text:
# Onthophagus fabricii
Onthophagus fabricii es una especie de insecto del género Onthophagus de la familia Scarabaeidae del orden Coleoptera.

## Historia
Fue descrita científicamente por primera vez en el año 1894 por Waterhouse.

title: Onthophagus fabricii

wikitext:
{{ficha de taxón
| name = ''Onthophagus fabricii''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Coleoptera]]
| familia = [[Scarabaeidae]]
| genus = [[Onthophagus]]<ref name=ADW>{{Cita web| título=Genus ''Onthophagus'' and species| url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Onthophagus/classification/| sitioweb=Animal Diversity Web| fechaacceso=1 de febrero de 2020| idioma = en}}</ref><ref name=EOL>{{Cita web| título=Genus ''Onthophagus'' and species| url=https://eol.org/pages/13881/names| sitioweb=Encyclopedia of Life| fechaacceso=1 de febrero de 2020| idioma = en}}</ref>
| species = '''''O. fabricii'''''
| binomial = ''Onthophagus fabricii''
| binomial_authority = (Waterhouse, 1894)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]
| synonyms = ''Onthophagus humator'' <small>Shipp, 1895</small>
}}

'''''Onthophagus fabricii''''' es una [[especie]] de [[insecto]] del [[género (biología)|género]] ''[[Onthophagus]]'' de la [[familia (biología)|familia]] [[Scarabaeidae]] del [[orden (biología)|orden]] [[Coleoptera]].<ref name = "COL">{{cita web |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/onthophagus+fabricii/match/1|título= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|autores= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|año=2011|editorial=Species 2000|ubicación=Reading, Reino Unido|fechaacceso= 24 de septiembre de 2012|idioma= en}}</ref>
<ref name = "source">''Scarabs: World Scarabaeidae Database''. Schoolmeesters P., 30 de mayo de 2011.</ref>

== Historia ==
Fue descrita científicamente por primera vez en el año 1894 por Waterhouse.

== Referencias ==
{{listaref}}

== Enlaces externos ==
{{Traducido ref|ceb|Onthophagus fabricii}}

{{Control de autoridades}}

[[Categoría:Onthophagus|fabricii]]

title: Taxonomía

Filo: Arthropoda

Subfilo: Hexapoda

Clase: Insecta

Orden: Coleoptera

Familia: Scarabaeidae

Género: Onthophagus

Especie: O. fabricii · (Waterhouse, 1894)

title: Sinonimia

Sinonimia: Onthophagus humator Shipp, 1895


text:
# مونتايون
مونتايون هي بلدية (بلدية) في مدينة فلورنسا الحضرية في منطقة توسكانا الإيطالية ، وتقع على بعد حوالي 35 كيلومتر (22 ميل) جنوب غرب فلورنسا .

## تاريخ
و كان فرازيوني فيليكايا نقطة انطلاق أنطونيو دا فيليكاجا لغزو بيزا من قبل جيش فلورنسا في عام 1509 .

## المعالم السياحية الرئيسية
- تضم كنيسة سان ريجولو مادونا ديل بونكونسيليو بواسطة قيدوا دا قراتسيانو (أواخر القرن الثالث عشر)
- كنيسة ودير سان فيفالدو. تنسب أعمال الكنيسة إلى جيوفاني ديلا روبيا وبينيديتو بوجليوني ورافايلينو ديل جاربو وأندريا سانسوفينو
- تشمل القلاع ما يلي:
  - ايانو
  - كامبورينا ، دمرها فلورنسا عام 1329.
  - فيجنال
  - بتوصيلهم ، الآن فيلا أرستقراطية
  - التين ، المعروف من القرن الثاني عشر. وهي مملوكة لعائلة فيليكاجا.
  - بوزولو ، المعروفة من القرن الحادي عشر. تحتوي على جداريات جوزيبي بيزولي وأوغسطس واليس .
  - باربيالا ، مملوكة في العصور الوسطى من قبل الجادولينيون وعائلات ديلا غيرارديسكا ، ثم من قبل أساقفة فولتيرا ، وبلدية سان ميناتو ، وجمهورية فلورنسا وجمهورية بيزا .
  - Castelfafi ، يُزعم أن اللومبارديين أسسوها في القرن الثامن. كانت في حيازة ديلا غيرارديسكا ثم أساقفة فولتيرا. في وقت لاحق تم الحصول عليها من قبل Caetani. في عام 1554 تم نهبها من قبل قوات بييرو ستروتسي .
  - توندا
  - الصغيرة
  - Scopeto
  - سانتو ستيفانو

## طبيعة
وجمعية حماية الحصان الإيطالية (IHP) لديها قاعدتها الرئيسية في فراتسيوني مونتايون من فيليكاجا.

## روابط خارجية
- الموقع الرسمي
- www.montaione.net

wikiname: arwiki

title: مونتايون

in_language: ar

wikitext:
{{مقالة غير مراجعة|تاريخ = أبريل 2021}}
{{صندوق معلومات تجمع سكاني
| اسم             = Montaione
| مساحة_ملاحظة    =
| الموقع          = {{موقع رسمي|http://www.comune.montaione.fi.it}}
| area_code       = 0571
| الرمز البريدي   = 50050
| بلد_توأم1       =
| توأم1           =
| ارتفاع_م        = 342
| ملاحظة_ارتفاع   =
| تسمية السكان    = Montaionesi
| تاريخ السكان    = 30 November 2017
| اجمالي عدد السكان= 3640
| حواشي السكان    = <ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[المعهد الوطني للإحصاء (إيطاليا)|المعهد الوطني للإحصاء]]</ref>
| اجمالي_المساحة_كم2= 104.8
| ملاحظة احداثيات =
| اسم رسمي        = Comune di Montaione
| بدل خريطة الموقع=
| مكان_عنوان_خريطة=
| عنوان تحت الخريطة=
| بدل خريطة       =
| خريطة           =
| بدل درع         =
| درع             = Montaione-Stemma.gif
| تعليق صورة      = Church of San Regolo.
| بدل صورة        =
| حجم صورة        =
| صورة            = Chiesa di San Regolo a Montaione.jpg
| اسم_أصلي        =
| ملاحظات         =
}}
'''مونتايون''' هي ''[[كومونا|بلدية]]'' (بلدية) في مدينة فلورنسا الحضرية في منطقة [[تسكانة|توسكانا]] [[إيطاليا|الإيطالية]] ، وتقع على بعد حوالي {{حول|35|km|mi}} جنوب غرب [[فلورنسا]] .

== تاريخ ==
و كان ''[[فراتسيوني|فرازيوني]]'' '''فيليكايا''' نقطة انطلاق أنطونيو دا فيليكاجا لغزو [[بيزا]] من قبل [[جمهورية فلورنسا|جيش فلورنسا]] في عام 1509 .

== المعالم السياحية الرئيسية ==

* تضم كنيسة سان ريجولو ''مادونا ديل بونكونسيليو'' بواسطة قيدوا دا قراتسيانو (أواخر القرن الثالث عشر)
* كنيسة ودير سان فيفالدو. تنسب أعمال الكنيسة إلى جيوفاني ديلا روبيا وبينيديتو بوجليوني ورافايلينو ديل جاربو وأندريا سانسوفينو
* تشمل القلاع ما يلي:
** ايانو
** كامبورينا ، دمرها فلورنسا عام 1329.
** فيجنال
** بتوصيلهم ، الآن فيلا أرستقراطية
** التين ، المعروف من القرن الثاني عشر. وهي مملوكة لعائلة فيليكاجا.
** بوزولو ، المعروفة من القرن الحادي عشر. تحتوي على جداريات جوزيبي بيزولي وأوغسطس واليس .
** باربيالا ، مملوكة في العصور الوسطى من قبل الجادولينيون وعائلات ديلا غيرارديسكا ، ثم من قبل أساقفة [[فولتيرا]] ، وبلدية [[سان مينياتو|سان ميناتو]] ، [[جمهورية فلورنسا|وجمهورية فلورنسا]] [[جمهورية بيزا|وجمهورية بيزا]] .
** Castelfafi ، يُزعم أن [[لومبارديون|اللومبارديين]] أسسوها في القرن الثامن. كانت في حيازة ديلا غيرارديسكا ثم أساقفة فولتيرا. في وقت لاحق تم الحصول عليها من قبل Caetani. في عام 1554 تم نهبها من قبل قوات بييرو ستروتسي .
** توندا
** الصغيرة
** Scopeto
** سانتو ستيفانو

== طبيعة ==
وجمعية حماية الحصان الإيطالية (IHP) لديها قاعدتها الرئيسية في ''فراتسيوني'' مونتايون من فيليكاجا.<ref>[http://www.horseprotection.it/dove.asp Where we are - IHP internet site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216180845/http://www.horseprotection.it:80/dove.asp|date=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== مراجع ==
{{مراجع}}

== روابط خارجية ==

* [http://www.comune.montaione.fi.it/ الموقع الرسمي]
* [http://www.montaione.net/ www.montaione.net]
{{تحديد}}
{{روابط شقيقة}}
{{مدينة فلورنسا الحضرية}}
{{شريط بوابات|إيطاليا}}
{{ضبط استنادي}}
{{بذرة تجمع سكني إيطالي}}

[[تصنيف:مدن وبلدات في توسكانا]]
[[تصنيف:بلديات مقاطعة فلورنسا]]
[[تصنيف:قلاع في إيطاليا]]
[[تصنيف:أماكن مأهولة في توسكانا]]

title: Montaione

الاسم الرسمي: Comune di Montaione

title: تقسيم إداري

البلد: إيطاليا

التقسيم الأعلى: مدينة فلورنسا الحضرية (1 يناير 2015–)

title: خصائص جغرافية

title: عدد السكان (30 November 2017)

تسمية السكان: Montaionesi

title: معلومات أخرى

منطقة زمنية: ت ع م+01:00 (توقيت قياسي) · ت ع م+02:00 (توقيت صيفي)

لوحة مركبات: FI

الموقع الرسمي: الموقع الرسمي

معلومات أخرى:
معرض صور مونتايون - ويكيميديا كومنز
تعديل مصدري - تعديل


text:
# Rechtsinformationszentrum Litauens
Das Rechtsinformationszentrum Litauens (litauisch Valstybės įmonė Teisinės informacijos centras, kurz VĮ TIC) war eine öffentliche juristische Einrichtung und ein ehemaliges staatliches Unternehmen  mit beschränkter Zivilhaftung in Litauen. Das Unternehmen war für die Verwaltung der Rechtsinformation zuständig. Es verfasste und besaß die litauische nationale juristische Datenbank LITLEX. TIC hatte seinen Sitz in Žirmūnai.

## Geschichte
Nach der Erklärung der Unabhängigkeit Litauens wurde das Litauische Forensische Institut reorganisiert. Am 23. November 1991 gründete das Justizministerium Litauens nach Verordnung der Litauischen Regierung das Litauische Institut für Recht. Ab 30. November 1991 wurde das staatliche Rechtsinformationsdepartament am Justizministerium aufgelöst. Seine Materialien wurden an das Forschungsinstitut für Recht übergeben.
1993 wurden die Funktionen der Rechtsinformationsabteilung des Instituts für Recht an das neu gegründete Rechtsinformationszentrum übergeben. Ab 2007 gab es eine interne Gewerkschaft (Leiterin Tatjana Siniakova). Im Februar 2008 wurde das Rechtsinformationszentrum reorganisiert und am 11. März 2011 an Registrų centras angeschlossen. 2011 wurde ein Ermittlungsverfahren gegen den Direktor und die leitende Buchhalterin wegen der Verschwendung von 1 Mio. Litas (≈0,3 Mio. Euro) eröffnet. Heute trägt das Zentrum den offiziellen Namen Departament für Rechtsinformation des staatlichen Betriebs Registerzentrum (litauisch Valstybės įmonės Registrų centro Teisinės informacijos departamentas).

wikiname: dewiki

title: Rechtsinformationszentrum Litauens

in_language: de

wikitext:
{{Infobox Unternehmen
| Name             = Teisinės informacijos centras
| Logo             =
| Unternehmensform = [[Valstybės įmonė]]
| Gründungsdatum   = 1991
| Sitz             = [[Žirmūnai]], [[Vilnius]], {{LTU}}
| Leitung          = Jonas Udris (Direktor)<ref>{{Webarchiv|url=http://www.tic.lt/apie_imone.html |wayback=20090612191504 |text=TIC.lt |archiv-bot=2019-05-09 11:16:54 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| Mitarbeiterzahl  = 29 (2007)<ref>[http://www.verslobanga.lt/lt/spaudai.full/46e14e56c2d4e Teisinės informacijos centre įsikūrė darbuotojų profesinė sąjunga]</ref>
| Umsatz           =
| Branche          = [[Informationstechnik]]
| Homepage         = [http://www.Registrucentras.lt/ RegistruCentras.lt]
}}
Das '''Rechtsinformationszentrum Litauens''' ({{LtS|Valstybės įmonė ''Teisinės informacijos centras''}}, kurz ''VĮ TIC'') war eine öffentliche juristische Einrichtung und ein ehemaliges [[Öffentliches Unternehmen|staatliches Unternehmen]]  mit beschränkter Zivilhaftung in [[Litauen]]. Das Unternehmen war für die Verwaltung der Rechtsinformation zuständig. Es verfasste und besaß die litauische nationale juristische Datenbank ''[[LITLEX]]''. TIC hatte seinen Sitz in [[Žirmūnai]].

== Geschichte ==
Nach der Erklärung der Unabhängigkeit Litauens wurde das [[Litauisches Zentrum für Gerichtsexpertise|Litauische Forensische Institut]] reorganisiert. Am 23. November 1991 gründete das [[Justizministerium (Litauen)|Justizministerium Litauens]] nach Verordnung der [[Litauische Regierung|Litauischen Regierung]] das [[Institut für Recht (Litauen)|Litauische Institut für Recht]]. Ab 30. November 1991 wurde das staatliche Rechtsinformationsdepartament am Justizministerium aufgelöst.<ref>Litauisch ''Valstybinės teisinės informacijos departamentas prie Teisingumo ministerijos''</ref> Seine Materialien wurden an das Forschungsinstitut für Recht übergeben.<ref>[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=4322&p_query=&p_tr2= Über die Gründung des Rechtsinstituts] (''LRV nutarimas Dėl Teisės instituto steigimo'')</ref>

1993 wurden die Funktionen der Rechtsinformationsabteilung des Instituts für Recht an das neu gegründete Rechtsinformationszentrum übergeben.<ref>[http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=299635  Satzung des Rechtsinformationszentrums] (5. Juni 2007, LR teisingumo ministro įsakymas Nr. 1R-218; LRS.lt)</ref> Ab 2007 gab es eine interne Gewerkschaft (Leiterin Tatjana Siniakova).<ref>[http://www.verslobanga.lt/lt/spaudai.full/46e7f2fbe97d4 TIC-Mitarbeiter klären die Perspektive des Unternehmens] (lit. ''Teisinės informacijos centro darbuotojai aiškinasi įmonės perspektyvas'')</ref> Im Februar 2008 wurde das Rechtsinformationszentrum reorganisiert und am 11. März 2011 an [[Registrų centras]] angeschlossen.<ref>[http://www.tm.lt/dok/Saul%C4%97lyd%C5%BEiui_2012-01-02_Nr_%281_40_%29%207R-17_d%C4%97l_2011_ataskaitos.pdf Bericht des Rechtsinformationszentrums, 2011] (Information vom [[Justizministerium Litauens]])</ref> 2011 wurde ein [[Ermittlungsverfahren]] gegen den Direktor und die leitende Buchhalterin wegen der Verschwendung von 1 Mio. Litas (≈0,3 Mio. [[Euro]]) eröffnet.<ref>[http://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/teismas-aiskinasi-kaip-teisines-informacijos-centras-issimokejo-1-mln-lt-priedu.d?id=44065511 Das Gericht ermittellt, wie TIC 1 Million Litas ausgezahlt hat] (''Teismas aiškinasi, kaip Teisinės informacijos centras išsimokėjo 1 mln. Lt priedų''; [[Internetportal Delfi]])</ref> Heute trägt das Zentrum den offiziellen Namen ''Departament für Rechtsinformation des staatlichen Betriebs Registerzentrum'' ({{LtS|Valstybės įmonės Registrų centro Teisinės informacijos departamentas}}).

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.litlex.lt Webpräsenz der juristischen Datenbank LITLEX] (litauisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|TYP=k|GND=5505534-5|LCCN=n96014985|VIAF=150260442}}

[[Kategorie:Žirmūnai]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Vilnius)]]
[[Kategorie:Öffentliches Unternehmen (Litauen)]]
[[Kategorie:Dienstleistungsunternehmen (Vilnius)]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliges IT-Unternehmen]]
[[Kategorie:Informationstechnikunternehmen]]
[[Kategorie:Rechtsinformatik]]
[[Kategorie:Recht (Litauen)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmensgründung 1991]]
[[Kategorie:Aufgelöst 2011]]
[[Kategorie:Ehemaliges Dienstleistungsunternehmen]]

title: Teisinės informacijos centras

Rechtsform: Valstybės įmonė

Sitz: Žirmūnai, Vilnius, Litauen

Leitung: Jonas Udris (Direktor)

Branche: Informationstechnik


text:
# École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers
L'École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers o ESSCA è una business school fondata a Angers nel 1909. La scuola è costituita da otto campus: Angers, Boulogne-Billancourt, Lione, Bordeaux, Aix-en-Provence, Budapest e Shanghai.

wikiname: itwiki

in_language: it

wikitext:
{{F|università della Francia|marzo 2020}}
{{S|università della Francia}}
{{Università
|nome = École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers
|logo = Logo Essca.jpg
|immagine = Essca 1.JPG
|nazione = FRA
|città = Angers
|cittàlink = Angers
|città2 = [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], [[Lione]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Budapest]], [[Shanghai]]
|latitudine = 47.4763019
|longitudine = -0.6007188
|latino =
|fondatore = Paul Baugas
|tipo = [[Grande école]] privata ([[business school]])
|facoltà = Management
|rettore =
|presidente = Jean Charroin
|studenti =
|data =
|staff =
|affiliazioni = [[Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business|AACSB]], [[Association of MBAs|AMBA]], [[European Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]<ref>{{cita web|url=http://www.mba.today/guide/triple-accreditation-business-schools|lingua=en|titolo=Triple accredited business schools (AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS)|accesso=18 febbraio 2020}}</ref>
|sport =
}}

L''''École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers''' o '''ESSCA''' è una ''[[business school]]'' fondata a [[Angers]] nel 1909. La scuola è costituita da otto campus: [[Angers]], [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], [[Lione]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Aix-en-Provence]], [[Budapest]] e [[Shanghai]].

== Note ==
<references/>

== Altri progetti ==
{{Ip|preposizione=su}}

== Collegamenti esterni ==
* {{Collegamenti esterni}}

{{Controllo di autorità}}
{{portale|Parigi|università}}

[[Categoria:Grande école]]
[[Categoria:Università a Parigi]]

title: Ubicazione

Stato: Francia

Città: Angers

Altre sedi: Boulogne-Billancourt, Lione, Bordeaux, Aix-en-Provence, Budapest, Shanghai

title: Dati generali

Motto: Créateurs d'avenirs

Fondatore: Paul Baugas

Tipo: Grande école privata (business school)

Facoltà: Management

Presidente: Jean Charroin

Affiliazioni: AACSB, AMBA, EQUIS

title: Mappa di localizzazione

Mappa di localizzazione: Sito web


text:
# Portabandiera
Un portabandiera o alfiere è una persona, militare o civile, incaricata di portare nell'ambito di una cerimonia, sfilata o corteo un emblema chiamato "insegna" o "vessillo", ovvero di un tipo di bandiera o di un'immagine rigida, ma mobile, che viene utilizzata (e spesso onorata) come simbolo formale e visivo di uno Stato, una monarchia, un'unità militare o altre organizzazioni. Esistono molti termini equivalenti in base al tipo di vessillo di carico (portastendardo, portaguidone, portavessillo).
L'incarico di portabandiera può essere un dovere occasionale, spesso concesso come un onore soprattutto durante una parata, oppure essere una carica permanente (anche sul campo di battaglia); nel secondo caso questo dovere può portare a uno specifico titolo di ufficiale.

## Portabandiera militare
In ambito militare il portabandiera o alfiere è il graduato incaricato di portare la bandiera dell'unità militare di appartenenza nel corso delle cerimonie e delle parate militari nonché, in tempi più antichi, nel corso delle battaglie campali in cui era impiegata l'unità. L'incarico di portabandiera viene generalmente affidato a un ufficiale subalterno, spesso il sottotenente con minor anzianità di servizio in forza al reparto in questione, oppure al sottufficiale con maggior anzianità di servizio dell'unità (designato come sergente portabandiera). L'incarico è considerato come particolarmente onorifico e di alta responsabilità, visto che perdere in battaglia o vedersi catturata dal nemico la propria insegna è un fatto profondamente disonorevole per il reparto in questione.
In tempi più antichi si poteva distinguere il ruolo dell'alfiere, ovvero dell'ufficiale incaricato di portare la bandiera di reparto e sorvegliare sulla sua sicurezza, da quello di portabandiera o portainsegna (nei reparti di cavalleria, portastendardo), ovvero un graduato o soldato incaricato di assistere l'alfiere e in particolare di allontanare la bandiera qualora l'alfiere fosse stato impegnato in combattimento dal nemico. In tempi più moderni quello di alfiere è diventato un grado militare vero e proprio, ormai slegato dalla funzione di portabandiera.
Il portabandiera è, generalmente, strettamente affiancato da un piccolo gruppo di altri militari, designato come "gruppo della bandiera" o "guardia della bandiera": composto normalmente da sergenti o altri sottufficiali, il suo compito era quello di difendere la bandiera dagli attacchi del nemico sul campo di battaglia; in tempi più recenti, esso ha la funzione principalmente di guardia d'onore alla bandiera stessa.

title: Portabandiera

wikitext:
{{nota disambigua|l'atleta che porta la bandiera alle Olimpiadi|Alfiere olimpico}}
[[File:Camp de Natzweiler-Struthof Journée nationale du souvenir de la déportation 28 avril 2013 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Un gruppo di portabandiera civili francesi durante una cerimonia nel 2013]]

Un '''portabandiera''' o '''alfiere''' è una persona, militare o civile, incaricata di portare nell'ambito di una cerimonia, sfilata o corteo un emblema chiamato "insegna" o "[[vessillo]]", ovvero di un tipo di [[bandiera]] o di un'immagine rigida, ma mobile, che viene utilizzata (e spesso onorata) come simbolo formale e visivo di uno [[Stato]], una [[monarchia]], un'unità militare o altre organizzazioni<ref>{{Treccani|portabandiera|Portabandièra|accesso=31 gennaio 2023|v=1}}</ref>. Esistono molti termini equivalenti in base al tipo di [[vessillo]] di carico (portastendardo, portaguidone, portavessillo).

L'incarico di portabandiera può essere un dovere occasionale, spesso concesso come un onore soprattutto durante una [[parata (evento)|parata]], oppure essere una carica permanente (anche sul campo di [[battaglia]]); nel secondo caso questo dovere può portare a uno specifico titolo di [[ufficiale (forze armate)|ufficiale]].

== Portabandiera militare ==
[[File:SAVX9718-900.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Un gruppo della bandiera con tre militari in rappresentanza dei tre rami delle [[Esercito Popolare di Liberazione|forze armate cinesi]] ]]

In ambito militare il portabandiera o alfiere è il graduato incaricato di portare la bandiera dell'unità militare di appartenenza nel corso delle cerimonie e delle [[Parata militare|parate militari]] nonché, in tempi più antichi, nel corso delle battaglie campali in cui era impiegata l'unità. L'incarico di portabandiera viene generalmente affidato a un ufficiale subalterno, spesso il [[sottotenente]] con minor anzianità di servizio in forza al reparto in questione, oppure al [[sottufficiale]] con maggior anzianità di servizio dell'unità (designato come [[sergente]] portabandiera)<ref name="Busetto">Riccardo Busetto, ''Dizionario Militare'', Zanichelli, 2004, pp. 43, 683-684. ISBN 88-08-08937-1.</ref>. L'incarico è considerato come particolarmente onorifico e di alta responsabilità, visto che perdere in battaglia o vedersi catturata dal nemico la propria insegna è un fatto profondamente disonorevole per il reparto in questione.

In tempi più antichi si poteva distinguere il ruolo dell'alfiere, ovvero dell'ufficiale incaricato di portare la bandiera di reparto e sorvegliare sulla sua sicurezza, da quello di portabandiera o portainsegna (nei reparti di [[cavalleria]], portastendardo), ovvero un graduato o soldato incaricato di assistere l'alfiere e in particolare di allontanare la bandiera qualora l'alfiere fosse stato impegnato in combattimento dal nemico. In tempi più moderni quello di alfiere è diventato [[alfiere (grado militare)|un grado militare vero e proprio]], ormai slegato dalla funzione di portabandiera<ref name=Busetto /><ref>{{Treccani|alfiere|Alfiere|accesso=31 gennaio 2023|v=1}}</ref>.

Il portabandiera è, generalmente, strettamente affiancato da un piccolo gruppo di altri militari, designato come "gruppo della bandiera" o "guardia della bandiera": composto normalmente da sergenti o altri sottufficiali, il suo compito era quello di difendere la bandiera dagli attacchi del nemico sul campo di battaglia; in tempi più recenti, esso ha la funzione principalmente di [[guardia d'onore]] alla bandiera stessa.

==Note==
<references/>

==Voci correlate==
*[[Alfiere olimpico]]

== Altri progetti ==
{{interprogetto|wikt=portabandiera}}

{{Portale|vessillologia}}

[[Categoria:Vessillologia]]
[[Categoria:Ruoli militari]]


text:
# Víctor Mercante
Víctor Mercante (Merlo, 1870 - Los Andes, 1934) fue un pedagogo argentino que contribuyó a la difusión de la educación laica y pública en Argentina.

## Vida
Víctor Mercante era hijo de inmigrantes italianos. Su padre era un agricultor empobrecido y su madre descendía de una familia de la nobleza de Liguria. Víctor Mercante nace en el pueblo de Merlo y cuando tiene siete años de edad, los Mercante regresan a Italia para retornar a la Argentina tres años después, en 1880 y se vuelven a instalar en el pueblo rural de Merlo. Su hermano, Alejandro, fue matemático y a él se vincula la instalación de varias de las primeras usinas eléctricas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires como también la de Posadas, Provincia de Misiones.
En Merlo, Mercante fue pupilo de un destacado maestro, el italiano Bernardo Moretti.
Mercante cursa el magisterio en la Escuela Normal de Paraná. En 1890 Mercante comienza a trabajar como maestro en una escuela normal de la Provincia de San Juan.
Por pedido de Joaquín V. González , organizó la Sección Pedagógica en la Universidad de La Plata, basamento de la actual Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación.
En 1908 presidió la Sociedad Psicológica de Buenos Aires. Figura emblemática de la intelectualidad científica. Fue el primer argentino que se entrevistó con Sigmund Freud.
En 1914 asume como Decano de la recién creada Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, la primera de ese tipo en Sudamérica. Bajo la influencia de las teorías francesas y la pedagogía científica, Víctor Mercante escribe "Metodología". Se trata de una obra de referencia de varias generaciones, en el país.
A partir de su inclinación por el positivismo pedagógico, llevó adelante prácticas biometristas, que implicaban mediciones e información biológica. De este modo sienta las bases de la llamada la psicología experimental y así de la antropología física. Se imponía por su estilo y no por la fuerza, ya que usaba la sugestión.
Entre los hitos de su carrera, se encuentra el de haber sido un impulsor de la escuela positiva lombrosiana en Argentina. El trascendente legado de Mercante incluye una serie de obras, además de la mencionada anteriormente. Tal es el caso de Archivos de Pedagogía y Ciencias Afines, Charlas pedagógicas, de 1925, Maestros y Educandos, publicado en 1927. También fue autor de textos para alumnos, así como de tratados  científicos sobre la que se presentaba como una novedosa disciplina, la paidología. Su definición la describe como la ciencia que estudia todo lo relativo a la infancia y su buen desarrollo físico e intelectual.
En 1934 Mercante representa a Argentina en el Congreso Internacional de Educación, en Chile, y cuando se disponía a regresar, la muerte lo sorprende en la ciudad de Los Andes.
Su sobrino, Héctor Eduardo Mercante (Pehuajó, 26-10-1906 - La Plata, 28-06-1988), fue un médico y político. Ministro de Salud (el primero en ese cargo creado en 1947) y de Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (hasta 1952). En 1975, fue Rector de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata que su tío supo ayudar a  organizar, siendo destituido por el golpe militar del 24 de marzo de 1976.

## Obra
- Museos escolares argentinos y la escuela moderna, 1893
- Metodología de la enseñanza primaria, 1916
- La crisis de la pubertad y sus consecuencias pedagógicas, 1918

wikiname: eswiki

title: Víctor Mercante

in_language: es

wikitext:
'''Víctor Mercante''' ([[Merlo (Buenos Aires)|Merlo]], 1870 - [[Los Andes (Chile)|Los Andes]], 1934) fue un pedagogo [[Argentina|argentino]] que contribuyó a la difusión de la [[educación laica]] y pública en [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.cultura.laplata.gov.ar/efemerides/victor-mercante|título=Biografía Victor Mercante}}</ref>

== Vida ==
[[Archivo:Bernardo Moretti.JPG|thumb|right|150px|Bernardo Moretti (1854-1937), pedagogo y mentor de Mercante.]]
Víctor Mercante era hijo de inmigrantes italianos. Su padre era un agricultor empobrecido y su madre descendía de una familia de la nobleza de [[Liguria]]. Víctor Mercante nace en el pueblo de [[Merlo (Buenos Aires)|Merlo]] y cuando tiene siete años de edad, los Mercante regresan a [[Italia]] para retornar a la [[Argentina]] tres años después, en 1880 y se vuelven a instalar en el pueblo rural de Merlo. Su hermano, Alejandro, fue matemático y a él se vincula la instalación de varias de las primeras usinas eléctricas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires como también la de Posadas, Provincia de Misiones.

En Merlo, Mercante fue pupilo de un destacado maestro, el italiano Bernardo Moretti.

Mercante cursa el magisterio en la [[Escuela Normal de Paraná]]. En 1890 Mercante comienza a trabajar como maestro en una escuela normal de la [[Provincia de San Juan]].

Por pedido de [[Joaquín V. González]] , organizó la Sección Pedagógica en la [[Universidad de La Plata]], basamento de la actual Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101220100021/http://nuevaalejandria.com/secciones/maestros-americanos/bios/mercante.php Maestros americanos]</ref>

En 1908 presidió la Sociedad Psicológica de Buenos Aires. Figura emblemática de la intelectualidad científica. Fue el primer argentino que se entrevistó con Sigmund Freud.

En 1914 asume como Decano de la recién creada Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, la primera de ese tipo en Sudamérica. Bajo la influencia de las teorías francesas y la pedagogía científica, Víctor Mercante escribe "Metodología". Se trata de una obra de referencia de varias generaciones, en el país.

A partir de su inclinación por el positivismo pedagógico, llevó adelante prácticas biometristas, que implicaban mediciones e información biológica. De este modo sienta las bases de la llamada la psicología experimental y así de la antropología física. Se imponía por su estilo y no por la fuerza, ya que usaba la sugestión.

Entre los hitos de su carrera, se encuentra el de haber sido un impulsor de la escuela positiva lombrosiana en Argentina. El trascendente legado de Mercante incluye una serie de obras, además de la mencionada anteriormente. Tal es el caso de Archivos de Pedagogía y Ciencias Afines, Charlas pedagógicas, de 1925, Maestros y Educandos, publicado en 1927. También fue autor de textos para alumnos, así como de tratados  científicos sobre la que se presentaba como una novedosa disciplina, la paidología. Su definición la describe como la ciencia que estudia todo lo relativo a la infancia y su buen desarrollo físico e intelectual.

En 1934 Mercante representa a Argentina en el [[Congreso Internacional de Educación]], en [[Chile]], y cuando se disponía a regresar, la muerte lo sorprende en la ciudad de [[Los Andes (Chile)|Los Andes]].

Su sobrino, Héctor Eduardo Mercante (Pehuajó, 26-10-1906 - La Plata, 28-06-1988), fue un médico y político. Ministro de Salud (el primero en ese cargo creado en 1947) y de Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (hasta 1952). En 1975, fue Rector de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata que su tío supo ayudar a  organizar, siendo destituido por el golpe militar del 24 de marzo de 1976.

== Obra ==
* Museos escolares argentinos y la escuela moderna, 1893
* Metodología de la enseñanza primaria, 1916
* La crisis de la pubertad y sus consecuencias pedagógicas, 1918

== Referencias ==
{{listaref|1}}

{{NF|1870|1934|Mercante, Victor}}

[[Categoría:Pedagogos de Argentina]]
[[Categoría:Personas de Merlo (Buenos Aires)]]


text:
# Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr.
O Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr. (em inglês:  Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize) foi um prêmio em pesquisa, concedido entre 1979 e 2005 pela General Motors Cancer Research Foundation, por conquistas de destaque em oncologia. Denominado em memória de Alfred P. Sloan, foi dotado com US$ 250.000.
Devido a dificuldades econômicas o prêmio foi concedido somente até 2005 – assim como ocorreu com o Prêmio Kettering e o Prêmio Charles S. Mott.
15 dos 37 recipientes do Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (ca. 40 %) receberam mais tarde um Prêmio Nobel, treze receberam um Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina e dois um Nobel de Química (situação em 2010).

## Recipientes
- 1979 George Klein
- 1980 Isaac Berenblum
- 1981 César Milstein (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1984) e Wallace Prescott Rowe
- 1982 Stanley Cohen (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1986)
- 1983 Raymond Leo Erikson
- 1984 John Michael Bishop (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1989) e Harold Varmus (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1989)
- 1985 Robert Tod Schimke
- 1986 Phillip Allen Sharp (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1993)
- 1987 Robert Allan Weinberg
- 1988 Yasutomi Nishizuka
- 1989 Donald Metcalf e Leo Sachs
- 1990 Mark Ptashne
- 1991 Leland Hartwell (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2001)
- 1992 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 1995)
- 1993 Hidesaburō Hanafusa
- 1994 Mario Capecchi (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2007) e Oliver Smithies (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2007)
- 1995 Edward Everett Harlow
- 1996 Mark Morris Davis e Tak Wah Mak
- 1997 Paul Nurse (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2001)
- 1998 Robert Horvitz (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2002)
- 1999 Robert Gayle Roeder e Robert Tjian
- 2000 Avram Hershko (Nobel de Química 2004) e Alexander Varshavsky
- 2001 Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2009)
- 2002 John Sulston (Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina 2002) e Robert Hugh Waterston
- 2003 Pierre Chambon e Ronald Mark Evans
- 2004 Thomas Kelly e Bruce Stillman
- 2005 Roger Kornberg (Nobel de Química 2006)

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr.

in_language: pt

wikitext:
O '''Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan Jr.''' ({{lang-en|'''Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize'''}}) foi um prêmio em pesquisa, concedido entre 1979 e 2005 pela ''[[General Motors]] Cancer Research Foundation'', por conquistas de destaque em [[oncologia]]. Denominado em memória de [[Alfred P. Sloan]], foi dotado com [[Dólar dos Estados Unidos|US$]] 250.000.

Devido a dificuldades econômicas o prêmio foi concedido somente até 2005 – assim como ocorreu com o [[Prêmio Kettering]] e o [[Prêmio Charles S. Mott]].

15 dos 37 recipientes do Prêmio Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (ca. 40 %) receberam mais tarde um [[Prémio Nobel|Prêmio Nobel]], treze receberam um [[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] e dois um [[Nobel de Química]] (situação em 2010).

==Recipientes==
{{div col|colunas=2}}
*1979 [[George Klein]]
*1980 [[Isaac Berenblum]]
*1981 [[César Milstein]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1984) e {{nowrap|[[Wallace Prescott Rowe]]}}
*1982 [[Stanley Cohen]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1986)
*1983 [[Raymond Leo Erikson]]
*1984 [[John Michael Bishop]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1989) e {{nowrap|[[Harold Varmus]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1989)}}
*1985 [[Robert Tod Schimke]]
*1986 [[Phillip Allen Sharp]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1993)
*1987 [[Robert Allan Weinberg]]
*1988 [[Yasutomi Nishizuka]]
*1989 [[Donald Metcalf]] e [[Leo Sachs]]
*1990 [[Mark Ptashne]]
*1991 [[Leland Hartwell]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2001)
*1992 [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 1995)
*1993 [[Hidesaburō Hanafusa]]
*1994 [[Mario Capecchi]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2007) e {{nowrap|[[Oliver Smithies]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2007)}}
*1995 [[Edward Everett Harlow]]
*1996 [[Mark Morris Davis]] e [[Tak Wah Mak]]
*1997 [[Paul Nurse]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2001)
*1998 [[Robert Horvitz]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2002)
*1999 [[Robert Gayle Roeder]] e [[Robert Tjian]]
*2000 [[Avram Hershko]] ([[Nobel de Química]] 2004) e [[Alexander Varshavsky]]
*2001 [[Elizabeth Blackburn]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2009)
*2002 [[John Sulston]] ([[Laureados com o Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina|Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina]] 2002) e {{nowrap|[[Robert Hugh Waterston]]}}
*2003 [[Pierre Chambon]] e [[Ronald Mark Evans]]
*2004 [[Thomas Kelly]] e [[Bruce Stillman]]
*2005 [[Roger Kornberg]] ([[Nobel de Química]] 2006)
{{div col end}}

==Ligações externas==
*[http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/59/7_Supplement/1673s.full.pdf General Motors Cancer Research Awards Laureates 1979–1998]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alfred P. Sloan, Jr.}}
[[Categoria:Prêmios de pesquisas sobre o câncer]]
[[Categoria:General Motors|Premio Alfred P. Sloan, Jr.]]


text:
# Parthenstein
Parthenstein is een gemeente en plaats in de Duitse deelstaat Saksen. De gemeente maakt samen met westerbuur Belgershain en noorderbuur Naunhof deel uit van de zogenaamde Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Naunhof, in de Landkreis Leipzig. Parthenstein telt 3.559 inwoners.
Het  gemeentebestuur is gevestigd in Großsteinberg.
De in 1994 onder deze nieuwe naam gestichte gemeente bestaat uit vier dorpen. Dit zijn:
- Grethen (400 inwoners)
- Großsteinberg  (1.150 inw.)
- Klinga (1.100 inw.)
- Pomßen (850 inw.)

Aantal inwoners: Ontleend aan de gemeentelijke website, pagina Zahlen und Fakten (afgerond); peildatum eind oktober 2024; gemeentetotaal ongeveer 3.500 personen.
De gemeente is genoemd naar een erdoorheen stromende beek, de Parthe. In de oostelijke buurgemeente Grimma stroomt deze uit in de Mulde.  Met het in de Klassieke oudheid voorkomende volk van de Parthen bestaat geen verband.
De gemeente heeft als voornaamste middel van bestaan de landbouw. Verder is er bij Großsteinberg een steengroeve in bedrijf, en trekt de gemeente Parthenstein enig toerisme.

## Geschiedenis
Alle vier de dorpen zijn in de periode 1175-1325 ontstaan. Ze hebben ieder een evangelisch-lutherse dorpskerk waarvan de bouw teruggaat tot de dertiende eeuw.
Grethen werd in 1819 bijna geheel door brand verwoest. De brandweer heeft sindsdien een belangrijke plaats in het dorpsleven en er is een brandweermuseum gevestigd.
Paul von Bleichert (1877-1939), een fabrikant van kabelbanen, liet in 1923 bij Klinga een grote villa voor zichzelf en zijn gezin bouwen. Na Von Bleicherts overlijden was het gebouw onder andere als kinderziekenhuis en opvang voor daklozen en vluchtelingen in gebruik. Anno 2023 huisvest het pand een onderneming en een privé-kliniek.

## Landschap
De gemeente ligt, evenals de naburige stad Grimma, in een omgeving met veel natuur. Ook zijn er in de wijde omgeving veel kleine meren aanwezig. Dit zijn verlaten steen-, grind- of zandgroeven, die met water zijn volgelopen. Sommige zijn 'Badeseen' (recreatieplassen) geworden, andere meertjes zijn in gebruik als visvijvers voor hengelaars of ontwikkelden zich tot natuurreservaat.

## Verkeer en vervoer
Van de vier dorpen ligt Klinga het meest noordelijk. Direct ten noorden van Klinga loopt de Autobahn A 14. Afrit 30 van deze Autobahn bevindt zich vlakbij dit dorp.
Großsteinberg heeft, evenals het zes km verder zuidoostelijk gelegen Grimma (Oberer Bahnhof), een klein station aan een lokaalspoorlijntje tussen Borsdorf, niet ver ten oosten van Leipzig, Döbeln Hbf en Coswig, niet ver ten noordwesten van Dresden.

## Afbeeldingen
- Station Großsteinberg
- Großsteinberg am See, luchtfoto uit 2017
- Dorpskerk Großsteinberg (13e-18e eeuw)
- 13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Grethen
- Grote Dorpsvijver te Grethen
- Klinga, luchtfoto uit 2017
- 13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Klinga
- Villa Bleichert, Klinga (1930)
- 13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Pomßen
- Kasteel te Pomßen (1848; particulier bewoond)

wikiname: nlwiki

title: Parthenstein

in_language: nl

wikitext:
{{Infobox Duitse plaats plus
| Wappen            = Wappen parthenstein.png
| lat_deg = 51
| lat_min = 15
| lat_sec = 24
| lon_deg = 12
| lon_min = 38
| lon_sec = 24
| Lageplan          = Parthenstein in L.svg
| Bundesland        = Saksen
| Landkreis         = Leipzig
| Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Naunhof
| Höhe              = 120
| Fläche            = 35.05
| Einwohner         = 3554
| Stand             = 2023-12-31
| PLZ               = 04668
| Vorwahl           = 034293, 03437
| Kfz               = L (alternatief: BNA, GHA, GRM, MTL, WUR)
| Gemeindeschlüssel = 14 7 29 340
| Gliederung        = 4 delen ([[Ortsteil]])
| Adresse           = Große Gasse 1
04668 Großsteinberg
| Website           = [https://parthenstein.net/ www.parthenstein.net]
| Bürgermeister     = Jürgen Kretschel
}}
'''Parthenstein''' is een [[Duitse gemeente|gemeente]] en plaats in de [[Duitsland|Duitse]] deelstaat [[Saksen (deelstaat)|Saksen]]. De gemeente maakt samen met westerbuur [[Belgershain]] en noorderbuur [[Naunhof]] deel uit van de zogenaamde [[Verwaltungsgemeinschaft]] ''Naunhof'', in de [[Landkreis Leipzig]]. Parthenstein telt {{Statistiek gemeente Duitsland inwoners|14 7 29 340|Saksen}} inwoners<ref name="inw_statistiek" />.
Het  gemeentebestuur is gevestigd in Großsteinberg.

De in [[1994]] onder deze nieuwe naam gestichte gemeente bestaat uit vier dorpen. Dit zijn:
*''Grethen'' (400 inwoners)
*''Großsteinberg''  (1.150 inw.)
* ''Klinga'' (1.100 inw.)
*''Pomßen'' (850 inw.)

Aantal inwoners: Ontleend aan de gemeentelijke website, pagina ''Zahlen und Fakten'' (afgerond); peildatum eind oktober 2024; gemeentetotaal ongeveer 3.500 personen.

De gemeente is genoemd naar een erdoorheen stromende beek, de ''Parthe''. In de oostelijke buurgemeente [[Grimma]] stroomt deze uit in de [[Mulde]].  Met het in de [[Klassieke oudheid]] voorkomende volk van de [[Parthen (volk)|Parthen]] bestaat geen verband.

De gemeente heeft als voornaamste middel van bestaan de [[landbouw]]. Verder is er bij Großsteinberg een [[steengroeve]] in bedrijf, en trekt de gemeente Parthenstein enig [[toerisme]].

== Geschiedenis ==
Alle vier de dorpen zijn in de periode 1175-1325 ontstaan. Ze hebben ieder een [[Evangelische Kerk in Duitsland|evangelisch-luthers]]e dorpskerk waarvan de bouw teruggaat tot de dertiende eeuw.

Grethen werd in 1819 bijna geheel door brand verwoest. De [[brandweer]] heeft sindsdien een belangrijke plaats in het dorpsleven en er is een brandweermuseum gevestigd.

Paul von Bleichert (1877-1939), een fabrikant van [[kabelbaan|kabelbanen]], liet in 1923 bij Klinga een grote villa voor zichzelf en zijn gezin bouwen. Na Von Bleicherts overlijden was het gebouw onder andere als kinderziekenhuis en opvang voor daklozen en vluchtelingen in gebruik. Anno 2023 huisvest het pand een onderneming en een privé-kliniek.

== Landschap ==
De gemeente ligt, evenals de naburige stad Grimma, in een omgeving met veel natuur. Ook zijn er in de wijde omgeving veel kleine meren aanwezig. Dit zijn verlaten steen-, grind- of zandgroeven, die met water zijn volgelopen. Sommige zijn 'Badeseen' (recreatieplassen) geworden, andere meertjes zijn in gebruik als visvijvers voor hengelaars of ontwikkelden zich tot natuurreservaat.

== Verkeer en vervoer ==
Van de vier dorpen ligt Klinga het meest noordelijk. Direct ten noorden van Klinga loopt de [[Bundesautobahn 14|Autobahn A 14]]. Afrit 30 van deze Autobahn bevindt zich vlakbij dit dorp.

''Großsteinberg'' heeft, evenals het zes km verder zuidoostelijk gelegen [[Grimma]] (''Oberer Bahnhof''), een klein station aan een lokaalspoorlijntje tussen [[Borsdorf]], niet ver ten oosten van [[Leipzig]], [[Döbeln Hauptbahnhof|Döbeln Hbf]] en [[Coswig (Saksen)|Coswig]], niet ver ten noordwesten van [[Dresden]].

== Afbeeldingen ==
<gallery>
GroßsteinbergBf.JPG|Station Großsteinberg
Großsteinberg am See 003.jpg|Großsteinberg am See, luchtfoto uit 2017
Grosssteinberg Kirche.jpg|Dorpskerk Großsteinberg (13e-18e eeuw)
Grethen Kirche01.jpg|13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Grethen
Teich-Grethen.jpg|Grote Dorpsvijver te Grethen
Klinga (Parthenstein) 001.jpg|Klinga, luchtfoto uit 2017
Klinga Kirche.jpg|13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Klinga
Landhaus Klinga.jpg|Villa Bleichert, Klinga (1930)
PomßenKirche2.JPG|13e-eeuwse dorpskerk te Pomßen
Pomssen Schlossstrasse Schloss-02.jpg|Kasteel te Pomßen (1848; particulier bewoond)
</gallery>

== Externe link ==
* [http://www.feuerwehrmuseum-grethen.de Website Brandweermuseum Grethen]

{{Appendix|2=
* {{Bronvermelding anderstalige Wikipedia|taal=de|titel=Parthenstein}}
{{References}}
}}
{{Navigatie Landkreis Leipzig}}
{{Coor title dms|51|15|24|N|12|38|24|E|type:city_scale:50000_region:DE}}

[[Categorie:Gemeente in Saksen]]

title: Situering

Deelstaat: Saksen

Landkreis: Leipzig

Verwaltungsge- · meinschaft: Naunhof

title: Algemeen

Burgemeester: Jürgen Kretschel

title: Overig

Gemeentekernen: 4 delen (Ortsteil)

Website: Officiële website

title: Locatie van Parthenstein in Leipzig

Locatie van Parthenstein in Leipzig: Kaart van Parthenstein

title: Foto's

Portaal: Duitsland


text:
# ۱۳۶۱ (میلادی)
۱۳۶۱ (میلادی) هزار و سیصد و شصت و یکمین سال تقویم میلادی است.

## درگذشتگان
- ۱۵ ژوئن – یوهانس تاولر، نویسنده آلمانی

wikiname: fawiki

title: ۱۳۶۱ (میلادی)

in_language: fa

wikitext:
<!-- این صفحه توسط روبات امیروبات ایجاد شده‌است -->
{{ناوبری سال|1361}}
{{سال در تقویم‌های دیگر|۱۳۶۱}}
'''۱۳۶۱ (میلادی)''' هزار و سیصد و شصت و یکمین سال [[تقویم میلادی]] است.
== مناسبت‌ها ==
==رویدادها==
== زادگان ==
== درگذشتگان ==

* [[۱۵ ژوئن]] – [[یوهانس تاولر]]، نویسنده آلمانی
== منابع ==
*{{یادکرد-ویکی|پیوند =https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1361&oldid=636290475|عنوان = 1361|زبان =انگلیسی|بازیابی =۱۸ ژانویه ۲۰۱۵}}
{{دهه‌ها و سال‌ها|۱۱|۱۳|۱۴}}
{{گاهشماری-خرد}}
{{رده انبار|1361}}

[[رده:۱۳۶۱ (میلادی)]]

سده: سده ۱۳ - سده ۱۴ - سده ۱۵

دهه: ۱۳۳۰ ۱۳۴۰ ۱۳۵۰ ۱۳۶۰ ۱۳۷۰ ۱۳۸۰ ۱۳۹۰

سال: ۱۳۵۸ ۱۳۵۹ ۱۳۶۰ - ۱۳۶۱ - ۱۳۶۲ ۱۳۶۳ ۱۳۶۴

title: ۱۳۶۱ در گاه‌شماری‌های دیگر

گاهشماری ایرانی: ۷۳۹–۷۴۰

گاهشماری میلادی: ۱۳۶۱ · MCCCLXI

گاهشماری اتیوپیایی: ۱۳۵۳–۱۳۵۴

گاهشماری ارمنی: ۸۱۰ · ԹՎ ՊԺ

گاهشماری اسلامی: ۷۶۲–۷۶۳

گاهشماری ایگبو: ۳۶۱–۳۶۲

گاهشماری آشوری: ۶۱۱۱

گاهشماری بربری: ۲۳۱۱

گاهشماری بنگالی: ۷۶۸

گاهشماری بهائی: −۴۸۳ – −۴۸۲

گاهشماری بودایی: ۱۹۰۵

گاهشماری بیزانسی: ۶۸۶۹–۶۸۷۰

گاهشماری جوچه: نامعلوم

گاهشماری چینی: 庚子年 (فلز موش) · ۴۰۵۷ یا ۳۹۹۷ · — تا — · 辛丑年 (فلز گاو نر) · ۴۰۵۸ یا ۳۹۹۸

گاهشماری خورشیدی تایلندی: ۱۹۰۴

گاهشماری دیسکوردیان: ۲۵۲۷

گاهشماری ژاپنی: Enbun ۶ / Kōan ۱ · (康安元年)

گاهشماری ژولینی: ۱۳۶۱ · MCCCLXI

گاهشماری سنتی برمهای: ۷۲۳

گاهشماری عبری: ۵۱۲۱–۵۱۲۲

گاهشماری قبطی: ۱۰۷۷–۱۰۷۸

گاهشماری کرهای: ۳۶۹۴

گاهشماری مینگو: ۵۵۱ پیش از گاه‌شماری جمهوری چین · 民前۵۵۱年

گاهشماری هولوسن: ۱۱۳۶۱

- ویکرم سموت: ۱۴۱۷–۱۴۱۸

- شاکا ساموات: ۱۲۸۳–۱۲۸۴

- کالی یوگا: ۴۴۶۲–۴۴۶۳

از تاریخ پیدایش رم: ۲۱۱۴

سال سلطنت انگلیس: ۳۴ ادوارد ۳ – ۳۵ ادوارد ۳


text:
# Töölö Hospital
The Töölö Hospital was a hospital in Taka-Töölö, Helsinki, Finland, belonging to the Helsinki University Central Hospital. It had special departments for plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery and traumatology, hand surgery and neurosurgery. The hospital had a 24-hour policlinic receiving trauma patients from the Helsinki capital area and occasionally from the entire region of Southern Finland. Patients usually arrived at the policlinic on a medical note. The policlinic treated about 18 thousand patients per year. The hospital also hosted the cleft lip and cleft palate centre HUSUKE, containing research and care for cleft lips and cleft palates as well as the department for care of mouth and jaw diseases. The Töölö Hospital also had its own X-ray facility and laboratory.
The Töölö Hospital was part of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District. Until the early 1960s, the hospital was known by its earlier name as the Finnish Red Cross Hospital.
People who lived through wartime in Finland used to call the hospital with the name Mannerheim hospital, as field marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim had become a personification of the Finnish Red Cross, and was also treated as a private patient at the Töölö Hospital.
The Töölö Hospital was discontinued in 2023 when the new Siltasairaala hospital in Meilahti was completed. The newer parts of the hospital, built in the 1950s and 1960s, are demolished in 2023–2024. The original hospital building, completed in 1932, will be preserved. New apartment buildings will be built in the site.

## History
The Finnish Red Cross started its hospital plan in 1919, partly because of the effect of the Finnish Civil War and the Red Cross's function at the time, to help the people wounded or injured in the war. Right from the start, the hospital was prominently associated with general (later field marshal) Mannerheim, who served as the chairman of the hospital board and later as an active member of the construction board. After a suitable lot was found in Taka-Töölö and funding was secured, planning of the hospital could begin. The hospital building, clad entirely in white, was built in 1932 designed by architect Jussi Paatela. The building represents a shift from classicist to functionalist architecture and has a lot in common with Paatela's other hospital work at the time, the Naistenklinikka hospital. After professor emeritus Richard Faltin had declined the post of head surgeon at the hospital because of his advanced age and illness, docent Simo Brofeldt was elected as the first head surgeon of the hospital. After Brofeldt's death he was succeeded by docent Aarno Snellman, who remained as the hospital's head surgeon until it was no longer needed.
Right from the start, the hospital's primary function was to improve hospital care for traumatic injuries and to prepare for needs the Red Cross would have during wartime. As such the hospital also hosted the repository of field hospital equipment of the Red Cross. The preparation for the war could also be seen in equipping the hospital with protection from gas attacks. In the beginning the hospital had 158 bed places. Right from the start, the hospital became the leading place for treatment of trauma patients and was probably the first hospital in Finland to have a first-aid station in connection to its outpatient department.
During the first months of the Winter War, the Finnish Red Cross hospital served as the hospital station for civil protection in Helsinki, treating victims of bombing. For this purpose, after the first wave of bombing in the war, it was helped by auxiliary hospitals, including the Kalastajatorppa restaurant building. During the general alarm phase from October to November 1939 most of the hospital staff had been evacuated to Aulanko in Hämeenlinna to serve at the 35th military hospital, but this organisation was cancelled before the war broke out. From February 1940, the hospital returned to the role of a military hospital in the medical care of the Finnish Defence Forces under the name of the Finnish Red Cross Military Hospital (P.R. SotaS.), including temporary departments at the Naistenklinikka hospital and the Mehiläinen hospital.
During the Interim Peace, construction of a bomb-proof hospital and surgery facility underneath the hospital garden was started and the hospital was expanded by the so-called Invalid Hospital at Tukholmankatu street, treating severe limb injuries, amputations and jaw and plastic surgery. The head surgeon at this hospital was medical major Sven Rehnberg, whose civilian post was deputy surgeon at the Red Cross hospital. Professor Faltin served as head of the jaw surgery department.
During the Continuation War the Military Hospital 54 was formed around the Red Cross hospital. In both wars the hospital concentrated especially on patients with brain and nerve damage as well as patients with severe limb or jaw injuries. Leading surgeons in the military hospital included its head surgeon medical colonel Brofeldt and medical major Snellman, and its chief surgeons first included professor and medical lieutenant colonel Arno Saxén and medical major Bertel Miesmäki after him. Department hospital of the Military Hospital 54 included the Finnish Red Cross hospital with its underground facilities, the Invalid Hospital, the Experimental Lyceum and the Swedish lyceum for girls. Later special departments included the old army hospital on Lönnrotinkatu for spinal injuries and the command school for the White Guard in Tuusula for aftercare and rehabilitation of brain injury patients. After the February 1944 bombings the hospital activities were spread out into temporary facilities, including the Meltola sanatorium, the Workers' institute, the Jorvi manor and Vestankvarn in Ingå. Treatment of severe war injuries continued in the Military Hospital 54 until the end of 1946, after which the hospital could slowly return to its peacetime duty.
After the founding of the Helsinki University Central Hospital the Finnish Red Cross hospital could no longer continue its earlier function, and the organisation sold its hospital premises to the Central Hospital in 1958. The expansion part constituting the current neurological clinic, trauma treatment station and outpatient clinic was completed in 1959; the expansion originally planned in the 1940s was supposed to cover a separate rheumatism department. After the expansion part had been completed, the main entrance to the hospital moved to its current place, whereas the old entrance had been located on the street intersecting the hospital grounds, referred to as the Red Cross alley, which was since cut off. Even after the war the hospital's major function was to tend to trauma patients, but it still served as a general surgical facility up to 1960. After this the hospital premises were used for the I and V surgery clinics of the Central Hospital, specialising in orthopedics, traumatology and neurosurgery. Professor Kalle Kallio was chosen as the new director (1960-1967) of the hospital. In 1960 the hospital was renamed as the Töölö Hospital to avoid confusion about its ownership. The trauma care station was expanded into premises originally belonging to the blood transfusion service of the Finnish Red Cross in 1966. In the same year an intensive care station for traumatology with four patient places was started in the hospital.
The Töölö Hospital can be considered as the birthplace of Finnish neurosurgery. The hospital's deputy surgeon Aarno Snellman (later additional professor of neurosurgery since 1947) travelled to Stockholm in 1935 to learn modern neurosurgery from Herbert Olivecrona in the Serafimer hospital. After returning to Finland, he performed his first brain surgery in September 1935 and the first proper neurosurgical department in Finland was opened in the hospital in the next year. At the same time, the hospital's X-ray surgeon doctor Yrjö Lassila studied neuroradiology taught by Olivecrona's coworker, radiologist Eric Lysholm. Before the Winter War and immediately after it a few younger doctors, such as Mikko Eirto and Gunnar af Björkesten - later the first professor of neurosurgery at the University of Helsinki - had the chance to study neurosurgery and adapt their learning to treatment of brain and nerve trauma during the Continuation War. The function of the neurosurgical department advanced through the significant experience gained from skull and brain injuries during the war. During the entire war, a care department for brain injury patients was active at the civil protection premises in the hospital, led by Snellman and Teuvo Mäkelä. In addition to and in connection with the neurosurgery, the hospital also made advances in anaesthesiology and intensive care. The first office for an anesthesiologist was founded in 1952 and the first intensive care department in Finland was founded in connection to the neurosurgical clinic in 1959.

## Blood donation service
There has been a blood donation service connected to the hospital. The first blood donors were mainly scouts. For blood donation, a special donation space was built to the hospital's basement with normal care tables at first, later with specially designed adjustable beds for blood donors. There was a small café with less than ten customer spaces for blood donors.
The blood donation service worked in these basic premises for over a quarter of a century until the Red Cross received a new specially built hospital building in Kivihaka. At this time the blood donation premises were converted into the use of surgery time registration.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Töölö Hospital

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Hospital in Helsinki, Finland}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Töölö Hospital
| org/group = [[Helsinki University Central Hospital]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Toolon sairaala 3.JPG
| image_size = 225
| alt =
| caption = The Töölö Hospital. In the background is the original white building from 1932, in the foreground is the red brick expansion building from 1959.
| coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|51.07|N|24|55|23.23|E}}
| location =
| address = Topeliuksenkatu 5

00260 Helsinki
| region =
| state =
| country =
| healthcare =
| funding =
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| affiliation =
| patron =
| network =
| standards =
| emergency =
| beds =
| speciality =
| helipad =
| h1-number =
| h1-length-f =
| h1-length-m =
| h1-surface =
| publictransit =
| former-names = Finnish Red Cross Hospital
Mannerheim hospital
| constructed =
| opened = 1919
| closed = 2023
| demolished = 2023–2024 (partially)
| website = {{URL|https://www.hus.fi/}}
| other_links =
| module =
}}
[[File:Toolon sairaala 1.JPG|thumb|right|An [[Esperi Care]] ambulance in front of the trauma station of the Töölö Hospital.]]
[[File:Töölön sairaalan purku.jpg|thumb|Töölö hospital being demolished in April 2024.]]
The '''Töölö Hospital''' was a [[hospital]] in [[Taka-Töölö]], [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], belonging to the [[Helsinki University Central Hospital]]. It had special departments for [[plastic surgery]], [[orthopedic surgery]] and [[traumatology]], [[hand surgery]] and [[neurosurgery]].<ref>[http://www.hus.fi/default.asp?path=1,32,660,546,651 Töölön Sairaala], HUS. Accessed on 4 October 2008.</ref> The hospital had a 24-hour policlinic receiving [[injury|trauma]] patients from the Helsinki capital area and occasionally from the entire region of Southern Finland. Patients usually arrived at the policlinic on a medical note. The policlinic treated about 18 thousand patients per year.<ref>[http://www.hus.fi/default.asp?path=1,32,660,546,651,2030 Päivystys – tapaturma-asema], HUS. Accessed on 4 October 2008.</ref> The hospital also hosted the [[cleft lip and cleft palate]] centre HUSUKE, containing research and care for cleft lips and cleft palates as well as the department for care of mouth and jaw diseases. The Töölö Hospital also had its own X-ray facility and laboratory.

The Töölö Hospital was part of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District. Until the early 1960s, the hospital was known by its earlier name as the '''Finnish Red Cross Hospital'''.

People who lived through wartime in Finland used to call the hospital with the name '''Mannerheim hospital''', as field marshal [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] had become a personification of the Finnish Red Cross, and was also treated as a private patient at the Töölö Hospital.

The Töölö Hospital was discontinued in 2023 when the new [[Siltasairaala]] hospital in [[Meilahti]] was completed.<ref>Aalto, Maija: [https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000005006608.html Kaikkien aikojen sairaalahanke – Hus korvaa Töölön sairaalan ja osan syöpäklinikasta Siltasairaalalla.], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 14 December 2016.</ref> The newer parts of the hospital, built in the 1950s and 1960s, are demolished in 2023–2024. The original hospital building, completed in 1932, will be preserved. New apartment buildings will be built in the site.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20074857 | title=Arvoalueelle piti nousta asuntoja, mutta nyt paikalla on vain rauniot, eikä kukaan tiedä tulevasta | date=18 February 2024 }}</ref>

==History==
The [[Finnish Red Cross]] started its hospital plan in 1919, partly because of the effect of the [[Finnish Civil War]] and the Red Cross's function at the time, to help the people wounded or injured in the war. Right from the start, the hospital was prominently associated with general (later field marshal) Mannerheim, who served as the chairman of the hospital board and later as an active member of the construction board. After a suitable lot was found in Taka-Töölö and funding was secured, planning of the hospital could begin. The hospital building, clad entirely in white, was built in 1932 designed by architect [[Jussi Paatela]]. The building represents a shift from [[classicism|classicist]] to [[functionalism (architecture)|functionalist]] architecture and has a lot in common with Paatela's other hospital work at the time, the [[Naistenklinikka]] hospital. After professor emeritus [[Richard Faltin]] had declined the post of head surgeon at the hospital because of his advanced age and illness, docent [[Simo Brofeldt]] was elected as the first head surgeon of the hospital. After Brofeldt's death he was succeeded by docent [[Aarno Snellman]], who remained as the hospital's head surgeon until it was no longer needed.

Right from the start, the hospital's primary function was to improve hospital care for traumatic injuries and to prepare for needs the Red Cross would have during wartime. As such the hospital also hosted the repository of field hospital equipment of the Red Cross. The preparation for the war could also be seen in equipping the hospital with protection from gas attacks. In the beginning the hospital had 158 bed places. Right from the start, the hospital became the leading place for treatment of trauma patients and was probably the first hospital in Finland to have a first-aid station in connection to its [[outpatient department]].

During the first months of the [[Winter War]], the Finnish Red Cross hospital served as the hospital station for [[civil protection]] in Helsinki, treating victims of bombing. For this purpose, after the first wave of bombing in the war, it was helped by auxiliary hospitals, including the [[Kalastajatorppa]] restaurant building. During the general alarm phase from October to November 1939 most of the hospital staff had been evacuated to [[Aulanko]] in [[Hämeenlinna]] to serve at the 35th military hospital, but this organisation was cancelled before the war broke out. From February 1940, the hospital returned to the role of a military hospital in the medical care of the [[Finnish Defence Forces]] under the name of the Finnish Red Cross Military Hospital (P.R. SotaS.), including temporary departments at the Naistenklinikka hospital and the [[Mehiläinen]] hospital.

During the [[Interim Peace]], construction of a bomb-proof hospital and surgery facility underneath the hospital garden was started and the hospital was expanded by the so-called Invalid Hospital at Tukholmankatu street, treating severe limb injuries, amputations and jaw and plastic surgery. The head surgeon at this hospital was medical major [[Sven Rehnberg]], whose civilian post was deputy surgeon at the Red Cross hospital. Professor Faltin served as head of the jaw surgery department.

During the [[Continuation War]] the Military Hospital 54 was formed around the Red Cross hospital. In both wars the hospital concentrated especially on patients with brain and nerve damage as well as patients with severe limb or jaw injuries. Leading surgeons in the military hospital included its head surgeon medical colonel Brofeldt and medical major Snellman, and its chief surgeons first included professor and medical lieutenant colonel [[Arno Saxén]] and medical major [[Bertel Miesmäki]] after him. Department hospital of the Military Hospital 54 included the Finnish Red Cross hospital with its underground facilities, the Invalid Hospital, the Experimental Lyceum and the Swedish lyceum for girls. Later special departments included the old army hospital on Lönnrotinkatu for spinal injuries and the command school for the [[White Guard (Finland)|White Guard]] in [[Tuusula]] for aftercare and rehabilitation of brain injury patients. After the February 1944 bombings the hospital activities were spread out into temporary facilities, including the Meltola sanatorium, the Workers' institute, the Jorvi manor and Vestankvarn in [[Ingå]]. Treatment of severe war injuries continued in the Military Hospital 54 until the end of 1946, after which the hospital could slowly return to its peacetime duty.<ref>Annual of the Finnish Red Cross hospital, 1940.</ref><ref>Report of the Military Hospital 54, 1941-1943.</ref>

[[File:Stamp 1944 - Red Cross Hospital in Helsinki.jpg|thumb|right|In 1944 the Finnish post office and the Finnish Red Cross published a series of stamps. One of them shows the Finnish Red Cross hospital, acting as Military Hospital 54 at the time. The hospital is now known as the Töölö Hospital.]]
After the founding of the [[Helsinki University Central Hospital]] the Finnish Red Cross hospital could no longer continue its earlier function, and the organisation sold its hospital premises to the Central Hospital in 1958. The expansion part constituting the current neurological clinic, trauma treatment station and outpatient clinic was completed in 1959; the expansion originally planned in the 1940s was supposed to cover a separate rheumatism department. After the expansion part had been completed, the main entrance to the hospital moved to its current place, whereas the old entrance had been located on the street intersecting the hospital grounds, referred to as the Red Cross alley, which was since cut off. Even after the war the hospital's major function was to tend to trauma patients, but it still served as a general surgical facility up to 1960. After this the hospital premises were used for the I and V surgery clinics of the Central Hospital, specialising in orthopedics, traumatology and neurosurgery. Professor [[Kalle Kallio]] was chosen as the new director (1960-1967) of the hospital. In 1960 the hospital was renamed as the Töölö Hospital to avoid confusion about its ownership. The trauma care station was expanded into premises originally belonging to the blood transfusion service of the Finnish Red Cross in 1966. In the same year an intensive care station for traumatology with four patient places was started in the hospital.

The Töölö Hospital can be considered as the birthplace of Finnish neurosurgery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Veldeman |first1=Michael |last2=Rossmann |first2=Tobias |last3=Korja |first3=Miikka |last4=Laakso |first4=Aki |last5=Lehecka |first5=Martin |last6=Niemelä |first6=Mika |date=2022 |title=A new home for the Helsinki Neurosurgical Department — closure of Töölö Hospital after 90 years of neurosurgical history |journal=Acta Neurochirurgica |language=en |volume=164 |issue=6 |pages=1447–1452 |doi=10.1007/s00701-022-05202-0 |pmid=35391587 |s2cid=248004427 |issn=0942-0940|doi-access=free }}</ref> The hospital's deputy surgeon Aarno Snellman (later additional professor of neurosurgery since 1947) travelled to [[Stockholm]] in 1935 to learn modern neurosurgery from [[Herbert Olivecrona]] in the Serafimer hospital. After returning to Finland, he performed his first brain surgery in September 1935 and the first proper neurosurgical department in Finland was opened in the hospital in the next year. At the same time, the hospital's X-ray surgeon doctor [[Yrjö Lassila]] studied neuroradiology taught by Olivecrona's coworker, radiologist [[Eric Lysholm]]. Before the Winter War and immediately after it a few younger doctors, such as [[Mikko Eirto]] and [[Gunnar af Björkesten]] - later the first professor of neurosurgery at the [[University of Helsinki]] - had the chance to study neurosurgery and adapt their learning to treatment of brain and nerve trauma during the Continuation War. The function of the neurosurgical department advanced through the significant experience gained from skull and brain injuries during the war. During the entire war, a care department for brain injury patients was active at the civil protection premises in the hospital, led by Snellman and [[Teuvo Mäkelä]]. In addition to and in connection with the neurosurgery, the hospital also made advances in anaesthesiology and intensive care. The first office for an anesthesiologist was founded in 1952 and the first intensive care department in Finland was founded in connection to the neurosurgical clinic in 1959.<ref>Törmä, Tapio: ''Aarno Snellman, neurokirurgian uranuurtaja Suomessa ja Helsingin neurokirurgisen klinikan synty.'' In: ''Hippokrates: Suomen lääketieteen historian seuran vuosikirja'' issue 11 (1994).</ref>

==Blood donation service==
[[File:1951 - Töölön sairaala.jpg|thumb|right|In 1951 the Finnish post office and the Finnish Red Cross published a series of stamps. One of the stamps shows the Töölö Hospital with its main entrance.]]
There has been a [[blood donation]] service connected to the hospital.<ref>[http://www.lib.hel.fi/fi-FI/toolo/aluetietoa/ Helsinki City Library]</ref> The first blood donors were mainly scouts. For blood donation, a special donation space was built to the hospital's basement with normal care tables at first, later with specially designed adjustable beds for blood donors. There was a small café with less than ten customer spaces for blood donors.

The blood donation service worked in these basic premises for over a quarter of a century until the Red Cross received a new specially built hospital building in [[Kivihaka]]. At this time the blood donation premises were converted into the use of surgery time registration.

==See also==
* [[List of hospitals in Finland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Finnish hospitals}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|60|10|51.07|N|24|55|23.23|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Helsinki]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Helsinki]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2024]]

title: Geography

Location: Topeliuksenkatu 5 · 00260 Helsinki

title: History

Former name(s): Finnish Red Cross Hospital · Mannerheim hospital

Demolished: 2023–2024 (partially)

title: Links


text:
# 鉤吻
鉤吻（學名：，英語：或），又有金勾吻、苦吻、斷腸草、爛腸草、野葛、大茶藥、大茶藤、毒極大茶葉、葫蔓藤、胡蔓藤、毒根、狼毒草、山砒霜、黃籐、豬人參、麻醉籐、火把草、水莽草等別稱，屬於钩吻科（Loganiaceae，亦作馬錢子科或葫蔓藤科）钩吻屬（Gelsemium，亦有作斷腸草屬、胡蔓藤屬或馬錢屬（Strychnos）），是一種具劇毒的常綠、一年生、纏繞性的藤本植物（亦有作草本植物）。鉤吻的屬（Gelsemium），其意思為「雅致的」，名字來自意大利語的茉莉，取名可能認為此屬近似茉莉，此屬的共通點為花多數黃色或白色；詞（elegans）的意思為「秀麗的」、“雅致的”。
鉤吻可在200－2,000米的丘陵、疏林或灌木林向陽的地方生長，廣佈於中國及東南亞地區，於中國廣東、廣西、福建、浙江、江西、湖南、貴州、雲南、海南、台灣、印度、馬來西亞、印度尼西亞及中南半島（寮國、越南、緬甸北部、泰國北部）等地皆有發現。在香港，被稱為「香港四大毒草」之一，也是香港原生物種。

## 形态
鉤吻的枝葉茂盛，枝幹光滑無毛；葉為對生狀，呈卵形、狹卵形或卵狀披針形，葉頂端漸尖，基部漸窄或近圓形，全緣，膜質，長約5－12厘米，寬約2－6厘米；葉側脈每邊4－7條，腹面平坦而背部則隆起；葉柄長約8－12毫米。
鉤吻長漏斗狀小花，略帶芳香，為頂生或長於上部葉腋的聚繖花序，花期為5月－11月；其花冠呈黃色或橙色，每片花瓣內側呈淡紅色的斑點，長約10－19毫米，合共5塊，呈卵形裂片，較花冠管為短；花苞小而狹，長約2毫米，邊緣時有綠毛；花梗長約3－8毫米；花萼裂片有5塊，呈卵狀披針形，長約3－4毫米；雄蕊生於花冠管基部，內藏或稍伸出於花冠之外，與花瓣互生；花柱呈絲狀，長約8－10毫米，花藥呈狹卵形，有4淺裂，約1.5－2毫米；子房有2室，呈卵形，光滑無毛，有多顆胚珠。
鉤吻的果為蒴果，呈卵形，分裂為2個2裂的果瓣，有宿萼，果期為8月－翌年2月。果皮膜質，稍膨脹，長約10－14毫米，寬約6－8毫米，在開裂前具2條淺縱槽。種子膜質，具有不規則裂齒狀的翅。

## 醫藥用途及其毒性
鉤吻全株具劇毒，與洋金花、馬錢子和羊角拗合稱「香港四大毒草」。當中新生幼葉以及根部的毒性最強。鉤吻的根部含鉤吻鹼（葫蔓籐鹼）甲、子、、寅、卯等，在離開泥土時略帶香味，但多聞會令人產生暈眩感。鉤吻的葉則含鉤吻鹼甲、辰等。當中又以鉤吻鹼子含量最高，而鉤吻鹼寅則毒性最烈。一說只需服下約10克的莖葉或2-8克的根或10-38枚的嫩芽，即可引致中毒，亦有指服食一小葉片已可致命，甚至，鉤吻的花粉亦帶毒性。清朝醫藥學家趙學敏在《本草綱目拾遺》中指：「胡蔓籐合香，焚之，令人昏迷。」
鉤吻的毒性主要成份為多種生物鹼（包括鉤吻鹼），包括極強烈的神經毒性，服食過量即導致消化系統、循環系統和呼吸系統的強烈反應，腸會發黑粘連，中毒症狀包括流涎、噁心、口渴、吞嚥困難、發熱、嘔吐、口吐白沫、抽搐、四肢麻木、肌肉無力、肌肉纖維顫動、舌硬、言語不清、共濟失調、煩躁不安、咽腹有燒灼或疼痛感、心律失常等。此外尚有瞳孔放大、視力模糊，嚴重可致失明，還有限鹼下垂。迷走神經時，可使心跳減慢、加速及失常，出現四肢冰冷、面色蒼白、體溫不開及血壓下降等症狀。中毒晚期可引起痙攣、呼吸肌麻痺、窒息、昏迷及休克，最後甚至可因心臟衰竭或呼吸衰竭至身亡。其毒理主要為抑制延髓的呼吸中樞，當嚴重受抑制時會引發酸中毒，最終可因延髓呼吸中樞及呼吸肌的麻痺而死於呼吸衰竭，同時亦可抑制腦部和脊髓的運動中樞而引起肌肉麻痺。另一方面，亦可產生神經迷走，直接刺激心肌引起心律失常和心率之改變。
《全州志》曾記載一種名為斷腸草（又名胡蔓藤）的劇毒植物，其中一種解毒方法是「以狗屎調水灌治」。一說洗胃外，服食碳灰，再利用鹼水和催吐劑輔助，洗胃後將綠豆、金銀花以及甘草大火煎煮成藥後服用。另有解毒劑療法，以阿托品或士的寧在皮下注射以對抗鉤吻鹼的迷走神經抑制作用，亦可在肌肉中注射新斯的明。羊血治療則是以新鮮羊血、白鴨血或鵝血約200－300毫升灌服約1至2次，亦有個案使用羊血直灌胃內作治療而得以活命。然而根據泰國清邁大學研究，清除毒性並沒有特效藥，一般之處理方法只有洗胃、催嘔和催瀉以減少毒性劑量。
鉤吻雖然毒性猛烈，然而亦被視作中草藥的一種，中醫稱其性味為辛、溫、大毒，有祛風、攻毒、消腫、止痛、抗炎、催眠等功效，入藥後外用，可治頑癬、疥癬、瘡患、濕疹、麻瘋、風濕、關節炎等症狀，同時亦是驅蟲藥。此外，豬隻適量食用可治豬熱病及使毛色具光澤。明朝醫學家李時珍在其本草學大成《本草綱目》謂：“斷腸草人誤食其葉者致死，而羊食其則大肥”。

## 鉤吻與金銀花
過往，不少人常將鉤吻誤認作五花茶成份之一的金銀花，從而誤採誤食，引致中毒。然而，金銀花乃黃白相間，其花亦比鉤吻較長得多。
2005年，中國廣東省韶關市曲江區3名登山的學生在山野中誤將鉤吻當作金銀花採摘回去，而後將「金銀花」以開水沖泡飲用。當時9名曾喝過「金銀花」水的學生呈中毒狀，其中一人在送院後不治。

## 神農嘗百草
傳說「神農嘗百草」就是因誤食鉤吻（斷腸草）而死。
相傳神農氏自小便非常聰穎，常替他人排難解憂。一說神農四肢和頭臚以外全身透明，他長著一個透明可見的腸胃，吃下東西時食物在胃裡每每也仍清晰能見，而他有抱一副為百姓試藥治權之心，於是不斷走遍山林荒野，嘗盡百草，一試療效，而當該種藥草具毒性時，必能在其通透的胃中看到黑色，從而得知百草藥性，更有神農一日而遇七十毒之說。
一次神農在一處向陽之地發現一種葉塊相對而生、開著淡黃色小花的籐，一如以往神農氏摘下小片嫩葉吃下，一下子毒性卻猛然發作，神農馬上感到不適。正當神農打算吃下他常備在身邊的解毒葉子時，此時卻目睹自己的腸子已截成一段段的，過了不久，神農也因此結束了生命。其後，人們便將該種植物叫作斷腸草，一般認為就是鉤吻。

## 小說中的斷腸草
金庸所著的武俠小說《神鵰俠侶》中，劇毒的斷腸草被描繪成虛構有毒植物情花的解藥。

## 延伸阅读
[在维基数据编辑]
 《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·鉤吻部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》
 《植物名實圖考·鉤吻》，出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》

## 外部連結
- 鉤吻 標本 （页面存档备份，存于）－台灣數位典藏聯合目錄
- 斷腸草 （页面存档备份，存于）－香港衛生署
- 鉤吻－澳門植物園
- 鉤吻, Gouwen （页面存档备份，存于）－藥用植物圖像數據庫（香港浸會大學中醫藥學院）（繁體中文）（英文）

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 鉤吻

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{Otheruses|other=斷腸草|斷腸草}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Gelsemium elegans
| binomial_authority = ([[Gardner]] & [[Champ.]]) [[Benth.]]
}}
{{medical}}
'''鉤吻'''（[[學名]]：''{{lang|la|Gelsemium elegans}}''，{{lang-en|Graceful Jesamine}}或{{lang|en|Poison Hemlock}}<ref name = "現代中藥辭典">[http://alternativehealing.org/gou_wen.htm 鉤吻] {{Wayback|url=http://alternativehealing.org/gou_wen.htm |date=20200209183216 }}，現代中藥辭典</ref>），又有'''金勾吻'''、'''苦吻'''、'''斷腸草'''、'''爛腸草'''<ref name = "efloras"/><ref name="斷腸草有毒植物的代表">[http://www.zhong-yao.net/zy/fy/jc/200803/112760.html 斷腸草有毒植物的代表] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zhong-yao.net/zy/fy/jc/200803/112760.html |date=20090514060537 }}，中醫中藥網</ref>、'''野葛'''、'''大茶藥'''、'''大茶藤'''、'''毒極大茶葉'''、'''葫蔓藤'''、'''胡蔓藤'''、'''毒根'''、'''狼毒草'''、'''山砒霜'''<ref>[http://www.shiliao.com.cn/2005/2-2/13004459657.html 斷腸草] {{Wayback|url=http://www.shiliao.com.cn/2005/2-2/13004459657.html |date=20080920153040 }}，中國食療網</ref>、'''黃籐'''、'''豬人參'''、'''麻醉籐'''、'''火把草'''、'''水莽草'''<ref name="中毒解救">[http://www.zhong-yao.net/zy/fy/bl/200804/139095.html 中藥鉤吻的中毒解救治療方法] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zhong-yao.net/zy/fy/bl/200804/139095.html |date=20110503021851 }}，中醫中藥網</ref>等別稱，屬於[[钩吻科]]<ref name = "香港植物標本室">[http://www.hkherbarium.net/Herbarium/c_search_end.asp?id=5029 鉤吻] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hkherbarium.net/Herbarium/c_search_end.asp?id=5029 |date=20080921111506 }}，香港植物標本室</ref><ref name="植物通">[http://www.plant.ac.cn/dan_tu/0/785.htm 鉤吻]{{dead link|date=2018年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}，植物通</ref><ref name = "樹木谷">[http://www.hktree.com/tree/Gelsemium%20elegans.htm 鉤吻] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hktree.com/tree/Gelsemium%20elegans.htm |date=20190312053747 }}，樹木谷</ref><ref name = "香港有毒植物">{{cite book|title=《香港有毒植物》|author=朱惠玲|series=香港自然圖鑑系列II|publisher=野外動向有限公司|page=第70頁|isbn=988-97173-8-7|date=2007年7月}}</ref>（''Loganiaceae''，亦作[[馬錢子科]]<ref name = "中毒解救"/><ref name = "葉脈網">[http://www.leafvein.net/plant_page/Loganiaceae.htm 馬錢子科] {{Wayback|url=http://www.leafvein.net/plant_page/Loganiaceae.htm |date=20170421071210 }}，葉脈網</ref>或[[葫蔓藤科]]<ref name="星島文化植物">[http://www.stnn.cc:82/culture/photo/t20051215_95995.html 中國古代九大毒藥] {{Wayback|url=http://www.stnn.cc:82/culture/photo/t20051215_95995.html |date=20090514055854 }}，星島文化植物</ref>）[[钩吻屬]]<ref name = "植物通"/><ref name = "樹木谷"/>（''Gelsemium''，亦有作[[斷腸草屬]]、[[胡蔓藤屬]]<ref name = "斷腸草古今傳奇">舊雨：[http://www.civilwind.com/big5/hao/jy070812.htm 斷腸草古今傳奇] {{Wayback|url=http://www.civilwind.com/big5/hao/jy070812.htm |date=20110713001739 }}，北斗卮言</ref>或[[馬錢屬]]（''Strychnos''）），是一種具劇毒的[[常綠植物|常綠]]、[[一年生植物|一年生]]<ref name = "星島文化植物"/>、纏繞性的[[藤本植物]]（亦有作[[草本植物]]）。鉤吻的屬（''Gelsemium''），其意思為「雅致的」<ref name = "樹木谷"/>，名字來自[[意大利語]]的[[茉莉]]，取名可能認為此屬近似茉莉，此屬的共通點為花多數黃色或白色；詞（''elegans''）的意思為「秀麗的」、“雅致的”<ref name = "樹木谷"/>。

鉤吻可在200－2,000米的[[丘陵]]、[[疏林]]或[[灌木林]]<ref name = "植物通"/>向陽的地方生長<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>，廣佈於[[中國]]及[[東南亞]]地區，於[[中國]][[廣東]]、[[廣西]]、[[福建]]、[[浙江]]、[[江西]]、[[湖南]]、[[貴州]]、[[雲南]]、[[海南省|海南]]、[[台灣]]、[[印度]]、[[馬來西亞]]、[[印度尼西亞]]及[[中南半島]]（[[寮國]]、[[越南]]、[[緬甸]]北部、[[泰國]]北部）等地皆有發現<ref name = "efloras">{{en}} [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017832 Gelsemium elegans in Flora of China] {{Wayback|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200017832 |date=20210111154216 }}, efloras.org</ref><ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>。在[[香港]]，被稱為「香港四大毒草」之一<ref name = "樹木谷"/><ref>[http://health.atnext.com/index.php?fuseaction=Article.ListArticle&sec_id=6349068&iss_id=20071029&art_id=10347585 香港四大毒草逐隻捉] {{Wayback|url=http://health.atnext.com/index.php?fuseaction=Article.ListArticle&sec_id=6349068&iss_id=20071029&art_id=10347585 |date=20080921085057 }}，壹蘋果健康網</ref>，也是香港原生物種<ref name = "香港植物標本室"/>。

==形态==
鉤吻的枝葉茂盛，枝幹光滑無毛；[[葉]]為對生狀，呈卵形、狹卵形或卵狀披針形，葉頂端漸尖，基部漸窄或近圓形，全緣，膜質，長約5－12厘米，寬約2－6厘米；葉側脈每邊4－7條，腹面平坦而背部則隆起；[[葉柄]]長約8－12毫米<ref name = "植物通"/>。

鉤吻長漏斗狀小[[花]]，略帶芳香<ref name = "葉脈網"/>，為頂生或長於上部葉腋的[[聚繖花序]]，花期為5月－11月<ref name = "香港植物標本室"/><ref name = "香港有毒植物"/>；其[[花冠]]呈黃色或橙色，每片[[花瓣]]內側呈淡紅色的斑點<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>，長約10－19毫米，合共5塊，呈卵形裂片，較花冠管為短；花苞小而狹，長約2毫米，邊緣時有綠毛；[[花梗]]長約3－8毫米；[[花萼]]裂片有5塊，呈卵狀披針形，長約3－4毫米；[[雄蕊]]生於花冠管基部，內藏或稍伸出於花冠之外，與花瓣互生；花柱呈絲狀，長約8－10毫米，花藥呈狹卵形，有4淺裂，約1.5－2毫米；[[子房]]有2室，呈卵形，光滑無毛，有多顆胚珠<ref name = "efloras"/><ref name = "植物通"/>。

鉤吻的果為[[蒴果]]，呈卵形，分裂為2個2裂的果瓣，有宿萼，果期為8月－翌年2月<ref name = "香港植物標本室"/>。果皮膜質，稍膨脹，長約10－14毫米，寬約6－8毫米，在開裂前具2條淺縱槽。種子膜質，具有不規則裂齒狀的翅<ref name = "efloras"/><ref name = "植物通"/><ref name = "香港有毒植物"/><ref>[http://www.cvh.org.cn/difangzhi/hainan/page/3/199.pdf 海南植物誌 第199頁]{{dead link|date=2018年4月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>。

==醫藥用途及其毒性==
鉤吻全株具劇[[毒]]，與[[洋金花]]、[[馬錢子]]和[[羊角拗]]合稱「香港四大毒草」。當中新生幼葉以及根部的毒性最強<ref name = "中毒解救"/><ref name = "樹木谷"/>。鉤吻的根部含[[鉤吻鹼]]（[[葫蔓籐鹼]]<ref name = "星島文化植物"/>）甲、子、-{丑}-、寅、卯等，在離開泥土時略帶香味<ref name="神農斷腸草">[http://www.bjkp.gov.cn/bjkpzc/tszr/zwdg/zwyhj/160982.shtml 神農斷腸草—鉤吻] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618065136/http://www.bjkp.gov.cn/bjkpzc/tszr/zwdg/zwyhj/160982.shtml |date=2008-06-18 }}，北京科普之窗</ref>，但多聞會令人產生暈眩感。鉤吻的葉則含鉤吻鹼甲、辰等。當中又以鉤吻鹼子含量最高，而鉤吻鹼寅則毒性最烈。一說只需服下約10[[克]]的[[莖]][[葉]]或2-8克的[[根]]或10-38枚的嫩[[芽]]，即可引致中毒<ref>[http://jiangxi.jxnews.com.cn/system/2005/07/28/002117654.shtml 斷腸草是江西最毒植物 生長在贛南] {{Wayback|url=http://jiangxi.jxnews.com.cn/system/2005/07/28/002117654.shtml |date=20101102005324 }}，大江網</ref>，亦有指服食一小葉片已可致命，甚至，鉤吻的花粉亦帶毒性<ref name = "神農斷腸草"/>。[[清朝]]醫藥學家[[趙學敏 (清朝)|趙學敏]]在《[[本草綱目拾遺]]》中指：「胡蔓籐合香，焚之，令人昏迷。」<ref name = "神農斷腸草"/>

鉤吻的毒性主要成份為多種[[生物鹼]]（包括鉤吻鹼），包括極強烈的神經毒性<ref name = "中毒解救"/>，服食過量即導致[[消化系統]]、[[循環系統]]和[[呼吸系統]]的強烈反應<ref name = "神農斷腸草"/>，腸會發黑粘連<ref name = "星島文化植物"/>，中毒症狀包括流涎、噁心、口渴、吞嚥困難<ref name = "中毒解救"/>、[[發熱]]、[[嘔吐]]、口吐白沫、[[抽搐]]、四肢麻木、[[肌肉]]無力<ref name = "香港有毒植物"/>、肌肉纖維顫動、舌硬、言語不清、共濟失調、煩躁不安、咽腹有燒灼或疼痛感、心律失常等。此外尚有[[瞳孔]]放大、[[視力]]模糊，嚴重可致[[失明]]，還有限鹼下垂<ref name = "中毒解救"/>。迷走神經時，可使心跳減慢、加速及失常，出現四肢冰冷、面色蒼白、體溫不開及[[血壓]]下降等症狀<ref name = "中毒解救"/>。中毒晚期可引起[[痙攣]]、呼吸肌麻痺、[[窒息]]、[[昏迷]]及[[休克]]，最後甚至可因[[心臟衰竭]]或[[呼吸衰竭]]至身亡<ref name = "神農斷腸草"/><ref name = "香港野花網">[http://www.producegreen.org.hk/hkwildflower/main_08.htm 斷腸草] {{Wayback|url=http://www.producegreen.org.hk/hkwildflower/main_08.htm |date=20080527054434 }}，香港野花網</ref>。其毒理主要為抑制[[延髓]]的呼吸中樞，當嚴重受抑制時會引發[[酸中毒]]，最終可因延髓呼吸中樞及呼吸肌的麻痺而死於呼吸衰竭，同時亦可抑制[[腦部]]和[[脊髓]]的運動中樞而引起肌肉麻痺。另一方面，亦可產生神經迷走，直接刺激[[心肌]]引起心律失常和心率之改變<ref name = "中毒解救"/>。

《[[全州志]]》曾記載一種名為斷腸草（又名胡蔓藤）的劇毒植物，其中一種解毒方法是「以狗屎調水灌治」。一說洗胃外，服食碳灰，再利用鹼水和[[催吐劑]]輔助，洗胃後將[[綠豆]]、[[金銀花]]以及[[甘草]]大火煎煮成藥後服用<ref name = "星島文化植物"/>。另有解毒劑療法，以[[阿托品]]或[[士的寧]]在皮下注射以對抗鉤吻鹼的迷走神經抑制作用，亦可在肌肉中注射[[新斯的明]]<ref name = "中毒解救"/>。羊血治療則是以新鮮羊血、白鴨血或鵝血約200－300毫升灌服約1至2次<ref name = "中毒解救"/>，亦有個案使用羊血直灌胃內作治療而得以活命<ref>[http://appledaily.atnext.com/template/apple/art_main.cfm?iss_id=20081211&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=11867&art_id=11954634 婦服斷腸草羊血救活 大陸醫生用偏方建功] {{Wayback|url=http://appledaily.atnext.com/template/apple/art_main.cfm?iss_id=20081211&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=11867&art_id=11954634 |date=20090423020614 }}《[[蘋果日報]]》2008年12月11 A12版</ref>。然而根據[[泰國]][[清邁大學]]研究，清除毒性並沒有特效藥，一般之處理方法只有洗胃、催嘔和催瀉以減少毒性劑量<ref>{{en}} Rujjanawate C, Kanjanapothi D, Panthong A. (Nov 2003). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522437?dopt=Abstract Pharmacological effect and toxicity of alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans Benth.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522437?dopt=Abstract |date=20190701120509 }}. Chiangmai University.</ref>。

鉤吻雖然毒性猛烈，然而亦被視作[[中草藥]]的一種，[[中醫]]稱其[[性味]]為辛、溫、大毒<ref name = "現代中藥辭典"/>，有祛風、攻毒、消腫、止痛、抗炎、[[催眠]]<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>等功效，入藥後外用，可治[[癬|頑癬]]、[[疥癬]]、[[瘡|瘡患]]、[[濕疹]]、[[麻瘋]]、[[風濕]]、[[關節炎]]等症狀<ref name = "香港野花網"/>，同時亦是驅蟲藥<ref name = "現代中藥辭典"/><ref name = "香港有毒植物"/>。此外，[[豬|豬隻]]適量食用可治[[豬熱病]]及使毛色具光澤<ref name = "葉脈網"/>。[[明朝]]醫學家[[李時珍]]在其本草學大成《[[本草綱目]]》謂：“斷腸草人誤食其葉者致死，而[[羊]]食其則大肥”。

==鉤吻與金銀花==
過往，不少人常將鉤吻誤認作[[五花茶]]成份之一的[[金銀花]]，從而誤採誤食，引致中毒。然而，金銀花乃黃白相間，其花亦比鉤吻較長得多<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>。

2005年，[[中國]][[廣東省]][[韶關市]][[曲江區]]3名登山的學生在山野中誤將鉤吻當作金銀花採摘回去，而後將「金銀花」以開水沖泡飲用。當時9名曾喝過「金銀花」水的學生呈中毒狀，其中一人在送院後不治<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/>。

==神農嘗百草==
傳說「[[神農]]嘗百草」就是因誤食鉤吻（斷腸草）而死。

相傳神農氏自小便非常聰穎，常替他人排難解憂。一說神農四肢和頭臚以外全身透明，他長著一個透明可見的腸胃，吃下東西時食物在胃裡每每也仍清晰能見，而他有抱一副為百姓試藥治權之心，於是不斷走遍山林荒野，嘗盡百草，一試療效，而當該種藥草具毒性時，必能在其通透的胃中看到黑色，從而得知百草藥性，更有神農一日而遇七十毒之說。

一次神農在一處向陽之地發現一種葉塊相對而生、開著淡黃色小花的籐，一如以往神農氏摘下小片嫩葉吃下，一下子毒性卻猛然發作，神農馬上感到不適。正當神農打算吃下他常備在身邊的解毒葉子時，此時卻目睹自己的腸子已截成一段段的，過了不久，神農也因此結束了生命。其後，人們便將該種植物叫作斷腸草，一般認為就是鉤吻<ref name = "斷腸草有毒植物的代表"/><ref name = "神農斷腸草"/>。

==小說中的斷腸草==
[[金庸]]所著的[[武俠小說]]《[[神鵰俠侶]]》中，劇毒的[[斷腸草]]被描繪成虛構有毒植物[[情花]]的解藥。

==参考文献==
{{Reflist}}

== 延伸阅读 ==
{{Wikisource further reading}}

==外部連結==
*[http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/15/dd/ff.html 鉤吻 標本] {{Wayback|url=http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/15/dd/ff.html |date=20160304121537 }}－台灣數位典藏聯合目錄
*[http://www.cmd.gov.hk/html/b5/health_info/publication/AdverseEvents28.html 斷腸草] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cmd.gov.hk/html/b5/health_info/publication/AdverseEvents28.html |date=20191106042052 }}－香港衛生署
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821221844/http://nature.iacm.gov.mo/botanical/read.asp?ptype=3&id=147 鉤吻]－澳門植物園
*[http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00634 鉤吻, Gouwen] {{Wayback|url=http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00634 |date=20160304095414 }}－藥用植物圖像數據庫（香港浸會大學中醫藥學院）{{zh-hant}}{{en}}

{{香港四大毒草}}
{{Taxonbar}}
[[Category:鉤吻屬|G]]
[[Category:一年生植物|G]]
[[Category:藤本植物|G]]
[[Category:草本植物|G]]
[[Category:有毒植物|G]]
[[Category:中药|G]]

title: 科学分类

界：: 植物界 Plantae

演化支：:
Tracheophyta
被子植物 Angiosperms
真双子叶植物 Eudicots
菊类植物 Asterids

目：: 龙胆目 Gentianales

科：: 钩吻科 Gelsemiaceae

属：: 钩吻属 Gelsemium

种：: 鉤吻 G. elegans

title: 二名法

二名法: Gelsemium elegans · (Gardner & Champ.) Benth.


text:
# Diadelioides unicolor
Diadelioides unicolor is een keversoort uit de familie van de boktorren (Cerambycidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1940 door Breuning.

title: Diadelioides unicolor

wikitext:
{{Taxobox insect
| naam = ''Diadelioides unicolor''
| titelweergave = cursief
| afbeelding =
| afbeeldingtekst =
| orde = [[Kevers|Coleoptera]] (Kevers)
| familie = [[Boktorren|Cerambycidae]] (Boktorren)
| onderfamilie = [[Lamiinae]]
| geslacht = ''[[Diadelioides]]''
| w-naam = ''Diadelioides unicolor''
| auteur = [[Stephan von Breuning|Breuning]]
| datum = 1940
| haakjes =
| commons =
| species =
}}
'''''Diadelioides unicolor''''' is een [[kevers]]oort uit de familie van de [[Boktorren|boktorren (Cerambycidae)]]. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1940 door Breuning.<ref>{{Brontabel|9999-Cerambycidae}} (bezocht 30 januari 2014)</ref>

{{Appendix}}
{{Beginnetje|biologie|2014|02|17}}

[[Categorie:Diadelioides|unicolor]]

title: Diadelioides unicolor

Rijk: Animalia (Dieren)

Stam: Arthropoda (Geleedpotigen)

Klasse: Insecta (Insecten)

Orde: Coleoptera (Kevers)

Familie: Cerambycidae (Boktorren)

Onderfamilie: Lamiinae

Geslacht: Diadelioides

title: Soort

Portaal: Biologie · Insecten


text:
# Lassinsaari (ö i Södra Karelen)
Lassinsaari är en ö i Finland. Den ligger i sjön Saimen och i kommunen Villmanstrand i den ekonomiska regionen  Villmanstrands ekonomiska region  och landskapet Södra Karelen, i den södra delen av landet, 220 km nordost om huvudstaden Helsingfors. Öns area är 1,4 hektar och dess största längd är 230 meter i öst-västlig riktning.

wikiname: svwiki

title: Lassinsaari (ö i Södra Karelen)

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|Finland|datum=2016-05}}
{{för|Lassinsaari}}
{{geobox
| Island
<!-- *** Mallhuvud *** -->
| name                    = Lassinsaari
| native_name             =
| other_name              =
| category                = Ö
| etymology               =
| nickname                =
<!-- *** Bild *** -->
| image                   =
| image_caption           =
<!-- *** Länder, regioner mm *** -->
| country                 = Finland
| country_flag            = true
| state                   = [[Södra Karelen]]
| state_type              = Landskap
| region                  = [[Villmanstrands ekonomiska region]]
| region_type             = [[Ekonomisk region (Finland)|Ekonomisk region]]
| district                =
| district_type           =
| municipality            = [[Villmanstrand]]
| municipality_type       =
<!-- *** Tillhörighet, föremål inom området mm *** -->
| parent                  =
| lake                     = [[Saimen]] (egentliga)
| lake_type               = Sjö
| border                  =
| part                    =
| city                    =
| capital                 =
| landmark                =
| river                   =
<!-- *** Läge *** -->
| location                =
| lat_d                   = 61.19258
| lat_m                   =
| lat_s                   =
| lat_NS                  =
| long_d                  = 28.43666
| long_m                  =
| long_s                  =
| long_EW                 =
| highest                 =
| highest_location        =
| highest_region          =
| highest_country         =
| highest_elevation       =
| highest_lat_d           =
| highest_lat_m           =
| highest_lat_s           =
| highest_lat_NS          =
| highest_long_d          =
| highest_long_m          =
| highest_long_s          =
| highest_long_EW         =
<!-- *** Dimensioner *** -->
| length                  = 0.23
| length_orientation      = öst-västlig
| width                   =
| width_orientation       =
| height                  =
| area                    = 0.01
<!-- *** Befolkning *** -->
| population              =
| population_date         =
| population_note         =
| population_density      =
| population_density_note =
<!-- *** Tillgänglighet *** -->
| public                  =
| access                  =
<!-- *** Koder ***  -->
| timezone                = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset              = +2
| timezone_DST            = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +3
| postal_code             =
| area_code               =
| code                    =
<!-- *** Fria fält *** -->
| free                    =
| free_type               =
<!-- *** Kartor *** -->
| map                     = {{Kartposition Finland|reliefkarta_om_den_finns}}
| map_caption             = Läge i Finland
| map_locator             = Finland
| map_locator_x           =
| map_locator_y           =
<!-- *** Fotnoter *** -->
| footnotes               =
| elevation               =
| timezone_label          = Europe/Helsinki
| geonames                = 10077136
}}

'''Lassinsaari'''<ref name="LMVnamn"/> är <!--T.ISL-->en [[ö (landområde)|ö]] i [[Finland]].<ref name = "gn10077136"/> Den ligger i sjön [[Saimen]]<ref name="jarvi10"/> och i kommunen [[Villmanstrand]]<ref name="lmvkommun"/> i den [[Ekonomisk region (Finland)|ekonomiska regionen]] <!--ADM2--> [[Villmanstrands ekonomiska region]]  och landskapet <!--ADM1-->[[Södra Karelen]], i den södra delen av landet, {{formatnum:220}} km nordost om huvudstaden [[Helsingfors]]. Öns area är {{formatnum:1.4}} [[hektar]] och dess största längd är 230 meter i öst-västlig riktning.<ref name="jarvi10"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name="LMVnamn">Lantmäteriverket: ''Kartnamnen 1:25 000'', fil hämtad från [https://tiedostopalvelu.maanmittauslaitos.fi/tp/kartta?lang=sv filnedladdningstjänsten avgiftsfri data] 2017-03-17</ref>
<ref name="lmvkommun">Baserat på polygon från [[Lantmäteriverket]]s [https://tiedostopalvelu.maanmittauslaitos.fi/tp/kartta?lang=sv filnedladdningstjänsten avgiftsfri data]</ref>
<ref name="jarvi10">Baserat på sjöpolygon från [http://www.syke.fi/fi-FI/Avoin_tieto/Paikkatietoaineistot Finlands miljöcentral, SYKE]: shape-fil: Ranta10 - Järvet (2016-11-29)</ref>
<ref name = "gn10077136">[{{Geonameslänk|gnid=10077136|name=lassinsaari}} Lassinsaari] hos [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post uppdaterad 2015-02-12; databasdump nerladdad 2016-04-24</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Öar i Villmanstrand]]
[[Kategori:Öar i Saimen]]

Land: Finland

Landskap: Södra Karelen

Ekonomisk region: Villmanstrands ekonomiska region

Kommun: Villmanstrand

Sjö: Saimen (egentliga)

Längd: 0,23 km (öst-västlig)

Tidszon: EET (UTC+2)

- sommartid: EEST (UTC+3)


text:
# Alexander Inshakov
Alexander Inshakov (en ruso: Александр Иванович Иншаков; Moscú, 23 de enero de 1947) es un actor, cantante, doble de riesgo y director de cine de Rusia.
Es actual presidente de Asociación Rusa de Dobles, posee grado de Maestría en Deporte en especialización de Gimnasia, es presidente de "El Fondo de Desarrollo de Cine de Acción" y "El Fondo de Desarrollo de Sistemas Nacionales de Combate". En su juventúd ha practicado Boxeo, Judo, Sambo y Karate-Do (5.º Dan). En los años 70s fue el primer campeón absoluto de Rusia de Karate. Es promotor de competencias de Artes marciales mixtas.
- Datos: Q3401963
- Multimedia: Alexander Inshakov / Q3401963

title: Alexander Inshakov

wikitext:
{{referencias|biografías|t=20150111001556}}
{{Ficha de actor
|imagen =
|nombre de nacimiento = Alexander Ivanovich Inshakov
|fecha de nacimiento = 23 de enero de 1947 {{edad|25|1|1947}}
|lugar de nacimiento = [[Archivo:Flag of Russia.svg|20px|Bandera de Rusia.]] [[Moscú]], [[Rusia]]
|imdb = 0409377
}}

'''Alexander Inshakov''' (en [[Idioma ruso|ruso]]: Александр Иванович Иншаков; [[Moscú]], 23 de enero de 1947) es un [[actor]], [[cantante]], [[doble de riesgo]] y [[director de cine]] de [[Rusia]].

Es actual presidente de Asociación Rusa de Dobles, posee grado de '''Maestría en Deporte''' en especialización de [[Gimnasia]], es presidente de "El Fondo de Desarrollo de Cine de Acción" y "El Fondo de Desarrollo de Sistemas Nacionales de Combate". En su juventúd ha practicado [[Boxeo]], [[Judo]], [[Sambo]] y [[karate|Karate-Do]] (5.º [[Dan]]). En los años 70s fue el primer campeón absoluto de [[Rusia]] de Karate. Es promotor de competencias de [[Artes marciales mixtas]].

{{NF|1947||Inshakov, Alexander}}
[[Categoría:Dobles de riesgo]]
[[Categoría:Nacidos en Moscú]]

title: Información personal

Nombre de nacimiento: Alexander Ivanovich Inshakov

Nacimiento: 23 de enero de 1947 78 años · Moscú, Rusia

Nacionalidad: Rusa (desde 1991) y soviética (hasta 1991)

Lengua materna: Ruso

title: Educación

Educado en: State University of Education (hasta 1984)

title: Información profesional

Ocupación: Actor, especialista de cine, director de cine, productor de cine y cantante

Años activo: desde 1979

Instrumento: Voz

Distinciones: - Medal to Participant in Military Operations in Syria


text:
# Neoseiulus sehlabatei
Neoseiulus sehlabatei är en spindeldjursart som först beskrevs av E.M. El-Banhawy 2002.  Neoseiulus sehlabatei ingår i släktet Neoseiulus och familjen Phytoseiidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

title: Neoseiulus sehlabatei

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|spindeldjurs|datum=2013-02}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Neoseiulus sehlabatei''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Djur]]
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum_sv = [[Leddjur]]
| phylum = Arthropoda
| classis_sv = [[Spindeldjur]]
| classis = Arachnida
| ordo_sv =
| ordo = [[Mesostigmata]]
| familia_sv =
| familia = [[Phytoseiidae]]
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Neoseiulus]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Neoseiulus sehlabatei'''
| taxon = Neoseiulus sehlabatei
| taxon_authority = ([[E.M. El-Banhawy|El-Banhawy]], 2002)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| superfamilia = [[Phytoseioidea]]
| superfamilia_sv =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Neoseiulus sehlabatei'''''<ref name = "col320773"/> är en [[spindeldjur|spindeldjurs]]art som först beskrevs av [[E.M. El-Banhawy]] 2002.  ''Neoseiulus sehlabatei'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Neoseiulus]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[Phytoseiidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga [[underart]]er finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/neoseiulus+sehlabatei/match/1|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 24 september 2012 |författare= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.)|datum= 2011|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "col320773">El-Banhawy, E.M. (2002) Survey of predatory mites in the Kingdom of Lesotho (Africa): notes on altitudinal preference of predatory mites and description of a new species (Acari: Phytoseiidae), International Journal of Acarology, USA, 28(2), 187–191.</ref>
<ref name = "source">''Mites GSDs: PhytoseiidBase''. Castilho R.C., Narita J.P.Z., Moraes G.J. de & McMurtry J.A., 2009-09-24</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Spindeldjur]]
[[Kategori:Neoseiulus|sehlabatei]]

title: Systematik

Domän: Eukaryoter · Eukaryota

Rike: Djur · Animalia

Stam: Leddjur · Arthropoda

Klass: Spindeldjur · Arachnida

Ordning: Mesostigmata

Överfamilj: Phytoseioidea

Familj: Phytoseiidae

Släkte: Neoseiulus

Art: Neoseiulus sehlabatei

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: Hitta fler artiklar om djur med Djurportalen

Auktor: (El-Banhawy, 2002)