text:
# Gridcoin
Gridcoin (аббревиатура: GRC) — криптовалюта, использующая технологию блокчейн для краудсорсинга вычислений научных проектов. Протокол Gridcoin опубликован 16 октября 2013 года, и он построен таким образом, что при эмиссии применяется доказательство доли владения. Ключевой особенностью Gridcoin является то, что эмиссия связана с участием в научных распределённых вычислениях, то есть пользователи получают вознаграждение за «вычислительный вклад» в науку.

## Описание
Gridcoin использует алгоритм проверки научных исследований в партнерстве с открытой платформой Беркли для сетевых вычислений (более известной как BOINC). Протокол построен таким образом, что участникам выдаётся вознаграждение за то, что они выполнили вычислительные задания в BOINC. Система основывается на связи идентификатора пользователя проекта (CPID) и кошелька Gridcoin. Награда выдается в GRC пропорционально заработанному значению RAC, зависящего от степени вклада в тот или иной проект.
BOINC поддерживает ряд научных проектов, которые требуют значительной вычислительной мощности, но не имеют финансовых средств, чтобы использовать суперкомпьютеры. Одновременно с этим большинство криптовалют потребляют много электроэнергии для расчёта новых блоков в блокчейне. Gridcoin ориентирован на использование вычислительных мощностей не для формирования блокчейна, а в задачах, которые могут принести пользу человечеству. Только небольшая часть вычислений приходится на защиту блокчейна.
Gridcoin позволяет проводить практически мгновенные пиринговые транзакции с низкой оплатой за операцию. Программное обеспечение Gridcoin является открытым и предоставляется возможность каждому принять участие в совершенствовании и развитии проекта.
Gridcoin дополнительно поддерживает систему голосования на основе блокчейн, которая даёт возможность быть инициатором предложений и участвовать в обсуждаемых вопросах. Одной из основных тем голосования является список BOINC-проектов, признаваемых Gridcoin. Он ведётся для того, чтобы некоторые пользователи не могли получить несправедливое вознаграждение посредством поддержания высокого RAC в то время, когда другие признанные проекты его не обеспечивают. Также есть ряд развлекательных и неофициальных опросов для того, чтобы вовлечь новых пользователей в участие в проекте.

## История
Gridcoin официально запущен 16 октября 2013 года разработчиком под псевдонимом Роб Халфорд (англ. Rob Halförd). Как и большинство криптовалют, Gridcoin децентрализован — работает без вмешательства сторонней организации.
11 октября 2014 года был осуществлён переход между версиями протокола — с оригинальной Gridcoin-Classic на Gridcoin-Research. Gridcoin-Classic использовал гибридную систему эмиссии, сочетавшую доказательство выполнения работы и доказательство доли владения. В результате перехода были устранены не связанные с BOINC вычисления. Количество используемых вычислительных мощностей для защиты блокчейна является минимальным, в отличие от типичных криптовалют, таких как Биткойн. Дополнительно с переходом на Gridcoin-Research был улучшен уровень безопасности подтверждения доли участия.

## Влияние
О влиянии Gridcoin на сферу мировых криптовалют писали на нескольких новостных сайтах: Hacker News, The Coin Telegraph, News BTC.
Gridcoin оказала влияние на научные исследования, криптовалюта упоминается в научных публикациях и официальных документах. В это входят доклады: оригинальный научный доклад о Gridcoin, доклад по блокчейн-механизму Sidecoin, о технологиях распределённого достижения консенсуса в приложениях криптовалют, доклад по краудфандингу о государственных вычислительных ресурсах GPU, принципах и применениях блокчейн-технологий, о метриках преобразований долей участия в сообществах криптовалют, о новых методах применения децентрализованного программного обеспечения и другие.

## Механизм вычисления награды
Награды Gridcoin могут состоять из двух частей: доказательство доли владения (PoS) и доказательство проведенного исследования (PoR).
Базовым является доказательство доли владения, для которого надо владеть GRC, количество которых определяет вероятность получения права на создание очередного блока, наградой за который будет 10 GRC. Для этого варианта есть возможность присоединения к пулу.
Доказательством выполнения работы служат распределённые вычисления в сети BOINC, что требует наличия соответствующей клиентской программы. За вычисления начисляются очки, исходя из суммы этих очков начисляется награда в GRC, которая накапливается (в кошельке раздел «Pending Reward»). Если участник программы BOINC через доказательство доли владения получает право на формирования очередного блока, то помимо стандартного вознаграждения в размере 10 GRC он получит и накопленный бонус за выполненную работу. Для этого варианта нет возможности участия в пуле, так как очки за распределённые вычисления персонифицированы.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Gridcoin

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{Карточка программы}}
'''Gridcoin''' (аббревиатура: GRC) — [[криптовалюта]], использующая технологию [[блокчейн]] для [[краудсорсинг]]а [[Распределённые вычисления|вычислений]] научных проектов<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/01/13/the-blockchain-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/#.VQDiavX33tI.twitter |title=The Blockchain: What It Is and Why It Matters |access-date=2017-10-05 |archive-date=2017-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002001003/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/01/13/the-blockchain-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters/#.VQDiavX33tI.twitter |url-status=live }}</ref>. Протокол Gridcoin опубликован 16 октября 2013 года, и он построен таким образом, что при эмиссии применяется [[доказательство доли владения]]. Ключевой особенностью Gridcoin является то, что эмиссия связана с участием в научных распределённых вычислениях, то есть пользователи получают вознаграждение за «вычислительный вклад» в науку.

== Описание ==
Gridcoin использует алгоритм проверки научных исследований<ref name=":0" /> в партнерстве с [[BOINC|открытой платформой Беркли для сетевых вычислений]] (более известной как BOINC)<ref>{{Cite news|title=How Can I Contribute to Science Right Now?|url=themerkle.com/how-can-i-contribute-to-science-right-now/|work=The Merkle|access-date=2017-05-26|language=en|archive-date=2017-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508202508/themerkle.com/how-can-i-contribute-to-science-right-now/}}</ref>. Протокол построен таким образом, что участникам выдаётся вознаграждение за то, что они выполнили вычислительные задания в BOINC. Система основывается на связи идентификатора пользователя проекта (CPID) и {{Нп3|Кошелёк криптовалюты|кошелька||Cryptocurrency wallet}} Gridcoin. Награда выдается в GRC пропорционально заработанному значению {{Нп3|Кредитная система BOINC|RAC||BOINC Credit System}}, зависящего от степени вклада в тот или иной проект.

BOINC поддерживает ряд научных проектов, которые требуют значительной вычислительной мощности, но не имеют финансовых средств, чтобы использовать [[суперкомпьютер]]ы<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsbtc.com/2015/10/11/gridcoin-a-crypto-that-empowers-scientific-research/|title=Gridcoin - A Crypto that Empowers Scientific Research|website=NEWSBTC|date=2015-10-11|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2017-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130831/http://www.newsbtc.com/2015/10/11/gridcoin-a-crypto-that-empowers-scientific-research/|url-status=live}}</ref>. Одновременно с этим большинство криптовалют потребляют много электроэнергии для расчёта новых блоков в [[блокчейн]]е. Gridcoin ориентирован на использование вычислительных мощностей не для формирования блокчейна, а в задачах, которые могут принести пользу человечеству. Только небольшая часть вычислений приходится на защиту блокчейна<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/putting-the-blockchain-to-work-for-science-gridcoin-1400747268/|title=Putting the Blockchain to Work For Science!|website=BitcoinMagazine|date=2014-05-22|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-date=2017-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809170952/https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/putting-the-blockchain-to-work-for-science-gridcoin-1400747268/|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Gridcoin позволяет проводить практически мгновенные пиринговые транзакции с низкой оплатой за операцию. Программное обеспечение Gridcoin является [[Открытое программное обеспечение|открытым]] и предоставляется возможность каждому принять участие в совершенствовании и развитии проекта.

Gridcoin дополнительно поддерживает систему голосования на основе блокчейн, которая даёт возможность быть инициатором предложений и участвовать в обсуждаемых вопросах. Одной из основных тем голосования является список BOINC-проектов, признаваемых Gridcoin. Он ведётся для того, чтобы некоторые пользователи не могли получить несправедливое вознаграждение посредством поддержания высокого RAC в то время, когда другие признанные проекты его не обеспечивают. Также есть ряд развлекательных и неофициальных опросов для того, чтобы вовлечь новых пользователей в участие в проекте.

== История ==
Gridcoin официально запущен 16 октября 2013 года разработчиком под псевдонимом Роб Халфорд ({{lang-en|Rob Halförd}}). Как и большинство криптовалют, Gridcoin [[Децентрализованная система|децентрализован]] — работает без вмешательства сторонней организации<ref name="TGFFND">{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.gridcoin.us/Main_Page|title=Gridcoin|access-date=2016-09-22|archive-date=2016-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927173140/http://wiki.gridcoin.us/Main_Page|url-status=live}}</ref>.

11 октября 2014 года был осуществлён переход между версиями протокола — с оригинальной Gridcoin-Classic на Gridcoin-Research. Gridcoin-Classic использовал гибридную систему эмиссии, сочетавшую [[доказательство выполнения работы]] и [[доказательство доли владения]]. В результате перехода были устранены не связанные с BOINC вычисления. Количество используемых вычислительных мощностей для защиты блокчейна является минимальным, в отличие от типичных криптовалют, таких как [[Биткойн]]. Дополнительно с переходом на Gridcoin-Research был улучшен уровень безопасности подтверждения доли участия.

== Влияние ==
О влиянии Gridcoin на сферу мировых криптовалют писали на нескольких новостных сайтах: [[Hacker News]]<ref name="Hacker News">{{Cite web|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8964375|title=Gridcoin|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-date=2017-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113155039/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8964375|url-status=live}}</ref>, The Coin Telegraph<ref name="The Coin Telegraph">{{Cite web|url=https://cointelegraph.com/tags/gridcoin|title=Gridcoin|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-date=2017-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113160238/https://cointelegraph.com/tags/gridcoin|url-status=live}}</ref>, News BTC<ref name="News BTC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsbtc.com/2015/10/11/gridcoin-a-crypto-that-empowers-scientific-research/|title=A Crypto that Empowers Scientific Research|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-date=2017-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809130831/http://www.newsbtc.com/2015/10/11/gridcoin-a-crypto-that-empowers-scientific-research/|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Gridcoin оказала влияние на научные исследования, криптовалюта упоминается в научных публикациях и официальных документах. В это входят доклады: оригинальный научный доклад о Gridcoin, доклад по блокчейн-механизму Sidecoin<ref>{{статья|ссылка=https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.01039|заглавие=Sidecoin: a snapshot mechanism for bootstrapping a blockchain|arxiv=1501.01039|access-date=2017-01-09|язык=en|тип=journal|archive-date=2017-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813103909/https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.01039}}</ref>, о технологиях распределённого достижения консенсуса в приложениях криптовалют<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.674.1781&rep=rep1&type=pdf|title=Distributed Consensus Technologies in Cryptocurrency Applications|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>, доклад по краудфандингу о государственных вычислительных ресурсах [[GPU]]<ref>{{Статья|автор=Z. Dong, Y. C. Lee, A. Y. Zomaya|заглавие=Crowdware: A Framework for GPU-Based Public-Resource Computing with Energy-Aware Incentive Mechanism|ссылка=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7396166/?reload=true&arnumber=7396166&tag=1|издание=2015 IEEE 7th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom)|год=November 2015|страницы=266—273|doi=10.1109/CloudCom.2015.73}}</ref>, принципах и применениях блокчейн-технологий<ref>{{Статья|автор=Marc Pilkington|заглавие=Blockchain Technology: Principles and Applications|ссылка=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2662660|место=Rochester, NY|издательство=Social Science Research Network|год=2015-09-18|номер=ID 2662660}}</ref>, о метриках преобразований долей участия в сообществах криптовалют<ref>{{Статья|автор=De Filippi, Primavera|заглавие=Translating Commons-Based Peer Production Values into Metrics: Towards Commons-Based Crypto-Currencies|ссылка=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2725415|место=Rochester, NY|издательство=Social Science Research Network|год=2015-01-31|номер=ID 2725415}}</ref>, о новых методах применения децентрализованного программного обеспечения и другие<ref>{{Статья|автор=Loi Luu, Jason Teutsch, Raghav Kulkarni, Prateek Saxena|заглавие=Demystifying Incentives in the Consensus Computer|ссылка=http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2810103.2813659|издание=Proceedings of the 22Nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security|место=New York, NY, USA|издательство=ACM|год=2015|страницы=706—719|isbn=9781450338325|doi=10.1145/2810103.2813659}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IXmrBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=%22gridcoin%22&ots=9AfWlsGmPW&sig=RSe-m82voXpCa3raybP1PPP9eBs#v=onepage&q=%22gridcoin%22&f=false|title=Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies|access-date=2017-01-09}}</ref>.

== Механизм вычисления награды ==
Награды Gridcoin могут состоять из двух частей: [[доказательство доли владения]] (PoS) и [[Доказательство выполнения работы#Proof of Research|доказательство проведенного исследования]] (PoR).

Базовым является [[доказательство доли владения]], для которого надо владеть GRC, количество которых определяет вероятность получения права на создание очередного блока, наградой за который будет 10 GRC. Для этого варианта есть возможность присоединения к пулу.

Доказательством выполнения работы служат [[распределённые вычисления]] в сети [[BOINC]], что требует наличия соответствующей клиентской программы. За вычисления начисляются очки, исходя из суммы этих очков начисляется награда в GRC, которая накапливается (в кошельке раздел «Pending Reward»). Если участник программы BOINC через доказательство доли владения получает право на формирования очередного блока, то помимо стандартного вознаграждения в размере 10 GRC он получит и накопленный бонус за выполненную работу. Для этого варианта нет возможности участия в пуле, так как очки за распределённые вычисления персонифицированы.

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

== Ссылки ==
* {{official}}

{{Криптовалюты}}

[[Категория:Криптовалюты]]
[[Категория:Проекты добровольных вычислений]]
[[Категория:Программное обеспечение, написанное на C++]]
[[Категория:Программное обеспечение для Windows]]
[[Категория:Программное обеспечение для Linux]]
[[Категория:Программное обеспечение для macOS]]
[[Категория:Калифорнийский университет в Беркли]]
[[Категория:Распределённые вычисления]]
[[Категория:Программное обеспечение с лицензией MIT]]

{{спам-ссылки|1=
* themerkle.com/how-can-i-contribute-to-science-right-now/
}}

title: Gridcoin

Тип: криптовалюта, свободное и открытое программное обеспечение, цифровая валюта, платёжная система и проект

Интерфейс: Qt

Операционные системы: Linux, macOS и Windows

Первый выпуск: 16 октября 2013

Аппаратные платформы: Windows, Linux и macOS

Лицензия: лицензия MIT

Сайт: gridcoin.us (англ.) · gridcoin.world (англ.)


text:
# Luís Ribeiro
Luís Ribeiro (Paradinha, 1976) é um jornalista escritor e artista português, trabalhando desde 1999 para a revista Visão. Tem-se destacado na produção de artigos sobre imigração, vencendo em 2004 o Prémio Nacional de Imprensa “Jornalismo pela Tolerância”, atribuído pelo Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Minorias Étnicas, com a reportagem “De Portugal, com amor”, feito na Ucrânia durante a Revolução Laranja.

## Carreira
Luís Ribeiro é natural de Paradinha, no concelho de Moimenta da Beira.
É jornalista da revista Visão desde 1999, realizando a sua primeira reportagem de grande impacto na cobertura do acidente do voo ATP SP530M, no qual morreram 35 pessoas, como enviado da revista em São Jorge, nos Açores. Fez reportagens na Gronelândia e em Svalbard, assistindo em direto às consequências do aquecimento global no Ártico. Escreveu sobre o atentado que matou Benazir Bhutto, no Paquistão, trabalhando também no deserto do Saara e nas bases militares da NATO em Sarajevo e no Kosovo. Em 2007, cobriu as trágicas enxurradas em Moçambique, e em 2010 a aluvião na Madeira.
Desde 2021, coordena o Visão Verde, caderno mensal sobre ambiente da revista Visão, disponível também em versão digital.
Tem se destacado na produção de artigos sobre imigração, vencendo em 2004 a 3.ª edição do Prémio Imigração e Minorias Étnicas “Jornalismo pela Tolerância”, na categoria de Imprensa, atribuído pelo Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Minorias Étnicas, com a reportagem “De Portugal, com amor”, feita na Ucrânia durante a Revolução Laranja, e publicada a 23 de dezembro daquele ano.
É comentador da SIC Notícias.

## Obra publicada
Em novembro de 2012, publicou o livro “Histórias do Tejo”, e em fevereiro de 2017, “Era uma Vez Lisboa”, ambos sobre Lisboa, da editora Esfera dos Livros.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Luís Ribeiro

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Ver desambig|este=o jornalista português|o jornalista brasileiro|Luiz Ribeiro}}{{Info/Biografia/Wikidata}}

'''Luís Ribeiro''' ([[Paradinha]],<ref name=":0">{{Citar web|url=https://www.cm-moimenta.pt/pages/38?news_id=799|titulo=Luís Ribeiro, moimentense, jornalista da revista “Visão”, publica novo livro|data=2017-02-20|acessodata=2022-10-13|website=www.cm-moimenta.pt|lingua=pt-PT}}</ref> [[1976]]) é um [[jornalista]] [[escritor]] e artista [[Portugal|português]], trabalhando desde 1999 para a revista [[Visão (revista)|''Visão'']]. Tem-se destacado na produção de artigos sobre [[Imigração em Portugal|imigração]], vencendo em 2004 o Prémio Nacional de Imprensa “Jornalismo pela Tolerância”, atribuído pelo [[Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Minorias Étnicas]], com a reportagem “De Portugal, com amor”, feito na [[Ucrânia]] durante a [[Revolução Laranja]].

== Carreira ==
Luís Ribeiro é natural de [[Paradinha]], no concelho de [[Moimenta da Beira]].<ref name=":0" />

É [[jornalista]] da revista [[Visão (revista)|''Visão'']] desde 1999, realizando a sua primeira [[reportagem]] de grande impacto na cobertura do [[acidente do voo ATP SP530M]], no qual morreram 35 pessoas, como enviado da revista em [[Ilha de São Jorge|São Jorge]], nos [[Açores]]. Fez reportagens na [[Gronelândia]] e em [[Svalbard]], assistindo em direto às consequências do [[aquecimento global]] no [[Ártico]]. Escreveu sobre o atentado que matou [[Benazir Bhutto]], no [[Paquistão]], trabalhando também no [[deserto do Saara]] e nas bases militares da [[NATO]] em [[Sarajevo]] e no [[Kosovo]]. Em 2007, cobriu as trágicas enxurradas em [[Moçambique]], e em 2010 a [[Aluvião na ilha da Madeira em 2010|aluvião]] na [[Madeira (região autónoma)|Madeira]].<ref name=":0" />

Desde 2021, coordena o ''Visão Verde,'' caderno mensal sobre [[Meio ambiente|ambiente]] da revista ''Visão'', disponível também em versão digital.<ref>{{Citar web|url=http://www.clubedeimprensa.pt/Artigo/5416|titulo=“Visão” focada no ambiente - Clube Português de Imprensa|data=2021|acessodata=2022-10-14|website=www.clubedeimprensa.pt}}</ref>

Tem se destacado na produção de artigos sobre [[Imigração em Portugal|imigração]],<ref>{{Harv|Costa|2010|p=33}}</ref> vencendo em 2004 a 3.ª edição do Prémio Imigração e Minorias Étnicas “Jornalismo pela Tolerância”, na categoria de [[Imprensa]],<ref>{{Citar web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2005/06/17/jornal/altaautoridade-aprova-rui-pego--na-rdp-25959|titulo=Alta-Autoridade aprova Rui Pêgo na RDP|data=2005-06-17|acessodata=2022-10-13|website=PÚBLICO|lingua=pt}}</ref> atribuído pelo [[Alto Comissariado para a Imigração e Minorias Étnicas]], com a reportagem “De Portugal, com amor”, feita na [[Ucrânia]] durante a [[Revolução Laranja]], e publicada a 23 de dezembro daquele ano.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Harv|Costa|2010|p=80}}</ref>

É comentador da [[SIC Notícias]].<ref>{{Citar web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/guerra-russia-ucrania/2022-04-06-pcp-contra-discurso-de-zelensky-na-ar-e-todo-um-nivel-novo-de-argumentacao-do-partido|titulo=PCP contra discurso de Zelensky na AR: “É todo um nível novo de argumentação do partido”|data=2022-04-06|acessodata=2022-10-14|website=SIC Notícias|lingua=pt}}</ref>

== Obra publicada ==
Em novembro de 2012, publicou o livro “Histórias do Tejo”, e em fevereiro de 2017, “Era uma Vez Lisboa”, ambos sobre [[Lisboa]], da editora [[Esfera dos Livros]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citar web|ultimo=Cardoso|primeiro=Margarida David|url=https://www.publico.pt/2017/02/11/local/noticia/era-uma-vez-um-livro-de-estorias-para-conhecer-e-aprender-com-lisboa-1761622|titulo="Era uma vez" um livro de estórias para conhecer e aprender com Lisboa|data=2017-02-11|acessodata=2022-10-14|website=PÚBLICO|lingua=pt}}</ref>
{{Referências}}

== Bibliografia ==

* {{citar livro|url=https://www.om.acm.gov.pt/documents/58428/179891/Tese33WEB.pdf/45ac9b98-5445-4396-bbde-ea6eca2d599c|título=A criação da categoria Imigrantes em Portugal na revista Visão|subtítulo=Jornalistas entre estereótipos e audiências|ultimo=Costa|primeiro=Alexandre|editora=Alto-Comissariado para a Imigração e Diálogo Intercultural|ano=2010|local=Lisboa|isbn=978-989-685-007-4|ref=harv}}

== Ligações externas ==

* [https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p3395/e686 "Há Conversa" com Luís Ribeiro], episódio 686, 27 de novembro de 2017, [[Talk-show|talk show]] na [[RTP Memória]].

{{Controle de autoridade}}
{{Portal3|Jornalismo|Literatura|Portugal|Biografias}}

[[Categoria:Jornalistas de Portugal]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Moimenta da Beira]]

title: Luís Ribeiro

Nascimento: 1976 (49 anos) · Paradinha

Cidadania: Portugal

Ocupação: jornalista, escritor


text:
# Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office
Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office is the title of the official resident cat at 10 Downing Street, the residence and office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in London. There has been a resident cat in the British government employed as a mouser and pet since the 16th century, although modern records date only to the 1920s. Despite other cats having served Downing Street, the first one to be given the official title of chief mouser by the British government was Larry in 2011. Other cats have been given this title affectionately, usually by the British press, and the cats are often portrayed in jest as being actual employees involved in the government's internal politics. In 2004, a study found that voters' perceptions of the chief mouser were not completely above partisanship.

## History
There is evidence of a cat in residence in the English government dating back to the reign of Henry VIII, when Cardinal Thomas Wolsey placed his cat by his side while acting in his judicial capacity as Lord Chancellor. Official records, however, released into the public domain on 4 January 2005 as part of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 only date back to 3 June 1929, when A.E. Banham at the Treasury authorised the Office Keeper "to spend 1d a day from petty cash towards the maintenance of an efficient cat". In April 1932, the allowance increased to 1s 6d (18 pence) per week (a little over 2.57 pence per day). By the 21st century, the mouser was costing £100 per annum. The cats do not necessarily belong to the prime minister in residence, and it is rare for the chief mouser's term of office to coincide with that of a prime minister. The cat with the longest known tenure at Downing Street is Peter III, who served for over 16 years under five different prime ministers: Clement Attlee, Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home.
The post has been held by Larry since 2011, the first to be given the title officially. The departure of the previous incumbent, Sybil, was in January 2009. Sybil, who began her tenure on 11 September 2007, was the first mouser for ten years following the retirement of her predecessor Humphrey in 1997. Sybil was owned by the then chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, who lived in 10 Downing Street while the then prime minister, Gordon Brown, lived in the larger 11 Downing Street. It was reported that Sybil did not stay in London, and was returned to Scotland to live with a friend of the Darlings. Sybil died on 27 July 2009.
In January 2011, rats were seen in Downing Street, "scurrying across the steps of Number 10 Downing Street for the second time during a TV news report," according to ITN. There being no incumbent chief mouser at that time, the prime minister's spokesman said there were "no plans" for a cat to be brought in to tackle the problem; however, the following day, newspapers reported that the spokesman had said there was a "pro-cat faction" within Downing Street, leading to speculation that a replacement might indeed be brought in to deal with the problem. On 14 February 2011, it was reported that a cat called "Larry" had been brought in to address the problem. The London Evening Standard reported that the cat had been selected by David Cameron and his family, from those at Battersea Dogs & Cats Home.
Chief mousers in the past have overlapped, or been phased in, though the position can and has remained vacant for extended periods of time.  Larry is the only chief mouser listed on the official website for Number 10.

## Partisanship study
In 2004 Robert Ford, a political scientist at the University of Manchester, reported on a YouGov survey on partisan reactions to the Downing Street cats. Participants in the survey were shown a picture of Humphrey, the chief mouser appointed by Margaret Thatcher, and told either that he was Thatcher's cat or that he was Tony Blair's cat. Affinity for the cat divided along partisan lines: Conservative voters liked the cat far more when they were told he was Thatcher's and Labour voters liked the cat far more when they were told he was Blair's. Ford concludes that partisanship shapes reactions to everything a politician does, however trivial, similar to the halo effect (and a reverse "forked tail effect") observed by psychologists.

## List of chief mousers
| Name                                                   | Began tenure | Ended tenure | Prime Minister(s)                                                                         | Refs                 |
| ------------------------------------------------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| Rufus of England (popularly nicknamed "Treasury Bill") | 1924         | c. 1930      | Ramsay MacDonald                                                                          | [ 24 ]               |
| Peter                                                  | 1929         | 1946         | Stanley Baldwin, Ramsay MacDonald, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee | [ 8 ] [ 12 ]         |
| Munich Mouser                                          | 1937–40      | 1943         | Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill                                                    | [ 25 ] [ 26 ]        |
| Nelson                                                 | 1940s        | 1940s        | Winston Churchill                                                                         | [ 26 ] [ 27 ]        |
| Peter II                                               | 1946         | 1947         | Clement Attlee                                                                            | [ 8 ]                |
| Peter III                                              | 1947         | 1964         | Clement Attlee, Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home      | [ 8 ]                |
| Peta                                                   | 1964         | c. 1976      | Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath                                            | [ 8 ]                |
| Wilberforce                                            | 1973         | 1987         | Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Jim Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher                             | [ 28 ] [ 29 ]        |
| Humphrey                                               | 1989         | 1997         | Margaret Thatcher, John Major, Tony Blair                                                 | [ 30 ]               |
| Sybil                                                  | 2007         | 2009         | Gordon Brown                                                                              | [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 31 ] |
| Larry                                                  | 2011         | current      | David Cameron, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, Rishi Sunak, Keir Starmer           | [ 32 ]               |
| Freya                                                  | 2012         | 2014         | David Cameron                                                                             | [ 33 ]               |

### Lists
- Canadian Parliamentary Cats
- List of individual cats
- United States presidential pets

wikiname: enwiki

title: Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Office held by a cat at 10 Downing Street}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office
| body =
| flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg{{!}}border
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of the United Kingdom]]
| insignia = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, lesser arms).svg
| insigniacaption = [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|Royal Arms]] of [[Government of the United Kingdom|His Majesty's Government]]
| image = File:Larry Chief Mouser.jpg
| incumbent = [[Larry (cat)|Larry]]
| incumbentlabel = Incumbent
| incumbentsince = 15 February 2011
| department = [[Government of the United Kingdom]]
[[10 Downing Street#Office of the Prime Minister|Prime Minister's Office]]
[[Cabinet Office]]
| residence = [[10 Downing Street]]
| appointer = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| termlength = No set length; ends on retirement or death
| formation = {{circa|1515}}
 Title first used around 1997<ref name = Humphrey>{{cite news |title=Purr-fect ending fur Humphrey! |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/34455.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=25 November 1997 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901003732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/34455.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| inaugural = [[Thomas Wolsey|Cardinal Wolsey]]'s cat
| website = {{oweb|https://www.gov.uk/government/history/10-downing-street#larry-chief-mouser}}
}}
[[File:Larry the Cat - May 2011.jpg|thumb|right|[[Larry (cat)|Larry]] in 2011 with Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] and U.S. President [[Barack Obama]]]]
'''Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office'''{{efn|Formerly '''Home Office cat'''.<ref name="BBC News 2005">{{cite web |date=4 January 2005 |title=Home Office cat history revealed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4143423.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404202234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4143423.stm |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=17 February 2021 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 1964 |title=100 p.c. income rise for Home Office cat—and it's official |pages=6 |work=[[Liverpool Daily Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/908327331/ |url-access=limited |access-date=30 June 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812190324/https://www.newspapers.com/image/908327331/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 1964 |title=No mice attend: British bury 'Home Office' cat |pages=8 |work=[[The Decatur Daily Review]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90968695/ |url-access=limited |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812190325/https://www.newspapers.com/image/90968695/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is the title of the official resident cat at [[10 Downing Street]], the residence and office of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] in London. There has been a resident cat in the British government employed as a [[wikt:mouser|mouser]] and pet since the 16th century, although modern records date only to the 1920s. Despite other cats having served Downing Street, the first one to be given the official title of chief mouser by the British government was [[Larry (cat)|Larry]] in 2011. Other cats have been given this title affectionately, usually by the British press, and the cats are often portrayed in jest as being actual employees involved in the government's internal politics. In 2004, a study found that voters' perceptions of the chief mouser were not completely above [[Partisan (politics)|partisanship]].<ref name=":1" />

==History==
There is evidence of a cat in residence in the English government dating back to the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Caroline |last=Davies|title=More questions over how No 10 handled the kitty|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/11/24/nmog124.html|work=The Telegraph|date=24 November 1997|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205223254/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=%2Farchive%2F1997%2F11%2F24%2Fnmog124.html|archive-date= 5 December 2007|access-date=30 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> when Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] placed his cat by his side while acting in his judicial capacity as [[Lord Chancellor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van Vechten |first=Carl |url=https://www.bartleby.com/234/ |title=The Tiger in the House |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1922 |chapter=The Cat and the Law |chapter-url=https://www.bartleby.com/234/6.html |via=[[Bartleby.com]] |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212021039/https://www.bartleby.com/234/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Official records, however, released into the public domain on 4 January 2005 as part of the [[Freedom of Information Act 2000]] only date back to 3 June 1929,<ref name="list">{{cite news |title=Home Office cat history revealed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4143423.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=4 January 2005 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101203152/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4143423.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="file">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=1835842 |title=The official Home Office cat |date=1929–1976 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606225159/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=1835842 |url-status=live }}</ref> when A.E. Banham at the Treasury authorised the Office Keeper "to spend 1d{{efn|1 [[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|penny]], {{Inflation|UK|0.00416666667|1929|{{Inflation/year|UK}}|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} a day from [[petty cash]] towards the maintenance of an efficient cat".<ref name="Metro">{{cite news |title=Tale of Home Office cat |url=https://metro.co.uk/2005/01/04/tale-of-home-office-cat-259530/ |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |publisher=[[DMG Media|Associated Newspapers]] |date=4 January 2005 |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714205924/https://metro.co.uk/2005/01/04/tale-of-home-office-cat-259530/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 1932, the allowance increased to 1s 6d{{efn|1 [[shilling]] and six pence, {{Inflation|UK|0.075|1932|{{Inflation/year|UK}}|r=2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}}} (18 pence) per week (a little over 2.57 pence per day). By the 21st century, the mouser was costing £100 ''per annum''.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Millward |title=Humphrey... the Downing Street dossier |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/03/14/ndoss14.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317125330/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F03%2F14%2Fndoss14.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 March 2005 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2005 |access-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> The cats do not necessarily belong to the prime minister in residence, and it is rare for the chief mouser's term of office to coincide with that of a prime minister.<ref name=tele>{{cite news|first=Ben |last=Fenton |title=Cats that left a mark in the corridors of power |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/01/04/nfoi404.xml |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=4 January 2005 |archive-date=23 May 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050523101413/http://telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F01%2F04%2Fnfoi404.xml |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The cat with the longest known tenure at Downing Street is [[Peter III (cat)|Peter III]], who served for over 16 years under five different prime ministers: [[Clement Attlee]], [[Winston Churchill]], [[Anthony Eden]], [[Harold Macmillan]] and [[Alec Douglas-Home]].<ref name="list" />

The post has been held by [[Larry (cat)|Larry]] since 2011,<ref name="IMPRESS">{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49049852 | title = The new PM's first job: Impress the cat | last1 = Kraemer | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Sleator | first2 = Laurence | work = [[BBC]] | access-date = July 24, 2019 | date = July 24, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190724172302/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49049852 | archive-date = July 24, 2019 | url-status = live | df = dmy}}</ref> the first to be given the title officially.<ref name = Humphrey/><ref name=gov>{{Cite web| url = http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/larry-the-cat-chief-mouser-to-the-cabinet-office/| access-date = 31 December 2012| title = Larry, Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office| publisher = 10 Downing Street| archive-date = 4 April 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130404225032/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/larry-the-cat-chief-mouser-to-the-cabinet-office/| url-status = live}}</ref> The departure of the previous incumbent, [[Sybil (cat)|Sybil]], was in January 2009. Sybil, who began her tenure on 11 September 2007, was the first mouser for ten years following the retirement of her predecessor [[Humphrey (cat)|Humphrey]] in 1997. Sybil was owned by the then [[chancellor of the Exchequer]], [[Alistair Darling]], who lived in 10 Downing Street while the then prime minister, [[Gordon Brown]], lived in the larger [[11 Downing Street]].<ref>{{cite news |title=No. 10 has its first cat since Humphrey |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-cat-odd-idUSGOR14568220070912 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013104109/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-cat-odd-idUSGOR14568220070912 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |first=Assinder |last=Nick |title=No 10 gets new feline first lady |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6989055.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 September 2007 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6989055.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that Sybil did not stay in [[London]], and was returned to Scotland to live with a friend of the Darlings. Sybil died on 27 July 2009.<ref name="Herald">{{cite news|first=Torcuil |last=Crichton |title=Darling's cat Sybil dies after a short illness |url=http://www.theherald.co.uk/politics/news/display.var.2522637.0.Darlings_cat_Sybil_dies_after_a_short_illness.php |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=29 July 2009 |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802101755/http://www.theherald.co.uk/politics/news/display.var.2522637.0.Darlings_cat_Sybil_dies_after_a_short_illness.php |archive-date= 2 August 2009 }}</ref><ref name="SybilInde">{{cite news |first=Andy |last=McSmith |title=Farewell to the original New Labour cat |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/farewell-to-the-original-new-labour-cat-1764021.html |work=[[The Independent]] |date=29 July 2009 |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=30 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130134847/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/farewell-to-the-original-new-labour-cat-1764021.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2011, rats were seen in Downing Street, "scurrying across the steps of Number 10 Downing Street for the second time during a TV news report," according to [[ITN]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.uk.msn.com/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=155956883 |title=Another rat spotted on steps of Number 10 |date=24 January 2011 |work=[[ITN]] |publisher=[[MSN]] |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404121742/http://news.uk.msn.com/articles.aspx?cp-documentid=155956883 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There being no incumbent chief mouser at that time, the prime minister's spokesman said there were "no plans" for a cat to be brought in to tackle the problem;<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12265112 |title="Pro-cat faction" urges Downing Street rat rethink |date=25 January 2011 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128071820/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12265112 |url-status=live }}</ref> however, the following day, newspapers reported that the spokesman had said there was a "pro-cat faction" within Downing Street, leading to speculation that a replacement might indeed be brought in to deal with the problem.<ref name="BBC"/> On 14 February 2011, it was reported that a cat called "Larry" had been brought in to address the problem.<ref name="Batt">{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/politics/article-23923294-larry-the-tabby-lands-no10-job-as-rat-catcher.do |title=Larry the tabby lands No10 job as rat catcher |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=14 February 2011 |first=Craig |last=Woodhouse |access-date=30 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504073012/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/politics/article-23923294-larry-the-tabby-lands-no10-job-as-rat-catcher.do |archive-date= 4 May 2011 }}</ref> The ''[[London Evening Standard]]'' reported that the cat had been selected by [[David Cameron]] and his family, from those at [[Battersea Dogs & Cats Home]].<ref name="Batt"/>

Chief mousers in the past have overlapped, or been phased in, though the position can and has remained vacant for extended periods of time.  Larry is the only chief mouser listed on the official website for Number 10.<ref name="gov"/>

==Partisanship study==
In 2004 [[Robert Ford (academic)|Robert Ford]], a political scientist at the [[University of Manchester]], reported on a [[YouGov]] survey on partisan reactions to the Downing Street cats. Participants in the survey were shown a picture of Humphrey, the chief mouser appointed by [[Margaret Thatcher]], and told either that he was Thatcher's cat or that he was [[Tony Blair]]'s cat. Affinity for the cat divided along partisan lines: [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] voters liked the cat far more when they were told he was Thatcher's and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] voters liked the cat far more when they were told he was Blair's. Ford concludes that partisanship shapes reactions to everything a politician does, however trivial, similar to the [[halo effect]] (and a reverse "forked tail effect") observed by psychologists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Sex, Lies and the Ballot Box: 50 Things You Need To Know About British Elections|author-link=Robert Ford (academic)|last = Ford|first = Robert|publisher = Biteback Publishing|year = 2004|isbn = 1849548250|location = London|chapter = Of mousers and men: how politics colours everything we see}}</ref>

==List of chief mousers==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="column" style="background: #e3e3e3; align:center;" |Name
! scope="column" style="background: #e3e3e3; align:center;" |Began tenure
! scope="column" style="background: #e3e3e3; align:center;" |Ended tenure
! scope="column" style="background: #e3e3e3; align:center;" |Prime Minister(s)
! scope="column" style="background: #e3e3e3; align:center;" |Refs
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Rufus of England]] (popularly nicknamed "Treasury Bill")<ref name="BBC/Larry">{{cite web |title=Larry the cat joins David Cameron in Downing Street |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12460596 |website=BBC.com |access-date=6 July 2019 |date=15 February 2011 |quote=During the 1920s, Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's cat - a renowned rat-catcher - had the rather regal title of Rufus of England, but was nicknamed "Treasury Bill". |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108231714/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12460596 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sunday Mail/Rufus">{{cite web |title=The Cat that Looked at a Chancellor |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63654594/5310743 |website=[[National Library of Australia]] |publisher=[[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)]] |access-date=6 July 2019 |date=5 July 1930 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045627/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63654594/5310743 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 1924
| style="text-align:center;"| {{circa}} 1930<ref name="Sunday Mail/Rufus"/>
| [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/19/miaow-prime-minister-the-bureaucats-of-downing-street/ |title='Miaow, Prime Minister': the bureaucats of Downing Street |last=Campbell |first=Mel |date=19 May 2010 |work=[[Crikey]] |access-date=25 January 2011 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031170548/https://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/19/miaow-prime-minister-the-bureaucats-of-downing-street/ |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Peter (chief mouser)|Peter]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1929{{efn|According to the ''Sunday Mail'' article Treasury Bill/Rufus (Peter's predecessor) was apparently still on duty in 1930.}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1946<ref name="list"/>
| [[Stanley Baldwin]], Ramsay MacDonald, [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[Winston Churchill]], [[Clement Attlee]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="list" /><ref name="tele" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Munich Mouser]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1937–40
| style="text-align:center;"| 1943
| Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite book |title=Churchill's War Volume II: Triumph in Adversity |author=Irving, David |year=2001 |publisher=Focal Point Publications |isbn=1-872197-15-9 |page=833}}</ref><ref name="FH110">{{cite journal |title=Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas |journal=Finest Hour |issue=110 |date=Spring 2001 |publisher=The Churchill Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nelson (cat)|Nelson]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| 1940s
| Winston Churchill
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="FH110" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas |journal=Finest Hour |issue=109 |date=Winter 2000–2001 |publisher=The Churchill Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Peter II (cat)|Peter II]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1946
| style="text-align:center;"| 1947
| Clement Attlee
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="list" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Peter III (cat)|Peter III]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1947
| style="text-align:center;"| 1964
| Clement Attlee, Winston Churchill, [[Anthony Eden]], [[Harold Macmillan]], [[Alec Douglas-Home]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="list" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Peta (cat)|Peta]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1964
| style="text-align:center;"| {{circa}} 1976
| Alec Douglas-Home, [[Harold Wilson]], [[Edward Heath]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="list" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Wilberforce (cat)|Wilberforce]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1973
| style="text-align:center;"| 1987
| Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, [[James Callaghan|Jim Callaghan]], [[Margaret Thatcher]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="wilberforce-tenure1">{{cite web |last1=Roberts |first1=Patrick |title=Wilberforce |url=http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/humphrey.html#wilberforce |website=Purr 'n' Fur: Famous Felines |access-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203102912/http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/humphrey.html#wilberforce |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wilberforce-tenure2">{{cite web |last1=Associated Press |author-link=Associated Press |title=Wilberforce the Cat, Mouser to 4 British Leaders, Dead at 15 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-20-mn-3809-story.html |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 7, 2019 |date=May 20, 1988 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051038/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-20-mn-3809-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Humphrey (cat)|Humphrey]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1989
| style="text-align:center;"| 1997
| Margaret Thatcher, [[John Major]], [[Tony Blair]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/upload/assets/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/foi/humphrey_cat.pdf |title=Humphrey the Cat |access-date=12 March 2008 |publisher=[[Cabinet Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232134/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/upload/assets/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/foi/humphrey_cat.pdf |archive-date= 7 October 2007 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sybil (cat)|Sybil]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"| 2009
| [[Gordon Brown]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Herald" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page13158.asp |title=Morning press briefing from 11 September 2007 |access-date=30 October 2011 |date=11 September 2007 |publisher=[[10 Downing Street]], [[Government of the United Kingdom]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104114933/http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page13158.asp |archive-date=4 January 2008 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Larry (cat)|Larry]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| current
| [[David Cameron]], [[Theresa May]], [[Boris Johnson]], [[Liz Truss]], [[Rishi Sunak]], [[Keir Starmer]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="10d">{{cite web |title=History of 10 Downing Street |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/history/10-downing-street |location=UK |access-date=13 December 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901101847/https://www.gov.uk/government/history/10-downing-street%23emergence-of-downing-street |archive-date=1 September 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| [[Freya (cat)|Freya]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
|David Cameron
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Freya">{{Cite web | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/george-osbornes-family-cat-freya-sent-away-from-downing-street-to-kent-9849853.html | work = [[The Independent]] | title = George Osborne's family cat Freya sent away from Downing Street to Kent | first = Lizzie | last = Dearden | date = 9 November 2014 | access-date = 7 February 2015 | archive-date = 22 November 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141122221341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/george-osbornes-family-cat-freya-sent-away-from-downing-street-to-kent-9849853.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
AlignBars  = late
PlotArea   = width:90% left:10 top:10 bottom:80
Legend     = columns:4 left:10 top:35 columnwidth:160

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:1923 till:2025
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal

Colors     =
  id:conservative   value:rgb(0,0.53,0.86) legend: Conservative
  id:labour   value:rgb(0.86,0.08,0.18)    legend: Labour
  id:liteline       value:gray(0.8)
  id:line           value:rgb(0.3,0.3,0.3)

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TextData =
  pos:(20,55) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Prime minister served:"

BarData =
  bar:TBill
  bar:Peter
  bar:MMouser
  bar:Nelson
  bar:PeterII
  bar:PeterIII
  bar:Peta
  bar:Wilberforce
  bar:Humphrey
  bar:Sybil
  bar:Larry
  bar:Freya

PlotData=
  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

 bar:TBill
  from: 1924 till: 1924 color:labour
  from: 1924 till: 1929 color:conservative
  from: 1929 till: 1930 color:labour text:"[[Rufus of England|Treasury Bill]]"
 bar:Peter
  from: 1929 till: 1929 color:conservative
  from: 1929 till: 1935 color:labour
  from: 1935 till: 1945 color:conservative
  from: 1945 till: 1946 color:labour text:"[[Peter (chief mouser)|Peter]]"
 bar:MMouser
  from: 1937 till: 1943 color:conservative text:"[[Munich Mouser]]"
 bar:Nelson
  from: 1940 till: 1944 color:conservative text:"[[Nelson (cat)|Nelson]]"
 bar:PeterII
  from: 1946 till: 1947 color:labour text:"[[Peter II (cat)|Peter II]]"
 bar:PeterIII
  from: 1947 till: 1951 color:labour
  from: 1951 till: 1964 color:conservative text:"[[Peter III (cat)|Peter III]]"
 bar:Peta
  from: 1964 till: 1964 color:conservative
  from: 1964 till: 1970 color:labour
  from: 1970 till: 1974 color:conservative
  from: 1974 till: 1976 color:labour text:"[[Peta (cat)|Peta]]"
 bar:Wilberforce
  from: 1973 till: 1974 color:conservative
  from: 1974 till: 1979 color:labour
  from: 1979 till: 1987 color:conservative text:"[[Wilberforce (cat)|Wilberforce]]"
 bar:Humphrey
  from: 1989 till: 1997 color:conservative
  from: 1997 till: 1997 color:labour text:"[[Humphrey (cat)|Humphrey]]"
 bar:Sybil
  from: 2007 till: 2009 color:labour text:"[[Sybil (cat)|Sybil]]"
 bar:Larry
  from: 2011 till: 2024 color:conservative
  from: 2024 till: 2025 color:labour text:"[[Larry (cat)|Larry]]"
 bar:Freya
  from: 2012 till: 2014 color:conservative text:"[[Freya (cat)|Freya]]"
}}

==See also==
* [[Gladstone (cat)]], former chief mouser to HM Treasury
* [[Palmerston (cat)]], former chief mouser to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office
* [[Tibs the Great]], the British Post Office's former "number one cat"
=== Lists ===
* [[Canadian Parliamentary Cats]]
* [[List of individual cats]]
* [[United States presidential pets]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Brawn|first=David|title=A Day in the Life of Humphrey the Downing Street Cat|date=December 1995|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=0-00-471000-2}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/peter.html|title=Peter, the British Home Office Cat(s)|last=Roberts|first=Patrick|work=Purr 'n' Fur|access-date=13 March 2008|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623103602/http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/peter.html|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/humphrey.html|title=Downing Street Cats Sybil, Humphrey and Wilberforce|last=Roberts|first=Patrick|work=Purr 'n' Fur|access-date=13 March 2008|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203102912/http://www.purr-n-fur.org.uk/famous/humphrey.html|url-status=live}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister Gov.UK Prime Minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014185426/https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/prime-minister |date=14 October 2017 }}
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/history/10-downing-street 10 Downing Street official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130901101847/https://www.gov.uk/government/history/10-downing-street%23emergence-of-downing-street |date=1 September 2013 }}
* [http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/larry-the-cat-chief-mouser-to-the-cabinet-office/ Official Chief Mouser Page at 10 Downing Street Web Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404225032/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/larry-the-cat-chief-mouser-to-the-cabinet-office/ |date=4 April 2013 }}

{{Downing Street}}
{{Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office}}
{{featured list}}

[[Category:Chief mousers to the Cabinet Office| ]]
[[Category:British civil servants]]
[[Category:Cabinet Office (United Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Cats in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual cats in politics]]
[[Category:Mammal pest control]]
[[Category:Working cats]]
[[Category:10 Downing Street]]

title: Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office

Residence: 10 Downing Street

Appointer: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Inaugural holder: Cardinal Wolsey's cat

Formation: c. 1515 · Title first used around 1997

Website: Official website


text:
# 山伏小路
山伏小路（やまぶしこうじ）は、青森県八戸市の地名。

## 地理
八戸市の中央部に位置し、北に大字糠塚字古常泉下、東に鍛冶町、南に大字糠塚字長者山下・大字糠塚字長者山、南・西に長者一丁目、が面している。地区の面積は20133平方メートル。八戸市中心市街地の区域、長者地域に属する。

## 地名の由来
南部八戸の城下町によると「町名は山伏の教習場である山伏宿院があったことによる」記されている。

## 歴史

### 沿革
- 1872年（明治5年）町村役人廃止により大区小区制による地方行政制度に改められる[8]。山伏小路は九大区二小区の42村の一つに含まれた[9]。
- 1889年（明治22年）4月1日 - 町村制施行。三戸郡八戸町に属する[10]。
- 1929年（昭和4年） 市制施行に伴い、八戸市に属する[11]。

## 世帯数と人口
| 字           | 世帯数 | 人口 |
| 大字山伏小路 | 38世帯 | 57人 |
| 合計         | 38世帯 | 57人 |

wikiname: jawiki

title: 山伏小路

in_language: ja

wikitext:
{{Pathnav|日本|青森県|八戸市|'''山伏小路'''|hide=1|frame=1}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = 山伏小路
| settlement_type = [[大字]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map =
| map_caption = 山伏小路の位置
| pushpin_map = Japan Aomori
| latd = 40
| latm = 30
| lats = 17.5
| latNS = N
| longd = 141
| longm = 29
| longs = 29.0
| longEW = E
| subdivision_type = [[国の一覧|国]]
| subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|border|25px]] [[日本]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[都道府県]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[ファイル:Flag of Aomori Prefecture.svg|border|25px]] [[青森県]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[市町村]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[ファイル:Flag of Hachinohe, Aomori.svg|border|25px]] [[八戸市]]
| subdivision_type3 = 地区
| subdivision_name3 = 長者地区
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_total_km2 = 0.0201
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| population_as_of = [[2024年]]4月30日現在
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 57
| population_urban =
| population_metro =
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone = [[日本標準時]]
| utc_offset = +9
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref> {{Cite web |title=地理院地図 / GSI Maps｜国土地理院 |url=https://maps.gsi.go.jp/#18/40.505069/141.491979/&base=std&ls=std%7Crelief%7Crelief_free%2C0.89&blend=11&disp=101&lcd=relief_free&vs=c1g1j0h0k0l0u0t0z0r0s0m0f2&reliefdata=31GB300FFG2GAC8ABFG3G004BFFG6G0095FFG7G00C2FFGAG00EEFFG14G49F780G1EG91FF00G28GC8FF00G32GFFFF00G3EGFFC600G4BGFF8C00G64GFF6800GGFF4400|website=maps.gsi.go.jp |access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 14.9
| elevation_ft =
| postal_code_type = [[日本の郵便番号|郵便番号]]
| postal_code = 031-0038
| area_code = 0178<ref>{{Cite web|和書|url=https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_sosiki/joho_tsusin/top/tel_number/shigai_list.html|title=市外局番の一覧|publisher=総務省|accessdate=2017-05-29}}</ref>
| registration_plate = [[青森運輸支局|八戸]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}'''山伏小路'''（やまぶしこうじ）は、[[青森県]][[八戸市]]の[[地名]]<ref>{{Cite book|和書 |title=青森県地名辞典 |year=1963 |publisher=青森放送 |page=15 |url=国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2986952/1/15 |access-date=2024年8月12日 |doi=10.11501/2986952}}</ref>。

== 地理 ==
八戸市の中央部に位置し、北に[[糠塚 (八戸市)|大字糠塚字古常泉下]]、東に[[鍛冶町 (八戸市)|鍛冶町]]、南に大字糠塚字長者山下・大字糠塚字長者山、南・西に[[長者 (八戸市)|長者]]一丁目、が面している。地区の面積は20133平方メートル<ref>{{Cite web |title=青森県八戸市大字山伏小路 (022030320) |url=https://geoshape.ex.nii.ac.jp/ka/resource/02/022030320.html |website=国勢調査町丁・字等別境界データセット |access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref>。[[八戸市中心市街地]]の区域<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/material/files/group/8/02_4th.pdf |title=中心市街地の位置及び区域 |access-date=2024年8月12日 |publisher=八戸市 |page=74}}</ref>、長者地域に属する<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/material/files/group/4/20140522-093621.pdf |title=長者地域につい知ろう 住民自治推進懇談会 |access-date=2024年8月17日 |publisher=八戸市 |date=2013年8月22日}}</ref>。

== 地名の由来 ==
南部八戸の城下町によると「町名は山伏の教習場である山伏宿院があったことによる」<ref>{{Cite book|和書 |title=南部八戸の城下町 : むかしのはちのへを偲んで |date=1983.10 |publisher=伊吉書院 |page=95 |doi=10.11501/9571069 |url=国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/9571069/1/55 |access-date=2024年8月17日}}</ref>記されている。

== 歴史 ==

=== 沿革 ===

* 1872年（明治5年）町村役人廃止により[[大区小区制]]による地方行政制度に改められる<ref>{{Cite web |title=18_青森県史資料編近現代1 県史テキストデータベース詳細画面 |url=https://kenshi-archives.pref.aomori.lg.jp/il/meta_pub/G0000004txt_Moda1-01-02-3-056 |website=kenshi-archives.pref.aomori.lg.jp |access-date=2024-08-15 |publisher=青森県}}</ref>。山伏小路は九大区二小区の42村の一つに含まれた<ref>{{Cite book|和書 |title=新撰陸奥国誌 第5巻 (みちのく双書 ; 第19集) |year=1966 |publisher=青森県文化財保護協会 |page=147 |author=岸俊武 |doi=10.11501/2986970 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2986970/1/78 |access-date=2024年8月15日}}</ref>。
* [[1889年]]（[[明治]]22年）4月1日 - [[町村制]]施行。[[三戸郡]][[八戸町]]に属する<ref>{{Cite book|和書 |title=現行警察提要 明治２９年刊　下巻 |year=明25-29 |publisher=青森県警察部 |page=145 |doi=10.11501/791068 |access-date=2024年8月17日 |url=国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/791068/1/105}}</ref>。
* 1929年（昭和4年） 市制施行に伴い、八戸市に属する<ref>{{Cite web |title=八戸市のあゆみ 八戸市 |url=https://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/soshikikarasagasu/kohotokeika/kohokocho/2/3894.html |website=www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=ja}}</ref>。

== 世帯数と人口 ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small"
|+'''世帯数と人口'''<ref>『住所毎男女世帯数リスト（八戸市調査）令和6年4月30日現在』による。</ref>
| style="text-align:center" |字
| style="text-align:center" |世帯数
| style="text-align:center" |人口
|-
| style="text-align:center" |大字山伏小路
| style="text-align:right" |38世帯
| style="text-align:right" |57人
|-
| style="text-align:center" |合計
| style="text-align:right" |38世帯
| style="text-align:right" |57人
|}

== 脚注 ==
{{脚注ヘルプ}}{{Reflist}}

== 関連項目 ==
{{Commonscat|Yamabushikoji, Hachinohe}}

* [[八戸町]]
* [[八戸市中心市街地]]
 [[Category:八戸市の町・字]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:やまふしこうし}}
{{八戸市の町・字}}

title: 山伏小路

国: 日本

都道府県: 青森県

市町村: 八戸市

地区: 長者地区

title: 面積

title: 人口（2024年4月30日現在）

等時帯: UTC+9 (日本標準時)

ナンバープレート: 八戸


text:
# Wang Xiyu
Wang Xiyu (王曦雨,  Wáng Xīyǔ, * 28. März 2001 in Taixing, Jiangsu) ist eine chinesische Tennisspielerin.

## Karriere
Am 15. Juli 2018 gewann Xiyu Wang zusammen mit Wang Xinyu das Juniorinnen-Doppel der Wimbledon Championships. Außerdem erreichte sie im Einzel-Wettbewerb das Halbfinale, wo sie gegen Leonie Küng in drei Sätzen verlor. Am 9. September 2018 gewann sie den Juniorinnentitel bei den US Open. Im Finale besiegte sie Clara Burel mit 7:64, 6:2.

## Turniersiege

### Einzel
| Nr. | Datum              | Turnier             | Kategorie   | Belag     | Finalgegnerin    | Ergebnis      |
| --- | ------------------ | ------------------- | ----------- | --------- | ---------------- | ------------- |
| 1.  | 11. August 2018    | Nonthaburi          | ITF $25.000 | Hartplatz | Barbora Štefková | 6:3, 7:5      |
| 2.  | 26. August 2018    | Tsukuba             | ITF $25.000 | Hartplatz | Zhang Kailin     | 3:6, 7:5, 7:5 |
| 3.  | 19. Mai 2019       | La Bisbal d’Empordà | ITF W60     | Sand      | Dalma Gálfi      | 4:6, 6:3, 6:2 |
| 4.  | 23. September 2023 | Guangzhou           | WTA 250     | Hartplatz | Magda Linette    | 6:0, 6:2      |

### Doppel
| Nr. | Datum           | Turnier    | Kategorie   | Belag     | Partnerin           | Finalgegnerinnen                     | Ergebnis         |
| --- | --------------- | ---------- | ----------- | --------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ---------------- |
| 1.  | 16. Juni 2018   | Barcelona  | ITF $25.000 | Sand      | Jessica Ho          | Carolina Meligeni Alves Jade Suvrijn | 6:3, 6:1         |
| 2.  | 23. Juni 2018   | Madrid     | ITF $25.000 | Sand      | Montserrat González | Anastassija Pribylowa Raluca Șerban  | 6:4, 7:64        |
| 3.  | 17. August 2018 | Nonthaburi | ITF $25.000 | Hartplatz | Wang Xinyu          | Destanee Aiava Naiktha Bains         | 7:5, 5:7, [10:4] |

## Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren

### Dameneinzel
| Turnier         | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | Karriere |
| --------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | ---- | -------- |
| Australian Open | Q2   | Q3   | —    | 2    | 1    | 1    | 2    | 2        |
| French Open     | Q2   | —    | 1    | Q2   | 1    | 2    | Q3   | 2        |
| Wimbledon       | Q2   |      | Q2   | 1    | 1    | 1    | Q2   | 1        |
| US Open         | 1    | —    | —    | 3    | 2    | 1    |      | 3        |

Zeichenerklärung: S = Turniersieg; F, HF, VF, AF = Einzug ins Finale / Halbfinale / Viertelfinale / Achtelfinale; 1, 2, 3 = Ausscheiden in der 1. / 2. / 3. Hauptrunde; Q1, Q2, Q3 = Ausscheiden in der 1. / 2. / 3. Qualifikationsrunde; nicht ausgetragen

### Juniorinneneinzel
| Turnier         | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Karriere |
| --------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- | -------- |
| Australian Open | 1    | 2    | VF   | VF       |
| French Open     | —    | 2    | VF   | VF       |
| Wimbledon       | —    | 1    | HF   | HF       |
| US Open         | 2    | 2    | S    | S        |

Zeichenerklärung: S = Turniersieg; F, HF, VF, AF = Einzug ins Finale / Halbfinale / Viertelfinale / Achtelfinale; 1, 2, 3 = Ausscheiden in der 1. / 2. / 3. Hauptrunde; nicht ausgetragen

### Juniorinnendoppel
| Turnier         | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Karriere |
| --------------- | ---- | ---- | ---- | -------- |
| Australian Open | AF   | 1    | HF   | HF       |
| French Open     | —    | HF   | AF   | HF       |
| Wimbledon       | —    | AF   | S    | S        |
| US Open         | VF   | F    | 1    | F        |

wikiname: dewiki

title: Wang Xiyu

in_language: de

wikitext:
{{Infobox Tennisspieler
| Name =
| Bild = Wang Xiyu (2023 US Open) 14 (cropped).jpg
| Bildbeschriftung = Wang Xiyu 2023 bei den US Open
| Spitzname =
| Nationalität = {{CHN}}
| Geburtstag = 28. März 2001 ({{Alter|2001|03|28}} Jahre)
| Todestag =
| Größe = 182
| Gewicht =
| ErsteProfisaison =
| Rücktritt =
| Spielhand = links, beidhändige Rückhand
| Trainer = Eduardo Nicaolas
| Preisgeld = 2.590.845
| EinzelBilanz = 218:164
| AnzahlEinzelTitel = 1 [[Women’s Tennis Association|WTA]], 3 [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]]
| HoechsteEinzelPlatzierung = 49 (9. Januar 2023)
| AktuelleEinzelPlatzierung = 163
| WochenNr1 =
| AnzahlGrandSlamTitelEinzel =
| AustralianOpenErgebnisEinzel = 2R (2022, 2025)
| FrenchOpenErgebnisEinzel = 2R (2024)
| WimbledonErgebnisEinzel = 1R (2022–2024)
| USOpenErgebnisEinzel = 3R (2022)
| DoppelBilanz = 61:59
| AnzahlDoppelTitel = 0 WTA, 3 ITF
| HoechsteDoppelPlatzierung = 87 (14. Oktober 2024)
| AktuelleDoppelPlatzierung = 177
| WochenNr1Doppel =
| AnzahlGrandSlamTitelDoppel =
| AustralianOpenErgebnisDoppel = 2R (2024)
| FrenchOpenErgebnisDoppel = 2R (2024)
| WimbledonErgebnisDoppel = 1R (2022–2024)
| USOpenErgebnisDoppel = 1R (2023, 2024)
| AnzahlGrandSlamTitelMixed =
| AustralianOpenErgebnisMixed =
| FrenchOpenErgebnisMixed =
| WimbledonErgebnisMixed =
| USOpenErgebnisMixed =
| OlympischeMedaille1 =
| OlympischeMedaille1Modus =
| OlympischeMedaille1Jahr =
| Updated = 30. Juni 2025
}}
'''Wang Xiyu''' ({{zh|c=王曦雨|p=Wáng Xīyǔ|kurz=1}}, * [[28. März]] [[2001]] in [[Taixing]], [[Jiangsu]]<ref>[http://sports.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0402/c143318-29901713.html sports.people.com.cn]</ref>) ist eine [[Volksrepublik China|chinesische]] [[Tennis]]spielerin.

== Karriere ==
Am 15. Juli 2018 gewann Xiyu Wang zusammen mit [[Wang Xinyu]] das [[Wimbledon Championships 2018/Juniorinnendoppel|Juniorinnen-Doppel]] der [[Wimbledon Championships 2018|Wimbledon Championships]]. Außerdem erreichte sie im [[Wimbledon Championships 2018/Juniorinneneinzel|Einzel-Wettbewerb]] das Halbfinale, wo sie gegen [[Leonie Küng]] in drei Sätzen verlor. Am 9. September 2018 gewann sie den [[US Open 2018/Juniorinneneinzel|Juniorinnentitel]] bei den US Open. Im Finale besiegte sie [[Clara Burel]] mit 7:64, 6:2.

== Turniersiege ==
=== Einzel ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Nr.!!Datum!!Turnier!!Kategorie!!Belag!!Finalgegnerin!!Ergebnis
|-
| 1.
| 11. August 2018
| {{THA|Nonthaburi|Nonthaburi}}
| ITF $25.000
| Hartplatz
| {{CZE|Barbora Štefková|Barbora Štefková}}
| 6:3, 7:5
|-
| 2.
| 26. August 2018
| {{JPN|Tsukuba (Ibaraki)|Tsukuba}}
| ITF $25.000
| Hartplatz
| {{CHN|Zhang Kailin|Zhang Kailin}}
| 3:6, 7:5, 7:5
|-
| 3.
| 19. Mai 2019
| {{ESP|La Bisbal d’Empordà|La Bisbal d’Empordà}}
| ITF W60
| Sand
| {{HUN|Dalma Gálfi|Dalma Gálfi}}
| [[Torneig Internacional de Tennis Femení Solgironès 2019|4:6, 6:3, 6:2]]
|- style="background:#F0F8FF"
| 4.
| 23. September 2023
| {{CHN|WTA Guangzhou|Guangzhou}}
| WTA 250
| Hartplatz
| {{POL|Magda Linette|Magda Linette}}
| [[Galaxy Holding Group Guangzhou Open 2023|6:0, 6:2]]
|}

=== Doppel ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Nr.!!Datum!!Turnier!!Kategorie!!Belag!!Partnerin!!Finalgegnerinnen!!Ergebnis
|-
| 1.
| 16. Juni 2018
| {{ESP|Barcelona|Barcelona}}
| ITF $25.000
| Sand
| {{USA|Jessica Ho|Jessica Ho}}
| {{BRA|Carolina Meligeni Alves|Carolina Meligeni Alves}}
{{FRA|Jade Suvrijn|Jade Suvrijn}}
| 6:3, 6:1
|-
| 2.
| 23. Juni 2018
| {{ESP|Madrid|Madrid}}
| ITF $25.000
| Sand
| {{PRY|Montserrat González|Montserrat González}}
| {{RUS|Anastassija Michailowna Pribylowa|Anastassija Pribylowa}}
{{ROU|Raluca Șerban|Raluca Șerban}}
| 6:4, 7:64
|-
| 3.
| 17. August 2018
| {{THA|Nonthaburi|Nonthaburi}}
| ITF $25.000
| Hartplatz
| {{CHN|Wang Xinyu|Wang Xinyu}}
| {{AUS|Destanee Aiava|Destanee Aiava}}
{{AUS|Naiktha Bains|Naiktha Bains}}
| 7:5, 5:7, [10:4]
|}

== Abschneiden bei Grand-Slam-Turnieren ==
[[Datei:Wang Xiyu (cropped).jpg|mini|hochkant|Wang Xiyu bei den [[Olympische Jugend-Sommerspiele 2018|Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspielen 2018]]]]
=== Dameneinzel ===
{{TennisGrandSlamResultate-Dameneinzel
|AUO2019=Q2
|AUO2020=Q3
|AUO2021=—
|AUO2022=2
|AUO2023=1
|AUO2024=1
|AUO2025=2

|FRO2019=Q2
|FRO2020=—
|FRO2021=1
|FRO2022=Q2
|FRO2023=1
|FRO2024=2
|FRO2025=Q3

|WIM2019=Q2
|WIM2021=Q2
|WIM2022=1
|WIM2023=1
|WIM2024=1
|WIM2025=Q2

|USO2019=1
|USO2020=—
|USO2021=—
|USO2022=3
|USO2023=2
|USO2024=1
}}

=== Juniorinneneinzel ===
{{TennisGrandSlamResultate-Juniorinneneinzel
|AUO2016=1
|AUO2017=2
|AUO2018=VF
|FRO2016=—
|FRO2017=2
|FRO2018=VF
|WIM2016=—
|WIM2017=1
|WIM2018=HF
|USO2016=2
|USO2017=2
|USO2018=S
}}

=== Juniorinnendoppel ===
{{TennisGrandSlamResultate-Juniorinnendoppel
|Legende=-
|AUO2016=AF
|AUO2017=1
|AUO2018=HF
|FRO2016=—
|FRO2017=HF
|FRO2018=AF
|WIM2016=—
|WIM2017=AF
|WIM2018=S
|USO2016=VF
|USO2017=F
|USO2018=1
}}

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat}}
* {{WTA|Name=Xiyu Wang}}
* {{ITF|w|100271427}}
* {{ITF|j|100271427}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{NaviBlock
|Navigationsleiste Die zehn bestplatzierten chinesischen Tennisspielerinnen im Einzel (WTA)

}}

{{Hinweis Chinesischer Name|Wang|Xiyu}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Wang, Xinyu}}
[[Kategorie:Tennisspieler (Volksrepublik China)]]
[[Kategorie:Olympiateilnehmer (China)]]
[[Kategorie:Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2024]]
[[Kategorie:Teilnehmer der Olympischen Jugend-Sommerspiele 2018]]
[[Kategorie:Chinese]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 2001]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Wang, Xiyu
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=chinesische Tennisspielerin
|GEBURTSDATUM=28. März 2001
|GEBURTSORT=[[Taixing]], [[Jiangsu]], [[Volksrepublik China|China]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Nation: Volksrepublik China

Spielhand: links, beidhändige Rückhand

Trainer: Eduardo Nicaolas

Karrieretitel:
1 WTA, 3 ITF
0 WTA, 3 ITF


text:
# Stephen Mcloughlin
Stephen Mcloughlin, född 9 juli 1964 i Brisbane, är en australisk professor, vetenskapsförfattare och curator på Naturhistoriska riksmuseet.
Mcloughlin är ansvarig för de paleozoiska och mesozoiska växtfossilsamlingarna vid institutionen för paleobiologi. Han är handledare för gästforskare, studenter och postdoktorer som arbetar med paleozoisk och mesozoisk paleobotanik. Han är medansvarig för förvaltningen av avdelningens lapidära och fotografiska laboratorier och underhållet av DiVAs publikationsdatabas.
Stephen Mcloughlins forskning stöds av Vetenskapsrådet och av National Science Foundation (USA).

wikiname: svwiki

title: Stephen Mcloughlin

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{Faktamall biografi
| namn              = Stephen Mcloughlin
| bild              =
| bildtext          =
| nationalitet      = {{flaggbild|Australien}} Australiensk
| födelsenamn       =
| födelsedatum      = {{Ålder|1964|07|09}}
| födelseort        = Brisbane
| hemort            =
| dödsdatum         =
| dödsort           =
| utbildning        =
| yrke              = [[Professor]]
| utmärkelser       =
| alma_mater        = [[University of Queensland]] 1986–1990
| företrädare       =
| efterträdare      =
| partner           = [[Vivi Vajda]]
| Barn              =
| webbplats         =
| namnteckning      =
}}
'''Stephen Mcloughlin''', född 9 juli 1964 i [[Brisbane]], är en australisk [[professor]], vetenskapsförfattare och curator på [[Naturhistoriska riksmuseet]].<ref>{{Webbref|url=https://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/paleobiologi/medarbetareochkontakt/stephenmcloughlin.333.html|titel=Naturhistoriska riksmuseet|hämtdatum=2022-10-14|arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014104637/https://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/paleobiologi/medarbetareochkontakt/stephenmcloughlin.333.html|arkivdatum=2022-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Webbref|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Mcloughlin-4|titel=Reserchgate}}</ref>

Mcloughlin är ansvarig för de [[Paleozoikum|paleozoiska]] och [[Mesozoikum|mesozoiska]] [[växtfossil]]samlingarna vid institutionen för [[paleobiologi]]. Han är handledare för [[gästforskare]], studenter och postdoktorer som arbetar med paleozoisk och mesozoisk [[paleobotanik]]. Han är medansvarig för förvaltningen av avdelningens lapidära och fotografiska laboratorier och underhållet av [[Diva (digitalt arkiv)|DiVAs]] publikationsdatabas.<ref>{{Webbref|url=http://nrm.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&sf=all&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&searchType=SIMPLE&query=McLoughlin&sortOrder=dateIssued_sort_desc&onlyFullText=false&noOfRows=50&language=sv&dswid=-2436|titel=Publikationer 1}}</ref><ref>{{Webbref|url=https://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/paleobiologi/medarbetareochkontakt/stephenmcloughlin/error.815.html|titel=Publikationer 2|arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014181557/https://www.nrm.se/en/forskningochsamlingar/paleobiologi/medarbetareochkontakt/stephenmcloughlin/error.815.html |arkivdatum=2022-10-14}}</ref>

Stephen Mcloughlins forskning stöds av [[Vetenskapsrådet]] och av [[National Science Foundation]] (USA).<ref>{{Webbref|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tZ_pBaMAAAAJ&hl=en|titel=Vetenskapliga publikationer}}</ref>

==Referenser==
<references/>

==Externa länkar==
*[https://i1.rgstatic.net/ii/profile.image/349694069886977-1460384971583_Q512/Stephen-Mcloughlin-4.jpg Bild på Stephen Mcloughlin]

{{Auktoritetsdata|Stephen Mcloughlin}}
{{STANDARDSORTERING:Mcloughlin, Stephen}}
[[Kategori:Australiska paleontologer]]
[[Kategori:Män]]
[[Kategori:Levande personer]]
[[Kategori:Födda 1964]]
[[Kategori:Australiska forskare under 2000-talet]]
[[Kategori:Personer från Brisbane]]

Född: 9 juli 1964 · Brisbane

Nationalitet: Australiensk

Alma mater: University of Queensland 1986–1990

Yrke/uppdrag: Professor

Partner: Vivi Vajda


text:
# Kriegsverdienstkreuz (Lippe)
Das Kriegsverdienstkreuz wurde am 8. Dezember 1914 durch Fürst Leopold IV. zur Lippe gestiftet und konnte an alle Personen verliehen werden, die sich durch Tapferkeit bzw. besondere Leistungen im Kriege, oder durch in der Heimat erworbene Verdienste um die Interessen der Armee z. B. Leistungen für die Truppen, Sorge um die Verwundeten, amtliche oder private Tätigkeit, welche den kriegerischen Erfolg fördern, verdient gemacht haben.
Das aus Geschützbronze gefertigte Kreuz hat die Form des Eisernen Kreuzes. In der Mitte ist die Lippische Rose zu sehen, die von einem Lorbeerkranz umschlossen ist. Auf dem oberen Kreuzarm ein von der Fürstenkrone überragtes großes L, im unteren Kreuzarm die Jahreszahl 1914. Rückseitig in den Kreuzarmen die Inschrift (von oben nach unten) FÜR AUSZEICHNUNG IM KRIEGE.
Für Kriegsverdienste ist das Ordensband goldgelb mit je einem roten und weißen Seitenstreifen, für Heimatverdienst weiß mit roten und goldgelben Seitenstreifen.
Mit der Abdankung des Fürsten Leopold IV. am 11. November 1918 wurde der Orden nicht mehr verliehen.

title: Kriegsverdienstkreuz (Lippe)

wikitext:
[[Datei:Drie kruisen voor Oorlogsverdienste Lippe 1914.jpg|mini|Lippisches Kriegsverdienstkreuz]]
Das '''Kriegsverdienstkreuz''' wurde am 8. Dezember 1914 durch [[Fürst]] [[Leopold IV. (Lippe)|Leopold IV. zur Lippe]] gestiftet und konnte an alle Personen verliehen werden, die sich durch [[Tapferkeit]] bzw. besondere Leistungen im [[Erster Weltkrieg|Kriege]], oder durch in der Heimat erworbene Verdienste um die Interessen der [[Armee]] z. B. Leistungen für die Truppen, Sorge um die Verwundeten, amtliche oder private Tätigkeit, welche den kriegerischen Erfolg fördern, verdient gemacht haben.

Das aus [[Bronze|Geschützbronze]] gefertigte Kreuz hat die Form des [[Eisernes Kreuz|Eisernen Kreuzes]]. In der Mitte ist die [[Lippische Rose]] zu sehen, die von einem [[Lorbeerkranz]] umschlossen ist. Auf dem oberen Kreuzarm ein von der [[Fürstenkrone]] überragtes großes {{Inschrift |Text=L}}, im unteren Kreuzarm die Jahreszahl {{Inschrift |Text=1914}}. Rückseitig in den Kreuzarmen die Inschrift (von oben nach unten) {{Inschrift |Text=FÜR AUSZEICHNUNG IM KRIEGE}}.

Für Kriegsverdienste ist das Ordensband goldgelb mit je einem roten und weißen Seitenstreifen, für Heimatverdienst weiß mit roten und goldgelben Seitenstreifen.

Mit der Abdankung des Fürsten Leopold IV. am 11. November 1918 wurde der Orden nicht mehr verliehen.

== Literatur ==
* Reiner Schwark: ''Die Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Fürstentums Lippe-Detmold und des Freistaats – Land Lippe – 1778 bis 1933.'' Verlag topp+möller, ISBN 3-9808505-5-2.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.hausorden.de/militaer-auszeichn-KVK.html Das Kriegsverdienstkreuz des Fürstentums Lippe-Detmold auf www.hausorden.de]

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=51.936235|EW=8.877726|type=landmark|region=DE-NW}}

[[Kategorie:Orden und Ehrenzeichen (Lippe)]]
[[Kategorie:Orden und Ehrenzeichen (Erster Weltkrieg)]]
[[Kategorie:Erstverleihung 1914]]


text:
# Hexalectris grandiflora
Hexalectris grandiflora är en orkidéart som först beskrevs av Achille Richard och Henri Guillaume Galeotti, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Louis Otho Otto Williams. Hexalectris grandiflora ingår i släktet Hexalectris och familjen orkidéer. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

title: Hexalectris grandiflora

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|orkidé|datum=2014-07}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Hexalectris grandiflora''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Växter]]
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio_sv = [[Kärlväxter]]
| divisio = Tracheophyta
| classis_sv = [[Enhjärtbladiga blomväxter]]
| classis = Liliopsida
| ordo_sv = [[Sparrisordningen]]
| ordo = Asparagales
| familia_sv = [[Orkidéer]]
| familia = Orchidaceae
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Hexalectris]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Hexalectris grandiflora'''
| taxon = Hexalectris grandiflora
| taxon_authority = ([[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]]) [[Louis Otho Otto Williams|L.O.Williams]]
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| synonyms = ''Neottia grandiflora'' ([[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]]) [[Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]
''Hexalectris mexicana'' [[Jesse More Greenman|Greenm.]]
''Hexalectris grandiflora'' f.'' luteoalba''
''Corallorhiza grandiflora'' [[Achille Richard|A.Rich.]] & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]]
}}

'''''Hexalectris grandiflora'''''<ref name = "C132"/> är en [[orkidéer|orkidé]]art som först beskrevs av [[Achille Richard]] och [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti]], och fick sitt nu gällande namn av [[Louis Otho Otto Williams]]. ''Hexalectris grandiflora'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Hexalectris]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[orkidéer]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga underarter finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9817213|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 26 May 2014 |författare= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|datum= 2014|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "C132">L.O.Williams, 1944 ''In: J. Arnold Arbor. 25: 81''</ref>
<ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Orkidéer]]
[[Kategori:Hexalectris|grandiflora]]

title: Systematik

Domän: Eukaryoter · Eukaryota

Rike: Växter · Plantae

Division: Kärlväxter · Tracheophyta

Klass: Enhjärtbladiga blomväxter · Liliopsida

Ordning: Sparrisordningen · Asparagales

Familj: Orkidéer · Orchidaceae

Släkte: Hexalectris

Art: Hexalectris grandiflora

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: § Hexalectris grandiflora

Auktor: (A.Rich. & Galeotti) L.O.Williams

title: Synonymer

Synonymer: Neottia grandiflora (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Kuntze · Hexalectris mexicana Greenm. · Hexalectris grandiflora f. luteoalba · Corallorhiza grandiflora A.Rich. & Galeotti


text:
# Fest der Patios von Córdoba
Das Fest der Patios von Córdoba (spanischer Name: Festival de los Patios Cordobeses) ist eine Veranstaltung im spanischen Córdoba. Es handelt sich um einen Wettstreit um den schönsten Innenhof der Stadt. Während der zweiten und dritten Maiwoche können alle interessierten Besucher die teilnehmenden Innenhöfe besichtigen. In den vergangenen Jahren hat es sich durchgesetzt, dass die Teilnehmer durch die geöffnete Tür und durch Blumenschmuck signalisieren, dass Besucher willkommen sind. Den Abschluss bildet ein Straßenfest in der Calle San Basilio.

## Geschichte
Der Wettstreit geht auf das Jahr 1933 zurück. 1980 wurde er als Fiesta de Interés Turístico Nacional ausgezeichnet. Seit dem 6. Dezember 2012 ist er in die UNESCO-Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes der Menschheit eingeschrieben.

## Die Gewinner
Es gibt jedes Jahr zwei Gewinner, da sowohl der schönste traditionelle als auch der schönste moderne Innenhof prämiert wird.

title: Fest der Patios von Córdoba

wikitext:
Das''' Fest der Patios von Córdoba''' (spanischer Name: ''Festival de los Patios Cordobeses'') ist eine Veranstaltung im [[Córdoba (Spanien)|spanischen Córdoba]]. Es handelt sich um einen Wettstreit um den schönsten Innenhof der Stadt. Während der zweiten und dritten Maiwoche können alle interessierten Besucher die teilnehmenden Innenhöfe besichtigen. In den vergangenen Jahren hat es sich durchgesetzt, dass die Teilnehmer durch die geöffnete Tür und durch Blumenschmuck signalisieren, dass Besucher willkommen sind. Den Abschluss bildet ein Straßenfest in der ''Calle San Basilio''.
{{Doppeltes Bild|rechts|Patio anónimo cordobés, Córdoba.JPG|200|Concurso de Patios Crdb.jpg|200|Innenhöfe in Córdoba}}

== Geschichte ==
Der Wettstreit geht auf das Jahr 1933 zurück. 1980 wurde er als ''Fiesta de Interés Turístico Nacional'' ausgezeichnet. Seit dem 6. Dezember 2012 ist er in die [[Repräsentative Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes der Menschheit|UNESCO-Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes der Menschheit]] eingeschrieben.<ref>{{Internetquelle |autor=Manuel J. Albert |url=https://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/12/05/andalucia/1354716354_929868.html |titel=La Fiesta de los Patios de Córdoba, patrimonio inmaterial de la humanidad |werk=[[El Pais]] |datum=2012-12-06 |sprache=es |abruf=2023-01-16}}</ref>

== Die Gewinner ==
Es gibt jedes Jahr zwei Gewinner, da sowohl der schönste traditionelle als auch der schönste moderne Innenhof prämiert wird.

== Weblinks ==
* [https://www.cordoba24.info/deutsch/html/patios.html Überblick über das Fest und Veranstaltungshinweise] (deutsch)
* {{Internetquelle |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00846 |titel=Fiesta of the patios in Cordova |datum=2012 |abruf=2024-01-16 |abruf-verborgen=1 |hrsg=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |sprache=en}}

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{SORTIERUNG:Fest der Patios von Cordoba #Das}}
[[Kategorie:Immaterielles Kulturerbe (Spanien)]]
[[Kategorie:Feste und Brauchtum (Spanien)]]
[[Kategorie:Kultur (Córdoba, Spanien)]]
[[Kategorie:Repräsentatives immaterielles Kulturerbe]]
[[Kategorie:Veranstaltung in Córdoba (Spanien)]]


text:
# Hirriusa arenacea
Hirriusa arenacea är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Lawrence 1927.  Hirriusa arenacea ingår i släktet Hirriusa och familjen snabblöparspindlar.
Artens utbredningsområde är Namibia. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

title: Hirriusa arenacea

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|spindel|datum=2013-02}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Hirriusa arenacea''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Djur]]
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum_sv = [[Leddjur]]
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis_sv = [[Spindeldjur]]
| classis = Arachnida
| ordo_sv = [[Spindlar]]
| ordo = Araneae
| familia_sv = [[Snabblöparspindlar]]
| familia = Philodromidae
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Hirriusa]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Hirriusa arenacea'''
| taxon = Hirriusa arenacea
| taxon_authority = (Lawrence, 1927)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hirriusa arenacea'''''<ref name = "col275214"/> är en [[spindlar|spindel]]art som först beskrevs av Lawrence 1927.  ''Hirriusa arenacea'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Hirriusa]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[snabblöparspindlar]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/>

Artens utbredningsområde är [[Namibia]].<ref name = "COL"/> Inga [[underart]]er finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/hirriusa+arenacea/match/1|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 24 september 2012 |författare= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|datum= 2011|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "col275214">Lawrence, R. F. (1927) Contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of South-West Africa V. Arachnida., ''Ann. S. Afric. Mus.'' '''25'''(1): 1-75.</ref>
<ref name = "source">''SpidCat: The World Spider Catalog''. Platnick N.I. & Raven R.J., 2008-01-07</ref>
</references>

{{Robotskapad stub om snabblöparspindlar}}

[[Kategori:Snabblöparspindlar]]
[[Kategori:Hirriusa|arenacea]]

title: Systematik

Rike: Djur · Animalia

Stam: Leddjur · Arthropoda

Klass: Spindeldjur · Arachnida

Ordning: Spindlar · Araneae

Familj: Snabblöparspindlar · Philodromidae

Släkte: Hirriusa

Art: Hirriusa arenacea

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: Hitta fler artiklar om djur med Djurportalen

Auktor: (Lawrence, 1927)


text:
# جرم نظام شمسي صغير
عرف الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي عام 2006 جرم النظام الشمسي الصغير بأنه أي جُرم يدور حول الشمس، حيث قيل التالي في الاجتماع العام للاتحاد الفلكي الدولي عام 2006 بعد تعريف كل من الكواكب والكواكب القزمة:
ومن ثم فباستثناء الكواكب والكواكب القزمة، أصبح اسم جميع الأجرام الأخرى في النظام الشمسي هو «أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة»، والتي لا يدخل في تعريفها إلا أنها «أجرام تدور حول الشمس» (والتي تشمل جميع المذنبات والنيازك ومعظم الكوكيبات والأجرام القريبة من الأرض وأجرام ما وراء نبتون). والتوابع مستثناة من هذا التعريف كبقية التعريفات المذكورة سابقاً.
وهذه بعض أنواع أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة وتعريفاتها:
- الكوكيبات: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة أصغر من الكواكب وأكبر من النيازك، والفرق بينها وبين المذنبات هو أن تلك تُظهر ذؤابة خلفها حين تقترب من الشمس في حين أن الكوكيبات لا.[2]
- المذنبات: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة تُظهر ذؤابة حين تقترب من الشمس.[3]
- النيازك: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة، وهي أجسام صلبة تتحرك في الوسط البين كوكبي أحجامها أكبر من الذرات وأصغر من الكويكبات.[4][5]

ودراسة هذه الأجرام هي هامة بشكل واضح لفهم ولادة وتطور النظام الشمسي، فهي تُمثل بقايا من المادة الكوكبية الأوليّة. إضافة إلى أنها تُشكل خطراً على الأرض حال اصطدمت بها، ولذلك فهناك عدة مشاريع لدراسة أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة القريبة من الأرض، والتي تُسمى إجمالاً «الأجرام القريبة من الأرض» (near earth objects - NEO).

wikiname: arwiki

title: جرم نظام شمسي صغير

in_language: ar

wikitext:
[[ملف:243 ida.jpg|250بك|تصغير|الكويكب 243 إدا، والذي أصبح يُصنف ضمن أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة مثل كل الكويكبات الأخرى.]]

عرف [[الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي]] عام [[2006]] '''جرم النظام الشمسي الصغير''' بأنه أي جُرم يدور حول [[الشمس]]، حيث قيل التالي في الاجتماع العام للاتحاد الفلكي الدولي عام 2006 بعد تعريف كل من [[كوكب|الكواكب]] و[[كوكب قزم|الكواكب القزمة]]:

{{اقتباس|كل الأجرام الأخرى التي تدور حول الشمس سوف تُسمى إجمالاً ''"أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة"''. وهذه سوف تشمل معظم [[كويكب]]ات النظام الشمسي ومعظم [[جرم وراء نبتوني|أجرام ما وراء نبتون]] وجميع [[مذنب|المذنبات]] والأجرام الصغيرة الأخرى".}}

ومن ثم فباستثناء الكواكب والكواكب القزمة، أصبح اسم جميع الأجرام الأخرى في النظام الشمسي هو «أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة»، والتي لا يدخل في تعريفها إلا أنها «أجرام تدور حول الشمس» (والتي تشمل جميع [[مذنب|المذنبات]] و[[نيزك|النيازك]] ومعظم [[كويكب|الكوكيبات]] و[[أجرام قريبة من الأرض|الأجرام القريبة من الأرض]] و[[جرم وراء نبتوني|أجرام ما وراء نبتون]]). و[[قمر طبيعي|التوابع]] مستثناة من هذا التعريف كبقية التعريفات المذكورة سابقاً.<ref name="اجتماع الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي العام لـ2006">[https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ اجتماع الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي العام لـ2006: نتائج تصويتات قرارات الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي]. الناشر: الاتحاد الفلكي الدولي. تاريخ الولوج 18 مايو 2010 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425050259/http://iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/ |date=25 أبريل 2014}}</ref>

وهذه بعض أنواع أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة وتعريفاتها:
* [[كويكب|الكوكيبات]]: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة أصغر من [[كوكب|الكواكب]] وأكبر من [[نيزك|النيازك]]، والفرق بينها وبين المذنبات هو أن تلك تُظهر [[ذؤابة]] خلفها حين تقترب من [[الشمس]] في حين أن الكوكيبات لا.<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة | مؤلف=Beech, M. |مؤلف-وصلة=Martin Beech | سنة=1995 | شهر=September | عنوان=On the Definition of the Term Meteoroid | صحيفة=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | المجلد=36 | العدد=3 | صفحات=281–284 |مسار= https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QJRAS..36..281B?high=44b52c369007834&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format= |تاريخ الوصول=2006-08-31|مسار أرشيف= https://web.archive.org/web/20200528041455/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995QJRAS..36..281B?high=44b52c369007834&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=|تاريخ أرشيف=2019-12-16}}</ref>
* [[مذنب|المذنبات]]: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة تُظهر [[ذؤابة]] حين تقترب من الشمس.<ref name="Davidsson">
{{استشهاد بويب
 |الأخير=Davidsson |الأول=B.
 |عنوان=المذنبات - بقايا من ولادة النظام الشمسي
 |مسار=http://www.astro.uu.se/~bjorn/eng_comet.html
 |ناشر=[[جامعة أوبسالا]]
 |سنة=2008
 |تاريخ الوصول=2009-04-25
| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065421/http://www.astro.uu.se:80/~bjorn/eng_comet.html | تاريخ أرشيف = 19 يناير 2013 }}</ref>
* [[نيزك|النيازك]]: هي أجرام نظام شمسي صغيرة، وهي أجسام صلبة تتحرك في الوسط البين كوكبي أحجامها أكبر من الذرات وأصغر من الكويكبات.<ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة
|مؤلف="ب.مِلمان"
|سنة=1961
|عنوان=تقرير حول مصطلح نيزك
|صحيفة=JRASC
|المجلد=55
|صفحات=265-267
|مسار=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961JRASC..55..265M/abstract
| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20181004200443/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961JRASC..55..265M | تاريخ أرشيف = 4 أكتوبر 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.imo.net/resources/glossary/ منظمة النيازك الدولية] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094703/http://imo.net/glossary |date=21 أكتوبر 2016}}</ref>

ودراسة هذه الأجرام هي هامة بشكل واضح لفهم [[تشكل المجموعة الشمسية وتطورها|ولادة وتطور النظام الشمسي]]، فهي تُمثل بقايا من المادة الكوكبية الأوليّة.<ref>{{استشهاد بويب | مسار = http://ars.asi.it/ess/ess.html | عنوان = استكشاف النظام الشمسي - كواكب النظام الشمسي الصغيرة | محرر = أسي (وكالة الفضاء الإيطالية) | ناشر = 19 giugno 2007| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403062817/http://ars.asi.it:80/ess/ess.html | تاريخ أرشيف = 3 أبريل 2007 }}</ref> إضافة إلى أنها تُشكل خطراً على الأرض حال اصطدمت بها، ولذلك فهناك عدة مشاريع لدراسة أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة القريبة من الأرض، والتي تُسمى إجمالاً «الأجرام القريبة من الأرض» (near earth objects - NEO).

== انظر أيضاً ==
* [[كوكب]].
* [[كوكب قزم]].
* [[تعريف الكوكب]].
* [[مذنب]].
* [[شبيه القمر]]
* [[كويكب]].
* [[نيزك]].
* [[المجموعة الشمسية]].
* [[حزام كايبر|حزام كويبر]].
* [[سحابة أورط]].
* [[عائلة كورونيس]]
== المراجع ==

{{مراجع}}
{{روابط شقيقة}}
{{كويكبات}}
{{أجرام النظام الشمسي الصغيرة}}
{{النظام الشمسي}}
{{المذنبات|nonobject=yes}}
{{جدول النظام الشمسي}}
{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{شريط بوابات|المجموعة الشمسية|علم الفلك|كواكب صغيرة ومذنبات}}
{{لا لربط البوابات المعادل}}

[[تصنيف:أجرام النظام الشمسي]]
[[تصنيف:النظام الشمسي]]
[[تصنيف:كواكب صغيرة]]