text:
# Шаландон, Альбен
Альбен Шаландон (фр. Albin Chalandon; 11 июня 1920[…], Рерьё, Эн — 29 июля 2020[…], Ле-Менюль) — французский политик, министр юстиции (1986—1988).

## Биография
Родился 11 июня 1920 года, сын мэра города Рерьё, учился в парижском лицее Кондорсе, затем получил высшее филологическое и философское образование. С 23 лет участвовал в Сопротивлении, командовал ротой маки в лесистой местности близ Орлеана. Был ранен, в 1944 году участвовал в освобождении Парижа.
После войны начал карьеру на государственной службе с должности в Финансовой инспекции, работал в переходном правительстве Леона Блюма, в 1948 году вступил в голлистское Объединение французского народа. В 1952 году основал Коммерческий банк Парижа (Banque commerciale de Paris), который возглавлял с 1964 по 1968 год. В 1958—1959 году являлся генеральным секретарём голлистской партии Союз за новую республику, в 1974—1975 годах — помощник генерального секретаря Союза демократов в поддержку республики. С 1968 по 1976 год являлся депутатом Национального собрания Франции от департамента О-де-Сен, в 1986 году был избран депутатом от департамента Нор, но отказался от мандата, приступив к работе в правительстве.
1968 год — министр промышленности в четвёртом правительстве Помпиду.
1968—1972 годы — министр инфраструктуры и жилищного строительства в правительстве Кув де Мюрвиля и правительстве Шабан-Дельмаса.
1986—1988 годы — министр юстиции во втором правительстве Ширака.
В 2010 году помещался под домашний арест в ходе расследования деятельности нантской компании Visionex, занимавшейся установкой стационарных терминалов бесплатного доступа в Интернет (к этой компании имел отношение сын Шаландона).
Скончался 29 июля 2020 года в возрасте 100 лет.

## Личная жизнь
В 1951 году женился на княжне Саломе Мюрат, в их семье было трое детей. После смерти жены в 2016 году женился на Катрин Ней.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Шаландон, Альбен

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{ФИО}}
{{Государственный деятель
| изображение      =
| оригинал имени   = {{lang-fr|Albin Chalandon}}
| ширина           = 200
| должность        = [[Министр юстиции Франции|Хранитель печатей, министр юстиции Франции]]
| флаг             = Armoiries_république_française.svg
| флаг2            = Flag of France.svg
| периодначало     = 20 марта 1986
| периодконец      = 10 мая 1988
| предшественник   = [[Крепо, Мишель|Мишель Крепо]]
| преемник         = [[Арпейянж, Пьер|Пьер Арпейянж]]
| премьер          = [[Ширак, Жак|Жак Ширак]]
| президент        = [[Миттеран, Франсуа|Франсуа Миттеран]]
| должность_1      = {{iw|Список министров инфраструктуры (Франция)|Министр инфраструктуры|fr|Liste des ministres français de l'Équipement}} и {{iw|Министр жилищного строительства|жилищного строительства Франции|fr|Ministre du Logement}}
| флаг_1           = Armoiries_république_française.svg
| флаг2_1          = Flag of France.svg
| периодначало_1   = 11 июля 1968
| периодконец_1    = 5 июля 1972
| предшественник_1 = [[Галлей, Робер|Робер Галлей]]
| преемник_1       = [[Гишар, Оливье|Оливье Гишар]]
| премьер_1        = [[Кув де Мюрвиль, Морис|Морис Кув де Мюрвиль]]
[[Шабан-Дельмас, Жак|Жак Шабан-Дельмас]]
| президент_1      = [[Де Голль, Шарль|Шарль де Голль]]
[[Поэр, Ален|Ален Поэр]] ({{и.о.}})
[[Помпиду, Жорж|Жорж Помпиду]]
| должность_2      = {{iw|Список министров промышленности (Франция)|Министр промышленности Франции|fr|Liste des ministres français de l'Industrie}}
| флаг_2           = Armoiries_république_française.svg
| флаг2_2          = Flag of France.svg
| периодначало_2   = 31 мая
| периодконец_2    = 10 июля 1968
| предшественник_2 = [[Гишар, Оливье|Оливье Гишар]]
| преемник_2       = [[Беттанкур, Андре|Андре Беттанкур]]
| премьер_2        = [[Помпиду, Жорж|Жорж Помпиду]]
| президент_2      = [[Де Голль, Шарль|Шарль де Голль]]
| гражданство      =
| национальность   =
| вероисповедание  =
| дата рождения    =
| место рождения   =
| отец             =
| мать             =
| супруга          =
| дети             =
| партия           =
| деятельность     = [[политика]]
| профессия        =
| образование      =
| награды          =
| автограф         =
| сайт             =
}}
'''Альбен Шаландон''' ({{lang-fr|Albin Chalandon}}; {{ВД-Преамбула}}) — французский политик, министр юстиции (1986—1988).

== Биография ==
Родился 11 июня 1920 года, сын мэра города [[Рерьё]], учился в парижском [[Лицей Кондорсе|лицее Кондорсе]], затем получил высшее филологическое и философское образование. С 23 лет участвовал в [[Движение Сопротивления (Франция)|Сопротивлении]], командовал ротой [[Маки (Вторая мировая война)|маки]] в лесистой местности близ [[Орлеан]]а. Был ранен, в 1944 году участвовал в [[Освобождение Парижа|освобождении Парижа]]<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albin-chalandon/ |title= CHALANDON ALBIN (1920-2020) |author=  |date=  |work=  |publisher= Universalis |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archive-date= 2024-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817134121/https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/albin-chalandon/ |url-status= live }}</ref>.

После войны начал карьеру на государственной службе с должности в {{iw|Генеральная финансовая инспекция (Франция)|Финансовой инспекции|fr|Inspection générale des finances (France)}}, работал в переходном правительстве [[Блюм, Леон|Леона Блюма]], в 1948 году вступил в [[Голлизм|голлистское]] [[Объединение французского народа]]. В 1952 году основал Коммерческий банк Парижа (Banque commerciale de Paris), который возглавлял с 1964 по 1968 год. В 1958—1959 году являлся генеральным секретарём голлистской партии [[Союз за новую республику]], в 1974—1975 годах — помощник генерального секретаря [[Союз демократов в поддержку республики|Союза демократов в поддержку республики]]. С 1968 по 1976 год являлся депутатом [[Национальное собрание Франции|Национального собрания Франции]] от департамента [[О-де-Сен]], в 1986 году был избран депутатом от департамента [[Нор (департамент)|Нор]], но отказался от мандата, приступив к работе в правительстве<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/albin-chalandon-ancien-garde-des-sceaux-est-mort-30-07-2020-2386137_20.php |title= Albin Chalandon, ancien garde des Sceaux, est mort |author=  |date= 2020-07-30 |work=  |publisher= Le Point |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archive-date= 2024-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817134121/https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/albin-chalandon-ancien-garde-des-sceaux-est-mort-30-07-2020-2386137_20.php |url-status= live }}</ref>.

1968 год — министр промышленности в {{iw|Четвёртое правительство Помпиду|четвёртом правительстве Помпиду|fr|Gouvernement Georges Pompidou (4)}}.

1968—1972 годы — министр инфраструктуры и жилищного строительства в [[Правительство Кув де Мюрвиля|правительстве Кув де Мюрвиля]] и {{iw|Правительство Шабан-Дельмаса|правительстве Шабан-Дельмаса|fr|Gouvernement Jacques Chaban-Delmas}}.

1986—1988 годы — министр юстиции во {{iw|Второе правительство Ширака|втором правительстве|fr|Gouvernement Jacques Chirac (2)}} [[Ширак, Жак|Ширака]].

В 2010 году помещался под домашний арест в ходе расследования деятельности [[нант]]ской компании Visionex, занимавшейся установкой стационарных терминалов бесплатного доступа в Интернет (к этой компании имел отношение сын Шаландона)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/12/16/971446-albin-chalandon-en-garde-a-vue.html |title= Albin Chalandon en garde à vue |author=  |date= 2010-12-16 |work=  |publisher= La Dépêche |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archive-date= 2024-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817134121/https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/12/16/971446-albin-chalandon-en-garde-a-vue.html |url-status= live }}</ref>.

Скончался 29 июля 2020 года в возрасте 100 лет<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/mort-dalbin-chalandon-ancien-ministre-de-la-justice-a-lage-de-100-ans-685252 |title= Mort d’Albin Chalandon, ancien ministre de la Justice, à l’âge de 100 ans |author= Violette Salle |date= 2020-07-30 |work=  |publisher= Voici |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archive-date= 2024-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817134121/https://www.voici.fr/news-people/actu-people/mort-dalbin-chalandon-ancien-ministre-de-la-justice-a-lage-de-100-ans-685252 |url-status= live }}</ref>.

== Личная жизнь ==
В 1951 году женился на княжне Саломе [[Мюраты|Мюрат]], в их семье было трое детей. После смерти жены в 2016 году женился на {{iw|Ней, Катрин|Катрин Ней|fr|Catherine Nay}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.estrepublicain.fr/societe/2020/07/30/mort-a-100-ans-d-albin-chalandon |title= Mort à 100 ans d’Albin Chalandon |date= 2020-07-30 |work=  |publisher= L'Est Républicain |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archive-date= 2024-08-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240817180232/https://www.estrepublicain.fr/societe/2020/07/30/mort-a-100-ans-d-albin-chalandon |url-status= live }}</ref>.

== Примечания ==
{{Примечания}}

== Ссылки ==
* {{cite web|url= https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/tables_archives/albin-chalandon.asp |title= Albin Chalandon |author =   |date =|work= |publisher = [[Национальное собрание Франции|Assemblée nationale]] |accessdate= 2024-08-17 |lang= fr |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}

{{Внешние ссылки}}

[[Категория:Участники французского движения Сопротивления]]
[[Категория:Банкиры Франции]]
[[Категория:Политики Франции]]
[[Категория:Политики XX века]]
[[Категория:Депутаты Национального собрания Франции]]
[[Категория:Министры промышленности Франции]]
[[Категория:Министры юстиции Франции]]

Глава правительства: Жак Ширак

Президент: Франсуа Миттеран

Предшественник: Мишель Крепо

Преемник: Пьер Арпейянж

title: Министр инфраструктуры и жилищного строительства Франции

Глава правительства: Морис Кув де Мюрвиль · Жак Шабан-Дельмас

Президент: Шарль де Голль · Ален Поэр (и. о.) · Жорж Помпиду

Предшественник: Робер Галлей

Преемник: Оливье Гишар

title: Министр промышленности Франции

Министр промышленности Франции: 31 мая — 10 июля 1968

Глава правительства: Жорж Помпиду

Президент: Шарль де Голль

Предшественник: Оливье Гишар

Преемник: Андре Беттанкур

Рождение: 11 июня 1920[…] · - Рерьё, Эн, Франция

Смерть: 29 июля 2020[…] (100 лет) · - Ле-Менюль, Франция

Имя при рождении: фр. Paul Henri Albin Chalandon

Отец: Пьер Шаландон

Супруга: Саломе Мюрат и Катрин Най

Дети: Фабьен Шаландон

Партия: - Объединение в поддержку республики - Союз демократов в поддержку республики - Союз за новую республику

Образование: - лицей Кондорсе - лицей Мишле

Учёная степень: диплом о высшем образовании

Деятельность: политика

Награды: кавалер Большого креста ордена Почётного легиона

Сражения: - Вторая мировая война

Место работы: - Генеральная финансовая инспекция Франции


text:
# Pandoravirales
 (juillet 2025).
Ordre
Pandoravirales est un ordre proposé de virus géants, détaché des Algavirales pour regouper les familles proposées des Coccolithoviridae (détachée des Phycodnaviridae) et des Pandoraviridae. En 2024, cet ordre n'est pas reconnu par l'ICTV.

## Liste des familles
- Coccolithoviridae
- Pandoraviridae

wikiname: frwiki

title: Pandoravirales

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{Ébauche|virus}}{{Sources à lier|date=juillet 2025}}{{Taxobox début | virus | Pandoravirales | 41467 2018 4698 Fig1 HTML Pandoraviruses.jpg | Virions de 4 espèce ''Pandoravirus'', émis par [[Acanthamoeba castellanii|A. castellani]] puis zoom ×20 sur les virions.}}
{{Taxobox | domaine | Varidnaviria }}
{{Taxobox | règne | Bamfordvirae }}
{{Taxobox | embranchement | Nucleocytoviricota }}
{{Taxobox | classe | Megaviricetes }}
{{Taxobox taxon | virus | ordre | Pandoravirales | citation=non }}
{{Taxobox fin}}

'''Pandoravirales''' est un [[Ordre (biologie)|ordre]] proposé de [[virus géant]]s, détaché des [[Algavirales]] pour regouper les familles proposées des Coccolithoviridae (détachée des [[Phycodnaviridae]]) et des [[Pandoraviridae]]<ref>{{Article|prénom1=Laura|nom1=Perini|prénom2=Katie|nom2=Sipes|prénom3=Athanasios|nom3=Zervas|prénom4=Christopher|nom4=Bellas|titre=Giant viral signatures on the Greenland ice sheet|périodique=Microbiome|volume=12|numéro=1|pages=91|date=2024-05-17|issn=2049-2618|pmcid=11100222|doi=10.1186/s40168-024-01796-y|lire en ligne=https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-024-01796-y|consulté le=2025-07-21}}</ref>. En 2024, cet ordre n'est pas reconnu par l'[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|ICTV]].

== Liste des familles ==
* [[Coccolithoviridae]]
* [[Pandoraviridae]]

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

{{Portail|virologie}}

[[Catégorie:Nucleocytoviricota]]

title: Classification

Domaine: Varidnaviria

Règne: Bamfordvirae

Embranchement: Nucleocytoviricota

Classe: Megaviricetes


text:
# رسوایی (فیلم ۱۳۹۱)
رسوایی چهارمین ساختهٔ سینمایی مسعود ده‌نمکی است که در ژانر درام/کمدی در ۲۳ اسفند ۹۱ به پردهٔ سینماها رفت. این فیلم به موضوعات مذهبی مانند امر به معروف و نهی از منکر اشاره دارد.

## خلاصه داستان
افسانه دختری زیبارو و فقیر جنوب شهری است که علاقه‌مند به حضور در جامعه با ظاهری متفاوت و جلب توجه مردان می‌باشد. خانواده وی از طرف آقاشریف که طلبکار و صاحبخانه ایشان است، تحت فشار هستند. آقاشریف که مردی میانسال و مجرد (به دلیل فوت همسر) است، علاقه‌مند به ازدواج با افسانه است و این مهم را شرط برداشتن فشارهای مالی از جانب خود به افسانه و خانواده وی عنوان کرده‌است. افسانه نیز تصمیم می‌گیرد برای کمک به خانواده خود، به آقا شریف نزدیک شود تا بتواند امتیازهایی از وی بگیرد. اما در یکی از دیدارهای خصوصی که بین وی و آقا شریف در دفتر کار آقا شریف انجام می‌شود...

## جوایز

### سی و یکمین دوره جشنواره فیلم فجر
| قسمت                       | نامزد            | نتیجه    |
| -------------------------- | ---------------- | -------- |
| بهترین بازیگر نقش اول مرد  | اکبر عبدی        | نامزدشده |
| بهترین بازیگر نقش مکمل مرد | محمدرضا شریفی‌نیا | نامزدشده |
| بهترین طراحی صحنه و لباس   | مجید میرفخرایی   | نامزدشده |
| بهترین چهره‌پردازی          | امیر اسکندری     | برنده    |

### چهاردهمین دوره جشن حافظ
| قسمت                    | نامزد     | نتیجه    |
| ----------------------- | --------- | -------- |
| بهترین بازیگر مرد سینما | اکبر عبدی | نامزدشده |

## بازتاب‌ها
- محبوبه بیات بازیگر پیشکسوت سینما، تئاتر و تلویزیون درباره حضور در فیلم رسوایی افزود: بزرگترین اشتباه من بازی در فیلم «رسوایی» بود.
- مسعود فراستی منتقد سینمادرباره رسوایی بیان می دارد: تفکر این فیلم مخملبافی است؛ ضدمردم. مخملباف هم از ضدمردم بودن مخملباف شد.[۳]
- داوود میرباقری کارگردان سریال مختارنامه درباره رسوایی گفت:مضمون فیلم رسوایی متعالی است اما صرف داشتن این مضمون که فیلم را شکل نمی‌دهد. رسوایی دارد از مولفه‌هایی استفاده می‌کند که دورانش سپری شده. هیچ خلاقیتی برای شکل دادن به یک فضای جدید در فیلم نمی‌بینید. همان مولفه‌های سینمای دهه چهل و پنجاه کمی به روز شده و در فیلم گنجانده شده.[۴]
- مسعود ده‌نمکی خود درباره این فیلم گفت: «درباره فیلم‌نامه این اثر باید بگویم برخلاف حدس‌هایی که زده می‌شود و تحلیل‌هایی که می‌نویسند، قصه فیلم «رسوایی» قصه‌ای اورجینال است نه برصیصای عابد است و نه قصه شیخ صنعان و نه حتی رابطه عشق و عاشقی و نه میوهٔ ممنوعه، قصه‌ای کاملاً مستقل است. اما حدس و گمان‌هایی درباره فیلم زده می‌شود و با این حدس‌ها درباره فیلم قضاوت می‌شود که کاملاً اشتباه است.
- سید علی خامنه‌ای در جهت اظهار نظر به این فیلم، از نقش‌آفرینی اکبر عبدی به عنوان یک روحانی تقدیر کرد و گفت: «در این ۳۵ سال هیچ بازیگری نقش یک روحانی را انقدر خوب بازی نکرده بود.»

## بازیگران
| بازیگر            | نقش            |
| ----------------- | -------------- |
| اکبر عبدی         | حاج یوسف       |
| الناز شاکردوست    | افسانه         |
| محمدرضا شریفی نیا | شریف           |
| کامران تفتی       | جعفر           |
| اسماعیل خلج       | میرزا          |
| ارسلان قاسمی      | حامد           |
| امیر نوری         | سرباز کلانتری  |
| امیر دژاکام       | افسر کلانتری   |
| مریم کاویانی      | منشی شرکت      |
| مجید مشیری        | راننده تاکسی   |
| تینا آخوندتبار    | آزیتا          |
| مهسا کامیابی      | رویا           |
| محبوبه بیات       | مادر افسانه    |
| عباس محبوب        | آبدارچی شرکت   |
| آرزو افشار        | زن مستمند      |
| اسدالله یکتا      | قهوه چی        |
| مجید شهریاری      | فروشنده        |
| فریبا ترکاشوند    | فروشنده        |
| مختار سائقی       | سرکارگر        |
| مجتبی امینی       | شاگرد یوسف     |
| ملیکا شعبان       | دختر زن مستمند |

wikiname: fawiki

title: رسوایی (فیلم ۱۳۹۱)

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{جعبه فیلم
|عنوان= رسوایی
| تصویر= Rosvaee-22958.jpg
|عرض تصویر=
| زیرنویس=پوستر فیلم رسوایی
|کارگردان=[[مسعود ده‌نمکی]]
| تهیه‌کننده= [[مسعود ده‌نمکی]]
| نویسنده= [[مسعود ده‌نمکی]]
|بازیگران= [[اکبر عبدی]]{{بر}}[[الناز شاکردوست]]{{بر}}[[محمدرضا شریفی‌نیا]]{{بر}}[[کامران تفتی]]{{بر}}[[مریم کاویانی]]{{بر}}[[تینا آخوندتبار]]{{بر}}[[محبوبه بیات]]{{بر}}[[امیر دژاکام]]{{بر}}[[عباس محبوب]]{{بر}}[[اسدالله یکتا]]{{بر}}[[شیدا محمودی]]{{بر}}[[مریم رادمهر]] {{بر}}[[مجید شهریاری (بازیگر)|مجید شهریاری]]{{بر}}
| موسیقی=
| فیلمبرداری=[[فرشاد گل‌سفیدی]]
| تدوین=سیدمیثم هاشم‌زاده
| توزیع‌کننده= فیلمیران
| انتشار=
| اکران= [[۲۳ اسفند]] [[۱۳۹۱]]
| چهره=
| صحنه و لباس= [[مجید میرفخرایی]]
| مدت=۱۰۱ دقیقه
| زبان= فارسی
| کشور= [[ایران]]
| بودجه=
| فروش= ۵٬۵۰۵٬۰۰۰٬۰۰۰  تومان<ref>{{یادکرد وب |نویسنده = |نشانی= http://tasnimnews.com/Home/Single/47093|عنوان= رسوایی ۴ میلیاردی شد| ناشر = خبرگزاری تسنیم|تاریخ = ۶ اردیبهشت ۱۳۹۲|تاریخ بازبینی= ۷ اردیبهشت ۱۳۹۲}}</ref>
| ناشر =
| وب‌گاه=
| پانویس=
}}
'''''رسوایی''''' چهارمین ساختهٔ سینمایی [[مسعود ده‌نمکی]] است که در ژانر درام/کمدی در ۲۳ اسفند ۹۱ به پردهٔ سینماها رفت. این فیلم به موضوعات مذهبی مانند [[امر به معروف و نهی از منکر]] اشاره دارد.<ref>[http://www.irdc.ir/fa/content/28638/default.aspx رسوایی؛ نسخهٔ مولانای سدهٔ هفتم برای ایران سدهٔ پانزدهم] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410160859/http://www.irdc.ir/fa/content/28638/default.aspx |date=۱۰ آوریل ۲۰۱۳}} ''مرکز اسناد انقلاب اسلامی''</ref>

[[پرونده:Poster rosvaei.jpg|بندانگشتی|نخستین پوستر فیلم رسوایی، که از وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامی مجوز انتشار نگرفت.]]

== خلاصه داستان ==
افسانه دختری زیبارو و فقیر جنوب شهری است که علاقه‌مند به حضور در جامعه با ظاهری متفاوت و جلب توجه مردان می‌باشد. خانواده وی از طرف آقاشریف که طلبکار و صاحبخانه ایشان است، تحت فشار هستند. آقاشریف که مردی میانسال و مجرد (به دلیل فوت همسر) است، علاقه‌مند به ازدواج با افسانه است و این مهم را شرط برداشتن فشارهای مالی از جانب خود به افسانه و خانواده وی عنوان کرده‌است. افسانه نیز تصمیم می‌گیرد برای کمک به خانواده خود، به آقا شریف نزدیک شود تا بتواند امتیازهایی از وی بگیرد. اما در یکی از دیدارهای خصوصی که بین وی و آقا شریف در دفتر کار آقا شریف انجام می‌شود...

== جوایز ==
=== [[سی و یکمین دوره جشنواره فیلم فجر]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! قسمت !! نامزد !! نتیجه
|-
| [[سیمرغ بلورین بهترین بازیگر نقش اول مرد جشنواره فیلم فجر|بهترین بازیگر نقش اول مرد]]
| [[اکبر عبدی]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[سیمرغ بلورین بهترین بازیگر نقش مکمل مرد جشنواره فیلم فجر|بهترین بازیگر نقش مکمل مرد]]
| [[محمدرضا شریفی‌نیا]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| بهترین طراحی صحنه و لباس
| [[مجید میرفخرایی]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[سیمرغ بلورین بهترین چهره‌پردازی جشنواره فیلم فجر|بهترین چهره‌پردازی]]
| [[امیر اسکندری]]
| {{won}}
|}

=== [[چهاردهمین دوره جشن حافظ]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
! قسمت !! نامزد !! نتیجه
|-
| بهترین بازیگر مرد سینما
| [[اکبر عبدی]]
| {{nom}}
|}

== بازتاب‌ها ==
* [[محبوبه بیات]] بازیگر پیشکسوت سینما، [[تئاتر]] و [[تلویزیون]] درباره حضور در فیلم رسوایی افزود: بزرگترین اشتباه من بازی در فیلم «رسوایی» بود.
* [[مسعود فراستی]] منتقد سینمادرباره رسوایی بیان می دارد: تفکر این فیلم مخملبافی است؛ ضدمردم. [[مخملباف]] هم از ضدمردم بودن مخملباف شد.<ref>[http://khabaronline.ir/detail/281725/ انتقاد مسعود فراستی از فیلم‌های «رسوایی»، «قاعده تصادف»، «دربند» و... / آقای فیلمساز! هول نشو] ''خبرآنلاین''</ref>
* [[داوود میرباقری]] [[کارگردان فیلم|کارگردان]] سریال [[مختارنامه]] درباره رسوایی گفت:مضمون فیلم رسوایی متعالی است اما صرف داشتن این مضمون که فیلم را شکل نمی‌دهد. رسوایی دارد از مولفه‌هایی استفاده می‌کند که دورانش سپری شده. هیچ خلاقیتی برای شکل دادن به یک فضای جدید در فیلم نمی‌بینید. همان مولفه‌های سینمای دهه چهل و پنجاه کمی به روز شده و در فیلم گنجانده شده.<ref>[http://www.bultannews.com/fa/news/127106 انتقاد داوود میرباقری از فیلم رسوایی ده نمکی] ''بولتن نیوز''</ref>
* مسعود ده‌نمکی خود درباره این فیلم گفت: «درباره فیلم‌نامه این اثر باید بگویم برخلاف حدس‌هایی که زده می‌شود و تحلیل‌هایی که می‌نویسند، قصه فیلم «رسوایی» قصه‌ای اورجینال است نه برصیصای عابد است و نه قصه [[شیخ صنعان]] و نه حتی رابطه عشق و عاشقی و نه [[میوه ممنوعه (مجموعه تلویزیونی)|میوهٔ ممنوعه]]، قصه‌ای کاملاً مستقل است. اما حدس و گمان‌هایی درباره فیلم زده می‌شود و با این حدس‌ها درباره فیلم قضاوت می‌شود که کاملاً اشتباه است.
* [[سید علی خامنه‌ای]] در جهت اظهار نظر به این فیلم، از نقش‌آفرینی [[اکبر عبدی]] به عنوان یک روحانی تقدیر کرد و گفت: «در این ۳۵ سال هیچ بازیگری نقش یک روحانی را انقدر خوب بازی نکرده بود.»

== بازیگران ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!بازیگر
!نقش
|-
|[[اکبر عبدی]]
|حاج یوسف
|-
|[[الناز شاکردوست]]
|افسانه
|-
|[[محمدرضا شریفی نیا]]
|شریف
|-
|[[کامران تفتی]]
|جعفر
|-
|[[اسماعیل خلج]]
|میرزا
|-
|[[ارسلان قاسمی]]
|حامد
|-
|[[امیر نوری]]
|سرباز کلانتری
|-
|[[امیر دژاکام]]
|افسر کلانتری
|-
|[[مریم کاویانی]]
|منشی شرکت
|-
|[[مجید مشیری]]
|راننده تاکسی
|-
|[[تینا آخوندتبار]]
|آزیتا
|-
|[[مهسا کامیابی]]
|رویا
|-
|[[محبوبه بیات]]
|مادر افسانه
|-
|[[عباس محبوب]]
|آبدارچی شرکت
|-
|[[آرزو افشار]]
|زن مستمند
|-
|[[اسدالله یکتا]]
|قهوه چی
|-
|[[مجید شهریاری]]
|فروشنده
|-
|[[فریبا ترکاشوند]]
|فروشنده
|-
|[[مختار سائقی]]
|سرکارگر
|-
|[[مجتبی امینی]]
|شاگرد یوسف
|-
|[[ملیکا شعبان]]
|دختر زن مستمند
|}

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}
{{مسعود ده‌نمکی}}

== پیوند به بیرون ==
{{ویکی‌گفتاورد}}
* {{imdb title|3127636}}

{{فجر چهره‌پردازی}}

[[رده:فیلم‌ها به زبان فارسی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های ۱۳۹۱]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های ایرانی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های با محوریت روحانی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های درام ایرانی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌ها به کارگردانی مسعود ده‌نمکی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های پروپاگاندای ایرانی]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های درام ۲۰۱۳ (میلادی)]]
[[رده:فیلم‌های ۲۰۱۳ (میلادی)]]

title: رسوایی

کارگردان: مسعود ده‌نمکی

تهیهکننده: مسعود ده‌نمکی

نویسنده: مسعود ده‌نمکی

بازیگران: اکبر عبدی · الناز شاکردوست · محمدرضا شریفی‌نیا · کامران تفتی · مریم کاویانی · تینا آخوندتبار · محبوبه بیات · امیر دژاکام · عباس محبوب · اسدالله یکتا · شیدا محمودی · مریم رادمهر · مجید شهریاری

فیلمبردار: فرشاد گل‌سفیدی

تدوینگر: سیدمیثم هاشم‌زاده

توزیعکننده: فیلمیران

مدت زمان: ۱۰۱ دقیقه

کشور: ایران

زبان: فارسی

فروش گیشه: ۵٬۵۰۵٬۰۰۰٬۰۰۰ تومان


text:
# Rose show
A rose show is a horticultural exhibition focusing exclusively on roses.

## History

### United Kingdom
Initially in the UK roses were exhibited in general flower shows such as those run by the Royal Horticultural Society.  Judges were appointed by whoever sponsored the show, and were not necessarily rosarians themselves.  The first Grand National specialty rose show was held July 1, 1858, in St. James Hall, London.  It was organized by S. Reynolds Hole, Dean of Rochester Cathedral and a prominent rosarian, Thomas Rivers, a nurseryman and publisher of the first catalog of roses (1834) in the UK, Charles Turner, a rosarian, and William Paul, a writer and nurseryman.  Exhibitors were divided into three classes: nurserymen, amateur rosarians with hired gardeners, and amateur rosarians without hired gardeners (avid exhibitors included many working-class men and farmers).  Prizes were 36 silver cups engraved with roses.  John Edwards was in charge of setting up the show, which entailed clearing away the chairs and benches from the previous night's concert, and constructing tables for the exhibits.  Subscription fee for exhibitors was 5 pounds, admission for the general public was 1 shilling.  More than 2000 people attended the first Grand National Rose-Show.  Music was provided by a brass band, which proved to be too loud for the venue.
Exhibition-form roses were exhibited as cut specimens grouped in a box, and the entire collection was judged on the quality of the individual specimens and on the composition of the whole.  Duplicate cultivars were not allowed.  Collections were to be in multiples of 6, up to 72 for nurserymen.  Most exhibitors put their rose stems in vases or bottles nestled in moss inside a box of some kind, but some exhibitors inserted their cut stems into potatoes in straw to keep the roses hydrated.  Wiring of stems and flowers was allowed – Tea roses were popular at that time, and the flowers of many Tea roses do not stand upright on their own.  Garden roses, those not possessing exhibition form, were exhibited in bouquets.  Judges worked in teams of three.
The second Grand National Rose-Show was held June 23, 1859, in the Hanover Square Rooms.  In addition to cut roses in boxes, bouquets, and baskets, potted roses were exhibited.  Boxes for the cut rose collections were required to be standardized, with metal vases embedded in moss – no potatoes or straw or beer bottles.  The boxes were required to have a cover for transporting the roses to the show.  Exhibitors travelled by either train or horse-drawn vans at the time, and roses needed a sturdy box in transportation. Box with cover was only 14" tall, so the specimens inside the box had to be shorter than that.  Music was provided by a strings and reeds band instead of brass.  After this second show, it was decided that London did not provide rooms big enough for the crowds attending the rose show.
Accordingly, the third Grand National Rose-Show was held July 12, 1860, in the Crystal Palace in Sydenham.  16,000 people attended.
In 1861, the Royal Horticultural Society hosted the Fourth Grand National Rose-Show in Kensington on July 10.  The rose show was held here every year through 1877.  At that time the newly formed National Rose Society (founded 1876) took over the Grand National Rose-Show.  The Very Reverend Reynolds Hole was the first president of the (Royal) National Rose Society.
The (Royal) National Rose Society set the standards for exhibition and judging of roses for the Grand National Rose-Show and for rose shows sponsored by affiliated local rose societies.

### United States
The American Rose Society was founded in 1892.  Initially, in contrast to the (Royal) National Rose Society in Great Britain, ARS membership was limited to professional nurserymen and florists. Amateur rosarians formed local rose societies, such as Portland (Oregon) in 1889, and Tacoma (Washington State) and Syracuse (New York State) in 1911.  Tacoma had hosted rose shows as early as 1895.
The first ARS sponsored rose show was held in March 1900, in New York City.   At that time the ARS was a trade organization of professional nurserymen and florists.  A second show, allowing amateurs, was held that June.  Roses were displayed as 25 stems or more of the same variety.  Single-stem exhibits became standard by about 1938.  Show classes were divided by color.  Judging was left to the tastes and inclinations of individual judges up until standards started to be developed in the 1940s.  The first ARS judging school was held in 1950, and the first published judging standards appeared in 1959.  The first edition of the current Guidelines for Judging Roses was published in 1971.
The ARS first allowed amateur rosarians and local societies to join as affiliates in 1914.  The Syracuse Rose Society, with 300 members, was the first local rose society to join the ARS, in May 1914.
Since 1974, the American Rose Society's headquarters and gardens have been located at the American Rose Center in Shreveport, Louisiana.

### World Federation of Rose Societies
The World Federation of Rose Societies is an organization of national rose societies.   It facilitates a world conference with a rose exhibition every three years, sponsored by a national society.  It was founded in 1968.  Founding member national societies were Australia, Belgium, Israel, New Zealand, Romania, South Africa, Great Britain and the US.  Canada, India, Japan and Switzerland joined at the first conference in 1971 in New Zealand.  Exhibitors bring roses from all over the world to exhibit at the World Conferences.

## Exhibition and judging standards
The American Rose Society sets guidelines and standards for rose shows in the US (and for Canadian rose societies affiliated with the ARS) and is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Roses by appointment of the International Society for Horticultural Science.  The Rose Society UK sets the guidelines and standards and organises rose shows in the UK.  Many Canadian and Australian rose societies were affiliated with the RNRS in addition to their own national societies.  Rose shows using ARS guidelines use cultivar classifications assigned by the ARS, for instance Hybrid Tea or Gallica.   The ARS also assigns one of 18 official color classes to cultivars, for instance Light Yellow, Medium Yellow, Deep Yellow, and Yellow Blend.  There is no color class for blue.  Rose shows are hosted by local societies and may be organized as a local show, an ARS District show, or an ARS National show.  Local shows generally require no registration or entry fees, while District and National shows do.  All three levels of rose show generally offer three divisions:  Challenge Classes, Horticulture, and Arrangements.  Other divisions may be offered, for instance Rose Photography or Rose Crafts.  Rose-themed Quilts have been included at rose shows.  The Challenge Classes available vary between the local, District, and National levels.
The Horticulture division of a rose show consists of (usually) single specimens of roses – one 'Peace' rose in a vase, for instance.  A few Horticulture classes call for multiple specimens, for instance 3 Stems Hybrid Tea, One Variety.  In  US shows, the Horticulture classes can be organized either alphabetically by name, i.e. 'Peace' would be exhibited under Hybrid Teas N-R; or by ARS color classes, i.e. 'Peace' would be exhibited under Hybrid Tea Yellow Blends.  In some larger shows, popular varieties with many entries, such as 'Peace', may get their own class.  The Challenge Classes division imposes special criteria on the exhibit, for instance Five Floribunda Sprays, Five Varieties, judged on both individual bloom quality and composition of the whole.  There are five kinds of Challenge classes:  multiple stems of multiple varieties of the same class; multiple stems of one variety; multiple stems of multiple classes; bloom progression (3 stems: bud, exhibition bloom, and open bloom with stamens showing); and English-style box (6 roses).  Other popular Challenge classes include Most Fragrant, Rose in a Photo Frame, Rose in a Bowl, and Artist's Palette (5 roses, different colors).  The Arrangements division consists of floral arrangements in which roses predominate.
The ARS offers a series of named Challenge classes, ranging in size from a single Grandiflora in an "appropriate" container, to 5 Old Garden roses in separate containers, to 6 All-American Rose Selection winners in separate containers, to 12 Miniature roses in a clear container.
Rose shows using ARS guidelines and standards are judged by ARS-accredited judges working in teams of three.  Accreditation requires experience exhibiting, working as a show clerk, attending a judging school, and passing an exam and an apprenticeship.  Judging schools in the US are held by the ARS Districts and are required to use the ARS-published Guidelines for Judging Roses as the text.  The exam is a standardized national exam.  Judges are required to audit the judging school every three years.   The ARS has established standard certificates for awards at local society rose shows, for instance Queen, King, Princess; Classic Shrub, Modern Shrub.  Local societies are free to use any or all of these certificates, plus other categories as desired.
Various publications are used by exhibitors to enter their roses in the right show category.  The ARS publishes the Handbook for Selecting Roses, mailed to members annually, which lists most roses in commerce in North America and gives the official Exhibition Name, color class, petal count, year of introduction, and classification.  The Combined Rose List is published annually and is used by exhibitors and judges as a reference for official cultivar names and unofficial synonyms, color category and classification, and year of introduction.  It includes all roses known to be in commerce worldwide.  The Guidelines for Judging Roses is published by the ARS and gives the standards by which roses are to be judged: Form, Color, Substance, Stem and Foliage, Balance and Proportion, and Size.

### Exhibition form
Rose flowers come in different forms.  Flowers may be cupped, globular, flat, imbricated (like a camellia) or high-centered.  Exhibition flower form is defined by the ARS as a high-centered flower with a circular outline and petals that spiral outwards from the center in a symmetrical manner.  In profile, the flower should form a cone.  Most cultivars are exhibited at a stage from one-half to three-quarters open – enough to show the pointed center, with no stamens showing.  Exhibition form roses must also produce long stems.  Some rose cultivars are capable of producing flowers of exhibition form, while many others are not.  These latter cultivars may be referred to as ‘garden’ or ‘decorative’ roses.  A few cultivars may produce exhibition form flowers under certain weather conditions but not others.  Rose shows may have special classes for the decorative roses separate from the exhibition roses.  Queen of Show, the highest award, is generally reserved for roses of exhibition form.  In 19th century rose shows, exhibition cultivars were mostly Hybrid Perpetuals and Teas.  These have now fallen out of favor as exhibition roses and are relegated to separate classes for Old Garden Roses, not eligible for Queen of Show. Hybrid tea roses were developed early in the 20th century, with even higher-centered flowers and more symmetrical spiralling than the Hybrid Perpetuals were capable of producing, and quickly became the favored exhibition roses.

## Other exhibition types
Roses in the US are also shown at garden club shows and county fairs.  These shows are generally not judged by ARS-accredited judges or by ARS judging standards.  The National Council of State Garden Clubs trains and certifies judges for these shows, including sections on the judging of roses.
ARS-affiliated local rose societies may host rose shows that do not use the ARS guidelines or standards; these are often called Rose Displays and often are not judged at all, merely admired.  Heritage rose groups, independent of the ARS, host non-judged Celebrations of Old Roses, as well as garden tours.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Rose show

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{short description|Horticultural exhibition focused on roses}}
A '''rose show''' is a [[horticulture|horticultural]] exhibition focusing exclusively on [[rose]]s.

[[File:Rose show 2011.jpg|thumb|The trophy winners at a local rose show (ARS affiliated rose society)]]

==History==

===United Kingdom===

Initially in the UK roses were exhibited in general flower shows such as those run by the [[Royal Horticultural Society]].  Judges were appointed by whoever sponsored the show, and were not necessarily rosarians themselves.  The first Grand National specialty rose show was held July 1, 1858, in St. James Hall, London.<ref name="dean hole">{{cite book|last=Hole|first=S. Reynolds|title=A Book About Roses|year=1883|edition=8|publisher=William S. Gottsberger| location=New York City, New York}}</ref>  It was organized by S. Reynolds Hole, [[Dean (Christianity)|Dean]] of Rochester Cathedral and a prominent rosarian, [[Thomas Rivers (nurseryman)|Thomas Rivers]], a nurseryman and publisher of the first catalog of roses (1834) in the UK, Charles Turner, a rosarian, and [[William Paul (horticulturalist)|William Paul]], a writer and nurseryman.  Exhibitors were divided into three classes: nurserymen, amateur rosarians with hired gardeners, and amateur rosarians without hired gardeners (avid exhibitors included many working-class men and farmers).  Prizes were 36 silver cups engraved with roses.  John Edwards was in charge of setting up the show, which entailed clearing away the chairs and benches from the previous night's concert, and constructing tables for the exhibits.  Subscription fee for exhibitors was 5 pounds, admission for the general public was 1 shilling.  More than 2000 people attended the first Grand National Rose-Show.  Music was provided by a brass band, which proved to be too loud for the venue.

Exhibition-form roses were exhibited as cut specimens grouped in a box, and the entire collection was judged on the quality of the individual specimens and on the composition of the whole.  Duplicate [[cultivar]]s were not allowed.  Collections were to be in multiples of 6, up to 72 for nurserymen.  Most exhibitors put their rose stems in vases or bottles nestled in moss inside a box of some kind, but some exhibitors inserted their cut stems into potatoes in straw to keep the roses hydrated.  Wiring of stems and flowers was allowed – Tea roses were popular at that time, and the flowers of many Tea roses do not stand upright on their own.  Garden roses, those not possessing exhibition form, were exhibited in bouquets.<ref name=Pemberton />  Judges worked in teams of three.

The second Grand National Rose-Show was held June 23, 1859, in the Hanover Square Rooms.<ref name="dean hole" />  In addition to cut roses in boxes, bouquets, and baskets, potted roses were exhibited.  Boxes for the cut rose collections were required to be standardized, with metal vases embedded in moss – no potatoes or straw or beer bottles.  The boxes were required to have a cover for transporting the roses to the show.  Exhibitors travelled by either train or horse-drawn vans at the time, and roses needed a sturdy box in transportation.<ref name=Pemberton>{{cite book|last=Pemberton|first=Joseph H.|title=Roses: Their History, Development and Cultivation|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.535985|year=1908|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London}}</ref> Box with cover was only 14" tall, so the specimens inside the box had to be shorter than that.  Music was provided by a strings and reeds band instead of brass.  After this second show, it was decided that London did not provide rooms big enough for the crowds attending the rose show.<ref name="dean hole" />

Accordingly, the third Grand National Rose-Show was held July 12, 1860, in the Crystal Palace in Sydenham.  16,000 people attended.

In 1861, the Royal Horticultural Society hosted the Fourth Grand National Rose-Show in Kensington on July 10.<ref name="dean hole" />  The rose show was held here every year through 1877.  At that time the newly formed [[Royal National Rose Society|National Rose Society]] (founded 1876) took over the Grand National Rose-Show.  The Very Reverend Reynolds Hole was the first president of the (Royal) National Rose Society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnus School, Church of England school, Dean Hole House homepage|url=http://www.magnuscofe.notts.sch.uk/deanhole.htm|access-date=9 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041443/http://www.magnuscofe.notts.sch.uk/deanhole.htm|archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

The (Royal) National Rose Society set the standards for exhibition and judging of roses for the Grand National Rose-Show and for rose shows sponsored by affiliated local rose societies.<ref name=Pemberton />

===United States===

The [[American Rose Society]] was founded in 1892.<ref name=ARS>{{cite web|title=American Rose Society|url=http://www.ars.org|access-date=10 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718131239/http://www.ars.org/|archive-date=18 July 2013}}</ref>  Initially, in contrast to the (Royal) National Rose Society in Great Britain, ARS membership was limited to professional nurserymen and florists.<ref name=Syracuse>{{cite journal|last=Stack|first=Lois C.|title=The Rosy Legacy of Edmund Mead Mills|journal=American Rose|date=November–December 2011|pages=78–84}}</ref> Amateur rosarians formed local rose societies, such as Portland (Oregon) in 1889, and Tacoma (Washington State) and Syracuse (New York State) in 1911.  Tacoma had hosted rose shows as early as 1895.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tacoma Rose History, Chapter 1|url=http://www.tacomarosesociety.org/about-tacoma_rose_history.htm|publisher=Tacoma Rose Society|access-date=12 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050127/http://www.tacomarosesociety.org/about-tacoma_rose_history.htm|archive-date=26 April 2012}}</ref>

The first ARS sponsored rose show was held in March 1900, in New York City.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bowermaster|first=Russ|title=Judging: From Whence to Hence|journal=The American Rose Annual|year=1993|pages=72–73}}</ref>   At that time the ARS was a trade organization of professional nurserymen and florists.  A second show, allowing amateurs, was held that June.  Roses were displayed as 25 stems or more of the same variety.  Single-stem exhibits became standard by about 1938.  Show classes were divided by color.  Judging was left to the tastes and inclinations of individual judges up until standards started to be developed in the 1940s.  The first ARS judging school was held in 1950, and the first published judging standards appeared in 1959.  The first edition of the current Guidelines for Judging Roses was published in 1971.

The ARS first allowed amateur rosarians and local societies to join as affiliates in 1914.<ref name=Syracuse />  The Syracuse Rose Society, with 300 members, was the first local rose society to join the ARS, in May 1914.

Since 1974, the American Rose Society's headquarters and gardens have been located at the [[The Gardens of the American Rose Center|American Rose Center]] in [[Shreveport, Louisiana]].

===World Federation of Rose Societies===

The [[World Federation of Rose Societies]] is an organization of national rose societies.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Federation of Rose Societies|url=http://www.worldrose.org/index.asp|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>   It facilitates a world conference with a rose exhibition every three years, sponsored by a national society.  It was founded in 1968.  Founding member national societies were Australia, Belgium, Israel, New Zealand, Romania, South Africa, Great Britain and the US.  Canada, India, Japan and Switzerland joined at the first conference in 1971 in New Zealand.  Exhibitors bring roses from all over the world to exhibit at the World Conferences.

==Exhibition and judging standards==

The American Rose Society sets guidelines and standards for rose shows in the US (and for Canadian rose societies affiliated with the ARS) and is the [[International Cultivar Registration Authority]] for Roses by appointment of the [[International Society for Horticultural Science]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/14.htm|title=ICRA - AMERICAN ROSE SOCIETY (A.R.S.)|website=[[International Society for Horticultural Science]]}}</ref><ref name=ARS />  The Rose Society UK sets the guidelines and standards and organises rose shows in the UK.  Many Canadian and Australian rose societies were affiliated with the RNRS in addition to their own national societies.  Rose shows using ARS guidelines use [[cultivar]] [[Garden roses#Classification|classifications]] assigned by the ARS, for instance Hybrid Tea or Gallica.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook for Selecting Roses|year=2011|publisher=The American Rose Society}}</ref>   The ARS also assigns one of 18 official color classes to cultivars, for instance Light Yellow, Medium Yellow, Deep Yellow, and Yellow Blend.  There is no color class for blue.  Rose shows are hosted by local societies and may be organized as a local show, an ARS District show, or an ARS National show.  Local shows generally require no registration or entry fees, while District and National shows do.  All three levels of rose show generally offer three divisions:  Challenge Classes, Horticulture, and Arrangements.  Other divisions may be offered, for instance Rose Photography or Rose Crafts.  Rose-themed Quilts have been included at rose shows.  The Challenge Classes available vary between the local, District, and National levels.

The Horticulture division of a rose show consists of (usually) single specimens of roses – one '[[Rosa Peace|Peace]]' rose in a vase, for instance.  A few Horticulture classes call for multiple specimens, for instance 3 Stems Hybrid Tea, One Variety.  In  US shows, the Horticulture classes can be organized either alphabetically by name, i.e. 'Peace' would be exhibited under Hybrid Teas N-R; or by ARS color classes, i.e. 'Peace' would be exhibited under Hybrid Tea Yellow Blends.  In some larger shows, popular varieties with many entries, such as 'Peace', may get their own class.  The Challenge Classes division imposes special criteria on the exhibit, for instance Five Floribunda Sprays, Five Varieties, judged on both individual bloom quality and composition of the whole.  There are five kinds of Challenge classes:  multiple stems of multiple varieties of the same class; multiple stems of one variety; multiple stems of multiple classes; bloom progression (3 stems: bud, exhibition bloom, and open bloom with stamens showing); and English-style box (6 roses).<ref name=judging />  Other popular Challenge classes include Most Fragrant, Rose in a Photo Frame, Rose in a Bowl, and Artist's Palette (5 roses, different colors).  The Arrangements division consists of floral arrangements in which roses predominate.

The ARS offers a series of named Challenge classes, ranging in size from a single Grandiflora in an "appropriate" container, to 5 Old Garden roses in separate containers, to 6 All-American Rose Selection winners in separate containers, to 12 Miniature roses in a clear container.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Trophy Specifications|url=http://www.roseshow.com/shows/national_trophy_specificati.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010044450/http://www.roseshow.com/shows/national_trophy_specificati.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 10, 2011|publisher=American Rose Exhibitors Society|access-date=17 December 2011}}</ref>

Rose shows using ARS guidelines and standards are judged by ARS-accredited judges working in teams of three.  Accreditation requires experience exhibiting, working as a show clerk, attending a judging school, and passing an exam and an apprenticeship.<ref>{{cite web|title=Requirements to become a Judge|url=http://scvrs.homestead.com/JudgeRequirements.html|publisher=Santa Clarita Valley Rose Society|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref>  Judging schools in the US are held by the ARS Districts and are required to use the ARS-published Guidelines for Judging Roses as the text.  The exam is a standardized national exam.  Judges are required to audit the judging school every three years.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barton|first=Alexander J.|title=National Rose Judges' Schools - A Good Idea?|journal=The American Rose Annual|year=1993|pages=10–12}}</ref>   The ARS has established standard certificates for awards at local society rose shows, for instance Queen, King, Princess; Classic Shrub, Modern Shrub.  Local societies are free to use any or all of these certificates, plus other categories as desired.

Various publications are used by exhibitors to enter their roses in the right show category.  The ARS publishes the Handbook for Selecting Roses, mailed to members annually, which lists most roses in commerce in North America and gives the official Exhibition Name, color class, petal count, year of introduction, and classification.  The Combined Rose List is published annually and is used by exhibitors and judges as a reference for official cultivar names and unofficial synonyms, color category and classification, and year of introduction.  It includes all roses known to be in commerce worldwide.  The Guidelines for Judging Roses is published by the ARS and gives the standards by which roses are to be judged: Form, Color, Substance, Stem and Foliage, Balance and Proportion, and Size.

===Exhibition form===

Rose flowers come in different forms.  Flowers may be cupped, globular, flat, imbricated (like a camellia) or high-centered.  Exhibition flower form is defined by the ARS as a high-centered flower with a circular outline and petals that spiral outwards from the center in a symmetrical manner.<ref name=judging>{{cite book|title=Guidelines for Judging Roses|year=1993|publisher=American Rose Society|location=Shreveport, Louisiana}}</ref>  In profile, the flower should form a cone.  Most cultivars are exhibited at a stage from one-half to three-quarters open – enough to show the pointed center, with no stamens showing.  Exhibition form roses must also produce long stems.  Some rose cultivars are capable of producing flowers of exhibition form, while many others are not.  These latter cultivars may be referred to as ‘garden’ or ‘decorative’ roses.  A few cultivars may produce exhibition form flowers under certain weather conditions but not others.  Rose shows may have special classes for the decorative roses separate from the exhibition roses.  Queen of Show, the highest award, is generally reserved for roses of exhibition form.  In 19th century rose shows, exhibition cultivars were mostly Hybrid Perpetuals and Teas.<ref name="dean hole" />  These have now fallen out of favor as exhibition roses and are relegated to separate classes for Old Garden Roses, not eligible for Queen of Show. Hybrid tea roses were developed early in the 20th century, with even higher-centered flowers and more symmetrical spiralling than the Hybrid Perpetuals were capable of producing, and quickly became the favored exhibition roses.<ref name=Pemberton />

==Other exhibition types==

Roses in the US are also shown at garden club shows and county fairs.  These shows are generally not judged by ARS-accredited judges or by ARS judging standards.  The National Council of State Garden Clubs trains and certifies judges for these shows, including sections on the judging of roses.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamel|first=Esther|title=The Encyclopedia of Judging and Exhibiting Floriculture and Flora-Artistry|year=1972|publisher=Ponderosa Publishers|location=St. Ignatius, Montana|pages=547}}</ref>

ARS-affiliated local rose societies may host rose shows that do not use the ARS guidelines or standards; these are often called Rose Displays and often are not judged at all, merely admired.  Heritage rose groups, independent of the ARS, host non-judged Celebrations of Old Roses, as well as garden tours.

==See also==

*[[Rose]]
**[[List of Rosa species]]
*[[Garden roses]]
*[[List of rose cultivars named after people]]
*[[Rose garden]]
*[[Rose trial grounds]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*http://www.worldrose.org/index.asp  The World Federation of Rose Societies.  Links to all member organizations can be found here.
*https://web.archive.org/web/20130718131239/http://www.ars.org/  The American Rose Society (US).  Links to all affiliated local societies with web sites can be found here.
*http://www.therosesociety.org.uk  The Rose Society UK.
*http://www.canadianrosesociety.org The Canadian Rose Society.
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010404060708/http://www.roseshow.com/ Article title]}}  The American Rose Exhibitors Society is an independent organization promoting the exhibition of roses.  The ARES publishes results from US rose shows on their website, including ARS District and National shows.
*http://www.combinedroselist.com/index.html  The Combined Rose List, a reference book for exhibitors and judges.
*http://scvrs.homestead.com/RoseShow.html  Santa Clarita Valley Rose Society (California, US) is home to many prominent rose exhibitors and their website contains a wealth of information on exhibition of roses, including how-to videos.

{{Rose}}

[[Category:Flower shows]]
[[Category:Roses|Show]]


text:
# Septa peasei
Septa peasei là một loài ốc biển săn mồi, là động vật thân mềm chân bụng sống ở biển trong họ Ranellidae, họ ốc tù và.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Septa peasei

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{nhan đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Động vật|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Động vật thân mềm|Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Lớp Chân bụng|Gastropoda]]
| unranked_familia = nhánh [[Caenogastropoda]]
nhánh [[Hypsogastropoda]]
nhánh [[Littorinimorpha]]
| superfamilia = [[Tonnoidea]]
| familia = [[Ranellidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cymatiinae]]
| genus = ''[[Septa (động vật chân bụng)|Septa]]''
| subgenus =
| species = '''''S. peasei'''''
| binomial = ''Septa peasei''
| binomial_authority = (Beu, 1987)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS"/>
| synonyms = ''Cymatium (Septa) peasei'' Beu, 1987
| name = ''Septa peasei''
| image =
}}
'''''Septa peasei''''' là một loài [[ốc biển]] săn mồi, là [[động vật thân mềm]] [[động vật chân bụng|chân bụng]] sống ở biển trong họ [[Ranellidae]], họ ốc tù và.<ref name="WoRMS">{{WRMS species|476589|''Septa peasei'' (Beu, 1987)|||WoRMS (2010). Septa peasei (Beu, 1987). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Truy cập through: [[Cơ sở dữ liệu sinh vật biển]] at <nowiki>http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=476589</nowiki> on 27 tháng 6 năm 2010}}</ref>

== Miêu tả ==

== Phân bố ==

==Chú thích==
{{Tham khảo|30em}}

==Tham khảo==
* {{wikispecies-inline}}
*

[[Thể loại:Septa]]

{{Tonnoidea-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Animalia

Ngành (phylum): Mollusca

Lớp (class): Gastropoda

Liên họ (superfamilia): Tonnoidea

(không phân hạng): nhánh Caenogastropoda · nhánh Hypsogastropoda · nhánh Littorinimorpha

Họ (familia): Ranellidae

Phân họ (subfamilia): Cymatiinae

Chi (genus): Septa

Loài (species): S. peasei

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Septa peasei · (Beu, 1987)

title: Danh pháp đồng nghĩa

Danh pháp đồng nghĩa: Cymatium (Septa) peasei Beu, 1987