text:
# Coras de Nayarit
Coras de Nayarit is a basketball club based in Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, that plays in the Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico (CIBACOPA).  Their home games are played at Gimnasio Estatal Niños Heroes.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Coras de Nayarit

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Mexican basketball club}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2010}}
'''Coras de Nayarit''' is a [[basketball]] club based in [[Tepic]], [[Nayarit]], Mexico, that plays in the [[Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico]] ([[Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico|CIBACOPA]]).  Their home games are played at [[Gimnasio Estatal Niños Heroes]].

==External links==
*[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Coras-de-Nayarit/102336559825750?sk=info Presentation on facebook]
*[http://www.latinbasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=MEX&Team=5227/ Latinbasket.com club profile]

{{Circuito de Baloncesto de la Costa del Pacífico}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coras De Nayarit}}
[[Category:Basketball teams in Mexico]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Nayarit]]
[[Category:Sport in Tepic]]
[[Category:Basketball teams established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Mexico]]

{{Mexico-basketball-team-stub}}


text:
# Армии президентств
Армии президентств (англ. Presidency armies) — вооружённые силы трёх Президентств, на которые делились территории в Индии, находившиеся под управлением Британской Ост-Индской компании, позднее — британские вооружённые силы в Индии. В конце XIX века были объединены в Британскую индийскую армию.

## Истоки
Первыми индийскими военными на британской службе были охранники, которые нанимались в каждом из Президентств для защиты торговых факторий. В середине XVIII века в каждом из трёх Президентств — Бенгальском, Мадрасском и Бомбейском — были созданы собственные армии: Бенгальская, Мадрасская и Бомбейская. Эти армии состояли из «европейских» полков, в которых и офицеры и рядовые были европейцами, и «туземных» полков, в которых командный состав был из европейцев, а прочие были индийцами. Для поддержки армий Компании Британская Корона отправляла и части регулярной Британской армии, которые именовались «королевскими полками» или «полками Его Величества».

## Структура
Первым занялся созданием индийских воинских частей Роберт Клайв, решивший в 1757 году создать в Бенгальском президентстве батальоны «сипаев», которые были бы вооружены, одеты и обучены так же, как и «красные мундиры», и которыми бы командовали британские офицеры. В Мадрасском президентстве эту идею реализовали в 1759 году, а в Бомбейском — в 1767. Набор в такие войска вёлся из представителей одной и той же касты, из определённых местностей и деревень. В 1784 году были созданы полки регулярной кавалерии; иррегулярная кавалерия набиралась по традиционной для индийских государств системе. Также были образованы подразделения туземной артиллерии и туземных сапёров.
Между 1796 и 1804 годом была введена система полков, состоявших из двух батальонов, в каждом батальоне было по 22 британских офицера. Так как в реальности батальоны были слабо связаны друг с другом, и даже внутри одного полка не чувствовали себя единым подразделением, то в 1824 году была взята обратная идея, и базовым подразделением был сделан не полк, а батальон.

## Период после восстания сипаев
Когда после восстания 1857-1858 годов управление Индией было передано от Ост-Индской компании Британской Короне, то в 1860 году все европейские полки вошли в состав Британской армии, но туземные части продолжали существовать в рамках армий Президентств, и служащие в них европейские офицеры считались не офицерами Британской армии, а офицерами, соответственно, Бенгальской, Мадрасской или Бомбейской армии. В 1895 году три армии президентств были официально слиты воедино, в результате чего образовалась Британская индийская армия.
| Состав армий президентств после реорганизации 1860-х годов | Состав армий президентств после реорганизации 1860-х годов |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| Охрана генерал-губернатора                                 | 3 полка                                                    |
| Бенгальская кавалерия                                      | 19 полков                                                  |
| Мадрасская кавалерия                                       | 4 полка                                                    |
| Бомбейская кавалерия                                       | 7 полков                                                   |
| Горная артиллерия                                          | 10 батарей                                                 |
| Сапёры и минёры                                            | 3 полка                                                    |
| Бенгальская пехота                                         | 45 полков                                                  |
| Мадрасская пехота                                          | 42 полка                                                   |
| Бомбейская пехота                                          | 30 полков                                                  |
| Гуркхские стрелки                                          | 10 полков                                                  |
| Пенджабская кавалерия (пенджабские пограничные войска)     | 5 полков                                                   |
| Сикхская пехота (пенджабские пограничные войска)           | 4 полка                                                    |
| Пенджабская кавалерия (пенджабские пограничные войска)     | 5 полков                                                   |
| Кавалерия контингента Хайдарабада                          | 4 полка                                                    |
| Пехота контингента Хайдарабада                             | 6 полков                                                   |

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Армии президентств

in_language: ru

wikitext:
[[Файл:Chaterbengal.jpg|thumb|''[[Субедар]]'' 21-го Бенгальского туземного пехотного полка (1819)]]
'''Армии президентств''' ({{lang-en|Presidency armies}}) — вооружённые силы трёх Президентств, на которые делились территории в Индии, находившиеся под управлением [[Британская Ост-Индская компания|Британской Ост-Индской компании]], позднее — британские вооружённые силы в Индии. В конце XIX века были объединены в [[Британская индийская армия|Британскую индийскую армию]].

== Истоки ==

Первыми индийскими военными на британской службе были охранники, которые нанимались в каждом из Президентств для защиты [[Фактория|торговых факторий]]. В середине XVIII века в каждом из трёх Президентств — [[Бенгальское президентство|Бенгальском]], [[Мадрасское президентство|Мадрасском]] и [[Бомбейское президентство|Бомбейском]] — были созданы собственные армии: [[Бенгальская армия|Бенгальская]], [[Мадрасская армия|Мадрасская]] и [[Бомбейская армия|Бомбейская]]. Эти армии состояли из «европейских» полков, в которых и офицеры и рядовые были европейцами, и «туземных» полков, в которых командный состав был из европейцев, а прочие были индийцами. Для поддержки армий Компании [[Британская монархия|Британская Корона]] отправляла и части регулярной Британской армии, которые именовались «королевскими полками» или «полками Его Величества».

== Структура ==

Первым занялся созданием индийских воинских частей [[Клайв, Роберт (барон)|Роберт Клайв]], решивший в 1757 году создать в Бенгальском президентстве батальоны «[[сипаи|сипаев]]»<ref>{{Книга:Peter Duckers:British-Indian Army 1860—1914|5|1}}</ref>, которые были бы вооружены, одеты и обучены так же, как и «[[красные мундиры]]», и которыми бы командовали британские офицеры. В Мадрасском президентстве эту идею реализовали в 1759 году, а в Бомбейском — в 1767. Набор в такие войска вёлся из представителей одной и той же касты, из определённых местностей и деревень<ref name="Jackson">{{Книга:Donovan Jackson:India's Army|1—8|1}}</ref>. В 1784 году были созданы полки регулярной кавалерии; иррегулярная кавалерия набиралась по традиционной для индийских государств системе. Также были образованы подразделения туземной артиллерии и туземных сапёров<ref name="Jackson" />.

Между 1796 и 1804 годом была введена система полков, состоявших из двух батальонов, в каждом батальоне было по 22 британских офицера. Так как в реальности батальоны были слабо связаны друг с другом, и даже внутри одного полка не чувствовали себя единым подразделением, то в 1824 году была взята обратная идея, и базовым подразделением был сделан не полк, а батальон<ref name="Jackson" /><ref>{{Книга:G. F. MacMunn: Armies of India|20|1}}</ref>.

== Период после восстания сипаев ==
{{История индийской армии}}
Когда после [[Восстание сипаев|восстания 1857-1858 годов]] управление Индией [[Акт о лучшем управлении Индией|было передано]] от Ост-Индской компании Британской Короне, то в 1860 году все европейские полки вошли в состав Британской армии<ref>{{Книга:Peter Duckers:British-Indian Army 1860—1914|7|1}}</ref>, но туземные части продолжали существовать в рамках армий Президентств, и служащие в них европейские офицеры считались не офицерами Британской армии, а офицерами, соответственно, Бенгальской, Мадрасской или Бомбейской армии. В 1895 году три армии президентств были официально слиты воедино, в результате чего образовалась [[Британская индийская армия]].

{| class="wikitable"
 !colspan="2"|Состав армий президентств после реорганизации 1860-х годов<ref>{{Книга:Peter Duckers:British-Indian Army 1860—1914|8|1}}</ref>
 |-
 |
Охрана генерал-губернатора
 |3 полка
 |-
 |Бенгальская кавалерия
 |19 полков
 |-
 |Мадрасская кавалерия
 |4 полка
 |-
 |Бомбейская кавалерия
 |7 полков
 |-
 |Горная артиллерия
 |10 батарей
 |-
 |Сапёры и минёры
 |3 полка
 |-
 |Бенгальская пехота
 |45 полков
 |-
 |Мадрасская пехота
 |42 полка
 |-
 |Бомбейская пехота
 |30 полков
 |-
 |Гуркхские стрелки
 |10 полков
 |-
 |Пенджабская кавалерия
(пенджабские пограничные войска)
 |5 полков
 |-
 |Сикхская пехота
(пенджабские пограничные войска)
 |4 полка
 |-
 |Пенджабская кавалерия
(пенджабские пограничные войска)
 |5 полков
 |-
 |Кавалерия контингента Хайдарабада
 |4 полка
 |-
 |Пехота контингента Хайдарабада
 |6 полков
 |}

== Примечания ==
{{примечания|2}}

== Литература ==
* {{Книга:Peter Duckers:British-Indian Army 1860—1914}}
* {{Книга:Donovan Jackson:India's Army}}
* {{Книга:G. F. MacMunn: Armies of India}}
* {{Книга:Rivett Carnac:Presidential Armies of India}}

[[Категория:Британская Индия]]


text:
# Theodore Roosevelt High School (Los Angeles)
Theodore Roosevelt High School is an educational institution (grades 9–12) located in the Boyle Heights area of Los Angeles, California named for the 26th president of the United States.
Roosevelt is a public school in the Los Angeles Unified School District with an enrollment of 1,400 as of 2017. The enrollment peaked at 5,047 in 2007, making it one of the largest in the country, and second largest behind Belmont High School at the time. From the mid-1990s until the 2008–09 school year, the school followed a year-round calendar. In 2008, the school started to be managed by the Partnership for Los Angeles Schools, which was established by Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. In 2010, the single institution was split up into seven small schools, each with its own principal, CEEB code (used by SAT, colleges, etc.), students and staff. The outcomes of this were debated by students and administrators. Since 2013, Roosevelt has been merged into a single comprehensive high school. The Roosevelt campus also hosts the Math, Science and Technology Magnet Academy at Roosevelt High School and the STEM Academy of Boyle Heights, an LAUSD Pilot School that was formed in 2014.
Its school colors are red and gold, the mascot is Teddy the Bear, and their sport teams are known as the Rough Riders. The school's motto is "Don't flinch, don't foul, hit the line hard!", which is a Theodore Roosevelt quote.
Most students come from Boyle Heights, with some traveling from South Central, East Los Angeles, and City Terrace.
Roosevelt participates in the annual "East L.A. Classic" against Garfield High School. It is the homecoming game for both schools and attracts over 20,000 people every year.
The school's $173 million comprehensive modernization project began in 2018.

## History
Roosevelt was founded in 1922, but opened in 1923 in Boyle Heights to the east of the Los Angeles River.
Roosevelt High School became categorized as a “Mexican school” along with Lincoln High School, Garfield High School, and others near East L.A. This categorization derived in the twentieth century when an abundance of Mexican immigrants enrolled in public schools and school boards segregated the establishments. Nearly 83 percent of Roosevelt's students were of Mexican descent.
As the population grew in the area, Roosevelt sought expansion. The R-Building (R for Roosevelt) was the main building and faced Fickett Street. The street was vacated and a new administration (A-Building for administration) was constructed. Many new buildings were created and added to campus. The R-building has an interesting history and distinct architecture. There was a fourth floor to the building which had to be closed due to damage from a fire. The basement was built with a shooting range for the Junior ROTC (JROTC), although only air rifles may be used now.
Roosevelt was one of the five schools to initiate the student walkouts in 1968, and contributed to the walkouts in 2006, in protest to the HR 4437 bill. The school has partnered with Planned Parenthood, which operates a clinic at the school providing birth control, pregnancy testing, screening for sexually transmitted diseases and counseling, in an effort to reduce the area's high incidence of teenage pregnancies.
In 2009, the opening of the Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez Learning Centers helped to expand Roosevelt.

## East LA Walkouts
The East LA Walkouts or Blowouts were a result of long endured injustices involving students at East LA high schools. The curriculum of "Mexican schools" was designed to prepare its students to eventually join the working-class in place of their parents because graduation rates were so low. The Watts Riots of 1965 proved to students that resistance was necessary for social changes. Students were determined to change the curriculum and as the Chicano Movement was taking place, Sal Castro, a teacher at Lincoln High School, organized the East L.A. Walkouts. Approximately 10,000 students from Roosevelt, Lincoln, Belmont, Garfield, and Wilson High Schools participated with support from teachers, parents, college students, and community members.
With Castro's help, students from the high schools formed a central committee to plan actions. After the principal at Wilson High School cancelled the senior class play on March 1, 1968, enraged students participated in an impromptu walkout. This situation called for a central committee meeting to decide whether all schools would engage in a larger walkout. However, Garfield High students decided for themselves and staged a campus-wide walkout on March 5. Shortly after, walkouts ensued at Roosevelt and Lincoln. The last walkout took place on March 8 and ended at Hazard Park which is a short distance from Roosevelt High School.

## Japanese American internment camps
When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps to prevent them from turning on the United States. They were given orders to drop all belongings and expect to be taken away from their communities until further notice. Nearly a third of Roosevelt High School's students were withdrawn because they were Japanese. They were required to attend schools within those camps. However, resources were scarce and classes were limited.
In 1937, prior to their withdrawal from Roosevelt High School, the Japanese American Students Club created a Japanese Garden on campus. The garden was not maintained during World War II, which led to its deterioration. It was rebuilt in 1996 and dedicated to Japanese American students who were victims of displacement during the war.

## Demographics
| Ethic Breakdown                           | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 |
| ----------------------------------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| American Indian/Alaskan Native            | 0%   | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Hispanic and Latino American              | 99%  | 99%  | 98%  |
| African American                          | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% |
| Asian American                            | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.3% |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0%   | 0%   | 0.1% |
| White                                     | 1%   | 1%   | 1%   |
| Multiracial Americans                     | 0%   | 0.1% | 0.1% |
| Female                                    | 47%  | 46%  | 46%  |
| Male                                      | 53%  | 54%  | 54%  |

In 2019, Roosevelt serves around 1,475 students in grades nine through twelve, with a student-teacher ratio of 19:1 and 79 full-time teachers.

### All Rankings
US News 2021 Rankings
- 102 in Los Angeles Unified School District High Schools
- 381 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
- 1,129 in California High Schools
- 9,994 in National Rankins[13]

US News 2020 Rankings
- 164 in Los Angeles Unified School District High Schools
- 376 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
- 1,144 in California High Schools
- 10,680 in National Rankins[13]

US News 2019 Rankings
- 333 in Los Angeles metropolitan area High Schools
- 974 in California High Schools
- 7,852 in National Rankings[13]

## Academic Performance Index (API)
API for High Schools in the LAUSD District 5 and local small public charter high schools in the East Los Angeles region.
| School                                     | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
| ------------------------------------------ | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- |
| Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School | 807  | 818  | 815  | 820  | 832  | 842  | 847  |
| Marc and Eva Stern Math and Science School | 718  | 792  | 788  | 788  | 809  | 785  | 775  |
| Oscar De La Hoya Animo Charter High School | 662  | 726  | 709  | 710  | 744  | 744  | 738  |
| James A. Garfield High School              | 553  | 597  | 593  | 632  | 705  | 710  | 714  |
| Abraham Lincoln High School                | 594  | 609  | 588  | 616  | 643  | 761  | 738  |
| Woodrow Wilson High School                 | 582  | 585  | 600  | 615  | 636  |      |      |
| Theodore Roosevelt High School             | 557  | 551  | 576  | 608  |      | 793  | 788  |
| Thomas Jefferson High School               | 457  | 516  | 514  | 546  | 546  |      |      |
| Santee Education Complex                   |      | 502  | 521  | 552  | 565  | 612  | 636  |

## The East LA Classic
The East L.A. Classic is the homecoming game for Roosevelt High School and Garfield High School, . The classic has taken place since a few years after the opening of the two schools, with the exception of the Depression and World War II. The classic brings out alumni from all parts of the world, usually fielding 20,000 people per game and has been held at the East Los Angeles College at the Weingart Stadium although it has been held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.

## Artwork
The artist Nelyollotl Toltecatl painted a 400 feet (120 m) mural, known as the Anahuac Mural, on two outside walls of Roosevelt depicting murder, rape, and enslavement of Native Americans by European colonizers. In 1996 Toltecatl, who was previously known under a Spanish name, began to work on a mural intended to depict Chicano history and assimilation. After about a year of work on the project, the tone of his mural changed after attending a lecture by Olin Tezcatlipoca.
Prior to the demolition of the Sixth Street Viaduct, Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti recorded the R&B song "101SlowJam", backed by musicians from Roosevelt High School, and issued it via a video on his own YouTube channel. The public service announcement video advertised the closure of parts of the 101 Freeway to accommodate the demolition of the viaduct.

## Notable alumni
- Chris Arreola - professional heavyweight boxer
- Lou Adler – Grammy Award winner and film producer; noted for Rocky Horror Picture Show and Up in Smoke
- Sam Balter (1909–1998) – All-American basketball player UCLA; gold medalist in 1936 Summer Olympics; member of SCSBA Hall of Fame
- Paul Bannai – first Japanese-American assemblyman in California
- Leo Buscaglia - writer and professor
- Lynn Cain – USC running back, played for Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Rams
- Leo Cantor (1919–1995) - NFL football player
- Phil Carreón (1923–2010), big-band leader who gave Lennie Niehaus his first job as arranger and alto saxophonist
- Vickie Castro - educator
- Gil Cedillo – California state senator
- Willie Davis (1940-2010) – MLB outfielder for Los Angeles Dodgers 1960–72; 2-time All-Star and 2-time World Series champion
- Mike Davis - American writer, historian, and political theorist; Author of City of Quartz
- Philip "Phil" Erenberg (1909–1992) - gymnast and Olympic silver medalist
- Felipe Esparza - Stand-up comedian
- Michael Galitzen (Mickey Riley) – 1932 Summer Olympics gold medalist, springboard diving
- Mike Garrett – football player, Heisman Trophy winner for USC 1965; later USC athletic director
- Joe Gold – founder of Gold's Gym
- Paul Gonzales – first Mexican-American winner of boxing gold medal, 1984 Summer Olympics
- William Harmatz (1931–2011) - Thoroughbred horse racing jockey
- Frances Hashimoto - former president and CEO of Mikawaya, credited as creator of mochi ice cream and introducing it to American consumer market
- Genaro Hernandez – world junior lightweight champion 1991–1994
- Robert Kinoshita – artist, art director, set and production designer in film and television from 1950s-'80s
- Herbert G. Klein - President Richard Nixon's communications director for executive branch
- Julian Nava - Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
- Lennie Niehaus – Emmy Award winner and Clint Eastwood's musical director
- Eugene Obregon – Medal of Honor in Korean War
- Harry Pregerson – first Jewish American appointed federal circuit judge, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals
- Myron Prinzmetal - cardiologist
- Ricky Romero – All-City Player of the Year; pitcher for Toronto Blue Jays
- Edward R. Roybal – LA city councilman 1949–62; U.S. House of Representatives 1963–1993
- Andy Russell - born as "Andrés Rábago" in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, 1940s Mexican-American crooner of hits "Bésame Mucho" and "What a Diff'rence a Day Made"; later an international singing star in Mexico, Latin America, and Spain
- Shirlee Smith - author
- Donald Sterling - former owner of NBA's Los Angeles Clippers
- A. Wallace Tashima – first Japanese-American appointed federal circuit judge, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals
- Bobbi Trout – record-setting aviator of 1930s and 1940s, contemporary of Amelia Earhart and Pancho Barnes
- Antonio Villaraigosa – Mayor of Los Angeles, 2005–13
- Harold M. Williams – Chairman of Securities and Exchange Commission during Carter administration; president emeritus of Getty Center
- Howard Zieff – film director, Private Benjamin, House Calls, My Girl

wikitext:
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox school
|name           = Theodore Roosevelt High School
|seal_image     = TRHSSeal.png
|image          = Roosevelt High School, Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, California, USA.jpg
|motto          = "Don't flinch, don't foul, hit the line hard!"
|established    = 1922
|type           = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]]
|affiliation    =
|district       = [[Los Angeles Unified School District]]
|grades         = 9–12
|president      =
|principal      = Ben Gertner
|head of school =
|dean           =
|faculty        =
|staff          = 85.23 (FTE)<ref name=NCES/>
|ratio          = 19.08<ref name=NCES/>
|students       =
|enrollment     = 1,626 (2023-2024)<ref name=NCES>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0622710&SchoolPageNum=60&ID=062271003315|title=Theodore Roosevelt Senior High|publisher=National Center for Education Statistics|access-date=March 5, 2025}}</ref>
|athletics      =
|conference     = Eastern League<br>CIF Los Angeles City Section
|colors         = Cardinal & Gold {{color box|#9a122c}}{{color box|Gold}}
|nickname       = Rough Riders
|mascot         = Teddy the Bear
|newspaper      = Teddy Times
|rivals         = [[Garfield Senior High School (Los Angeles)|Garfield High School]]<ref>Mario Villegas
, [https://www.espn.com/los-angeles/news/story?id=5761821 A 'Classic' for many reasons], ''ESPN Los Angeles'', November 4, 2010</ref>
|free_label     =
|free_text      =
|free_label2    =
|free_text2     =
|location       = 456 South Matthews Street, [[Los Angeles, California]], [[United States]] 90033
|coordinates    = {{Coord|34|02|18|N|118|12|40|W|type:edu_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
|information    =
|website        = [https://roosevelths-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/ Official website]
}}
'''Theodore Roosevelt High School''' is an educational institution (grades 9–12) located in the [[Boyle Heights]] area of [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] named for the 26th president of the United States.

Roosevelt is a public school in the [[Los Angeles Unified School District]] with an enrollment of 1,400 as of 2017. The enrollment peaked at 5,047 in 2007, making it one of the largest in the country, and second largest behind [[Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California)|Belmont High School]] at the time. From the mid-1990s until the 2008–09 school year, the school followed a year-round calendar. In 2008, the school started to be managed by the Partnership for Los Angeles Schools, which was established by Los Angeles Mayor [[Antonio Villaraigosa]]. In 2010, the single institution was split up into seven small schools, each with its own principal, CEEB code (used by SAT, colleges, etc.), students and staff. The outcomes of this were debated by students and administrators.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boyleheightsbeat.com/reform-at-roosevelt-verdict-is-still-out-674 |title=Boyle Heights Beat – Reform at Roosevelt: Verdict is still out |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062252/http://www.boyleheightsbeat.com/reform-at-roosevelt-verdict-is-still-out-674 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boyleheightsbeat.com/roosevelt-high-school-directed-to-restructure-current-system-2023 |title=Boyle Heights Beat – Roosevelt High School directed to restructure current system |access-date=2013-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060745/http://www.boyleheightsbeat.com/roosevelt-high-school-directed-to-restructure-current-system-2023 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2013, Roosevelt has been merged into a single comprehensive high school. The Roosevelt campus also hosts the Math, Science and Technology Magnet Academy at Roosevelt High School and the STEM Academy of Boyle Heights, an LAUSD Pilot School that was formed in 2014.

Its school colors are red and gold, the mascot is Teddy the Bear, and their sport teams are known as the [[Rough Riders]]. The school's motto is "Don't flinch, don't foul, hit the line hard!", which is a Theodore Roosevelt quote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/File:Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg|title=File:Roosevelt - Address to the Boys Progressive League.ogg - Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org}}</ref>

Most students come from [[Boyle Heights]], with some traveling from [[South Central Los Angeles|South Central]], [[East Los Angeles, California|East Los Angeles]], and [[City Terrace]].

Roosevelt participates in the annual [[East LA classic|"East L.A. Classic"]] against [[Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)|Garfield High School]]. It is the homecoming game for both schools and attracts over 20,000 people every year.

The school's $173 million comprehensive modernization project began in 2018.

== History ==
Roosevelt was founded in 1922, but opened in 1923 in Boyle Heights to the east of the [[Los Angeles River]].

Roosevelt High School became categorized as a “Mexican school” along with [[Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Lincoln High School]], [[Garfield High School (California)|Garfield High School]], and others near East L.A. This categorization derived in the twentieth century when an abundance of Mexican immigrants enrolled in public schools and school boards segregated the establishments. Nearly 83 percent of Roosevelt's students were of Mexican descent.<ref name=":0" />

As the population grew in the area, Roosevelt sought expansion.{{when|date=July 2012}} The R-Building (R for Roosevelt) was the main building and faced Fickett Street. The street was vacated and a new administration (A-Building for administration) was constructed. Many new buildings were created and added to campus. The R-building has an interesting history and distinct architecture. There was a fourth floor to the building which had to be closed due to damage from a fire. The basement was built with a shooting range for the Junior ROTC ([[JROTC]]), although only air rifles may be used now.

Roosevelt was one of the five schools to initiate the [[student protest|student walkout]]s in 1968, and contributed to the [[2006 immigration reform protests|walkouts in 2006]], in protest to the HR 4437 bill. The school has partnered with [[Planned Parenthood]], which operates a clinic at the school providing birth control, pregnancy testing, screening for [[sexually transmitted diseases]] and counseling, in an effort to reduce the area's high incidence of teenage pregnancies.<ref name=LAT>[https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2012-jun-05-la-me-planned-parenthood-20120605-story.html Unusual partnership offers students birth control], [[Los Angeles Times]], 5 June 2012</ref>

In 2009, the opening of the [[Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez Learning Centers]] helped to expand Roosevelt.<ref>"[http://www.laschools.org/employee/mpd/fs-mpd/download/09-10_boundary_change_webmaps/Lincoln_HS.pdf 2. Proposed Changes to Lincoln High School Area Schools, School Year 2009-2010]." [[Los Angeles Unified School District]]. Retrieved on March 17, 2010.</ref>

== East LA Walkouts ==
The [[East L.A. walkouts|East LA Walkouts]] or Blowouts were a result of long endured injustices involving students at East LA high schools. The curriculum of "Mexican schools" was designed to prepare its students to eventually join the working-class in place of their parents because graduation rates were so low. The [[Watts riots|Watts Riots of 1965]] proved to students that resistance was necessary for social changes. Students were determined to change the curriculum and as the [[Chicano Movement]] was taking place, [[Sal Castro]], a teacher at [[Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Lincoln High School]], organized the [[East L.A. Walkouts]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Blowout!: Sal Castro and the Chicano Struggle for Educational Justice|last=García, Mario T.|date=2011|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|others=Castro, Sal.|isbn=9780807834480|location=Chapel Hill|oclc=656158799}}</ref> Approximately 10,000 students from Roosevelt, [[Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Lincoln]], [[Belmont High School (Los Angeles)|Belmont]], [[Garfield High School (California)|Garfield]], and [[Wilson High School (Los Angeles)|Wilson]] High Schools participated with support from teachers, parents, college students, and community members.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delgado Bernal|first=Dolores|title=Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|jstor=3347162}}</ref>

With Castro's help, students from the high schools formed a central committee to plan actions. After the principal at [[Woodrow Wilson High School (Los Angeles)|Wilson High School]] cancelled the senior class play on March 1, 1968, enraged students participated in an impromptu walkout. This situation called for a central committee meeting to decide whether all schools would engage in a larger walkout. However, [[Garfield High School (California)|Garfield High]] students decided for themselves and staged a campus-wide walkout on March 5. Shortly after, walkouts ensued at Roosevelt and [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles)|Lincoln]]. The last walkout took place on March 8 and ended at [[Hazard Park]] which is a short distance from Roosevelt High School.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice|last=Haney-López, Ian.|date=2003|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674038264|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=609058795}}</ref>

== Japanese American internment camps ==
When Japan bombed [[Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941, Japanese Americans were forced into [[Internment of Japanese Americans|internment camps]] to prevent them from turning on the United States. They were given orders to drop all belongings and expect to be taken away from their communities until further notice.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Japanese-American Internment During World War II|last=Peggy Daniels Becker.|date=2014|publisher=Omnigraphics, Inc|oclc=1027084995}}</ref> Nearly a third of Roosevelt High School's students were withdrawn because they were Japanese.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Los Angeles's Boyle Heights|date=2005|publisher=Arcadia Pub|others=Japanese American National Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.)|isbn=9781531616342|location=Charleston SC|oclc=62310489}}</ref> They were required to attend schools within those camps. However, resources were scarce and classes were limited.<ref name=":12"/>

In 1937, prior to their withdrawal from Roosevelt High School, the Japanese American Students Club created a Japanese Garden on campus. The garden was not maintained during World War II, which led to its deterioration. It was rebuilt in 1996 and dedicated to Japanese American students who were victims of displacement during the war.<ref name=":2" />

== Demographics ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;"
|+ ''Demographics of student body''
! '''Ethic Breakdown''' || '''2021''' || '''2020'''<ref name="usnews">{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/california/districts/los-angeles-unified-school-district/theodore-roosevelt-senior-high-2583|title=usnews|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> || '''2019'''
|-
! [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]/Alaskan Native
| 0%
| 0.1%
| 0.1%
|-
! [[Hispanic and Latino American]]
| 99%
| 99%
| 98%
|-
! [[African American]]
| 0.3%
| 0.3%
| 0.4%
|-
! [[Asian American]]
| 0.5%
| 0.2%
| 0.3%
|-
! [[Native Hawaiian]] or other [[Pacific Islander]]
| 0%
| 0%
| 0.1%
|-
! [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| 1%
| 1%
| 1%
|-
! [[Multiracial Americans]]
| 0%
| 0.1%
| 0.1%
|-
| [[Female]]
| 47%
| 46%
| 46%
|-
| [[Male]]
| 53%
| 54%
| 54%
|-
|}

In 2019, Roosevelt serves around 1,475 students in grades nine through twelve, with a student-teacher ratio of 19:1 and 79 full-time teachers.

===All Rankings===
'''US News 2021 Rankings'''
*102 in Los Angeles Unified School District High Schools
*381 in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]] High Schools
*1,129 in [[California]] High Schools
*9,994 in [[United States|National]] Rankins<ref name="usnews"/>

'''US News 2020 Rankings'''
*164 in Los Angeles Unified School District High Schools
*376 in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]] High Schools
*1,144 in [[California]] High Schools
*10,680 in [[United States|National]] Rankins<ref name="usnews"/>

'''US News 2019 Rankings'''
*333 in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]] High Schools
*974 in [[California]] High Schools
*7,852 in [[United States|National]] Rankings<ref name="usnews"/>

==Academic Performance Index (API)==
API for High Schools in the LAUSD District 5 and local small public [[Charter school|charter]] high schools in the [[East Los Angeles (region)|East Los Angeles region]].

{| class="wikitable" border="2"
|-
! School
!'''2007 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/AcntRpt2008/2007Base_Co.aspx?cYear=&cSelect=19,LOS,ANGELES 2006-07 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)] Retrieved on September 25, 2009<!-- Generated title --></ref>'''
!'''2008 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/AcntRpt2009/2008Base_Co.aspx?cYear=&cSelect=19,LOS,ANGELES 2007-08 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)] Retrieved on September 25, 2009<!-- Generated title --></ref>'''
!'''2009 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/AcntRpt2010/2009Base_Co.aspx?cYear=&cSelect=19,LOS,ANGELES 2008-09 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)] Retrieved on September 8, 2012<!-- Generated title --></ref>'''
!'''2010 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/Acnt2011/2010Base_Co.aspx?cYear=&cSelect=19,LOS,ANGELES 2009-10 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)] Retrieved on September 8, 2012<!-- Generated title --></ref>'''
!'''2011 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/Acnt2012/2011Base_Co.aspx?cYear=&cSelect=19,LOS,ANGELES 2010-11 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)] Retrieved on September 8, 2012<!-- Generated title --></ref>'''
!'''2012'''
!'''2013 <ref>[http://api.cde.ca.gov/Acnt2013/2013GrowthSch.aspx?allcds=19647331933381,LOS,Angeles 2012-13 Accountability Progress Reporting (APR)]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on February 27, 2017<!--Generated title --></ref>'''
|-Reporting Api
|[[Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School]]
|807
|818
|815
|820
|832
|842
|847
|-
|[[Marc and Eva Stern Math and Science School]]
|718
|792
|788
|788
|809
|785
|775
|-
|[[Oscar De La Hoya#Personal life|Oscar De La Hoya Animo Charter High School]]
| 662
| 726
| 709
| 710
| 744
| 744
| 738
|-
|[[Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)|James A. Garfield High School]]
| 553
| 597
| 593
| 632
| 705
| 710
| 714
|-
|[[Abraham Lincoln High School (Los Angeles, California)|Abraham Lincoln High School]]
| 594
| 609
| 588
| 616
| 643
| 761
| 738
|-
|[[Wilson High School (Los Angeles, California)|Woodrow Wilson High School]]
| 582
| 585
| 600
| 615
| 636
|
|
|-
|Theodore Roosevelt High School
| 557
| 551
| 576
| 608
|
| 793
| 788
|-
|[[Jefferson High School (Los Angeles, California)|Thomas Jefferson High School]]
| 457
| 516
| 514
| 546
| 546
|
|
|-
|[[Santee Education Complex]]
|
| 502
| 521
| 552
| 565
| 612
| 636
|}

== The East LA Classic ==
The [[East LA classic|East L.A. Classic]] is the [[homecoming]] game for Roosevelt High School and [[Garfield Senior High School (Los Angeles)|Garfield High School]], . The classic has taken place since a few years after the opening of the two schools, with the exception of the [[Great Depression|Depression]] and [[World War II]]. The classic brings out alumni from all parts of the world, usually fielding 20,000 people per game and has been held at the [[East Los Angeles College]] at the [[Weingart Stadium]] although it has been held at the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasports.org/lafacilities/display.php?s=Stadium&id=17|title=Los Angeles Sports Council - L.A. Facilities|website=www.lasports.org}}</ref>

==Artwork==
The artist Nelyollotl Toltecatl painted a {{convert|400|ft|m}} mural,<ref name="Sipchenhistory">Sipchen, Bob. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104150953/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-schoolme26mar26,1,4269300,full.column Assimilation plays no part in this history lesson]." ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''. March 26, 2007. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.</ref> known as the Anahuac Mural,<ref>"[http://www.anahuacmural.org/main/ Welcome]." Anahuac Mural. Retrieved on August 9, 2010.</ref> on two outside walls of Roosevelt depicting murder, rape, and enslavement of Native Americans by European colonizers. In 1996 Toltecatl, who was previously known under a Spanish name, began to work on a mural intended to depict Chicano history and assimilation. After about a year of work on the project, the tone of his mural changed after attending a lecture by Olin Tezcatlipoca.<ref name="Sipchenhistory"/>

Prior to the demolition of the [[Sixth Street Viaduct]], Los Angeles mayor [[Eric Garcetti]] recorded the [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] song "101SlowJam", backed by musicians from Roosevelt High School, and issued it via a video on his own [[YouTube]] channel. The [[public service announcement]] video advertised the closure of parts of the 101 Freeway to accommodate the demolition of the viaduct.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pedersen |first=Erik |url=https://deadline.com/2016/02/101-freeway-closure-los-angeles-mayor-eric-garcetti-slow-jam-video-1201697381/ |title=[WATCH] 101 Freeway Closure: LA Mayor Eric Garcetti Slow-Jams Reminder |publisher=Deadline |date=January 28, 2016 |access-date=February 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{youTube|a_3tTv4lPds|#101SlowJam}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
{{alumni|date=October 2016}}
* [[Chris Arreola]] - professional heavyweight boxer
* [[Lou Adler]] – [[Grammy Award]] winner and film producer; noted for ''[[Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' and ''[[Up in Smoke]]''
* [[Sam Balter]] (1909–1998) – All-American basketball player [[UCLA]]; gold medalist in [[1936 Summer Olympics]]; member of SCSBA Hall of Fame
* [[Paul Bannai]] – first Japanese-American assemblyman in California
* [[Leo Buscaglia]] - writer and professor
* [[Lynn Cain]] – USC running back, played for [[Atlanta Falcons]] and [[Los Angeles Rams]]
* [[Leo Cantor]] (1919–1995) - NFL football player
* [[Phil Carreón]] (1923–2010), big-band leader who gave [[Lennie Niehaus]] his first job as [[arranger]] and alto saxophonist
* [[Vickie Castro]] - educator
* [[Gil Cedillo]] – California state senator
* [[Willie Davis (baseball)|Willie Davis]] (1940-2010) – MLB outfielder for [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] 1960–72; 2-time All-Star and 2-time World Series champion
* [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] - American writer, historian, and political theorist; Author of [[City of Quartz]]
* [[Philip Erenberg|Philip "Phil" Erenberg]] (1909–1992) - gymnast and Olympic silver medalist
* [[Felipe Esparza]] - Stand-up comedian
* [[Michael Galitzen]] (Mickey Riley) – [[1932 Summer Olympics]] gold medalist, springboard diving
* [[Mike Garrett]] – football player, [[Heisman Trophy]] winner for [[USC Trojans football|USC]] 1965; later USC athletic director
* [[Joe Gold]] – founder of [[Gold's Gym]]
* [[Paul Gonzales]] – first Mexican-American winner of boxing gold medal, [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
*[[William Harmatz]] (1931–2011) - Thoroughbred horse racing jockey
* [[Frances Hashimoto]] - former president and CEO of [[Mikawaya]], credited as creator of [[mochi ice cream]] and introducing it to American consumer market
* [[Genaro Hernandez]] – world junior lightweight champion 1991–1994
* [[Robert Kinoshita]] – artist, art director, set and production designer in film and television from 1950s-'80s
* [[Herbert G. Klein]] - President [[Richard Nixon]]'s communications director for executive branch
* [[Julian Nava]] - Los Angeles Unified School District Board of Education, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico
* [[Lennie Niehaus]] – [[Emmy Award]] winner and [[Clint Eastwood]]'s musical director
* [[Eugene Obregon]] – [[Medal of Honor]] in [[Korean War]]
* [[Harry Pregerson]] – first Jewish American appointed federal circuit judge, [[9th Circuit Court of Appeals]]
* [[Myron Prinzmetal]] - cardiologist
* [[Ricky Romero (baseball)|Ricky Romero]] – All-City Player of the Year; pitcher for [[Toronto Blue Jays]]
* [[Edward R. Roybal]] – LA city councilman 1949–62; [[U.S. House]] of Representatives 1963–1993
* [[Andy Russell (singer)|Andy Russell]] - born as "Andrés Rábago" in [[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles]], 1940s Mexican-American crooner of hits "[[Bésame Mucho]]" and "[[What a Diff'rence a Day Made]]"; later an international singing star in Mexico, Latin America, and Spain
* [[Shirlee Smith]] - author
* [[Donald Sterling]] - former owner of NBA's [[Los Angeles Clippers]]
* [[A. Wallace Tashima]] – first Japanese-American appointed federal circuit judge, [[9th Circuit Court of Appeals]]
* [[Bobbi Trout]] – record-setting aviator of 1930s and 1940s, contemporary of [[Amelia Earhart]] and [[Pancho Barnes]]
* [[Antonio Villaraigosa]] – Mayor of Los Angeles, 2005–13
* [[Harold M. Williams]] – Chairman of [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] during Carter administration; president emeritus of [[Getty Center]]
* [[Howard Zieff]] – film director, ''[[Private Benjamin (1980 film)|Private Benjamin]]'', ''[[House Calls (1978 film)|House Calls]]'', ''[[My Girl (film)|My Girl]]''

==References==
<references/>
* http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/local-latino-talent-wins-latvs-be-a-vj-contest-71469937.html July 29, 2003 press release
RICHARD OROSCO CLASS OF 1957 WAS THE 1ST. MEXICAN AMERICAN IRS Director for the state of Ca.

==External links==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles|Schools}}
* [http://www.rooseveltlausd.org/ Roosevelt High School website]
* [http://www.greatschools.net/modperl/browse_school/ca/2352 GreatSchools information]

{{LAUSDDistrict5}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Theodore High}}
[[Category:Los Angeles Unified School District schools|Roosevelt High]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Los Angeles|Roosevelt]]
[[Category:Boyle Heights, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Eastside Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1922]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in California]]

title: Location

Location: 456 South Matthews Street, Los Angeles, California, United States 90033

title: Information

Type: Public

School district: Los Angeles Unified School District

Principal: Ben Gertner

Color(s): Cardinal & Gold

Athletics conference: Eastern League · CIF Los Angeles City Section

Mascot: Teddy the Bear

Nickname: Rough Riders

Rivals: Garfield High School

Newspaper: Teddy Times

Website: Official website


text:
# NGC 501
NGC 501 (również PGC 5082) – galaktyka eliptyczna (E0), znajdująca się w gwiazdozbiorze Ryb. Odkrył ją 28 października 1856 roku R.J. Mitchell – asystent Williama Parsonsa.

wikiname: plwiki

title: NGC 501

in_language: pl

wikitext:
{{Koordynaty astronomiczne|01|23|22|4|+33|26|01|}}
{{Galaktyka infobox
 |        nazwa = NGC 501
 |      zdjęcie = NGC499 - NGC501 - SDSS DR14.png
 |         opis = NGC 501 (w lewym dolnym rogu) oraz [[NGC 499]] ([[Sloan Digital Sky Survey|SDSS]])
 |     odkrywca = R.J. Mitchell
 |        dzień = 28 października
 |          rok = 1856
 | gwiazdozbiór = [[Gwiazdozbiór Ryb|Ryby]]
 |          typ = [[galaktyka eliptyczna|eliptyczna]] (E0)
 | rektascensja = {{RA|01|23|22,4}}
 |   deklinacja = {{DEC|+33|26|01}}
 |       odl_ly =
 |       odl_pc =
 |     redshift = 0,016561{{r|simbad}}
 |      jas_wid = 14,5
 |     rozm_kąt = 0,5' × 0,5'
 |      wymiary =
 |      jas_abs =
 |         masa =
 |     satelity =
 |      alt_ozn = PGC 5082, ZWG 502.62, NPM1G +33.0044
 |      commons = Category:NGC 501
}}
'''NGC 501''' (również '''PGC 5082''') – [[galaktyka eliptyczna]] (E0), znajdująca się w [[Gwiazdozbiór Ryb|gwiazdozbiorze Ryb]]. Odkrył ją 28 października 1856 roku R.J. Mitchell – asystent [[William Parsons|Williama Parsonsa]]{{r|cseligman}}.

== Zobacz też ==
* [[Lista obiektów NGC]]

== Przypisy ==
{{Przypisy|
<ref name=cseligman>{{Cytuj stronę | url = http://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc5.htm#501 | tytuł = NGC 501 | nazwisko = Seligman | imię = Courtney | praca = Celestial Atlas | język = en | data dostępu = 2014-10-05}}</ref>
<ref name=simbad>{{simbad|NGC 501}}</ref>
}}

== Linki zewnętrzne ==
* {{SEDS|NGC 501}}
* {{simbad|NGC 501}}
* {{NED|NGC 501}}

{{SORTUJ:NGC 0501}}
[[Kategoria:Obiekty NGC|0501]]
[[Kategoria:Galaktyki eliptyczne]]
[[Kategoria:Gwiazdozbiór Ryb]]
[[Kategoria:Obiekty astronomiczne odkryte w 1856]]

title: NGC 501

Odkrywca: R.J. Mitchell

Data odkrycia: 28 października 1856

Gwiazdozbiór: Ryby

Typ: eliptyczna (E0)


text:
# Critical Realism
Critical Realism (kurz CR), englisch für „kritischer Realismus“, ist eine wissenschaftsphilosophische Metatheorie der Natur- und der Sozialwissenschaften und ein daraus resultierender wissenschaftstheoretischer Ansatz, der ab den 1970er Jahren zunächst von Roy Bhaskar entwickelt wurde und seitdem von zahlreichen anderen Vertretern in Anlehnung und kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit Bhaskars Konzepten weiterentwickelt wurde. Das zentrale Interesse des CR richtet sich auf die Wissenschaftsphilosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie der Sozialwissenschaften, wo er auch, vor allem in der englischsprachigen Diskussion, als eigener, spezifischer Ansatz diskutiert wird.
Der Critical Realism ist eine Variante des wissenschaftlichen Realismus. Zu unterscheiden ist er vom Kritischen Realismus, obgleich er mit diesem wie mit anderen realistischen Ansätzen gewisse Gemeinsamkeiten aufweist. Im deutschsprachigen Raum wird daher meist die englische Bezeichnung verwendet, wenn der in der Tradition Bhaskars stehende Ansatz thematisiert wird.

## Hintergrund
Als programmatischer Beginn des Critical Realism wird Bhaskars Doktorarbeit am Nuffield College gesehen, die 1975 unter dem Titel A Realist Theory of Science veröffentlicht wurde. Sein Doktorvater war Rom Harré.
Nach Hans Pühretmayer und Armin Puller war es Absicht Bhaskars, einen neuen wissenschaftsphilosophischen Ansatz zu entwickeln, der darstellen konnte „[…] wie Wissenschaften real handeln, wie der reale Prozess der Produktion von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen abläuft.“

## Grundannahmen
Der CR formuliert insbesondere zu vier wissenschaftsphilosophischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Problemfeldern und Fragestellungen spezifische konzeptionelle Positionen, und zwar: (Sozial-)Ontologie, Epistemologie, Methodologie und Ethik. Nach Auffassung des CR gründen alle wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeiten und Ansätze in – impliziten oder expliziten – Annahmen hinsichtlich dieser vier Bereiche, die, entsprechend Bhaskars früher Intention (s. o.), in die reale wissenschaftliche Praxis einfließen, auch wenn sie nicht expliziert und möglicherweise auch nicht reflektiert werden.

### (Sozial-)Ontologie
Die explizite Formulierung ontologischer Prämissen und die Thematisierung und Diskussion ontologischer Fragen kann als eine Besonderheit und als ein spezifischer Beitrag des CR in der (sozial-)wissenschaftlichen Diskussion angesehen werden. Denn nach Auffassung des CR geht jeder (sozial-)wissenschaftliche Ansatz notwendig von solchen ontologischen Prämissen, d. h. Annahmen über die grundlegende Beschaffenheit der (natürlichen und/oder sozialen) Welt und ihrer Phänomene aus, auch wenn diese Annahmen häufig implizit bleiben und nicht expliziert werden. Dabei entspricht das Ontologie-Verständnis des CR nicht einem "klassischen" Verständnis einer "alten" Ontologie im Sinne der antiken und mittelalterlichen – teils naiven, teils dogmatischen – Richtung, sondern Konzepten einer "neuen" und "kritischen" Ontologie, die theoretisch-konzeptionellen Analysen und Reflexionen mit empirischen Beobachtungen verbindet, wie sie sich insbesondere seit der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert entwickelt hat.
Systematisch lässt sich der ontologische Ansatz des CR zwischen realistischen und anti-realistischen Positionen bzw. zwischen diesen zu vermitteln suchend verorten.
Im Anschluss an Bhaskar unterscheidet der CR drei ontologische Ebenen:
1. „the real“, d. h. das „Reale“, die "Realität", das bzw. die Prozesse und Entitäten, Strukturen zwischen Prozessen und Entitäten und aus diesen Strukturen resultierende Mechanismen umfasst, die das „Aktuelle“ und „Empirische“ generieren bzw. hervorbringen,
2. „the actual“, d. h. das „Aktuelle“, das „Aktualisierte“ oder „Tatsächliche“, in dem sich etwas Wirkliches konkret, „tatsächlich“ aktualisiert und ereignet,
3. „the empirical“, d. h. das „Empirische“, also die Aspekte, die am Aktuellen oder Aktualisierten und durch dieses vermittelt direkt erfahrbar, wahrnehmbar, beobachtbar und ggf. messbar sind.[1][7]

|             | Wirkliches/Reales | Tatsächliches/Aktuelles | Empirisches/Erfahrbares |
| ----------- | ----------------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------- |
| Mechanismen | x                 |                         |                         |
| Ereignisse  | x                 | x                       |                         |
| Erfahrungen | x                 | x                       | x                       |

### Epistemologie
In epistemologischer Hinsicht nimmt der CR eine vermittelnde Stellung zwischen eher positivistischen und empiristischen und eher konstruktivistischen und post-strukturalistischen Positionen ein.

### Methodologie
In methodologischer Hinsicht tritt vor dem Hintergrund der ontologischen und epistemologischen Überlegungen der CR für eine multi-, inter-, trans- oder auch post-disziplinäre Kooperation unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und für einen methodologischen Pluralismus ein, der theoretische und empirische Forschung und sog. „quantitative“ wie auch sog. „qualitative“ empirische Methoden und Techniken gleichermaßen berücksichtigt.

### Ethik
In ethischer Hinsicht negiert der CR die Forderung und Möglichkeit nach vollkommener Werturteilsfreiheit von (Sozial-)Wissenschaft und sieht diese als ein normativen Idealen im Sinne regulativer Ideen verpflichtetes Unterfangen an.

## Vertreter
Insbesondere britische und skandinavische Wissenschaftler haben den Critical Realism theoretisch-konzeptionell ausgearbeitet, weiter entwickelt und angewandt. Einige der bedeutendsten Vertreterinnen und Vertreter sind:
- Margaret Archer[9]
- Andrew Collier
- Berth Danermark
- Dave Elder-Vass
- Amber J. Fletcher
- Philip S. Gorski
- Bob Jessop
- Tony Lawson
- Hans Pühretmayer[6]
- Leigh Price
- Andrew Sayer
- Clive L. Spash

## Weiterführende Literatur
- M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, A. Norrie: Critical Realism: Essential Readings. Routledge, London 1998.
- R. Bhaskar: A Realist Theory of Science. 2. Auflage. Verso, London 1997.
- R. Bhaskar: The Possibility of Naturalism. A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences. 3. Auflage. Routledge, London 1998.
- R. Bhaskar: Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom. Verso, London 1993.
- A. Collier: Critical Realism. An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s Philosophy. Verso, London 1994.
- B. Danermark, M. Ekström, L. Jakobs, J. Ch. Karlsson: Explaining Society. An Introduction to Critical Realism in the Social Sciences. (Critical Realism: Interventions), Routledge, Abingdon 2002.
- J. Frauley (Hrsg.), F. Pearce (Hrsg.): Critical Realism and the Social Sciences. University of Toronto Press, Toronto/Buffalo 2007.
- J. Lopez, G. Potter: After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism. The Athlone Press, London 2001.
- K. Maton (Hrsg.), R. Moore (Hrsg.): Social realism, knowledge and the sociology of education. Coalitions of the mind. Continuum, London 2010.
- A. Sayer: Method in Social Science. A Realist Approach. Routledge, London 1992.
- A. Sayer: Realism and Social Science. Sage, London 2000.

wikiname: dewiki

title: Critical Realism

in_language: de

wikitext:
'''Critical Realism''' (kurz '''CR'''), englisch für „kritischer Realismus“, ist eine [[Wissenschaftsphilosophie|wissenschaftsphilosophische]] [[Metatheorie]] der [[Naturwissenschaft|Natur]]-<ref name=":0">{{Literatur |Autor=[[Roy Bhaskar]] |Titel=A Realist Theory of Science |Datum=2008 |ISBN=978-1-134-05085-7 |Online=https://uberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Roy_Bhaskar_A_Realist_Theory_of_Science.pdf |Format=PDF |KBytes=2000 |Abruf=2020-09-30}}</ref> und der [[Sozialwissenschaften]]<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Roy Bhaskar |Titel=The possibility of naturalism. A philosophical critique of the contemporary human sciences |Verlag=Harvester Wheatsheaf |Datum=1989 |ISBN=0-7450-0565-9 |Online=https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstream/Hannan/133353/1/The%20Possibility%20Of%20Naturalism.pdf |Format=PDF |KBytes=1500 |Abruf=2020-09-30}}</ref> und ein daraus resultierender [[Wissenschaftstheorie|wissenschaftstheoretischer Ansatz]], der ab den 1970er Jahren zunächst von [[Roy Bhaskar]] entwickelt wurde und seitdem von zahlreichen anderen Vertretern in Anlehnung und kritischer Auseinandersetzung mit Bhaskars Konzepten weiterentwickelt wurde. Das zentrale Interesse des CR richtet sich auf die Wissenschaftsphilosophie und Wissenschaftstheorie der Sozialwissenschaften, wo er auch, vor allem in der englischsprachigen Diskussion, als eigener, spezifischer Ansatz diskutiert wird.

Der Critical Realism ist eine Variante des [[Wissenschaftlicher Realismus|wissenschaftlichen Realismus]]. Zu unterscheiden ist er vom [[Kritischer Realismus|Kritischen Realismus]], obgleich er mit diesem wie mit anderen realistischen Ansätzen gewisse Gemeinsamkeiten aufweist.<ref name="Puller">{{Internetquelle |autor=Hans Pühretmayer, Armin Puller |url=http://www.univie.ac.at/sowi-online/esowi/cp/denkenpowi/denkenpowi-37.html |titel=Forschungsansatz IV: Critical Realism |werk=univie.ac.at |datum=2011-01-18 |abruf=2020-09-30}}</ref><ref name="Graeber">{{Internetquelle |autor=David Graeber |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/04/roy-bhaskar |titel=Roy Bhaskar obituary |werk=TheGuardian.com |datum=2014-12-04 |abruf=2020-09-30 |sprache=en}}</ref><ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Alan Norrie |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/roy-bhaskar-philosopher-whose-school-of-critical-realism-challenged-established-ways-of-thinking-10009456.html |titel=Roy Bhaskar: Philosopher whose school of critical realism challenged established ways of thinking about being and knowledge |werk=Independent.co.uk |datum=2015-01-29 |abruf=2020-09-30}}</ref> Im deutschsprachigen Raum wird daher meist die englische Bezeichnung verwendet, wenn der in der Tradition Bhaskars stehende Ansatz thematisiert wird.

== Hintergrund ==
Als programmatischer Beginn des ''Critical Realism'' wird Bhaskars Doktorarbeit am [[Nuffield College]] gesehen, die 1975 unter dem Titel ''A Realist Theory of Science'' veröffentlicht wurde.<ref name=":0" /> Sein Doktorvater war Rom Harré.<ref name="Publikationen">{{Internetquelle |url=http://homepage.univie.ac.at/hans.puehretmayer/php/ |titel=Hans Pühretmayer. Aktuelle Publikationen |werk=univie.ac.at |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705113704/http://homepage.univie.ac.at:80/hans.puehretmayer/php/ |archiv-datum=2010-07-05 |abruf=2020-09-30 |offline=1}}</ref>

Nach Hans Pühretmayer und Armin Puller war es Absicht Bhaskars, einen neuen wissenschaftsphilosophischen Ansatz zu entwickeln, der darstellen konnte {{" |[…] wie Wissenschaften real handeln, wie der reale Prozess der Produktion von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen abläuft. |ref=<ref name="Puller" />}}

== Grundannahmen ==
Der CR formuliert insbesondere zu vier wissenschaftsphilosophischen und wissenschaftstheoretischen Problemfeldern und Fragestellungen spezifische konzeptionelle Positionen, und zwar: (Sozial-)Ontologie, Epistemologie, [[Methodologie]] und Ethik. Nach Auffassung des CR gründen alle wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeiten und Ansätze in – impliziten oder expliziten – Annahmen hinsichtlich dieser vier Bereiche, die, entsprechend Bhaskars früher Intention (s. o.), in die reale wissenschaftliche Praxis einfließen, auch wenn sie nicht expliziert und möglicherweise auch nicht reflektiert werden.

=== (Sozial-)Ontologie ===
Die explizite Formulierung ontologischer Prämissen und die Thematisierung und Diskussion ontologischer Fragen kann als eine Besonderheit und als ein spezifischer Beitrag des CR in der (sozial-)wissenschaftlichen Diskussion angesehen werden. Denn nach Auffassung des CR geht ''jeder'' (sozial-)wissenschaftliche Ansatz ''notwendig'' von solchen ontologischen Prämissen, d. h. Annahmen über die grundlegende Beschaffenheit der (natürlichen und/oder sozialen) Welt und ihrer Phänomene aus, auch wenn diese Annahmen häufig implizit bleiben und nicht expliziert werden. Dabei entspricht das Ontologie-Verständnis des CR nicht einem "klassischen" Verständnis einer "alten" Ontologie im Sinne der antiken und mittelalterlichen – teils naiven, teils dogmatischen – Richtung, sondern Konzepten einer "neuen" und "kritischen" Ontologie, die theoretisch-konzeptionellen Analysen und Reflexionen mit empirischen Beobachtungen verbindet, wie sie sich insbesondere seit der Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert entwickelt hat.

Systematisch lässt sich der ontologische Ansatz des CR zwischen realistischen und anti-realistischen Positionen bzw. zwischen diesen zu vermitteln suchend verorten.

Im Anschluss an Bhaskar unterscheidet der CR drei [[Ontologie|ontologische]] Ebenen:
# „the real“, d. h. das „Reale“, die "Realität", das bzw. die Prozesse und Entitäten, Strukturen zwischen Prozessen und Entitäten und aus diesen Strukturen resultierende Mechanismen umfasst, die das „Aktuelle“ und „Empirische“ generieren bzw. hervorbringen,
# „the actual“, d. h. das „Aktuelle“, das „Aktualisierte“ oder „Tatsächliche“, in dem sich etwas Wirkliches konkret, „tatsächlich“ aktualisiert und ereignet,
# „the empirical“, d. h. das „Empirische“, also die Aspekte, die am Aktuellen oder Aktualisierten und durch dieses vermittelt direkt erfahrbar, wahrnehmbar, beobachtbar und ggf. messbar sind.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Gorski">{{Literatur |Autor=Philip S. Gorski |Titel=„What is Critical Realism? And Why Should You Care?“ |Sammelwerk=Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews |Band=42 |Nummer=5 |Datum=2013-08-30 |ISSN=0094-3061 |Seiten=658–670 |Online=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Philip_Gorski2/publication/275435925_What_is_Critical_Realism_And_Why_Should_You_Care/links/56a2b01308ae232fb201ca6d/What-is-Critical-Realism-And-Why-Should-You-Care.pdf |Format=PDF |KBytes=178 |Abruf=2020-09-30 |DOI=10.1177/0094306113499533}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ontologische Ebenen nach Bhaskar<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Dimitri Mader, Urs Lindner, Hans Pühretmayer |Hrsg=Urs Lindner, Dimitri Mader |Titel=Critical Realism als Philosophie der Sozialwissenschaften |Sammelwerk=Critical Realism meets kritische Sozialtheorie. Ontologie, Erklärung und Kritik in den Sozialwissenschaften |Auflage=1 |Verlag=Transcript Verlag |Ort=Bielefeld |Datum=2017 |Seiten=15 |Online=[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hans_Puehretmayer/publication/320430594_Einleitung_Critical_Realism_als_Philosophie_der_Sozialwissenschaften/links/5ca71a344585157bd323029a/Einleitung-Critical-Realism-als-Philosophie-der-Sozialwissenschaften.pdf Einleitung] |Format=PDF |KBytes=3100 |Abruf=2020-09-30}}</ref>
!
!Wirkliches/Reales
!Tatsächliches/Aktuelles
!Empirisches/Erfahrbares
|-
|Mechanismen
|x
|
|
|-
|Ereignisse
|x
|x
|
|-
|Erfahrungen
|x
|x
|x
|}

=== Epistemologie ===
In epistemologischer Hinsicht nimmt der CR eine vermittelnde Stellung zwischen eher positivistischen und empiristischen und eher konstruktivistischen und post-strukturalistischen Positionen ein.

=== Methodologie ===
In methodologischer Hinsicht tritt vor dem Hintergrund der ontologischen und epistemologischen Überlegungen der CR für eine multi-, inter-, trans- oder auch post-disziplinäre Kooperation unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen und für einen methodologischen Pluralismus ein, der theoretische und empirische Forschung und sog. „quantitative“ wie auch sog. „qualitative“ empirische Methoden und Techniken gleichermaßen berücksichtigt.

=== Ethik ===
In ethischer Hinsicht negiert der CR die Forderung und Möglichkeit nach vollkommener Werturteilsfreiheit von (Sozial-)Wissenschaft und sieht diese als ein normativen Idealen im Sinne regulativer Ideen verpflichtetes Unterfangen an.

== Vertreter ==
Insbesondere britische und skandinavische Wissenschaftler haben den ''Critical Realism'' theoretisch-konzeptionell ausgearbeitet, weiter entwickelt und angewandt.<ref name="Gorski" /> Einige der bedeutendsten Vertreterinnen und Vertreter sind:
{{Mehrspaltige Liste |liste=* [[Margaret S. Archer|Margaret Archer]]<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://cdh.epfl.ch/page-55771-en.html |titel=Margaret Archer |werk=CDH.EPFL.ch |datum=2013-06-26 |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710091343/http://cdh.epfl.ch/page-55771-en.html |archiv-datum=2017-07-10 |abruf=2020-09-30 |offline=1}}</ref>
* Andrew Collier
* Berth Danermark
* Dave Elder-Vass
* Amber J. Fletcher
* Philip S. Gorski
* [[Bob Jessop]]
* Tony Lawson
* Hans Pühretmayer<ref name="Publikationen" />
* Leigh Price
* Andrew Sayer
* [[Clive L. Spash]]}}

== Weiterführende Literatur ==
* M. Archer, R. Bhaskar, A. Collier, T. Lawson, A. Norrie: ''Critical Realism: Essential Readings.'' Routledge, London 1998.
* R. Bhaskar: ''A Realist Theory of Science.'' 2. Auflage. Verso, London 1997.
* R. Bhaskar: ''The Possibility of Naturalism. A Philosophical Critique of the Contemporary Human Sciences.'' 3. Auflage. Routledge, London 1998.
* R. Bhaskar: ''Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom.'' Verso, London 1993.
* A. Collier: ''Critical Realism. An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s Philosophy.'' Verso, London 1994.
* B. Danermark, M. Ekström, L. Jakobs, J. Ch. Karlsson: ''Explaining Society. An Introduction to Critical Realism in the Social Sciences.'' (Critical Realism: Interventions), Routledge, Abingdon 2002.
* J. Frauley (Hrsg.), F. Pearce (Hrsg.): ''Critical Realism and the Social Sciences.'' University of Toronto Press, Toronto/Buffalo 2007.
* J. Lopez, G. Potter: ''After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism.'' The Athlone Press, London 2001.
* K. Maton (Hrsg.), R. Moore (Hrsg.): ''Social realism, knowledge and the sociology of education. Coalitions of the mind.'' Continuum, London 2010.
* A. Sayer: ''Method in Social Science. A Realist Approach.'' Routledge, London 1992.
* A. Sayer: ''Realism and Social Science.'' Sage, London 2000.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Wissenschaftstheorie]]


text:
# Bomarea dispar
Bomarea dispar là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Alstroemeriaceae. Loài này được Herb. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1837.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Bomarea dispar

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{tiêu đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| name = ''Bomarea dispar''
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Thực vật|Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Thực vật có hoa|Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Thực vật một lá mầm|Monocots]]
| ordo = [[Liliales]]
| familia = [[Alstroemeriaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bomarea]]''
| species = '''''B. dispar'''''
| binomial = ''Bomarea dispar''
| binomial_authority = [[William Herbert (nhà thực vật học)|Herb.]], 1837
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Bomarea dispar''''' là một loài [[thực vật có hoa]] trong họ [[Alstroemeriaceae]]. Loài này được Herb. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1837.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-300706| title=''Bomarea dispar''|accessdate=ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 2013| author=The Plant List | year =2010}}</ref>

==Chú thích==
{{tham khảo|30em}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
*{{commonscat-inline|Bomarea dispar}}
*{{wikispecies-inline|Bomarea dispar}}
*{{IPNI2|Bomarea dispar|63278-1|accessdate=ngày 16 tháng 7 năm 2013}}

[[Thể loại:Bomarea]]
[[Thể loại:Thực vật được mô tả năm 1837]]

{{Liliales-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Plantae

(không phân hạng): Angiospermae Monocots

Bộ (ordo): Liliales

Họ (familia): Alstroemeriaceae

Chi (genus): Bomarea

Loài (species): B. dispar

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Bomarea dispar · Herb., 1837


text:
# پلنگی (لامرد)
پلنگی روستایی از توابع بخش علامرودشت شهرستان لامرد در استان فارس ایران است که در غرب روستای برکه سفید واقع شده‌است. مردم این روستا از عشایر قشقایی می‌باشند.

## جمعیت
این روستا در دهستان کهنویه قرار دارد و براساس سرشماری مرکز آمار ایران در سال ۱۳۸۵، جمعیت آن ۳۶ نفر (۱۰ خانوار) بوده‌است.

wikiname: fawiki

title: پلنگی (لامرد)

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{coord|27|43|12.84|N|52|54|4.58|E|region:IR|display=title}}
{{جعبه اطلاعات روستای ایران
|نام رسمی= پلنگی
|عرض جغرافیایی = ۲۷٫۷۲۰۲۳۳
|طول جغرافیایی = ۵۲٫۹۰۱۲۷۳
|تصویر=
|اندازه تصویر= 200
|توضیح تصویر=
|استان= فارس
|شهرستان= لامرد
|بخش= علامرودشت
|دهستان= کهنویه
|نام بومی= یورد شاه‌حسین
|نام قدیمی=
|تاریخ بنیان‌گذاری=
|جمعیت = ۴۷ نفر
|رشد جمعیت=
|تراکم‌جمعیت=
|مساحت=
|ارتفاع= ۴۲۶ متر
|پیش‌شماره=
|وبگاه=
|پانویس=
}}
'''پلنگی''' روستایی از توابع [[بخش علامرودشت]] [[شهرستان لامرد]] در [[استان فارس]] [[ایران]] است که در غرب روستای [[برکه سفید]] واقع شده‌است. مردم این روستا از عشایر [[قشقایی]] می‌باشند.

== جمعیت ==
این روستا در [[دهستان کهنویه]] قرار دارد و براساس [[سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن ایران|سرشماری مرکز آمار ایران]] [[سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن (۱۳۸۵)|در سال ۱۳۸۵]]، جمعیت آن ۳۶ نفر (۱۰ خانوار) بوده‌است.

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}
* {{یادکرد وب |نویسنده = |نشانی=http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=553 |عنوان= نتایج سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن ۱۳۸۵| ناشر = درگاه ملی آمار ایران|تاریخ = |تاریخ بازبینی= ۱ ژانویه ۲۰۱۳|پیوند بایگانی = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101150433/https://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=553 | تاریخ بایگانی = ۱ ژانویه ۲۰۱۳}}

{{شهرستان لامرد}}
{{ایران-خرد}}

[[رده:روستاهای شهرستان لامرد|مزرعه پلنگی]]
[[رده:روستاهای ایران بر پایه استان]]

title: پلنگی یورد شاه‌حسین

استان: فارس

شهرستان: لامرد

بخش: علامرودشت

دهستان: کهنویه

جمعیت: ۴۷ نفر


text:
# Osteopilus
Osteopilus é um gênero de anfíbios da família Hylidae.
As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:
- Osteopilus crucialis (Harlan, 1826)
- Osteopilus dominicensis (Tschudi, 1838)
- Osteopilus marianae (Dunn, 1926)
- Osteopilus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Osteopilus pulchrilineatus (Cope, 1870)
- Osteopilus septentrionalis (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
- Osteopilus vastus (Cope, 1871)
- Osteopilus wilderi (Dunn, 1925)

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Osteopilus

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Título em itálico}}
{{Info/Taxonomia
| nome = ''Osteopilus''<ref name=ASW/>
| imagem = Hyla septentrionalis 1.jpg
| imagem_legenda = ''Osteopilus septentrionalis''
| reino = [[Animalia]]
| filo = [[Chordata]]
| classe = [[Amphibia]]
| ordem = [[Anura]]
| família = [[Hylidae]]
| gênero = '''''Osteopilus'''''
| gênero_autoridade = Fitzinger, 1843
| subdivisão_nome = Espécies
| subdivisão = 8, ''ver texto''
}}

'''''Osteopilus''''' é um [[gênero (biologia)|gênero]] de [[anfíbio]]s da família [[Hylidae]].

As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:<ref name=ASW>{{Citar ASW |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Hylidae/Hylinae/Osteopilus |ano=2014 |título=''Osteopilus'' |acessodata=27 de julho de 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Osteopilus crucialis]]'' (Harlan, 1826)
* ''[[Osteopilus dominicensis]]'' ([[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1838)
* ''[[Osteopilus marianae]]'' (Dunn, 1926)
* ''[[Osteopilus ocellatus]]'' ([[Lineu|Linnaeus]], 1758)
* ''[[Osteopilus pulchrilineatus]]'' (Cope, 1870)
* ''[[Osteopilus septentrionalis]]'' (Duméril & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1841)
* ''[[Osteopilus vastus]]'' (Cope, 1871)
* ''[[Osteopilus wilderi]]'' (Dunn, 1925)

{{referências}}
{{wikispecies|Osteopilus}}

[[Categoria:Hilídeos]]
[[Categoria:Gêneros de anfíbios]]

title: Classificação científica

Reino: Animalia

Filo: Chordata

Classe: Amphibia

Ordem: Anura

Família: Hylidae

Gênero: Osteopilus · Fitzinger, 1843

title: Espécies

Espécies: 8, ver texto


text:
# Dipara emersoni
Dipara emersoni är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Girault 1927.  Dipara emersoni ingår i släktet Dipara och familjen puppglanssteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

wikiname: svwiki

title: Dipara emersoni

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|stekel|datum=2013-08}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Dipara emersoni''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Djur]]
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum_sv = [[Leddjur]]
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis_sv = [[Egentliga insekter]]
| classis = Insecta
| ordo_sv = [[Steklar]]
| ordo = Hymenoptera
| familia_sv = [[Puppglanssteklar]]
| familia = Pteromalidae
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Dipara]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Dipara emersoni'''
| taxon = Dipara emersoni
| taxon_authority = ([[Girault (auktor)|Girault]], 1927)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| subphylum = Hexapoda
| subphylum_sv = [[Sexfotingar]]
| superfamilia = Chalcidoidea
| superfamilia_sv = [[Glanssteklar]]
| synonyms = ''Pseudiparella emersoni'' <small>[[Girault (auktor)|Girault]], 1927</small><ref name = "col9264"/>
}}

'''''Dipara emersoni'''''<ref name = "col7513"/> är en [[steklar|stekel]]art som först beskrevs av [[Girault (auktor)|Girault]] 1927.  ''Dipara emersoni'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Dipara]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[puppglanssteklar]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga [[underart]]er finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/dipara+emersoni/match/1|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 24 september 2012 |författare= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|datum= 2011|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "col7513">Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera)., PAGES: 832pp.</ref>
<ref name = "source">''UCD: Universal Chalcidoidea Database''. Noyes J., 2007-09-17</ref>
<ref name = "col9264">Girault, A.A. (1927) Notes on and descriptions of chalcid wasps (Chalcididae) in the South Australian Museum., JOURBOOK: Records of the South Australian Museum VOLUME: 3 PAGES: 309-338</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Puppglanssteklar]]
[[Kategori:Dipara|emersoni]]

title: Systematik

Domän: Eukaryoter · Eukaryota

Rike: Djur · Animalia

Stam: Leddjur · Arthropoda

Understam: Sexfotingar · Hexapoda

Klass: Egentliga insekter · Insecta

Ordning: Steklar · Hymenoptera

Överfamilj: Glanssteklar · Chalcidoidea

Familj: Puppglanssteklar · Pteromalidae

Släkte: Dipara

Art: Dipara emersoni

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: § Dipara emersoni

Auktor: (Girault, 1927)

title: Synonymer

Synonymer: Hitta fler artiklar om djur med Djurportalen


text:
# 池莉
池莉（1957年—），女，湖北仙桃人，中国当代作家，中国作家协会会员，现任武汉市文联主席，湖北省文联副主席。

## 生平
1976年——就读于冶金医专，在冶金专科学校读大二时，池莉在《武钢文艺》上发表了她的诗歌处女作。
1979年——任职于武钢卫生处流行病医生并在该年开始发表文学作品；
1982年，25岁的池莉在市文联主办的《芳草》杂志上发表了短篇小说《月儿好》。从此池莉一发不可收，作品不断问世，
1986年毕业于武汉大学中文系。
2009年3月28日，於香港大学召開中國文化研究會「第一屆池莉小說研討會」，召集人為伍懷璞教授、李思齊教授、黎活仁博士和余境熹先生。

## 作品

### 长篇小说
- 《来来往往》1989、《黑鸽子》1997、《小姐你早》1999、《水与火的缠绵》2002、《所以》2007、《大树小虫》2019等；
- 与丈夫吕小涢合著《江河水》1999年、《口红》2000年。

### 中短篇小说
《烦恼人生》1989、《太阳出世》1992、《不谈爱情》1994、《你是一条河》1994、《绿水常流》1995、《致无尽岁月》1998、《一夜盛开如玫瑰》2001、《怀念声名狼藉的日子》2001、《让梦穿越你的心》2011、《云破处》2000、《一夜盛开如玫瑰》2001、《生活秀》2002、《有了快感你就喊》2003、《看麦娘》2006等；

### 散文
- 《老武汉》2000、《熬至滴水成珠》2005、《奇迹总会有》2018等
- 《怎么爱你也不够》1989、《来吧孩子》2008、《立》2013、《和女儿一起成长》2020等四部长篇散文，给女儿吕亦池的作品；

### 诗歌
《成为最接近天使的物质》2011、《池莉诗集69首》2016等；

### 其他作品
《一丈之内》 《谬论结构》 《千古憾事》 《武汉的夏天》 《我在新疆看见了飞碟》

### 文集
- 《池莉文集》7册，1995年，江苏文艺出版社
- 《池莉经典文集》9册，2010年，北京十月文艺出版社

### 改编成电影电视剧的作品
- 《生活秀》：武汉吉庆街上小饭馆主人的故事。同名电影由陶红、陶泽如主演。
- 《来来往往》：武汉发生的婚外情的故事。同名电视连续剧濮存昕、吕丽萍、许晴、李小冉主演。
- 《不谈爱情》和《太阳出世》：改变成电视连续剧《不谈爱情》。两个截然不同的家庭对待自己儿女的恋爱采取截然不同的态度。
- 《小姐你早》：改编成二十集同名电视连续剧。
- 《有了快感你就喊》：改编为电视剧《幸福来了你就喊》。

## 评价
中国当代著名作家王蒙评价池莉说：“池莉的写实风格在读者中大受欢迎，据说她的不少小说可以卖到几十万册，这是我辈不能望其项背的。”

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 池莉

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{Infobox writer
| 图像     =
| 图像说明 =
| 姓名     = 池莉
| 笔名     =
| 原名     =
| 出生     = {{Birth year and age|1957}}
| 出生地点 = {{CHN}}[[湖北省]][[仙桃市]]
| 逝世     =
| 逝世地点 =
| 职业     = 小说家
| 国籍     = {{PRC}}
| 种族     = 汉族
| 语言     = 中文
| 母校     = [[武汉大学]]
| 创作时期 = 1986年至今
| 体裁     = [[小说]]
| 主题     =
| 文学运动 =
| 代表作   = 《[[生活秀 (中篇小说)|生活秀]]》
《[[不谈爱情 (中篇小说)|不谈爱情]]》
《[[有了快感你就喊]]》
| 父母     =
| 配偶     =
| 伴侣     =
| 子女     =
| 亲属     =
| 受影响于 =
| 施影响于 =
| 奖项     =
| 官方网站 =
| 签名     =
}}
'''池莉'''（{{bd|1957年|catIdx=C池}}），女，[[湖北省|湖北]][[仙桃市|仙桃]]人，[[中华人民共和国|中国]]当代作家，[[中国作家协会]]会员，现任武汉市文联主席，[[湖北省文联]]副主席。

== 生平 ==
1976年——就读于冶金医专，在冶金专科学校读大二时，池莉在《武钢文艺》上发表了她的诗歌处女作。

1979年——任职于武钢卫生处流行病医生并在该年开始发表文学作品；

1982年，25岁的池莉在市文联主办的《芳草》杂志上发表了短篇小说《月儿好》。从此池莉一发不可收，作品不断问世，

1986年毕业于[[武汉大学]]中文系。

2009年3月28日，於[[香港大学]]召開中國文化研究會「第一屆池莉小說研討會」，召集人為[[伍懷璞]]教授、[[李思齊]]教授、[[黎活仁]]博士和[[余境熹]]先生。

== 作品 ==
===长篇小说===
*《[[来来往往 (长篇小说)|来来往往]]》1989、《黑鸽子》1997、《[[小姐你早]]》1999、《[[水与火的缠绵 (长篇小说)|水与火的缠绵]]》2002、《[[所以]]》2007、《大树小虫》2019等；
*与丈夫吕小涢合著《江河水》1999年、《口红》2000年。

===中短篇小说===
《[[烦恼人生]]》1989、《[[太阳出世]]》1992、《[[不谈爱情_(中篇小说)|不谈爱情]]》1994、《你是一条河》1994、《绿水常流》1995、《致无尽岁月》1998、《一夜盛开如玫瑰》2001、《怀念声名狼藉的日子》2001、《让梦穿越你的心》2011、《云破处》2000、《一夜盛开如玫瑰》2001、《[[生活秀 (中篇小说)|生活秀]]》2002、《[[有了快感你就喊]]》2003、《看麦娘》2006等；

===散文===
*《老武汉》2000、《熬至滴水成珠》2005、《奇迹总会有》2018等
*《怎么爱你也不够》1989、《来吧孩子》2008、《立》2013、《和女儿一起成长》2020等四部长篇散文，给女儿吕亦池的作品；

===诗歌===
《成为最接近天使的物质》2011、《池莉诗集69首》2016等；

===其他作品 ===
《一丈之内》 《谬论结构》 《千古憾事》 《武汉的夏天》 《我在新疆看见了飞碟》

===文集 ===
*《池莉文集》7册，1995年，江苏文艺出版社
*《池莉经典文集》9册，2010年，北京十月文艺出版社

===改编成电影电视剧的作品 ===
*《[[生活秀 (中篇小说)|生活秀]]》：[[武汉]][[吉庆街]]上小饭馆主人的故事。同名电影由[[陶红]]、[[陶泽如]]主演。
*《[[不谈爱情 (中篇小说)|来来往往]]》：武汉发生的婚外情的故事。同名电视连续剧[[濮存昕]]、[[吕丽萍]]、[[许晴]]、[[李小冉]]主演。
*《[[不谈爱情 (中篇小说)|不谈爱情]]》和《[[太阳出世]]》：改变成电视连续剧《[[不谈爱情]]》。两个截然不同的家庭对待自己儿女的恋爱采取截然不同的态度。
*《[[小姐你早]]》：改编成二十集同名电视连续剧。
*《[[有了快感你就喊]]》：改编为电视剧《[[幸福来了你就喊]]》。

== 评价 ==
中国当代著名作家[[王蒙 (作家)|王蒙]]评价池莉说：“池莉的写实风格在读者中大受欢迎，据说她的不少小说可以卖到几十万册，这是我辈不能望其项背的。”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmw.cn/01wzb/2001-06/03/05-B8674F610035B20448256A600000DBB8.htm|title=《王蒙点评当今诸作家》|accessdate=2011-10-20|date=2011-10-20|work=文摘报|author=常江|archive-date=2015-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617103607/http://www.gmw.cn/01wzb/2001-06/03/05-B8674F610035B20448256A600000DBB8.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== 参考资料 ==
{{reflist}}

== 外部链接 ==

{{池莉作品}}
{{庄重文文学奖}}
{{Navboxes
| title  = 池莉在[[中国作家协会]]的职务
| list1  =
{{中国作家协会第六届全国委员会}}
{{中国作家协会第七届全国委员会}}
{{中国作家协会第八届全国委员会}}
{{中国作家协会第九届全国委员会}}
{{中国作家协会第十届全国委员会}}
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chi池莉}}
[[Category:池姓|Li莉]]
[[Category:仙桃人]]
[[Category:武汉大学校友]]
[[Category:中華人民共和國女性小說家]]
[[Category:中華人民共和國劇作家]]
[[Category:中国作家协会会员]]
[[Category:中国作家协会主席团委员]]
[[Category:湖北省文学艺术界联合会副主席]]
[[Category:国际写作计划校友]]
[[Category:鲁迅文学奖得主]]
[[Category:第十二屆全國人大代表]]
[[Category:湖北省全國人民代表大會代表]]
[[Category:女性全國人大代表]]

title: 池莉

出生: 1957年（67—68歲） · 中国湖北省仙桃市

職業: 小说家

語言: 中文

國籍: 中华人民共和国

民族: 汉族

母校: 武汉大学

體裁: 小说

代表作: 《生活秀》 · 《不谈爱情》 · 《有了快感你就喊》


text:
# فرانسیسکو کراویرو لوپز
فرانسیسکو کراویرو لوپز (انگلیسی: Francisco Craveiro Lopes؛ ۱۲ آوریل ۱۸۹۴ – ۲ سپتامبر ۱۹۶۴) یک سیاست‌مدار اهل پرتغال بود.

title: فرانسیسکو کراویرو لوپز

wikitext:
{{infobox president
| name = فرانسیسکو کراویرو لوپز
| image = General Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes, Presidente de Portugal.tif
| order = رئیس‌جمهور پرتغال
| term_start = ۲۱ ژوئیه ۱۹۵۱
| term_end = ۹ اوت ۱۹۵۸
| primeminister = [[آنتونیو ده الیویرا سالازار]]
| predecessor = [[آنتونیو ده الیویرا سالازار]]
| successor = [[آمریکو توماس]]
| birth_name = Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1894|4|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[لیسبون]]، [[پادشاهی پرتغال]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|9|2|1894|4|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[لیسبون]]، [[پرتغال]]
| party = حزب اتحاد ملی
| profession = [[افسر (ارتش)|افسر]]
| religion = [[کلیسای کاتولیک]]
| branch = [[نیروی هوایی پرتغال]]
| signature = AssinaturaCraveiroLopes.svg
}}
[[پرونده:Francisco Craveiro Lopes 1957 Brazil stamp.jpg|بندانگشتی]]
'''فرانسیسکو کراویرو لوپز''' ({{lang-en|Francisco Craveiro Lopes}}؛ {{birth date|1894|4|12|df=y}} – {{death date|1964|9|2|1894|4|12|df=yes}}) یک [[سیاست‌مدار]] اهل [[پرتغال]] بود.

== منابع ==
{{پانویس|چپ‌چین=بله}}
* {{یادکرد-ویکی|پیوند =//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Craveiro_Lopes&oldid=725174542|عنوان = Francisco Craveiro Lopes|زبان =انگلیسی|بازیابی =۱۱ ژوئیه ۲۰۱۶}}
{{-}}

== پیوند به بیرون ==
{{انبار-رده}}
{{رئیس‌جمهوران پرتغال}}

{{سیاست‌مدار-خرد}}

{{ترتیب‌پیش‌فرض:کراویرو لوپز، فرانسیسکو}}
[[رده:افسران نظامی اهل پرتغال]]
[[رده:اهالی پرتغال در سده ۱۹ (میلادی)]]
[[رده:اهالی لیسبون]]
[[رده:درگذشتگان ۱۹۶۴ (میلادی)]]
[[رده:رئیس‌جمهورهای پرتغال]]
[[رده:زادگان ۱۸۹۴ (میلادی)]]
[[رده:سیاستمداران سده ۲۰ (میلادی) اهل پرتغال]]
[[رده:شوالیه‌های افتخاری صلیب بزرگ نشان حمام]]
[[رده:فرمانداران کل هند پرتغال]]
[[رده:فیلدهای مارشال پرتغال]]
[[رده:گیرندگان زنجیر پادشاهی ملکه ویکتوریا]]
[[رده:مارشال‌های نیروی هوایی]]

title: رئیس‌جمهور پرتغال

رئیسجمهور پرتغال: دوره مسئولیت · ۲۱ ژوئیه ۱۹۵۱ – ۹ اوت ۱۹۵۸

نخستوزیر: آنتونیو ده الیویرا سالازار

پس از: آنتونیو ده الیویرا سالازار

پیش از: آمریکو توماس

title: اطلاعات شخصی

زاده: Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes · ۱۲ آوریل ۱۸۹۴ · لیسبون، پادشاهی پرتغال

درگذشته: ۲ سپتامبر ۱۹۶۴ (۷۰ سال) · لیسبون، پرتغال

حزب سیاسی: حزب اتحاد ملی

تخصص: افسر

title: خدمات نظامی

خدمت/شاخه: نیروی هوایی پرتغال


text:
# Kasper Niesiecki
Kasper Niesiecki (ur. 31 grudnia 1682, zm. 9 lipca 1744 w Krasnymstawie) – polski genealog heraldyk, jezuita, leksykograf, pisarz, teolog, kaznodzieja.

## Życiorys
Urodzony w Wielkopolsce. Z pochodzenia był mieszczaninem. Uczęszczał do kolegium jezuitów w Krośnie. W 1699 wstąpił do nowicjatu jezuickiego w Krakowie, w latach 1701–1704 studiował filozofię w kolegium jezuitów w Lublinie, zdobywając tytuł magistra. Uczył się też w Łucku i Krośnie. W latach 1707–1710 studiował teologię w Krakowie. W czerwcu roku 1710 otrzymał święcenia kapłańskie i stanowisko profesora retoryki oraz poetyki w Jarosławiu, gdzie też był kronikarzem tamtejszego Kolegium. Wykładał retorykę w kolegiach: w latach 1712–1713 w kolegium jezuitów w Bydgoszczy, w 1713/1714 w Chojnicach oraz etykę i matematykę w 1714/1715 w Kaliszu. W latach 1715–1724 był kaznodzieją na Mazowszu, w Wielkopolsce, Małopolsce i na Rusi (m.in. w Krakowie, Lublinie, Lwowie i Krasnymstawie). Od 1724 przebywał w klasztorze w Krasnymstawie, gdzie pracował nad swoim najsłynniejszym dziełem Herbarz Polski (wydanym w czterech tomach pt. Korona Polska w latach 1728–1743). Jego wydanie przyniosło mu przykrości, a nawet skargi sądowe. W roku 1741 został regensem seminarium sandomierskiego. Zmarł 9 lipca 1744 w Krasnymstawie.

## Twórczość
Najbardziej znane jest 5463-stronicowe wydanie z lat 1839–1845: HERBARZ POLSKI ks. Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J. powiększony dodatkami z późniejszych autorów, rękopisów, dowodów urzędowych i wydany przez Jana Nep. Bobrowicza w Lipsku, nakładem i drukiem Breitkopfa i Hertela.

### Ważniejsze dzieła
- Korona polska przy złotej wolności starożytnymi wszystkich katedr, prowincji i rycerstwa klejnotami... ozdobiona, potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt i nieśmiertelną sławę pamiętnych w tej ojczyźnie synów podana... roku wolności ludzkiej przez wcielonego Boga windykowanej 1728, t. 1-4, Lwów 1728-1743 (t. 1, cz. 2 pt. Herby i familie rycerskie, tak w Koronie, jako i w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim; według J.D. Janockiego: t. 5 zaczęty przez autora dokończył w rękopisie S. Czapliński); wyd. następne pt. Herbarz polski... powiększony dodatkami z późniejszych autorów, rękopismów, dowodów urzędowych, wyd. J.N. Bobrowicz, t. 1-10, Lipsk 1839-1845 (z dopełnieniami I. Krasickiego i J. Lelewela); na podstawie herbarza Niesieckiego oprac.: H. Stupnicki Herbarz polski, t. 1-3, Lwów 1855-1862; K. Łodzia-Czarniecki Herbarz polski, t. 1-2, Gniezno 1875-1882

### Listy
- Do J.A. Załuskiego z 1732, wyd. K. Tyszkowski „Niesiecki a Załuski...”, Exlibris 1924, zeszyt 6

title: Kasper Niesiecki

wikitext:
{{Duchowny infobox
 |imię i nazwisko       = Kasper Niesiecki
 |imię i nazwisko org   =
 |tytuł                 =
 |grafika               = nie
 |opis grafiki          =
 |alt grafiki           =
 |herb                  =
 |dewiza                =
 |dewiza - j. polski    =
 |kraj działania        =
 |data urodzenia        = 31 grudnia 1682
 |miejsce urodzenia     =
 |data śmierci          = 9 lipca 1744
 |miejsce śmierci       = [[Krasnystaw]]
 |miejsce pochówku      =
 |1. funkcja            =
 |1. funkcja - okres    =
 |2. funkcja            =
 |2. funkcja - okres    =
 |wyznanie              = [[katolicyzm]]
 |kościół               = [[Kościół łaciński|rzymskokatolicki]]
 |inkardynacja          = [[jezuici]]
 |data ślubów zakonnych = 1699
 |data diakonatu        =
 |data ordynacji        =
 |data święceń          = czerwiec 1710
 |data nominacji        =
 |data sakry            =
 |data patriarchatu     =
 |data kreacji          =
 |papież kreujący       =
 |kościół tytularny     =
 |faksymile             =
 |opis faksymile        =
 |odznaczenia           =
 |commons               = Category:Kasper Niesiecki
 |wikiźródła            = Kasper Niesiecki
 |wikicytaty            =
 |wikinews              =
 |www                   =
}}
[[Plik:Tabl Kasper Niesiecki.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Tablica pamiątkowa w dawnym kolegium jezuickim]]
[[Plik:Niesiecki-herbarz.jpg|thumb|240px|''Korona Polska'', [[Lwów]] 1728]]
'''Kasper Niesiecki''' (ur. [[31 grudnia]] [[1682]], zm. [[9 lipca]] [[1744]] w [[Krasnystaw|Krasnymstawie]]) – [[Polacy|polski]] [[genealog]] [[heraldyka|heraldyk]], [[Jezuici|jezuita]], [[leksykografia|leksykograf]], [[pisarz]], [[teolog]], [[kaznodzieja]].

== Życiorys ==
Urodzony w [[Wielkopolska|Wielkopolsce]]. Z pochodzenia był mieszczaninem. Uczęszczał do [[Szkolnictwo jezuickie w Polsce|kolegium jezuitów w Krośnie]]. W 1699 wstąpił do nowicjatu jezuickiego w [[Kraków|Krakowie]], w latach 1701–1704 studiował filozofię w [[kolegium jezuitów w Lublinie]], zdobywając tytuł magistra. Uczył się też w [[kolegium jezuitów w Łucku|Łucku]] i Krośnie. W latach 1707–1710 studiował teologię w Krakowie. W czerwcu roku 1710 otrzymał święcenia kapłańskie i stanowisko profesora retoryki oraz poetyki w [[kolegium jezuitów w Jarosławiu|Jarosławiu]], gdzie też był kronikarzem tamtejszego Kolegium. Wykładał [[retoryka|retorykę]] w kolegiach: w latach 1712–1713 w [[kolegium jezuitów w Bydgoszczy]], w 1713/1714 w [[kolegium jezuitów w Chojnicach|Chojnicach]] oraz etykę i matematykę w 1714/1715 w [[kolegium jezuitów w Kaliszu|Kaliszu]]. W latach 1715–1724 był kaznodzieją na [[Mazowsze|Mazowszu]], w Wielkopolsce, [[Małopolska|Małopolsce]] i na [[Ruś Czerwona|Rusi]] (m.in. w Krakowie, Lublinie, Lwowie i Krasnymstawie). Od 1724 przebywał w klasztorze w Krasnymstawie, gdzie pracował nad swoim najsłynniejszym dziełem ''Herbarz Polski'' (wydanym w czterech tomach pt. ''Korona Polska'' w latach 1728–1743). Jego wydanie przyniosło mu przykrości, a nawet skargi sądowe. W roku 1741 został regensem seminarium sandomierskiego. Zmarł 9 lipca 1744 w Krasnymstawie.

== Twórczość ==
Najbardziej znane jest 5463-stronicowe wydanie z lat 1839–1845: ''HERBARZ POLSKI ks. Kaspra Niesieckiego S.J. powiększony dodatkami z późniejszych autorów, rękopisów, dowodów urzędowych i wydany przez Jana Nep. Bobrowicza w Lipsku, nakładem i drukiem Breitkopfa i Hertela''.

=== Ważniejsze dzieła ===
* ''Korona polska przy złotej wolności starożytnymi wszystkich katedr, prowincji i rycerstwa klejnotami... ozdobiona, potomnym zaś wiekom na zaszczyt i nieśmiertelną sławę pamiętnych w tej ojczyźnie synów podana... roku wolności ludzkiej przez wcielonego Boga windykowanej 1728'', t. 1-4, Lwów 1728-1743 (t. 1, cz. 2 pt. ''Herby i familie rycerskie, tak w Koronie, jako i w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim''; według J.D. Janockiego: t. 5 zaczęty przez autora dokończył w rękopisie S. Czapliński); wyd. następne pt. ''Herbarz polski... powiększony dodatkami z późniejszych autorów, rękopismów, dowodów urzędowych'', wyd. J.N. Bobrowicz, t. 1-10, Lipsk 1839-1845 (z dopełnieniami I. Krasickiego i J. Lelewela); na podstawie herbarza Niesieckiego oprac.: H. Stupnicki ''Herbarz polski'', t. 1-3, Lwów 1855-1862; K. Łodzia-Czarniecki ''Herbarz polski'', t. 1-2, Gniezno 1875-1882

=== Listy ===
* Do J.A. Załuskiego z 1732, wyd. K. Tyszkowski „Niesiecki a Załuski...”, ''Exlibris'' 1924, zeszyt 6

== Bibliografia ==
* Iwona M. Dacka: ''Korona Polska Kaspra Niesieckiego: pomnik staropolskiego piśmiennictwa heraldycznego'', Warszawa 2004
* [[Marceli Antoniewicz]]: ''List Kaspra Niesieckiego do księcia Mikołaja Radziwiłła zwanego „Rybeńko”'', „Zeszyty Historyczne Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Częstochowie”, zeszyt 7 (2003), s. 39–54
* ''Bibliografia Literatury Polskiej – Nowy Korbut'', t. 3 Piśmiennictwo Staropolskie, [[Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy]], Warszawa 1965, s. 21–22

== Linki zewnętrzne ==
* [https://forumakademickie.pl/fa-archiwum/archiwum/2006/04/56_heraldyk_jezuita.html Biogram Kaspra Niesieckiego]
* {{Cytuj stronę | url = http://www.wawrzak.org/herbarz_niesiecki/herbarzstronatytulowa.htm | tytuł = Skanowane grafiki z herbarza | opublikowany = wawrzak.org | archiwum = https://web.archive.org/web/20120415013656/http://www.wawrzak.org/herbarz_niesiecki/herbarzstronatytulowa.htm | zarchiwizowano = 2012-04-15}}
* [https://crispa.uw.edu.pl/object/files/416446/display/Default Herbarz Niesieckiego w formacie online] wyd. J.N. Bobrowicz, tomy 1 – 10, 1839-1846
* {{Cytuj | url = http://www.przodkowie.com/niesiecki/ | tytuł = Kasper Niesiecki, Herbarz Polski | wydawca = [[Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz|J.N. Bobrowicz]] | miejsce = Lipsk | data = 1839-1845 | archiwum = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114223904/http://www.przodkowie.com/niesiecki/ | zarchiwizowano = 2006-11-14}}
* [https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/345403#structure Kasper Niesiecki, ''Korona Polska (...)'' t. 1 – 4, 1728-1743, Jagiellońska Biblioteka Cyfrowa]
* [https://polona.pl/search/?query=Kasper_Niesiecki&filters=creator:%22Niesiecki,_Kasper_(1682--1744)%22,public:1,hasTextContent:0 Dzieła Kaspra Niesieckiego] w bibliotece [[Polona]]

{{Kontrola autorytatywna}}

{{SORTUJ:Niesiecki, Kasper}}
[[Kategoria:Absolwenci i studenci Kolegium Jezuitów w Lublinie]]
[[Kategoria:Duchowni katoliccy I Rzeczypospolitej]]
[[Kategoria:Heraldycy I Rzeczypospolitej]]
[[Kategoria:Ludzie związani z Krakowem (I Rzeczpospolita)]]
[[Kategoria:Ludzie związani z Krosnem (I Rzeczpospolita)]]
[[Kategoria:Duchowni związani z Lublinem]]
[[Kategoria:Duchowni związani z Bydgoszczą]]
[[Kategoria:Leksykografowie I Rzeczypospolitej]]
[[Kategoria:Ludzie związani z Krasnymstawem (I Rzeczpospolita)]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy prezbiterzy jezuiccy]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy genealodzy]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy kaznodzieje]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy pisarze XVIII wieku]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy retorycy]]
[[Kategoria:Teolodzy katoliccy I Rzeczypospolitej]]
[[Kategoria:Urodzeni w 1682]]
[[Kategoria:Wykładowcy Kolegium Jezuitów w Jarosławiu]]
[[Kategoria:Zmarli w 1744]]
[[Kategoria:Wykładowcy kolegium jezuitów w Kaliszu]]
[[Kategoria:Polscy heraldycy]]

title: Kasper Niesiecki

Data urodzenia: 31 grudnia 1682

Data i miejsce śmierci: 9 lipca 1744 · Krasnystaw

Wyznanie: katolicyzm

Kościół: rzymskokatolicki

Inkardynacja: jezuici

Prezbiterat: czerwiec 1710


text:
# William Fulke
William Fulke (/fʊlk/; 1538 – buried 28 August 1589) was an English Puritan divine.

## Life
Fulke was born in London. His father was Christopher Fulke, the Common Crier and Serjeant at Arms to the Mayor of the City of London. He had a younger brother called Samuel, later rector of Barton-le-Cley in Bedfordshire (living 1614). Fulke married twice. His first wife was Joan Leonard, the sister of the Puritan merchant William Leonard (d. 1598). Joan had died by 1573, when Fulke married Margaret Cotton, on 16 May. According to his will, William and Margaret had sons Christopher and William, and at leats two daughters. He made this will on 20 August 1589. It was proved by his wife Margaret the following 8 November.
and educated at St John's College, Cambridge graduating in 1557/58.
After studying law for six years, he became a fellow at St John's College, Cambridge in 1564. He took a leading part in the vestiarian controversy, and persuaded the college to discard the surplice. In consequence, he was expelled from St John's for a time, but in 1567 he became Hebrew lecturer and preacher there.
After standing unsuccessfully for the headship of the college in 1569, he became chaplain to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and received from him the livings of Warley, in Essex, and Dennington in Suffolk. In 1578 he was elected master of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge.
As a Puritan controversialist he was remarkably active; in 1580 the bishop of Ely appointed him to defend puritanism against the Roman Catholics, Thomas Watson, ex-Bishop of Lincoln (1513–1584), and John Feckenham, formerly abbot of Westminster, and in 1581 he was one of the disputants with the Jesuit, Edmund Campion, while in 1582 he was among the clergy selected by the privy council to argue against any Roman Catholic.

## Works
His numerous polemical writings include A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue, against the Manifold Cavils, Frivolous Quarrels, and Impudent Slanders of Gregory Martin, one of the Readers of Popish Divinity, in the Traitorous Seminary of Rheims (London, 1583), and confutations of Thomas Stapleton (1535–1598), William Allen and other Roman Catholic controversialists.
In 1589, Fulke published a parallel Bible (Bishops' Bible-Douay–Rheims) with a confutation, amidst the controversy with the papists over Bible translation and the Vulgate tradition. The Bible was entitled, The Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, Translated out of the Vulgar Latin ... Whereunto is added the Translation out of the Original Greek, Commonly Used in the Church of England.

title: William Fulke

wikitext:
{{Short description|English Puritan divine (1538–1589)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:William Fulke NPG.jpg|right|thumb|200px|William Fulke.]]
'''William Fulke''' ({{IPAc-en|f|ʊ|l|k}}; 1538{{snd}}buried 28 August 1589) was an English [[Puritan]] [[Anglicanism#Anglican divines|divine]].

== Life ==

Fulke was born in [[London]]. His father was Christopher Fulke, the Common Crier and Serjeant at Arms to the Mayor of the City of London. He had a younger brother called Samuel, later rector of Barton-le-Cley in Bedfordshire (living 1614). Fulke married twice. His first wife was Joan Leonard, the sister of the Puritan merchant William Leonard (d. 1598). Joan had died by 1573, when Fulke married Margaret Cotton, on 16 May. According to his will, William and Margaret had sons Christopher and William, and at leats two daughters. He made this will on 20 August 1589. It was proved by his wife Margaret the following 8 November.

and educated at [[St John's College, Cambridge]] graduating in 1557/58.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Fulke, William|volume=11|page=294}}</ref>

After studying law for six years, he became a fellow at St John's College, Cambridge in 1564.<ref>{{acad|id=FLK555W|name=Fulke, William}}</ref> He took a leading part in the [[vestiarian controversy]], and persuaded the college to discard the [[surplice]]. In consequence, he was expelled from St John's for a time, but in 1567 he became [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] lecturer and preacher there.<ref name="EB1911" />

After standing unsuccessfully for the headship of the college in 1569, he became chaplain to [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], and received from him the livings of [[Warley, Essex|Warley]], in [[Essex]], and [[Dennington]] in [[Suffolk]]. In 1578 he was elected master of [[Pembroke Hall, Cambridge]].<ref name="EB1911" />

As a Puritan controversialist he was remarkably active; in 1580 the [[bishop of Ely]] appointed him to defend puritanism against the [[Roman Catholic]]s, [[Thomas Watson (bishop of Lincoln)|Thomas Watson]], ex-[[Bishop of Lincoln]] (1513–1584), and [[John Feckenham]], formerly abbot of [[Westminster Abbey|Westminster]], and in 1581 he was one of the disputants with the [[Jesuit]], [[Edmund Campion]], while in 1582 he was among the clergy selected by the [[privy council]] to argue against any Roman Catholic.<ref name="EB1911" />

== Works ==

His numerous polemical writings include ''A Defense of the Sincere and True Translations of the Holy Scriptures into the English tongue, against the Manifold Cavils, Frivolous Quarrels, and Impudent Slanders of Gregory Martin, one of the Readers of Popish Divinity, in the Traitorous Seminary of Rheims'' ([[London]], 1583), and confutations of [[Thomas Stapleton (theologian)|Thomas Stapleton]] (1535–1598), [[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]] and other Roman Catholic controversialists.<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>''The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points, Examined Particularly As Waged in England'', by Thomas D. Ross, pp. 13-14 [https://faithsaves.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/VowelPointPaper.pdf]</ref>

In 1589, Fulke published a parallel Bible ([[Bishops' Bible]]-[[Douay–Rheims Bible|Douay–Rheims]]) with a confutation, amidst the controversy with the papists over Bible translation and the Vulgate tradition. The Bible was entitled, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JdRdAAAAcAAJ The Text of the New Testament of Jesus Christ, Translated out of the Vulgar Latin ... Whereunto is added the Translation out of the Original Greek, Commonly Used in the Church of England]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{prdl}}
* {{Librivox author |id=16641}}
* Exposit {{DEFAULTSORT:Fulke, William}}
[[Category:16th-century English Puritan ministers]]
[[Category:1538 births]]
[[Category:1589 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century English writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English male writers]]
[[Category:16th-century English theologians]]
[[Category:English Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians]]
[[Category:Clergy from London]]
[[Category:Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:16th-century Anglican theologians]]

{{start box}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[John Young (bishop of Rochester)|John Young]] |
  title=[[List of Masters of Pembroke College, Cambridge|Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge]] |
  years=1578–1589 |
  after=[[Lancelot Andrewes]]
}}
{{s-end}}

*Ion Matematic Games over time, Lisboa museum https://www.museus.ulisboa.pt/en/node/183

{{Authority control}}

{{EB1911 article with no significant updates}}