[[Categoría:Nacidos en Múnich]]

title: Información personal

Nacimiento: 18 de agosto de 1887 · Múnich (Imperio alemán)

Fallecimiento: 16 de septiembre de 1973 (86 años) · Stuttgart (Alemania)

Nacionalidad: Alemana

title: Información profesional

Ocupación: Arquitecto, compositor, pintor y ensayista


text:
# Krähenort
Krähenort ist ein Wohnplatz des Ortsteiles Rosow der Gemeinde Mescherin im Landkreis Uckermark in Brandenburg.

## Geografie
Der Ort liegt einen Kilometer südlich von Rosow und sechs Kilometer nordwestlich von Mescherin. Die Nachbarorte sind Rosow im Norden, Kamieniec im Nordosten, Pargowo und Neurochlitz im Südosten, Tantow im Südwesten sowie Vorwerk Radekow und Radekow im Westen.

## Geschichte
Krähenort gehörte bis 1945 als Wohnplatz der Gemeinde Rosow zur Provinz Pommern.

wikiname: dewiki

title: Krähenort

in_language: de

wikitext:
{{Infobox Ortsteil einer Gemeinde in Deutschland
| Gemeindename          = Mescherin
| Breitengrad           = 53.293368 <!-- Quelle: bb-viewer.geobasis-bb.de -->
| Längengrad            = 14.387742 <!-- Quelle: bb-viewer.geobasis-bb.de -->
| Bundesland            = DE-BB <!-- Quelle: bb-viewer.geobasis-bb.de -->
| Höhe                  = 33 <!-- Quelle: bb-viewer.geobasis-bb.de -->
| Höhe-Bezug            = DE-NHN <!-- Quelle: bb-viewer.geobasis-bb.de -->
| Fläche                =
| Fläche-Quelle         =
| Einwohner             =
| Einwohner-Stand-Datum =
| Einwohner-Quelle      =
| Eingemeindet-nach     =
| Postleitzahl1         = 16307 <!-- Quelle: dasoertliche.de -->
| Vorwahl1              = 033333 <!-- Quelle: dasoertliche.de -->
| Bild                  =
| Bild-Beschreibung     =
| Bilderwunsch          = Ortsansicht
}}

'''Krähenort''' ist ein [[Wohnplatz]] des Ortsteiles [[Rosow]] der Gemeinde [[Mescherin]] im [[Landkreis Uckermark]] in [[Brandenburg]].<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://service.brandenburg.de/de/gemeinde_mescherin/19841 |titel=Gemeinde Mescherin – Ortsteile nach § 45 Kommunalverfassung – Bewohnte Gemeindeteile – Wohnplätze |hrsg=Ministerium des Innern und für Kommunales des Landes Brandenburg |werk=service.brandenburg.de |zugriff=2017-10-01}}</ref>

== Geografie ==
Der Ort liegt einen Kilometer südlich von Rosow und sechs Kilometer nordwestlich von Mescherin. Die Nachbarorte sind Rosow im Norden, [[Kamieniec (Kołbaskowo)|Kamieniec]] im Nordosten, [[Pargowo]] und [[Neurochlitz]] im Südosten, [[Tantow]] im Südwesten sowie [[Vorwerk Radekow]] und [[Radekow]] im Westen.{{GeoQuelle|DE-BB|VIEWER}}

== Geschichte ==
Krähenort gehörte bis 1945 als Wohnplatz der Gemeinde [[Rosow]] zur [[Provinz Pommern]].<ref>[http://kraehenort.rosow.kreis-randow.de/ Krähenort] im Informationssystem Pommern.</ref>

== Weblinks ==
* [https://gov.genealogy.net/item/show/KRAORTJO73EH Krähenort] im Genealogischen Ortsverzeichnis
* [https://www.uckermark-region.de/gartz/rosow/neurosow.htm Krähenort] auf uckermark-region.de

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Navigationsleiste Ortsteile von Mescherin}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Krahenort}}

[[Kategorie:Mescherin]]
[[Kategorie:Ort im Landkreis Uckermark]]
[[Kategorie:Ort in Pommern]]

title: Krähenort Gemeinde Mescherin

Höhe: 33 m ü. NHN


text:
# فرن گونزالس (بازیکن فوتبال، زاده ۱۹۹۸)
فرن گونزالس (انگلیسی: Fran González؛ زادهٔ ۱۳ اوت ۱۹۹۸) بازیکن فوتبال است.

wikiname: fawiki

title: فرن گونزالس (بازیکن فوتبال، زاده ۱۹۹۸)

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{Infobox football biography
| name = فرن گونزالس
| image =
| fullname = Francisco Manuel González Verjaga
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[سانتانیی]]
| height =
| position = [[مدافع]]
| currentclub = [[باشگاه فوتبال اتلتیکو مادرید بی]]
| clubnumber = ۱۴
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[CD Cala d'Or|Cala d'Or]]
| youthyears2 = ۲۰۰۹–۲۰۱۰
| youthclubs2 = Olímpic Felanitx
| youthyears3 = ۲۰۱۰–۲۰۱۱
| youthclubs3 = [[CE Manacor|Manacor]]
| youthyears4 = ۲۰۱۱–۲۰۱۲
| youthclubs4 = Olímpic Felanitx
| youthyears5 = ۲۰۱۲–۲۰۱۳
| youthclubs5 = San Francisco
| youthyears6 = ۲۰۱۳–۲۰۱۶
| youthclubs6 = [[باشگاه ورزشی رئال مایورکا]]
| youthyears7 = ۲۰۱۵–۲۰۱۶
| youthclubs7 = ← San Francisco (قرضی)
| youthyears8 = ۲۰۱۶–۲۰۱۷
| youthclubs8 = San Francisco
| years1 = ۲۰۱۷–۲۰۲۱
| clubs1 = [[RCD Mallorca B|Mallorca B]]
| caps1 = ۹۵
| goals1 = ۳
| years2 = ۲۰۲۱
| clubs2 = [[باشگاه ورزشی رئال مایورکا]]
| caps2 = ۰
| goals2 = ۰
| years3 = ۲۰۲۱–
| clubs3 = [[باشگاه فوتبال اتلتیکو مادرید بی]]
| caps3 = ۱
| goals3 = ۰
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = ۵ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۱
| nationalteam-update =
| sport = [[فوتبال]]
}}
'''فرن گونزالس''' ({{lang-en|Fran González}}؛ زادهٔ {{birth date|1998|8|13|df=y}}) [[بازیکن فوتبال]] است.

== منابع ==
{{پانویس|چپ‌چین=بله}}
* {{یادکرد-ویکی|پیوند =//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran_González_(footballer%2C_born_1998)&oldid=1046577309|عنوان = Fran González (footballer, born 1998)|زبان =انگلیسی|بازیابی =۲۳ مارس ۲۰۲۲}}

{{بازیکن فوتبال-خرد}}

[[رده:افراد زنده]]
[[رده:بازیکنان باشگاه اتلتیکو مادرید بی]]
[[رده:بازیکنان باشگاه رئال مایورکا]]
[[رده:بازیکنان فوتبال مرد اهل اسپانیا]]
[[رده:بازیکنان فوتبال اهل مایورکا]]
[[رده:بازیکنان لیگ دسته سوم فوتبال اسپانیا]]
[[رده:زادگان ۱۹۹۸ (میلادی)]]
[[رده:مدافعان فوتبال]]
[[رده:مدافعان مرکزی فوتبال]]
[[رده:ورزشکاران دور از وطن اهل اسپانیا در پرتغال]]
[[رده:بازیکنان پریمرا فدراسیون]]

title: فرن گونزالس

نام کامل: Francisco Manuel González Verjaga

زادروز: ۱۳ اوت ۱۹۹۸ (۲۶ سال)

زادگاه: سانتانیی

پست: مدافع

title: اطلاعات باشگاهی

باشگاه کنونی: باشگاه فوتبال اتلتیکو مادرید بی

شمارهٔ پیراهن: ۱۴

title: باشگاه‌های جوانان

Olímpic Felanitx

Manacor

Olímpic Felanitx

San Francisco

باشگاه ورزشی رئال مایورکا

← San Francisco (قرضی)

title: باشگاه‌های حرفه‌ای*

سالها: باشگاه‌ها · بازی† · (گل)†

Mallorca B · ۹۵ · (۳)

باشگاه ورزشی رئال مایورکا · ۰ · (۰)

باشگاه فوتبال اتلتیکو مادرید بی · ۱ · (۰)


text:
# HD186357
HD186357 — хімічно пекулярна зоря спектрального класу F0, що має видиму зоряну величину в смузі V приблизно  6,5.
Вона  розташована на відстані близько 266,3 світлових років від Сонця.

## Фізичні характеристики
Зоря HD186357 обертається
досить швидко
навколо своєї осі. Проєкція її екваторіальної швидкості на промінь зору становить  Vsin(i)=110км/сек.

title: HD186357

wikitext:
{{Starbox begin
| назва = HD186357}}
<!-- {{Starbox image
| зображення =
| підпис = HD186357}}-->
{{Starbox observe
| епоха = [[J2000,0]]
| сузір’я= <!--[[ (сузір'я)|]]-->
| пр_сходж = {{RA|19|42|49,11}}
| схилення= {{DEC|+29|19|54,3}}
| вид_вел =  6,54<ref name=CPcat>Renson P., Manfroid J., '''General catalogue of Ap, HgMn and Am stars''', 2009, A&A...498..961</ref>
}}
{{Starbox character
| клас = [[Зорі спектрального класу F|F0]]
| V =  6,570±0,004<ref name=HIPcat>ESA,  1997, '''The Hipparcos Catalogue''', ESA SP-1200</ref>
| B =  6,933±0,005<ref name=HIPcat/>
| u-b =  0,20
| b-v =  0,337±0,012<ref name=HIPcat/>
| r-i =
| змінна =
}}
{{Фотометрія Стрьомґрена
| b-y =  0,22
| m1 =  0,19
| c1 =  0,76
| hb =  2,73<ref name=CPcat/>
}}
{{Фотометрія Гіппаркос
| hmax =  6,600<ref name=HIPcat/>
| hmin =  6,630<ref name=HIPcat/>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| рад_швидк =
| пс =    57,94± 0,46<ref name=HIPcat/>
| схилення =   46,52± 0,58<ref name=HIPcat/>
| паралакс =  12,25
| п_похибка =   0,67<ref name=HIPcat/>
| відстань_ср =    266,25
| відстань_пс =     81,63
| абс_вел =
}}
{{Starbox detail
| світність =
| обертання =
| температура =
| маса =
| vsini = 110<ref name=Vsini>Royer F. et al. 2002, 'Rotational velocities of A-type stars', Astron. & Astrophys. 393, 897</ref>
| lg_g =
| метал =
| радіус =
| вік=
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| назви =
[[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 186357,
[[Hipparcos Catalogue|HIP]] 96988,
[[Bright Star Catalogue|HR]] 7501,
[[Боннський огляд|BD+28 3447]],
[[Каталог опорних зір|GSC]] 2151-5895
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad= HD186357
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''HD186357''' — [[хімічно пекулярна зоря]] [[спектральна класифікація зір|спектрального класу]] [[Зорі спектрального класу F|F0]], що має [[видима зоряна величина|видиму зоряну величину]] в [[Система UBV|смузі V]] приблизно  6,5.<ref name=CPcat />
Вона <!-- знаходиться у [[сузір'я|сузір'ї]] [[ (сузір'я)|]]  й --> розташована на відстані близько 266,3 [[світловий рік|світлових років]] від [[Сонце|Сонця]].<ref name=HIPcat/>

==Фізичні характеристики==

Зоря HD186357 обертається
досить швидко
навколо своєї осі. Проєкція її екваторіальної швидкості на промінь зору становить  [[Vsin(i)]]=110[[км/сек]].<ref name=Vsini/>

<!-- ==Пекулярний хімічний склад== -->

== Див. також ==

* [[Перелік HgMn-зір]]
* [[Ртутно-манганова зоря]]
* [[Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір (18h-20h)]]
* [[Хімічно пекулярна зоря]]
* [[Перелік хімічно пекулярних зір з пониженим вмістом гелію]]
* [[Хімічно пекулярна зоря з пониженим вмістом гелію]]
* [[Перелік Am-зір]]
* [[Am-зоря]]

== Джерела ==
{{Reflist}}

<!--[[Категорія: (сузір'я)|]]-->
[[Категорія:Хімічно пекулярні зорі]]
[[Категорія:Зорі головної послідовності спектрального  класу F0]]
[[Категорія:HD186000-186999|3]]

{{astro-stub}}

title: HD186357

title: Характеристики

title: Дані фотометрії Стрьомґрена

title: Дані фотометрії Гіппаркос

title: Астрометрія

Власний рух (μ): за пр. піднес.: 57,94± 0,46 мас/рік · за схиленням: 46,52± 0,58 мас/рік

Відстань: 266,25 світлових років · 81,63 парсек

title: Подробиці

Маса: M☉

title: Інші позначення

title: Посилання

SIMBAD: дані для HD186357


text:
# Амонвиль
Амонви́ль (фр. Hamonville) — коммуна во французском департаменте Мёрт и Мозель региона Лотарингия. Относится к  кантону Домевр-ан-Э.

## География
Амонвиль расположен в 31 км к северо-западу от Нанси. Соседние коммуны: Мандр-о-Катр-Тур на севере, Бернекур на северо-востоке, Грорувр и Ансовиль на востоке. На юге от коммуны простирается лес Королевы.

## История
- На территории коммуны находятся следы галло-романской культуры.
- Коммуна сильно пострадала во время Первой мировой войны.

## Демография
Население коммуны на 2010 год составляло 98 человек.
| 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2010 |
| ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| 53   | 54   | 55   | 64   | 132  | 122  | 98   |

## Достопримечательности
- Укреплённый дом де Клермон-Тоннер был впоследствии преобразован в ферму.

## Известные уроженцы
- Клермон-Тоннер, Станислас (1757—1792) — французский политик, член дома де Клермон-Тоннер.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Амонвиль

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{НП-Франция
|статус	=	Коммуна
|русское название	=	Амонвиль
|оригинальное название	=	 Hamonville
|подчинение	=
|герб	=	 Blason Hamonville 54.svg
|флаг	=
|ширина герба	=
|ширина флага	=
 |lat_deg = 		48.82861111
 |lon_deg = 		5.814444444
 |CoordAddon = type:city(122)_region:FR
 |CoordScale =
|ЯндексКарта	=
|размер карты страны	=
|размер карты региона	=
|размер карты района	=
|вид региона	=
|регион	=	Лотарингия
|регион в таблице	=
|вид района	=	Департаменты Франции{{!}}Департамент
|район	=	Мёрт и Мозель
|кантон =	Домевр-ан-Э (кантон){{!}}Домевр-ан-Э
|район в таблице	=
|вид общины	=
|община	=
|община в таблице	=
|внутреннее деление	=
|вид главы	=	мэр
|глава	= Патрис Велль (Patrice Velle)
|дата основания	=
|первое упоминание	=
|прежние имена	=
|статус с	=
|площадь	 = {{formatnum:6.66}}
|высота центра НП	=	248
|климат	=
|официальный язык	=
|население	=	98
|год переписи	=	2010
|плотность	=	14,7
|агломерация	=
|национальный состав	=
|конфессиональный состав	=
|этнохороним	=
|часовой пояс = +1
|DST	=	есть
|телефонный код	=
|почтовый индекс	=	54470
|почтовые индексы	=
|цифровой идентификатор	=	54248
|сайт	=
|язык сайта	=
}}

'''Амонви́ль''' ({{lang-fr|Hamonville}}) — [[Коммуны Франции|коммуна]] во [[Франция|французском]] [[департаменты Франции|департаменте]] [[Мёрт и Мозель]] региона [[Лотарингия]]. Относится к  кантону [[Домевр-ан-Э (кантон)|Домевр-ан-Э]].

== География ==
Амонвиль расположен в 31 км к северо-западу от [[Нанси]]. Соседние коммуны: [[Мандр-о-Катр-Тур]] на севере, [[Бернекур]] на северо-востоке, [[Грорувр (Мёрт и Мозель)|Грорувр]] и [[Ансовиль]] на востоке. На юге от коммуны простирается [[Лес Королевы (Лотарингия)|лес Королевы]].

== История ==
* На территории коммуны находятся следы [[Древний Рим|галло-романской]] культуры.
* Коммуна сильно пострадала во время [[Первая мировая война|Первой мировой войны]].

== Демография ==
Население коммуны на 2010 год составляло 98 человек.
{{Численность населения|
|1962=53
|1968=54
|1975=55
|1982=64
|1990=132
|1999=122
|2010=98
| source = [http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau_local.asp?ref_id=POP&millesime=2010&nivgeo=COM&codgeo=54248 INSEE]
}}

== Достопримечательности ==
* Укреплённый дом [[Дом де Клермон-Тоннер|де Клермон-Тоннер]] был впоследствии преобразован в ферму.

== Известные уроженцы ==
[[Файл:Stanislas Marie Adelaide.jpg|left|thumb|[[Клермон-Тоннер, Станислас|Станислас Клермон-Тоннер]].]]
* [[Клермон-Тоннер, Станислас]] (1757—1792) — французский политик, член [[Дом де Клермон-Тоннер|дома де Клермон-Тоннер]].

== Ссылки ==
* [http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/fichecommunale.asp?codedep=54&codecom=248&codecan=12 Национальный институт статистики] {{ref-fr}}
{{france-geo-stub}}
{{Коммуны кантона Домевр-ан-Э}}

[[Категория:Коммуны департамента Мёрт и Мозель]]

title: Амонвиль

Амонвиль:
Hamonville
48°49′43″ с. ш. 5°48′52″ в. д.

Страна: Франция

Регион: Лотарингия

Департамент: Мёрт и Мозель

Кантон: Домевр-ан-Э

Мэр: Патрис Велль (Patrice Velle)

title: История и география

Часовой пояс: UTC+1:00, летом UTC+2:00

title: Население

Плотность: 14,7 чел./км²

title: Цифровые идентификаторы

Цифровые идентификаторы:
mairiehamonville.fr (фр.)
Амонвиль


text:
# Väinameri
O Väinameri (estoniano para Mar dos Estreitos, anteriormente conhecido como Estreito de Muhu) é um corpo de água do mar Báltico pertencente à Estônia, que separa as ilhas do arquipélago de Moonsund e o continente, localizado entre o Golfo de Riga e o Golfo da Finlândia.
A área é relativamente pouco habitada (cerca de 7 habitantes por km², excluindo a cidade de Haapsalu), mas é uma região popular para turismo e recreação, com um aumento no desenvolvimento costeiro, vilas de férias, resorts de saúde e tráfego recreativo de barcos. Existem 7 portos de balsa (Heltermaa, Rohuküla, Virtsu, Kuivastu, Sviby, Triigi, Sõru) que também funcionam como pequenos portos de carga e de turismo de iates/recreativo, e cerca de 15 pequenas docas.
A pesca costeira foi historicamente importante (captura de 10.000 t/ano), mas atualmente está em declínio (captura de 100-300 t/ano).

## Geografia
O Väinameri é um mar raso (profundidade média de 5m) com uma área aproximada de 2200 km², onde se encontram um grande número de pequenas ilhas (cerca de 600 das 1500 ilhas marítimas da Estônia estão situadas aqui) e baías. Ele se estende entre as ilhas da Estônia Ocidental (Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vormsi) e o continente. Em relação ao Mar Báltico, no Väinameri há ondas menores, maiores variações de temperatura da água, menor salinidade (5-6‰) e transparência (2-5 m), e uma cobertura de gelo mais espessa e estável se forma durante o inverno. A natureza da região é muito diversa, o que levou à criação de várias áreas protegidas. A Área de Conservação Limitada de Väinameri, com uma área total de cerca de 173.828 ha (incluindo 165.498 ha de área marinha), inclui a maior parte do Mar Väinameri. A Área de Conservação de Väinameri é dividida entre 4 condados da Estônia Ocidental: Lääne, Hiiu, Saare e Pärnu.
As ilhas mar são jovens, liberadas do mar durante a fase de Limneamere. A ilha mais antiga é Kesselaid, cujas partes mais altas emergiram acima do nível do mar há cerca de 5.000 anos. A história do desenvolvimento de Saarnak e Kaevats tem cerca de 2.000 anos.

## História
Na parte oriental do Väinameri, conhecida como Moonsund, havia uma rota marítima anteriormente importante, mas de difícil navegação, entre o Golfo da Finlândia e o Golfo de Riga. O seu perigo é indicado pelo nome da ilha de Viirelaid durante a Idade Média, Paternoster (Pai Nosso em latim), localizada na entrada do Estreito. Entre 1894 e1896, construiu-se uma estrada de 3,6 km de longitude, entre Saaremaa e Muhu que cruza o estreito de Väike Väin.
Devido ao estabelecimento de um porto de guerra em Rohuküla, as rotas de navegação através dos estreitos foram aprofundadas na preparação para a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Estas obras foram as maiores desse tipo na Rússia czarista. Para navios maiores, o Väinameri é muito raso, com uma profundidade média de apenas cinco metros. Apenas entre Kesselaiu e Muhu a profundidade atinge 24 metros. Existem rotas de ferry que conectam as principais ilhas com o continente, bem como umas com as outras. As condições de navegação difíceis e o terreno intermitente tornaram o Väinameri popular entre os marinheiros (Regata do Estreito de Muhu). Os principais peixes capturados no Mar dos Estreitos são o arenque báltico, com certa importância ainda atribuída ao perca e ao lúcio-de-vento.
O Canal de Kumari é uma rota de navegação que corre de norte a sul no Väinameri. Tem 35 km de comprimento e uma profundidade mínima de cinco metros. O Canal de Rukki corre de leste a oeste entre Hiiumaa e o porto de Rohuküla no continente.

title: Väinameri

wikitext:
{{Info/Oceano
 |nome               = Väinameri
 |mapa               = Väinameri_location_map.svg
 |legenda            =
 |área               =
 |coordenadas        =
 |maior profundidade =
 |continente         = [[Europa]]
 |países             =
 |fronteira          = [[Golfo de Riga]], [[Golfo da Finlândia]]
 }}
O Väinameri ([[Língua estoniana|estoniano]] para Mar dos Estreitos, anteriormente conhecido como '''Estreito de Muhu''') é um corpo de água do [[mar Báltico]] pertencente à [[Estónia|Estônia]], que separa as ilhas do [[Arquipélago Moonsund|arquipélago de Moonsund]] e o continente, localizado entre o [[Golfo de Riga]] e o [[Golfo da Finlândia]].<ref>http://www.estonica.org/en/Nature/The_Baltic_Sea/The_Väinameri_Sea/</ref><ref>{{Citar web|url=http://www.maaturism.ee/index.php?id=kannattaa-katsoa&sid=196|titulo=Copia arquivada|acessodata=14/08/2012|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203015257/http://www.maaturism.ee/index.php?id=kannattaa-katsoa&sid=196|arquivodata=03/12/2013}}</ref>
A área é relativamente pouco habitada (cerca de 7 habitantes por km², excluindo a cidade de [[Haapsalu]]),<ref name=":0" /> mas é uma região popular para turismo e recreação, com um aumento no desenvolvimento costeiro, vilas de férias, resorts de saúde e tráfego recreativo de barcos. Existem 7 portos de [[balsa]] (Heltermaa, Rohuküla, Virtsu, Kuivastu, Sviby, Triigi, Sõru) que também funcionam como pequenos portos de carga e de turismo de iates/recreativo, e cerca de 15 pequenas docas.

A pesca costeira foi historicamente importante (captura de 10.000 t/ano), mas atualmente está em declínio (captura de 100-300 t/ano).<ref name=":0" />

[[Ficheiro:Väinameri location map.svg|esquerda|miniaturadaimagem|Localização do Väinameri na Estônia]]

== Geografia ==
[[Ficheiro:Auklaid, Öakse laid, Saarnaki laid, Hanikatsi laid.jpg|esquerda|miniaturadaimagem|Ilhotas do Väinameri]]O Väinameri é um mar raso (profundidade média de 5m) com uma área aproximada de 2200 km²,<ref name=":0">{{citar web|url=https://lifempa.balticseaportal.net/media/upload/File/Deliverables/Summaries_of_MP/MP_summary_Vainameri.pdf|titulo=Management plan for the marine part of the Väinamere Limited Conservation Area (2009 – 2018)|acessodata=23/07/2024|website=Baltic Sea Portal}}</ref> onde se encontram um grande número de pequenas ilhas (cerca de 600 das 1500 ilhas marítimas da Estônia estão situadas aqui) e baías. Ele se estende entre as ilhas da Estônia Ocidental ([[Saaremaa]], [[Hiiumaa]], [[Muhu]], [[Vormsi]]) e o continente. Em relação ao [[Mar Báltico]], no Väinameri há ondas menores, maiores variações de temperatura da água, menor salinidade (5-6‰) e transparência (2-5 m), e uma cobertura de gelo mais espessa e estável se forma durante o inverno. A natureza da região é muito diversa, o que levou à criação de várias áreas protegidas. A Área de Conservação Limitada de Väinameri, com uma área total de cerca de 173.828 ha (incluindo 165.498 ha de área marinha), inclui a maior parte do Mar Väinameri. A Área de Conservação de Väinameri é dividida entre 4 condados da Estônia Ocidental: [[Ocidental (Estônia)|Lääne]], Hiiu, [[Saare]] e [[Pärnu]].

As ilhas mar são jovens, liberadas do mar durante a fase de Limneamere. A ilha mais antiga é Kesselaid, cujas partes mais altas emergiram acima do nível do mar há cerca de 5.000 anos. A história do desenvolvimento de Saarnak e Kaevats tem cerca de 2.000 anos.<ref>{{Citar periódico |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02835571 |título=Human impact on the landscape of small islands in the West-Estonian archipelago |data=1995-01 |acessodata=2024-07-23 |periódico=Journal of Coastal Conservation |número=1 |ultimo=Ratas |primeiro=Urve |ultimo2=Puurmann |primeiro2=Elle |paginas=119–126 |doi=10.1007/bf02835571 |issn=1400-0350}}</ref>
[[Ficheiro:Kumari kanal 35km.png|esquerda|miniaturadaimagem|O curso do Canal de Kumari]]

== História ==
Na parte oriental do Väinameri, conhecida como Moonsund, havia uma rota marítima anteriormente importante, mas de difícil navegação, entre o [[Golfo da Finlândia]] e o [[Golfo de Riga]]. O seu perigo é indicado pelo nome da ilha de Viirelaid durante a Idade Média, Paternoster ([[Pai-nosso|Pai Nosso]] em [[latim]]), localizada na entrada do Estreito. Entre 1894 e1896, construiu-se uma estrada de 3,6 km de longitude, entre Saaremaa e Muhu que cruza o estreito de Väike Väin.<ref>{{citar livro|url=https://projects.centralbaltic.eu/images/files/result_pdf/GEOISLANDS_result1_saaremaa_hiiumaa.pdf|título=Geoturism highlights of the Saaremaa and Hiiumaa islands|ultimo=Uppsala University|editora=GEOGuide Baltoscandia|ano=2009|local=Tallin|isbn=978-9985-9973-1-4}}</ref>

Devido ao estabelecimento de um porto de guerra em Rohuküla, as rotas de navegação através dos estreitos foram aprofundadas na preparação para a [[Primeira Guerra Mundial]]. Estas obras foram as maiores desse tipo na [[Império Russo|Rússia czarista]]. Para navios maiores, o Väinameri é muito raso, com uma profundidade média de apenas cinco metros. Apenas entre Kesselaiu e Muhu a profundidade atinge 24 metros. Existem rotas de ferry que conectam as principais ilhas com o continente, bem como umas com as outras. As condições de navegação difíceis e o terreno intermitente tornaram o Väinameri popular entre os marinheiros (Regata do Estreito de Muhu). Os principais peixes capturados no Mar dos Estreitos são o arenque báltico, com certa importância ainda atribuída ao perca e ao lúcio-de-vento.

O Canal de Kumari é uma rota de navegação que corre de norte a sul no Väinameri. Tem 35 km de comprimento e uma profundidade mínima de cinco metros. O Canal de Rukki corre de leste a oeste entre Hiiumaa e o porto de Rohuküla no continente.

== Veja também ==

* [[Geografia da Estónia|Geografia da Estônia]]
* [[Geografia da Europa]]

== Referências ==
{{Reflist}}

*

[[Categoria:Geografia da Estónia]]
[[Categoria:Mar Báltico]]
[[Categoria:Mares da Europa]]

title: Localização

Continente: Europa

Localização: Estónia

Parte de: Mar Báltico

title: Dimensões

Profundidade média: 5 m

title: Hidrografia

Tipo: mar