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# Homöomorphismus
Ein Homöomorphismus (von altgriechisch ὁμοῖος oder ὅμοιος homoios „ähnlich, gleichartig“ und μορφή morphé „Form, Gestalt“; zuweilen fälschlicherweise auch Homeomorphismus in Anlehnung an den englischen Begriff homeomorphism, keinesfalls aber zu verwechseln mit Homomorphismus) ist ein zentraler Begriff im mathematischen Teilgebiet Topologie. Er bezeichnet eine bijektive, stetige Abbildung zwischen zwei topologischen Räumen, deren Umkehrabbildung ebenfalls stetig ist. Die Stetigkeitseigenschaft hängt von den betrachteten topologischen Räumen ab.
Zwei topologische Räume heißen homöomorph (auch topologisch äquivalent), wenn sie durch einen Homöomorphismus (auch topologische Abbildung oder topologischer Isomorphismus) ineinander überführt werden können; sie liegen in derselben Homöomorphieklasse und sind, unter topologischen Gesichtspunkten, gleichartig. Die Topologie untersucht Eigenschaften, die unter Homöomorphismen invariant sind.
Anschaulich kann man sich einen Homöomorphismus als Dehnen, Stauchen, Verbiegen, Verzerren, Verdrillen eines Gegenstands vorstellen; Zerschneiden ist nur erlaubt, wenn man die Teile später genau an der Schnittfläche wieder zusammenfügt.

## Definition
{\displaystyle X} und {\displaystyle Y} seien topologische Räume. Eine Abbildung {\displaystyle f\colon X\rightarrow Y} ist genau dann ein Homöomorphismus, wenn gilt:
- {\displaystyle f} ist bijektiv
- {\displaystyle f} ist stetig
- die Umkehrfunktion {\displaystyle f^{-1}} ist ebenfalls stetig.

Homöomorphismen lassen sich wie folgt charakterisieren: Sind {\displaystyle X} und {\displaystyle Y} topologische Räume, so sind für eine bijektive, stetige Abbildung {\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y} äquivalent:
- {\displaystyle f} ist ein Homöomorphismus.
- {\displaystyle f} ist eine offene Abbildung.
- {\displaystyle f} ist eine abgeschlossene Abbildung.

Topologische Räume, zwischen denen es einen Homöomorphismus gibt, heißen homöomorph. Die Menge aller zu einem Raum homöomorphen Räume heißt Homöomorphietyp oder Homöomorphieklasse.

## Beispiele
- Jede offene Kreisscheibe (mit positivem Radius) ist homöomorph zu jedem offenen Quadrat (mit positiver Seitenlänge) in der euklidischen Ebene {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}. Eine Kreisscheibe lässt sich also anschaulich gesehen durch Verbiegen und Verzerren, ohne Zerschneiden, in ein Quadrat überführen, und umgekehrt.

- Das offene Intervall {\displaystyle \left]0,1\right[} ist homöomorph zum Raum {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } aller reellen Zahlen. Jedes offene Intervall lässt sich ohne Weiteres ins Unendliche verzerren. Ein Homöomorphismus, der dies für {\displaystyle \left]0,1\right[} vermittelt, ist zum Beispiel

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f\colon \left]0,1\right[&\to \mathbb {R} \\x&\mapsto \tan \left(\left(x-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)\cdot \pi \right)\end{aligned}}}
- Der Produktraum {\displaystyle \mathbb {S} ^{1}\times \mathbb {S} ^{1}} des Einheitskreises mit sich selbst ist homöomorph zum zweidimensionalen Torus, also zu der Form eines Fahrradschlauchs. Für einen Homöomorphismus, der dies vermittelt, wird zunächst einem Punkt auf dem ersten Kreis eine Stelle auf der Felge des Fahrradreifens zugeordnet, dann einem Punkt auf dem zweiten Kreis eine Stelle auf dem an der Felgenstelle anliegenden Reifenquerschnitt.

- Jeder Isomorphismus im Sinne der Funktionalanalysis ist ein Homöomorphismus.

## Bedeutung der Umkehrbarkeit
Die dritte Bedingung der Stetigkeit der Umkehrfunktion {\displaystyle f^{-1}} ist unerlässlich. Man betrachte zum Beispiel die Funktion
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f\colon \left[0,2\pi \right[&\to \mathbb {S} ^{1}\\x&\mapsto \left(\cos(x),\sin(x)\right)\end{aligned}}}
Diese Funktion ist stetig und bijektiv, aber kein Homöomorphismus. Die Umkehrfunktion {\displaystyle f^{-1}} bildet Punkte nahe bei {\displaystyle (1,0)} auf weit voneinander entfernte Zahlen in der Nähe von {\displaystyle 0} und {\displaystyle 2\pi } ab; anschaulich würde der Kreis an der Stelle {\displaystyle (1,0)} zerrissen und dann flach abgerollt zum Intervall.
Beschränkt man sich auf bestimmte Arten topologischer Räume, dann folgt die Stetigkeit der Umkehrabbildung einer Bijektion {\displaystyle f} bereits aus der Stetigkeit von {\displaystyle f}. Zum Beispiel ist eine stetige Bijektion zwischen kompakten Hausdorff-Räumen bereits ein Homöomorphismus. Zum Beweis dieser Aussage dient der folgende
SatzWenn {\displaystyle X} ein kompakter und {\displaystyle Y} ein hausdorffscher topologischer Raum ist, dann ist jede stetige bijektive Abbildung {\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y} ein Homöomorphismus.
BeweisSei {\displaystyle g\colon Y\to X} die Umkehrabbildung und {\displaystyle A\subseteq X} abgeschlossen, es ist zu zeigen, dass {\displaystyle g^{-1}(A)} abgeschlossen ist. Als abgeschlossene Teilmenge eines Kompaktums ist {\displaystyle A} kompakt. Da stetige Bilder kompakter Mengen wieder kompakt sind, ist {\displaystyle g^{-1}(A)=f(A)} kompakt. Da kompakte Mengen in Hausdorffräumen abgeschlossen sind, ist {\displaystyle g^{-1}(A)} abgeschlossen, was den Beweis beendet.

## Eigenschaften
Wenn zwei topologische Räume homöomorph sind, haben sie exakt dieselben topologischen Eigenschaften, das sind Eigenschaften, die sich ausschließlich durch die unterliegende Menge und den darauf definierten offenen bzw. abgeschlossenen Mengen ausdrücken lassen. Das liegt daran, dass ein Homöomorphismus definitionsgemäß eine Bijektion zwischen den unterliegenden Mengen und zwischen den Systemen offener Mengen ist. Beispiele solcher Eigenschaften sind Kompaktheit, Zusammenhang, Trennungseigenschaften und viele mehr. Der Nachweis, dass es sich um eine topologische Eigenschaft handelt, kann mitunter schwierig sein, insbesondere dann, wenn die ursprüngliche Definition zusätzliche Strukturen verwendet. Ein Beispiel einer solchen Eigenschaft ist Metrisierbarkeit, hier zeigt der Satz von Bing-Nagata-Smirnow, dass es sich um eine topologische Eigenschaft handelt. Eberlein-Kompaktheit ist ein weiteres nicht-triviales Beispiel. Genauer ist damit gemeint, dass sich die genannten Eigenschaften (Metrisierbarkeit bzw. Eberlein-Kompaktheit) auch durch Eigenschaften des Systems der offenen Mengen charakterisieren lassen, ohne Bezugnahme auf die zusätzlichen Strukturen (in diesen Fällen Metrik oder Banachraum).
Es gibt aber auch Eigenschaften gewisser Räume, die bei Homöomorphismen nicht erhalten bleiben, zum Beispiel die Vollständigkeit metrischer Räume. Die Ebene und die offene Kreisscheibe mit der Standardmetrik sind homöomorph bzgl. der durch die Metrik definierten Topologien, erstere ist vollständig, letztere hingegen nicht. Vollständigkeit ist daher keine topologische Eigenschaft, sie bleibt bei Homöomorphismen nicht erhalten.

## Lokaler Homöomorphismus
Eine stetige Abbildung {\displaystyle f} zwischen topologischen Räumen {\displaystyle X,Y} heißt lokaler Homöomorphismus, falls für jeden Punkt {\displaystyle a\in X} eine offene Umgebung {\displaystyle U\subseteq X} von {\displaystyle a} existiert, so dass
- {\displaystyle f(U)\subseteq Y} eine offene Umgebung von {\displaystyle f(a)} bildet und
- {\displaystyle f|_{U}\colon U\rightarrow f(U)} ein Homöomorphismus ist.

Jeder Homöomorphismus ist ebenfalls ein lokaler Homöomorphismus, die Umkehrung gilt aber nicht, wie folgendes Beispiel zeigt: Die Abbildung {\displaystyle f\colon \mathbb {C} \setminus \left\{0\right\}\rightarrow \mathbb {C} ,\,x\mapsto x^{2}} ist nicht bijektiv, aber ein lokaler Homöomorphismus, da die Ableitung von {\displaystyle f} nirgends verschwindet.
Ist {\displaystyle f} außerdem surjektiv, so spricht man auch von einer lokal topologischen Abbildung.

title: Homöomorphismus

wikitext:
[[Datei:Homeomorphism between Cantor Spaces.svg|mini|Beispiel: Visualisierung eines Homöomorphismus zwischen [[Cantor-Raum|Cantor-Räumen]]. Homöomorphismus vom <math>3^\omega</math> in den <math>2^\omega</math>. Die Farben deuten an, wie Teilräume von Folgen mit einem gemeinsamen Präfix aufeinander abgebildet werden.]]
Ein '''Homöomorphismus''' (von {{grcS|ὁμοῖος}} oder {{lang|grc|ὅμοιος|homoios}} „ähnlich, gleichartig“ und {{lang|grc|μορφή|morphé}} „Form, Gestalt“; zuweilen fälschlicherweise auch ''Homeomorphismus'' in Anlehnung an den englischen Begriff ''{{lang|en|homeomorphism}}'', keinesfalls aber zu verwechseln mit [[Homomorphismus]]) ist ein zentraler Begriff im [[Teilgebiete der Mathematik|mathematischen Teilgebiet]] [[Topologie (Mathematik)|Topologie]]. Er bezeichnet eine [[bijektiv]]e, [[Stetige Funktion|stetige]] Abbildung zwischen zwei [[Topologischer Raum|topologischen Räumen]], deren [[Umkehrabbildung]] ebenfalls stetig ist. Die Stetigkeitseigenschaft hängt von den betrachteten topologischen Räumen ab.

Zwei topologische Räume heißen ''homöomorph'' (auch topologisch äquivalent), wenn sie durch einen Homöomorphismus (auch topologische Abbildung oder topologischer Isomorphismus) ineinander überführt werden können; sie liegen in derselben ''Homöomorphieklasse'' und sind, unter topologischen Gesichtspunkten, gleichartig. Die Topologie untersucht Eigenschaften, die unter Homöomorphismen [[Topologische Invariante|invariant]] sind.

Anschaulich kann man sich einen Homöomorphismus als Dehnen, Stauchen, Verbiegen, Verzerren, Verdrillen eines Gegenstands vorstellen; Zerschneiden ist nur erlaubt, wenn man die Teile später genau an der Schnittfläche wieder zusammenfügt.

== Definition ==
<math>X</math> und <math>Y</math> seien [[Topologischer Raum|topologische Räume]]. Eine Abbildung <math>f\colon X \rightarrow Y</math> ist genau dann ein Homöomorphismus, wenn gilt:

* <math>f</math> ist [[bijektiv]]
* <math>f</math> ist [[Stetige Funktion|stetig]]
* die Umkehrfunktion <math>f^{-1}</math> ist ebenfalls stetig.

Homöomorphismen lassen sich wie folgt charakterisieren: Sind <math>X</math> und <math>Y</math> topologische Räume, so sind für eine bijektive, stetige Abbildung <math>f\colon X \to Y</math> äquivalent:

* <math>f</math> ist ein Homöomorphismus.
* <math>f</math> ist eine [[offene Abbildung]].
* <math>f</math> ist eine [[abgeschlossene Abbildung]].

Topologische Räume, zwischen denen es einen Homöomorphismus gibt, heißen '''homöomorph'''. Die Menge aller zu einem Raum homöomorphen Räume heißt '''Homöomorphietyp''' oder '''Homöomorphieklasse'''.

== Beispiele ==
* Jede offene Kreisscheibe (mit positivem Radius) ist homöomorph zu jedem offenen Quadrat (mit positiver Seitenlänge) in der euklidischen Ebene <math>\mathbb{R}^2</math>. Eine Kreisscheibe lässt sich also anschaulich gesehen durch Verbiegen und Verzerren, ohne Zerschneiden, in ein Quadrat überführen, und umgekehrt.

* Das offene Intervall <math>\left]0,1\right[</math> ist homöomorph zum Raum <math>\mathbb{R}</math> aller [[Reelle Zahl|reellen Zahlen]]. Jedes offene Intervall lässt sich ohne Weiteres ins Unendliche verzerren. Ein Homöomorphismus, der dies für <math>\left]0,1\right[</math> vermittelt, ist zum Beispiel

::<math>\begin{align}
 f\colon \left]0,1\right[ &\to \mathbb{R} \\
 x & \mapsto \tan \left(\left(x- \tfrac{1}{2}\right)\cdot \pi \right)
\end{align}</math>

* Der [[Produkttopologie|Produktraum]] <math> \mathbb{S}^1 \times \mathbb{S}^1 </math> des Einheitskreises mit sich selbst ist homöomorph zum zweidimensionalen [[Torus]], also zu der Form eines Fahrradschlauchs. Für einen Homöomorphismus, der dies vermittelt, wird zunächst einem Punkt auf dem ersten Kreis eine Stelle auf der Felge des Fahrradreifens zugeordnet, dann einem Punkt auf dem zweiten Kreis eine Stelle auf dem an der Felgenstelle anliegenden Reifenquerschnitt.

* Jeder [[Isomorphismus]] im Sinne der [[Funktionalanalysis]] ist ein Homöomorphismus.

== Bedeutung der Umkehrbarkeit ==
Die dritte Bedingung der Stetigkeit der [[Umkehrfunktion]] <math> f^{-1}</math> ist unerlässlich. Man betrachte zum Beispiel die Funktion
:<math>\begin{align}
f \colon \left[0, 2\pi\right[ &\to \mathbb{S}^1\\
x &\mapsto \left(\cos (x), \sin (x)\right)
\end{align}</math>
Diese Funktion ist stetig und bijektiv, aber kein Homöomorphismus. Die Umkehrfunktion <math>f^{-1}</math> bildet Punkte nahe bei <math>(1,0)</math> auf weit voneinander entfernte Zahlen in der Nähe von <math>0</math> und <math>2\pi</math> ab; anschaulich würde der Kreis an der Stelle <math>(1,0)</math> zerrissen und dann flach abgerollt zum Intervall.

Beschränkt man sich auf bestimmte Arten topologischer Räume, dann folgt die Stetigkeit der Umkehrabbildung einer Bijektion <math>f</math> bereits aus der Stetigkeit von <math>f</math>. Zum Beispiel ist eine stetige Bijektion zwischen [[Kompakter Raum|kompakten]] [[Hausdorff-Raum|Hausdorff-Räumen]] bereits ein Homöomorphismus. Zum Beweis dieser Aussage dient der folgende
;Satz: Wenn <math>X</math> ein kompakter und <math>Y</math> ein hausdorffscher topologischer Raum ist, dann ist jede stetige bijektive Abbildung <math>f \colon X \to Y</math> ein Homöomorphismus.

;Beweis: Sei <math>g\colon Y \to X</math> die Umkehrabbildung und <math>A \subseteq X</math> abgeschlossen, es ist zu zeigen, dass <math>g^{-1}(A)</math> abgeschlossen ist. Als abgeschlossene Teilmenge eines Kompaktums ist <math>A</math> kompakt. Da stetige Bilder kompakter Mengen wieder kompakt sind, ist <math>g^{-1}(A)=f(A)</math> kompakt. Da kompakte Mengen in Hausdorffräumen abgeschlossen sind, ist <math>g^{-1}(A)</math> abgeschlossen, was den Beweis beendet.

== Eigenschaften ==
Wenn zwei topologische Räume homöomorph sind, haben sie exakt dieselben topologischen Eigenschaften, das sind Eigenschaften, die sich ausschließlich durch die unterliegende Menge und den darauf definierten offenen bzw. abgeschlossenen Mengen ausdrücken lassen. Das liegt daran, dass ein Homöomorphismus definitionsgemäß eine Bijektion zwischen den unterliegenden Mengen und zwischen den Systemen offener Mengen ist. Beispiele solcher Eigenschaften sind [[Kompakter Raum|Kompaktheit]], [[Zusammenhängender Raum|Zusammenhang]], [[Trennungseigenschaft]]en und viele mehr. Der Nachweis, dass es sich um eine topologische Eigenschaft handelt, kann mitunter schwierig sein, insbesondere dann, wenn die ursprüngliche Definition zusätzliche Strukturen verwendet. Ein Beispiel einer solchen Eigenschaft ist [[Metrisierbarkeit]], hier zeigt der [[Satz von Bing-Nagata-Smirnow]], dass es sich um eine topologische Eigenschaft handelt. [[Eberlein-kompakter Raum|Eberlein-Kompaktheit]] ist ein weiteres nicht-triviales Beispiel. Genauer ist damit gemeint, dass sich die genannten Eigenschaften (Metrisierbarkeit bzw. Eberlein-Kompaktheit) auch durch Eigenschaften des Systems der offenen Mengen charakterisieren lassen, ohne Bezugnahme auf die zusätzlichen Strukturen (in diesen Fällen Metrik oder Banachraum).

Es gibt aber auch Eigenschaften gewisser Räume, die bei Homöomorphismen nicht erhalten bleiben, zum Beispiel die [[Vollständiger Raum|Vollständigkeit]] metrischer Räume. Die Ebene und die offene Kreisscheibe mit der Standardmetrik sind homöomorph bzgl. der durch die Metrik definierten Topologien, erstere ist vollständig, letztere hingegen nicht. Vollständigkeit ist daher keine topologische Eigenschaft, sie bleibt bei Homöomorphismen nicht erhalten.

== Lokaler Homöomorphismus {{Anker|Lokaler Homöomorphismus}} ==
Eine stetige Abbildung <math>f</math> zwischen topologischen Räumen <math>X, Y</math> heißt ''lokaler'' ''Homöomorphismus,'' falls für jeden Punkt <math>a \in X</math> eine [[Umgebung (Mathematik)|offene Umgebung]] <math>U \subseteq X</math> von <math>a</math> existiert, so dass
* <math>f(U) \subseteq Y</math> eine offene Umgebung von <math>f(a)</math> bildet und
* <math>f|_U\colon U \rightarrow f(U)</math> ein Homöomorphismus ist.

Jeder Homöomorphismus ist ebenfalls ein lokaler Homöomorphismus, die Umkehrung gilt aber nicht, wie folgendes Beispiel zeigt: Die Abbildung <math>f\colon \mathbb{C}\setminus\left\{0\right\} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}, \, x \mapsto x^2</math> ist nicht bijektiv, aber ein lokaler Homöomorphismus, da die Ableitung von <math>f</math> nirgends verschwindet.

Ist <math>f</math> außerdem surjektiv, so spricht man auch von einer ''lokal topologischen'' Abbildung.

== Siehe auch ==
{{Commonscat|Homeomorphisms|Homöomorphismus}}
* [[Diffeomorphismus]]

{{Normdaten|TYP=s|GND=4352383-3}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Homoomorphismus}}
[[Kategorie:Topologie]]


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# 加卢沙·格罗
加卢沙·格罗（英語：，1823年8月31日—1907年3月31日），是美国共和党的政治人物、律师。格罗在1851年至1863年间作为宾夕法尼亚州的代表被选为联邦众议员，他曾于1861年至1863年期间担任众议院议长，之后因为连任失利而落选。格罗在议长任内正值南北战争期间，他协助林肯政府通过了《土地拨赠法案》、《太平洋铁路法案》和《宅地法》等一系列法律。

## 延伸阅读
- Galusha Grow from Mr. Lincoln's White House, a website of the Lewis Lehrman（英语：）
- Grow, Galusha Aaron (1823-1907) （页面存档备份，存于） from The Political Graveyard（英语：）
- . . 1892.
- 在Find a Grave上的加卢沙·格罗

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 加卢沙·格罗

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{Infobox person/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL | onlysourced=yes | caption=加卢沙·格罗 (1850年)}}
'''加卢沙·格罗'''<ref name="cass.cn"/>（{{langx|en|Galusha A. Grow}}，{{bd|1823年|8月31日|1907年|3月31日}}），是[[美国]][[共和党 (美国)|共和党]]的[[政治人物]]、[[律师]]。格罗在1851年至1863年间作为[[宾夕法尼亚州]]的代表被选为[[美国众议院|联邦众议员]]，他曾于1861年至1863年期间担任[[美国众议院议长|众议院议长]]<ref>{{cite web| title=The Independence Day Election of Pennsylvania Representative Galusha A. Grow as Speaker of the House| url=https://history.house.gov/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/36754?ret=True| work=Historical Highlights| publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>，之后因为连任失利而落选。格罗在议长任内正值[[南北战争]]期间，他协助[[林肯]]政府通过了《[[土地拨赠法案]]》、《{{link-en|太平洋铁路法案|Pacific Railroad Acts}}》和《[[宅地法]]》<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BJIcAAAAMAAJ Galusha A. Grow: Father of the Homestead Law] from [[Google Books]]</ref>等一系列法律。

== 参考来源 ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="cass.cn">{{cite web |url=http://ias.cass.cn/cbw/mgnj/201903/t20190326_4853987.shtml |title=美国年鉴 |language=zh |publisher=中国社科院美国研究所 |date=2015-03-01 |accessdate=2024-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113011425/http://ias.cass.cn/cbw/mgnj/201903/t20190326_4853987.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}

== 延伸阅读 ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015141607/http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/content_inside.asp?ID=157&subjectID=2  Galusha Grow] from ''Mr. Lincoln's White House'', a website of the {{link-en|Lewis Lehrman}}
* [http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/grovenor-guert.html#R9M0IYVFJ Grow, Galusha Aaron (1823-1907)] {{Wayback|url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/grovenor-guert.html#R9M0IYVFJ |date=20190306010826 }} from {{link-en|The Political Graveyard}}
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Grow, Galusha Aaron|year=1892 |short=x |notaref=x}}
* {{Find a Grave|8157166}}

{{Commons category}}
{{美国共和党}}
{{美国联邦众议院议长}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grow, Galusha A.}}
[[Category:康涅狄格州人]]
[[Category:宾夕法尼亚州律师]]
[[Category:19世纪美国政治人物]]
[[Category:美国众议院议长]]
[[Category:宾夕法尼亚州众议员]]
[[Category:美国共和党联邦众议员]]
[[Category:美国民主党联邦众议员]]
[[Category:阿默斯特学院校友]]

title: 加卢沙·格罗

出生: 1822年8月31日 · 阿什福德

逝世: 1907年3月31日 （84歲） · 斯克蘭頓

墓地: Harford Cemetery

母校: - 阿默斯特學院

职业: 政治人物、律師、商人

政党: 民主党、共和黨


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# マンリョウ
マンリョウ（万両、学名: Ardisia crenata）は、サクラソウ科ヤブコウジ属の常緑小低木。林内に生育し、冬に熟す果実が美しいので栽培され、特に名前がめでたいのでセンリョウ科のセンリョウ（千両）などとともに正月の縁起物とされる。

## 名称
和名の「マンリョウ」は、植物学者の辻井達一の説によれば、姿が似て同様に初冬に赤い実をつけるサクラソウ科のセンリョウ（千両）よりも、やや大きいことからの命名かと思われる、としている。YListによると、ナガバマンリョウ、オオマンリョウ、オオミマンリョウ、オオバマンリョウ、トガリマンリョウ、ハナタチバナの別名もある。なお、マンリョウの別名に「センリョウ」があり、センリョウの別名に「マンリョウ」があるため紛らわしい元となっている。

## 分布
日本・中国・台湾など東アジアからインドの温暖な場所に広く分布する。日本では、本州（関東地方以西）・四国・九州・沖縄に分布する。分布域はセンリョウとほぼ同じである。暖地の林に自生するほか、庭木などとしても植えられている。なお、アメリカ合衆国フロリダ州では外来有害植物として問題になっている。

## 形態・生態
常緑の小低木。高さは2メートル (m) 足らずで、センリョウよりも大きく、枝も少ない。同属のヤブコウジと似ているが、ヤブコウジは高さ10センチメートル (cm) ほどなので区別ができる。根元から新しい幹を出して株立ちとなる。
葉は互生し、葉身は長楕円形で革質、葉縁が波打ち波状の鋸歯がある。葉の波状に膨れた部分には、共生細菌が詰まった部屋が内部に形成されている。また、葉は光に透かすと黒点が見える。
花期は夏（7月ごろ）。花は白色で、小枝の先に散形花序をなす。
果実は液果で、10月ごろに赤く熟し、翌年2月ごろまで枝に見られる。赤い実と緑色の葉のコントラストが美しい。栽培品種には白や黄色の果実もある。
- 株立ちした本種
- 幹
- 葉
- 花
- 果実
- 果実が熟しても赤くならない品種
- 果実は葉の下に幹を囲むように付く
- 実を拡大

## 人間との関わり
センリョウ（千両）とともにマンリョウ（万両）という景気のよい名前が喜ばれて、庭木や鉢植え、縁起を担いで正月の花材（切り花）に利用される。関西ではセンリョウやアリドウシと一緒に植えて縁起を担ぐ。庭園（関東以南の地域に限る）では、いわゆる下木、根締めに用いられる。いわゆる古典園芸植物のひとつで、江戸時代には葉が縮れたりした変異個体が選抜されて、多様な品種群が栽培された。

wikiname: jawiki

title: マンリョウ

in_language: ja

wikitext:
{{生物分類表
|色 = lightgreen
|名称 = マンリョウ
|画像 = [[ファイル:Ardisia crenata 20101209 a.jpg|250px|''Ardisia crenata'']]
|画像キャプション = {{Snamei|Ardisia crenata}}
（[[静岡県]]、2010年12月）
|分類体系 = [[APG III]]
|界 = [[植物界]] {{Sname||Plantae}}
|門階級なし = [[被子植物]] {{Sname||angiosperms}}
|綱階級なし = [[真正双子葉類]] {{Sname||eudicots}}
|亜綱階級なし = [[コア真正双子葉類]] {{Sname||core eudicots}}
|下綱階級なし = [[キク類]] {{Sname||asterids}}
|目 = [[ツツジ目]] {{Sname||Ericales}}
|科 = [[サクラソウ科]] {{Sname||Primulaceae}}
|亜科 = [[ヤブコウジ亜科]] {{Sname||Myrsinoideae}}
|属 = [[ヤブコウジ属]] {{Snamei||Ardisia}}
|種 = '''マンリョウ''' {{Snamei|A. crenata}}
|学名 = {{Snamei||Ardisia crenata }} {{AU|Sims|}} {{small|([[1817年|1817]])}}<ref name="YList">{{YList |id = 6054 |taxon = Ardisia crenata Sims　マンリョウ（標準） |accessdate = 2022-12-05 }}</ref>
|シノニム =
* {{Snamei|Bladhia crenata}} ({{AU|Sims}}) {{AU|H.Hara}} {{small|([[1949年|1949]])}}<ref name="YList_21317">{{YList|id=21317|taxon=Bladhia crenata (Sims) H.Hara　マンリョウ（シノニム）|accessdate=2022-12-05}}</ref>
* {{Snamei|Bladhia crenata}} ({{AU|Sims}}) {{AU|H.Hara}} var. {{Snamei|lanceolata}} ({{AU|Masam.}}) {{AU|H.Hara}} {{small|([[1949年|1949]])}}<ref name="YList_40473">{{YList|id=40473|taxon=Bladhia crenata (Sims) H.Hara var. lanceolata (Masam.) H.Hara　マンリョウ（シノニム）|accessdate=2022-12-05}}</ref>
* {{Snamei|Ardisia crenata}} {{AU|Sims}} var. {{snamei|lanceolata}} ({{AU|Masam.}}) {{small|([[1983年|1983]])}}<ref name="YList_30031">{{YList|id=30031|taxon=Ardisia crenata Sims var. lanceolata (Masam.)　マンリョウ（シノニム）|accessdate=2022-12-05}}</ref>
* {{Snamei|Ardisia crenata}} {{AU|Sims}} f. {{Snamei|taquetii}} ({{AU|H.Lév.}}) {{AU|Ohwi}} {{small|([[1953年|1953]])}}<ref name="YList_30028">{{YList|id=30028|taxon=Ardisia crenata Sims f. taquetii (H.Lév.) Ohwi　マンリョウ（シノニム）|accessdate=2022-12-05}}</ref>
|英名 = [[:en:coral bush|coral bush]]
|下位分類名 = [[品種]]<ref>{{Cite web|和書
 |author = [[米倉浩司]]
 |coauthors = 梶田忠
 |year = 2003-
 |url = http://ylist.info/ylist_simple_search.php?any_field=Ardisia+crenata&family=&species=&capital=0&family_order=0&family_disp_type=1&spec_order=0&list_type=0&search=%E6%A4%9C%E7%B4%A2
 |title = BG Plants簡易検索結果表示
 |work = 「BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス」（YList）
 |publisher = [[千葉大学]]
 |accessdate = 2013-09-16
 }}</ref>
|下位分類 =
* カバミノマンリョウ
 {{Snamei|A. c.}} f. {{Snamei|aurantiaca}}
* シロミノマンリョウ
 {{Snamei|A. c.}} f. {{Snamei|leucocarpa}}
* キミノマンリョウ
 {{Snamei|A. c.}} f. {{Snamei|xanthocarpa}}
|和名 = マンリョウ、ナガバマンリョウ、オオマンリョウ、オオミマンリョウ、オオバマンリョウ、トガリマンリョウ、ハナタチバナ
}}
'''マンリョウ'''（万両{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=39}}、[[学名]]: {{Snamei|Ardisia crenata}}）は、[[サクラソウ科]]{{efn2|最新の[[APG体系]]ではサクラソウ科に分類されるが、古い[[クロンキスト体系]]や[[新エングラー体系]]では[[ヤブコウジ科]]に分類されていた<ref name="YList"/>。}}[[ヤブコウジ属]]の[[常緑]][[小低木]]。林内に生育し、[[冬]]に熟す[[果実]]が美しいので[[栽培]]され、特に名前がめでたいのでセンリョウ科の[[センリョウ]]（千両）などとともに[[正月]]の[[縁起物]]とされる。

== 名称 ==
[[和名]]の「マンリョウ」は、植物学者の[[辻井達一]]の説によれば、姿が似て同様に初冬に赤い実をつけるサクラソウ科のセンリョウ（千両）よりも、やや大きいことからの命名かと思われる、としている{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=40}}。YListによると、ナガバマンリョウ、オオマンリョウ、オオミマンリョウ、オオバマンリョウ、トガリマンリョウ、ハナタチバナの別名もある<ref name="YList"/>。なお、マンリョウの別名に「センリョウ」があり、センリョウの別名に「マンリョウ」があるため紛らわしい元となっている{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=39}}。

== 分布 ==
[[日本]]・[[中国]]・[[台湾]]など[[東アジア]]から[[インド]]の温暖な場所に広く分布する{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=40}}。[[日本]]では、[[本州]]（[[関東地方]]以西）・[[四国]]・[[九州]]・[[沖縄]]に分布する{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。分布域はセンリョウとほぼ同じである{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=40}}。暖地の林に自生するほか、[[庭木]]などとしても植えられている{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。なお、[[アメリカ合衆国]][[フロリダ州]]では外来有害植物<ref name="oka"/>として問題になっている。

== 形態・生態 ==
常緑の小低木{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。高さは2[[メートル]] (m) 足らずで、[[センリョウ]]よりも大きく、枝も少ない{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=40}}。同属の[[ヤブコウジ]]と似ているが、ヤブコウジは高さ10[[センチメートル]] (cm) ほどなので区別ができる。根元から新しい[[幹]]を出して[[株立ち]]となる。

[[葉]]は[[互生]]し、[[葉身]]は長楕円形で革質、[[葉縁]]が波打ち波状の[[鋸歯]]がある{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=40}}。葉の波状に膨れた部分には、共生[[細菌]]が詰まった部屋が内部に形成されている。また、葉は光に透かすと黒点が見える。

花期は夏（7月ごろ）{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。[[花]]は白色で{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}、小枝の先に[[散形花序]]をなす。

果実は[[液果]]で、10月ごろに赤く熟し、翌年2月ごろまで枝に見られる。赤い実と緑色の葉のコントラストが美しい{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。[[栽培品種]]には白や黄色の果実もある。

<gallery>
ファイル:Starr 980529-4284 Ardisia crenata.jpg|株立ちした本種
ファイル:Ardisia crenata 20101209 h.jpg|[[幹]]
ファイル:Ardisia crenata 20101209 b.jpg|[[葉]]
ファイル:Ardisia crenata6.jpg|[[花]]
ファイル:Ardisia crenata 20101209 g.jpg|[[果実]]
ファイル:Ardisia crenata3.jpg|果実が熟しても赤くならない品種
ファイル:Ardisia crenata 20101209 c.jpg|果実は葉の下に幹を囲むように付く
ファイル:Ardisia crenata in the Koishikawa-Kōrakuen IMG 3914.jpg|実を拡大
</gallery>

== 人間との関わり ==
センリョウ（千両）とともにマンリョウ（万両）という景気のよい名前が喜ばれて、[[庭木]]や[[鉢植え]]、縁起を担いで正月の花材（[[切り花]]）に利用される{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=39}}{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。関西では[[センリョウ]]や[[アリドウシ]]と一緒に植えて縁起を担ぐ{{sfn|平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|1997|p=149}}。庭園（関東以南の地域に限る）では、いわゆる下木、根締めに用いられる{{sfn|辻井達一|2006|p=42}}。いわゆる[[古典園芸植物]]のひとつで、[[江戸時代]]には葉が縮れたりした変異個体が選抜されて、多様な品種群が栽培された。

== 脚注 ==
{{脚注ヘルプ}}
=== 注釈 ===
<references group="注"/>
=== 出典 ===
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="oka">{{Cite web|和書
|author = [[波田善夫]]
|date =
|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071128032546/http://had0.big.ous.ac.jp/plantsdic/angiospermae/dicotyledoneae/sympetalae/myrsinaceae/manryou/manryou.htm
|title = マンリョウ
|work = 植物雑学事典
|publisher = [[岡山理科大学]]生物地球学部
|accessdate = 2013-09-16
|ref = oka
}}</ref>}}

== 参考文献 ==
* {{Cite book|和書|author =[[辻井達一]]|title =続・日本の樹木|date =2006-02-25|publisher =[[中央公論新社]]|series =中公新書|isbn =4-12-101834-6|pages =39 - 42|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|和書|author =平野隆久監修 永岡書店編|title =樹木ガイドブック|date=1997-05-10|publisher =[[永岡書店]]|isbn=4-522-21557-6|page =149|ref=harv}}
{{参照方法|section=1|date=2022年12月}}
* {{Cite book|和書|author = 茂木透 写真|others = 高橋秀男・勝山輝男 監修|title = 樹に咲く花 合弁花・単子葉・裸子植物|year = 2001|publisher = [[山と溪谷社]]|series = 山溪ハンディ図鑑|isbn = 4-635-07005-0|pages = 176}}

== 関連項目 ==
{{Wikispecies|Ardisia crenata}}
{{Commonscat|Ardisia crenata}}
* [[古典園芸植物]]
* [[木の一覧]]

== 外部リンク ==
* {{ITIS
|ID = 183614
|taxon = ''Ardisia crenata''  Sims
|accessdate = 2013-09-16
}} {{En icon}}
* {{GRIN
|id = 3880
|name = ''Ardisia crenata'' Sims
|accessdate = 2013-09-16
}} {{En icon}}
* {{NCBI|13345|''Ardisia crenata''}} {{En icon}}
* {{EOL|596486|''Ardisia crenata''}} {{En icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:まんりよう}}
[[Category:サクラソウ科]]
[[Category:ヤブコウジ科]]
[[Category:古典園芸植物]]
[[Category:冬の季語]]

title: マンリョウ

界: : · 植物界 Plantae

階級なし:
: · 被子植物 angiosperms
: · 真正双子葉類 eudicots
: · コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots
: · キク類 asterids

目: : · ツツジ目 Ericales

科: : · サクラソウ科 Primulaceae

亜科: : · ヤブコウジ亜科 Myrsinoideae

属: : · ヤブコウジ属 Ardisia

種: : · マンリョウ A. crenata


text:
# Isodontia ochroptera
Isodontia ochroptera là một loài côn trùng cánh màng trong họ Sphecidae, thuộc chi Isodontia. Loài này được Kohl miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1890.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Isodontia ochroptera

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{tiêu đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| name = ''Isodontia ochroptera''
| regnum = [[Động vật|Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Động vật Chân khớp|Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Côn trùng|Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Bộ Cánh màng|Hymenoptera]]
| subordo = [[Phân bộ Eo nhỏ|Apocrita]]
| superfamilia = [[Apoidea]]
| familia = [[Sphecidae]]
| genus = ''[[Isodontia]]''
| species = '''''I. ochroptera'''''
| binomial = ''Isodontia ochroptera''
| binomial_authority = (Kohl, 1890)
| image =
}}
'''''Isodontia ochroptera''''' là một loài [[côn trùng]] [[bộ Cánh màng|cánh màng]] trong họ [[Sphecidae]], thuộc chi [[Isodontia]]. Loài này được Kohl miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1890.<ref>{{ITIS|ID=769457|taxon=''Isodontia ochroptera''}}</ref>
== Xem thêm ==
*[[Danh sách các loài trong họ Sphecidae]]
==Chú thích==
{{Tham khảo|30em}}

==Tham khảo==
* {{wikispecies nội dòng|Isodontia ochroptera}}

[[Thể loại:Isodontia]]

{{Sphecidae-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Animalia

Ngành (phylum): Arthropoda

Lớp (class): Insecta

Bộ (ordo): Hymenoptera

Phân bộ (subordo): Apocrita

Liên họ (superfamilia): Apoidea

Họ (familia): Sphecidae

Chi (genus): Isodontia

Loài (species): I. ochroptera

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Isodontia ochroptera · (Kohl, 1890)


text:
# 莫迪足球會
莫迪足球會（書面挪威語：，挪威語發音：[ˈmɔ̂ɫdə] ⓘ）是一間位於挪威莫爾德的足球會，於1911年6月19日成立，起初名爲國際（International），1915年起改爲現名。
莫爾德的主場位於Aker球場（1998年開幕），球场最大容量为11800人。该球场是当地商人谢尔·英格·罗克和比约恩·鲁内·吉尔斯滕赠予俱乐部的礼物。此前俱乐部主场是莫尔德足球公园，最高上座人数为14,615人。谢尔·英格·罗克還是莫迪的投資者，他每年平均投資1億至1.5億挪威克朗。前挪威總理邦德維克也是莫迪的支持者。
莫迪在1999年首次參與歐洲冠軍聯賽，最終以1勝5負的成績出局。

## 榮譽
- 挪威足球超級聯賽
  - 冠軍 (5)：2011, 2012, 2014, 2019, 2022
  - 亞軍 (7)：1974, 1987, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2009

- 挪威盃
  - 冠軍 (6)：1994, 2005, 2013, 2014, 2021, 2023
  - 亞軍 (2)：1982, 1989, 2009

## 外部連結
- 官方網站 （页面存档备份，存于）
- MFKWeb - 獨立球迷網站 （页面存档备份，存于）
- Tornekrattet 獨立球迷網站 （页面存档备份，存于）(先前是官方球迷網站)

title: 莫迪足球會

wikitext:
{{Update|time=2022-10-18T03:04:06+00:00}}
{{noteta
|G1=football
|T=zh-cn:莫尔德足球俱乐部;zh-hk:莫迪足球會;zh-tw:莫爾德足球俱樂部;
|1=zh-cn:莫尔德足球俱乐部;zh-hk:莫迪足球會;zh-tw:莫爾德足球俱樂部;
|2=zh-cn:莫尔德;zh-hk:莫迪;zh-tw:莫爾德;
|3=zh-cn:纳伦德拉·莫迪;zh-hk:納倫德拉·莫迪;zh-tw:納倫德拉·莫迪;
|4=zh-hans:索尔斯克亚;zh-hk:蘇斯克查;zh-tw:索爾斯克亞;
}}
{{Football club infobox
| clubname     = 莫迪
| image        = Molde Fotball Logo.svg
| fullname     = Molde Fotballklubb
| nickname     = Blå-hvit
| founded      = {{Start date and age|1911|6|19|df=y}}
| city         = [[莫爾德]]
| ground       = [[Aker球場]]
| capacity     = 11,249
| chairman     = {{le|奥德·伊瓦尔·摩恩|Odd Ivar Moen}}
| manager      = {{le|佩尔-马蒂亚斯·赫格莫|Per-Mathias Høgmo}}
| league       = [[挪威足球超級聯賽]]
| season       = 2024
| position     = 挪超，第 5 位
| shirtsupplier     = [[愛迪達]]
| shirtsponsors     = {{link-en|Sparebanken Møre}}
| website      = https://www.moldefk.no/
| pattern_name1 = Home
| pattern_la1 = _molde24h
| pattern_b1 = _molde24h
| pattern_ra1 = _molde24h
| pattern_sh1 = _molde24h
| pattern_so1 =  _3_stripes_blue
| leftarm1 = 0000FF
| body1 = 0045FF
| rightarm1 = 0000FF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_name2 = Away
| pattern_la2 = _molde24a
| pattern_b2 = _molde24a
| pattern_ra2 = _molde24a
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white
| shorts2 = 0000DD
| socks2 = 0000DD
| pattern_la3 = _servette2425h
| pattern_b3 = _molde24t
| pattern_ra3 = _servette2425h
| pattern_sh3 = _servette2425h
| pattern_so3 = _3_stripes_white
| leftarm3 = AA0000
| body3 = AA0000
| rightarm3 = AA0000
| shorts3 = AA0000
| socks3 = AA0000
}}
'''莫迪足球會'''（{{langx|nb|Molde Fotballklubb}}，{{IPA|no|ˈmɔ̂ɫdə|-|Molde.ogg}}）是一間位於[[挪威]][[莫爾德]]的足球會，於1911年6月19日成立，起初名爲'''國際'''（International），1915年起改爲現名。

莫爾德的主場位於[[Aker球場]]（1998年開幕），球场最大容量为11800人。该球场是当地商人{{le|谢尔·英格·罗克|Kjell Inge Røkke}}和{{le|比约恩·鲁内·吉尔斯滕|Bjørn Rune Gjelsten}}赠予俱乐部的礼物。此前俱乐部主场是{{le|莫尔德足球公园|Molde idrettspark}}，最高上座人数为14,615人。{{le|谢尔·英格·罗克|Kjell Inge Røkke}}還是莫迪的投資者，他每年平均投資1億至1.5億[[挪威克朗]]。前挪威總理[[謝爾·馬格納·邦德維克|邦德維克]]也是莫迪的支持者。

莫迪在1999年首次參與[[1999年至2000年歐洲冠軍聯賽|歐洲冠軍聯賽]]，最終以1勝5負的成績出局。
==榮譽==
* '''[[挪威足球超級聯賽]]'''
** '''冠軍 (5)：'''2011, 2012, 2014, 2019, 2022
** 亞軍 (7)：1974, 1987, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2009

* '''[[挪威盃]]'''
** '''冠軍 (6)：'''1994, 2005, 2013, 2014, 2021, 2023
** 亞軍 (2)：1982, 1989, 2009

== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist}}

== 外部連結 ==
{{commons category}}

* [http://www.moldefk.no 官方網站] {{Wayback|url=http://www.moldefk.no/ |date=20161202032351 }}
* [http://www.mfkweb.org MFKWeb - 獨立球迷網站] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mfkweb.org/ |date=20210316001315 }}
* [http://www.tornekrattet.no Tornekrattet 獨立球迷網站] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tornekrattet.no/ |date=20210301074408 }}(先前是官方球迷網站)

{{挪超}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Molde FK}}
[[Category:挪威足球俱樂部]]
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title: 莫迪

全名: Molde Fotballklubb

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城市: 莫爾德

主場: Aker球場

主席: 奥德·伊瓦尔·摩恩

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text:
# Довгий Яр (гідрологічний заказник)
До́вгий Яр — гідрологічний заказник місцевого значення в Україні. Розташований у межах Ічнянського району Чернігівської області, між селом Іваниця і селищем Тростянець.
Площа 11 га. Статус присвоєно згідно з рішенням Чернігівського облвиконкому від 27.12.1984 року за № 454; від 28.08.1989 року за № 164. Перебуває у віданні ДП «Прилуцьке лісове господарство» (Жадьківське л-во, кв. 114-116).
Статус присвоєно для збереження лучно-болотного природного комплексу в долині яру, яким тече пересихаюча притока річки Смош. Довжина яру бл. 5 км. У його долішній частині розташована заростаюча водойма. Прилеглі заболочені ділянки повністю вкриті кропивою дводомною (заввишки 1,2—1,5 м) з куртинами гадючника в'язолистого.
Заказник «Довгий Яр» входить до складу Ічнянського національного природного парку.

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Довгий Яр (гідрологічний заказник)

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Картка:Природоохоронна територія
  | name = Довгий Яр
(заказник)
  | image =
  | зображення_підпис =
  | ширина_зображення = 300px
  | map =
  | caption =
  | ширина_мапи =
  | локатор_x =
  | локатор_y =
  | розташування = {{UKR}}
[[Чернігівська область]],
[[Ічнянський район]],
між с. [[Іваниця (Ічнянський район)|Іваниця]] і селищем [[Тростянець (селище)|Тростянець]]
  | nearest_city = [[Ічня]], [[Прилуки]]
  | lat_degrees = 50
  | lat_minutes = 46
  | lat_seconds = 17.5
  | lat_direction = N
  | long_degrees = 32
  | long_minutes = 43
  | long_seconds = 20
  | long_direction = E
  | площа = 11 [[гектар|га]]
  | водні об'єкти    =
  | заснований = 1984 р.
  | число_відвідувачів =
  | рік_відвідувачів =
  | керуюча_організація = ДП «Прилуцьке лісове господарство», Жадьківське лісництво
  |Карта розташування = Україна Чернігівська область
}}
{{Otherplaces|Довгий Яр (лісовий заказник)}}
'''До́вгий Яр''' — [[гідрологічний заказник]] місцевого значення в Україні. Розташований у межах [[Ічнянський район|Ічнянського району]] [[Чернігівська область|Чернігівської області]], між селом [[Іваниця (Ічнянський район)|Іваниця]] і селищем [[Тростянець (селище)|Тростянець]].

Площа 11 га. Статус присвоєно згідно з рішенням Чернігівського облвиконкому від 27.12.1984 року за № 454; від 28.08.1989 року за № 164. Перебуває у віданні ДП «Прилуцьке лісове господарство» (Жадьківське л-во, кв. 114-116).

Статус присвоєно для збереження лучно-болотного природного комплексу в долині [[яр]]у, яким тече пересихаюча притока річки [[Смош (річка)|Смош]]. Довжина яру бл. 5 км. У його долішній частині розташована заростаюча водойма. Прилеглі заболочені ділянки повністю вкриті [[Кропива дводомна|кропивою дводомною]] (заввишки 1,2—1,5 м) з куртинами [[Гадючник в'язолистий|гадючника в'язолистого]].

Заказник «Довгий Яр» входить до складу [[Ічнянський національний природний парк|Ічнянського національного природного парку]].

== Джерела ==
* Державний кадастр територій та об'єктів природно-заповідного фонду України станом на 01.01.2013; (269. Довгий Яр)
* «Чорноморський ботанічний журнал», том 13, № 1 (2017). Території та об'єкти природно-заповідного фонду в складі Ічнянського національного природного парку. Стор. 4
* [http://www.lisproekt.gov.ua/zhadkivske-lisnitstvo Жадьківське лісництво] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202231557/http://www.lisproekt.gov.ua/zhadkivske-lisnitstvo |date=2 грудня 2018 }}
{{Природно-заповідний фонд Ічнянського району}}
[[Категорія:Природно-заповідний фонд Ічнянського району]]
[[Категорія:Гідрологічні заказники Чернігівської області]]
[[Категорія:Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1984]]
[[Категорія:Території природно-заповідного фонду, що входять у Смарагдову мережу]]

title: Довгий Яр · (заказник)

Країна: Україна

Розташування: Україна · Чернігівська область, · Ічнянський район, · між с. Іваниця і селищем Тростянець

Найближче місто: Ічня, Прилуки

Площа: 11 га


text:
# Santa Catalina School
Santa Catalina School is a private school in Monterey, California, United States, founded by Sister Margaret Thompson and the Dominican Order in 1950. Situated on a 36-acre hacienda-style campus, the Upper School is an all-girls boarding school that also accepts local students. The Lower and Middle School serves both boys and girls (preschool through 8th grade). Students are required to wear uniforms. The school emphasizes building a sense of community that challenges its students mentally and spiritually. Santa Catalina is accredited by the California Association of Independent Schools and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. In addition, the school is associated with the National Association of Independent Schools, the Association of Boarding Schools, National Catholic Educational Association, and the National Coalition of Girls' Schools.

## History

### Ranch beginnings and religious background
The original Santa Catalina Convent was founded by Sister Marie Geomaere, a Dominican sister, in what is now downtown Monterey in 1850, when Monterey was the capital of California. With the help of Rev. Joseph Alemany, O.P., Bishop of Monterey, she created the first Catholic school in California, excluding mission schools. Students were predominantly daughters of local town residents and of nearby Spanish landowners and classes were taught in Castilian Spanish. In 1854 the school was moved to Benicia, the new state capital, where it was renamed St. Catherine's Academy.
In 1950, Sister Margaret Thompson, Mother General of the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael, California, decided to reestablish Santa Catalina in Monterey. After buying the 36-acre campus from a local cattle rancher, Col. Harold Mack, the school opened in the fall of 1950, with Sister Mary Kieran as the first principal. When Sister Kieran died in 1965, Sister Carlotta became principal, a title she held for 35 years. As principal, Sister Carlotta's goal was to "educate the whole child... by guiding young people toward intellectual attainment and social, physical, and spiritual well-being."

### Transition to co-education and new leadership
Boys were allowed to enroll in preschool and kindergarten at the request of Sister Jean, and Sister Carlotta encouraged male students to continue their education at the school through 8th grade.
Sister Claire, after serving as Head of Upper School since 1982, became Head of School in 2002. Sister Claire and Sister Christine still reside on campus, though both are now retired.
Margaret K. Bradley became Head of School in 2016 upon the retirement of Sister Claire. Margaret Bradley retired in June 2022. Upon her retirement, Dr. Barbara Ostos became the fifth Head of School.

## Current statistics

### Lower and middle school

#### Enrollment
There are 238 students in the Lower and Middle School; 61 percent are girls and 39 percent are boys.

#### Class size and student-teacher ratio
Class sizes are generally small, but vary by grade level as follows:
| Grade level  | Students                            | Teachers                  | Student-teacher ratio |
| ------------ | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Pre-K        | 20                                  | 3                         | 8:1                   |
| Kindergarten | 24                                  | 2                         | 12:1                  |
| Grades 1 & 2 | 24                                  | 2                         | 12:1                  |
| Grades 3-5   | 24                                  | 1 teacher and 1 assistant | 12:1                  |
| Grades 6 - 8 | 18 per section 2 sections per grade | 1 teacher per subject     | 5:1                   |

#### Tuition
Tuition varies by grade level, and the school offers need-based financial aid. Below is tuition and financial aid information for the 2010-2011 school year.
- Pre-K: $14,500
- Kindergarten: $22,750
- Grades 1-8: $24,750
- 42 percent of students receive financial aid.

### Upper school

#### Enrollment, class size, and student-teacher ratio
As of August 2019, there were 216 girls enrolled at Santa Catalina: 113 were boarding students and 103 were day students. International students made up 19% of the student body. The average class size was 12 students, and the student-teacher ratio was 8:1.

#### Tuition
Upper School tuition varies between resident and day students, and both need and merit-based financial aid are offered.
- Boarding: $59,000 for the 2019-20 school year
- Day: $38,250 for the 2019-20 school year
- 42% of students received financial aid for the 2019-20 school year.

## Education and academics

### Mission
Santa Catalina Lower and Middle School "encourage[s] each boy and girl to work effectively, to communicate articulately, [and] to approach life with a sense of purpose and competence" and prepares students for secondary schooling.
Santa Catalina School aims to "combine a rigorous liberal arts curriculum, modern educational technology, and solid Christian principles" to prepare its students for college and beyond. The single-sex environment, Catholic background, and college preparatory courses are emphasized to "teach the importance of becoming leaders in our communities by serving others." The school attempts to develop each girl's abilities and emphasizes balancing intellectual growth with spiritual awareness. Santa Catalina also seeks diversity in order to enhance a student's sense of responsibility to her community and herself.

### Requirements
- 4 years of English[10]
- 3 years of math, foreign language, religious studies, lab sciences, and arts[10]
- Extracurricular activities are required for each of the three athletic seasons. Students have a choice each season between sports, performing arts (theater, dance, and music), and physical education.

### Admission
Santa Catalina accepts students on the basis of academic achievement and personal qualification "without regard to race, creed, color, or national and ethnic origins." The admissions office requires a questionnaire and writing sample, school transcript, teacher recommendations, parent statements, SSAT scores, an interview, and an optional personal recommendation. Non-native English speakers are required to take the TOEFL.

### Departments
Academics are divided among the following departments: Art, Drama, English, Foreign Language (including French, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese), History, Math, Music, Religion, and Science.

### Honors and AP opportunities
Santa Catalina School offers 11 AP (Advanced Placement) and 7 Advanced Topics courses.

### College counseling and acceptance
The school has two college counselors on campus who work closely with seniors and assist with students' college applications and SAT and ACT registration. In addition, the school has an online resource for students called Naviance, which provides further college counseling. In addition, approximately 65 colleges and universities from within the United States and abroad send representatives to Catalina to discuss their schools with students throughout the academic year. The average SAT score of students is 1732. 100% of graduates attend college and within the past five years the most-attended colleges were UC Davis (20 students), UCLA (11 students), Boston University (11 students), New York University (9 students), and Loyola Marymount University (9 students).

### Lower and middle school academics
From kindergarten to fifth grade, students take courses in art, computer studies, language arts, math, music, physical education, religion, science, and social science. Spanish classes are introduced in the 4th grade. In grades 6 – 8, students take classes in art, computer science, English, foreign language (Spanish), history, math, music, physical education, religion, and science.

### Faculty and administrators
Despite the school's religious background, the current administrators are laypeople and not affiliated with a religious order.
- Head of School - Dr. Barbara Ostos,
- Assistant Head of School - John Aime
- Assistant Head of School for Mission and Identity - John Murphy, Ph.D.
- Head of Upper School - Julie Lenherr Edson ’88
- Head of Lower and Middle School, PreK–Grade 8 - Christy Pollacci

The Upper School is ranked among the top 20 boarding schools for faculty education because a high percentage of the faculty has advanced degrees.

## Facilities
- Aquatic center

In 2003 a new outdoor aquatic center was completed, featuring a 25 yard by 30 meter pool that is connected to the gym's locker rooms. This 10 lane pool is used for physical education classes and the Upper School's swimming and diving and water polo teams. The pool was renovated beginning in 2018 and was unveiled for the second time in the spring of 2019. It is now fully functional.
- Bedford Family Gymnasium Complex

Located next to the pool, the gym houses basketball and volleyball courts, bleachers, and dressing room facilities. PE classes and Upper and Lower School basketball and volleyball teams use the facility. The gym overlooks the pool and a regulation size softball and soccer field, which is encircled by an all-weather track. In addition, the gym is adjacent to 6 regulation size tennis courts, including one lighted court with stadium seating.
- Dormitories

Resident students live in one of three dorms in either a single or double room, with faculty members living on each floor. Each room has a bed, desk, drawers, and lockable closet and there are common bathrooms for each floor. The dorms also come "equipped" with wireless internet, laundry facilities, and vending machines.
Thompson Dormitory — This dorm is used primarily for freshman and some sophomores, and also has faculty housing.
Greer Family Dormitory — This is the newest dorm and houses sophomores, juniors, and faculty.
Hills Hall — For seniors and faculty.
- The Hacienda

Originally the Upper School classroom building, this 70-year-old building now houses the Upper School Admissions Office, Business Office, and Development Office.
- Mary L Johnson Music Center

This building houses a 150-seat recital hall, a dance studio, and music studios for private lessons. The building is primarily used for student music lessons and recitals.
- Rosary Chapel

The chapel is located in the center of campus and was built in 1954 as a donation from by Mrs. Marcia Ferrell Hart. San Francisco architect Germano Milono was commissioned to design the building. One of the most notable features is the chapel's stained glass windows. Today the chapel is used for weekly morning prayer offered for all students and faculty, weekly masses for resident students, on-campus faculty, and the public, as well as special events.
- Santo Domingo Hall

This building includes the student health center and the dining hall. The school uses Bon Appétit food services, who were the winners of the National Resource Defense Council's 2009 Growing Green Award for their commitment to sustainable food. Their menus often feature locally grown foods and leftovers are composted. Although their vegetarian and vegan options are often limited to the daily salad bar.
- Sister Mary Kieran Memorial Library

Finished in 1967, the library holds about 34,000 volumes, 40 in-house periodicals, 500 media items, online databases, and 30 computers for students and teachers. It is used by both Upper and Lower Schools. The library staff are inconstant, and although the library is the only place with low volume and adequate couch space, rules constitute no napping.
- Sister Carlotta Performing Arts Center

The Performing Arts Center is a 500-seat, state of the art theater that is used for Lower School Spring and Christmas concerts, various recitals, and three Upper School performances every academic year. The Performing Arts Center also hosts the B.R.E.A.L. show (a performance put on by the student-run performing arts clubs) and Evening of the Arts (an arts showcase at the end of the year).
- Study Hall

Upper School assembly is conducted every morning in this building. Desks are provided for every student and are arranged by class. There are also a limited number of lockers available for student use. Because of the small size of the lockers, the difficulty in reaching them, and the limited number, students prefer open crates under their desks.

## Student life

### Athletics

#### Middle school
Competitive sports are offered, but not required, for students in grades 6 - 8. Teams compete by grade level with other public and private schools in the area.
| Fall       | Winter        | Spring          |
| ---------- | ------------- | --------------- |
| Volleyball | Basketball    | Tennis          |
| Soccer     | Flag football | Golf            |
|            |               | Track and field |

#### Upper school
Students can choose to participate in one sport per season. Teams compete in the Pacific Coast Athletic League (PCAL) and the CIF / Central Coast Section (CCS). The volleyball, basketball, tennis, soccer, water polo, lacrosse, field hockey, and softball teams compete at both the varsity and junior varsity levels.
| Fall          | Winter     | Spring              | Year round |
| ------------- | ---------- | ------------------- | ---------- |
| Volleyball    | Basketball | Swimming and diving | Equestrian |
| Tennis        | Soccer     | Track and field     |            |
| Water polo    |            | Lacrosse            |            |
| Field hockey  |            | Softball            |            |
| Cross country |            |                     |            |
| Golf          |            |                     |            |

### Performing arts
Students may also participate in theatre or dance, rather than athletic teams, after school.
- Theatre: In addition to offering drama classes, the school presents two musicals and one drama each year, which students can choose to participate in.[25]
- Dance: Dance classes are offered in ballet technique, jazz, contemporary, and musical-theater tap.[25]
- Music: In addition to the required extracurricular athletics or performing arts, private musical and vocal lessons are available to students. There are also school-wide recitals and a school choir.[25]

### Community service
- Upper School - Each class has a day designated for mandatory community service. Students choose between the following sites: Dorothy's Place, St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store, Salvation Army Youth Center, Ave Maria Convalescent Center, Ag Against Hunger, Gateway Center, Harbor Project, STAR Riders, and Food Bank of Monterey County. Certain sites are also offered for students two afternoons each week.[26]
- Lower and Middle School - The entire Lower and Middle School is involved in one community service project each month.[27]

### Student clubs
| Academic / school support                                                   | Activism                                                 | Entertainment                                         | Sports / outdoors                                                      | Social                                             | Student government (all students are elected to these positions) |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Spanish Club                                                                | Amnesty International                                    | Accents (advanced dance club)                         | Fencing Club                                                           | Back to Basics (cooking and sewing club)           | Student / Faculty Senate                                         |
| French Club                                                                 | Community Service Club                                   | ECCO! (A Capella Group)                               | Fit Club                                                               | Dumbledore's Army (Harry Potter enthusiasts)       | Resident Council                                                 |
| PEMDAS (Math Club and Peer Tutoring)                                        | Operation Smile                                          | Lamplighter (student newspaper issued 7 times a year) | Journey: Jump Outside Until Real Nature Experiences You (outdoor club) | Fashion Club                                       | Day Student Council                                              |
| Admission Tour Guides and Class Guides                                      | Pax Christi                                              | MOSAIC (literary magazine)                            | Scuba Club                                                             | Great Indulgences (art, literature, and film club) | Prefects                                                         |
| Big / Little Sisters (seniors who help freshman ease into their first year) | R4: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Restore (environmental club) | Reverb (singing and songwriting club)                 | Geocachers                                                             | Knit Wits (knitting club)                          |                                                                  |
| Catalinan (Yearbook)                                                        | Model UN / UN Student Alliance                           |                                                       |                                                                        | Tokyo Drift (Japanese club)                        |                                                                  |
| STAR (Student - alumni organization)                                        | Animal Welfare                                           |                                                       |                                                                        |                                                    |                                                                  |

## Notable alumnae
- Kathleen Brown, 1994 California gubernatorial candidate; daughter of former Governor Edmund G. "Pat" Brown;  sister of former California Governor Jerry Brown
- Maryedith Burrell, film and television producer, writer, actress and documentarian
- Angelique Cabral, actress, star of CBS's Life in Pieces
- Ninive Clements Calegari, educator and co-founder of 826 Valencia, The Teacher Salary Project and Enterprise for Youth
- Leslie Cockburn, journalist, producer, director, writer; co-producer of The Peacemaker with George Clooney
- Claire Coffee, actress, star of NBC's Grimm
- Abigail Folger, coffee heiress, civil rights activist
- Sharon Gless, actress, best known for 1980s crime drama Cagney and Lacey
- Jennifer Grant, actress, daughter of Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon
- Patricia Hearst, newspaper heiress, former member of Symbionese Liberation Army
- Dakota Johnson, actress, best known for her role in the Fifty Shades franchise (attended one year)
- Monica C. Lozano, publisher and CEO of the Spanish language La Opinión newspaper in Los Angeles
- Kathleen Sullivan, first woman anchor at CNN
- Brita Sigourney, three time Olympian and 2018 Bronze medalist in her specialty of skiing [29]

wikiname: enwiki

title: Santa Catalina School

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Private school in Monterey, California, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox school
 | name                    = Santa Catalina School
 | native_name             =
 | latin_name              =
 | image                   = Santa_Catalina_School,_Monterey,_CA.jpg
 | imagesize               = 316px
 | caption                 =
 | location                =
 | streetaddress           = 1500 Mark Thomas Drive
 | city                    = [[Monterey, California|Monterey]]
 | state                   = [[California]]
 | county                  = [[Monterey County, California|Monterey County]]
 | zipcode                 = 93940
 | country                 = USA
 | coordinates             = {{Coord|36|35|33|N|121|52|7|W|type:edu_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
 | district                =
 | authority               =
 | religion                = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
 | oversight               =
 | affiliation             = The Association of Boarding Schools, The National Coalition of Girls Schools
 | superintendent          =
 | trustee                 =
 | founder                 = Sister Margaret Thompson
 | president               =
 | head of school          = Barbara Ostos, Ed.D.
 | headteacher             =
 | headmaster              =
 | head_label              =
 | head                    =
 | chairperson             =
 | principal               =
 | viceprincipal           =
 | asst principal          =
 | dean                    =
 | administrator           =
 | rector                  =
 | chaplain                =
 | director                =
 | custodian               =
 | staff                   =
 | ranking                 =
 | faculty                 =
 | teaching_staff          =
 | roll                    =
 | MOE                     =
 | ceeb                    =
 | school code             =
 | LEA                     =
 | ofsted                  =
 | testaverage             =
 | testname                =
 | national_ranking        =
 | avg_class_size          =
 | ratio                   =
 | SAT                     =
 | ACT                     =
 | type                    = [[Private school|Private]], day and boarding school
 | gender                  = Girls (9-12)
 Coed (PreK-8)
 | system                  =
 | fees                    =
 | tuition                 =
 | endowment               = $44 Million<ref name ="Boarding School Review">Boarding School Review, "Santa Catalina", "http://www.boardingschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/121", October 15, 2010</ref>
 | grades                  = [[Pre-kindergarten|PreK]]-[[Twelfth grade|12]]
 | campus                  = Suburban
 | campus size             = 36 acres
 | campus type             =
 | slogan                  = Do well. Do good.
 | song                    =
 | fightsong               =
 | motto                   = Veritas (Truth)
 | accreditation           = [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges|WASC]]
California Association of Independent Schools
 | rival                   = [[Stevenson School]]
 | mascot                  = Cougar
 | mascot image            =
 | sports                  =
 | conference              = [[California Interscholastic Federation|CIF]] – Central Coast Section
 | patron                  =
 | team_name               = [[Cougar]]s
 | nickname                =
 | colors                  = [[Blue]] {{color box|blue}} and {{color box|gold}} Gold
 | yearbook                = Catalinian
 | publication             = ''Moasic'' (literary magazine)
 | newspaper               = ''The Lamplighter''
 | established             = 1850 (original school)
1950
 | status                  =
 | closed                  =
 | alumni                  =
 | nobel_laureates         =
 | enrollment              = 238 (PreK-8); 216 (9-12)<ref name="About SCS"/>
 | enrollment_as_of        = 2019
 | gradeK                  =
 | grade1                  =
 | grade2                  =
 | grade3                  =
 | grade4                  =
 | grade5                  =
 | grade6                  =
 | grade7                  =
 | grade8                  =
 | grade9                  =
 | grade10                 =
 | grade11                 =
 | grade12                 =
 | other_grade_label       =
 | other                   =
 | communities             =
 | feeders                 =
 | free_label              = Head of Upper School
 | free_text               = Julie Lenherr Edson ’88
 | free_label1             =
 | free_text1              =
 | free_label2             = Head of Lower and Middle School
 | free_text2              = Christy Pollacci
 | free_label3             =
 | free_text3              =
 | free_label4             =
 | free_text4              =
 | free_label5             =
 | free_text5              =
 | footnotes               =
 | picture                 =
 | homepage                = [http://www.santacatalina.org www.santacatalina.org]
}}

'''Santa Catalina School''' is a private school in [[Monterey, California]], United States, founded by Sister Margaret Thompson and the [[Dominican Order]] in 1950. Situated on a 36-acre [[hacienda]]-style campus, the Upper School is an all-girls boarding school that also accepts local students. The Lower and Middle School serves both boys and girls (preschool through 8th grade). Students are required to wear uniforms. The school emphasizes building a sense of community that challenges its students mentally and spiritually.<ref name="About SCS">Santa Catalina School, "About Santa Catalina School", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Santa_Catalina_School/ |title=About Santa Catalina School |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116191408/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Santa_Catalina_School/ |archivedate=2010-11-16 }}", October 15, 2010</ref> Santa Catalina is accredited by the California Association of Independent Schools and the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]]. In addition, the school is associated with the [[National Association of Independent Schools]], the Association of Boarding Schools, [[National Catholic Educational Association]], and the [[National Coalition of Girls' Schools]].

==History==

===Ranch beginnings and religious background===
The original Santa Catalina Convent was founded by Sister Marie Geomaere, a Dominican [[nun|sister]], in what is now downtown [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] in 1850, when Monterey was the capital of California.<ref name ="Owens">Owens, Tom and Melanie Bellon Chatfield, (June 1st, 2004). "Insider's Guide to Monterey Peninsula", Insider's Guide Publications</ref> With the help of [[Joseph Sadoc Alemany|Rev. Joseph Alemany]], [[Dominican Order|O.P.]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California|Bishop of Monterey]], she created the first Catholic school in California, excluding mission schools. Students were predominantly daughters of local town residents and of nearby [[Spain|Spanish]] landowners and classes were taught in [[Castilian Spanish]]. In 1854 the school was moved to [[Benicia, California|Benicia]], the new state capital, where it was renamed St. Catherine's Academy.<ref name="SCS History">{{cite web|title=School History|url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_School_History/|publisher=Santa Catalina School|accessdate=December 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194815/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_School_History/|archivedate=October 31, 2010}}</ref>

In 1950, Sister Margaret Thompson, [[Superior general|Mother General]] of the [[Dominican Order|Dominican Sisters]] of [[San Rafael, California]], decided to reestablish Santa Catalina in Monterey. After buying the 36-acre campus from a local cattle [[ranch]]er, Col. Harold Mack, the school opened in the fall of 1950, with Sister Mary Kieran as the first principal.<ref name= "SCS History"/> When Sister Kieran died in 1965, Sister Carlotta became principal, a title she held for 35 years. As principal, Sister Carlotta's goal was to "educate the whole child... by guiding young people toward intellectual attainment and social, physical, and spiritual well-being."<ref name ="SCS History"/>

===Transition to co-education and new leadership===
Boys were allowed to enroll in [[Preschool education|preschool]] and [[kindergarten]] at the request of Sister Jean, and Sister Carlotta encouraged male students to continue their education at the school through 8th grade.<ref name ="SCS History"/>

Sister Claire, after serving as Head of Upper School since 1982, became Head of School in 2002.<ref name =Peterson>Fern, Oram, et al (2007). "Peterson's Private Secondary Schools", Lawrenceville, NJ: Peterson's</ref> Sister Claire and Sister Christine still reside on campus, though both are now retired.

Margaret K. Bradley became Head of School in 2016 upon the retirement of Sister Claire. Margaret Bradley retired in June 2022. Upon her retirement, Dr. Barbara Ostos became the fifth Head of School.

== Current statistics ==

===Lower and middle school===

====Enrollment====
There are 238 students in the Lower and Middle School; 61 percent are girls and 39 percent are boys.<ref name="About SCS"/>

====Class size and student-teacher ratio====
Class sizes are generally small, but vary by grade level as follows:<ref name = "About SCS"/>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Basic class information
! Grade level !! Students !! Teachers !! Student-teacher ratio
|-
| Pre-K || 20 || 3 || 8:1
|-
| Kindergarten || 24 || 2 || 12:1
|-
| Grades 1 & 2 || 24 || 2 || 12:1
|-
| Grades 3-5 || 24 || 1 teacher and 1 assistant || 12:1
|-
| Grades 6 - 8 || 18 per section
2 sections per grade ||1 teacher per subject || 5:1
|}

====Tuition====
Tuition varies by grade level, and the school offers need-based financial aid. Below is tuition and financial aid information for the 2010-2011 school year.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Tuition and Affordability", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/LS_Financial_Aid/ |title=Santa Catalina Lower School | Admission | Tuition & Affordability (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025230708/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/LS_Financial_Aid |archivedate=2010-10-25 }}", September 7, 2012</ref>
* Pre-K: $14,500
* Kindergarten: $22,750
* Grades 1-8: $24,750
* 42 percent of students receive financial aid.

===Upper school===

====Enrollment, class size, and student-teacher ratio====
As of August 2019, there were 216 girls enrolled at Santa Catalina: 113 were boarding students and 103 were day students.<ref name ="About SCS"/> International students made up 19% of the student body. The average class size was 12 students, and the student-teacher ratio was 8:1.

====Tuition====
Upper School tuition varies between resident and day students, and both need and merit-based financial aid are offered.
* Boarding: $59,000 for the 2019-20 school year
* Day: $38,250 for the 2019-20 school year
* 42% of students received financial aid for the 2019-20 school year.
<ref name=USTuition>Santa Catalina School, "Tuition and Affordability", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Tuition_Assistance/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Admission | Tuition & Affordability (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927201221/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Tuition_Assistance/ |archivedate=2010-09-27 }}", October 15, 2010</ref>

==Education and academics==

===Mission===
Santa Catalina Lower and Middle School "encourage[s] each boy and girl to work effectively, to communicate articulately, [and] to approach life with a sense of purpose and competence" and prepares students for secondary schooling.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Lower School Our Mission", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_Mission/ |title=Santa Catalina Lower School | Our Mission (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807224749/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_Mission/ |archivedate=2010-08-07 }}", October 15, 2010</ref>

Santa Catalina School aims to "combine a rigorous [[liberal arts]] curriculum, modern educational technology, and solid Christian principles" to prepare its students for college and beyond.<ref name ="Owens"/> The single-sex environment, Catholic background, and college preparatory courses are emphasized to "teach the importance of becoming leaders in our communities by serving others."<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Upper School", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_School/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124191726/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_School/ |archivedate=2010-11-24 }}", October 15, 2010</ref> The school attempts to develop each girl's abilities and emphasizes balancing intellectual growth with spiritual awareness.<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/> Santa Catalina also seeks diversity in order to enhance a student's sense of responsibility to her community and herself.<ref name ="Peterson"/>

===Requirements===

* 4 years of English<ref name="Academics">Santa Catalina School, "Academics", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Academics/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Academics (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014182445/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Academics/ |archivedate=2010-10-14 }}", October 15, 2010</ref>
* 3 years of math, foreign language, religious studies, lab sciences, and arts<ref name ="Academics"/>
* Extracurricular activities are required for each of the three athletic seasons. Students have a choice each season between sports, performing arts (theater, dance, and music), and physical education.

===Admission===
Santa Catalina accepts students on the basis of academic achievement and personal qualification "without regard to race, creed, color, or national and ethnic origins."<ref name =Peterson/> The admissions office requires a questionnaire and writing sample, school transcript, teacher recommendations, parent statements, [[Secondary School Admission Test|SSAT]] scores, an interview, and an optional personal recommendation. Non-native English speakers are required to take the [[TOEFL]].<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Applying to SCS", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Applying/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Admission | Applying to SCS (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014182452/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Applying/ |archivedate=2010-10-14 }}", October 15, 2010</ref>

===Departments===
Academics are divided among the following departments: Art, Drama, English, Foreign Language (including French, Spanish, and Mandarin Chinese), History, Math, Music, Religion, and Science.<ref name ="Academics"/>

===Honors and AP opportunities===
Santa Catalina School offers 11 [[Advanced Placement|AP (Advanced Placement)]] and 7 Advanced Topics courses.

===College counseling and acceptance===
The school has two college counselors on campus who work closely with seniors and assist with students' college applications and SAT and ACT registration. In addition, the school has an online resource for students called Naviance,<ref>[https://connection.naviance.com/fc/signin.php?hsid=santacs Family Connection]</ref> which provides further college counseling. In addition, approximately 65 colleges and universities from within the United States and abroad send representatives to Catalina to discuss their schools with students throughout the academic year.<ref name="College">Santa Catalina School, "College Counseling", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_College_Counseling/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | College Counseling (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127135313/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_College_Counseling/ |archivedate=2010-11-27 }}", November 1, 2010</ref> The average SAT score of students is 1732.<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/> 100% of graduates attend college and within the past five years the most-attended colleges were [[UC Davis]] (20 students), [[UCLA]] (11 students), [[Boston University]] (11 students), [[New York University]] (9 students), and [[Loyola Marymount University]] (9 students).<ref name ="TABS">The Association of Boarding Schools, "Santa Catalina School", "http://www.boardingschools.com/school-profile.aspx?schoolid=936", October 15, 2010</ref>

===Lower and middle school academics===
From kindergarten to fifth grade, students take courses in art, computer studies, language arts, math, music, physical education, religion, science, and social science. Spanish classes are introduced in the 4th grade. In grades 6 – 8, students take classes in art, computer science, English, foreign language (Spanish), history, math, music, physical education, religion, and science.<ref name="Admin">Santa Catalina School, "Administrator", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_School/ |title=Santa Catalina Lower School (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117083453/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_School/ |archivedate=2010-11-17 }}", November 1, 2010</ref>

===Faculty and administrators===
Despite the school's religious background, the current administrators are [[laity|laypeople]] and not affiliated with a religious order.<ref name="LA">Santa Catalina School, "Lower School", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/School_Administration/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | School Administration |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194357/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/School_Administration/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", September 7, 2012</ref>

* Head of School - Dr. Barbara Ostos,
* Assistant Head of School - John Aime
* Assistant Head of School for Mission and Identity - John Murphy, Ph.D.
* Head of Upper School - Julie Lenherr Edson ’88
* Head of Lower and Middle School, PreK–Grade 8 - Christy Pollacci

The Upper School is ranked among the top 20 boarding schools for faculty education because a high percentage of the faculty has advanced degrees.<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/>

==Facilities==

* '''Aquatic center'''
In 2003 a new outdoor aquatic center was completed, featuring a 25 yard by 30 meter pool that is connected to the gym's locker rooms.<ref>Parsons, Larry, "Tomato king Scott Salyer a man of his past", "http://www.montereyherald.com/local/ci_15652886?nclick_check=1", December 9, 2010</ref> This 10 lane pool is used for physical education classes and the Upper School's swimming and diving and water polo teams.<ref name="Campus">Santa Catalina School, "Our Campus", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Campus_Facilities/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | Our Campus |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194610/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Campus_Facilities/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", December 9, 2010</ref> The pool was renovated beginning in 2018 and was unveiled for the second time in the spring of 2019. It is now fully functional.

*'''Bedford Family Gymnasium Complex'''
Located next to the pool, the gym houses basketball and volleyball courts, bleachers, and dressing room facilities. PE classes and Upper and Lower School basketball and volleyball teams use the facility. The gym overlooks the pool and a regulation size softball and soccer field, which is encircled by an all-weather track. In addition, the gym is adjacent to 6 regulation size tennis courts, including one lighted court with stadium seating.<ref name="Campus"/>

*'''Dormitories'''
Resident students live in one of three dorms in either a single or double room, with faculty members living on each floor. Each room has a bed, desk, drawers, and lockable closet and there are common bathrooms for each floor.<ref name ="Owens"/><ref name ="Campus"/> The dorms also come "equipped" with wireless internet, laundry facilities, and vending machines.<ref name ="TABS"/>

Thompson Dormitory — This dorm is used primarily for freshman and some sophomores, and also has faculty housing.<ref name ="Campus"/>

Greer Family Dormitory — This is the newest dorm and houses sophomores, juniors, and faculty.<ref name ="Campus"/>

Hills Hall — For seniors and faculty.<ref name ="Campus"/>

*'''The Hacienda'''
Originally the Upper School classroom building, this 70-year-old building now houses the Upper School Admissions Office, Business Office, and Development Office.<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/><ref name ="Campus"/>

* '''Mary L Johnson Music Center'''
This building houses a 150-seat recital hall, a dance studio, and music studios for private lessons. The building is primarily used for student music lessons and recitals.<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/><ref name ="Campus"/>

* '''Rosary Chapel'''
The chapel is located in the center of campus and was built in 1954 as a donation from by Mrs. Marcia Ferrell Hart. San Francisco architect Germano Milono was commissioned to design the building. One of the most notable features is the chapel's stained glass windows.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Rosary Chapel History", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Rosary_Chapel_History/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | Rosary Chapel | History |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194334/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Rosary_Chapel_History/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", December 10, 2010</ref> Today the chapel is used for weekly morning prayer offered for all students and faculty, weekly masses for resident students, on-campus faculty, and the public, as well as special events.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "About Rosary Chapel", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Rosary_Chapel_About/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | Rosary Chapel | About |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194647/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Rosary_Chapel_About/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", December 10, 2010</ref>

*'''Santo Domingo Hall'''
This building includes the student health center and the dining hall.<ref name ="Campus"/> The school uses [[Bon Appétit Management Company|Bon Appétit]] food services, who were the winners of the [http://www.nrdc.org/ National Resource Defense Council's] 2009 Growing Green Award for their commitment to [[sustainable food systems|sustainable food]]. Their menus often feature locally grown foods and leftovers are composted.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Sustainability", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Sustainability/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | Sustainability |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194629/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/About_Sustainability/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", December 10, 2010</ref> Although their vegetarian and vegan options are often limited to the daily salad bar.

*'''Sister Mary Kieran Memorial Library'''
Finished in 1967, the library holds about 34,000 volumes, 40 in-house periodicals, 500 media items, online databases, and 30 computers for students and teachers. It is used by both Upper and Lower Schools.<ref name ="Owens"/><ref>Santa Catalina School, "Library", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Library/ |title=About Santa Catalina School | Library |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194839/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Library/ |archivedate=2010-10-31 }}", December 10, 2010</ref> The library staff are inconstant, and although the library is the only place with low volume and adequate couch space, rules constitute no napping.

*'''Sister Carlotta Performing Arts Center'''
The Performing Arts Center is a 500-seat, state of the art theater that is used for Lower School Spring and Christmas concerts, various recitals, and three Upper School performances every academic year.<ref name ="Campus"/> The Performing Arts Center also hosts the B.R.E.A.L. show (a performance put on by the student-run performing arts clubs) and Evening of the Arts (an arts showcase at the end of the year).

*'''Study Hall'''
Upper School assembly is conducted every morning in this building. Desks are provided for every student and are arranged by class. There are also a limited number of lockers available for student use.<ref name ="Campus"/> Because of the small size of the lockers, the difficulty in reaching them, and the limited number, students prefer open crates under their desks.

==Student life==

===Athletics===

====Middle school====
Competitive sports are offered, but not required, for students in grades 6 - 8. Teams compete by grade level with other public and private schools in the area.<ref name="LS">Santa Catalina School, "Grade 6 - Grade 8 Sports", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_G68_Sports/ |title=Santa Catalina Lower School | Grade 6 - Grade 8 | Sports (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807224206/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_G68_Sports/ |archivedate=2010-08-07 }}", November 1, 2010</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Seasonal athletic teams<ref name ="LS"/>
! Fall !! Winter !! Spring
|-
| Volleyball || Basketball || Tennis
|-
| Soccer || Flag football || Golf
|-
|            ||                       || Track and field
|}

====Upper school====
Students can choose to participate in one sport per season. Teams compete in the Pacific Coast Athletic League (PCAL) and the CIF / Central Coast Section (CCS). The volleyball, basketball, tennis, soccer, water polo, lacrosse, field hockey, and softball teams compete at both the varsity and junior varsity levels.<ref name="Athletics">Santa Catalina School, "Upper School Athletics", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Athletics/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Athletics (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012200109/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Athletics/ |archivedate=2010-10-12 }}", November 1, 2010</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Seasonal athletic teams<ref name ="TABS"/>
! Fall !! Winter !! Spring || Year round
|-
| Volleyball || Basketball || Swimming and diving || Equestrian
|-
| Tennis || Soccer  || Track and field ||
|-
| Water polo ||  || Lacrosse ||
|-
| Field hockey || || Softball||
|-
| Cross country || || ||
|-
| Golf || || ||
|}

===Performing arts===
Students may also participate in theatre or dance, rather than athletic teams, after school.

* '''Theatre''': In addition to offering drama classes, the school presents two musicals and one drama each year, which students can choose to participate in.<ref name="Theatre">Santa Catalina School, "Performing Arts", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Performing_Arts/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | the Arts | Performing Arts (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013074811/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Performing_Arts/ |archivedate=2010-10-13 }}", November 1, 2010</ref>
* '''Dance''': Dance classes are offered in ballet technique, jazz, contemporary, and musical-theater tap.<ref name ="Theatre"/>
* '''Music''': In addition to the required extracurricular athletics or performing arts, private musical and vocal lessons are available to students. There are also school-wide recitals and a school choir.<ref name ="Theatre"/>

===Community service===

* Upper School - Each class has a day designated for mandatory community service. Students choose between the following sites: Dorothy's Place, St. Vincent de Paul Thrift Store, Salvation Army Youth Center, Ave Maria Convalescent Center, [[Ag Against Hunger]], Gateway Center, Harbor Project, STAR Riders, and Food Bank of Monterey County. Certain sites are also offered for students two afternoons each week.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Community Service", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Student_Life_Community_Service/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Student Life | Community Service (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116035834/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Student_Life_Community_Service/ |archivedate=2011-01-16 }}", December 10, 2010</ref>
* Lower and Middle School - The entire Lower and Middle School is involved in one community service project each month.<ref>Santa Catalina School, "Community Service", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_Community_Service/ |title=Santa Catalina Lower School | Student Life | Community Service (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809041259/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Lower_Community_Service/ |archivedate=2010-08-09 }}", December 10, 2010</ref>

===Student clubs===

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Student clubs<ref name ="Boarding School Review"/><ref name ="TABS"/><ref>Santa Catalina School, "Clubs and Organizations", "{{cite web |url=http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Student_Life_Activities/ |title=Santa Catalina Upper School | Student Life | Clubs and Organizations (Santa Catalina School) |accessdate=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116035829/http://www.santacatalina.org/index.cfm/Upper_Student_Life_Activities/ |archivedate=2011-01-16 }}", December 10, 2010</ref>
! Academic / school support !! Activism !! Entertainment !! Sports / outdoors !! Social !! Student government (all students are elected to these positions)
|-
| Spanish Club || [[Amnesty International]] || Accents (advanced dance club) || [[Fencing]] Club || Back to Basics (cooking and sewing club) || Student / Faculty Senate
|-
| French Club || Community Service Club  || ECCO! ([[A cappella|A Capella]] Group) || Fit Club || Dumbledore's Army (''[[Harry Potter]]'' enthusiasts) || Resident Council
|-
| PEMDAS (Math Club and Peer Tutoring) || [[Operation Smile]] || ''Lamplighter'' (student newspaper issued 7 times a year) || Journey: Jump Outside Until Real Nature Experiences You (outdoor club) || Fashion Club || Day Student Council
|-
| Admission Tour Guides and Class Guides || [[Pax Christi]] || ''MOSAIC'' (literary magazine) || Scuba Club || Great Indulgences (art, literature, and film club) || Prefects
|-
| Big / Little Sisters (seniors who help freshman ease into their first year) || R4: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Restore (environmental club) || Reverb (singing and songwriting club) || [[Geocaching|Geocachers]] || Knit Wits (knitting club) ||
|-
| Catalinan (Yearbook)|| [[Model United Nations|Model UN]] / UN Student Alliance || || || Tokyo Drift (Japanese club) ||
|-
| STAR (Student - alumni organization) || Animal Welfare || || || ||
|}

==Notable alumnae==
* [[Kathleen Brown]], 1994 California gubernatorial candidate; daughter of former Governor [[Pat Brown|Edmund G. "Pat" Brown]];  sister of former [[Governor of California|California Governor]] [[Jerry Brown]]
* [[Maryedith Burrell]], film and television producer, writer, actress and documentarian
* [[Angelique Cabral]], actress, star of CBS's ''[[Life in Pieces]]''
* [[Ninive Clements Calegari]], educator and co-founder of [[826 Valencia]], [[The Teacher Salary Project]] and Enterprise for Youth
* [[Leslie Cockburn]], journalist, producer, director, writer; co-producer of ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'' with [[George Clooney]]
* [[Claire Coffee]], actress, star of NBC's ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]''
* [[Abigail Folger]], coffee heiress, civil rights activist
* [[Sharon Gless]], actress, best known for 1980s crime drama ''[[Cagney and Lacey]]''
* [[Jennifer Grant]], actress, daughter of Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon
* [[Patricia Hearst]], newspaper heiress, former member of [[Symbionese Liberation Army]]
*[[Dakota Johnson]], actress, best known for her role in the ''[[Fifty Shades (film series)|Fifty Shades]]'' franchise (attended one year)
* [[Monica C. Lozano]], publisher and [[CEO]] of the [[Spanish language]] ''[[La Opinión]]'' newspaper in [[Los Angeles]]
* [[Kathleen Sullivan (journalist)|Kathleen Sullivan]], first woman anchor at CNN
* [[Brita Sigourney]], three time Olympian and 2018 Bronze medalist in her specialty of skiing <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/britasig/?hl=en | title=Brita Sigourney (@britasig) • Instagram photos and videos }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.santacatalina.org/}}
*[http://www.boardingschools.com/school-profile.aspx?schoolid=936 The Association of Boarding Schools profile]

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California|state=collapsed}}
{{Girls' schools in California}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Catalina School For Girls}}
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in California]]
[[Category:High schools in Monterey County, California]]
[[Category:Catholic boarding schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Monterey, California]]
[[Category:Private high schools in California]]
[[Category:Preparatory schools in California]]
[[Category:Dominican schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in California]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in California]]

title: Address

Address: 1500 Mark Thomas Drive · Monterey, Monterey County, California 93940 · United States

title: Information

Type: Private, day and boarding school

Motto: Veritas (Truth)

Religious affiliation(s): Catholic

Established: 1850 (original school) · 1950

Founder: Sister Margaret Thompson

Head of school: Barbara Ostos, Ed.D.

Gender: Girls (9-12) · Coed (PreK-8)

Campus: Suburban

Campus size: 36 acres

Color(s): Blue and Gold

Slogan: Do well. Do good.

Athletics conference: CIF – Central Coast Section

Mascot: Cougar

Team name: Cougars

Rival: Stevenson School

Accreditation: WASC · California Association of Independent Schools

Publication: Moasic (literary magazine)

Newspaper: The Lamplighter

Yearbook: Catalinian

Endowment: $44 Million

Head of Upper School: Julie Lenherr Edson ’88

Head of Lower and Middle School: Christy Pollacci


text:
# ريزون (مجلة)
ريزون هي مجلة ليبرتارية أمريكية تصدر شهريا من خلال مؤسسة ريزون. يبلغ رواج المجلة حوالي 50000 كما تمت تسميتها واحدة من أفضل 50 مجلة في 2033 و2004 طبقا لقائمة شيكاغو تريبيون.

## التاريخ
تأسست ريزون في 1968 على يد لاني فريدلاندر (1947-2011) والذي كان طالبا في جامعة بوسطن والتي أسسها كمجلة شهرية إلى حد ما. في 1970 اشترى المجلة روبيرت بول جونيور ومانويل كلوزنر وتيبور ر ماشان الذين جعلوا المجلة تصدر بصورة دورية. مثل الإصدار الشهري لمجلة فري مايندس آند فري ماركيتس free mind and free markets، تغطي المجلة مواضيع مثل السياسة والثقافة وأفكار الأخبار المختلطة والتحليل والتعليقات والآراء.
أثناء السبعينات والثمانينات، كان محررو المجلة هم ميلتون فريدمان وموراي روثبورد وتوماس ساس وتوماس سويل. في 1978، أسس كل من بول وكولزنر وماشان مؤسسة ريزون التابعة لها، بهدف توسيع أفكار المجلة إلى البحث السياسي. انضم مارتي زوبان إلى ريزون في 1975 وخدم فيها طوال الثمانينات كمدير تحرير حتى تركها في 1989.
كانت فيرجينيا بوسترل رئيسة التحرير في المجلة من يوليو 1989 إلى يناير 2000، إذ أسست موقع المجلة في 1995. أصبح نيك غيليسبي رئيس التحرير في سنة 2000. أعاد إريك سبيكرمان (مؤسس واجهة ميتا) تصميم مجلة ريزون في 2001، إذ كان يهدف إلى تصميم أكثر أناقة، وأكثر حداثة، باستخدام واجهة ميتا.
في يونيو 2004، استقبل المشتركون في مجلة ريزون إصدارا خاصا إذ كان على الغلاف اسم المشترك وصورة بالأقمار الصناعية لمنزله أو مكان العمل الخاص به. كان الهدف من ذلك إظهار قوة قواعد البيانات العامة، بالإضافة إلى إمكانيات طباعة طابعة زيكون طبقا لرئيس التحرير نيك غيليسبي. اعتبر ديفيد كار من نيويورك تايمز ان هذه الحركة هي «قمة الإصدارات الخاصة»، كما اعتبرها «إظهار مذهل لعدد الطرق المتزايد التي يمكن من خلالها استغلال قواعد البيانات».

wikiname: arwiki

title: ريزون (مجلة)

in_language: ar

wikitext:
{{بطاقة مجلة}}
'''ريزون''' هي مجلة [[ليبرتارية]] [[أمريكية]] تصدر شهريا من خلال مؤسسة ريزون.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب |مسار=https://reason.org/about-reason-foundation/ |عنوان=Reason Foundation – About |ناشر=Reason.org |تاريخ= 2007-05-31|تاريخ الوصول=July 15, 2012| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201010904/http://reason.org:80/about/ | تاريخ أرشيف = 1 ديسمبر 2017 }}</ref> يبلغ رواج المجلة حوالي 50000<ref name="Fox">{{استشهاد بخبر |الأخير=Fox |الأول=Margalit |تاريخ=May 7, 2011 |عنوان=Lanny Friedlander, Founder of Reason Magazine, Dies at 63 |مسار=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/07/us/07friedlander.html |صحيفة=[[نيويورك تايمز]] |تاريخ الوصول=October 15, 2012| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190330002256/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/07/us/07friedlander.html | تاريخ أرشيف = 30 مارس 2019 }}</ref> كما تمت تسميتها واحدة من أفضل 50 مجلة في 2033 و2004 طبقا لقائمة [[شيكاغو تريبيون]].<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر |عنوان=The 50 Best Magazines |مسار=http://www.burrmediagroup.com/50%20Best%20Magazines/ChicagoTrib_Reason061203.htm |صحيفة=[[شيكاغو تريبيون]] |تاريخ=June 12, 2003| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190626180951/http://www.burrmediagroup.com/50%20Best%20Magazines/ChicagoTrib_Reason061203.htm | تاريخ أرشيف = 26 يونيو 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بخبر |عنوان=50 best magazines |مسار=https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-040615mags-story.html |صحيفة=Chicago Tribune |تاريخ=June 17, 2004| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20080715122305/http://www.chicagotribune.com:80/features/lifestyle/chi-040615mags,1,1202754.story | تاريخ أرشيف = 15 يوليو 2008 }}</ref>

== التاريخ ==
تأسست ريزون في 1968 على يد لاني فريدلاندر (1947-2011)<ref name="Fox" /><ref name="jb">{{استشهاد بكتاب |الأول=Jennifer |الأخير=Burns |عنوان=Goddess of the market: Ayn Rand and the American Right |مكان=Oxford |ناشر=[[دار نشر جامعة أكسفورد]] |سنة=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-532487-7 |صفحة=328}}</ref> والذي كان طالبا في [[جامعة بوسطن]]<ref name=diamond>{{استشهاد بخبر |مسار=https://reason.com/2011/04/24/shine-on-you-crazy-diamond-2/ |عنوان=Shine On, You Crazy Diamond |عمل=ريزون |تاريخ=April 24, 2011 |الأول=Nick |الأخير=Gillespie |مؤلف-وصلة=Nick Gillespie |تاريخ الوصول=November 8, 2018 | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190216071604/http://reason.com/archives/2011/04/24/shine-on-you-crazy-diamond | تاريخ أرشيف = 16 فبراير 2019 }}</ref> والتي أسسها كمجلة شهرية إلى حد ما. في 1970 اشترى المجلة روبيرت بول جونيور ومانويل كلوزنر وتيبور ر ماشان الذين جعلوا المجلة تصدر بصورة دورية. مثل الإصدار الشهري لمجلة فري مايندس آند فري ماركيتس free mind and free markets،<ref name="jb" /><ref name=diamond /> تغطي المجلة مواضيع مثل السياسة والثقافة وأفكار الأخبار المختلطة والتحليل والتعليقات والآراء.

أثناء السبعينات والثمانينات، كان محررو المجلة هم ميلتون فريدمان وموراي روثبورد وتوماس ساس وتوماس سويل.<ref>{{استشهاد بخبر |مؤلف-وصلة=Walter E. Williams |الأول=Walter E. |الأخير=Williams |عنوان=Bringing Reason to the People |صحيفة={{Ill-WD2|The Afro-American|id=Q2826234}} |تاريخ=June 18, 1983 |صفحة=5 }}</ref> في 1978، أسس كل من بول وكولزنر وماشان مؤسسة ريزون التابعة لها، بهدف توسيع أفكار المجلة إلى البحث السياسي. انضم مارتي زوبان إلى ريزون في 1975 وخدم فيها طوال الثمانينات كمدير تحرير حتى تركها في 1989.<ref name="40yrs">{{استشهاد ويب | مؤلف-وصلة=Brian Doherty (journalist) | الأول=Brian | الأخير=Doherty | عنوان=40 Years of Free Minds and Free Markets: An Oral History of ''Reason'' | عمل=Reason | تاريخ=December 2008 | مسار=https://reason.com/archives/2008/11/17/40-years-of-free-minds-and-fre/3/ | تاريخ الوصول=June 15, 2016| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20180726203559/http://reason.com/archives/2008/11/17/40-years-of-free-minds-and-fre/3 | تاريخ أرشيف = 26 يوليو 2018 |حالة المسار=dead}}</ref>

كانت فيرجينيا بوسترل رئيسة التحرير في المجلة من يوليو 1989 إلى يناير 2000،<ref name="gillespie">{{استشهاد ببيان صحفي |ناشر=[[Reason Foundation]] |تاريخ=November 27, 2007 |مسار=https://reason.com/blog/show/123676.html |عنوان=Reason Magazine and Reason.tv Announce New Editors | مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20090906184736/http://www.reason.com/blog/show/123676.html | تاريخ أرشيف = 6 سبتمبر 2009 | تاريخ الوصول =  أكتوبر 2020  |حالة المسار=dead}}</ref> إذ أسست موقع المجلة في 1995. أصبح نيك غيليسبي رئيس التحرير في سنة 2000.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب | مسار=https://vpostrel.com/about | عنوان=Virginia Postrel: About | تاريخ الوصول=June 15, 2016| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20190102142027/https://vpostrel.com/about | تاريخ أرشيف = 2 يناير 2019 }}</ref> أعاد إريك سبيكرمان (مؤسس واجهة ميتا) تصميم مجلة ريزون في 2001، إذ كان يهدف إلى تصميم أكثر أناقة، وأكثر حداثة، باستخدام واجهة ميتا.

في يونيو 2004، استقبل المشتركون في مجلة ريزون إصدارا خاصا إذ كان على الغلاف اسم المشترك وصورة بالأقمار الصناعية لمنزله أو مكان العمل الخاص به. كان الهدف من ذلك إظهار قوة قواعد البيانات العامة، بالإضافة إلى إمكانيات طباعة طابعة زيكون طبقا لرئيس التحرير نيك غيليسبي. اعتبر ديفيد كار من [[نيويورك تايمز]] ان هذه الحركة هي «قمة الإصدارات الخاصة»، كما اعتبرها «إظهار مذهل لعدد الطرق المتزايد التي يمكن من خلالها استغلال قواعد البيانات».<ref name="carr">{{استشهاد بخبر |عنوان= Putting 40,000 Readers, One by One, on a Cover |مسار=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/05/business/mediatalk-putting-40000-readers-one-by-one-on-a-cover.html |عمل=The New York Times |تاريخ=April 5, 2004 |الأول=David |الأخير=Carr |تاريخ الوصول=October 20, 2010| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20100906142909/http://query.nytimes.com:80/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E7D91139F936A35757C0A9629C8B63 | تاريخ أرشيف = 6 سبتمبر 2010 }}</ref>

== روابط خارجية ==
== المراجع ==
{{مراجع|2}}
{{روابط شقيقة|commons=Reason (magazine)}}
{{مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي}}
{{شريط بوابات|الولايات المتحدة|كاليفورنيا|ليبرالية}}

{{بذرة مجلة أمريكية}}

[[تصنيف:التحررية في الولايات المتحدة]]
[[تصنيف:تأسيسات سنة 1968 في ماساتشوستس]]
[[تصنيف:ليبرالية كلاسيكية]]
[[تصنيف:مجلات أمريكية سياسية]]
[[تصنيف:مجلات أسست في 1968]]
[[تصنيف:مجلات شهرية أمريكية]]
[[تصنيف:مواقع ويب سياسية أمريكية]]
[[تصنيف:مجلات نشرت في كاليفورنيا]]

title: معلومات عامة

بلد المنشأ: الولايات المتحدة

القطع: تابلويد

موقع الويب: reason.com (الإنجليزية)

title: شخصيات هامة

المؤسس: Lanny Friedlander

title: التحرير

اللغة: الإنجليزية

title: الإدارة

المقر الرئيسي: لوس أنجلوس

الناشر: Reason Foundation

ISSN: Reason : 0048-6906 · (مواد مطبوعة )