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# GPT-5
GPT-5 is a multimodal large language model developed and hosted by OpenAI. It was launched on August 7, 2025 as OpenAI's frontier AI model, combining reasoning and non-reasoning capabilities under a common interface. GPT-5 is accessible to free and paid users through ChatGPT and developers through a developer API.

## Background
On April 14, 2023, Sam Altman, the chief executive officer of OpenAI, spoke at an event at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and said that the company was not training GPT-5 at that time. He stated that OpenAI was "prioritizing GPT-4 development" and that "we are not and won't for some time" release GPT-5.
According to The Information, "[f]or much of the second half of 2024, OpenAI was developing a model known internally as Orion and intended to become GPT-5", "[b]ut the Orion effort failed to produce a better model, and the company instead released it as GPT-4.5 in February [2025]."
On July 18, 2023, OpenAI filed for a "GPT-5" trademark in the United States. On November 13, 2023, Altman confirmed to the Financial Times that the company was working to develop GPT-5.
By late July 2025, OpenAI was widely anticipated as planning to release GPT-5 in early August. On July 30, 2025, The Verge reported that "Microsoft is getting ready for GPT-5" as "sources familiar with Microsoft's AI plans" told an editor that the company is testing a new mode for its Copilot chatbot offering an AI that "thinks deeply or quickly based on the task".
On August 6, 2025, OpenAI announced its planned livestream event for August 7, 2025. In its announcement, OpenAI replaced the "s" in the word "livestream" with a "5", indicating its intention to unveil GPT-5 during the livestream.

## Capabilities
According to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, GPT-5 is "significantly better" than its predecessors, offering "PhD-level" abilities across a wide range of tasks. He has called GPT-5 "a significant step along the path to AGI" during a press briefing on August 6, 2025.
According to OpenAI, improvements over GPT-5's predecessor models include faster response times, better coding and writing skills, more accurate answers to health questions, and lower levels of hallucination. Also, compared to previous models, GPT-5 aims to give safe, high-level responses to potentially harmful queries rather than outright declining them, which would result "in GPT-5 being able to refuse more unsafe questions, while offering fewer rejections to users seeking harmless information", an approach which OpenAI refers to as "Safe Completions". In addition, GPT-5 has been trained to give more critical, "less effusively agreeable" answers compared to its predecessor models.
Although GPT-5 is free for all users, Plus users get higher use limits, while Pro users get unlimited access to GPT-5 as well as limited access to GPT-5 Pro. Standard limits for lower-tier users on responses per hour still apply.
With the introduction of GPT-5, ChatGPT's "Advanced Voice Mode" has been replaced by "ChatGPT Voice", which is supposed to enable more natural-sounding conversations. OpenAI has stated that "Standard Voice Mode retires on September 9, 2025, unifying all users on ChatGPT Voice".

### Agent mode
As the update of GPT-5 comes, OpenAI added a new option of the Agent mode. In the Agent mode, GPT-5 will set up its own desktop, then use it's browser to search for information about the task, and give a summary at the end with conclusions from the proper sources.

## Overview
GPT-5 is a system that contains a fast, high-throughput model, a deeper reasoning model, and a real-time router that decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent. The system card defines two fast, high-throughput models: gpt-5-main and gpt-5-main-mini, and two thinking models: gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-thinking-mini. In the API, developers can access the thinking model, its mini version, and an even smaller and faster nano version of the thinking model (gpt-5-thinking-nano). In ChatGPT there is also access to gpt-5-thinking using a setting that makes use of parallel test time compute, which is referred to as gpt-5-thinking-pro.
Sam Altman had previously criticized the manual model picker for being overly complex, suggesting a need for unification.
The exact energy consumption for GPT-5 usage has not been disclosed by OpenAI. Researchers have estimated that a medium-length response consumes just over 18 watt-hours, equivalent to using an incandescent bulb for 18 minutes.

### Use by companies
Microsoft has stated that it will incorporate GPT-5 into a wide variety of its products, including Copilot. According to 9to5Mac, Apple is also planning to integrate the model into Apple Intelligence for iOS 26, iPadOS 26, and macOS Tahoe.
It has been reported that a number of American companies have been given advanced access to GPT-5, with OpenAI stating that the private health insurance company Oscar Health is checking applications from its policyholders with the model. In addition, Uber is using GPT-5 for their customer support system, while GitLab, Windsurf and Cursor use it for software development, and the Spanish bank BBVA is using the model for financial analyses. Other companies which OpenAI has listed as using GPT-5 pre-release include Amgen, Lowe's, and Notion.

## Reception

### Critical reviews
Grace Huckins argued in MIT Technology Review that, "[w]hereas o1 was a major technological advancement, GPT-5 is, above all else, a refined product." She stated that "GPT-5 will furnish a more pleasant and seamless user experience. That's not nothing, but it falls far short of the transformative AI future that Altman has spent much of the past year hyping." In response to Sam Altman's claim that GPT-5 is "a significant step along the path to AGI", she noted: "[M]aybe he's right—but if so, it's a very small step."
In The Information, Stephanie Palazzolo praised GPT-5's coding capabilities.
According to Matteo Wong in The Atlantic, GPT-5 "is intuitive, fast, and efficient; adapts to human preferences and intentions; and is easy to personalize." He stated: "At this stage of the AI boom, when every major chatbot is legitimately helpful in numerous ways, benchmarks, science, and rigor feel almost insignificant. What matters is how the chatbot feels [...]".
John Herrman from New York magazine wrote: "Casual users who encounter GPT-5 through ChatGPT aren't likely to feel like they're using a completely different product [...] while people who use it for software development or in a corporate context are more likely to notice a major change."
Mashable's Christian de Looper found that "GPT-5's coolest feature by far is its ability to make custom, interactive applications based on simple, natural-language prompts. It's a vibe coder's dream come true."

### User responses
GPT-5's new router system that automatically switches models depending on the task has been criticized for leading to responses of inconsistent quality, with many users reporting that GPT-5 was sometimes performing worse than GPT-4o. One day after release, Sam Altman responded to this, saying that "GPT-5 will seem smarter starting today" and "Yesterday, the autoswitcher broke and was out of commission for a chunk of the day, and the result was GPT-5 seemed way dumber."
It has also been criticized that with the release of GPT-5, legacy GPT models are no longer available via ChatGPT, except for Pro users. Some users were particularly frustrated over this removal without prior warning because they used different GPT models for distinct purposes and found that the router system left them with less control. As a response, in a post on X, Sam Altman said that OpenAI would bring back the option to select GPT-4o to Plus users as well, and "[w]e [OpenAI] will watch usage as we think about how long to offer legacy models for."
In addition, some users preferred GPT-4o's warmer and more personal tone over that of GPT-5, which they described as "flat", "uncreative" and "lobotomized", and resembling an "overworked secretary". Sam Altman responded to this on X, stating: "We for sure underestimated how much some of the things that people like in GPT-4o matter to them, even if GPT-5 performs better in most ways". "Long-term, this has reinforced that we really need good ways for different users to customize things (we understand that there isn't one model that works for everyone, and we have been investing in steerability research and launched a research preview of different personalities)". On August 13, 2025, Altman wrote on X that OpenAI is working on GPT-5's personality to make the model "feel warmer".
Furthermore, Sam Altman has been criticized for overhyping GPT-5's capabilities and setting expectations too high, after he compared GPT-5's creation to the Manhattan Project, said that the model has made him "feel useless", and posted an uncommented image of the Death Star on X one day before GPT-5's unveiling presentation.

### Safety
Neuraltrust, a security research company, claimed to have successfully compromised GPT-5 within the first day of testing the model. According to their report, they enabled GPT-5 to generate detailed instructions for manufacturing explosive devices. SPLX, another company, conducted similar tests and came to similar conclusions about GPT-5's security. Their assessments would suggest that GPT-5 has significant security gaps, potentially rendering it unsafe for use in a corporate environment.

### Citations
1. ↑  "Introducing GPT‑5 for developers". Open AI. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
2. ↑  Leffer, Lauren (April 14, 2023). "OpenAI's Sam Altman Says There's No Chat GPT-5 to Worry About...Yet". Gizmodo.
3. 1 2  Palazzolo, Stephanie; Woo, Erin; Efrati, Amir. "Inside OpenAI's Rocky Path to GPT-5". The Information. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
4. ↑  Tangermann, Victor (August 2, 2023). "OpenAI Drops Huge Clue About GPT-5". Futurism.
5. ↑  Dorrier, Jason (November 15, 2023). "OpenAI CEO Sam Altman Says His Company Is Now Building GPT-5". Singularity Hub. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
6. ↑  Murgia, Madhumita (November 13, 2023). "OpenAI chief seeks new Microsoft funds to build 'superintelligence'". Financial Times. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
7. ↑  Fried, Ina; Morrone, Megan (July 24, 2025). "OpenAI's GPT-5 is coming in early August, per sources". Axios.
8. ↑  Warren, Tom (July 24, 2025). "OpenAI prepares to launch GPT-5 in August". The Verge.
9. ↑  "OpenAI's GPT-5 Shines in Coding Tasks".
10. ↑  Warren, Tom (July 30, 2025). "Microsoft is getting ready for GPT-5 with a new Copilot smart mode". The Verge. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
11. ↑  Peters, Jay (August 6, 2025). "OpenAI teases GPT-5 launch event this Thursday". The Verge.
12. ↑  Heath, Alex (August 7, 2025). "GPT-5 is being released to all ChatGPT users". The Verge. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
13. ↑  Jamali, Lily; McMahon, Liv (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI claims new GPT-5 model boosts ChatGPT to 'PhD level'". BBC News. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
14. 1 2 3  Robison, Kylie (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI Finally Launched GPT-5. Here's Everything You Need to Know". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
15. ↑  Metz, Cade (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI Unveils GPT-5, New AI Model, to ChatGPT Users". The New York Times. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
16. ↑  De Vynck, Gerrit; Tiku, Nitasha (August 7, 2025). "ChatGPT got a big upgrade. Here's what to know about OpenAI's GPT-5". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
17. ↑  Milmo, Dan; Milmo, Dan (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI says latest ChatGPT upgrade is big step forward but still can't do humans' jobs". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
18. ↑  Eadicicco, Lisa (August 7, 2025). "ChatGPT is getting a big upgrade. It's smarter and less likely to deceive you | CNN Business". CNN. Archived from the original on August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
19. 1 2 3  Zeff, Maxwell (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI's GPT-5 is here". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
20. ↑  "GPT-5 is here and it's free for everyone". Engadget. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 11, 2025.
21. ↑  Cunningham, Mary (August 8, 2025). "OpenAI unveils GPT‑5. Here's what to know about the latest version of the AI-powered chatbot". CBS News. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
22. ↑  Nieva, Richard (August 8, 2025). "GPT-5 Users Mourned The Passing Of OpenAI's GPT 4o". Forbes. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
23. ↑  Capoot, Ashley (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI launches new GPT-5 model for all ChatGPT users". CNBC. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
24. ↑  Yang, Angela; Cui, Jasmine (August 7, 2025). "OpenAI releases GPT-5, calling it a 'team of Ph.D. level experts in your pocket'". NBC News. Retrieved August 8, 2025.
25. 1 2  "You can try these great new ChatGPT-5 features even without paying for a Plus account". TechRadar. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 11, 2025.
26. ↑  "GPT-5 System Card". openai.com. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
27. 1 2  Hale, Craig (August 8, 2025). "OpenAI is pulling older ChatGPT models following GPT-5 launch - so bad news if you use GPT-4 or others at work". TechRadar. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
28. ↑  Down, Aisha Kehoe (August 9, 2025). "OpenAI will not disclose GPT-5's energy use. It could be higher than past models". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
29. ↑  Warren, Tom (August 7, 2025). "Microsoft brings GPT-5 to Copilot with new smart mode". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 7, 2025.
30. ↑  Hall, Zac (August 8, 2025). "Here's when ChatGPT integration within Apple Intelligence will use GPT-5". 9to5Mac. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
31. ↑  Axon, Samuel (August 8, 2025). "Apple brings OpenAI's GPT-5 to iOS and macOS". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
32. 1 2 3  Gieselmann, Hartmut (August 7, 2025). "GPT-5: OpenAI publishes new language model for ChatGPT". c't Magazin. Retrieved August 11, 2025.
33. ↑  Huckinsarchive, Grace (August 7, 2025). "GPT-5 is here. Now what?". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
34. ↑  Palazzolo, Stephanie. "OpenAI's GPT-5 Shines in Coding Tasks". The Information. Archived from the original on July 28, 2025. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
35. 1 2 3  Wong, Matteo (August 7, 2025). "The New ChatGPT Resets the AI Race". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
36. ↑  Herrman, John (August 8, 2025). "What's the Deal With GPT-5?". New York. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
37. ↑  Looper, Christian de (August 7, 2025). "The coolest GPT-5 feature? It finally fulfills the vibe coding promise". Mashable. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
38. 1 2  Forgash, Emily (August 8, 2025). "OpenAI's GPT-5 Met With Mixed Reviews, Confusion in First Day". Bloomberg.
39. ↑  Disotto, John-Anthony (August 8, 2025). "GPT-5 just launched and ChatGPT users are already unhappy with OpenAI's next gen chatbot". TechRadar. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
40. ↑  LeClair, Dave (August 8, 2025). "ChatGPT-5 Faces Backlash: Users Share Concerns About Shorter, Less Helpful Responses". Tom's Guide. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
41. ↑  "Know why thousands are slamming OpenAI's 'horrible' GPT-5 on social media". Hindustan Times. August 9, 2025. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
42. 1 2  Roth, Emma (August 8, 2025). "ChatGPT is bringing back 4o as an option because people missed it". The Verge. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
43. ↑  Mauran, Cecily (August 8, 2025). "Sam Altman: OpenAI will bring back GPT-4o after user backlash". Mashable. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
44. 1 2 3 4  Li, Katherine. "OpenAI fans plead case to Sam Altman for GPT-4o's return". Business Insider. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
45. ↑  Whitwam, Ryan (August 8, 2025). "ChatGPT users hate GPT-5's "overworked secretary" energy, miss their GPT-4o buddy". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
46. ↑  Nield, David (August 9, 2025). "So many ChatGPT users have said they're missing the older GPT-4o model, OpenAI is going to bring it back". TechRadar. Retrieved August 9, 2025.
47. ↑  Field, Hayden (August 13, 2025). "OpenAI will update GPT-5's "personality" after user backlash". The Verge. Retrieved August 13, 2025.
48. ↑  Okemwa, Kevin (August 8, 2025). "Did Sam Altman Oversell GPT-5? OpenAI Faces Backlash for Ruining ChatGPT, Turning It Into a "Corporate Beige Zombie"". Windows Central. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
49. ↑  Taylor, Chris (August 5, 2025). "GPT-5 arrives imminently. Here's what the hype won't tell you". Mashable. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
50. ↑  Taylor, Josh; reporter, Josh Taylor Technology (August 8, 2025). "OpenAI unveils ChatGPT-5 and its hyped 'PhD level' intelligence struggled with basic spelling and geography". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
51. ↑  "Can OpenAI's GPT-5 model live up to sky-high expectations?". www.ft.com. Financial Times. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
52. ↑  Elsner, Tim (August 10, 2025). "OpenAI hat zu viel versprochen". www.golem.de (in German). Golem.de. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
53. ↑  Kühl, Eike (August 12, 2025). "GPT-5: Wirklich zu viel versprochen?". Die Zeit (in German). ISSN 0044-2070. Retrieved August 13, 2025.
54. 1 2  "GPT 5 Leaks on GitHub Ahead of Launch — Altman Compares Its Creation to the Manhattan Project, Says He Felt 'Useless'". International Business Times UK. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
55. ↑  "'I feel useless': ChatGPT-5 is so smart, it has spooked Sam Altman, the man who started the AI boom". The Economic Times. August 3, 2025. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
56. ↑  "Watch the OpenAI GPT-5 launch live as it happens, plus all the latest news as new models leak". TechRadar. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
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### Sources
- "GPT-5 System Card". OpenAI. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 8, 2025.

title: GPT-5

wikitext:
{{Short description|2025 multimodal large language model}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Histmerge|Draft:GPT-5}}
{{Infobox software
| title = GPT-5
| developer = [[OpenAI]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2025|08|07}}
| included with = [[ChatGPT]]
| replaces = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[GPT-4]]
* [[GPT-4o]]
* [[GPT-4.1]]
* [[GPT-4.5]]
* [[OpenAI o3]]
* [[OpenAI o4-mini]]
}}
| genre = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Multimodal learning|Multimodal]]
* [[Large language model]]
* [[Generative pre-trained transformer]]
* [[Foundation model]]
}}
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/}}
| programming language= {{hlist|
[[Python (programming language)|Python]]
|[[C++]]
}}{{cn|date=August 2025}}
}}

'''GPT-5''' is a multimodal [[large language model]] developed and hosted by [[OpenAI]]. It was launched on August 7, 2025 as OpenAI's frontier [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] model, combining [[Reasoning language model|reasoning]] and non-reasoning capabilities under a common interface. GPT-5 is accessible to free and paid users through [[ChatGPT]] and developers through a developer [[API]].<ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=Introducing GPT‑5 for developers |url=https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5-for-developers/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |website=[[Open AI]]}}</ref>

== Background ==
On April 14, 2023, [[Sam Altman]], the [[chief executive officer]] of OpenAI, spoke at an event at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and said that the company was not training GPT-5 at that time. He stated that OpenAI was "prioritizing GPT-4 development" and that "we are not and won't for some time" release GPT-5.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leffer |first=Lauren |date=April 14, 2023 |title=OpenAI's Sam Altman Says There's No Chat GPT-5 to Worry About...Yet |url=https://gizmodo.com/sam-altman-open-ai-chatbot-gpt4-gpt5-1850337299 |website=[[Gizmodo]]}}</ref>

According to ''[[The Information (website)|The Information]]'', "[f]or much of the second half of 2024, OpenAI was developing a model known internally as Orion and intended to become GPT-5", "[b]ut the Orion effort failed to produce a better model, and the company instead released it as [[GPT-4.5]] in February [2025]."<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last1=Palazzolo |first1=Stephanie |last2=Woo |first2=Erin |last3=Efrati |first3=Amir |title=Inside OpenAI's Rocky Path to GPT-5 |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/inside-openais-rocky-path-gpt-5 |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=[[The Information (website)|The Information]] |language=en}}</ref>

On July 18, 2023, OpenAI filed for a "GPT-5" trademark in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tangermann |first=Victor |date=August 2, 2023 |title=OpenAI Drops Huge Clue About GPT-5 |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/openai-trademark-gpt-5 |website=Futurism}}</ref> On November 13, 2023, Altman confirmed to the ''[[Financial Times]]'' that the company was working to develop GPT-5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorrier |first=Jason |date=November 15, 2023 |title=OpenAI CEO Sam Altman Says His Company Is Now Building GPT-5 |url=https://singularityhub.com/2023/11/15/openai-ceo-sam-altman-says-his-company-is-now-building-gpt-5/ |access-date=January 23, 2024 |website=Singularity Hub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Murgia |first1=Madhumita |date=November 13, 2023 |title=OpenAI chief seeks new Microsoft funds to build 'superintelligence' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dd9ba2f6-f509-42f0-8e97-4271c7b84ded |access-date=January 23, 2024 |newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref>

By late July 2025, OpenAI was widely anticipated as planning to release GPT-5 in early August.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fried |first1=Ina |last2=Morrone |first2=Megan |date=July 24, 2025 |title=OpenAI's GPT-5 is coming in early August, per sources |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/07/24/openai-gpt-5-august-2025 |website=Axios}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=July 24, 2025 |title=OpenAI prepares to launch GPT-5 in August |url=https://www.theverge.com/notepad-microsoft-newsletter/712950/openai-gpt-5-model-release-date-notepad |website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI's GPT-5 Shines in Coding Tasks |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-gpt-5-shines-coding-tasks}}</ref> On July 30, 2025, ''[[The Verge]]'' reported that "Microsoft is getting ready for GPT-5" as "sources familiar with Microsoft's AI plans" told an editor that the company is testing a new mode for its [[Microsoft Copilot|Copilot]] chatbot offering an AI that "thinks deeply or quickly based on the task".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=July 30, 2025 |title=Microsoft is getting ready for GPT-5 with a new Copilot smart mode |url=https://www.theverge.com/notepad-microsoft-newsletter/715849/microsoft-copilot-smart-mode-testing-notepad |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

On August 6, 2025, OpenAI announced its planned [[livestream]] event for August 7, 2025. In its announcement, OpenAI replaced the "s" in the word "livestream" with a "5", indicating its intention to unveil GPT-5 during the livestream.<ref name="Verge1">{{cite web |last=Peters |first=Jay |date=August 6, 2025 |title=OpenAI teases GPT-5 launch event this Thursday |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/720114/openai-gpt-5-launch-event-tease |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><ref name="Verge2">{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Alex |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT-5 is being released to all ChatGPT users |url=https://www.theverge.com/openai/748017/gpt-5-chatgpt-openai-release |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Capabilities ==
[[File:GPT-5 Reasoning UI.png|alt=A screenshot of a conversation in ChatGPT. The user asks the AI to create a 4x4 magic square, with constraints that the square must have sum 34 and the top left cell must be 8. The interface indicates that the model is "Thinking longer for a better answer" and gives the user the option to skip this (slower) reasoning step.|thumb|On complex question, the model "thinks" before answering. Users may override this behavior by requesting a faster answer.]]
According to [[OpenAI]] CEO [[Sam Altman]], GPT-5 is "significantly better" than its predecessors, offering "PhD-level" abilities across a wide range of tasks.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jamali |first1=Lily |last2=McMahon |first2=Liv |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI claims new GPT-5 model boosts ChatGPT to 'PhD level' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy5prvgw0r1o |access-date=August 7, 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> He has called GPT-5 "a significant step along the path to [[Artificial general intelligence|AGI]]" during a [[press briefing]] on August 6, 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Robison |first=Kylie |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI Finally Launched GPT-5. Here's Everything You Need to Know |url=https://www.wired.com/story/openais-gpt-5-is-here/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

According to OpenAI, improvements over GPT-5's predecessor models include faster response times, better coding and writing skills, more accurate answers to health questions, and lower levels of [[Hallucination (artificial intelligence)|hallucination]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI Unveils GPT-5, New AI Model, to ChatGPT Users |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/07/technology/openai-chatgpt-gpt-5.html |access-date=August 7, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=De Vynck |first1=Gerrit |last2=Tiku |first2=Nitasha |date=August 7, 2025 |title=ChatGPT got a big upgrade. Here's what to know about OpenAI's GPT-5. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/08/07/chatgpt-5-openai-release-cost/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Milmo |first1=Dan |last2=Milmo |first2=Dan |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI says latest ChatGPT upgrade is big step forward but still can't do humans' jobs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/07/openai-chatgpt-upgrade-big-step-forward-human-jobs-gpt-5 |access-date=August 7, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Also, compared to previous models, GPT-5 aims to give safe, high-level responses to potentially [[Information hazard|harmful queries]] rather than outright declining them,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eadicicco |first=Lisa |date=August 7, 2025 |title=ChatGPT is getting a big upgrade. It's smarter and less likely to deceive you {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/07/tech/openai-gpt-5-chatgpt-launch |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=August 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807185739/https://www.cnn.com/2025/08/07/tech/openai-gpt-5-chatgpt-launch |url-status=live }}</ref> which would result "in GPT-5 being able to refuse more unsafe questions, while offering fewer rejections to users seeking harmless information",<ref name=":7" /> an approach which OpenAI refers to as "Safe Completions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT-5 is here and it's free for everyone |url=https://www.engadget.com/ai/gpt-5-is-here-and-its-free-for-everyone-170001066.html |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, GPT-5 has been trained to give more critical, "less effusively agreeable" answers compared to its predecessor models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=Mary |date=August 8, 2025 |title=OpenAI unveils GPT‑5. Here's what to know about the latest version of the AI-powered chatbot. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/openai-launches-chatgpt5-sam-altman-smartest-ai-chatbot/ |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nieva |first=Richard |date=August 8, 2025 |title=GPT-5 Users Mourned The Passing Of OpenAI's GPT 4o |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardnieva/2025/08/08/chatgpt-users-mourned-the-loss-of-gpt-5s-predecessor/ |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

Although GPT-5 is free for all users,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI launches new GPT-5 model for all ChatGPT users |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/08/07/openai-launches-gpt-5-model-for-all-chatgpt-users.html |access-date=August 7, 2025 |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref> Plus users get higher use limits,<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Zeff |first=Maxwell |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI's GPT-5 is here |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/08/07/openais-gpt-5-is-here/ |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=[[TechCrunch]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yang |first1=Angela |last2=Cui |first2=Jasmine |date=August 7, 2025 |title=OpenAI releases GPT-5, calling it a 'team of Ph.D. level experts in your pocket' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/openai-releases-chatgpt-5-rcna223265 |access-date=August 8, 2025 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> while Pro users get unlimited access to GPT-5 as well as limited access to GPT-5 Pro.<ref name=":7" /> Standard limits for lower-tier users on responses per hour still apply.

With the introduction of GPT-5, ChatGPT's "Advanced Voice Mode" has been replaced by "ChatGPT Voice", which is supposed to enable more natural-sounding conversations.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=You can try these great new ChatGPT-5 features even without paying for a Plus account |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/gpt-5-free-tier-3-cool-features-you-can-try-now-for-nothing |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> OpenAI has stated that "Standard Voice Mode retires on September 9, 2025, unifying all users on ChatGPT Voice".<ref name=":10" />

=== Agent mode ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
As the update of GPT-5 comes, OpenAI added a new option of the Agent mode. In the Agent mode, GPT-5 will set up its own desktop, then use it's browser to search for information about the task, and give a summary at the end with conclusions from the proper sources.

== Overview ==
GPT-5 is a system that contains a fast, high-throughput model, a deeper [[reasoning model]], and a real-time router that decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT-5 System Card |url=https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-system-card/ |access-date=August 7, 2025 |website=openai.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The system card defines two fast, high-throughput models: gpt-5-main and gpt-5-main-mini, and two thinking models: gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-thinking-mini. In the API, developers can access the thinking model, its mini version, and an even smaller and faster nano version of the thinking model (gpt-5-thinking-nano). In ChatGPT there is also access to gpt-5-thinking using a setting that makes use of parallel test time compute, which is referred to as gpt-5-thinking-pro.

Sam Altman had previously criticized the manual model picker for being overly complex, suggesting a need for unification.<ref name=":2" />

The exact energy consumption for GPT-5 usage has not been disclosed by OpenAI. Researchers have estimated that a medium-length response consumes just over 18 watt-hours, equivalent to using an incandescent bulb for 18 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Down |first=Aisha Kehoe |date=August 9, 2025 |title=OpenAI will not disclose GPT-5's energy use. It could be higher than past models |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/09/open-ai-chat-gpt5-energy-use |access-date=August 10, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

=== Use by companies ===
[[Microsoft]] has stated that it will incorporate GPT-5 into a wide variety of [[List of Microsoft products|its products]], including [[Microsoft Copilot|Copilot]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Tom |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Microsoft brings GPT-5 to Copilot with new smart mode |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/753984/microsoft-copilot-gpt-5-model-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807214254/https://www.theverge.com/news/753984/microsoft-copilot-gpt-5-model-update |archive-date=August 7, 2025 |access-date=August 7, 2025 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US}}</ref> According to ''[[9to5Mac]]'', [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] is also planning to integrate the model into [[Apple Intelligence]] for [[iOS 26]], [[iPadOS 26]], and [[macOS Tahoe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Zac |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Here's when ChatGPT integration within Apple Intelligence will use GPT-5 |url=https://9to5mac.com/2025/08/07/apple-intelligence-gpt-5-chatgpt-integration/ |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=[[9to5Mac]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Axon |first=Samuel |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Apple brings OpenAI's GPT-5 to iOS and macOS |url=https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/08/apple-brings-openais-gpt-5-to-ios-and-macos/ |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |language=en}}</ref>

It has been reported that a number of American companies have been given advanced access to GPT-5, with OpenAI stating that the private health insurance company [[Oscar Health]] is checking applications from its policyholders with the model.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Gieselmann |first=Hartmut |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT-5: OpenAI publishes new language model for ChatGPT |url=https://www.heise.de/en/news/GPT-5-OpenAI-publishes-new-language-model-for-ChatGPT-10513501.html |access-date=August 11, 2025 |website=[[c't|c't Magazin]] |language=en}}</ref> In addition, [[Uber]] is using GPT-5 for their customer support system, while [[GitLab]], Windsurf and [[Cursor (code editor)|Cursor]] use it for software development, and the Spanish bank [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria|BBVA]] is using the model for financial analyses.<ref name=":11" /> Other companies which OpenAI has listed as using GPT-5 pre-release include [[Amgen]], [[Lowe's]], and [[Notion (productivity software)|Notion]].<ref name=":11" />

== Reception ==
=== Critical reviews ===
Grace Huckins argued in ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' that, "[w]hereas [[OpenAI o1|o1]] was a major technological advancement, GPT-5 is, above all else, a refined product." She stated that "GPT-5 will furnish a more pleasant and seamless user experience. That's not nothing, but it falls far short of the [[Age of artificial intelligence|transformative AI future]] that Altman has spent much of the past year hyping." In response to Sam Altman's claim that GPT-5 is "a significant step along the path to AGI", she noted: "[M]aybe he's right—but if so, it's a very small step."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huckinsarchive |first=Grace |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT-5 is here. Now what? |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/08/07/1121308/gpt-5-is-here-now-what/ |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[MIT Technology Review]] |language=en}}</ref>

In ''[[The Information (website)|The Information]]'', Stephanie Palazzolo praised GPT-5's coding capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palazzolo |first=Stephanie |title=OpenAI's GPT-5 Shines in Coding Tasks |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-gpt-5-shines-coding-tasks |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[The Information (website)|The Information]] |language=en |archive-date=July 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728082942/https://www.theinformation.com/articles/openais-gpt-5-shines-coding-tasks |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Matteo Wong in ''[[The Atlantic]]'', GPT-5 "is intuitive, fast, and efficient; adapts to human preferences and intentions; and is easy to personalize."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Matteo |date=August 7, 2025 |title=The New ChatGPT Resets the AI Race |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2025/08/gpt-5-launch/683791/ |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> He stated: "At this stage of the [[AI boom]], when every major chatbot is legitimately helpful in numerous ways, [[Benchmarks for artificial intelligence|benchmarks]], science, and rigor feel almost insignificant. What matters is how the chatbot ''feels'' [...]".<ref name=":3" />

John Herrman from ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine wrote: "Casual users who encounter GPT-5 through ChatGPT aren't likely to feel like they're using a completely different product [...] while people who use it for software development or in a corporate context are more likely to notice a major change."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herrman |first=John |date=August 8, 2025 |title=What's the Deal With GPT-5? |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/openai-gpt-5-chatgpt-first-impressions-reaction.html |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Mashable]]''<nowiki/>'s Christian de Looper found that "GPT-5's coolest feature by far is its ability to make custom, interactive applications based on simple, natural-language [[AI prompt|prompts]]. It's a [[Vibe coding|vibe coder]]'s dream come true."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Looper |first=Christian de |date=August 7, 2025 |title=The coolest GPT-5 feature? It finally fulfills the vibe coding promise. |url=https://mashable.com/article/chatgpt-5-coolest-feature-vibe-coding |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref>

=== User responses ===
GPT-5's new router system that automatically switches models depending on the task has been criticized for leading to responses of inconsistent quality,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Forgash |first=Emily |date=August 8, 2025 |title=OpenAI's GPT-5 Met With Mixed Reviews, Confusion in First Day |url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/private-equity/openais-gpt-5-met-with-mixed-reviews-confusion-in-first-day |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> with many users reporting that GPT-5 was sometimes performing worse than [[GPT-4o]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Disotto |first=John-Anthony |date=August 8, 2025 |title=GPT-5 just launched and ChatGPT users are already unhappy with OpenAI's next gen chatbot |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/chatgpt-users-are-not-happy-with-gpt-5-launch-as-thousands-take-to-reddit-claiming-the-new-upgrade-is-horrible |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TechRadar]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=LeClair |first=Dave |date=August 8, 2025 |title=ChatGPT-5 Faces Backlash: Users Share Concerns About Shorter, Less Helpful Responses |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/ai/chatgpt/chatgpt-5-users-are-not-impressed-heres-why-it-feels-like-a-downgrade |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Tom's Guide]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2025 |title=Know why thousands are slamming OpenAI's 'horrible' GPT-5 on social media |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/us/know-why-thousands-are-slamming-openais-horrible-gpt-5-on-social-media-101754682770356.html |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> One day after release, Sam Altman responded to this, saying that "GPT-5 will seem smarter starting today" and "Yesterday, the autoswitcher broke and was out of commission for a chunk of the day, and the result was GPT-5 seemed way dumber."<ref name=":1" />

It has also been criticized that with the release of GPT-5, legacy GPT models are no longer available via ChatGPT,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Craig |date=August 8, 2025 |title=OpenAI is pulling older ChatGPT models following GPT-5 launch - so bad news if you use GPT-4 or others at work |url=https://www.techradar.com/pro/openai-pulls-older-chatgpt-models-leaving-some-businesses-left-without-any-access-for-a-week |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[TechRadar]] |language=en}}</ref> except for Pro users.<ref name=":0" /> Some users were particularly frustrated over this removal without prior warning because they used different GPT models for distinct purposes and found that the router system left them with less control.<ref name=":5" /> As a response, in a post on [[Twitter|X]], Sam Altman said that OpenAI would bring back the option to select GPT-4o to Plus users as well, and "[w]e [OpenAI] will watch usage as we think about how long to offer legacy models for."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=August 8, 2025 |title=ChatGPT is bringing back 4o as an option because people missed it |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/756980/openai-chatgpt-users-mourn-gpt-5-4o |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mauran |first=Cecily |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Sam Altman: OpenAI will bring back GPT-4o after user backlash |url=https://mashable.com/article/sam-altman-openai-bring-back-gpt-4o-user-backlash |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref>

In addition, some users preferred GPT-4o's warmer and more personal tone over that of GPT-5, which they described as "flat",<ref name=":4" /> "uncreative"<ref name=":4" /> and "lobotomized",<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Katherine |title=OpenAI fans plead case to Sam Altman for GPT-4o's return |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/upgrade-chatgpt-5-met-with-frustration-tears-gpt4o-reddit-altman-2025-8 |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and resembling an "overworked secretary".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitwam |first=Ryan |date=August 8, 2025 |title=ChatGPT users hate GPT-5's "overworked secretary" energy, miss their GPT-4o buddy |url=https://arstechnica.com/ai/2025/08/chatgpt-users-outraged-as-gpt-5-replaces-the-models-they-love/ |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref> Sam Altman responded to this on X, stating: "We for sure underestimated how much some of the things that people like in GPT-4o matter to them, even if GPT-5 performs better in most ways".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nield |first=David |date=August 9, 2025 |title=So many ChatGPT users have said they're missing the older GPT-4o model, OpenAI is going to bring it back |url=https://www.techradar.com/ai-platforms-assistants/chatgpt/so-many-chatgpt-users-have-said-theyre-missing-the-older-gpt-4o-model-openai-is-going-to-bring-it-back |access-date=August 9, 2025 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref> "Long-term, this has reinforced that we really need good ways for different users to customize things (we understand that there isn't one model that works for everyone, and we have been investing in steerability research and launched a research preview of different personalities)".<ref name=":4" /> On August 13, 2025, Altman wrote on X that OpenAI is working on GPT-5's personality to make the model "feel warmer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Hayden |date=August 13, 2025 |title=OpenAI will update GPT-5's "personality" after user backlash. |url=https://www.theverge.com/openai/758523/openai-will-update-gpt-5s-personality-after-user-backlash |access-date=August 13, 2025 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

Furthermore, Sam Altman has been criticized for overhyping GPT-5's capabilities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okemwa |first=Kevin |date=August 8, 2025 |title=Did Sam Altman Oversell GPT-5? OpenAI Faces Backlash for Ruining ChatGPT, Turning It Into a "Corporate Beige Zombie" |url=https://www.windowscentral.com/artificial-intelligence/openai-chatgpt/did-sam-altman-oversell-gpt-5-openai-faces-backlash-for-ruining-chatgpt-turning-it-into-a-corporate-beige-zombie |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=Windows Central |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chris |date=August 5, 2025 |title=GPT-5 arrives imminently. Here's what the hype won't tell you. |url=https://mashable.com/article/gpt5-coming |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=Mashable |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Josh |last2=reporter |first2=Josh Taylor Technology |date=August 8, 2025 |title=OpenAI unveils ChatGPT-5 and its hyped 'PhD level' intelligence struggled with basic spelling and geography |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/aug/08/openai-chatgpt-5-struggled-with-spelling-and-geography |access-date=August 10, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and setting expectations too high,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Can OpenAI's GPT-5 model live up to sky-high expectations? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/63435cb1-832d-4154-b2a5-60ccd609d75c |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=www.ft.com |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Elsner |first=Tim |date=August 10, 2025 |title=OpenAI hat zu viel versprochen |url=https://www.golem.de/news/gpt-5-openai-hat-zu-viel-versprochen-2508-199002.html |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=www.golem.de |publisher=[[Golem.de]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kühl |first=Eike |date=August 12, 2025 |title=GPT-5: Wirklich zu viel versprochen? |url=https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2025-08/gpt-5-openai-verbesserungen-software-ki |access-date=August 13, 2025 |work=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070}}</ref> after he compared GPT-5's creation to the [[Manhattan Project]],<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=GPT 5 Leaks on GitHub Ahead of Launch — Altman Compares Its Creation to the Manhattan Project, Says He Felt 'Useless' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/gpt-5-leaks-github-ahead-launch-altman-compares-its-creation-manhattan-project-says-he-felt-1740519 |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=International Business Times UK |language=en}}</ref> said that the model has made him "feel useless",<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 3, 2025 |title='I feel useless': ChatGPT-5 is so smart, it has spooked Sam Altman, the man who started the AI boom |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/i-feel-useless-chatgpt-5-is-so-smart-it-has-spooked-sam-altman-the-man-who-started-the-ai-boom/articleshow/123071541.cms?from=mdr |access-date=August 10, 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and posted an uncommented image of the [[Death Star]] on X one day before GPT-5's unveiling presentation.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Watch the OpenAI GPT-5 launch live as it happens, plus all the latest news as new models leak |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/live/openai-chatgpt5-launch |access-date=August 10, 2025 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref>

=== Safety ===
Neuraltrust, a [[security research]] company, claimed to have successfully compromised GPT-5 within the first day of testing the model.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last=Donath |first=Andreas |date=August 10, 2025 |title=Sicherheitslücken in GPT-5 aufgedeckt |url=https://www.golem.de/news/ki-modell-von-openai-sicherheitsluecken-in-gpt-5-aufgedeckt-2508-199012.html |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website=www.golem.de |publisher=[[Golem.de]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Bölling |first=Noëlle |date=August 11, 2025 |title=Forscher decken Schwachstellen auf: Wie sicher ist GPT-5? {{!}} t3n |url=https://t3n.de/news/gpt-5-sicherheit-1701742/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |website={{ill|t3n Magazin|de}} |language=de}}</ref> According to their report, they enabled GPT-5 to generate detailed instructions for manufacturing [[explosive device]]s.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /> SPLX, another company, conducted similar tests and came to similar conclusions about GPT-5's security.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" /> Their assessments would suggest that GPT-5 has significant security gaps, potentially rendering it unsafe for use in a corporate environment.<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":12" />

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* "[https://openai.com/index/gpt-5-system-card/ GPT-5 System Card]". [[OpenAI]]. August 7, 2025. Retrieved August 8, 2025.

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://openai.com/index/introducing-gpt-5/}}

{{OpenAI}}
{{Generative AI}}
{{Artificial intelligence navbox}}

[[Category:Large language models]]
[[Category:Generative pre-trained transformers]]
[[Category:ChatGPT]]
[[Category:2025 software]]
[[Category:2025 in artificial intelligence]]

title: GPT-5

Developer(s): OpenAI

Initial release: August 7, 2025

Written in: Python C++ [ citation needed ]

Included with: ChatGPT

Predecessor: - GPT-4 - GPT-4o - GPT-4.1 - GPT-4.5 - OpenAI o3 - OpenAI o4-mini

Type: - Multimodal - Large language model - Generative pre-trained transformer - Foundation model

License: Proprietary


text:
# Arsenal VG-33
Arsenal VG-33 là một loại máy bay tiêm kích hạng nhẹ của Pháp, được phát triển vào đầu Chiến tranh thế giới II, nhưng không kịp đưa vào trang bị của không quân Pháp khi nổ tra Trận chiến nước Pháp.

## Biến thể
- VG-30
- VG-31
- VG-32
- VG-33
- VG-34
- VG-36.
- VG-35
- VG-37.
- VG-38
- VG-39
- VG-39bis
- VG-40
- VG-50
- VG-60

## Quốc gia sử dụng
Pháp
- Armee de l'Air - (19?) VG-33

 Germany
- Luftwaffe - (12?) VG-33

## Tính năng kỹ chiến thuật (VG-33)

### Đặc điểm riêng
- Tổ lái: 1
- Chiều dài: 8,55 m (28 ft 1 in)
- Sải cánh: 10,8 m (35 ft 5 in)
- Chiều cao: 3,31 m (10 ft 10 in)
- Diện tích cánh: 14 m2 (150 sq ft)
- Trọng lượng rỗng: 2.050 kg (4.519 lb)
- Trọng lượng cất cánh tối đa: 2.655 kg (5.853 lb)
- Động cơ: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 12Y-31 V-12, 641 kW (860 hp)

### Hiệu suất bay
- Vận tốc cực đại: 558 km/h (347 mph; 301 kn)
- Tầm bay: 1.200 km (746 mi; 648 nmi)
- Trần bay: 11.000 m (36.089 ft)
- Lực đẩy/trọng lượng: 0,24 kW/kg (0,146 hp/lb)

### Vũ khí
- 1 khẩu pháo Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20 mm
- 4 khẩu súng máy MAC 1934 7,5 mm

wikiname: viwiki

title: Arsenal VG-33

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{Thông tin máy bay
|tiêu bản phụ=
|tên= VG-33
|hình=
|chú thích=
|kiểu=[[Máy bay tiêm kích]]
|hãng sản xuất=[[Arsenal de l'Aéronautique]]
|thiết kế bởi= Jean Gaultier
|chuyến bay đầu tiên= [[tháng mười|tháng 10]]-[[Hàng không năm 1938|1938]]
|được giới thiệu=1940
|ngừng hoạt động=
|tình trạng=
|hãng sử dụng chính= {{Flagicon|Pháp}} [[Không quân Pháp]]
 {{Flagicon|Germany|Nazi}} [[Không quân Đức|Luftwaffe]]

|được chế tạo=
|số lượng được sản xuất=dưới 50
|chi phí dự án=
|chi phí máy bay=
|được phát triển từ=
|phương án tương tự=
}}

'''[[Arsenal de l'Aéronautique|Arsenal]] VG-33''' là một loại [[máy bay tiêm kích hạng nhẹ]] của Pháp, được phát triển vào đầu Chiến tranh thế giới II, nhưng không kịp đưa vào trang bị của không quân Pháp khi nổ tra [[Trận chiến nước Pháp]].

==Biến thể==
* '''VG-30'''
* '''VG-31'''
* '''VG-32'''
* '''VG-33'''
* '''VG-34'''
* '''VG-36'''.
*''' VG-35'''
* '''VG-37'''.
* '''VG-38'''
* '''VG-39'''
* '''VG-39bis'''
* '''VG-40'''
* '''VG-50'''
* '''VG-60'''

==Quốc gia sử dụng==
;{{FRA}}
*[[Armee de l'Air]] - (19?) VG-33
;{{lá cờ|Germany|Nazi}}
*[[Không quân Đức|Luftwaffe]] - (12?) VG-33

==Tính năng kỹ chiến thuật (VG-33)==
===Đặc điểm riêng===
*'''Tổ lái''': 1
*'''Chiều dài''': 8,55 m (28 ft 1 in)
*'''[[Sải cánh]]''': 10,8 m (35 ft 5 in)
*'''Chiều cao''': 3,31 m (10 ft 10 in)
*'''Diện tích cánh''': 14 m2 (150 sq ft)
*'''Trọng lượng rỗng''': 2.050 kg (4.519 lb)
*'''[[Trọng lượng cất cánh tối đa]]''': 2.655 kg (5.853 lb)
*'''Động cơ''': 1 × [[Hispano-Suiza 12Y-31]] V-12, 641 kW (860 hp)
===Hiệu suất bay===
*'''[[Vận tốc V|Vận tốc cực đại]]''': 558 km/h (347 mph; 301 kn)
*'''[[Tầm bay]]''': 1.200 km (746 mi; 648 nmi)
*'''[[Trần bay]]''': 11.000 m (36.089 ft)
*'''[[Tỷ lệ lực đẩy-trọng lượng|Lực đẩy/trọng lượng]]''': 0,24 kW/kg (0,146 hp/lb)
===Vũ khí===
* 1 khẩu pháo [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404]] 20 mm
* 4 khẩu súng máy [[MAC 1934]] 7,5 mm

==Xem thêm==
{{aircontent|
|related=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Dewoitine D.520]]
*[[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]-E
|sequence=
|lists=

* [[Danh sách máy bay của Armée de l'Air, Chiến tranh Thế giới II]]
* [[Danh sách máy bay quân sự của Pháp]]
* [[Danh sách máy bay trong Chiến tranh Thế giới II]]
|see also=

}}

==Tham khảo==
;Ghi chú
{{Tham khảo}}
;Tài liệu
{{đầu tham khảo}}
* Breffort, Dominique & Jouineau, André. ''French Aircraft from 1939 to 1942, Volume 1: from Amiot to Curtiss''. Paris, France: Histoire & Collections, 2004. ISBN 2-915239-23-1.
* Brindley, John F. ''French Fighters of World War II, Volume One''. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hylton Lacy Publishers Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-85064-015-6.
* Green, William. ''War Planes of the Second World War, Fighters, Volume One''. London: Macdonald & Co.(Publishers) Ltd., 1960. ISBN 0-356-01445-2.
* Pelletier, Alain. ''French Fighters of World War II in Action (Aircraft Number 180)''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-89747-440-6.
* Weal, Elke C., Weal, John A., Barker, Richard F. ''Combat Aircraft of World War Two''.
{{cuối tham khảo}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
*[http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/arsenal_de_l_aeronautique.pdf]

{{Arsenal de l'Aéronautique}}
{{aviation lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arsenal Vg-33}}
[[Thể loại:Máy bay quân sự Pháp thập niên 1930]]
[[Thể loại:Máy bay Arsenal de l'Aéronautique]]
[[Thể loại:Máy bay chiến đấu]]
[[Thể loại:Máy bay tiêm kích Pháp]]
[[Thể loại:Máy bay cánh dưới]]
[[Thể loại:Máy bay một động cơ cánh quạt]]

title: VG-33

Kiểu: Máy bay tiêm kích

Hãng sản xuất: Arsenal de l'Aéronautique

Thiết kế: Jean Gaultier

Khách hàng chính: Không quân Pháp · Luftwaffe

Số lượng sản xuất: dưới 50


text:
# Henri Le Savoureux
Henry Le Savoureux, né à Paris le 5 janvier 1881 et mort à Châtenay-Malabry le 20 juin 1961, est un médecin psychiatre, écrivain et salonnier français.
Il est le fondateur de l'Association les amis de Chateaubriand.

## Biographie
Henry Le Savoureux est le fils de Joël Le Savoureux (1850-1896) et de Clara Caroline Jeanne Bellaire (1852) son épouse, mariés à Paris le 20 novembre 1875.
De retour en France, son père, consul de France à Tananarive (Madagascar) auprès de la reine Ranavalona III, le place à l'école alsacienne où il se liera d'amitié avec Henry de Monfreid (1879-1974),.
Son père Joël Le Savoureux en poste à Singapour y meurt à peine arrivé du paludisme en janvier 1896.
En 1906, Mina Loy et Le Savoureux se sont rencontrés dans des cercles sociaux similaires, tous deux intéressés par l'art. Mina Loy est tombée enceinte de Le Savoureux et a donné naissance à Joella Synara Haweis en Italie en 1907. Mina Loy a maintenu certains contacts avec Le Savoureux, lui envoyant des photos et des nouvelles de leur fille. À l'âge adulte, Joella est devenue amie avecLe Savoureux et sa femme Lydie, leur rendant même visite en France.
Le romancier Mathieu Terence a écrit un récit imaginaire et fictif sur la relation entre Le Savoureux et Mina Loy.
Le 5 juillet 1910, il épouse à Paris la femme de lettres Françoise Marie Aimée Bedeau (1884-1920). Puis le 20 août 1923 à Boulogne-Billancourt il épouse en secondes noces Sophie Lydie Plekhanov (1881-1978), fille de Gueorgui Plekhanov (1856-1918), fondateur de la social-démocratie russe et de Rosalie Bograde. Sa sœur Eugénie épouse Georges Batault (1887-1963) et sont les parents du diplomate Claude Batault (1918-2008).
En 1914, il achète avec le docteur César Hugonin la propriété de François-René de Chateaubriand de la Vallée-aux-Loups, à Châtenay-Malabry pour y créer un établissement de santé psychiatrique. Avec sa seconde épouse ils vont y animer un salon littéraire fréquenté par des peintres, écrivains et artistes comme l'abbé Arthur Mugnier, prêtre catholique mondain confesseur du Tout-Paris, ainsi qu'Anna de Noailles et sa cousine la princesse et femme de lettres Marthe Bibesco, Berenice Abbott, Henri de Régnier, Julien Benda, Édouard Herriot, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Paul Valéry, Jean Fautrier, Vladimir Jankélévitch, Paul Léautaud, Paul Morand, Jean Paulhan, René Pleven, Francis Ponge, Jacques Audibert, Claude Sernet, Marc Bernard, Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault, Paul Valéry, Jules Supervielle et Marc Chagall.
À l'élection de Jean Longuet à la mairie de Châtenay-Malabry (1925-1938), il est membre de la SFIO, et devient son premier adjoint. Il est chargé de mettre en place le patronage Voltaire pour concurrencer celui de l'église, et de développer l'action dans le sport et dans le domaine culturel. Il est secondé dans cette tâche par de jeunes militants qui seront les futurs maires de la commune : Gaston Richet, maire de 1938 à 1947 et André Mignon, de 1965 à 1976, avec la participation de Jean Paulhan, conseiller municipal indépendant de 1935 à 1941.
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il cache dans sa maison de santé le peintre Jean Fautrier qui y peint sa série des Otages dans la tour Velléda, Jean Paulhan, le docteur Henri Baruk, médecin chef de Charenton, le docteur Robert Debré de l'automne 1943 à l'été 1944. Robert Debré y rédige ses articles pour un journal médical clandestin et y crée le Comité médical de la Résistance dont il est le vice-président sous le pseudonyme de Flaubert. Il y rédige également un rapport sur la réorganisation de la médecine, traçant ainsi les grandes lignes de la réforme de 1958. Simone Martin Chauftier y rencontre Boris Vildé un peu avant son arrestation.
Eugénie et Lydie seront invitées à se rendre à Moscou en 1957 et pourront se recueillir sur la tombe de leur père à Saint-Pétersbourg. Eugénie meurt chez sa sœur à Châteany-Malabry le 3 juin 1964.
Sa veuve continuera à diriger la maison de santé après sa mort jusqu'à la sienne en 1978.

## Publications
- « Un cas de délire spirite et théosophique chez une cartomancienne », L'Encéphale, journal mensuel de neurologie et psychiatrie, Paris, 7e année, 2e semestre, 1913, p.63-71.
- Spleen chez Châteaubriand, Éditions Steinheil, 1914 (prix Semelaigne de la Société médico-psychologique de 1914).
- « Auto-dénonciation récidivante chez une dipsomane », La Chronique médicale, 1914, en collaboration avec le Dr Ernest Dupé.
- « Rapport des commotions de guerre et de la constitution émotive », Les Annales médico-psychologiques, 1921.
- « Châteaubriand à la Vallée aux Loups », Bulletin des Amis de Sceaux, n°4, 1925, p.14-33. Conférence du 23 mars 1925[13].
- Châteaubriand, P.U.F. collection « Maîtres des Littératures », 1930.
- Bergsonisme et Neurologie, 1934.
- « Un philosophe en face de la psychanalyse », La Nouvelle Revue française, 1er février 1939.

## Pensionnaires notables de son établissement
- Julien Benda.
- Jean Cocteau.
- Félix Fénéon, y est mort le 29 février 1944.
- Paul Léautaud, y est mort le 22 février 1956.
- Jacques Rigaut, s'y suicide le 6 novembre 1929.

## Hommages
- La ville de Châtenay-Malabry a donné son nom à une rue de la commune.

### Iconographie
- Photographie anonyme, Jean Paulhan, Germaine Paulhan, Jean Fautrier, Bernard Groethuysen, Alix Guillain, devant la tour Velléda à la Vallée aux Loups, vers 1944, tirage original légendé par Hélène Daremberg, Châtenay-Malabry, domaine de la Vallée-aux-Loups.

wikiname: frwiki

title: Henri Le Savoureux

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{Infobox Personnalité des sciences humaines et sociales
 | charte             = médecine
 | nom                = Henri Le Savoureux
 | nom de naissance   =
 | surnom             =
 | pseudonyme         =
 | nom dans la langue maternelle =
 | image              =
 | taille image       =
 | légende            =
 | alt                =
 | date de naissance  = {{date|5|janvier|1881}}
 | lieu de naissance  = {{6e arrondissement de Paris}}
 | date de décès      = {{date de décès|20|juin|1961|5|janvier|1881}}
 | lieu de décès      = [[Châtenay-Malabry]]
 | nationalité        = {{Drapeau|France}} [[France|française]]
 | formation          = [[Internat des hôpitaux de Paris]]
|profession = [[Médecin des hôpitaux]], [[écrivain]], [[Salon littéraire|salonnier]]
 | famille            =
 | père               = <!-- seulement s'il est notoire -->
 | mère               =
 | frère              =
 | sœur               =
 | conjoint           = <!-- seulement s'il est notoire -->
| enfant              =
 | parenté            =
 | œuvres principales = ''Chateaubriand''
 | distinction        =
 | fonction           = Directeur de clinique
 | intitulé fonction  =
 | membre de         =
 | wikidata           =
}}

'''Henry Le Savoureux''', né à [[Paris]] le {{date|5 janvier 1881}} et mort à [[Châtenay-Malabry]] le {{date|20 juin 1961}}, est un médecin [[psychiatre]], [[écrivain]] et [[Salon littéraire|salonnier]] [[France|français]].

Il est le fondateur de l'Association les amis de Chateaubriand.

== Biographie ==
Henry Le Savoureux est le fils de Joël Le Savoureux (1850-1896) et de Clara Caroline Jeanne Bellaire (1852) son épouse, mariés à [[Paris]] le {{date-|20 novembre 1875}}<ref>Geneanet, famille Jean-Daniel Blanc. Archives de Paris, 7M178 acte 536.</ref>.

De retour en France, son père, consul de France à [[Tananarive]] ([[Madagascar]]) auprès de la reine [[Ranavalona III]], le place à l'[[école alsacienne]] où il se liera d'amitié avec [[Henry de Monfreid]] (1879-1974)<ref>Georges Hacquard, ''L'histoire d'une institution française : l'École alsacienne'', préface de Vercors, Éditions J.J. Pauvert, 528 p.</ref>{{,}}<ref>Monfreid, dans une description de son camarade et de son milieu familial en 1888, se souvient : {{Citation|Je m'étais liè d'amitié avec un garçon Henri Le Savoureux qui habitait au 64 [[rue Saint-Placide]] et moi au 31 de la même rue. Il arrivait de Madagascar en cours d'année. Il venait et partait de l'école accompagnée par une bonne en costume  breton. Bien sagement il lui donnait la main pour traverser. Il avait une serviette de cuir noir, au lieu du sac que nous avions tous, ce vulgaire sac d'école qui se porte sur le dos, mais qu'on fait voltiger et balancer au bout de ses courroies. Il portait des guêtres vernis à petits boutons pour protéger ses mollets du froid et un pardessus à col de fourrure qui lui donnait l'air d'un petit vieux. […] le père Le Savoureux était un fort bel homme spirituel et distingué […] le diplomate est tout naturellement un pince-sans-rire […] sa femme par contre, resplendissait de santé, elle était encore belle bien qu'aussi grosse que madame Joli, elle était affable et douce. Le goûter m'émerveilla par la multitude des fruits confits, des petits fours et un magnifique gâteau aux amandes […] Il y avait dans la chambre d'Henri Le Savoureux autant de jouets que dans un bazar […] tout occupé que j'étais à l'installation d'une voie ferrée autour de la chambre, Le Savoureux, voyant mon œil d'envie, il me dit comme la chose la plus simple au monde : “Si tu veux l'emporter chez toi, je te le donne” […] Je restai suffoqué d'une offre aussi prodigieuse qui dépassait tous mes rêves […]}} — Henry de Monfreid, ''L'Abandon'', Éditions Grasset, 1962 ; réédition 2014, 216 p.</ref>.

Son père Joël Le Savoureux en poste à [[Singapour]] y meurt à peine arrivé du paludisme en {{date-|janvier 1896}}<ref>Le cimetière de Fort Canning ayant été détruit, la stèle de sa tombe est aujourd'hui dans le jardin de l'église Armenian Church of Saint Gregory Garden of Memories (cf. Dominique Auzias et Jean-Paul Labourdette, ''Singapour'' de  Éditions Petit-Futé, 274 p.</ref>.

En 1906, Mina Loy et Le Savoureux se sont rencontrés dans des cercles sociaux similaires, tous deux intéressés par l'art. Mina Loy est tombée enceinte de Le Savoureux et a donné naissance à Joella Synara Haweis en Italie en 1907. Mina Loy a maintenu certains contacts avec Le Savoureux, lui envoyant des photos et des nouvelles de leur fille. À l'âge adulte, Joella est devenue amie avecLe Savoureux et sa femme Lydie, leur rendant même visite en France.

Le romancier [[Mathieu Terence]] a écrit un récit imaginaire et fictif sur la relation entre Le Savoureux et Mina Loy<ref>Mathieu Terence, ''Mina Loy, éperdument'', Grasset, 2017, p.65-66.</ref>.

Le {{date-|5 juillet 1910}}, il épouse à Paris la femme de lettres Françoise Marie Aimée Bedeau (1884-1920). Puis le {{date-|20 août 1923}} à [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] il épouse en secondes noces Sophie Lydie Plekhanov (1881-1978), fille de [[Gueorgui Plekhanov]] (1856-1918), fondateur de la social-démocratie russe et de Rosalie Bograde<ref>Elle demeure au 166, rue de l'Université à Paris et est docteur en médecine. Son amie la scientifique russe [[Lina Stern|Lina Solomonovna Stern]] (1878-1968) est témoin à leur mariage (cf. ''Geneanet''{{refins}}.</ref>. Sa sœur Eugénie épouse [[Georges Batault]] (1887-1963) et sont les parents du diplomate Claude Batault (1918-2008)<ref>« Claude Batault », ''Who's Who in France'' ([https://www.whoswho.fr/decede/biographie-claude-batault_6894 en ligne]).</ref>.

En 1914, il achète avec le docteur César Hugonin la propriété de [[François-René de Chateaubriand]] de la [[Vallée-aux-Loups]], à [[Châtenay-Malabry]] pour y créer un établissement de santé psychiatrique. Avec sa seconde épouse ils vont y animer un [[salon littéraire]] fréquenté par des peintres, écrivains et artistes comme l'abbé [[Arthur Mugnier]], prêtre catholique mondain confesseur du [[Tout-Paris]], ainsi qu'[[Anna de Noailles]] et sa cousine la princesse et femme de lettres [[Marthe Bibesco]], [[Berenice Abbott]], [[Henri de Régnier]], [[Julien Benda]], [[Édouard Herriot]], [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]], [[Paul Valéry]], [[Jean Fautrier]], [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]], [https://leautaud.com/rvl-i/ Paul Léautaud], [[Paul Morand]], [[Jean Paulhan]], [[René Pleven]], [[Francis Ponge]], [[Jacques Audibert]], [[Claude Sernet]], [[Marc Bernard]], [[Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault]], [[Paul Valéry]], [[Jules Supervielle]] et [[Marc Chagall]]<ref>Renaud Camus, ''Demeures de l'esprit'', vol.X, 528 p.</ref>.

À l'élection de [[Jean Longuet]] à la mairie de Châtenay-Malabry (1925-1938), il est membre de la [[Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière|SFIO]], et devient son premier adjoint. Il est chargé de mettre en place le patronage Voltaire pour concurrencer celui de l'église, et de développer l'action dans le sport et dans le domaine culturel. Il est secondé dans cette tâche par de jeunes militants qui seront les futurs maires de la commune : Gaston Richet, maire de 1938 à 1947 et André Mignon, de 1965 à 1976, avec la participation de [[Jean Paulhan]], conseiller municipal indépendant de 1935 à 1941<ref>Gilles Candar, « Les Longuet et l'Exposition internationale de 1937, mouvement ouvrier, arts et jardins », ''Cahiers d'Histoire'', 2017.</ref>.

Pendant la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]], il cache dans sa maison de santé le peintre [[Jean Fautrier]] qui y peint sa série des ''Otages'' dans la tour Velléda, [[Jean Paulhan]], le docteur [[Henri Baruk]], médecin chef de Charenton, le docteur [[Robert Debré]] de l'automne 1943 à l'été 1944. Robert Debré y rédige ses articles pour un journal médical clandestin et y crée le Comité médical de la Résistance dont il est le vice-président sous le pseudonyme de ''Flaubert''. Il y rédige également un rapport sur la réorganisation de la médecine, traçant ainsi les grandes lignes de la réforme de 1958<ref>Henri Nahum, « Robert Debré sous l'Occupation », ''La Revue du Patricien'', 2007, vol. 57, n° 11, p. 1270-1273.</ref>. Simone Martin Chauftier y rencontre [[Boris Vildé]] un peu avant son arrestation<ref>François Georges Maugarlone, ''Présentation de la France à ses enfants'', Grasset, 2009, 304 p.</ref>.

Eugénie et Lydie seront invitées à se rendre à [[Moscou]] en 1957 et pourront se recueillir sur la tombe de leur père à [[Saint-Pétersbourg]]. Eugénie meurt chez sa sœur à Châteany-Malabry le {{date|3|juin|1964}}<ref>Émilie Robin-Hivert, ''L'URASS et l'Europe de 1941 à 1957'', Presses Paris Sorbonne, 2008, p. 253.</ref>.

Sa veuve continuera à diriger la maison de santé après sa mort jusqu'à la sienne en 1978.

== Publications ==
<!--liste chronologique non exhaustive-->
* « Un cas de délire spirite et théosophique chez une cartomancienne », ''L'Encéphale, journal mensuel de neurologie et psychiatrie'', Paris, {{7e|année}}, {{2e|semestre}}, 1913, p.63-71.
* ''Spleen chez Châteaubriand'', Éditions Steinheil, 1914 (prix Semelaigne de la Société médico-psychologique de 1914).
* « Auto-dénonciation récidivante chez une dipsomane », ''La Chronique médicale'', 1914, en collaboration avec le {{Dr|Ernest Dupé}}.
* « Rapport des commotions de guerre et de la constitution émotive », ''Les Annales médico-psychologiques'', 1921.
* « Châteaubriand à la Vallée aux Loups », ''Bulletin des Amis de Sceaux'', n°4, 1925, p.14-33. Conférence du {{date-|23 mars 1925}}<ref>''Bulletin des Amis de Sceaux'', table 1925 à 1938 - 1984-2014, par Maud Esperou, première série.</ref>.
* ''Châteaubriand'', P.U.F. collection « Maîtres des Littératures », 1930.
* ''Bergsonisme et Neurologie'', 1934.
* « Un philosophe en face de la psychanalyse », ''[[La Nouvelle Revue française]]'', {{Date-|1er février 1939}}.

== Pensionnaires notables de son établissement<!--liste alphabétique, non exhaustive--> ==
* [[Julien Benda]].
* [[Jean Cocteau]].
* [[Félix Fénéon]], y est mort le {{Date-|29 février 1944}}.
* [[Paul Léautaud]], y est mort le {{Date-|22 février 1956}}.
* [[Jacques Rigaut]], s'y suicide le {{Date-|6 novembre 1929}}.

== Hommages ==
* La ville de [[Châtenay-Malabry]] a donné son nom à une rue de la commune.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références|taille=30}}

== Annexes ==
=== Bibliographie ===
* [[Robert Debré]], « Henri Le Savoureux, la Vallée aux Loups et la Société Chateaubriand », ''[[La Revue de Paris]]'', {{date-|octobre 1961}}, p. 158-170.
* [[André Billy]], « Le docteur Le Savoureux », ''[[Le Figaro Littéraire]]'', {{date-|22 juillet 1961}}. {{commentaire biblio|Hommage au {{Dr|Le Savoureux}}.}}
* [[Mathieu Terence]], ''Mina Loy, éperdument'', Grasset, 2017, p.65-66.

=== Iconographie ===
* Photographie anonyme, ''[[Jean Paulhan]], Germaine Paulhan, [[Jean Fautrier]], [[Bernard Groethuysen]], [[Alix Guillain]], devant la tour Velléda à la Vallée aux Loups'', vers 1944, tirage original légendé par Hélène Daremberg, [[Châtenay-Malabry]], domaine de la [[Vallée-aux-Loups]].

=== Liens externes ===
{{liens}}

{{Portail|Médecine|littérature française|Résistance française|Paris}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LeSavoureux, Henri}}
[[Catégorie:Médecin français du XXe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Psychiatre français]]
[[Catégorie:Écrivain français du XXe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Biographe français]]
[[Catégorie:Résistant français]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en janvier 1881]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance dans le 6e arrondissement de Paris]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en juin 1961]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à Châtenay-Malabry]]
[[Catégorie:Décès dans le département de la Seine]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à 80 ans]]

title: Biographie

Naissance: 5 janvier 1881 · 6e arrondissement de Paris

Décès: 20 juin 1961 (à 80 ans) · Châtenay-Malabry

Nationalité: française

title: Thématique

Formation: Internat des hôpitaux de Paris

Profession: Médecin des hôpitaux, écrivain, salonnier

Œuvres principales: Chateaubriand


text:
# Río Tolt
El río Tolt está ubicado en el estado de Washington en Estados Unidos en las estribaciones occidentales de la cordillera de las Cascadas. Oficialmente se llama así desde el 10 de septiembre de 1979. Tiene una longitud de 9 km.
El río comienza con la confluencia de los ríos North y South Fork Tolt. De allí fluye principalmente hacia el suroeste antes de unirse al río Snoqualmie cerca de la ciudad de Carnation. La cuenca de drenaje del río Tolt es parte de la cuenca de drenaje más grande del río Snohomish, o del estrecho de Puget. El nombre "Tolt" proviene del nombre del pueblo Lushootseedic /túlq/ .
El río South Fork Snohomish proporciona agua potable para los habitantes de Seattle.

wikiname: eswiki

title: Río Tolt

in_language: es

wikitext:
{{Ficha de cuerpo de agua
| nombre = Río Tolt
| nombre_original = Tolt River
| longitud = 9 kilómetros
| cuenca =  Cuenca del río Snohomish
| lugar_nacimiento = Confluencia de los ríos North'' y South Fork Tollt
| continente = [[América del Norte]]
| país = {{bandera|Estados Unidos}} [[Estados Unidos]]
| división_administrativa = {{bandera2|Washington (estado)}}
| subdivisión_administrativa = [[Condado de King|King]]
| tipo_subdivisión_administrativa = Condado
| tipo_división_administrativa = Estado
| mapa_loc = Washington
}}
El '''río Tolt''' está ubicado en el [[Estado de los Estados Unidos|estado]] [[Washington (estado)|de Washington]] en [[Estados Unidos]] en las estribaciones occidentales de la [[cordillera de las Cascadas]]. Oficialmente se llama así desde el 10 de septiembre de 1979.<ref>[https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/summary/1527287 Tolt River] {{en}}. ''USGS''. Consultado el 11 de agosto de 2023.</ref> Tiene una longitud de 9 km.

El río comienza con la confluencia de los ríos ''North'' y ''South Fork Tolt.'' De allí fluye principalmente hacia el suroeste antes de unirse al [[río Snoqualmie]] cerca de la ciudad de [[Carnation (Washington)|Carnation]]. La cuenca de drenaje del río Tolt es parte de la cuenca de drenaje más grande del [[río Snohomish]], o del [[estrecho de Puget]]. El nombre "Tolt" proviene del nombre del pueblo [[Idioma lushootseed|Lushootseedic]] ''/túlq/'' .<ref name="Bright2004">{{Cita libro|apellidos=Bright|nombre=William|enlaceautor=William Bright|título=Native American placenames of the United States|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA504&hl=de|fechaacceso=2011-04-11|año=2004|editorial=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3598-4|página=504|idioma=en}}</ref>

El río South Fork Snohomish proporciona agua potable para los habitantes de [[Seattle]].

== Véase también ==

* Lista de ríos en Washington

== Referencias ==
{{Listaref}}

== Enlaces externos ==
* {{traducido ref|de|Tolt River|940279876|total|11 de agosto de 2023}}

{{Control de autoridades}}

[[Categoría:Condado de King (Washington)]]
[[Categoría:Ríos de Washington]]

title: Ubicación geográfica

Continente: América del Norte

Cuenca: Cuenca del río Snohomish

Nacimiento: Confluencia de los ríos North y South Fork Tollt

Desembocadura: Río Snoqualmie

title: Ubicación administrativa

País: Estados Unidos

Estado: Washington

Condado: King

title: Cuerpo de agua

Longitud: 9 kilómetros

title: Mapa de localización

Mapa de localización: Río Tolt Ubicación (Washington).


text:
# 奧克希爾 (紐約州)
奧克希爾（英語：）是位於美國紐約州格林縣的非建制地區。

## 歷史
奧克希爾的郵局自1818年營運至今。

## 地理
奧克希爾所處的海拔為高於海平面196米（即643英呎），而該地所採用的時區為UTC-5，即北美东部时区（EST）。同時該地設有夏令時間，為UTC-5調快一小時，即UTC-4（EDT）。

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 奧克希爾 (紐約州)

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{noteTA
|G1=USState
|G2=地名
|G3=Unit
}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = 奧克希爾
|native_name = Oak Hill
|settlement_type          = [[非建制地區]]
|image_skyline            =
|imagesize                =
|image_map                =
|mapsize                  =
|pushpin_map              = USA New York
|pushpin_label            = 奧克希爾
|pushpin_label_position   = top
|pushpin_map_caption      = 奧克希爾在紐約州的位置
|subdivision_type         = [[世界政區索引|國家]]
|subdivision_type1        = [[美国州份|州份]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[紐約州行政區劃|縣]]
|subdivision_name         = [[美国]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[紐約州]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[格林縣 (紐約州)|格林縣]]
|elevation_ft             = 643
|elevation_m              = 196
|area_total_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_km2            =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_km2           =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|population_as_of         = [[2020年美國人口普查|2020]]
|population_footnotes     =
|population_total         =
|population_metro         =
|population_density_km2   = auto
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
|timezone                 = [[北美东部时区|EST]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|coordinates              = {{coord|42|24|35|N|74|09|08|W|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           =
| coordinates_footnotes   =
|timezone_DST             = EDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|postal_code_type         = [[美國郵區編號|郵區編號]]
|postal_code              = 12460
|area_code                = {{link-en|电话区号518|Area code 518|518}}
|blank_name = [[地名信息系统|GNIS ID]]
|blank_info = 959100<ref name="GNIS">{{cite gnis|959100|Oak Hill}}</ref>
}}
'''奧克希爾'''（{{langx|en|Oak Hill}}）是位於[[美國]][[紐約州]][[格林縣 (紐約州)|格林縣]]的[[非建制地區]]。

== 歷史 ==
奧克希爾的郵局自1818年營運至今。<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=NY&county=Greene&searchtext=&pagenum=4 | title=Greene County | publisher=Jim Forte Postal History | accessdate=2025-05-01 }}</ref>

== 地理 ==
奧克希爾所處的海拔為高於海平面196米（即643英呎），而該地所採用的時區為[[UTC-5]]，即[[北美东部时区]]（EST）。同時該地設有[[夏令時間]]，為UTC-5調快一小時，即[[UTC-4]]（EDT）。

== 參考文獻 ==
{{reflist}}

{{格林縣 (紐約州)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oak Hill, New York}}
[[Category:紐約州非建制地區]]
[[Category:格林縣非建制地區 (紐約州)]]

{{NewYork-geo-stub}}

title: 奧克希爾 · Oak Hill

國家: 美国

州份: 紐約州

縣: 格林縣

海拔: 196 公尺（643 英尺）


text:
# 㟖岗唇柱苣苔
㟖岗唇柱苣苔（学名：）为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属的植物，是中国的特有植物。分布于中国大陆的广西等地，生长于海拔250米至320米的地区，一般生于石灰岩山林边石上，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
其种加词“longgangensis”意为“广西龙州县㟖岗国家级自然保护区的”。
现接受名为弄岗报春苣苔（Primulina longgangensis (W.T.Wang) Yan Liu & Yin Z.Wang, 2011）。

## 变种
- Chirita longgangensis W. T. Wang var. hongyao S. Z. Huang

title: 㟖岗唇柱苣苔

wikitext:
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Chirita
| species = longgangensis
| authority = [[王文采|W. T. Wang]], 1982
| subdivision_ranks =[[变种]]
| subdivision =
* 㟖岗唇柱苣苔 ''C. l.'' var. ''longgangensis''
* [[红药]] ''C. l.'' var. ''hongyao''
}}

'''㟖岗唇柱苣苔'''（[[学名]]：{{lang|la|''Chirita longgangensis''}}）为[[苦苣苔科]][[唇柱苣苔属]]的植物，是中国的特有植物。分布于[[中国大陆]]的[[广西]]等地，生长于海拔250米至320米的地区，一般生于石灰岩山林边石上，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。

其[[种加词]]“''longgangensis''”意为“广西龙州县㟖岗国家级自然保护区的”。

现接受名为[[弄岗报春苣苔]]（''Primulina longgangensis'' (W.T.Wang) Yan Liu & Yin Z.Wang, 2011）。

== 变种 ==
* ''Chirita longgangensis'' [[王文采|W. T. Wang]] var. ''hongyao'' S. Z. Huang

== 参考文献 ==

* {{cite web| url =http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/KmzwSpecies.php?action=view&id=9589| title =㟖岗唇柱苣苔（原变种）| work =《中国高等植物数据库全库》| publisher =中国科学院微生物研究所| author =昆明植物研究所| accessdate =2009-02-19| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044630/http://www.bioinfo.cn/db05/KmzwSpecies.php?action=view&id=9589| archivedate =2016-03-05}}
*{{CPNI | zh=弄岗唇柱苣苔 | id=229-46455 | binomial=Chirita longgangensis | authority= | sub= | var= | f= | cv= | accessdate=2013年1月17日}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q10863759}}

[[Category:唇柱苣苔属|L]]
[[Category:中國特有植物|L]]
[[Category:广西植物|L]]
[[Category:1982年描述的植物|L]]

title: 科学分类

界：: 植物界 Plantae

演化支：:
Tracheophyta
被子植物 Angiosperms
真双子叶植物 Eudicots
菊类植物 Asterids

目：: 唇形目 Lamiales

科：: 苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae

属：: 唇柱苣苔属 Chirita

种：: 㟖岗唇柱苣苔 C. longgangensis

title: 二名法

二名法: Chirita longgangensis · W. T. Wang, 1982

title: 变种

变种: - 㟖岗唇柱苣苔 C. l. var. longgangensis - 红药 C. l. var. hongyao


text:
# タイ王国政府総合庁舎
座標: 北緯13度53分00秒 東経100度34分00秒 / 北緯13.883256度 東経100.566616度
タイ王国政府総合庁舎（タイ語:ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ 80 พรรษา 5 ธันวาคม 2550、英語:The Government Complex Commemorating His Majesty The King's 80th Birthday Anniversary, 5th December, BE 2550（2007））は、タイ王国バンコクにある政府総合庁舎。正式名称は、『仏歴2550年12月5日国王陛下御年80歳記念政府総合庁舎』であるが、非常に長い正式名称のため、「タイ政府総合庁舎」、「チェンワッタナ通りの政府総合庁舎」、「タイ政府新総合庁舎」などと呼ばれる。2008年から供用開始。

## 概要
タイ王国政府総合庁舎は、タイ政府省庁が入居するバンコク都内の総合庁舎。2005年から建設が始まり、2008年に供用された。庁舎は財務省管轄のタナーラック資産開発公社が管理している。「スーン・ラーチャガーン・ヂェーンワッタナ」で通じる。

## 立地
- バンコク　ラックシー区　トゥンソーンホーン地区、ヂェーンワッタナ通り ムー･3　120（120 หมู่ที่ 3 ถนนแจ้งวัฒนะ แขวงทุ่งสองห้อง เขตหลักสี่ กรุงเทพฯ 10210）

(バンコク北部、ドンムアン空港西にあり、アクセスが難しい。タクシーもしくはバスを用いる。)

## 施設
A棟、会議場、B棟の3棟から構成される。2009年10月から入国管理局がB棟に移転している。

wikiname: jawiki

title: タイ王国政府総合庁舎

in_language: ja

wikitext:
{{Coord|13.883256|N|100.566616|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
'''タイ王国政府総合庁舎'''（タイ語:ศูนย์ราชการเฉลิมพระเกียรติ 80 พรรษา 5 ธันวาคม 2550、英語:The Government Complex Commemorating His Majesty The King's 80th Birthday Anniversary, 5th December, BE 2550（2007））は、[[タイ王国]][[バンコク]]にある政府総合庁舎。正式名称は、『仏歴2550年12月5日国王陛下御年80歳記念政府総合庁舎』であるが、非常に長い正式名称のため、「タイ政府総合庁舎」、「チェンワッタナ通りの政府総合庁舎」、「タイ政府新総合庁舎」などと呼ばれる。[[2008年]]から供用開始。

==概要==
'''タイ王国政府総合庁舎'''は、タイ政府省庁が入居するバンコク都内の総合庁舎。[[2005年]]から建設が始まり、[[2008年]]に供用された。庁舎は[[財務省 (タイ)|財務省]]管轄のタナーラック資産開発公社が管理している。「スーン・ラーチャガーン・ヂェーンワッタナ」で通じる。

==立地==
*[[バンコク]]　[[ラックシー区]]　トゥンソーンホーン地区、ヂェーンワッタナ通り ムー･3　120（120 หมู่ที่ 3 ถนนแจ้งวัฒนะ แขวงทุ่งสองห้อง เขตหลักสี่ กรุงเทพฯ 10210）
(バンコク北部、[[ドンムアン空港]]西にあり、アクセスが難しい。タクシーもしくはバスを用いる。)

==施設==
A棟、会議場、B棟の3棟から構成される。[[2009年]]10月から入国管理局がB棟に移転している。

==外部リンク==
*[http://www.governmentcomplex.com/ タイ王国政府総合庁舎公式ホームページ（タイ語）]
*[http://www.bangkoknavi.com/miru/180/ バンコクナビ『政府庁舎』（日本語）]

{{thailand-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:たいおうこくせいふそうこうちようしや}}
[[Category:バンコクの建築物]]
[[Category:ラックシー区]]
[[Category:タイの政府建築物]]


text:
# لئوپولدزبورگ
شهر لئوپولدزبورگ (به فرانسوی: Leopoldsburg) در شهرستان اسلت  در استان لمبورگ  در منطقه فلاندری در کشور بلژیک واقع شده‌است.

wikiname: fawiki

title: لئوپولدزبورگ

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{Infobox Belgium Municipality
|name=Leopoldsburg
|namefr=Bourg-Léopold
|picture=Leopoldsburg - Station.jpg
|picture-legend=
|map=Leopoldsburg Limburg Belgium Map.png
|map-legend=Location of Leopoldsburg in Limburg
|arms=Leopoldsburg wapen.svg
|flag=Leopoldsburg vlag.svg
|region={{BE-REG-FLE}}
|community={{BE-NL}}
|province={{BE-PROV-LI}}
|arrondissement=[[شهرستان اسلت]]
|nis=71034
|pyramid-date=
|0-19=
|20-64=
|65=
|foreigners=
|foreigners-date=
|mayor=Wouter Beke (CD&V)
|majority=[[sp.a]]،  CD&V
|postal-codes=3970, 3971
|telephone-area=011
|web=
|lat_deg=51
|lat_min=07
|lon_deg=05
|lon_min=15
}}
شهر '''لئوپولدزبورگ''' {{به فرانسوی| Leopoldsburg}} در [[شهرستان اسلت]]  در [[استان لمبورگ]]  در [[منطقه فلاندری]] در کشور [[بلژیک]] واقع شده‌است.

== جستارهای وابسته ==
* [[بلژیک]]
* [[فهرست شهرهای بلژیک]]

== منابع ==
* [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldsburg ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی]
{{پانویس}}

{{بلژیک-خرد}}

[[رده:شهرداری‌های لیمبورگ (بلژیک)]]
[[رده:شهرهای بلژیک]]

title: نویسه‌گردانی(های) Name

• French: Bourg-Léopold

نویسهگردانی(های) Name: پرچمنشان

منطقه: منطقه فلمیش

Community: Flemish Community

استان: استان لمبورگ

ناحیه: شهرستان اسلت

title: حکومت

• شهردار: Wouter Beke (CD&V)

• Governing party/ies: sp.a، CD&V

title: مساحت

• کل: ۲۲٫۴۹ کیلومتر مربع (۸٫۶۸ مایل مربع)

title: جمعیت (1 January 2016)

• کل: ۱۵٬۳۵۸

• تراکم: ۶۸۰/کیلومتر مربع (۱۸۰۰/مایل مربع)


text:
# Петеріс Плакідіс
Пе́теріс Пла́кідіс (латис. Pēteris Plakidis; 4 березня 1947, Рига, Латвійська РСР, нині Латвія — 8 серпня 2017 року, там само) — латвійський композитор, диригент, піаніст і педагог.

## Біографія
Навчався в Музичній школі імені Еміля Дарзіня. У 1970 році закінчив Латвійську консерваторію у класі композиції Яніса Іванова і Валентина Уткіна. У 1975 році там само закінчив аспірантуру і став викладати в альма-матер, де в 1991 році став професором композиції. Виступав як піаніст і диригент. У 1969—1974 роках — музичний директор Латвійського національного театру. Писав музику для кіно і театру. Автор пісень і романсів на вірші Іманта Зієдоніса, Лаймоніса Камари, Маріса Чаклайса й інших латвійських поетів. Займався обробкою народних пісень.
Був одружений з оперною співачкою Маєю Крігена.

## Твори
- Поема для хору та симфонічного оркестру «Стрілець» (на вірші Вітаутаса Людени і народні, 1970; 2-га ред. 1972)
- «Легенда» для симфонічного оркестру (1976)
- Концерт для фортеп'яно та симфонічного оркестру (1975)
- «Музика» для фортеп'яно, струнного оркестру і литавр (1969)
- «Прелюдія» і пульсація для квінтету духових інструментів (1975)
- Концерт для групи солістів і симфонічного оркестру «Перекличка» (1977)
- «Спів» для оркестру (1986)
- Симфонія для хору a cappella «Приреченість» (1986)
- Тріо для фортеп'яно, скрипки та віолончелі (1966)
- Соната для фортеп'яно № I (1965)
- Соната для фортеп'яно № II (1968)
- Концерт-балада для 2-х скрипок, фортеп'яно та струнного оркестру (1984)
- 2 ескізи для гобоя (1975)
- Ліричний цикл для мецо-сопрано, флейти, гобоя, кларнета і контрабаса (на вірші Лайми Лівени і Кнутса Скуеніекса, 1973)

## Нагороди
- 1969 — диплом Всесоюзного конкурсу молодих композиторів («Музика для фортеп'яно, струнного оркестру і литавр»)
- 1982 — Заслужений артист Латвійської РСР
- 1976 — премія Ленінського комсомолу Латвії
- 1990 — Народний артист Латвійської РСР
- 1996 — Велика музична нагорода Латвії

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Петеріс Плакідіс

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Музикант}}
'''Пе́теріс Пла́кідіс''' ({{Lang-lv|Pēteris Plakidis}}; [[4 березня]] [[1947]], [[Рига]], [[Латвійська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка|Латвійська РСР]], нині [[Латвія]] — [[8 серпня]] [[2017|2017 року]], там само) — латвійський композитор, диригент, піаніст і педагог.

== Біографія ==
Навчався в Музичній школі імені Еміля Дарзіня. У 1970 році закінчив [[Латвійська академія музики|Латвійську консерваторію]] у класі композиції [[Іванов Яніс|Яніса Іванова]] і Валентина Уткіна. У 1975 році там само закінчив аспірантуру і став викладати в альма-матер, де в 1991 році став професором композиції. Виступав як піаніст і диригент. У 1969—1974 роках — музичний директор [[Латвійський національний театр|Латвійського національного театру]]. Писав музику для кіно і театру. Автор пісень і романсів на вірші [[Імант Зієдоніс|Іманта Зієдоніса]], Лаймоніса Камари, Маріса Чаклайса й інших латвійських поетів. Займався обробкою народних пісень.

Був одружений з оперною співачкою Маєю Крігена.

== Твори ==
* Поема для хору та симфонічного оркестру «Стрілець» (на вірші Вітаутаса Людени і народні, 1970; 2-га ред. 1972)
* «Легенда» для симфонічного оркестру (1976)
* Концерт для фортеп'яно та симфонічного оркестру (1975)
* «Музика» для фортеп'яно, струнного оркестру і литавр (1969)
* «Прелюдія» і пульсація для квінтету духових інструментів (1975)
* Концерт для групи солістів і симфонічного оркестру «Перекличка» (1977)
* «Спів» для оркестру (1986)
* Симфонія для хору a cappella «Приреченість» (1986)
* Тріо для фортеп'яно, скрипки та віолончелі (1966)
* Соната для фортеп'яно № I (1965)
* Соната для фортеп'яно № II (1968)
* Концерт-балада для 2-х скрипок, фортеп'яно та струнного оркестру (1984)
* 2 ескізи для гобоя (1975)
* Ліричний цикл для мецо-сопрано, флейти, гобоя, кларнета і контрабаса (на вірші Лайми Лівени і Кнутса Скуеніекса, 1973)

== Нагороди ==
* 1969 — диплом Всесоюзного конкурсу молодих композиторів (''«Музика для фортеп'яно, струнного оркестру і литавр»)''
* 1982 — Заслужений артист Латвійської РСР
* 1976 — премія Ленінського комсомолу Латвії
* 1990 — [[Народний артист Латвійської РСР]]
* 1996 — Велика музична нагорода Латвії

== Література ==
* Музичний енциклопедичний словник / Гол. ред. Г. В. Келдиш. — М .: Радянська енциклопедія, 1991. — С. 425 — ISBN 5-85270-033-9
* Шварц, Людмила. Ключ до гармонії. " Зміна ", № 1187, Січень, 1976.

== Примітки ==
{{reflist}}

== Посилання ==
* [http://www.allmusic.com/artist/peteris-plakidis-mn0001388312 Петеріс Плакідіс] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201084220/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/peteris-plakidis-mn0001388312 |date=1 грудня 2021 }} на [[AllMusic|Allmusic]]{{ref-en}}
* {{IMDb name|3134948|Петеріс Плакідіс}} (I)
* {{IMDb name|2172015|Петеріс Плакідіс}} (II)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Плакідіс}}
[[Категорія:Народні артисти Латвійської РСР]]
[[Категорія:Заслужені артисти Латвійської РСР]]
[[Категорія:Випускники Латвійської академії музики]]
[[Категорія:Музичні педагоги XX століття]]
[[Категорія:Радянські музичні педагоги]]
[[Категорія:Піаністи XXI століття]]
[[Категорія:Піаністи XX століття]]
[[Категорія:Латвійські піаністи]]
[[Категорія:Радянські піаністи]]
[[Категорія:Диригенти XXI століття]]
[[Категорія:Диригенти XX століття]]
[[Категорія:Радянські диригенти]]
[[Категорія:Радянські кінокомпозитори]]
[[Категорія:Композитори XXI століття]]
[[Категорія:Композитори XX століття]]
[[Категорія:Латвійські композитори]]
[[Категорія:Радянські композитори]]
[[Категорія:Померли в Ризі]]
[[Категорія:Уродженці Риги]]

title: Основна інформація

Дата народження: 4 березня 1947

Місце народження: Рига, Латвійська РСР, СРСР

Дата смерті: 8 серпня 2017 (70 років)

Місце смерті: Лієпая, Латвія

Громадянство: СРСР · Латвія

Професії: композитор, піаніст

Освіта: Emils Darzins Music Schoold і Латвійська академія музики

Інструменти: фортепіано


text:
# Аббревиатоз
Аббревиатоз (Abbreviatosis) — гельминтоз из группы нематодозов, вызванный Abbreviata caucasica.
Возбудитель — нематода Abbreviata caucasica (= Physaloptera caucasica) (Linstow, 1902) (сем. Physalopteridae, отр. Spirurida). Самец имеет размер 14,34×0,9 мм; самка — 24,74×1,18 мм. Яйца эллипсоидной формы, размером 0,062×0,042 мм, содержат зрелую личинку. Промежуточные хозяева гельминта — жуки и тараканы. Дефинитивные хозяева обезьяны, редко — человек.
Случаи заражения человека описаны в ЮАР, Уганде, Панаме, в Израиле, в бывшем СССР (на Кавказе).
У человека A. caucasica паразитирует в желудке, пищеводе, тонкой кишке. Патогенез и клиническая картина аббревиатоза не изучены.
Диагноз ставят на основании обнаружения яиц в фекалиях.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Аббревиатоз

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{Болезнь
 |Name            = Аббревиатоз
 |Image           =
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}}

'''Аббревиатоз''' ('''Abbreviatosis''') — [[гельминтоз]] из группы [[нематодоз]]ов, вызванный ''[[Abbreviata caucasica]]''.

Возбудитель — [[нематода]] ''Abbreviata caucasica'' (= ''Physaloptera caucasica'') (Linstow, 1902) (сем. ''[[Physalopteridae]]'', отр. ''[[Spirurida]]''). Самец имеет размер 14,34×0,9 мм; самка — 24,74×1,18 мм. Яйца эллипсоидной формы, размером 0,062×0,042 мм, содержат зрелую [[Личинка|личинку]]. Промежуточные хозяева [[гельминт]]а — [[Жесткокрылые|жуки]] и [[Таракановые|тараканы]]. Дефинитивные хозяева [[обезьяны]], редко — [[человек]].

Случаи заражения человека описаны в [[Южно-Африканская Республика|ЮАР]], [[Уганда|Уганде]], [[Панама|Панаме]], в [[Израиль|Израиле]], в бывшем [[Союз Советских Социалистических Республик|СССР]] (на [[Кавказ]]е).

У человека ''A. caucasica'' паразитирует в желудке, пищеводе, тонкой кишке. [[Патогенез]] и клиническая картина аббревиатоза не изучены.

[[Диагноз]] ставят на основании обнаружения [[Яйцо|яиц]] в [[Кал|фекалиях]].

== Ссылки ==
* Большая медицинская энциклопедия. т 16, М. 1981 г., стр. 338.
* [http://www.nedug.ru/library/a/Abbreviata-caucasica Abbreviata caucasica]

[[Категория:Заболевания по алфавиту]]
[[Категория:Нематодозы]]


text:
# Sven Markelius
Sven Gottfrid Markelius (Estocolmo, 25 de outubro de 1889 – Estocolmo, 24 de fevereiro de 1972) foi um arquiteto modernista sueco de estilo funcionalista. Markelius foi marcante no planejamento urbano de Estocolmo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, por exemplo na criação do subúrbio modelo de Vällingby (década de 1950).
Estudou no Instituto Real de Tecnologia e na Academia Real de Artes da Suécia em Estocolmo, de 1910 a 1915, trabalhando depois nos escritórios de Ragnar Östberg e Erik Lallerstedt. Desenvolveu interesse precoce por moradias e planejamento, sendo um dos membros fundadores do Congresso Internacional da Arquitetura Moderna (CIAM) em 1928, e participou da seção de moradia moderna da Stockholm Exhibition (1930), o nascimento do funcionalismo sueco.
Em 1931 foi coautor com outros cinco arquitetos do manifesto em tamanho de livro Acceptera! ("Aceite!"), promovendo diretamente o modernismo como um conjunto de valores culturais. Sua associação com a reformadora sueca Alva Reimer Myrdal resultou em um projeto para uma casa coletiva de vivência comum de 57 unidades no centro de Estocolmo, em 1935. A edificação oferecia comodidades comuns como creches, cozinha comunitária e espaços sociais, todos mais ou menos inspirados no Narkomfin Building em Moscou. Markelius morou na casa coletiva durante 30 anos, servindo como um faz-tudo não oficial, para garantir que o edifício funcionasse da forma projetada, e para mostrar seu compromisso com os valores da habitação social.
Nesta época, entre seus principais projetos cívicos Markelius começou a trabalhar no Concert Hall em Helsingborg em 1932. Em 1952 Markelius foi nomeado para o conselho de consultores de projeto para o United Nations Secretariat Building pela Suécia. No fim de sua carreira voltou sua atenção para o planejamento de cidades.
Em 1949 Markelius recebeu o Prêmio Memorial Howland e em 1961 a Medalha Príncipe Eugênio. Em 1962 recebeu a Medalha de Ouro do RIBA.

## Edificações significativas
- 1931 - Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology, Estocolmo, com Uno Åhrén
- 1932 - Casa de Concertos de Helsingborg (Helsingborgs konserthus; completado em 1934)
- 1933 - Villa Markelius, sua casa em Estocolmo
- 1935 - Casa Coletiva em Estocolmo
- 1937 - Villa Myrdal
- 1939 - Pavilhão sueco na Feira Mundial de Nova Iorque de 1939-40
- 1945 e depois - planejamento de cidade para o Saneamento de Norrmalm, Estocolmo
- 1952 - Interior de Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas, no United Nations Secretariat Building, uma oferta da Suécia para as Nações Unidas
- 1953 - Planejamento original do bairro de Vällingby em Estocolmo
- 1960 - Casa do Povo de Estocolmo (Folkets hus i Stockholm)
- 1961-1966 - Casa da Suécia (Sverigehuset; Kungsträdgården, Estocolmo]
- 1962 - um dos cinco edifícios Hötorget, Estocolmo

## Imagens
- Villa Markelius 1933
- Hötorget #3
- Villa Myrdal, 1937
- Helsingborg Concert House, 1932

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Sven Markelius

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Arquiteto
|nome                    = Sven Markelius
|imagem                  = Markelius 1954.jpg
|legenda                 = Sven Markelius, 1954, sobre um modelo de Norrmalm
|nome_completo           = Sven Gottfrid Markelius
|nacionalidade           =
|data_nascimento         = {{dni|lang=br|25|10|1889|si}}
|local_nascimento        = [[Estocolmo]], [[Suécia]]
|data_morte              = {{nowrap|{{morte|lang=br|24|2|1972|25|10|1889}}}}
|local_morte             = [[Estocolmo]], [[Suécia]]
|alma_matter             =
|nome_comum              =
|construção_significante =
|projetos_significantes  =
|design_significante     =
|prêmios                 = {{nowrap|[[Medalha Príncipe Eugênio]] (1961)}}, {{nowrap|[[Medalha de Ouro do RIBA]] (1962)}}
|atividade               =
|movimento               =
}}
'''Sven Gottfrid Markelius''' ([[Estocolmo]], {{dtlink|lang=br|25|10|1889}} – Estocolmo, {{dtlink|lang=br|24|2|1972}}) foi um [[arquiteto]] [[Modernismo|modernista]] [[Suécia|sueco]] de estilo [[Funcionalismo|funcionalista]]. Markelius foi marcante no planejamento urbano de [[Estocolmo]] após a [[Segunda Guerra Mundial]], por exemplo na criação do subúrbio modelo de [[Vällingby]] (década de 1950).<ref name=svenmarkelius1>{{Citar livro |sobrenome= Miranda |nome= Ulrika Junker |coautor=Anne Hallberg |título=Bonniers uppslagsbok |subtítulo=  |idioma= sueco |local= Estocolmo |editora= Albert Bonniers Förlag |ano= 2007|páginas=1143 |página= 615|capítulo=Sven Markelius |isbn= 91-0-011462-6  |acessodata=  }}</ref>

[[Imagem:United Nations Economic and Social Council.jpg|miniatura|250px|O [[Conselho Económico e Social das Nações Unidas|Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas]], [[Nova Iorque]]]]

Estudou no [[Instituto Real de Tecnologia]] e na [[Academia Real de Artes da Suécia]] em Estocolmo, de 1910 a 1915, trabalhando depois nos escritórios de [[Ragnar Östberg]] e [[Erik Lallerstedt]]. Desenvolveu interesse precoce por moradias e planejamento, sendo um dos membros fundadores do [[Congresso Internacional da Arquitetura Moderna]] (CIAM) em 1928, e participou da seção de moradia moderna da [[Stockholm Exhibition (1930)]], o nascimento do funcionalismo sueco.

Em 1931 foi coautor com outros cinco arquitetos do manifesto em tamanho de livro ''Acceptera!'' ("Aceite!"), promovendo diretamente o modernismo como um conjunto de valores culturais. Sua associação com a reformadora sueca [[Alva Reimer Myrdal]] resultou em um projeto para uma casa coletiva de vivência comum de 57 unidades no centro de Estocolmo, em 1935. A edificação oferecia comodidades comuns como creches, cozinha comunitária e espaços sociais, todos mais ou menos inspirados no [[Narkomfin Building]] em [[Moscovo|Moscou]]. Markelius morou na casa coletiva durante 30 anos, servindo como um faz-tudo não oficial, para garantir que o edifício funcionasse da forma projetada, e para mostrar seu compromisso com os valores da habitação social.<ref name=svenmarkelius1/>

Nesta época, entre seus principais projetos cívicos Markelius começou a trabalhar no ''Concert Hall'' em [[Helsingborg]] em 1932. Em 1952 Markelius foi nomeado para o conselho de consultores de projeto para o [[United Nations Secretariat Building]] pela [[Suécia]]. No fim de sua carreira voltou sua atenção para o planejamento de cidades.

Em 1949 Markelius recebeu o [[Prêmio Memorial Howland]] e em 1961 a [[Medalha Príncipe Eugênio]].<ref> {{citar web| url = http://www.royalcourt.se/download/18.30963a1811be3fda3ab80008195/Prins+Eugen-medaljen+1945-2010.pdf|título= Prins Eugen Medaljen|acessodata= 19 de julho de 2015}} </ref> Em 1962 recebeu a [[Medalha de Ouro do RIBA]].

==Edificações significativas==
*1931 - [[Student Union at the Royal Institute of Technology]], Estocolmo, com [[Uno Åhrén]]
*1932 - [[Casa de Concertos de Helsingborg]] (''Helsingborgs konserthus''; completado em 1934)
*1933 - Villa Markelius, sua casa em Estocolmo
*1935 - Casa Coletiva em Estocolmo
*1937 - Villa Myrdal
*1939 - Pavilhão sueco na [[Feira Mundial de Nova Iorque de 1939-40]]
*1945 e depois - planejamento de cidade para o [[Saneamento de Norrmalm]], Estocolmo
*1952 - Interior de [[Conselho Económico e Social das Nações Unidas|Conselho Econômico e Social das Nações Unidas]], no [[United Nations Secretariat Building]], uma oferta da Suécia para as Nações Unidas
*1953 - Planejamento original do bairro de [[Vällingby]] em [[Estocolmo]]
*1960 - [[Casa do Povo de Estocolmo]] (''Folkets hus i Stockholm'')
*1961-1966 - [[Casa da Suécia]] (''Sverigehuset''; [[Kungsträdgården]], [[Estocolmo]]]
*1962 - um dos cinco [[edifícios Hötorget]], Estocolmo

==Imagens==
<gallery>
Imagem:Villa Markelius 2008a.jpg|Villa Markelius 1933
Imagem:Hochhaus drei Markelius.jpg|Hötorget #3
Imagem:Villa Myrdal 1937c.jpg|Villa Myrdal, 1937
Imagem:Helsingborgs konserthus entre.jpg|Helsingborg Concert House, 1932
</gallery>

==Bibliografia==
*Hayden, Dolores (1984) ''Redesigning the American Dream: the future of housing, work, and family life''. New York: W. W. Norton ISBN 0-393-01779-6
*{{citar livro|último =Kidder-Smith |primeiro =G. E. |ano=1961 |título=The New Architecture of Europe |local=Harmondsworth |publicado=Penguin Books |isbn= }}

{{Referências}}

==Ligações externas==
{{Commons category|Sven Markelius}}
*[http://www.sven-markelius.com/ sven-markelius.com]

{{Controle de autoridade}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Markelius, Sven}}
[[Categoria:Medalha de Ouro do RIBA]]
[[Categoria:Arquitetos do modernismo]]
[[Categoria:Arquitetos da Suécia]]
[[Categoria:Alunos do Instituto Real de Tecnologia]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Estocolmo]]

title: Sven Markelius

Nome completo: Sven Gottfrid Markelius

Nascimento: 25 de outubro de 1889 · Estocolmo, Suécia

Morte: 24 de fevereiro de 1972 (82 anos) · Estocolmo, Suécia

Prêmios: Medalha Príncipe Eugênio (1961), Medalha de Ouro do RIBA (1962)