text:
# لوك غوثير
لوك غوثير هو لاعب هوكي الجليد كندي، ولد في 19 أبريل 1964 في لونغوي في كندا.

## وصلات خارجية
- لوك غوثير على موقع دوري الهوكي الوطني (الإنجليزية)
- لوك غوثير على موقع EliteProspects.com (الإنجليزية)
- لوك غوثير على موقع HockeyDB.com (الإنجليزية)
- لوك غوثير على موقع Hockey-Reference.com (الإنجليزية)

wikiname: arwiki

title: لوك غوثير

in_language: ar

wikitext:
{{يتيمة|تاريخ=أبريل 2019}}
{{صندوق معلومات شخص}}
'''لوك غوثير''' هو [[هوكي الجليد|لاعب هوكي الجليد]] [[كندا|كندي]]، ولد في [[19 أبريل]] [[1964]] في [[لونغوي]] في [[كندا]].<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|عنوان=Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA|سنة=2018|موقع=Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament|تاريخ الوصول=2019-01-11| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf | تاريخ أرشيف = 6 مارس 2019 | وصلة مكسورة = yes }}</ref>

== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

== وصلات خارجية ==
* {{روابط رياضية}}
{{شريط بوابات|أعلام|كندا|هوكي الجليد}}
{{بذرة لاعب هوكي الجليد كندي}}

[[تصنيف:أعلام هوكي جليد من لونغوي]]
[[تصنيف:أعلام هوكي جليد من كيبك]]
[[تصنيف:رياضيون من لونغوي]]
[[تصنيف:كيبكيون فرنسيون]]
[[تصنيف:لاعبو مونتريال كانيديينز]]
[[تصنيف:مدافعو هوكي جليد كنديون]]
[[تصنيف:مواليد 1964]]
[[تصنيف:كشافة كولورادو أفالانتش]]
[[تصنيف:كشافة بيتسبرغ بنغوينز]]
[[تصنيف:كشافة ناشفيل بريداتورز]]

title: معلومات شخصية

الميلاد: 19 أبريل 1964 (61 سنة) · لونغوي

مواطنة: كندا

مركز اللعب: مدافع

الوزن: 195 رطل

title: الحياة العملية

المهنة: لاعب هوكي الجليد

الرياضة: هوكي الجليد

الحياة العملية: تعديل مصدري - تعديل


text:
# Tarte au papin
La tarte au papin, appelée aussi tarte au libouli, tarte à gros bords ou tarte porteloise, est une spécialité culinaire du Boulonnais, dans la région Hauts-de-France.

## Histoire
Les origines de la tarte au papin remonte à 1919, à Wirwignes, un petit village du boulonnais d'environ 600 habitants, entre Desvres et Boulogne-sur-Mer. Cette année-là, Louise Harlé, née Meurdesoif, reprend le café « Les deux ormes » qu'elle appelle « Harlé », puis « Harlé-Meurdesoif débitant » et enfin « Chez Mémère Harlé ». Afin d'attirer la clientèle locale et de passage, pour la ducasse de mai, elle propose sa tarte « au lait bouilli » et pendant les 55 années à la tête de son auberge, sa recette connaitra un réel succès qui perdure encore aujourd'hui avec les propriétaires actuels et dans l'auberge qui porte toujours le nom de « Chez Mémère Harlé »,.

## Origine des appellations
On peut appeler cette tarte de différentes façons :
- La tarte au libouli : "libouli" signifie lait bouilli dans le patois boulonnais[5] ;
- La tarte porteloise, du nom du Portel, commune du boulonnais ;
- La tarte à gros bords, car à l'origine, sans tourtière, il fallait faire de gros bords pour éviter que le lait ne s'échappe[5].

## Composition
Le papin est un genre de flan aux œufs : composé entre autres de lait, d'œufs, de sucre, de farine et de vanille.
Le papin est placé sur un fond de pâte levée briochée. Des fines lanières de pâte sont traditionnellement déposées en croisillons sur le papin. Selon les goûts, on rajoute souvent des pruneaux dans le papin. Elle est cuite au feu de bois selon la tradition.

wikiname: frwiki

title: Tarte au papin

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{ébauche|gastronomie|Nord-Pas-de-Calais}}
[[File:tartepapin.jpg|thumb|Une tarte au papin.]]
La '''tarte au papin''', appelée aussi '''tarte au libouli''', '''tarte à gros bords'''<ref>[http://videos.tf1.fr/jt-13h/2010/le-charme-naturel-d-hardelot-plage-5925978.html Le charme naturel d'Hardelot-Plage] dans le [[journal télévisé]] de [[TF1]], le 14 juillet 2010</ref> ou '''tarte porteloise'''<ref>[http://sites.google.com/site/fortdelheurt/page12 La "tarte Porteloise" ou la tarte "à gros bords"  ou la tarte "au papin"] le 15 août 2007</ref>, est une [[spécialité culinaire]] du [[Boulonnais]]<ref name="recette fr3">Frédérique Hénaut, [http://nord-pas-de-calais.france3.fr/2013/10/09/notre-serie-recettes-du-terroir-2-la-tarte-au-papin-334707.html Notre série recettes du terroir : la tarte au papin] sur [[France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais]], le 9 octobre 2013</ref>, dans la région [[Hauts-de-France]].

== Histoire ==
Les origines de la tarte au papin remonte à 1919, à [[Wirwignes]], un petit village du [[boulonnais]] d'environ {{nobr|600 habitants}}, entre [[Desvres]] et [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]. Cette année-là, Louise Harlé, née Meurdesoif, reprend le café « Les deux ormes » qu'elle appelle « Harlé », puis « Harlé-Meurdesoif débitant » et enfin « Chez Mémère Harlé ». Afin d'attirer la clientèle locale et de passage, pour la [[ducasse]] de mai, elle propose sa tarte « au lait bouilli » et pendant les {{nobr|55 années}} à la tête de son auberge, sa recette connaitra un réel succès qui perdure encore aujourd'hui avec les propriétaires actuels et dans l'auberge qui porte toujours le nom de « Chez Mémère Harlé »<ref name="recette fr3"/>{{,}}<ref>{{Article
|auteur1=Joël Rochoy
|titre=Depuis cent ans, la tarte de Mémère Harlé régale les plus fins palais
|périodique=''[[La Voix du Nord]]''
|date=16 avril 2019
|lire en ligne=https://www.lavoixdunord.fr/569089/article/2019-04-16/depuis-cent-ans-la-tarte-de-memere-harle-regale-les-plus-fins-palais
|consulté le=10 août 2024
|accès url=payant
}}.</ref>.

== Origine des appellations ==
On peut appeler cette tarte de différentes façons :
* La tarte au libouli : ''"libouli"'' signifie ''lait bouilli'' dans le [[Picard|patois boulonnais]]<ref name="popotte">[http://www.lapopottedemanue.com/article-la-tarte-au-libouli-ou-au-papin-ou-a-gros-bords-87843571.html La tarte au libouli ou au papin ou à gros bords] sur ''www.lapopottedemanue.com'', le 2 novembre 2011</ref> ;
* La tarte porteloise, du nom du [[Le Portel|Portel]], commune du boulonnais ;
* La tarte à gros bords, car à l'origine, sans [[tourtière]], il fallait faire de gros bords pour éviter que le lait ne s'échappe<ref name="popotte"/>.

== Composition ==
Le papin est un genre de [[Flan (dessert)|flan]] aux œufs : composé entre autres de [[lait]], d'[[Œuf (cuisine)|œufs]], de [[sucre]], de [[farine]] et de [[vanille]].

Le papin est placé sur un fond de pâte levée briochée. Des fines lanières de pâte sont traditionnellement déposées en croisillons sur le papin. Selon les goûts, on rajoute souvent des [[pruneau]]x dans le papin. Elle est cuite au [[Bois énergie|feu de bois]] selon la tradition.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Liens externes ==
* {{YouTube |id=YJjnIlhYNqY |titre=''Recette : La tarte au Papin de Mémère Harlé' |langue=fr |chaîne=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]] }}

{{Palette|Pas-de-Calais}}
{{Portail|alimentation et gastronomie|Nord-Pas-de-Calais}}

[[Catégorie:Tarte sucrée|papin]]
[[Catégorie:Dessert ou pâtisserie du Pas-de-Calais]]


text:
# Eldama Ravine
Eldama Ravine ist eine Stadt mit etwa 32.000 Einwohnern im Baringo County in Kenia.
Die Stadt wurde 1887 gegründet. Während der britischen Kolonialzeit hieß die Stadt Shimoni. 1992 wurde die Stadt zum Town council ernannt. 1979 lebten knapp 4000 Menschen in Eldama Ravine, im Jahr 1999 war die Bevölkerung auf 10.500 Menschen angewachsen, 2008 wurde die Einwohnerzahl auf über 32.000 geschätzt.

## Sport
Seit 2014 veranstaltet die Stadt Eldama Ravine jährlich im September den Chemususu Dam Half Marathon. Neben einem Halbmarathon auf hügeliger Strecke wird auch ein 10 km Straßenlauf durchgeführt.

## Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
- Jonah Birir (* 1971), Mittelstreckenläufer
- Matthew Kiprotich Birir (* 1972), Mittelstreckenläufer
- Eunice Jepkorir Kertich (* 1982), Langstrecken- und Hindernisläuferin

wikiname: dewiki

title: Eldama Ravine

in_language: de

wikitext:
{{Infobox Ort in Kenia
|Name             = Eldama Ravine
|Bild             =
|Bildunterschrift =
|Höhe             = 2121
|Fläche           =
|Breitengrad      = 0/3/0/N
|Längengrad       = 35/43/0/E
|County         = Baringo
|Bürgermeister    =
|Einwohner        = 32200
|EinwohnerRef     = ''[http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/specialreports/InsidePage.php?id=1143997016&cid=259& Why Eldama Ravine is a sleeping giant].'' Artikel in ''The Standard'' vom 15. Oktober 2008, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2010.
|PLZ              =
|Vorwahl          =
|URL              =
}}

'''Eldama Ravine''' ist eine Stadt mit etwa 32.000 Einwohnern im [[Baringo County]] in [[Kenia]].

Die Stadt wurde 1887 gegründet. Während der britischen [[Geschichte Kenias#Kolonialgeschichte|Kolonialzeit]] hieß die Stadt Shimoni. 1992 wurde die Stadt zum [[Town council]] ernannt.<ref name=TS>''[http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/specialreports/InsidePage.php?id=1143997016&cid=259& Why Eldama Ravine is a sleeping giant]{{Toter Link|date=2018-03 |archivebot=2018-03-26 09:39:59 InternetArchiveBot |url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/specialreports/InsidePage.php?id=1143997016&cid=259& }}.'' Artikel in ''The Standard'' vom 15. Oktober 2008, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2010.</ref> 1979 lebten knapp 4000 Menschen in Eldama Ravine,<ref>William Robert Ochieng', Robert M. Maxon: ''An economic history of Kenya''; 1992, ISBN 9966-46-963-X; [http://books.google.de/books?id=4WAwtUYnNPwC&pg=PA151&lpg=PA151&dq=%22Fort+Ternan%22+population&source=bl&ots=WFur9N9cEc&sig=LMa-VS4BSi-suyO9VM8ImwFer94&hl=de&ei=xuhrS4SoFsr0_AaJ-4SsBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=&f=false hier online] bei books.google, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2010.</ref> im Jahr 1999 war die Bevölkerung auf 10.500 Menschen angewachsen,<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kenya.html citypopulation.de], abgerufen am 5. Februar 2010</ref> 2008 wurde die Einwohnerzahl auf über 32.000 geschätzt.<ref name=TS/>

== Sport ==
Seit 2014 veranstaltet die Stadt Eldama Ravine jährlich im September den ''Chemususu Dam Half Marathon''.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.mozzartsport.co.ke/athletics/news/a-look-into-mozzart-bet-chemususu-dam-half-marathons-nine-year-history/47985 |titel=A look into Mozzart Bet Chemususu Dam Half Marathon's nine-year history {{!}} MozzartSportKe |sprache=en |abruf=2025-05-16}}</ref> Neben einem Halbmarathon auf hügeliger Strecke wird auch ein 10 km Straßenlauf durchgeführt.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Pulse Sports |url=https://www.pulsesports.co.ke/athletics/story/chemususu-dam-half-marathon-receives-ksh-3million-boost-ahead-of-november-event-2024102410390364835 |titel=Chemususu Dam Half Marathon receives Ksh 3million boost ahead of November event |datum=2024-10-24 |sprache=en |abruf=2025-05-16}}</ref>

== Söhne und Töchter der Stadt ==

<!-- Chronologisch sortiert nach Geburtsjahr. -->
* [[Jonah Birir]] (* 1971), Mittelstreckenläufer
* [[Matthew Kiprotich Birir]] (* 1972), Mittelstreckenläufer
* [[Eunice Jepkorir Kertich]] (* 1982), Langstrecken- und Hindernisläuferin

== Weblinks ==
* {{fallingrain|KE|08|Eldama_Ravine|n=Eldama Ravine}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Ort in Kenia]]
[[Kategorie:Ort in Afrika]]
[[Kategorie:Baringo County]]

title: Basisdaten

County: Baringo County


text:
# تاغي دردار (أمغلاي)
تاغي دردار هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة عوينة يغمان، إقليم آسا الزاك، جهة كلميم واد نون في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة أمغلاي التي تضم 7 دواوير. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 69 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.

## روابط خارجية
- البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية نسخة محفوظة 12 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
- المندوبية السامية للتخطيط

title: تاغي دردار (أمغلاي)

wikitext:
{{معلومات مدينة
| الاسم الرسمي = تاغي دردار
| خلفية =
| اسم2 =
| صورة =
| تعليق الصورة =
| حجم الصورة =
| بدل الصورة =
| علم =
| تعليق علم =
| شعار =
| تعليق شعار =
| اللقب =
| شعار نصي =
| تاريخ التأسيس =
| خريطة المدينة =
| تعليق على الخريطة =
| حجم الخريطة =
| البلد =
| العاصمة =
| نوع المنطقة = الجهة
| اسم المنطقة = [[جهة كلميم واد نون|كلميم واد نون]]
| نوع المنطقة 2 = الإقليم
| اسم المنطقة 2 = [[إقليم آسا الزاك|آسا الزاك]]
| نوع المنطقة 3 = الدائرة
| اسم المنطقة 3 = [[دائرة أسا|أسا]]
| نوع المنطقة 4 = الجماعة القروية
| اسم المنطقة 4 = [[عوينة يغمان]]
| نوع المنطقة 5 = المشيخة
| اسم المنطقة 5 =[[أمغلاي (عوينة يغمان)|أمغلاي]]
| نوع المنطقة 6 =
| اسم المنطقة 6 =
| نوع المنطقة 7 =
| اسم المنطقة 7 =
| نوع المنطقة 8 =
| اسم المنطقة 8 =
| عاصمة سابقة لـ =
| المسؤول الأعلى =
| اسم المسؤول =
| المسؤول الثاني =
| اسم المسؤول الثاني =
| المسؤول الثالث =
| اسم المسؤول الثالث =
| المساحة الكلية =

| ارتفاع =
| التعداد السكاني = 69
| الكثافة السكانية =
| سنة التعداد = [[الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004 (المغرب)|2004]]
| الذكور =
| الإناث =
| عدد الأسر = 9
| عدد المساكن =

| إحداثيات =
| خط الطول =
| دائرة العرض =
| خريطة البلد =
| عنوان تحت الخريطة =

| التوقيت =
| فرق التوقيت =
| غرينتش توقيت صيفي =
| الرمز البريدي =
| الرمز الهاتفي =
| الموقع الرسمي =
}}
'''تاغي دردار''' هو [[دوار (المغرب)|دُوَّار]] يقع بجماعة [[عوينة يغمان]]، [[إقليم آسا الزاك]]، [[جهة كلميم واد نون]] في [[المغرب|المملكة المغربية]]. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة [[أمغلاي (عوينة يغمان)|أمغلاي]] التي تضم 7 دواوير. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 69 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب| مسار= https://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |عنوان= الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004 (المغرب) |ناشر= [[المندوبية السامية للتخطيط]]| مسار أرشيف = http://www.webcitation.org/678NyvGs8?url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf| تاريخ أرشيف =23 أبريل 2012}}</ref>

== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

== روابط خارجية ==
* [http://www.pncl.gov.ma/ البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204412/http://www.pncl.gov.ma/ |date=12 مارس 2018 }}
* [http://www.hcp.ma/ المندوبية السامية للتخطيط]

{{دواوير عوينة يغمان}}
{{شريط بوابات|المغرب|تجمعات سكانية}}

{{بذرة جغرافيا إقليم آسا الزاك}}

[[تصنيف:أماكن مأهولة في أمغلاي (عوينة يغمان)]]

title: تقسيم إداري

البلد: المغرب

الجهة: كلميم واد نون

الإقليم: آسا الزاك

الدائرة: أسا

الجماعة القروية: عوينة يغمان

المشيخة: أمغلاي

title: السكان

التعداد السكاني: 69 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)

title: معلومات أخرى

التوقيت: ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي) · ت ع م+01:00 (توقيت صيفي)

معلومات أخرى: تعديل مصدري - تعديل


text:
# Grundtjärnen (Edsele socken, Ångermanland)
Grundtjärnen är en sjö i Sollefteå kommun i Ångermanland och ingår i Ångermanälvens huvudavrinningsområde.

wikiname: svwiki

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{Insjöfakta Sverige

<!-- Namn -->
|svenskt_namn = Grundtjärnen
|alternativt_namn =
|samiskt_namn =

|bild =
|bildtext =
|positionskarta = Sverige Västernorrland
|positionskarttext =

<!-- Geografisk placering -->
|land =
|län = [[Västernorrlands län]]
|kommun =  [[Sollefteå kommun]]
|kommun2 =
|kommun3 =
|kommun4 =
|landskap = [[Ångermanland]]
|socken= [[Edsele socken]]

|nordliggrad =	63.46094
|östliggrad = 16.63072
|SWEREF_99_TM_N = 7037983
|SWEREF_99_TM_E = 581288

<!-- Sjödata -->
|area =
|arearef =
|maxlängd =
|maxlängdref =
|maxbredd =
|maxbreddref =
|volym =
|volymref =
|höjd =
|höjdref =
|strandlinje =
|strandlinjeref =
|medeldjup =
|medeldjupref =
|maxdjup =
|maxdjupref =
|strömning =
|strömningsref =
|sjöid = 703940-154118
|id_vattenförekomst =
|VYID =
|huvudavrinningsområde_id = 38000
|tillflöden =
|tillflödesref =
|länder =
|VDRID =
|utflöde=
|utflöde_lokaltnamn =

<!-- Delavrinningsområde -->
|AROID =
|delavrinningsområde_namn =
|delavrinningsområde_areal =
|delavrinningsområde_areal_vattenytor =
|delavrinningsområde_ackumulerad_areal =
|delavrinningsområde_biflödesordning =
|delavrinningsområde_utflöde =
|delavrinningsområde_utflöde_lokaltnamn =
|delavrinningsområde_VDRID =
|delavrinningsområde_avstånd_hav =
|delavrinningsområde_nedströms =
|delavrinningsområde_medelhöjd =
|delavrinningsområde_källor =

<!-- Övrigt -->
|limnisk_ekoregion_id = 2
|vattendistrikt_id =
|natura_2000_id =
|öar =
|städer =

|fotnoter =

<!-- Miljödata från VISS -->

}}

'''Grundtjärnen''' är en [[sjö]] i [[Sollefteå kommun]] i [[Ångermanland]] och ingår i {{Stat/Sverige/Sjöar/Huvudavrinningsområden|38000}}.

== Se även ==
* [[Lista över insjöar i Sollefteå kommun]]

== Källor ==
<references/>
* {{Sveriges sjöar ref|Extern_lank_SMHI_Sjoar_vattendrag_avrinningsområden}}

== Externa länkar ==
* {{Sveriges sjöar ref|Extern_lank_SMHI_Vattenwebb}}
* {{Sveriges sjöar ref|Extern_lank_SMHI_SVAR}}

{{Robotskapad sjöartikel|datum=2013-08}}

[[Kategori:Insjöar i Ångermanälvens avrinningsområde]]
[[Kategori:Insjöar i Ångermanland]]
[[Kategori:Insjöar i Sollefteå kommun]]

title: Grundtjärnen · Insjö

Land: Sverige

Län: Västernorrlands län

Kommun: Sollefteå kommun

Landskap: Ångermanland

Socken: Edsele socken

title: Flöden

title: Övrigt

Limnisk ekoregion: Norrlands inland, under trädgränsen över högsta kustlinjen


text:
# Eomenacanthus stramineus
Eomenacanthus stramineus – pasożyt należący obecnie do Phthiraptera, według dawnej systematyki należał do wszołów. Jest najczęściej spotykanym pasożytem kur, indyków, bażantów.
Samiec długości 2,8 mm, samica 3,3 mm. Są zabarwienia słabo żółtego. Charakteryzują się stosunkowo małą głową i wydłużonym tułowiem. Bytują na całym ciele na skórze. Głównie w miejscach mniej opierzonych a więc w okolicy otworu stekowego, na udach i piersiach. Odżywiają się piórami, rzadko krwią. Jest pasożytem kosmopolitycznym.

wikiname: plwiki

title: Eomenacanthus stramineus

in_language: pl

wikitext:
{{Zwierzę infobox
 |nazwa łacińska         = Eomenacanthus stramineus
 |TSN                    =
 |zoolog                 = Nitzsch, 1874
 |okres istnienia        =
 |grafika                =
 |opis grafiki           =
 |typ                    = [[stawonogi]]
 |podtyp                 = Hexapoda
 |gromada                = [[Owady]]
 |podgromada             = [[owady uskrzydlone|Uskrzydlone]]
 |rząd                   = [[Phthiraptera]]
 |podrząd                = [[Amblycera]]
 |rodzina                = [[Menoponidae]]
 |rodzaj                 = ''[[Eomenacanthus]]''
 |gatunek                = ''Eomenacanthus stramineus''
 |synonimy               =
 |wikispecies            =
 |commons                =
}}
'''Eomenacanthus stramineus''' – [[pasożyt]] należący obecnie do [[Phthiraptera]], według dawnej systematyki należał do [[wszoły|wszołów]]. Jest najczęściej spotykanym pasożytem kur, indyków, bażantów.

Samiec długości 2,8 mm, samica 3,3 mm. Są zabarwienia słabo żółtego. Charakteryzują się stosunkowo małą [[głowa|głową]] i wydłużonym tułowiem. Bytują na całym ciele na skórze. Głównie w miejscach mniej opierzonych a więc w okolicy [[Kloaka (biologia)|otworu stekowego]], na udach i piersiach. Odżywiają się piórami, rzadko krwią. Jest pasożytem kosmopolitycznym.

== Bibliografia ==
* Clay T., ''The Amblycera (Phthiraptera: Insecta)'', Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol., 1970, 25, 3, 75-98
* Stefański W., ''Parazytologia weterynaryjna tom II'', Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, Warszawa, 1970, str. 52

{{Kontrola autorytatywna}}

[[Kategoria:Menoponidae]]
[[Kategoria:Wszy i wszoły Europy]]
[[Kategoria:Gatunki i podgatunki zwierząt nazwane w 1874 roku]]

Domena: eukarionty

Królestwo: zwierzęta

Typ: stawonogi

Podtyp: Hexapoda

Gromada: Owady

Podgromada: Uskrzydlone

Rząd: Phthiraptera

Podrząd: Amblycera

Rodzina: Menoponidae

Rodzaj: Eomenacanthus

Gatunek: Eomenacanthus stramineus


text:
# Andoni Lafuente
Andoni Lafuente Olaguibel (Guernica y Luno, Biscaia, 6 de setembro de 1985) é um ciclista espanhol, de rota e de pista.

## Trajetória
Em categorias inferiores conseguiu diversos sucessos no ciclismo de pista. Assim, em 2003 foi campeão da Espanha de Pontuação e medalha de bronze em Perseguição (individual e por equipas), além de participar nos Campeonatos da Europa e do Mundo com a seleção espanhola. Já como sub'23 se proclamou campeão de Euskadi (2005) e da Espanha (Pontuação e Perseguição, 2006); foi assim mesmo incluído na seleção que participou nos Europeus de Atenas de 2006.
Estreiou como profissional no ano 2007 com a equipa Euskaltel-Euskadi. Miguel Madariaga resumiu sua primeira temporada com um "não tem dado pé com bola".
Em 2009 foi segundo na classificação da montanha do Tour Down Under. Lafuente encabeçava dita classificação a falta de uma etapa, mas seu colega Markel Irizar entrou na fuga da jornada e acumulou os pontos suficientes para passar a Lafuente e fazer-se com o camisola da montanha na primeira corrida ProTour da temporada. Essa foi sua última temporada na rota.
No 2010 voltou à pista com a equipa Cespa-Euskadi, onde coincidiria com ciclistas como Unai Elorriaga ou Leire Olaberria. Lafuente iniciou sua participação em provas da Copa do Mundo de pista com o objectivo de ser incluído na seleção espanhola para os Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012.

## Palmarés
Não tem conseguido vitórias como profissional.

## Equipas

### Estrada
- Euskaltel-Euskadi (2007-2009)

### Pista
- Cespa-Euskadi (2010)

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Andoni Lafuente

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Ciclista
|nome             = Andoni Lafuente
|imagem           = Andoni Lafuente.jpg
|imagem_tamanho = 200px
|imagem_legenda    = No [[BinckBank Tour]] de 2008
<!-- Secção de dados pessoais -->
|nome_completo   = Andoni Lafuente Olaguibel
|nascimento_local = [[Guernica y Luno]], [[Espanha]]
|nascimento_data = {{dni|6|9|1985|idade}}
<!-- Secção de corrida -->
|país    = {{ESP}}
|desporto          = [[ciclismo]]
|disciplina       = [[Ciclismo de pista|Pista]] e [[Ciclismo de estrada|rota]]

|estado           =
|equipa           =
<!-- Secção de trajetória -->
|equipas          =
{{Info/Colunas
  |título = Equipas profissionais
  |2007-2009
  |[[Euskaltel-Euskadi]]
}}
}}
'''Andoni Lafuente Olaguibel''' ([[Guernica y Luno]], [[Biscaia]], [[6 de setembro]] de [[1985]]) é um [[ciclista]] [[Espanha|espanhol]], de rota e de pista.

== Trajetória ==
Em categorias inferiores conseguiu diversos sucessos no [[ciclismo de pista]]. Assim, em 2003 foi campeão da Espanha de Pontuação e medalha de bronze em Perseguição (individual e por equipas), além de participar nos Campeonatos da Europa e do Mundo com a seleção espanhola. Já como sub'23 se proclamou campeão de Euskadi (2005) e da Espanha (Pontuação e Perseguição, 2006); foi assim mesmo incluído na seleção que participou nos Europeus de Atenas de 2006.<ref>http://www.esciclismo.com/ampliada.asp?Id=12898</ref>

Estreiou como profissional no ano 2007 com a equipa [[Euskaltel-Euskadi]]. [[Miguel Madariaga]] resumiu sua primeira temporada com um "não tem dado pé com bola".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080317094227/http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/ediciones/2008/01/10/deportes/ciclismo/d10cic58.880999.php</ref>

Em 2009 foi segundo na classificação da montanha do [[Tour Down Under]]. Lafuente encabeçava dita classificação a falta de uma etapa, mas seu colega [[Markel Irizar]] entrou na fuga da jornada e acumulou os pontos suficientes para passar a Lafuente e fazer-se com o camisola da montanha na primeira corrida ProTour da temporada.<ref>{{citar web |url=http://www.fundacioneuskadi.com/pag/ca_equipo_noticias_detalle.asp?cod=0&cod2=11&ocultar=1&ocultarp=1&id=1273&cboanyo=2009&cbomes=1 |título=Copia archivada |acessodata=08-02-2009 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429082453/http://www.fundacioneuskadi.com/pag/ca_equipo_noticias_detalle.asp?cod=0&cod2=11&ocultar=1&ocultarp=1&id=1273&cboanyo=2009&cbomes=1 |arquivodata=29-04-2009 }}</ref> Essa foi sua última temporada na rota.

No 2010 voltou à pista com a equipa Cespa-Euskadi, onde coincidiria com ciclistas como [[Unai Elorriaga Zubiaur|Unai Elorriaga]] ou [[Leire Olaberria]]. Lafuente iniciou sua participação em provas da Copa do Mundo de pista com o objectivo de ser incluído na seleção espanhola para os [[Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2012]].<ref>{{citar web |url=http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20091110/165907/es/Andoni-Lafuente-regresa-velodromo-despues-tres-anos-Euskaltel-Euskadi |título=Copia archivada |acessodata=23-02-2011 |arquivodata=21-12-2011 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221224339/http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20091110/165907/es/Andoni-Lafuente-regresa-velodromo-despues-tres-anos-Euskaltel-Euskadi |urlmorta= sim}}</ref>

== Palmarés ==
Não tem conseguido vitórias como profissional.

== Equipas ==
=== Estrada ===
* [[Euskaltel-Euskadi]] (2007-2009)

=== Pista ===
* [[Cespa-Euskadi]] (2010)

== Referências ==
{{reflist}}

== Ligações externas ==
* [http://www.cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/rider.asp?riderid=6964 Ficha de Andoni Lafuente em cqranking.com]
* {{ProCyclingStats}}

{{NM|1985|VIVA|Lafuente, Andoni}}
[[Categoria:Ciclistas da Espanha]]
[[Categoria:Ciclistas de pista da Espanha]]

title: Informações pessoais

Nome nativo: Andoni Lafuente Olaguibel

Nascimento: 6 de setembro de 1985 (39 anos) · Guernica y Luno, Espanha

Cidadania: Espanha

Ocupação: ciclista desportivo (en)

title: Informações da equipa

Desporto: ciclismo

Disciplina: Pista e rota

Euskaltel-Euskadi

title: Estatísticas

Estatísticas:
Andoni Lafuente no ProCyclingStats
[edite no Wikidata]


text:
# Poijulanjärvi
Poijulanjärvi är en sjö i kommunen Pudasjärvi i landskapet Norra Österbotten i Finland. Arean är 33 hektar och strandlinjen är 2,63 kilometer lång. Sjön  ingår i Ijo älvs huvudavrinningsområde.   Den ligger omkring 100 kilometer öster om Uleåborg och omkring 600 kilometer norr om Helsingfors.

title: Poijulanjärvi

wikitext:
{{geobox
| Lake
<!-- *** Mallhuvud *** -->
| name              = Poijulanjärvi
| native_name       =
| other_name        =
| category          = Sjö
| etymology         =
| nickname          =
<!-- *** Bild *** -->
| image             =
| image_caption     =
<!-- *** Länder, regioner mm *** -->
| country           = Finland
| country_flag      = true
| state             = [[Norra Österbotten]]
| state_type        = Landskap
| region            =
| region_type       =
| district          =
| district_type     =
| municipality      = [[Pudasjärvi]]
| municipality_type = [[Finlands kommuner|Kommun]]
<!-- *** Huvudsjö, föremål i området mm *** -->
| parent            = {{fi avr|61|244}}
| city              =
| river             =
| landmark          =
<!-- *** Dimensioner och avrinningsområde *** -->
| area              = 0.334
| length            = 2.63
| length_type       = Strandlinje
| width             =
| depth             =
| elevation         =
| volume            =
| watershed         =
<!-- *** Flöde *** -->
| discharge         =
| discharge_max     =
| discharge_min     =
<!-- *** Fria fält *** -->
| free              = 61.244.1.001
| free_type         = SjöID
<!-- *** Kartor *** -->
| map               = {{Kartposition Finland|reliefkarta_om_den_finns}}
| map_caption       = Läge i Finland
| map_locator       = Finland
| map_locator_x     =
| map_locator_y     =
<!-- *** Fotnoter *** -->
| footnotes         =
| lat_d             = 65.4153
| long_d            = 27.4926
| timezone_label    = Europe/Helsinki
| utc_offset        = +2
| utc_offset_DST    = +3
| timezone          = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| timezone_DST      = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| geonames          =
}}

'''Poijulanjärvi'''<ref name="jvw"/> är en [[sjö]] i kommunen [[Pudasjärvi]]<ref name="jvw"/> i landskapet [[Norra Österbotten]] i [[Finland]]. Arean är {{formatnum:33}} [[hektar]] och strandlinjen är {{formatnum:2.63}} kilometer lång.<ref name="jvw"/> Sjön {{text fi avr|61|244}}  Den ligger omkring 100 kilometer öster om [[Uleåborg]] och omkring 600 kilometer norr om [[Helsingfors]].

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name="jvw">[https://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/Poijulanjärvi_(61.244.1.001)?setlang=sv Järviwiki: Poijulanjärvi (61.244.1.001)]. (Hämtad: 2016-08)</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Insjöar i Norra Österbotten]]
[[Kategori:Pudasjärvi]]

Land: Finland

Landskap: Norra Österbotten

Kommun: Pudasjärvi

Del av: Ijo älvs huvudavrinningsområde

Tidszon: EET (UTC+2)

- sommartid: EEST (UTC+3)


text:
# Nullsoft
Nullsoft är ett amerikanskt datorprogram-företag som grundades år 1997 av Justin Frankel. Företaget är bl.a. känt för datorprogrammen DOSamp och Winamp som huvudsakligen används för att spela mp3-filer, samt installationssystemet Nullsoft Scriptable Install System. Sedan år 1999 ägs företaget av America Online.
Företaget har en officiell maskot med namnet Mike the Llama.

title: Nullsoft

wikitext:
'''Nullsoft''' är ett amerikanskt [[datorprogram]]-företag som grundades år 1997 av [[Justin Frankel]]. Företaget är bl.a. känt för datorprogrammen [[DOSamp]] och [[Winamp]] som huvudsakligen används för att spela mp3-filer, samt installationssystemet [[Nullsoft Scriptable Install System]]. Sedan år 1999 ägs företaget av [[America Online]].

Företaget har en officiell maskot med namnet ''Mike the Llama''.

==Externa länkar==
*[http://www.nullsoft.com Nullsoft - Officiell webbplats]

[[Kategori:Amerikanska mjukvaruföretag]]
[[Kategori:Företag bildade 1997]]


text:
# Cahuamanta
La caguamanta o cahuamanta es un estofado marinero típico de los estados de Sonora y Sinaloa, en el noroeste de México. Originalmente se preparaba con carne de tortuga caguama y mantarraya, de ahí su nombre, pero en la actualidad está hecha sólo con mantarraya debido a que la caguama es una especie en peligro de extinción y su pesca está vedada. Las nuevas versiones a veces sustituyen la caguama por camarones u otros productos del mar. El caldo se completa con tomates, chile, zanahoria, bastante apio, y se aromatiza con orégano, comino y ajo. Además, se sirve acompañado de una salsa de chile de árbol y cebolla morada y col finamente picadas.

## Origen y difusión
Según algunos autores, como recoge el chef Muñoz Zurita en su Diccionario enciclopédico de la gastronomía mexicana, la cahuamanta se originó al sur de Sonora en la Ciudad Obregón, a finales del siglo XIX. De ahí rápidamente se extendió a las demás ciudades del estado de Sonora, así como en el norte del estado de Sinaloa, en especial en Los Mochis y hasta Mazatlán. La cahuamanta estilo sinaloense incluye por norma los camarones, mientras que la sonorense no siempre.
Otras teorías trazan su origen a Santa Rosalía, en Baja California Sur. La cahuamanta se ha popularizado también en Tijuana y otras zonas de la península de California, e incluso en las costas de Nayarit y Jalisco.
En la sabiduría popular, se recomienda la cahuamanta como remedio a la resaca (o, como se le dice coloquialmente en México, «cruda»).

## Prohibición
La tortuga caguama (Caretta caretta) se considera especie amenazada desde 1978, aunque la población del Pacífico se declaró en peligro de extinción en 2010, tras la publicación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. La veda se hizo efectiva definitivamente en 2012 con la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-162-SEMARNAT-2012, y además de la caguama, también afecta a otras tortugas mexicanas al borde de la extinción, como la tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea), la tortuga carey (Eretmochelys imbricata) o la tortuga laúd (Dermochelys coriacea).
Se presupone que la caguamanta original todavía se puede encontrar de forma clandestina,[cita requerida] a pesar de que su preparación está totalmente prohibida con una pena de prisión de hasta nueve años. Se estima que la población de tortugas caguamas se ha reducido en un 80% en los últimos 25 años (1990-2014), con menos de mil hembras anidando en las playas mexicanas en el verano de 2014.

## Variantes
En principio, la cahuamanta es un plato «de cuchara» (un guiso o estofado), pero también es igualmente común encontrar tacos de cahuamanta. En cualquier presentación, la cahuamanta se acompaña con el repollo, la cebolla, la salsa de chile de árbol o chile pico de pájaro y limón.
Cuando se sirve el caldo solo, se le llama bichi (del idioma yaqui, 'calvo, desnudo'); cuando se sirve el caldo con un poco de carne se le llama jugo y en algunos lugares ese mismo caldo con camarón es conocido como chuqui (del cahíta nachuqui, 'muy bueno').
Recetas derivadas usan otros productos del mar más económicos, destacándose el «atún estilo cahuamanta» o también dicho «cahuamanta de aletas de atún». También pulpo, mejillones u otros pescados locales.
Asimismo, hay caguamantas que ni siquiera usan productos del mar, sino carne de cerdo o chicharrones.

wikiname: eswiki

title: Cahuamanta

in_language: es

wikitext:
{{Ficha de comida|ingredientes={{Hlist|
* [[camarones]]
* [[mantarraya]]
* [[jitomate]]
* [[apio]]
* [[chile (pimiento)|chile]]
* [[zanahoria]]
* [[especias]]
}}|procedencia=[[Sonora]], {{MEX}}|tipo=[[sopa]] caliente; [[primer plato]]|imagen=Caguamanta_Checo_5_(6566697479).jpg|nombre=Caguamanta|pie de imagen=Caguamanta en [[Hermosillo]]|tamañoimagen=230px}}
[[Archivo:Caguamanta Checo 3 (6566696753).jpg|230px|miniaturadeimagen|Tacos de cahuamanta]]
La '''caguamanta''' o '''cahuamanta''' es un estofado marinero típico de los estados de [[Sonora]] y [[Sinaloa]], en el noroeste de México. Originalmente se preparaba con carne de [[Caguama|tortuga caguama]] y [[mantarraya]], de ahí su nombre, pero en la actualidad está hecha sólo con mantarraya debido a que la caguama es una especie en peligro de extinción y su pesca está vedada. Las nuevas versiones a veces sustituyen la caguama por [[Camarón|camarones]] u otros [[productos del mar]]. El caldo se completa con tomates, chile, zanahoria, bastante apio, y se aromatiza con orégano, comino y ajo. Además, se sirve acompañado de una [[salsa de chile de árbol]] y cebolla morada y col finamente picadas.

== Origen y difusión ==
Según algunos autores, como recoge el chef [[Ricardo Muñoz Zurita|Muñoz Zurita]] en su ''[[Diccionario enciclopédico de la Gastronomía Mexicana|Diccionario enciclopédico de la gastronomía mexicana]]'', la cahuamanta se originó al sur de Sonora en la [[Ciudad Obregón]], a finales del siglo {{Siglo|XIX}}. De ahí rápidamente se extendió a las demás ciudades del estado de Sonora, así como en el norte del estado de Sinaloa, en especial en [[Los Mochis]] y hasta [[Mazatlán]]. La cahuamanta estilo sinaloense incluye por norma los camarones, mientras que la sonorense no siempre.<ref name="“Larousse”">{{Cita web|url=https://laroussecocina.mx/palabra/caguamanta/|título=Caguamanta|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|apellido=Muñoz Zurita|nombre=R|enlaceautor=Ricardo Muñoz Zurita|editorial=[[Larousse Cocina]]|publicación=[[Diccionario enciclopédico de la Gastronomía Mexicana]]}}</ref>

Otras teorías trazan su origen a [[Santa Rosalía (Baja California Sur)|Santa Rosalía]], en [[Baja California Sur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cita web|url=https://www.vice.com/es/article/gvkbvx/curacrudas-caldo-de-caguamanta-con-chicharron-y-vino-tinto|título=Curacrudas: Caldo de caguamanta con chicharrón|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|apellido=Méndez Lozano|nombre=Jorge Damián|fecha=2017-02-12|sitioweb=[[Vice (revista)|Vice]]}}</ref> La cahuamanta se ha popularizado también en [[Tijuana]] y otras zonas de la [[Península de Baja California|península de California]], e incluso en las costas de [[Nayarit]] y [[Jalisco]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.larutadelagarnacha.mx/cahuamanta-deliciosa-tradicion-prohibida/|título=Cahuamanta, deliciosa tradición prohibida|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|fecha=2021-05-31|sitioweb=La Ruta de la Garnacha|idioma=es-MX}}</ref>

En la sabiduría popular, se recomienda la cahuamanta como remedio a la [[resaca]] (o, como se le dice coloquialmente en México, «cruda»).<ref name="“Larousse”" /><ref name=":1">{{Cita web|url=https://gourmetdemexico.com.mx/comida-y-cultura/cahuamanta-historia-caldo-en-casa/|título=Qué es la cahuamanta y cómo preparar este caldo en casa|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|fecha=2020-04-14|sitioweb=Gourmet de México: Vive el placer de la gastronomía.|idioma=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cita web|url=https://estoessinaloa.com/receta-cahuamanta-el-curacrudas-mazatleco/|título=Receta: Cahuamanta el curacrudas Mazatleco|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|fecha=2020-02-05|sitioweb=Esto es Sinaloa|idioma=es}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Prohibición ==
La tortuga caguama (''[[Caretta caretta]]'') se considera especie amenazada desde 1978,<ref name=":2">{{Cita web|url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/espanol/especies/tortuga_boba.html|título=Tortuga caguama del mar|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|sitioweb=Biological Diversity}}</ref> aunque la población del Pacífico se declaró en peligro de extinción en 2010, tras la publicación de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.<ref name=":1" /> La veda se hizo efectiva definitivamente en 2012 con la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-162-SEMARNAT-2012, y además de la caguama, también afecta a otras tortugas mexicanas al borde de la extinción, como la tortuga golfina (''[[Lepidochelys olivacea]]''), la tortuga carey (''[[Eretmochelys imbricata]]'') o la tortuga laúd (''[[Dermochelys coriacea]]'').<ref>{{Cita publicación|url=https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle_popup.php?codigo=5286506|título=NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-162-SEMARNAT-2012, Que establece las especificaciones para la protección, recuperación y manejo de las poblaciones de las tortugas marinas en su hábitat de anidación.|apellidos=Ochoa Fernández|nombre=Cuauhtémoc|fecha=2012-11-23|publicación=[[Diario Oficial de la Federación]]|fechaacceso=2022-07-19}}</ref>

Se presupone que la caguamanta original todavía se puede encontrar de forma clandestina,{{Cr}} a pesar de que su preparación está totalmente prohibida con una pena de prisión de hasta nueve años.<ref name=":1" /> Se estima que la población de tortugas caguamas se ha reducido en un 80% en los últimos 25 años (1990-2014), con menos de mil hembras anidando en las playas mexicanas en el verano de 2014.<ref name=":2" />

== Variantes ==
[[Archivo:Caldo tipo caguamanta.jpg|230px|miniaturadeimagen|«Caldo Bichi»]]
En principio, la cahuamanta es un plato «de cuchara» (un guiso o estofado), pero también es igualmente común encontrar [[Taco|tacos]] de cahuamanta.<ref>{{Cita libro|título=Counter Intelligence: Where to Eat in the Real Los Angeles|editorial=St. Martin's Publishing Group|fecha=2000-12-01|isbn=978-0-312-27634-8|idioma=en|nombre=Jonathan|apellidos=Gold|página=[https://books.google.es/books?id=Agxy6i_QeT0C&pg=PA291 291]}}</ref> En cualquier presentación, la cahuamanta se acompaña con el repollo, la cebolla, la salsa de chile de árbol o [[chile pico de pájaro]] y [[limón]].<ref name="“Larousse”" />

Cuando se sirve el caldo solo, se le llama '''bichi''' (del [[idioma yaqui]], 'calvo, desnudo'); cuando se sirve el caldo con un poco de carne se le llama '''jugo''' y en algunos lugares ese mismo caldo con camarón es conocido como '''chuqui''' (del [[Lenguas taracahítas|cahíta]] ''nachuqui'', 'muy bueno').<ref name="“Larousse”" />

Recetas derivadas usan otros productos del mar más económicos, destacándose el «atún estilo cahuamanta» o también dicho «cahuamanta de aletas de atún».<ref>{{Cita web|url=https://www.tvazteca.com/aztecauno/cocineros-mexicanos/recetas/notas/receta-atun-estilo-caguamanta|título=Receta: Atún estilo caguamanta|fechaacceso=2022-07-19|fecha=2017-11-08|sitioweb=Azteca UNO|idioma=es}}</ref> También pulpo, mejillones u otros pescados locales.<ref name=":1" />

Asimismo, hay caguamantas que ni siquiera usan productos del mar, sino carne de cerdo o chicharrones.<ref name=":0" />

== Véase también ==
* [[Chilpachole]], otro caldo marinero (de origen veracruzano)
* [[Gastronomía de Sonora]]
* [[Gastronomía de Sinaloa]]

== Referencias ==
<references group=""></references>
{{Control de autoridades}}
[[Categoría:Gastronomía de México]]
[[Categoría:Gastronomía de Sonora]]
[[Categoría:Gastronomía de Sinaloa]]
[[Categoría:Platos con camarones]]
[[Categoría:Platos de marisco de México]]

title: Caguamanta

Tipo: sopa caliente; primer plato

Origen: Sonora, México

title: Datos generales

Ingredientes: camarones mantarraya jitomate apio chile zanahoria especias


text:
# Чемпионат Армении по волейболу среди женщин
Чемпионат Армении по волейболу среди женщин — ежегодное соревнование женских волейбольных команд Армении. Проводится с 1992 года по системе «весна—осень». В ряде турниров также принимали участие команды из непризнанной Нагорно-Карабахской Республики.
С 2013 чемпионат проходит в рамках женской национальной лиги.

## Формула соревнований
Чемпионат 2019 состоял из двух этапов — предварительного и финального. На предварительной стадии команды провели двухкруговой турнир. Две лучшие команды в финальном матче разыграли первенство, 3-я и 4-е — бронзовые награды.
В чемпионате 2019 играли 5 команд: КхМОММ (Ереван), «Ван» (Ереван), «Арцах» (Степанакерт (Ханкенди), непризнанная НКР), ЕПЛХ (Ереван), «Аван» (Ереван). Чемпионский титул в 4-й раз подряд выиграла команда КхМОММ, победившая в финале «Ван» 3:1. 3-е место занял «Арцах».

## Чемпионы
- 1992 «Оазис» Вагаршапат
- 1993 «Оазис» Вагаршапат
- 1994 «Оазис» Вагаршапат
- 1995 «Оазис» Вагаршапат
- 1996 ФИМА Ереван
- 1997 ФИМА Ереван
- 1998 «Нжде» Ереван
- 1999 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2000 «Артик» Ереван
- 2001 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2002 «Сисиан»
- 2003 «Сисиан»
- 2004 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2005 «Сисиан»
- 2006 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2007 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2008 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2009 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2010 «Сисиан»
- 2011 «Сисиан»
- 2012 «Сисиан»
- 2013 «Сисиан»
- 2014 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2015 «Нжде» Ереван
- 2016 КхМОММ Ереван
- 2017 КхМОММ Ереван
- 2018 КхМОММ Ереван
- 2019 КхМОММ Ереван

wikiname: ruwiki

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{| class="infobox football" style="width: 16em; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="font-size: 16px;" | Чемпионат Армении
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Текущий сезон'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" |
|-
| style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 15px;" |
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Первый сезон'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | 1992
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Организатор'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | Федерация волейбола Армении
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Действующий чемпион'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | КхМОММ Ереван
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Самый титулованный клуб'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | «Нжде» Ереван (9)
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Самый титулованный игрок'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" |
|-
| style="font-size: 12px; background: #BFD7FF;" | '''Официальный сайт'''
|-
| style="font-size: 12px;" | [https://web.archive.org/web/20150510191834/http://www.armvolley.am/rus/index.php armvolley.am]
|-
|}
'''Чемпионат Армении по волейболу среди женщин''' — ежегодное соревнование женских [[волейбол]]ьных команд [[Армения|Армении]]. Проводится с [[1992 год]]а по системе «весна—осень». В ряде турниров также принимали участие команды из непризнанной [[Нагорно-Карабахская Республика|Нагорно-Карабахской Республики]].

С 2013 чемпионат проходит в рамках женской национальной лиги.

== Формула соревнований ==
Чемпионат 2019 состоял из двух этапов — предварительного и финального. На предварительной стадии команды провели двухкруговой турнир. Две лучшие команды в финальном матче разыграли первенство, 3-я и 4-е — бронзовые награды.

В чемпионате 2019 играли 5 команд: КхМОММ<ref>Команда Ереванской олимпийской специализированной спортивной школы игровых видов спорта.</ref> ([[Ереван]]), «Ван»<ref>До 2018 — «Нжде».</ref> ([[Ереван]]), «Арцах» ([[Степанакерт]]<ref name="nkr">Согласно [[административно-территориальное деление Нагорно-Карабахской Республики|административно-территориальному делению]] непризнанной [[Нагорно-Карабахская Республика|Нагорно-Карабахской Республики]]</ref> (Ханкенди)<ref name="az">Согласно [[административно-территориальное деление Азербайджана|административно-территориальному делению]] [[Азербайджан]]а</ref>, непризнанная [[НКР]]), ЕПЛХ<ref>Команда Ереванского государственного университета языков и социальных наук.</ref> ([[Ереван]]), «Аван» ([[Ереван]]). Чемпионский титул в 4-й раз подряд выиграла команда КхМОММ, победившая в финале «Ван» 3:1. 3-е место занял «Арцах».

== Чемпионы ==
* 1992 «Оазис» [[Вагаршапат]]
* 1993 «Оазис» [[Вагаршапат]]
* 1994 «Оазис» [[Вагаршапат]]
* 1995 «Оазис» [[Вагаршапат]]
* 1996 ФИМА [[Ереван]]
* 1997 ФИМА [[Ереван]]
* 1998 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 1999 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2000 «Артик» [[Ереван]]
* 2001 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2002 «Сисиан»
* 2003 «Сисиан»
* 2004 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2005 «Сисиан»
* 2006 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2007 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2008 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2009 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2010 «Сисиан»
* 2011 «Сисиан»
* 2012 «Сисиан»
* 2013 «Сисиан»
* 2014 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2015 «Нжде» [[Ереван]]
* 2016 КхМОММ [[Ереван]]
* 2017 КхМОММ [[Ереван]]
* 2018 КхМОММ [[Ереван]]
* 2019 КхМОММ [[Ереван]]

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

== См. также ==
* [[Чемпионат Армении по волейболу среди мужчин]]

== Ссылки и источники ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150510191834/http://www.armvolley.am/rus/index.php Федерация волейбола Армении]{{ref-hy}}{{ref-ru}}{{ref-en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209220840/http://www.avf.am/ Ереванская федерация волейбола]{{ref-en}}
* Карен Асмарян. [http://www.golosarmenii.am/ru/20068/sports/7731/ «Нужно начинать практически с нуля».]{{Недоступная ссылка|date=Июнь 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} // «Голос Армении» — [[14 декабря]] [[2010 год]]а.

{{Женские национальные волейбольные чемпионаты}}
{{Лиги ЕКВ — женщины}}

[[Категория:Чемпионаты Армении по волейболу]]
[[Категория:Женские национальные волейбольные чемпионаты Европы|Армения]]
[[Категория:Женский спорт в Армении]]


text:
# Nan Dirk de Graaf
Nan Dirk de Graaf (born 1958) is a Dutch sociologist working in Nuffield College, University of Oxford. He is known for his work on social stratification, religion (with a focus on secularisation), political sociology, the impact of social mobility on a variety of social issues (e.g., health, cultural consumption, and political preferences), pro-social behaviour, as well as his books.

## Biography
Nan Dirk de Graaf joined Nuffield College in 2007 and is an Official Fellow and a Professor in Sociology. He obtained his PhD at Utrecht University (1988) and was a post-doc researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Education and Human Development in Berlin (1988-1989). De Graaf was a research fellow of the Royal Netherlands Academy (1990-1995) and a full Professor in Sociology at Nijmegen University (2001-2007). Between 2003 and 2007 he was the chair of the Inter-university Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS).

## Research

### Social Stratification
De Graaf’s work challenged some of the notions of the transmission of social capital as formulated by Pierre Bourdieu. For Bourdieu, the effect of families’ social origin on educational attainment is dependent on economic capital and increasingly on cultural resources of privileged parents. De Graaf and colleagues, contrary to Bourdieu’s claims, demonstrate that it is not the elites that were successfully transmitting their cultural capital on their children’s educational attainment, but rather the cultivating behaviour (particularly in reading) of lower-educated parents that improved their children’s educational attainment. Furthermore, social stratification is determined by the degree of heterogamy displayed by the marriages within a society, and it is also the result of social capital. People with more weak ties have access to more information, which leads to better life chances.

### Consequences of Social Mobility
Social mobility, either intergenerational or intragenerational, is often assumed to have various important consequences, e.g. for health, cultural consumption, political preferences, and happiness. A problem with investigating mobility effects is that social mobility is the linear transformation ({\displaystyle X_{1}-X_{2}}) of any two status variables {\displaystyle X_{1}} and {\displaystyle X_{2}}. Therefore, any regression equation predicting social mobility cannot be identified as all three terms are included. Michael Sobel had a theoretically elegant solution to this problem, the Diagonal Mobility Models (commonly known as Diagonal Reference Models, DRM). De Graaf and colleagues compared the DRM model with the conventional ones, and found it superior, and had applied DRMs to estimate the impact of:
(1) intergenerational class mobility on political preferences;
(2) intra- and inter-generational social mobility on happiness;
(3) the education of husband and wife on cultural consumption;
(4) class of wife and husband on their political preference and their class identity;
(5) the impact of the education of husband and wife;
(6) intergenerational educational mobility on health;

### Religion and Secularisation
De Graaf maintains that despite secularisation, religion is still a central element of modern life. It shapes world-views, family lives, moral standards, as well as political preferences. With Kelley, De Graaf discovered that in secular societies children are more likely to become secular, but in secular societies parental religiosity is stronger positively associated with one’s own religiosity than in devout nations. De Graaf and colleagues have also shown that the state can accelerate the secular transition and, using Dutch event history data, that people are more likely to leave faith when they are in their late teens.
Lim and De Graaf tested Peter Berger’s theory of secularisation, which claims that in a religious pluralist society, religions must compete with one another and with non-religious institutions, which undermines a religion’s plausibility structure and leads to secularisation. For the first time, they tested its theoretical mechanisms by perceiving religious diversity from each religious group’s perspective. They did so because any specific local religious environment has different implications depending on one’s religion. Lim and De Graaf confirmed that religious diversity, especially the share of people of other religions, tends to reduce people’s religious involvement.

### Political Sociology
One of De Graaf’s earliest field of research has been the changing impact of social class on political preferences. Consequently, he investigated the rise of new social classes, the social and cultural specialists within the old service class, and their political preferences. De Graaf and colleagues had also found that with decline in class voting there is also a decline in religious based voting. With Van Spanje, he investigated how established parties can reduce other (upcoming) parties’ electoral support (often Right-Wing Populist Parties). An analysis of 296 elections results in 28 countries show that parroting a party decreases its support only if that party is ostracised at the same time. A party can be seen as ostracised if its largest established competitor systematically rules out all political cooperation with it.

### Pro-social Behaviour
Volunteering is not only helpful for society, but is also pays off at the individual level. Ruiter and De Graaf show that members of volunteering organisations are more likely to start new jobs which are better in terms of status and earnings than those of non-members. Furthermore, volunteering is beneficial when entering the labour market for the first time. Members of associations with more high-status co-members are more likely to get a new job and these jobs are of higher status too. Hence, voluntary association involvement provides an important additional network and that pays off. In another study, Ruiter and De Graaf confirmed that frequent churchgoers are more active in volunteer work and discovered that a devout national context has an additional positive effect. However, the difference between secular and religious people is substantially smaller in devout countries than in secular countries. Church attendance is not relevant for volunteering in devout countries. Furthermore, religious volunteering has a strong spillover effect, implying that religious citizens also volunteer more for secular organisations. This spillover effect is stronger for Catholics than for Protestants, non-Christians and non-religious individuals.

## Books

### Handbook of Sociological Science (2022)
Edited together with Klarita Gërxhani and Werner Raub, the book aims at an integrative perspective on ongoing developments in sociological science. These developments share key methodological features and can therefore be labelled ‘rigorous sociology’. There are, however, numerous research approaches within the discipline, but this pluralism may ultimately lead to the fragmentation of the discipline. The book makes the case for progress and cumulative growth in sociological knowledge by emphasising a common core of basic methodological standards for theoretical and empirical work. The handbook sketches basic features of rigorous sociology related to theory construction, empirical research, methods, and contributions to policy-making.

### Societal Problems as Public Bads (2019)
Written together with Dingeman Wiertz, this textbook discusses many pressing problems facing societies today: corruption, crime, economic inequality, religious extremism, financial crises, global warming, population ageing, gender inequalities, and the challenges of large scale migration. The book demonstrates that many similar social processes lie behind these seemingly disparate problems. The problems can often be traced back to actions that are perfectly rational or well-intended from an individual perspective, but that, taken together, give rise to undesirable societal outcomes. The book also explains why some problems rank higher on the public agenda than others. Moreover, it shows how government intervention may sometimes provide a cure, yet in other times exacerbate existing problems or create new problems of its own.

### Political Choice Matters (2013)
In 2013, together with Geoffrey Evans, De Graaf edited "Political Choice Matters: Explaining the strength of class and religious cleavages in cross-national perspective". The volume investigates the role of ideological positions adopted by political parties in shaping the extent of class and religious voting in contemporary democracies. The key question therefore is how are political cleavages formed and how do they change? Combining over-time, cross-national data and multi-level research designs, it demonstrates that parties' programmatic positions can provide voters with choice sets that accentuate or diminish political cleavages. It also simultaneously tests alternative, ‘bottom up’, approaches that attribute changes in class and religious voting to individualisation processes associated with socio-economic development and secularisation. There are detailed case studies of eleven European and Anglo-democracies examining, mostly, election studies ranging from the post-war period until the early 21st century. These studies are augmented by a pooled cross-national and overtime analysis of 15 Western democracies using an unprecedented dataset of 188 national pooled surveys.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Nan Dirk de Graaf

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Sociologist}}
'''Nan Dirk de Graaf''' (born 1958) is a Dutch [[Sociology|sociologist]] working in [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]], [[University of Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nan Dirk de Graaf |url=https://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/people/profiles/nan-dirk-de-graaf/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Nuffield College Oxford University |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his work on [[social stratification]], religion (with a focus on [[Secularization|secularisation]]), [[political sociology]], the impact of [[social mobility]] on a variety of social issues (e.g., health, [[Consumption (sociology)|cultural consumption]], and political preferences), [[Prosocial behavior|pro-social behaviour]], as well as his books.

== Biography ==
Nan Dirk de Graaf joined Nuffield College in 2007 and is an Official Fellow and a Professor in Sociology. He obtained his PhD at [[Utrecht University]] (1988) and was a post-doc researcher at the [[Max Planck Institute]] for Education and Human Development in Berlin (1988-1989). De Graaf was a research fellow of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|Royal Netherlands Academy]] (1990-1995) and a full Professor in Sociology at [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Nijmegen University]] (2001-2007). Between 2003 and 2007 he was the chair of the Inter-university Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4405-4612 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=orcid.org}}</ref>

== Research ==
=== ''Social Stratification'' ===
De Graaf’s work challenged some of the notions of the transmission of [[social capital]] as formulated by [[Pierre Bourdieu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bourdieu |first=Pierre |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511812507/type/book |title=Outline of a Theory of Practice |date=1977-06-02 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29164-4 |edition=1 |translator-last=Nice |translator-first=Richard |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511812507}}</ref> For Bourdieu, the effect of families’ social origin on [[educational attainment]] is dependent on [[Capital (economics)|economic capital]] and increasingly on cultural resources of privileged parents. De Graaf and colleagues, contrary to Bourdieu’s claims, demonstrate that it is not the [[elite]]s that were successfully transmitting their [[cultural capital]] on their children’s educational attainment, but rather the cultivating behaviour (particularly in reading) of lower-educated parents that improved their children’s educational attainment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Graaf |first2=Paul M. De |last3=Kraaykamp |first3=Gerbert |date=2000 |title=Parental Cultural Capital and Educational Attainment in the Netherlands: A Refinement of the Cultural Capital Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2673239 |journal=Sociology of Education |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=92 |doi=10.2307/2673239|jstor=2673239 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=De Graaf |first2=Paul M. |date=2002 |title=Formal and popular dimensions of cultural capital: effects on children's educational attainment |url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/62482/62482.pdf |journal=The Netherlands' Journal of Social Sciences |volume=38 |issue=2}}</ref> Furthermore, social stratification is determined by the degree of [[heterogamy]] displayed by the marriages within a society,<ref>{{Citation |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |date=2003 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-1065-8_5 |work=Who Marries Whom? |volume=12 |pages=79–111 |editor-last=Blossfeld |editor-first=Hans-Peter |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-1065-8_5 |isbn=978-1-4020-1803-9 |access-date=2022-10-16 |last2=Smeenk |first2=Wilma |last3=Ultee |first3=Wout |last4=Timm |first4=Andreas |title=The when and whom of First Marriage in the Netherlands |series=European Studies of Population |editor2-last=Timm |editor2-first=Andreas|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and it is also the result of social capital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Flap |first2=Hendrik Derk |date=1988 |title="With a Little Help from My Friends": Social Resources as an Explanation of Occupational Status and Income in West Germany, The Netherlands, and the United States |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2579190 |journal=Social Forces |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=452 |doi=10.2307/2579190|jstor=2579190 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> People with more [[Interpersonal ties|weak ties]] have access to more information, which leads to better [[life chances]].<ref name=":3" />

=== ''Consequences of Social Mobility'' ===
Social mobility, either [[Intergenerationality|''inter''generational]] or ''intra''generational, is often assumed to have various important consequences, e.g. for health, cultural consumption, political preferences, and happiness. A problem with investigating mobility effects is that social mobility is the [[linear transformation]] (<math>X_1-X_2</math>) of any two status variables <math>X_1</math> and <math>X_2</math>. Therefore, any [[Linear regression|regression]] equation predicting social mobility cannot be identified as all three terms are included.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=John |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |last3=Lammers |first3=Jan |last4=Ultee |first4=Wout |date=1993 |title=Models for status inconsistency and mobility: A comparison of the approaches by Hope and Sobel with the mainstream square additive model |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01102497 |journal=Quality and Quantity |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=335–352 |doi=10.1007/BF01102497 |issn=0033-5177|hdl=2066/141066 |s2cid=26309140 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Michael E. Sobel|Michael Sobel]] had a theoretically elegant solution to this problem, the Diagonal Mobility Models (commonly known as [[Diagonal Reference Models]], DRM).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Michael E. |date=1981 |title=Diagonal Mobility Models: A Substantively Motivated Class of Designs for the Analysis of Mobility Effects |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095086 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=893–906 |doi=10.2307/2095086 |jstor=2095086 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Michael E. |date=1985 |title=Social Mobility and Fertility Revisited: Some New Models for the Analysis of the Mobility Effects Hypothesis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095383 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=50 |issue=5 |pages=699–712 |doi=10.2307/2095383 |jstor=2095383 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref> De Graaf and colleagues compared the DRM model with the conventional ones, and found it superior,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=De Graaf |first=Nan Dirk |date=1991 |title=Distinction by consumption in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Netherlands |url=https://academic.oup.com/esr/article/471683/Distinction |journal=European Sociological Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=267–290 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036605 |issn=1468-2672|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and had applied DRMs to estimate the impact of:

(1) intergenerational [[class mobility]] on political preferences;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Ultee |first2=Wout |date=1987 |title=Intergenerationele mobiliteit en politieke verhoudingen |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140712 |journal=Acta Politica |issue=22 |pages=3–37|hdl=2066/140712 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Nieuwbeerta |first2=Paul |last3=Heath |first3=Anthony |date=1995 |title=Class Mobility and Political Preferences: Individual and Contextual Effects |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/230607 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=997–1027 |doi=10.1086/230607 |issn=0002-9602|hdl=2066/29143 |s2cid=43703013 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nieuwbeerta |first1=Paul |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=1993 |title=Intergenerational Class Mobility and Political Preferences in the Netherlands between 1970 and 1986 |url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2872688/view |journal=The Netherlands' Journal of Social Sciences}}</ref>

(2) intra- and inter-generational social mobility on happiness;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zang |first1=Emma |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2016 |title=Frustrated Achievers or Satisfied Losers? Inter- and Intragenerational Social Mobility and Happiness in China |url=https://www.sociologicalscience.com/articles-v3-33-779/ |journal=Sociological Science |volume=3 |pages=779–800 |doi=10.15195/v3.a33|doi-access=free }}</ref>

(3) the education of husband and wife on cultural consumption;<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Berkel |first1=Michel |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=1999 |title=By Virtue of Pleasantness? Housework and the Effects of Education Revisited |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/S0038038599000498 |journal=Sociology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=785–808 |doi=10.1177/S0038038599000498 |s2cid=220676561 |issn=0038-0385|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Ganzeboom |first2=Harry |date=1990 |title=Statusgroepen en cultuurdeelname |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/MenM/article/view/12889 |journal=Mens en Maatschappij |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=219–244}}</ref>

(4) class of wife and husband on their political preference<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Heath |first2=Anthony |date=1992 |title=Husbands' and Wives' Voting Behaviour in Britain: Class-dependent Mutual Influence of Spouses* |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000169939203500404 |journal=Acta Sociologica |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=311–322 |doi=10.1177/000169939203500404 |s2cid=143702874 |issn=0001-6993|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and their [[class identity]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sobel |first1=Michael E. |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |last3=Heath |first3=Anthony |last4=Zou |first4=Ying |date=2004 |title=Men matter more: the social class identity of married British women, 1985-1991 |journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A |language=en |volume=167 |issue=1 |pages=37–52 |doi=10.1046/j.0964-1998.2003.00710.x |s2cid=143787012 |issn=0964-1998|doi-access=free }}</ref>

(5) the impact of the education of husband and wife;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Christiaan W.S |last2=van Lenthe |first2=Frank |last3=De Graaf |first3=Nan Dirk |last4=Kraaykamp |first4=Gerbert |date=2003 |title=Partner's and own education: does who you live with matter for self-assessed health, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953603000558 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |language=en |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=1901–1912 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00055-8|pmid=14499514 |hdl=2066/62967 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

(6) intergenerational educational mobility on health;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Monden |first1=Christiaan W.S. |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2013 |title=The importance of father's and own education for self-assessed health across Europe: an East-West divide?: Father's and own education and health across Europe |journal=Sociology of Health & Illness |language=en |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=977–992 |doi=10.1111/1467-9566.12015|pmid=23278247 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== ''Religion and Secularisation'' ===
De Graaf maintains that despite secularisation, religion is still a central element of modern life. It shapes world-views, family lives, [[Morality|moral standards]], as well as political preferences.<ref>{{Citation |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |title=Secularization, religious fundamentalism, and religious extremism |date=2019-05-10 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351063456/chapters/10.4324/9781351063463-13 |work=Societal Problems as Public Bads |pages=260–280 |edition=1 |place=Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781351063463-13 |isbn=978-1-351-06346-3 |access-date=2022-12-19 |last2=Wiertz |first2=Dingeman|s2cid=181511332 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> With Kelley, De Graaf discovered that in [[Importance of religion by country|secular societies]] children are more likely to become secular, but in secular societies parental religiosity is stronger positively associated with one’s own religiosity than in devout nations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kelley |first1=Jonathan |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=1997 |title=National Context, Parental Socialization, and Religious Belief: Results from 15 Nations |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657431 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=639 |doi=10.2307/2657431|jstor=2657431 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Tim S. |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |last3=Schmidt |first3=Peter |date=2014 |title=Which Societies Provide a Strong Religious Socialization Context? Explanations Beyond the Effects of National Religiosity: RELIGIOUS SOCIALIZATION CONTEXT |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.12147 |journal=Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion |language=en |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=739–759 |doi=10.1111/jssr.12147|s2cid=10330553 }}</ref> De Graaf and colleagues have also shown that the state can accelerate the secular transition<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stolz |first1=Jörg |last2=Pollack |first2=Detlef |last3=De Graaf |first3=Nan Dirk |date=2020-08-01 |title=Can the State Accelerate the Secular Transition? Secularization in East and West Germany as a Natural Experiment |url=https://academic.oup.com/esr/article/36/4/626/5856289 |journal=European Sociological Review |language=en |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=626–642 |doi=10.1093/esr/jcaa014 |issn=0266-7215|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and, using Dutch event history data, that people are more likely to leave faith when they are in their late teens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Need |first1=Ariana |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=1996-05-01 |title='Losing my religion'1: a dynamic analysis of leaving the church in the Netherlands |url=https://academic.oup.com/esr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018179 |journal=European Sociological Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=87–99 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018179 |issn=0266-7215}}</ref>

Lim and De Graaf tested [[Peter L. Berger|Peter Berger]]’s theory of secularisation, which claims that in a religious pluralist society, religions must compete with one another and with non-religious institutions, which undermines a religion’s plausibility structure and leads to secularisation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Peter L. |title=The sacred canopy : elements of a sociological theory of religion |date=1967 |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=978-1-4532-1537-1 |location=Garden City, New York |pages=137 |oclc=793115083}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=9. Secularization: Theoretical Controversies Generating Empirical Research |date=2020-12-31 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804785501-012/html |work=The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research |pages=322–354 |editor-last=Wittek |editor-first=Rafael |publisher=Stanford University Press |doi=10.1515/9780804785501-012 |isbn=978-0-8047-8550-1 |s2cid=243728015 |access-date=2022-12-17 |editor2-last=Snijders |editor2-first=Tom A.B. |editor3-last=Nee |editor3-first=Victor|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For the first time, they tested its theoretical mechanisms by perceiving religious diversity from each religious group’s perspective. They did so because any specific local religious environment has different implications depending on one’s religion. Lim and De Graaf confirmed that religious diversity, especially the share of people of other religions, tends to reduce people’s religious involvement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Chaeyoon |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2021-02-08 |title=Religious Diversity Reconsidered: Local Religious Contexts and Individual Religiosity |url=https://academic.oup.com/socrel/article/82/1/31/5876621 |journal=Sociology of Religion |language=en |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=31–62 |doi=10.1093/socrel/sraa027 |issn=1069-4404|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== ''Political Sociology'' ===
One of De Graaf’s earliest field of research has been the changing impact of [[social class]] on political preferences.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nieuwbeerta |first1=Paul |title=The end of class politics? : class voting in comparative context |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Geoffrey Evans |isbn=978-0-19-152121-8 |location=Oxford |pages=23–56 |chapter=Traditional class voting in twenty postwar societies |oclc=309365706}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Werfhorst |first1=Herman G. Van de |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2004 |title=The sources of political orientations in post-industrial society: social class and education revisited |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00016.x |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=211–235 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00016.x |pmid=15233631 |issn=0007-1315|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |last2=Heath |first2=Anthony |last3=Need |first3=Ariana |date=2001 |title=Declining cleavages and political choices: the interplay of social and political factors in the Netherlands |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026137949900061X |journal=Electoral Studies |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00061-X}}</ref> Consequently, he investigated the rise of new social classes, the social and cultural specialists within the old service class, and their political preferences.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Güveli |first1=Ayse |last2=Need |first2=Ariana |last3=De Graaf |first3=Nan Dirk |date=2007 |title=The Rise of 'New' Social Classes within the Service Class in The Netherlands: Political Orientation of Social and Cultural Specialists and Technocrats between 1970 and 2003 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0001699307077655 |journal=Acta Sociologica |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=129–146 |doi=10.1177/0001699307077655 |s2cid=55208701 |issn=0001-6993}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Jansen |first1=Giedo |title=Class Voting and Left-Right Party Positions |date=2013-03-28 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27210/chapter/196669752 |work=Political Choice Matters |pages=46–82 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Geoffrey |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663996.003.0003 |isbn=978-0-19-966399-6 |access-date=2022-11-08 |last2=Evans |first2=Geoffrey |last3=De Graaf |first3=Nan Dirk |editor2-last=De Graaf |editor2-first=Nan Dirk|hdl=2066/112060 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> De Graaf and colleagues had also found that with decline in [[class voting]] there is also a decline in religious based voting.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jansen |first1=Giedo |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |last3=Need |first3=Ariana |date=2012 |title=Explaining the Breakdown of the Religion–Vote Relationship in The Netherlands, 1971–2006 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402382.2012.682344 |journal=West European Politics |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=756–783 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2012.682344 |s2cid=154810135 |issn=0140-2382|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |title=The Political Evolution of Class and Religion |date=2013-03-28 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27210/chapter/196679129 |work=Political Choice Matters |pages=205–242 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Geoffrey |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663996.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-966399-6 |access-date=2022-11-08 |last2=Jansen |first2=Giedo |last3=Need |first3=Ariana |editor2-last=De Graaf |editor2-first=Nan Dirk|hdl=2066/112183 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> With Van Spanje, he investigated how established [[Political party|parties]] can reduce other (upcoming) parties’ electoral support (often [[Right-wing populism|Right-Wing Populist Parties]]). An analysis of 296 elections results in 28 countries show that parroting a party decreases its support only if that party is ostracised at the same time. A party can be seen as ostracised if its largest established competitor systematically rules out all political cooperation with it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Spanje |first1=Joost |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2018-01-02 |title=How established parties reduce other parties' electoral support: the strategy of parroting the pariah |journal=West European Politics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2017.1332328 |issn=0140-2382|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== ''Pro-social Behaviour'' ===
[[Volunteering]] is not only helpful for society, but is also pays off at the individual level. Ruiter and De Graaf show that members of volunteering organisations are more likely to start new jobs which are better in terms of status and earnings than those of non-members. Furthermore, volunteering is beneficial when entering the labour market for the first time. Members of associations with more high-status co-members are more likely to get a new job and these jobs are of higher status too. Hence, voluntary association involvement provides an important additional network and that pays off.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiter |first1=Stijn |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2009-08-01 |title=Socio-economic Payoffs of Voluntary Association Involvement: A Dutch Life Course Study |url=https://academic.oup.com/esr/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/esr/jcn051 |journal=European Sociological Review |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=425–442 |doi=10.1093/esr/jcn051 |issn=0266-7215|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In another study, Ruiter and De Graaf confirmed that frequent churchgoers are more active in volunteer work and discovered that a devout national context has an additional positive effect. However, the difference between secular and religious people is substantially smaller in devout countries than in secular countries. Church attendance is not relevant for volunteering in devout countries. Furthermore, religious volunteering has a strong [[spillover effect]], implying that religious citizens also volunteer more for secular organisations. This spillover effect is stronger for Catholics than for Protestants, non-Christians and non-religious individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiter |first1=Stijn |last2=De Graaf |first2=Nan Dirk |date=2006 |title=National Context, Religiosity, and Volunteering: Results from 53 Countries |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000312240607100202 |journal=American Sociological Review |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=191–210 |doi=10.1177/000312240607100202 |s2cid=145704378 |issn=0003-1224}}</ref>

== Books ==

=== ''Handbook of Sociological Science (2022)'' ===
Edited together with Klarita Gërxhani and Werner Raub, the book aims at an integrative perspective on ongoing developments in sociological science.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.elgaronline.com/view/book/9781789909432/9781789909432.xml |title=Handbook of Sociological Science: Contributions to Rigorous Sociology |date=2022-06-10 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78990-943-2 |editor-last=Gërxhani |editor-first=Klarita |doi=10.4337/9781789909432 |s2cid=249683497 |editor-last2=De Graaf |editor-first2=Nan Dirk |editor-last3=Raub |editor-first3=Werner}}</ref> These developments share key methodological features and can therefore be labelled ‘rigorous sociology’. There are, however, numerous research approaches within the discipline, but this pluralism may ultimately lead to the fragmentation of the discipline. The book makes the case for progress and cumulative growth in sociological knowledge by emphasising a common core of basic methodological standards for theoretical and empirical work. The handbook sketches basic features of rigorous sociology related to theory construction, empirical research, methods, and contributions to policy-making.

=== ''Societal Problems as Public Bads (2019)'' ===
Written together with Dingeman Wiertz, this textbook discusses many pressing problems facing societies today: [[corruption]], [[crime]], [[economic inequality]], [[religious extremism]], [[Financial crisis|financial crises]], [[Climate change|global warming]], [[population ageing]], [[gender inequalities]], and the challenges of large scale migration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=De Graaf |first1=Nan Dirk |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351063456 |title=Societal Problems as Public Bads |last2=Wiertz |first2=Dingeman |date=2019-05-10 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-06346-3 |edition=1 |location=Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781351063463|s2cid=187927546 }}</ref> The book demonstrates that many similar social processes lie behind these seemingly disparate problems. The problems can often be traced back to actions that are perfectly rational or well-intended from an individual perspective, but that, taken together, give rise to undesirable societal outcomes. The book also explains why some problems rank higher on the public agenda than others. Moreover, it shows how government intervention may sometimes provide a cure, yet in other times exacerbate existing problems or create new problems of its own.

=== ''Political Choice Matters (2013)'' ===
In 2013, together with [[Geoff Evans (political scientist)|Geoffrey Evans]], De Graaf edited "Political Choice Matters: Explaining the strength of class and religious cleavages in cross-national perspective".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27210 |title=Political Choice Matters: Explaining the Strength of Class and Religious Cleavages in Cross-National Perspective |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-966399-6 |editor-last=Evans |editor-first=Geoffrey |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199663996.001.0001 |editor-last2=De Graaf |editor-first2=Nan Dirk}}</ref> The volume investigates the role of [[Ideology|ideological positions]] adopted by political parties in shaping the extent of class and religious voting in [[Democracy|contemporary democracies]]. The key question therefore is how are [[Cleavage (politics)|political cleavages]] formed and how do they change? Combining over-time, cross-national data and [[Multilevel model|multi-level]] research designs, it demonstrates that parties' programmatic positions can provide voters with choice sets that accentuate or diminish political cleavages. It also simultaneously tests alternative, ‘bottom up’, approaches that attribute changes in class and religious voting to individualisation processes associated with [[Socio-Economic Development|socio-economic development]] and secularisation. There are detailed case studies of eleven European and Anglo-democracies examining, mostly, election studies ranging from the post-war period until the early 21st century. These studies are augmented by a pooled cross-national and overtime analysis of 15 Western democracies using an unprecedented dataset of 188 national pooled surveys.

== References ==
<references />

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Graaf, Nan Dirk de}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch sociologists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Utrecht University alumni]]