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# 鹿花菌
鹿花菌（學名：Gyromitra esculenta），又名鹿花蕈或河豚菌，是鹿花菌屬下的假羊肚菌，分佈在歐洲及北美洲。它們生長在針葉林的沙質土壤，於春天及初夏長成。子囊果的菌蓋為深褐色，呈不規則的腦狀，高10厘米及闊15厘米，蕈柄長6厘米及是白色的。
吃下鹿花菌是可以致命的，但在斯堪地那維亞、東歐及北美洲的五大湖地區鹿花菌是一種著名的美食。在西班牙是禁止售賣鹿花菌，而在芬蘭卻在有足夠的警告及指示下則是可以出售的。它們可以作為西式蛋餅或湯的材料，或是可以嫩煎來吃。
一般在處理鹿花菌前會將之煮成半熟，但研究發現這個方法並不能確保安全食用。鹿花菌內含的鹿花菌素水解後會成為有毒的一甲基肼。一甲基肼會影響肝臟、中央神經系統及腎臟。中毒的徵狀包括在食用後幾小時出現嘔吐及腹瀉，接著是頭昏、昏睡及頭痛。嚴重的可以導致譫妄及昏迷，5-7日後可能會死亡。

## 分類及命名
鹿花菌首先是於1800年由Christian Hendrik Persoon所描述，並被分類在馬鞍菌屬下。後來於1849年埃利亞斯·馬格努斯·弗里斯（Elias Magnus Fries）將之分類到鹿花菌屬下。鹿花菌屬學名的古希臘文意思是「圓頭飾帶」。種小名是拉丁文「可食用」的意思。
鹿花菌是假羊肚菌的一種，因它們的外觀像羊肚菌。其他的假羊肚菌包括赭鹿花菌、卡羅來納鹿花菌及大鹿花菌等，只含有少量至沒有鹿花菌素。
傳統上認為鹿花菌是屬於馬鞍菌科的。核糖體DNA的研究發現鹿花菌較為接近平盤菌屬，連同Pseudorhizina 及Hydnotrya 組成新的平盤菌科分支。

## 特徵
鹿花菌不規則的菌蓋很像腦部，可以高10厘米及闊15厘米。初生長時菌蓋是光滑的，逐漸會長出更多皺褶。菌蓋可以是紅色、紫色、棗色或金褐色。在加利福尼亞州的鹿花菌菌蓋呈紅褐色。蕈柄是實心的，高3-6厘米及闊2-3厘米。氣味芬芳，味道清淡。孢子印是白色的，孢子則是透明的，呈橢圓形，長17-22微米。
鹿花菌的外觀像羊肚菌，分別只在於羊肚菌較為對稱，呈灰色、黃褐色或褐色。羊肚菌的菌蓋也較大及深色。

## 分佈及生長地
鹿花菌生長在溫帶針葉林及落葉林的沙質土壤。它們很多時會長在松樹下，有時也會在白楊樹下。採集期是介乎4月至7月，比其他的要早，有時甚至會在溶雪期間長成。一些年間它們的數量可以很豐富，而在另一些年間則可以很稀有。在一些已開發的地方也可以見到它們生長，如溪流、木板、犁地、燒林及路邊。
鹿花菌在北美洲的山區及北部針葉林（如內華達山脈及喀斯喀特山脈）尤為豐富，但其實其分佈遍及整個大洲，並南至墨西哥。它們在中歐也很普遍，較多分佈在西部及山區。在北愛爾蘭、土耳其西部的烏沙克省及東南岸安塔利亞省的卡斯（Kaş）也有紀錄發現鹿花菌。

## 毒性
鹿花菌已知帶有毒性最少達100年。由於出現很多不同徵狀，很多學者認為中毒反應多是個別的過敏反應，或是誤會，而非鹿花菌天生的。有些人可能會有嚴重的徵狀，但有些同枱的人卻可能完全沒有徵狀。另外也有些人中毒後幾年都沒有徵狀。但是，現時一般相信鹿花菌是可以致命的。
鹿花菌含有有毒的鹿花菌素，不同群落會有不同的含量。例如在北美洲或西歐就很少有鹿花菌中毒的事件，但在東歐及斯堪地那維亞就經常出現。1971年的統計就指在波蘭每年就約有23%食用真菌致命的個案是與鹿花菌有關的。死亡率自20世紀中葉就下降：在1952年至2002年的瑞典就沒有再出現鹿花菌的致命報告。
鹿花菌素的致死量估計小童及成人分別為每公斤10-30毫克及20-50毫克。這個含量分別約為新鮮鹿花菌的0.2-0.6公斤及0.4-1公斤。但是，個別的反應會因人而異，可以完全沒有反應或出現嚴重中毒反應。證據顯示小童受影響得較嚴重，但原因不明。雖然將鹿花菌煮成半熟可以大幅減少鹿花菌素的含量，但重複食用仍會增加中毒的風險。

### 地理變化
不同地區的鹿花菌群落含有不同的毒性。在較高海拔的群落毒素含量較低地的少；另外在洛磯山脈西邊的含量也較東邊的少。西邊也曾出現中毒的個案，但總比歐洲的來得更少。

### 生物化學
鹿花菌的有毒成份一直難倒了研究人員，直至1968年才能分解出鹿花菌素。鹿花菌素是一種揮發溶解的肼複合物，在身體水解後成為一甲基肼。鹿花菌內也含有其他可以產生一甲基肼的衍生物，雖然含量較少，但對毒性的影響則不明。
鹿花菌的毒素會與5-磷酸吡哆醛產生化學反應形成肼，降低了谷氨酸脱羧酶的活躍性而影響了神經遞質γ-氨基丁酸的生成，造成神經系統徵狀。一甲基肼會造成人體內的氧化壓力，導致正鐵血紅蛋白血症。在代謝一甲基肼時會產生N-甲基-N-甲酰肼（N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine），經細胞色素p450氧化代謝後會產生甲基根。甲基根會導致肝臟壞死。抑制二胺氧化酶會令組織胺水平上升，導致頭痛、反胃、嘔吐及腹痛。

### 徵狀
鹿花菌中毒的徵狀一般都是與消化道及神經系統有關。徵狀會於食用後的6-12小時內出現，也有嚴重的個案於食用後2小時就出現。初期徵狀發生在消化道，先是反胃、嘔吐及含血的腹瀉。若嘔吐及腹瀉嚴重更會有脫水。眩暈、昏睡、手震、運動失調、眼球震顫，及後來的頭痛；經常也會有發熱，其他的真菌中毒很少會有這個徵狀。在大部份個案中，發熱過後的2-6日就會康復。
一些個案中會出現沒有徵狀的階段，在初期徵狀後出現明顯的毒性，如腎毒性、肝毒性及神經毒性。這些情況往往在1-3日後出現。患者會出現黃疸，肝臟及脾臟會漲大，一些的血糖水平會上升，接著下降，繼而出現肝毒性。血管內的溶血會令紅血球被破壞，增加了自由血紅素及血紅素尿，再造成腎毒性或腎衰竭。有時更會引發變性血紅素血症，令患者呼吸困難及發紺。嚴重中毒的可能會引起神經系統問題，如精神錯亂、肌肉自發性收縮及眩暈、瞳孔放大演變至昏迷、迴圈性虛脫及呼吸停止。

### 治療
治療都是輔助性的。在食用後幾小時內用活性炭洗胃可以減輕中毒情況。不過，因為徵狀很多時較遲出現，患者往往未必得到治療，限制了其效能。嚴重嘔吐或腹瀉的患者需要靜脈輸液。觀察氧化血紅素水平、電解質、肝臟及腎臟功能、驗尿、及全血細胞計數來檢查及處理不正常的地方。腎功能受損或衰竭可以透析來治療。出現溶血的患者需要輸血來補充失去的紅血球，變性血紅素血症則需要以注射亞甲藍。
維他命B6可以抵消一甲基肼造成的酶抑制作用，從而繼續γ-氨基丁酸的合成，舒緩徵狀。維他命B6只適合神經系統的徵狀，並不能舒緩肝毒性。初期可以服用每公斤25毫克，並可以在沒有改善徵狀的情況下重複使用至15-30克。苯二氮䓬類藥物可以調節γ-氨基丁酸受體，從而增加維他命B6的效能，故會用來控制暈眩。另外，一甲基肼是會抑制葉酸轉變成亞葉酸，所以每天服用20-200毫克亞葉酸可以幫助治療。

### 致癌性
一甲基肼、methylformylhydrazine及鹿花菌素及生鹿花菌都被證實是致癌的。雖然鹿花菌對人類未必致癌，但也存在風險。毒素可能會積聚在體內鹿花菌可以分解出最少11種不同的肼，但潛在的致癌物未必可以煮成半熟來清除。

## 食用
雖然鹿花菌是有毒的，但在歐洲及北美洲多個國家都有出售。以往波蘭有出口到德國，但現時德國與及瑞士都禁止出售。在瑞典也有警告食用鹿花菌的危險，並限制食店購買鹿花菌。在保加尼亞仍有食用、售賣及出口鹿花菌。在一些國家，如西班牙及庇利牛斯山東部，都將鹿花菌視為美食，有很多人經常食用鹿花菌而從來都沒有發病。不過，鹿花菌仍然被列為有害的真菌，在西班牙售賣亦受到禁止。在芬蘭仍可以買賣鹿花菌，但出售時必須有適當的警告及指示。也有處理後及罐頭鹿花菌出售，可以即時食用。芬蘭官方統計於2006年及2007年就分別有21.9噸及32.7噸的鹿花菌售出。於2002年就估計在芬蘭每年食用了數百噸的鹿花菌。在美國五大湖地區及一些西部州份也有食用鹿花菌。
芬蘭菜中會將鹿花菌夾在西式蛋餅中、或是與牛油一同嫩煎、或是夾在批中。另外，也可將鹿花菌煮湯。一般的調味料包括香芹、蝦夷蔥、蒔蘿及黑胡椒。

### 處理
只要除去大部份鹿花菌素，鹿花菌就可以安全食用。有建議可以先風乾鹿花菌，再煮熟或直接燒烤就可以除去鹿花菌素。新鮮的鹿花菌可以先切片，以大量的水將之煮成半熟兩次，每次需時5分鐘及用清水沖洗。每一次煮都可以將鹿花菌素減少至十分之一。鹿花菌素會濾到水中，所以煮過的水必須倒去，並以清水補充。風乾也可以降低鹿花菌素的濃度，十日風乾就可以令鹿花菌素下降90%。不過，風乾後最好都要煮熟鹿花菌。
一甲基肼在87.5℃下會被蒸發。若蒸氣積聚也可以造成鹿花菌素中毒，所以在室內煮鹿花菌時須留意通風問題。雖然煮沸，鹿花菌內仍會存留少量鹿花菌素。由於毒素有可能會積聚在體內，不斷食用也存在著風險。

### 培植
已發現了低鹿花菌素含量的鹿花菌菌株，且已有培植這種菌株。故此將來可就培植更安全的菌株進行研究。

## 外部連結
- Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for May 2002（页面存档备份，存于）
- California Fungi（页面存档备份，存于）
- 芬蘭的鹿花菌官方指引（页面存档备份，存于）

title: 鹿花菌

wikitext:
{{FixBunching|beg}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Gyromitra esculenta
| image = Frühjahrslorchel.JPG
| authority =  ([[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]] ex Pers.) [[埃利亞斯·馬格努斯·弗里斯|Fr.]]
}}
{{FixBunching|mid}}
{{mycomorphbox
| name = 鹿花菌
| hymeniumType=smooth
| capShape = convex
| whichGills = NA
| stipeCharacter=bare
| sporePrintColor=yellow
| sporePrintColor2=buff
| ecologicalType=saprotrophic
| ecologicalType2=mycorrhizal
| howEdible2=deadly
| howEdible=choice}}
{{FixBunching|end}}

'''鹿花菌'''（[[學名]]：''Gyromitra esculenta''），又名'''鹿花蕈'''或'''河豚菌'''，是[[鹿花菌屬]]下的[[假羊肚菌]]，分佈在[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]。它們生長在[[針葉林]]的沙質[[土壤]]，於[[春天]]及初夏長成。[[子囊果]]的[[菌蓋]]為深褐色，呈不規則的腦狀，高10厘米及闊15厘米，[[蕈柄]]長6厘米及是白色的。

吃下鹿花菌是可以致命的，但在[[斯堪地那維亞]]、[[東歐]]及[[北美洲]]的[[五大湖地區]]鹿花菌是一種著名的美食。在[[西班牙]]是禁止售賣鹿花菌，而在[[芬蘭]]卻在有足夠的警告及指示下則是可以出售的。它們可以作為[[西式蛋餅]]或[[湯]]的材料，或是可以[[嫩煎]]來吃。

一般在處理鹿花菌前會將之煮成半熟，但研究發現這個方法並不能確保安全食用。<ref name="dart">{{Cite book|last=Dart|first= Richard C|chapter=Mushrooms|title=Medical toxicology|url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltoxicolog0000unse|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/medicaltoxicolog0000unse/page/1719 1719]–35|isbn=0-7817-2845-2}}</ref>鹿花菌內含的[[鹿花菌素]][[水解]]後會成為有毒的[[一甲基肼]]。一甲基肼會影響[[肝臟]]、[[中央神經系統]]及[[腎臟]]。中毒的徵狀包括在食用後幾小時出現[[嘔吐]]及[[腹瀉]]，接著是[[頭昏]]、[[昏睡]]及[[頭痛]]。嚴重的可以導致[[譫妄]]及[[昏迷]]，5-7日後可能會[[死亡]]。

==分類及命名==
鹿花菌首先是於1800年由Christian Hendrik Persoon所描述，並被分類在[[馬鞍菌屬]]下。<ref>Persoon CH (1800) ''Comm. Schaeff. Icon. Pict.'': 64</ref>後來於1849年[[埃利亞斯·馬格努斯·弗里斯]]（Elias Magnus Fries）將之分類到[[鹿花菌屬]]下。<ref>Fries EM (1849) ''Summa veg. Scand., Section Post''. (Stockholm):p. 346</ref>鹿花菌屬[[學名]]的[[古希臘文]]意思是「圓頭飾帶」。<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{Cite book|author=Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott|year=1980|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|url=https://archive.org/details/lexicon00lidd|edition=Abridged|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-910207-4}}</ref>[[種小名]]是[[拉丁文]]「可食用」的意思。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Simpson|first=D.P.|title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary|publisher=Cassell|year=1979|edition=5th|location=London|pages=883|isbn=0-304-52257-0}}</ref>

鹿花菌是[[假羊肚菌]]的一種，因它們的外觀像[[羊肚菌]]。其他的假羊肚菌包括[[赭鹿花菌]]、[[卡羅來納鹿花菌]]及[[大鹿花菌]]等，只含有少量至沒有[[鹿花菌素]]。<ref name="Gencat">{{ca icon}} {{citation|author=Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya|title=Bolets|url=http://www.gencat.cat/salut/depsalut/html/ca/dir2155/csam_6.htm|accessdate=2009-03-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308071936/http://www.gencat.cat/salut/depsalut/html/ca/dir2155/csam_6.htm|archivedate=2009-03-08}}</ref>

傳統上認為鹿花菌是屬於[[馬鞍菌科]]的。[[核糖體DNA]]的研究發現鹿花菌較為接近[[平盤菌屬]]，連同''Pseudorhizina ''及''Hydnotrya ''組成新的[[平盤菌科]]分支。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Phylogenetic Relationships among Ascomycetous Truffles and the True and False Morels Inferred from 18S and 28S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761172?origin=crossref|last=O'Donnell|first=Kerry|last2=Cigelnik|first2=Elizabeth|date=1997-01|journal=Mycologia|issue=1|doi=10.2307/3761172|volume=89|pages=48|last3=Weber|first3=Nancy S.|last4=Trappe|first4=James M.|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331193432/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3761172?origin=crossref|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==特徵==
[[Image:Giftlorchel.jpg|left|thumb|初生長的鹿花菌，[[菌蓋]]較少皺褶。]]
鹿花菌不規則的[[菌蓋]]很像[[腦部]]，可以高10厘米及闊15厘米。初生長時菌蓋是光滑的，逐漸會長出更多皺褶。菌蓋可以是紅色、紫色、棗色或金褐色。在[[加利福尼亞州]]的鹿花菌菌蓋呈紅褐色。<ref name="arora86">{{Cite book|last=Arora|first=David|year=1986|title=Mushrooms Demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi|url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0|edition=2nd|location=Berkeley|publisher=Ten Speed Press|isbn=0-89815-169-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mushroomsdemysti00aror_0/page/801 801]–02}}</ref>[[蕈柄]]是實心的<ref name="Nilper77"/>，高3-6厘米及闊2-3厘米。氣味芬芳，味道清淡。[[孢子印]]是白色的，[[孢子]]則是透明的，呈[[橢圓形]]，長17-22微米。<ref name ="Zeitl">{{Cite book|last=Zeitlmayr|first=Linus|year=1976|title=Wild Mushrooms:An Illustrated Handbook|pages=112|publisher=Garden City Press|location=Hertfordshire|isbn=0-584-10324-7}}</ref>

鹿花菌的外觀像[[羊肚菌]]，分別只在於羊肚菌較為[[對稱]]，呈灰色、黃褐色或褐色。羊肚菌的菌蓋也較大及深色。<ref name=Ammirati>{{Cite book|author=Ammirati, Joseph F.; James A Traquair and Paul A Horgen|year=1985|title=Poisonous mushrooms of the northern United States and Canada|url=https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma|location=Minneapolis|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/poisonousmushroo00amma/page/121 121]|isbn=0-8166-1407-5}}</ref>

==分佈及生長地==
鹿花菌生長在[[溫帶]][[針葉林]]及[[落葉林]]的沙質[[土壤]]。它們很多時會長在[[松樹]]下，有時也會在[[白楊樹]]下。<ref>{{Cite book|title=How to Know the Non-Gilled Fleshy Fungi|author=Smith HV, Smith AH|year=1973|publisher=Wm. C. Brown Co.|location=Dubuque, Il|isbn=0697048667}}</ref>採集期是介乎4月至7月，比其他的要早，有時甚至會在溶雪期間長成。<ref name="arora86"/>一些年間它們的數量可以很豐富，而在另一些年間則可以很稀有。在一些已開發的地方也可以見到它們生長，如溪流、木板、犁地、燒林及路邊。<ref name="Nilper77">{{Cite book|author=Nilsson S, Persson O|year=1977|title=Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi)|pages=34–5|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-063-005-8}}</ref>

鹿花菌在[[北美洲]]的山區及北部針葉林（如[[內華達山脈 (美國)|內華達山脈]]及[[喀斯喀特山脈]]）尤為豐富，但其實其分佈遍及整個[[大洲]]<ref name="arora86"/>，並南至[[墨西哥]]。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Medel|first=Rosario|year=2005|title=A review of the genus ''Gyromitra'' (Ascomycota, Pezizales, Discinaceae) in Mexico|journal=Mycotaxon|volume=94|pages=103–10}}</ref>它們在[[中歐]]也很普遍，較多分佈在西部及山區。<ref name=Lamaison05>{{Cite book|title=The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms|url=https://archive.org/details/greatencyclopedi0000lama|last=Lamaison|first=Jean-Louis|coauthors=Polese, Jean-Marie|year=2005|publisher=Könemann|isbn=3-8331-1239-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatencyclopedi0000lama/page/230 230]}}</ref>在[[北愛爾蘭]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Ireland's Herbarium Specimens|publisher=Northern Ireland Fungus Group|year=2007|url=http://www.nifg.org.uk/herbarium.htm|accessdate=2008-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015333/http://www.nifg.org.uk/herbarium.htm|archive-date=2019-02-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref>、[[土耳其]]西部的[[烏沙克省]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Türkoglu A, Alli H, Iṣiloğlu M, , Yağiz D, Gezer K|title=Macrofungal diversity of Uşak province in Turkey|journal=Mycotaxon|volume=103|pages=1–11|url=http://egitim.selcuk.edu.tr/fen/yagiz/pdf/mycotaxon08-002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-03-07|date=February 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142515/http://egitim.selcuk.edu.tr/fen/yagiz/pdf/mycotaxon08-002.pdf|archivedate=2009-02-25}}</ref>及東南岸[[安塔利亞省]]的[[卡斯]]（Kaş）也有紀錄發現鹿花菌。<ref name=Gez00>{{cite journal|author=Gezer K|year=2000|title=Contributions to the Macrofungi Flora of Antalya Province|journal=Turkish Journal of Botany|volume=24|issue=5|pages=293–98|url=http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=bot&rak=97069|accessdate=2008-02-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323134146/http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=bot&rak=97069|archivedate=2009-03-23}}</ref>

==毒性==
[[Image:False morels for sale - don't touch.jpg|thumb|在[[芬蘭]][[赫爾辛基]]出售鹿花菌須有警告標語。]]
鹿花菌已知帶有毒性最少達100年。由於出現很多不同徵狀，很多學者認為中毒反應多是個別的[[過敏]]反應，或是誤會，而非鹿花菌天生的。有些人可能會有嚴重的徵狀，但有些同枱的人卻可能完全沒有徵狀。另外也有些人中毒後幾年都沒有徵狀。<ref name=Benjamin>{{Cite book|last=Benjamin|first=Denis R.|title=Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas—a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians|url=https://archive.org/details/mushroomspoisons0000benj|publisher=WH Freeman and Company|location=New York|year=1995|isbn=0-7167-2600-9}}</ref>但是，現時一般相信鹿花菌是可以致命的。<ref name=Benjamin/>

鹿花菌含有有毒的[[鹿花菌素]]，不同群落會有不同的含量。例如在[[北美洲]]或[[西歐]]就很少有鹿花菌中毒的事件，但在[[東歐]]及[[斯堪地那維亞]]就經常出現。<ref name="diaz">{{Cite journal|title=Syndromic diagnosis and management of confirmed mushroom poisonings:|url=http://journals.lww.com/00003246-200502000-00021|last=Diaz|first=James H.|date=2005-02|journal=Critical Care Medicine|issue=2|doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000153531.69448.49|volume=33|pages=427–436|language=en|issn=0090-3493|pmid=15699849}}</ref>1971年的統計就指在[[波蘭]]每年就約有23%食用[[真菌]]致命的個案是與鹿花菌有關的。<ref name="Lampe"/>[[死亡率]]自20世紀中葉就下降：在1952年至2002年的[[瑞典]]就沒有再出現鹿花菌的致命報告。<ref name="Karlson"/>

鹿花菌素的[[致死量]]估計小童及成人分別為每公斤10-30毫克及20-50毫克。這個含量分別約為新鮮鹿花菌的0.2-0.6公斤及0.4-1公斤。<ref name="Michelot"/>但是，個別的反應會因人而異，可以完全沒有反應或出現嚴重中毒反應。<ref name="coulet"/>證據顯示小童受影響得較嚴重，但原因不明。<ref name=Benjamin/>雖然將鹿花菌煮成半熟可以大幅減少鹿花菌素的含量，但重複食用仍會增加中毒的風險。<ref name="coulet"/>

===地理變化===
不同地區的鹿花菌群落含有不同的毒性。在較高[[海拔]]的群落毒素含量較低地的少；<ref name=Benjamin/>另外在[[洛磯山脈]]西邊的含量也較東邊的少。<ref name=Benjamin/>西邊也曾出現中毒的個案<ref name="Leathem"/>，但總比[[歐洲]]的來得更少。<ref>{{cite journal|author=Balterowich L, Blaney B, White S|year=1996|title=Acute hepatotoxicity following ingestion of ''Gyromitra esculenta''(false morel) mushrooms|journal=Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology|volume=34|issue=5|pages=602|url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/316802_751308121_784519284.pdf|format=pdf|access-date=2009-11-23|archive-date=2009-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326054827/http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/316802_751308121_784519284.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

===生物化學===
[[Image:Methylhydrazine-3D-balls.png|thumb|right|有毒的[[一甲基肼]]。]]
鹿花菌的有毒成份一直難倒了研究人員，直至1968年才能分解出[[鹿花菌素]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gyromitrin, das Gift der Frühjahrslorchel. 16. Mitt. über Pilzinhaltsstoffe|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ardp.19683010410|last=List|first=P. H.|last2=Luft|first2=P.|date=1968|journal=Archiv der Pharmazie|issue=4|doi=10.1002/ardp.19683010410|volume=301|pages=294–305|language=de|issn=0365-6233|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401073639/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ardp.19683010410|dead-url=no}}</ref>鹿花菌素是一種揮發溶解的[[肼]][[複合物]]，在身體[[水解]]後成為[[一甲基肼]]。鹿花菌內也含有其他可以產生一甲基肼的衍生物，雖然含量較少，但對毒性的影響則不明。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Some new toxic compounds in false morels,Gyromitra esculenta|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00625355|last=Pyysalo|first=H.|date=1975-08|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|issue=8|doi=10.1007/BF00625355|volume=62|pages=395–395|language=en|issn=0028-1042}}</ref>

鹿花菌的毒素會與[[5-磷酸吡哆醛]]產生[[化學反應]]形成肼，降低了[[谷氨酸脱羧酶]]的活躍性而影響了[[神經遞質]][[γ-氨基丁酸]]的生成<ref>{{Cite journal|title=THE ROLE OF VITAMIN B 6 IN THE TOXICITY OF HYDRAZINES|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb54264.x|last=Cornish|first=Herbert H.|date=1969-09|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|issue=1 Vitamin B6 in|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb54264.x|volume=166|pages=136–145|language=en|issn=0077-8923|pmid=5262010}}</ref>，造成[[神經系統]]徵狀。一甲基肼會造成人體內的氧化壓力，導致[[正鐵血紅蛋白血症]]。<ref name="Michelot"/>在[[代謝]]一甲基肼時會產生N-甲基-N-甲酰肼（''N''-methyl-''N''-formylhydrazine），經[[細胞色素p450]]氧化代謝後會產生甲基根。甲基根會導致[[肝臟]]壞死。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indications for nitrosamide formation from the mushroom poison gyromitrin by rat liver microsomes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7445522|last=Braun|first=R.|last2=Greeff|first2=U.|date=1980-07|journal=Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems|issue=7-8|doi=10.3109/00498258009033790|volume=10|pages=557–564|issn=0049-8254|pmid=7445522|last3=Netter|first3=K. J.|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331195830/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7445522/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Braun">{{Cite journal|title=Liver injury by the morel poison gyromitrin|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300483X79900428|last=Braun|first=R.|last2=Greeff|first2=U.|date=1979-02|journal=Toxicology|issue=2|doi=10.1016/0300-483X(79)90042-8|volume=12|pages=155–163|language=en|last3=Netter|first3=K.J.|pmid=473232|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615223407/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300483X79900428|dead-url=no}}</ref>抑制[[二胺氧化酶]]會令[[組織胺]]水平上升，導致[[頭痛]]、[[反胃]]、[[嘔吐]]及[[腹痛]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine: A toxic and mutagenic inhibitor of the intestinal diamine oxidase|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01973825|last=Biegński|first=T.|last2=Braun|first2=R.|date=1984-05|journal=Agents and Actions|issue=3-4|doi=10.1007/BF01973825|volume=14|pages=351–355|language=en|issn=0065-4299|last3=Kusche|first3=J.|pmid=6428190}}</ref>

===徵狀===
鹿花菌中毒的徵狀一般都是與[[消化道]]及[[神經系統]]有關。<ref name="Karlson">{{Cite journal|title=Cytotoxic fungi—an overview|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010103002381|last=Karlson-Stiber|first=Christine|last2=Persson|first2=Hans|date=2003-09|journal=Toxicon|issue=4|doi=10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1|volume=42|pages=339–349|language=en|pmid=14505933|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616014956/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0041010103002381|dead-url=no}}</ref>徵狀會於食用後的6-12小時內出現，也有嚴重的個案於食用後2小時就出現。初期徵狀發生在消化道，先是[[反胃]]、[[嘔吐]]及含血的[[腹瀉]]。若嘔吐及腹瀉嚴重更會有[[脫水]]。[[眩暈]]、[[昏睡]]、[[手震]]、[[運動失調]]、[[眼球震顫]]，及後來的[[頭痛]]；<ref name="Karlson"/>經常也會有[[發熱]]，其他的[[真菌]]中毒很少會有這個徵狀。<ref name=Benjamin/>在大部份個案中，發熱過後的2-6日就會康復。<ref name="Lampe"/>

一些個案中會出現沒有徵狀的階段，在初期徵狀後出現明顯的毒性，如[[腎毒性]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Renal functional response to the mushroom poison gyromitrin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42171|last=Braun|first=R.|last2=Kremer|first2=J.|date=1979-06|journal=Toxicology|issue=2|volume=13|pages=187–196|issn=0300-483X|pmid=42171|last3=Rau|first3=H.|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331182419/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42171/|dead-url=no}}</ref>、[[肝毒性]]及[[神經毒性]]。<ref name="Michelot">{{Cite journal|title=Poisoning byGyromitra esculenta–a review|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.2550110403|last=Michelot|first=Didier|last2=Toth|first2=Bela|date=1991-08|journal=Journal of Applied Toxicology|issue=4|doi=10.1002/jat.2550110403|volume=11|pages=235–243|language=en|issn=0260-437X|pmid=1939997|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2019-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326002132/https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.2550110403|dead-url=no}}</ref>這些情況往往在1-3日後出現。<ref name="Karlson"/>患者會出現[[黃疸]]，[[肝臟]]及[[脾臟]]會漲大，一些的[[血糖]]水平會上升，接著下降，繼而出現肝毒性。血管內的[[溶血]]會令[[紅血球]]被破壞，增加了自由[[血紅素]]及[[血紅素尿]]，再造成腎毒性或[[腎衰竭]]。有時更會引發[[變性血紅素血症]]，令患者[[呼吸]]困難及[[發紺]]。<ref name=Benjamin/>嚴重中毒的可能會引起神經系統問題，如[[精神錯亂]]、[[肌肉]][[自發性收縮]]及眩暈、[[瞳孔放大]]演變至[[昏迷]]、[[迴圈性虛脫]]及[[呼吸停止]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mushroom poisoning. Case reports and a review of therapy|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/doi/10.1001/jama.251.8.1057|last=Hanrahan|first=J. P.|date=1984-02-24|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|issue=8|doi=10.1001/jama.251.8.1057|volume=251|pages=1057–1061|pmid=6420582}}</ref>

===治療===
治療都是輔助性的。在食用後幾小時內用[[活性炭]]洗胃可以減輕中毒情況。不過，因為徵狀很多時較遲出現，患者往往未必得到治療，限制了其效能。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/004101019390337I|last=Ko¨ppel|first=C.|date=1993-12|journal=Toxicon|issue=12|doi=10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-I|volume=31|pages=1513–1540|language=en|pmid=8146866|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616012023/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/004101019390337I|dead-url=no}}</ref>嚴重[[嘔吐]]或[[腹瀉]]的患者需要[[靜脈]]輸液。<ref name="Lampe">{{Cite journal|title=Toxic Fungi|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505|last=Lampe|first=K F|date=1979-04|journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology|issue=1|doi=10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505|volume=19|pages=85–104|language=en|issn=0362-1642|pmid=378111|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185052/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.pa.19.040179.000505|dead-url=no}}</ref>觀察[[氧化血紅素]]水平、[[電解質]]、[[肝臟]]及[[腎臟]]功能、[[驗尿]]、及[[全血細胞計數]]來檢查及處理不正常的地方。腎功能受損或衰竭可以[[透析]]來治療。出現[[溶血]]的患者需要[[輸血]]來補充失去的[[紅血球]]，[[變性血紅素血症]]則需要以注射[[亞甲藍]]。<ref name=Benjamin/>

[[維他命B6]]可以抵消[[一甲基肼]]造成的[[酶]]抑制作用，從而繼續[[γ-氨基丁酸]]的合成，舒緩徵狀。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=AMELIORATION OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF ETHYLIDENE GYROMITRIN (FALSE MOREL POISON) WITH PYRIDOXINE CHLORIDE|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x|last=Wright|first=Atte|last2=Niskanen|first2=Aimo|date=1981-08|journal=Journal of Food Safety|issue=3|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x|volume=3|pages=199–203|language=en|issn=0149-6085|last3=Pyysalo|first3=Heikki|last4=Korpela|first4=Heikki|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331185937/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-4565.1981.tb00422.x|dead-url=no}}</ref>維他命B6只適合[[神經系統]]的徵狀，並不能舒緩[[肝毒性]]。<ref name="Braun"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reversal of the toxicity of hydrazine analogues by pyridoxine hydrochloride☆|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300483X7790035X|last=Toth|first=B|last2=Erickson|first2=J|date=1977-02|journal=Toxicology|issue=1|doi=10.1016/0300-483X(77)90035-X|volume=7|pages=31–36|language=en|pmid=841582|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009082934/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0300483X7790035X|dead-url=no}}</ref>初期可以服用每公斤25毫克，並可以在沒有改善徵狀的情況下重複使用至15-30克。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Treatment of Hydrazine-Induced Coma with Pyridoxine|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM197604222941708|last=Kirklin|first=James K.|last2=Watson|first2=Marc|date=1976-04-22|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|issue=17|doi=10.1056/NEJM197604222941708|volume=294|pages=938–939|language=en|issn=0028-4793|pmid=815813|last3=Bondoc|first3=Conrado C.|last4=Burke|first4=John F.}}</ref>[[苯二氮䓬類藥物]]可以調節γ-氨基丁酸受體，從而增加維他命B6的效能，故會用來控制[[暈眩]]。另外，一甲基肼是會抑制[[葉酸]]轉變成[[亞葉酸]]，所以每天服用20-200毫克亞葉酸可以幫助治療。<ref name="Michelot"/>

===致癌性===
[[一甲基肼]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Methylhydrazine tumorigenesis in Syrian golden hamsters and the morphology of malignant histiocytomas|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4355982|last=Toth|first=B.|last2=Shimizu|first2=H.|date=1973-11|journal=Cancer Research|issue=11|volume=33|pages=2744–2753|issn=0008-5472|pmid=4355982|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184100/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4355982/|dead-url=no}}</ref>、methylformylhydrazine<ref name="toth">{{cite journal|author=Toth B, Nagel D|title=Tumors induced in mice by N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine of the false morel ''Gyromitra esculenta''|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1978-01_60_1/page/201|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|volume=60|issue=1|pages=201–4|year=1978|pmid=628017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=False morel mushroom gyromitra esculenta toxin: N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine carcinogenesis in mice|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00441091|last=Toth|first=B.|last2=Patil|first2=K.|date=1979|journal=Mycopathologia|issue=2|doi=10.1007/BF00441091|volume=68|pages=121–128|language=en|issn=0301-486X|pmid=573857|last3=Erickson|first3=J.|last4=Kupper|first4=R.}}</ref>及[[鹿花菌素]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cancer induction in mice with acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone of the false morel mushroom|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6944556|last=Toth|first=B.|last2=Smith|first2=J. W.|date=1981-10|journal=Journal of the National Cancer Institute|issue=4|volume=67|pages=881–887|issn=0027-8874|pmid=6944556|last3=Patil|first3=K. D.|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723235355/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6944556/|dead-url=no}}</ref>及生鹿花菌<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cancer induction in mice by feeding the raw false morel mushroom Gyromitra esculenta|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1559231|last=Toth|first=B.|last2=Patil|first2=K.|date=1992-04-15|journal=Cancer Research|issue=8|volume=52|pages=2279–2284|issn=0008-5472|pmid=1559231|last3=Pyysalo|first3=H.|last4=Stessman|first4=C.|last5=Gannett|first5=P.|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724042703/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1559231/|dead-url=no}}</ref>都被證實是致癌的。雖然鹿花菌對[[人類]]未必致癌<ref name="Bresinsky"/>，但也存在風險。<ref name="toth"/>毒素可能會積聚在體內<ref name="coulet">{{Cite journal|title=Poisoning by Gyromitra: A possible mechanism|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030698778290024X|last=Coulet|first=Maurice|last2=Guillot|first2=Jean|date=1982-04|journal=Medical Hypotheses|issue=4|doi=10.1016/0306-9877(82)90024-X|volume=8|pages=325–334|language=en|pmid=7099057|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2019-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023091407/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/030698778290024X|dead-url=no}}</ref>鹿花菌可以分解出最少11種不同的[[肼]]，但潛在的致癌物未必可以煮成半熟來清除。<ref name="dart"/>

==食用==
雖然鹿花菌是有毒的，但在[[歐洲]]及[[北美洲]]多個國家都有出售。以往[[波蘭]]有出口到[[德國]]，但現時德國與及[[瑞士]]都禁止出售。<ref name ="Zeitl"/><ref name="Bresinsky">{{Cite book|author=Bresinsky A, Besl H|title=A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi|url=https://archive.org/details/colouratlasofpoi0000unse|year=1990|publisher=Wolfe Publishing|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colouratlasofpoi0000unse/page/62 62]–8|isbn=0-7234-1576-5}}</ref>在[[瑞典]]也有警告食用鹿花菌的危險<ref>{{sv icon}}{{cite web|last=Andersson|first=Christer|title=Stenmurklan - olämplig att äta|work=Livsmedelsverket (National Food Administration)|publisher=Swedish National Food Administration|year=2007|url=http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_Page.aspx?id=11600&epslanguage=SV|accessdate=2008-03-07|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006105549/http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_Page.aspx?id=11600&epslanguage=SV|archivedate=2007-10-06}}</ref>，並限制食店購買鹿花菌。<ref>{{cite web|last=Andersson|first=Christer|title=Frågor och svar om stenmurkla|work=Livsmedelsverket (National Food Administration)|publisher=Swedish National Food Administration|year=2007|url=http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_Page.aspx?id=14181&epslanguage=SV|accessdate=2008-03-07|language=sv|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323052549/http://www.slv.se/templates/SLV_Page.aspx?id=14181&epslanguage=SV|archivedate=2009-03-23}}</ref>在[[保加尼亞]]仍有食用、售賣及出口鹿花菌。<ref>{{cite web|author=Drumeva-Dimcheva M, Gyosheva-Bogoeva M|title=Section One: Bulgaria's Biological Diversity - The Macromycetes Fungi of Bulgaria|work=Bulgaria's Biological Diversity: Conservation Status and Needs Assessment|publisher=Biodiversity Support Program (WWF, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute Consortium)|year=1998|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/europe/bulgaria/bulgaria1.html|accessdate=2008-03-06|archive-date=2008-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315093328/http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/europe/bulgaria/bulgaria1.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>在一些國家，如[[西班牙]]及[[庇利牛斯山]]東部，都將鹿花菌視為美食，有很多人經常食用鹿花菌而從來都沒有發病。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elcargol.com/bolets.htm|title=Bolets|accessdate=2008-06-08|publisher=Revista el cargol|year=2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128174400/http://www.elcargol.com/bolets.htm|archivedate=2007-01-28}}</ref>不過，鹿花菌仍然被列為有害的[[真菌]]<ref name="Gencat" />，在西班牙售賣亦受到禁止。<ref>{{es icon}} {{cite journal|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/02/06/pdfs/A05061-05065.pdf|format=PDF|title=ORDEN SCO/190/2004, de 28 de enero, por la que se establece la lista de plantas cuya venta al público queda prohibida o restringida por razón de su toxicidad|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|issue=32|pages=5061–5|accessdate=2008-06-08|author=Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo|date=2004-02-06|archive-date=2008-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622215424/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2004/02/06/pdfs/A05061-05065.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>在[[芬蘭]]仍可以買賣鹿花菌<ref>{{cite journal|last=Härkonën|first=M|year=1998|title=Uses of mushrooms by Finns and Karelians|journal=International Journal of circumpolar Health|volume=57|issue=1|pages=40–55|pmid=9567575}}</ref>，但出售時必須有適當的警告及指示。<ref>{{cite web|title=False morels must be accompanied by warning and handling instructions|publisher=The Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira|date=11 May 2006|url=http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/current_issues/?id=117|accessdate=2008-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005002432/http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/current_issues/?id=117|archive-date=2007-10-05|dead-url=yes}}</ref>也有處理後及罐頭鹿花菌出售，可以即時食用。芬蘭官方統計於2006年及2007年就分別有21.9噸及32.7噸的鹿花菌售出。<ref>{{fi icon}}{{Cite book|author=Suomen Gallup Elintarviketieto Oy|title=MARSI 2007 — Luonnonmarjojen ja -sienien kauppaantulomäärät vuonna 2007 [Amounts of wild berries and mushrooms offered for sale in 2007]|pages=10|publisher=Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry|location=Helsinki|date=March 2007}}</ref>於2002年就估計在芬蘭每年食用了數百噸的鹿花菌。<ref>{{fi icon}}{{Cite book|title=Riskiraportti – elintarvikkeiden ja Talousveden kemialliset vaarat [Risk report on toxins in food and tapwater]|pages=38|year=2002|author=Finnish Food Safety Authority}}</ref>在[[美國]][[五大湖]]地區及一些西部州份也有食用鹿花菌。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simons|first=DM|year=1971|title=The Mushroom Toxins|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_delaware-medical-journal_1971-07_43_7/page/177|journal=Delaware Medical Journal|volume=43|pages=177–87}}</ref>

[[芬蘭菜]]中會將鹿花菌夾在[[西式蛋餅]]中、或是與[[牛油]]一同[[嫩煎]]、或是夾在批中。另外，也可將鹿花菌煮湯。一般的調味料包括[[香芹]]、[[蝦夷蔥]]、[[蒔蘿]]及[[黑胡椒]]。<ref>{{fi icon}}{{cite web|url=http://www.lapinkeittiomestarit.fi/sivut/teemat/toukokuu.htm#muhennos|title=Kevät on aikaa korvasienen ja väinönputken|publisher=Lapin Keittiömestarit|accessdate=2008-06-22|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526001334/http://www.lapinkeittiomestarit.fi/sivut/teemat/toukokuu.htm#muhennos|archivedate=2008-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=North Atlantic Seafood: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes|author=Davidson A|year=2003|publisher=Ten Speed Press|isbn=1-58008-450-8|pages=361}}</ref>

===處理===
[[Image:False morel sauce with vegetables.jpg|right|thumb|用[[醬]]煮鹿花菌。]]
只要除去大部份[[鹿花菌素]]，鹿花菌就可以安全食用。有建議可以先風乾鹿花菌，再煮熟或直接燒烤就可以除去鹿花菌素。<ref name="EVIRA">{{cite web|title=False Morel Fungi - poisonous when raw|publisher=The Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira|year=2008|url=http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/information_on_food/false_morel_fungi/|accessdate=2008-03-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218205805/http://www.evira.fi/portal/en/food/information_on_food/false_morel_fungi/|archivedate=2007-12-18}}</ref>新鮮的鹿花菌可以先切片，以大量的水將之煮成半熟兩次，每次需時5分鐘及用清水沖洗。<ref name="EVIRA"/>每一次煮都可以將鹿花菌素減少至十分之一。<ref name="Pyysalo">{{Cite journal|title=Occurrence of N-methyl-N-formylhydrazones in fresh and processed false morel, Gyromitra esculenta|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf60211a006|last=Pyysalo|first=Heikki|last2=Niskanen|first2=Aimo|date=1977-05|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|issue=3|doi=10.1021/jf60211a006|volume=25|pages=644–647|language=en|issn=0021-8561|pmid=558239|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331193953/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf60211a006|dead-url=no}}</ref>鹿花菌素會濾到水中，所以煮過的水必須倒去，並以清水補充。風乾也可以降低鹿花菌素的[[濃度]]，十日風乾就可以令鹿花菌素下降90%。<ref name="coulet"/>不過，風乾後最好都要煮熟鹿花菌。<ref name="EVIRA"/>

[[一甲基肼]]在87.5℃下會被[[蒸發]]。<ref name="Leathem">{{Cite journal|title=Poisoning due to raw Gyromitra esculenta (false morels) west of the Rockies|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17391587|last=Leathem|first=Anne M.|last2=Dorran|first2=Thomas J.|date=2007-03|journal=CJEM|issue=2|doi=10.1017/s1481803500014937|volume=9|pages=127–130|issn=1481-8035|pmid=17391587|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724042719/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17391587/|dead-url=no}}</ref>若蒸氣積聚也可以造成鹿花菌素中毒，所以在室內煮鹿花菌時須留意通風問題。<ref name=Benjamin/>雖然煮沸，鹿花菌內仍會存留少量鹿花菌素。由於毒素有可能會積聚在體內，不斷食用也存在著風險。<ref name=Benjamin/>

===培植===
已發現了低[[鹿花菌素]]含量的鹿花菌菌株，且已有培植這種菌株。<ref>{{Cite book|edition=1|chapter=Achtung!|title=Achtung! Texte 1967–1991|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781000122473/chapters/10.4324/9781003077268-8|publisher=Routledge|date=2020-08-26|isbn=978-1-003-07726-8|pages=59–85|doi=10.4324/9781003077268-8|language=en|first=Daniel|last=Buren|first2=Gerti|last2=Fietzek|first3=Gudrun|last3=Inboden}}</ref>故此將來可就培植更安全的菌株進行研究。<ref name=Benjamin/>

==參考==
{{portal|真菌}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==外部連結==
{{commons}}{{wikispecies}}{{wiktionary}}
* [http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2002.html Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for May 2002]{{Wayback|url=http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may2002.html |date=20110514211840 }}
* [http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Gyromitra_esculenta.html California Fungi]{{Wayback|url=http://www.mykoweb.com/CAF/species/Gyromitra_esculenta.html |date=20090204013854 }}
* [http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/morel.htm#instrc 芬蘭的鹿花菌官方指引]{{Wayback|url=http://www.dlc.fi/~marianna/gourmet/morel.htm#instrc |date=20110516223507 }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q900804}}

[[Category:鹿花菌屬|L]]
[[Category:毒蕈|L]]
[[Category:克里斯蒂安·亨德里克·珀森命名的生物分类]]

title: 科学分类

界：: 真菌界 Fungi

门：: 子囊菌门 Ascomycota

纲：: 盤菌綱 Pezizomycetes

目：: 盤菌目 Pezizales

科：: 平盘菌科 Discinaceae

属：: 鹿花菌属 Gyromitra

种：: 鹿花菌 G. esculenta

title: 二名法

二名法: Gyromitra esculenta · (Pers. ex Pers.) Fr.


text:
# Torrance Industrial Lead
The Torrance Industrial Lead is a 9.9-mile (15.9 km) railway spur line in Los Angeles County, California. It is owned by the Union Pacific Railroad. The line connects businesses in Torrance and Gardena to the national rail network as a branch of the El Segundo Industrial Lead. The line was largely built by the Los Angeles Inter-Urban Electric Railway with service starting in 1903. The route was used by Pacific Electric San Pedro via Gardena Line interurban passenger services until 1940. Southern Pacific continued to serve the line after Pacific Electric's dissolution. The southernmost 2 miles (3.2 km) of tracks were abandoned in 1974. Ownership passing to Union Pacific after Southern Pacific merger in 1998. By 2007, the line was served by a single daily freight train. Customers included ConocoPhillips, Jones Chemical, and Crenshaw Lumber.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Torrance Industrial Lead

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Railway spur line}}
{{use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Torrance Industrial Lead}}
The '''Torrance Industrial Lead''' is a {{convert|9.9|mi|adj=mid}} railway [[spur line]] in [[Los Angeles County]], [[California]].<ref name=SBGMS /> It is owned by the [[Union Pacific Railroad]]. The line connects businesses in [[Torrance, California|Torrance]] and [[Gardena, California|Gardena]] to the [[Rail transportation in the United States|national rail network]] as a branch of the [[El Segundo Industrial Lead]]. The line was largely built by the [[Los Angeles Inter-Urban Electric Railway]] with service starting in 1903. The route was used by [[Pacific Electric]] [[San Pedro via Gardena Line]] [[interurban]] passenger services until 1940. [[Southern Pacific]] continued to serve the line after Pacific Electric's dissolution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Railroads: Big Carrier in South Bay |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/114009581/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |via=Newspapers.com |date=March 1, 1964 |page=147}} {{free access}}</ref> The southernmost {{convert|2|mi}} of tracks were abandoned in 1974.<ref>ICC Abandonment Filing. Docket Number: AB-12 Sub 16. Section: 1(18). June 5, 1974.</ref> Ownership passing to Union Pacific after Southern Pacific merger in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=Train-watchers guide to LA |url=https://www.trains.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/sunshineandpower.pdf |access-date=2 December 2022 |publisher=[[Trains (magazine)|Trains]] |date=2016 |pages=66–67}}</ref> By 2007, the line was served by a single daily freight train.<ref name=SBGMS /> Customers included [[ConocoPhillips]], Jones Chemical, and Crenshaw Lumber.<ref name=SBGMS>{{cite news |title=South Bay Goods Movement Study – The Goods Movement System |url=http://southbaycities.org/sites/default/files/goods_movement/SBCCOG%20Goods%20Movement%20-%20Section%202%20System.pdf |access-date=3 December 2022 |page=59 |date=2007}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rail lines in California]]
[[Category:Union Pacific Railroad lines]]
[[Category:Transportation in Torrance, California]]

{{US-rail-transport-stub}}


text:
# Oleg Atkov
Oleg Yurevich Atkov (em russo:  Олег Юрьевич Атьков) (Khvorostyanka, 9 de maio de 1949) é um médico e ex-cosmonauta russo.
Formado em Moscou pelo Instituto de Medicina Ivan M. Sechenovem, em 1973, com doutorado em cardiologia cinco anos depois, Atkov foi selecionado para o programa espacial soviético como cosmonauta-médico, em março de 1983.
Foi ao espaço na nave Soyuz T-10, em fevereiro de 1984, para uma missão de oito meses a bordo da estação espacial Salyut 7, retornando em 2 de outubro do mesmo ano, a bordo da Soyuz T-11. Em sua permanência no espaço, Atkov acumulou um total de cerca de 236 dias em órbita terrestre, durante os quais realizou diversas experiências médicas como integrante da terceira tripulação fixa da estação.
Retirando-se do serviço ativo com o encerramento da missão, passou a dedicar-se exclusivamente à medicina, passando a integrar a equipe do Instituto de Clínica Cardiólogica em Moscou.
Entre 1989 e 1996, Atkov trabalhou como vice-diretor do Departamento de Ciência da Vida no Espaço, na International Space University, em Estrasburgo, na França. Atualmente trabalha como especialista em telemedicina junto à Comissão Europeia.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Oleg Atkov

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Astronauta
|topo=cosmonauta
|nome                = Oleg Atkov
|imagem              =Oleg Atkov (cropped).jpg
|tamanho             = 180px
|legenda=
|tipo                = Cosmonauta da [[Programa espacial soviético|URSS]]
|nacionalidade       = {{USRb}} [[soviético]]
|data_nascimento     = {{dni|9|5|1949}}
|local_nascimento    = [[Khvorostyanka]], [[Rússia soviética|Rússia]], [[URSS]] <small>''hoje''</small> [[Rússia]]
|data_morte          =
|local_morte         =
|ocupação            =
|ocupação_atual      =
|ocupação_anterior   = [[médico]]
|patente             =
|tempo               = 236d 22h 49m<ref name=SF>{{Citar web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/cosmonauts/english/atkov_oleg.htm|título=Cosmonaut Biography: Oleg Aktov|data=2018-04-19|acessodata=2021-10-28}}</ref>
|seleção             = [[1983]]<ref name=SF/>
|missão              = {{hlist|[[Soyuz T-10]]/[[Soyuz T-11]] ([[Lista de expedições às estações espaciais Salyut|S7 EO-3]])}}
|insígnia            = [[Ficheiro:Soyuz T-11 mission patch.gif|30px]]
|aposentadoria       = 1984<ref name=SF/>
}}
'''Oleg Yurevich Atkov''' ({{lang-ru|Олег Юрьевич Атьков}}) ([[Khvorostyanka]], [[9 de maio]] de [[1949]]) é um [[médico]] e ex-[[cosmonauta]] [[Rússia|russo]].

Formado em [[Moscou]] pelo ''Instituto de Medicina Ivan M. Sechenovem'', em [[1973]], com [[doutorado]] em [[cardiologia]] cinco anos depois, Atkov foi selecionado para o [[programa espacial soviético]] como cosmonauta-médico, em março de [[1983]].

Foi ao espaço na nave [[Soyuz T-10]], em fevereiro de [[1984]], para uma missão de oito meses a bordo da [[estação espacial]] [[Salyut 7]], retornando em [[2 de outubro]] do mesmo ano, a bordo da [[Soyuz T-11]]. Em sua permanência no espaço, Atkov acumulou um total de cerca de 236 dias em [[órbita]] terrestre, durante os quais realizou diversas experiências médicas como integrante da terceira tripulação fixa da estação.

Retirando-se do serviço ativo com o encerramento da missão, passou a dedicar-se exclusivamente à [[medicina]], passando a integrar a equipe do ''Instituto de Clínica Cardiólogica'' em Moscou.

Entre [[1989]] e [[1996]], Atkov trabalhou como vice-diretor do Departamento de Ciência da Vida no Espaço, na [[International Space University]], em [[Estrasburgo]], na [[França]]. Atualmente trabalha como especialista em [[telemedicina]] junto à [[Comissão Europeia]].

== Ver também ==
* [[Lista geral de astronautas]]
* [[Exploração espacial]]

== Ligações externas ==
* {{link|en|http://www.spacefacts.de/english/bio_cosm.htm|Biografia na Spacefacts}}
{{Referências}}
{{Pilotos-cosmonautas da União Soviética}}
{{controlo de autoria}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkov, Oleg Yurevich}}
[[Categoria:Cosmonautas da União Soviética]]
[[Categoria:Heróis da União Soviética]]

title: Oleg Atkov

Nascimento: 9 de maio de 1949 (76 anos) · Khvorostyanka, Rússia, URSS hoje Rússia

Nacionalidade: soviético

Ocupação: médico

title: Cosmonauta da URSS

Missões: Soyuz T-10 / Soyuz T-11 ( S7 EO-3 )


text:
# فرودگاه تاسیکمالایا
فرودگاه تاسیکمالایا (به انگلیسی: Tasikmalaya Airport) (به زبان بومی: Lapangan Udara Cibeureum) یک فرودگاه نظامی با کد یاتا TSY است که یک باند فرود آسفالت دارد و طول باند آن ۱۰۹۴ متر است. این فرودگاه در کشور اندونزی قرار دارد و در ارتفاع ۳۵۰ متری از سطح دریا واقع شده است.

wikiname: fawiki

title: فرودگاه تاسیکمالایا

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{coord|07|20|47.77|S|108|14|45.93|E|type:airport_source:enwiki|display=title}}
{{جعبه اطلاعات فرودگاه
| نام =فرودگاه تاسیکمالایا
| نام محلی =Lapangan Udara Cibeureum
| نام محلی-۱ =
| نام محلی-۲ =
| تصویر =
| تصویر-عرض =
| عنوان =
| تصویر۲ =
| تصویر۲-عرض =
| عنوان۲ =
| IATA =TSY
| ICAO =
| FAA =
| TC =
| LID =
| GPS =
| WMO =
| نوع =نظامی
| مالک-مراقب =
| مالک =
| گرداننده =
| شهر بکار رفته شده =
| موقعیت ={{پرچم|اندونزی}}
| مرکز =
| جزء = <!-- فرودگاه نظامی -->
| بکار رفته در =
| فرمانده/مدیر =
| ساکن =
| metric-elev =
| ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر اساس فوت =۱۱۴۸
| ارتفاع از سطح دریا بر اساس متر =۳۵۰
| مختصات =
| وب‌گاه =
| metric-rwy =بله
| آر۱-شماره =۱۵/۳۳
| آر۱-طول-فوت =۳۵۹۰
| آر۱-طول-متر =۱۰۹۴
| آر۱-ظاهر = [[آسفالت]]
| اچ۱-شماره =
| اچ۱-طول-فوت =
| اچ۱-طول-متر =
| اچ۱-ظاهر =
| توضیح-سال =
| توضیح۱-تیتر =
| توضیح۱-اطلاعات =
| پانویس =
}}
'''فرودگاه تاسیکمالایا''' {{انگلیسی|Tasikmalaya Airport}} (به زبان بومی: Lapangan Udara Cibeureum) یک فرودگاه نظامی با [[کد فرودگاهی یاتا|کد یاتا]] TSY است که یک [[باند فرودگاه|باند فرود]] [[آسفالت]] دارد و طول باند آن ۱۰۹۴ متر است. این فرودگاه در کشور [[اندونزی]] قرار دارد و در ارتفاع ۳۵۰ متری از سطح دریا واقع شده است.

== جستارهای وابسته ==
* [[کد فرودگاهی یاتا]]
* [[کد فرودگاهی ایکائو]]
* [[فهرست فرودگاه‌های اندونزی]]

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}
* {{یادکرد وب|عنوان=اطلاعات جهانی هوانوردی|نشانی=http://worldaerodata.com/|تاریخ بازبینی=۱۹ مارس ۲۰۱۲|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711035036/http://worldaerodata.com/|archivedate=11 ژوئیه 2012|dead-url=yes}}
{{فرودگاه‌های اندونزی}}

{{فرودگاه-اندونزی-خرد}}

[[رده:تاسیک‌مالایا]]
[[رده:ترابری در جاوه غربی]]
[[رده:ساختمان‌ها و سازه‌ها در جاوه غربی]]
[[رده:فرودگاه‌های اندونزی]]
[[رده:فرودگاه‌های جاوه]]

title: خلاصه

نوع فرودگاه: نظامی

مکان: اندونزی

ارتفاع از سطح دریا: ۱۱۴۸ فوت / ۳۵۰ متر

title: باندهای فرود

جهت: درازا · سطح

متر: فوت

۱۰۹۴ · ۳۵۹۰


text:
# Crocifisso di Ognissanti
Il Crocifisso di Ognissanti è un dipinto a tempera e oro su tavola (468x375 cm) attribuito a Giotto, databile al 1315 circa e conservato nella chiesa di Ognissanti di Firenze.

## Storia
La croce venne assegnata a Giotto per la prima volta dal Ghiberti, che nei suoi Commentari ricordò altre opere dell'artista negli altari della chiesa, quali la Maestà e la Dormitio Virginis. Doveva originariamente essere collocata sul presbiterio, in posizione quindi dominante la navata e i fedeli, non lontano dalla già citata Maestà.
Assai deperita, era conservata in un ambiente adiacente alla basilica ed attribuita al "Parente di Giotto" o a un "anonimo giottesco", in ogni caso qualcuno assai vicino a Giotto e di grandissime capacità pittoriche. Sottoposta ad accurato restauro a partire dal 2005 (Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Firenze) l'opera si è rivelata chiaramente autografa di Giotto, con una datazione collocabile al 1315 circa.
Dal 6 novembre 2010 il crocifisso è stato ricollocato all'interno del transetto di sinistra valorizzato da un'illuminazione appositamente studiata.

## Descrizione e stile
Il grande crocifisso era in origine più alto, con un soppedaneo che doveva rappresentare schematicamente il Golgota oggi perduto. La tipologia richiama le più o meno coeve croci di Rimini e di Padova, con la sagoma mistilinea e la figura di Cristo dal corpo è scarno e allungato, con passaggi di colore morbidi e calibrati e brani di virtuosismo come il perizoma trasparente. La luce è al tempo stesso intensa e morbida, e mette in risalto le membra, dipinte con cura riportando anche le vene, i tendini, lo schema osseo della gabbia toracica. L'espressione del Cristo è sofferente ma dignitosa, di grande spiritualità.
Spicca l'uso del costoso blu oltremare nei bracci della croce. Ai lati si trovano tabelle quadrilobare con i dolenti a mezzo busto (Maria e Giovanni) e in alto la figura del Redentore benedicente.

wikiname: itwiki

title: Crocifisso di Ognissanti

in_language: it

wikitext:
{{Opera d'arte
| immagine=Giotto, croce di ognissanti, 1315 ca. 01.JPG
| grandezza immagine=
| titolo=Crocifisso di Ognissanti
| artista=[[Giotto]]
| artista2=
| data = [[1315]] circa
| opera = dipinto
| tecnica= tempera e oro su tavola
| altezza=468
| larghezza=375
| città= [[Firenze]]
| ubicazione= [[Chiesa di Ognissanti (Firenze)|Chiesa di Ognissanti]]
}}
Il '''''Crocifisso di Ognissanti''''' è un dipinto a [[tempera]] e oro [[su tavola]] (468x375 cm) attribuito a [[Giotto]], databile al [[1315]] circa e conservato nella [[chiesa di Ognissanti (Firenze)|chiesa di Ognissanti]] di [[Firenze]].

==Storia==
La croce venne assegnata a Giotto per la prima volta dal [[Ghiberti]], che nei suoi ''[[Commentari (Ghiberti)|Commentari]]'' ricordò altre opere dell'artista negli altari della chiesa, quali la ''[[Maestà di Ognissanti|Maestà]]'' e la ''[[Dormitio Virginis (Giotto)|Dormitio Virginis]]''. Doveva originariamente essere collocata sul [[presbiterio]], in posizione quindi dominante la navata e i fedeli, non lontano dalla già citata ''Maestà''.

Assai deperita, era conservata in un ambiente adiacente alla basilica ed attribuita al "[[Parente di Giotto]]" o a un "[[scuola giottesca|anonimo giottesco]]", in ogni caso qualcuno assai vicino a Giotto e di grandissime capacità pittoriche. Sottoposta ad accurato restauro a partire dal 2005 ([[Opificio delle Pietre Dure]], Firenze) l'opera si è rivelata chiaramente autografa di [[Giotto]], con una datazione collocabile al [[1315]] circa.

Dal 6 novembre [[2010]] il crocifisso è stato ricollocato all'interno del transetto di sinistra valorizzato da un'illuminazione appositamente studiata.

==Descrizione e stile==
Il grande crocifisso era in origine più alto, con un soppedaneo che doveva rappresentare schematicamente il Golgota oggi perduto. La tipologia richiama le più o meno coeve [[croce di Rimini|croci di Rimini]] e [[croce di Padova|di Padova]], con la sagoma mistilinea e la figura di Cristo dal corpo è scarno e allungato, con passaggi di colore morbidi e calibrati e brani di virtuosismo come il perizoma trasparente. La luce è al tempo stesso intensa e morbida, e mette in risalto le membra, dipinte con cura riportando anche le vene, i tendini, lo schema osseo della gabbia toracica. L'espressione del Cristo è sofferente ma dignitosa, di grande spiritualità.

Spicca l'uso del costoso [[blu oltremare]] nei bracci della croce. Ai lati si trovano tabelle [[quadrilobo|quadrilobare]] con i dolenti a mezzo busto (''Maria'' e ''Giovanni'') e in alto la figura del ''Redentore benedicente''.

==Bibliografia==
*Edi Baccheschi, ''L'opera completa di Giotto'', Rizzoli, Milano 1977. {{no ISBN}}
*Maurizia Tazartes, ''Giotto'', Rizzoli, Milano 2004. {{no ISBN}}
*{{Cita libro|titolo = L'officina di Giotto: il restauro della Croce di Ognissanti |curatore =  Marco Ciatti|editore = Edifir|città = Firenze|anno = 2010|ISBN = 978-88-7970-486-1}}

==Voci correlate==
*[[Croce di Santa Maria Novella]]
*[[Croce di Rimini]]
*[[Croce di Padova]]

==Altri progetti==
{{interprogetto|commons_preposizione=sul}}

==Collegamenti esterni==
*{{cita web|url=http://www.polomuseale.firenze.it/catalogo/scheda.asp?nctn=00286258&value=1|titolo=La scheda ufficiale di catalogo}}

{{Giotto}}
{{Portale|arte|Firenze|medioevo}}

[[Categoria:Dipinti di Giotto]]
[[Categoria:Dipinti nella chiesa di Ognissanti (Firenze)]]
[[Categoria:Crocifissi dipinti|Ognissanti]]
[[Categoria:Dipinti su fondo oro]]

title: Crocifisso di Ognissanti

Autore: Giotto

Data: 1315 circa

Tecnica: tempera e oro su tavola

Ubicazione: Chiesa di Ognissanti, Firenze


text:
# غزال خلج
غزال خلج (زاده ۳۰ شهریور ۱۳۶۹) عضو و کاپیتان تیم ملی کبدی بانوان ایران است.

## افتخارات

### بازی‌های آسیایی
او به همراه تیم ملی کبدی زنان ایران، در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۴ در اینچئون، کره جنوبی شرکت نمودند و پس از پیروزی در مسابقات مرحله مقدماتی، در مرحله نیم نهایی تیم ملی کبدی بانوان بنگلادش را شکست دادند و به رقابت پایانی راه یافتند. اما در دیدار نهایی با شکست برابر هند، در جایگاه دوم بازی‌ها ایستادند و نشان نقره به گردن آویختند.
او همچنین توانست در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۸ در جاکارتا، اندونزی در بازی فینال هند را شکست داده و مدال طلای بازیها را بدست آوردند.

title: غزال خلج

wikitext:
{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor    =
| name           = غزال خلج
| image          =
| image_size     = <!--Only for images narrower than 220 pixels. -->
| caption        =
| birth_name     =
| fullname       =
| nickname       =
| native_name    =
| native_name_lang =
| nationality    =
| residence      =
| birth_date     ={{جلالی|۲۱|۰۹|۱۹۹۰}}
| birth_place    =
| death_date     =
| death_place    =
| height         = <!-- {{Convert|}} (yyyy) -->
| weight         = <!-- {{Convert|}} (yyyy) -->
| website        = <!-- {{نشانی وب|www.example.com}} -->
| country        = {{IRI}}
| sport          = کبدی
| event          =
| collegeteam    =
| universityteam =
| club           =
| team           =[[تیم ملی کبدی بانوان ایران]]
| turnedpro      =
| partner        =
| formerpartner  =
| coach          =
| retired        =
| coaching       =
| worlds         =
| regionals      =
| nationals      =
| olympics       =
| paralympics    =
| highestranking =
| pb             =
| medaltemplates   = {{MedalSport|[[کبدی]] زنان}}
{{MedalOlympics}}
{{MedalGold|[[بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۸|۲۰۱۸ جاکارتا]]|رقابت تیمی}}
{{MedalSilver|[[بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۴|۲۰۱۴ اینچئون]]|رقابت تیمی}}
{{MedalBronze|[[بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۲۲|۲۰۲۲ هانگژو]]|رقابت تیمی}}
| show-medals    =
| updated        =
}}
'''غزال خلج''' (زاده {{جلالی|۲۱|۰۹|۱۹۹۰}}) عضو و کاپیتان [[تیم ملی کبدی بانوان ایران]] است.

== افتخارات ==
=== بازی‌های آسیایی ===
او به همراه [[تیم ملی کبدی زنان ایران]]، در [[بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۴]] در [[اینچئون]]، [[کره جنوبی]] شرکت نمودند و پس از پیروزی در مسابقات مرحله مقدماتی، در مرحله نیم نهایی [[تیم ملی کبدی بانوان بنگلادش]] را شکست دادند و به رقابت پایانی راه یافتند.<ref>{{یادکرد وب |نویسنده = |نشانی= https://www.irna.ir/news/81334953/كبدی-زنان-ایران-فینالیست-شد|عنوان= کبدی زنان ایران فینالیست شد| ناشر = ایرنا|تاریخ = 23 مهر 1393|تاریخ بازبینی=}}</ref> اما در دیدار نهایی با شکست برابر [[تیم ملی کبدی بانوان هند|هند]]، در جایگاه دوم بازی‌ها ایستادند و نشان نقره به گردن آویختند.<ref>{{یادکرد وب |نویسنده = |نشانی=https://www.isna.ir/news/93071106458/کبدی-مردان-هم-به-مدال-نقره-رسید-فیلم |عنوان=کبدی مردان هم به مدال نقره رسید+فیلم | ناشر = ایسنا|تاریخ = ۱۶ مهر ۱۳۹۳|تاریخ بازبینی=}}</ref><ref>{{یادکرد وب |نویسنده = |نشانی=https://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/439301/تیم-ملی-کبدی-بانوان-ایران-به-مدال-نقره-دست-یافت |عنوان=تیم ملی کبدی بانوان ایران به مدال نقره دست یافت | ناشر =تابناک |تاریخ = 23 مهر 1393 |تاریخ بازبینی=}}</ref>

او همچنین توانست در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۸ در جاکارتا، اندونزی در بازی فینال هند را شکست داده و مدال طلای بازیها را بدست آوردند.{{مدرک}}

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}

{{ورزشکار-خرد}}

{{ترتیب‌پیش‌فرض:خلج، غزاله}}
[[رده:افراد زنده]]
[[رده:بازیکنان کبدی اهل ایران]]
[[رده:بازیکنان کبدی در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۴]]
[[رده:بازیکنان کبدی در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۸]]
[[رده:بازیکنان کبدی در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۲۲]]
[[رده:زادگان ۱۳۶۹]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران برنز بازی‌های آسیایی اهل ایران]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۴]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۱۸]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران در بازی‌های آسیایی ۲۰۲۲]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران طلا بازی‌های آسیایی اهل ایران]]
[[رده:مدال‌آوران نقره بازی‌های آسیایی اهل ایران]]

title: غزال خلج

زاده: ۳۰ شهریور ۱۳۶۹

title: ورزشی

کشور: ایران

ورزش: کبدی

تیم: تیم ملی کبدی بانوان ایران

title: بازی‌های المپیک

مدال طلا – جایگاه اول: ۲۰۱۸ جاکارتا · رقابت تیمی

مدال نقره – جایگاه دوم: ۲۰۱۴ اینچئون · رقابت تیمی

مدال برنز – جایگاه سوم: ۲۰۲۲ هانگژو · رقابت تیمی


text:
# Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland
Alexander Aleksandrovitsj Romanov (Russisch: Великий Князь Александр Александрович Романов) (Sint-Petersburg, 7 juni 1869 – Sint-Petersburg, 2 mei 1870), grootvorst van Rusland, was de zoon van tsaar Alexander III van Rusland en tsarina Maria Fjodorovna.
Toen Alexander geboren werd was zijn vader nog tsarevitsj van Rusland en zijn grootvader Alexander II tsaar van Rusland. Na zijn oudere broer, grootvorst Nicolaas, was grootvorst Alexander derde in lijn van troonopvolging. Alexander stierf echter op 2 mei 1870 aan hersenvliesontsteking en haalde dus nooit zijn eerste verjaardag. Zijn ouders hebben hem na zijn dood gefotografeerd en laten tekenen om een herinnering aan hem te hebben.

## Kwartierstaat
| Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855)   | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855)   | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)     | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)     |                                                   |                                                   | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848) | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848) | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               |  |  | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    |                                                 |                                                 | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867) | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867) | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855) | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855)   | Nicolaas I van Rusland (1796–1855)   | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)    | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)     | Charlotte van Pruisen (1798-1860)     |                                                   |                                                   | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848)      | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848) | Lodewijk II van Hessen-Darmstadt (1777-1848) | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               | Wilhelmina van Baden (1788-1836)               |  |  | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Frederik Willem van Sleeswijk- Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (1785-1831) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867) | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    | Louise Caroline van Hesse-Kassel (1789-1867)    |                                                 |                                                 | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867) | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867) | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Willem van Hessen-Kassel (1787-1867)       | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) | Louise Charlotte van Denemarken (1789-1864) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                       |                                       |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                              |                                              |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                              |                                              |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                      |                                      |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) |                                       |                                       |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)            | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)            | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)       | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)       | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)         | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)         |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)                                  | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)                                  | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)     | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)     | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)        | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)        |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                      |                                      | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)        | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)        |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) | Alexander II van Rusland (1818–1881) |                                       |                                       |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)            | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)            | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)       | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)       | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)         | Marie van Hessen-Darmstadt (1824-1880)         |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)                                  | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)                                  | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)     | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)     | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)        | Christiaan IX van Denemarken (1818-1906)        |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                      |                                      | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)       | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)        | Louise van Hessen-Kassel (1817-1898)        |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894) | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894) | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             |                                                   |                                                   |                                              |                                              |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                              |                                              |                                                 |                                                 | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)    | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)    |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894) | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894) | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             | Alexander III van Rusland (1845–1894)             |                                                   |                                                   |                                              |                                              |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                              |                                              |                                                 |                                                 | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)               | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)    | Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)    |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                      |                                       |                                       |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                              |                                              |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |                                                |  |  |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                                                           |                                              |                                              |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                                 |                                      |                                      |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                            |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|                                    |                                    |                                    |                                    | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  | Nicolaas II van Rusland (1868–1918)  |                                       |                                       | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) | Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1869-1870) |                                              |                                              | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) | Georgi Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1871-1899) |  |  | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               | Xenia Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1875-1960)                               |                                              |                                              | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) | Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland (1878-1918) |                                      |                                      | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960) | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960) | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960) | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960) | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960)  | Olga Aleksandrovna van Rusland (1882-1960)  |                                             |                                             |                                             |                                             |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

wikiname: nlwiki

title: Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland

in_language: nl

wikitext:
[[Bestand:Alexander russia.jpg|thumb|right|Alexander Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland]]
'''Alexander Aleksandrovitsj Romanov''' ([[Russisch]]: Великий Князь Александр Александрович Романов) ([[Sint-Petersburg]], [[7 juni]] [[1869]] – Sint-Petersburg, [[2 mei]] [[1870]]), grootvorst van [[Rusland]], was de zoon van tsaar [[Alexander III van Rusland]] en tsarina [[Dagmar van Denemarken (1847-1928)|Maria Fjodorovna]].

Toen Alexander geboren werd was zijn vader nog [[tsarevitsj]] van Rusland en zijn grootvader [[Alexander II van Rusland|Alexander II]] tsaar van Rusland. Na zijn oudere broer, grootvorst [[Nicolaas II van Rusland|Nicolaas]], was grootvorst Alexander derde in lijn van troonopvolging. Alexander stierf echter op 2 mei 1870 aan [[hersenvliesontsteking]] en haalde dus nooit zijn eerste verjaardag. Zijn ouders hebben hem na zijn dood gefotografeerd en laten tekenen om een herinnering aan hem te hebben.

== Kwartierstaat ==
{{Stamboom Nicolaas II van Rusland}}

[[Categorie:Grootvorst (niet regerend)]]
[[Categorie:Huis Romanov]]
[[Categorie:Persoon in de 19e eeuw|Rusland, A]]


text:
# Serendib volans
Serendib volans là một loài nhện trong họ Corinnidae.
Loài này thuộc chi Serendib. Serendib volans được Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold miêu tả năm 2001.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Serendib volans

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{nhan đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| name = ''Serendib volans''
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Động vật|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Động vật Chân khớp|Arthropoda]]
| unranked_classis = [[Arachnomorpha]]
| subphylum = [[Động vật Chân kìm|Chelicerata]]
| classis = [[Lớp Hình nhện|Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Nhện|Araneae]]
| familia = [[Corinnidae]]
| genus = ''[[Serendib]]''
| species = '''''S. volans'''''
| binomial = ''Serendib volans''
| binomial_authority = [[Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold|Deeleman-Reinhold]], 2001
}}
'''''Serendib volans''''' là một loài [[nhện]] trong họ [[Corinnidae]].<ref>{{aut|Platnick, Norman I.}} (2010): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ The world spider catalog], version 10.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.</ref>

Loài này thuộc chi ''[[Serendib]]''. ''Serendib volans'' được [[Christa L. Deeleman-Reinhold]] miêu tả năm 2001.

==Chú thích==
{{Tham khảo|30em}}

==Tham khảo==
* {{wikispecies nội dòng|Serendib volans}}

[[Thể loại:Serendib]]

{{Corinnidae-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Animalia

Ngành (phylum): Arthropoda

Phân ngành (subphylum): Chelicerata

(không phân hạng): Arachnomorpha

Lớp (class): Arachnida

Bộ (ordo): Araneae

Họ (familia): Corinnidae

Chi (genus): Serendib

Loài (species): S. volans

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Serendib volans · Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001