text:
# Wave of Heat
Wave of Heat – jedenasty solowy album Izzy’ego Stradlina, byłego gitarzysty rytmicznego Guns N’ Roses.
Album został wydany w 2010 roku i udostępniony w internecie za pośrednictwem iTunes.

## Lista utworów
1. Beat Up
2. Old Tune
3. Rollin Rollin
4. Gone
5. Difference
6. Waiting For My Ride
7. Job
8. Raven
9. Way It Goes
10. Texas

Muzyka i słowa zostały napisane przez Izziego Stradlina.

## Pozostali muzycy biorący udział w nagrywaniu płyty
- Rick Richards – gitara prowadząca
- JT Langoria – gitara basowa (3 utwory)
- Duff McKagan – gitara basowa (7 utworów)
- Taz Bentley – perkusja, bębny

wikiname: plwiki

title: Wave of Heat

in_language: pl

wikitext:
{{Album muzyczny infobox
 |rodzaj albumu             = studyjny
 |tytuł                     = Wave of Heat
 |okładka                   =
 |wykonawca                 = [[Izzy Stradlin]]
 |wydany                    = 15 lipca 2010
 |nagrywany                 = styczeń–maj 2010
 |gatunek                   = [[rock and roll]]
 |długość                   = 36:12
 |wytwórnia                 =
 |producent                 =
 |oceny                     =
 |rok wydania               = 2010
 |poprzedni album           = [[Smoke]]
 |rok poprzedniego albumu   = 2009
 |następny album            =
 |rok następnego albumu     =
}}
'''Wave of Heat''' – jedenasty solowy album [[Izzy Stradlin|Izzy’ego Stradlina]], byłego gitarzysty rytmicznego [[Guns N’ Roses]].
Album został wydany w 2010 roku i udostępniony w internecie za pośrednictwem [[iTunes]].

== Lista utworów ==
# ''Beat Up''
# ''Old Tune''
# ''Rollin Rollin''
# ''Gone''
# ''Difference''
# ''Waiting For My Ride''
# ''Job''
# ''Raven''
# ''Way It Goes''
# ''Texas''

Muzyka i słowa zostały napisane przez Izziego Stradlina.

== Pozostali muzycy biorący udział w nagrywaniu płyty ==
* [[Rick Richards]] – gitara prowadząca
* [[JT Langoria]] – gitara basowa (3 utwory)
* [[Duff McKagan]] – gitara basowa (7 utworów)
* [[Taz Bentley]] – perkusja, bębny

== Linki zewnętrzne ==
* [http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/wave-of-heat/id382747667 iTunes Preview Izzy Stradlin Wave of Heat]

[[Kategoria:Albumy rockowe]]
[[Kategoria:Albumy muzyczne wydane w roku 2010]]

title: Wave of Heat

Nagrywany: styczeń–maj 2010

Gatunek: rock and roll

Smoke · (2009): Wave of Heat · (2010) · —


text:
# Maico Gerritsen
Maico Gerritsen (born 21 March 1986 in Venlo) is a Dutch former professional footballer. He spent three seasons with VVV-Venlo in the Dutch Eerste Divisie.

## Career
A product of VVV's youth system, Gerritsen spent three seasons playing for VVV's senior side, making a total of 19 Eerste Divisie appearances. During the 2007–08 season, he didn't feature for VVV, and was sent on loan to Belgian Second Division side K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel, then in last place in the division.
VVV released Gerritsen after the six-month loan at Geel. He joined Belgian Third Division side Bocholter VV for one season where he rarely featured, and signed with Belgian Fourth Division side Esperanza Neerpelt in January 2009.

wikiname: enwiki

title: Maico Gerritsen

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Dutch footballer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Maico Gerritsen
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Venlo]], Netherlands
| height = 1.81 m<ref>{{Worldfootball.net|maico-gerritsen}}</ref>
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[VVV-Venlo]]
| years1 = 2005–2008
| clubs1 = [[VVV-Venlo]]
| caps1 = 19
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2008
| clubs2 = → [[K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel|Verbroedering Geel]] (loan)
| caps2 = 14
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2008
| clubs3 = Bocholter VV
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2009
| clubs4 = Esperanza Neerpelt
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 = 2009–2010
| clubs5 = [[Sporting Hasselt]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
}}
'''Maico Gerritsen''' (born 21 March 1986 in [[Venlo]]) is a Dutch former professional [[association football|footballer]]. He spent three seasons with [[VVV-Venlo]] in the Dutch [[Eerste Divisie]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Voetbal International|title=Maico Gerritsen|url=http://www.vi.nl/Spelers/Speler/MaicoGerritsen.htm|language=Dutch|accessdate=29 June 2009}}</ref>

==Career==
A product of VVV's youth system, Gerritsen spent three seasons playing for VVV's senior side, making a total of 19 Eerste Divisie appearances. During the 2007–08 season, he didn't feature for VVV, and was sent on loan to [[Belgian Second Division]] side [[K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel]], then in last place in the division.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[De Morgen]]|title=Geel huurt Gerritsen van VVV-Venlo|url=https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/geel-huurt-gerritsen-van-vvv-venlo~b7ecf9bc/|language=nl|date=31 January 2008|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

VVV released Gerritsen after the six-month loan at Geel. He joined Belgian Third Division side Bocholter VV for one season where he rarely featured, and signed with Belgian Fourth Division side Esperanza Neerpelt in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Het Belang van Limburg]]|title=Aanwinst Gerritsen wil zich tonen tegen ex-club|url=https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/aid789391|language=nl|date=17 January 2009|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gerritsen, Maico}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Venlo]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Dutch men's footballers]]
[[Category:VVV-Venlo players]]
[[Category:K.F.C. Verbroedering Geel players]]
[[Category:K. Bocholter V.V. players]]

{{Netherlands-footy-midfielder-stub}}

title: Maico Gerritsen

Place of birth: Venlo, Netherlands

Position(s): Midfielder

title: Senior career*

Years: Team · Apps · (Gls)

VVV-Venlo · 19 · (0)

→ Verbroedering Geel (loan) · 14 · (1)
Bocholter VV

Esperanza Neerpelt

Sporting Hasselt


text:
# Nižný Hrabovec
Nižný Hrabovec é um município da Eslováquia, situado no distrito de Vranov nad Topľou, na região de Prešov. Tem 11,29 km² de área e sua população em 2018 foi estimada em 1.668 habitantes.

## Demografia
| Ano:        | 1994 | 2004    | 2014   | 2024   |
| ----------- | ---- | ------- | ------ | ------ |
| Broj ljudi: | 1372 | 1611    | 1634   | 1570   |
| Razlika:    |      | +17,41% | +1,42% | -3,91% |

| Ano:               | 2023 | 2024   |
| ------------------ | ---- | ------ |
| Número de pessoas: | 1594 | 1570   |
| Diferença:         |      | -1,50% |

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Nižný Hrabovec

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Assentamento
|nome                    = Nižný Hrabovec
|assentamento_tipo       = Município
|imagem_horizonte        = Hrabovec kostol.jpg
|imagem_tamanho          = 280px
|imagem_legenda          =
|imagem_escudo           = Coat of arms of Nižný Hrabovec.png
|imagem_bandeira         = Nizny hrabovec-vranov nad toplou-flag.svg
|apelido                 =
|lema                    =
|mapa_alfinete           = Eslováquia
|mapa_alfinete_posição   = top
|mapa_alfinete_tamanho   = 280
|mapa_alfinete_legenda   = Localização de Nižný Hrabovec na Eslováquia
|latd  = 48 |latm  = 51 |lats  = 16 |latNS  = N
|longd = 21 |longm = 45 |longs = 13 |longEW = E
|subdivisão_tipo         = [[Países do Mundo|País]]
|subdivisão_nome         = [[Eslováquia]]
|subdivisão_tipo1        = [[Regiões da Eslováquia|Região]]
|subdivisão_nome1        = [[Prešov (região)|Prešov]]
|subdivisão_tipo2        = [[Distritos da Eslováquia|Distrito]]
|subdivisão_nome2        = [[Vranov nad Topľou (distrito)|Vranov nad Topľou]]
|área_total_km2          = 11.29
|população_notas         =
|população_total         = 1668
|população_em            = 2018
|código_postal           = 094 21
}}
'''Nižný Hrabovec''' é um [[município]] da [[Eslováquia]], situado no [[Distritos da Eslováquia|distrito]] de [[Vranov nad Topľou (distrito)|Vranov nad Topľou]], na [[Regiões da Eslováquia|região]] de [[Prešov (região)|Prešov]]. Tem {{fmtn|11.29|[[Quilómetro quadrado|km²]]}} de área e sua população em 2018 foi estimada em 1.668 habitantes.<ref>{{citar web|URL=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/Počet%20obyvateľov%20podľa%20pohlavia%20-%20obce%20(ročne)%20%5Bom7101rr%5D|título=Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia – obce (ročne)|lingua=sk|publicado=Escritório de Estatísticas da Eslováquia|acessodata=13 de março de 2020}}</ref>

== Demografia ==
{{SK|pop}}

{{Referências}}
{{esboço-geosk}}

{{Eslováquia/Municípios de Vranov nad Topľou}}

{{Portal3|Geografia|Eslováquia}}
{{Controle de autoridade}}

[[Categoria:Municípios da Eslováquia]]
[[Categoria:Municípios de Vranov nad Topľou (distrito)]]

title: Município

Município: BandeiraBrasão de armas

title: Localização

Localização: · Nižný HrabovecLocalização de Nižný Hrabovec na Eslováquia

País: Eslováquia

Região: Prešov

Distrito: Vranov nad Topľou

title: Características geográficas


text:
# Milin Kamăk
Milin Kamăk (bulgariska: Милин Камък) är en ås i Bulgarien. Den ligger i regionen Vratsa, i den nordvästra delen av landet, 70 km norr om huvudstaden Sofia.

wikiname: svwiki

title: Milin Kamăk

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{Oprecis koordinatangivelse|Bulgarien}}
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|Bulgarien|datum=2015-12}}
{{geobox
| 1               = Mountain
<!-- *** Mallhuvud *** -->
| name            = Milin Kamăk
| native_name     = Милин Камък
| other_name      = Milin Kamŭk
| category        = Ås
| etymology       =
<!-- *** Bild *** -->
| image           =
| image_caption   =
<!-- *** Länder, regioner mm *** -->
| country         = Bulgarien
| country_flag    = true
| state           = [[Vratsa (region)|Vratsa]]
| region          =
| district        =
| municipality    =
<!-- *** Bergskedja *** -->
| range           =
<!-- *** Läge och höjd *** -->
| location        =
| elevation       = 311
| elevation_note  =
| prominence      =
| prominence_note =
| lat_d           = 43.33333
| lat_m           =
| lat_s           =
| lat_NS          =
| long_d          = 23.63333
| long_m          =
| long_s          =
| long_EW         =
<!-- *** Egenskaper *** -->
| geology         =
| orogeny         =
| period          =
| biome           =
| plant           =
| animal          =
<!-- *** Tillgänglighet och bestigning *** -->
| public          =
| access          =
| ascent          =
| ascent_date     =
<!-- *** Fria fält *** -->
| free            =
| free_type       =
<!-- *** Kartor *** -->
| map             = {{Kartposition Bulgarien|reliefkarta_om_den_finns}}
| map_caption     =
| map_locator_x   =
| map_locator_y   =
<!-- *** Fotnoter *** -->
| footnotes       =
| state_type      = Region
| timezone_label  = Europe/Sofia
| utc_offset      = +2
| utc_offset_DST  = +3
| timezone        = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| timezone_DST    = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| map_locator     = Bulgarien
}}
'''Milin Kamăk''' ({{lang-bg|Милин Камък}}) är <!--T.RDGE-->en [[ås]] i [[Bulgarien]].<ref name = "gn729082"/> Den ligger i regionen [[Vratsa (region)|Vratsa]], i den nordvästra delen av landet, {{formatnum:70}} km norr om huvudstaden [[Sofia]].

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "gn729082">[{{Geonameslänk|gnid=729082|name=milin%20kamuk}} Milin Kamŭk] hos [{{Geonamesabout}} GeoNames.Org (cc-by)]; post uppdaterad 2012-01-18; databasdump nerladdad 2015-11-20</ref>
</references>

[[Kategori:Berg i Vratsa (region)]]
[[Kategori:Berg i Bulgarien 200 meter över havet eller högre]]

Land: Bulgarien

Region: Vratsa

Tidszon: EET (UTC+2)

- sommartid: EEST (UTC+3)


text:
# Chemical imaging
Chemical imaging (as quantitative – chemical mapping) is the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information.  Hyperspectral imaging measures contiguous spectral bands, as opposed to multispectral imaging which measures spaced spectral bands.
The main idea - for chemical imaging, the analyst may choose to take as many data spectrum measured at a particular chemical component in spatial location at time; this is useful for chemical identification and quantification. Alternatively, selecting an image plane at a particular data spectrum (PCA - multivariable data of wavelength, spatial location at time) can map the spatial distribution of sample components, provided that their spectral signatures are different at the selected data spectrum.
Software for chemical imaging is most specific and distinguished from chemical methods such as chemometrics.
Imaging instrumentation has three components: a radiation source to illuminate the sample, a spectrally selective element, and usually a detector array (the camera) to collect the images. The data format is called a hypercube. The data set may be visualized as a data cube, a three-dimensional block of data spanning two spatial dimensions (x and y), with a series of wavelengths (lambda) making up the third (spectral) axis. The hypercube can be visually and mathematically treated as a series of spectrally resolved images (each image plane corresponding to the image at one wavelength) or a series of spatially resolved spectra.

## History
Commercially available laboratory-based chemical imaging systems emerged in the early 1990s (ref. 1-5). In addition to economic factors, such as the need for sophisticated electronics and extremely high-end computers, a significant barrier to commercialization of infrared imaging was that the focal plane array (FPA) needed to read IR images were not readily available as commercial items. As high-speed electronics and sophisticated computers became more commonplace, and infrared cameras became readily commercially available, laboratory chemical imaging systems were introduced.
Initially used for novel research in specialized laboratories, chemical imaging became a more commonplace analytical technique used for general R&D, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) in less than a decade. The rapid acceptance of the technology in a variety of industries (pharmaceutical, polymers, semiconductors, security, forensics and agriculture) rests in the wealth of information characterizing both chemical composition and morphology. The parallel nature of chemical imaging data makes it possible to analyze multiple samples simultaneously for applications that require high throughput analysis in addition to characterizing a single sample.

## Applications
Hyperspectral imaging is most often applied to either solid or gel samples, and has applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy (see also for example: food science, biotechnology, agriculture and industry. NIR, IR and Raman chemical imaging is also referred to as hyperspectral, spectroscopic, spectral or multispectral imaging (also see microspectroscopy). However, other ultra-sensitive and selective imaging techniques are also in use that involve either UV-visible or fluorescence microspectroscopy. Many imaging techniques can be used to analyze samples of all sizes, from the single molecule to the cellular level in biology and medicine, and to images of planetary systems in astronomy, but different instrumentation is employed for making observations on such widely different systems.
Any material that depends on chemical gradients for functionality may be amenable to study by an analytical technique that couples spatial and chemical characterization. To efficiently and effectively design and manufacture such materials, the ‘what’ and the ‘where’ must both be measured. The demand for this type of analysis is increasing as manufactured materials become more complex. Chemical imaging techniques are critical to understanding modern manufactured products and in some cases is a non-destructive technique so that samples are preserved for further testing.
Many materials, both manufactured and naturally occurring, derive their functionality from the spatial distribution of sample components. For example, extended release pharmaceutical formulations can be achieved by using a coating that acts as a barrier layer. The release of active ingredient is controlled by the presence of this barrier, and imperfections in the coating, such as discontinuities, may result in altered performance. In the semi-conductor industry, irregularities or contaminants in silicon wafers or printed micro-circuits can lead to failure of these components. The functionality of biological systems is also dependent upon chemical gradients – a single cell, tissue, and even whole organs function because of the very specific arrangement of components. It has been shown that even small changes in chemical composition and distribution may be an early indicator of disease.

## Principles
Chemical imaging shares the fundamentals of vibrational spectroscopic techniques, but provides additional information by way of the simultaneous acquisition of spatially resolved spectra. It combines the advantages of digital imaging with the attributes of spectroscopic measurements. Briefly, vibrational spectroscopy measures the interaction of light with matter. Photons that interact with a sample are either absorbed or scattered; photons of specific energy are absorbed, and the pattern of absorption provides information, or a fingerprint, on the molecules that are present in the sample.
On the other hand, in terms of the observation setup, chemical imaging can be carried out in one of the following modes: (optical) absorption, emission (fluorescence), (optical) transmission or scattering (Raman). A consensus currently exists that the fluorescence (emission) and Raman scattering modes are the most sensitive and powerful, but also the most expensive.
In a transmission measurement, the radiation goes through a sample and is measured by a detector placed on the far side of the sample. The energy transferred from the incoming radiation to the molecule(s) can be calculated as the difference between the quantity of photons that were emitted by the source and the quantity that is measured by the detector. In a diffuse reflectance measurement, the same energy difference measurement is made, but the source and detector are located on the same side of the sample, and the photons that are measured have re-emerged from the illuminated side of the sample rather than passed through it. The energy may be measured at one or multiple wavelengths; when a series of measurements are made, the response curve is called a spectrum.
A key element in acquiring spectra is that the radiation must somehow be energy selected – either before or after interacting with the sample. Wavelength selection can be accomplished with a fixed filter, tunable filter, spectrograph, an interferometer, or other devices. For a fixed filter approach, it is not efficient to collect a significant number of wavelengths, and multispectral data are usually collected. Interferometer-based chemical imaging requires that entire spectral ranges be collected, and therefore results in hyperspectral data. Tunable filters have the flexibility to provide either multi- or hyperspectral data, depending on analytical requirements.
Spectra are typically measured with an imaging spectrometer, based on a Focal Plane Array.

### Terminology
Some words common in spectroscopy, optical microscopy and photography have been adapted or their scope modified for their use in chemical imaging. They include: resolution, field of view and magnification. There are two types of resolution in chemical imaging. The spectral resolution refers to the ability to resolve small energy differences; it applies to the spectral axis. The spatial resolution is the minimum distance between two objects that is required for them to be detected as distinct objects. The spatial resolution is influenced by the field of view, a physical measure of the size of the area probed by the analysis. In imaging, the field of view is a product of the magnification and the number of pixels in the detector array. The magnification is a ratio of the physical area of the detector array divided by the area of the sample field of view. Higher magnifications for the same detector image a smaller area of the sample.

### Types of vibrational chemical imaging instruments
Chemical imaging has been implemented for mid-infrared, near-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. As with their bulk spectroscopy counterparts, each imaging technique has particular strengths and weaknesses, and are best suited to fulfill different needs.

#### Mid-infrared chemical imaging
Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy probes fundamental molecular vibrations, which arise in the spectral range 2,500-25,000 nm.  Commercial imaging implementations in the MIR region employ hyperspectral imagers or Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) interferometers, depending on the application.  The MIR absorption bands tend to be relatively narrow and well-resolved; direct spectral interpretation is often possible by an experienced spectroscopist.  MIR spectroscopy can distinguish subtle changes in chemistry and structure, and is often used for the identification of unknown materials. The absorptions in this spectral range are relatively strong; for this reason, sample presentation is important to limit the amount of material interacting with the incoming radiation in the MIR region. Data can be collected in reflectance, transmission, or emission mode. Water is a very strong absorber of MIR radiation and wet samples often require advanced sampling procedures (such as attenuated total reflectance). Commercial instruments include point and line mapping, and imaging. Mid-infrared chemical imaging can also be performed with nanometer level spatial resolution using atomic force microscope based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). Hyperspectral imaging of the entire bandwidth of the mid-infrared can be achieved within seconds using ultrashort mid-infrared pulses.
For types of MIR microscope, see Microscopy#Infrared microscopy.
Atmospheric windows in the infrared spectrum are also employed to perform chemical imaging remotely.  In these spectral regions the atmospheric gases (mainly water and CO2) present low absorption and allow infrared viewing over kilometer distances.  Target molecules can then be viewed using the selective absorption/emission processes described above.  An example of the chemical imaging of a simultaneous release of SF6 and NH3 is shown in the image.

#### Near-infrared chemical imaging
The analytical near infrared (NIR) region spans the range from 780 nm to 2,500 nm. The absorption bands seen in this spectral range arise from overtones and combination bands of O-H, N-H, C-H and S-H stretching and bending vibrations. Absorption is one to two orders of magnitude smaller in the NIR compared to the MIR; this phenomenon eliminates the need for extensive sample preparation.  Thick and thin samples can be analyzed without any sample preparation, it is possible to acquire NIR chemical images through some packaging materials, and the technique can be used to examine hydrated samples, within limits. Intact samples can be imaged in transmittance or diffuse reflectance.
The lineshapes for overtone and combination bands tend to be much broader and more overlapped than for the fundamental bands seen in the MIR. Often, multivariate methods are used to separate spectral signatures of sample components.  NIR chemical imaging is particularly useful for performing rapid, reproducible and non-destructive analyses of known materials.  NIR imaging instruments are typically based on a hyperspectral camera, a tunable filter or an FT-IR interferometer.  External light source is always needed, such as sun (outdoor scans, remote sensing) or a halogen lamp (laboratory, industrial measurements).

#### Raman chemical imaging
The Raman shift chemical imaging spectral range spans from approximately 50 to 4,000 cm−1; the actual spectral range over which a particular Raman measurement is made is a function of the laser excitation frequency. The basic principle behind Raman spectroscopy differs from the MIR and NIR in that the x-axis of the Raman spectrum is measured as a function of energy shift (in cm−1) relative to the frequency of the laser used as the source of radiation. Briefly, the Raman spectrum arises from inelastic scattering of incident photons, which requires a change in polarizability with vibration, as opposed to infrared absorption, which requires a change in dipole moment with vibration. The end result is spectral information that is similar and in many cases complementary to the MIR. The Raman effect is weak - only about one in 107 photons incident to the sample undergoes Raman scattering. Both organic and inorganic materials possess a Raman spectrum; they generally produce sharp bands that are chemically specific. Fluorescence is a competing phenomenon and, depending on the sample, can overwhelm the Raman signal, for both bulk spectroscopy and imaging implementations.
Raman chemical imaging requires little or no sample preparation. However, physical sample sectioning may be used to expose the surface of interest, with care taken to obtain a surface that is as flat as possible. The conditions required for a particular measurement dictate the level of invasiveness of the technique, and samples that are sensitive to high power laser radiation may be damaged during analysis. It is relatively insensitive to the presence of water in the sample and is therefore useful for imaging samples that contain water such as biological material.

### Fluorescence Imaging (Ultraviolet, visible and near infrared regions)
Emission microspectroscopy is a sensitive technique with excitation and emission ranging from the ultraviolet, visible and NIR regions.  As such, it has numerous biomedical, biotechnological and agricultural applications. There are several powerful, highly specific and sensitive fluorescence techniques that are currently in use, or still being developed; among the former are FLIM, FRAP, FRET and FLIM-FRET; among the latter are NIR fluorescence and probe-sensitivity enhanced NIR fluorescence microspectroscopy and nanospectroscopy techniques (see "Further reading" section).  Fluorescence emission microspectroscopy and imaging are also commonly used to locate protein crystals in solution, for the characterization of metamaterials and biotechnology devices.

## Sampling and samples
The value of imaging lies in the ability to resolve spatial heterogeneities in solid-state or gel/gel-like samples. Imaging a liquid or even a suspension has limited use as constant sample motion serves to average spatial information, unless ultra-fast recording techniques are employed as in fluorescence correlation microspectroscopy or FLIM observations where a single molecule may be monitored at extremely high (photon) detection speed. High-throughput experiments (such as imaging multi-well plates) of liquid samples can however provide valuable information. In this case, the parallel acquisition of thousands of spectra can be used to compare differences between samples, rather than the more common implementation of exploring spatial heterogeneity within a single sample.
Similarly, there is no benefit in imaging a truly homogeneous sample, as a single point spectrometer will generate the same spectral information.  Of course the definition of homogeneity is dependent on the spatial resolution of the imaging system employed.  For MIR imaging, where wavelengths span from 3-10 micrometres, objects on the order of 5 micrometres may theoretically be resolved. The sampled areas are limited by current experimental implementations because illumination is provided by the interferometer. Raman imaging may be able to resolve particles less than 1 micrometre in size, but the sample area that can be illuminated is severely limited. With Raman imaging, it is considered impractical to image large areas and, consequently, large samples. FT-NIR chemical/hyperspectral imaging usually resolves only larger objects (>10 micrometres), and is better suited for large samples because illumination sources are readily available. However, FT-NIR microspectroscopy was recently reported to be capable of about 1.2 micron (micrometer) resolution in biological samples Furthermore, two-photon excitation FCS experiments were reported to have attained 15 nanometer resolution on biomembrane thin films with a special coincidence photon-counting setup.

### Detection limit
The concept of the detection limit for chemical imaging is quite different from for bulk spectroscopy, as it depends on the sample itself. Because a bulk spectrum represents an average of the materials present, the spectral signatures of trace components are simply overwhelmed by dilution. In imaging however, each pixel has a corresponding spectrum. If the physical size of the trace contaminant is on the order of the pixel size imaged on the sample, its spectral signature will likely be detectable. If however, the trace component is dispersed homogeneously (relative to pixel image size) throughout a sample, it will not be detectable.  Therefore, detection limits of chemical imaging techniques are strongly influenced by particle size, the chemical and spatial heterogeneity of the sample, and the spatial resolution of the image.

### Data analysis
Data analysis methods for chemical imaging data sets typically employ mathematical algorithms common to single point spectroscopy or to image analysis.  The reasoning is that the spectrum acquired by each detector is equivalent to a single point spectrum; therefore pre-processing, chemometrics and pattern recognition techniques are utilized with the similar goal to separate chemical and physical effects and perform a qualitative or quantitative characterization of individual sample components. In the spatial dimension, each chemical image is equivalent to a digital image and standard image analysis and robust statistical analysis can be used for feature extraction.

#### Software
- FECOM Object Learning Software (OLS), industrial in-line hyperspectral feature processing [26]
- UmBio Evince Image, multivariate hyperspectral image analysis [permanent dead link]
- Perception System; in-line hyperspectral imaging for industry [27]

title: Chemical imaging

wikitext:
{{Short description|Simultaneous measurement of spectra and pictures}}
'''Chemical imaging''' (as quantitative – ''chemical mapping'') is the analytical capability to create a visual image of components distribution from simultaneous measurement of spectra and spatial, time information.<ref>http://www.imaging.net/chemical-imaging/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209040300/http://www.imaging.net/chemical-imaging/# |date=2011-02-09 }}  Chemical imaging</ref><ref>http://www.malvern.com/LabEng/products/sdi/bibliography/sdi_bibliography.htm E. N. Lewis, E. Lee and L. H. Kidder, Combining Imaging and Spectroscopy: Solving Problems with Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging. Microscopy Today, Volume 12, No. 6, 11/2004.</ref>  Hyperspectral imaging measures contiguous spectral bands, as opposed to [[multispectral image|multispectral imaging]] which measures spaced spectral bands.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hagen|first1=Nathan|last2=Kudenov|first2=Michael W.|title=Review of snapshot spectral imaging technologies|url=http://opticalengineering.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1743003|journal=Optical Engineering|year=2013|volume=52|issue=9|page=090901|doi=10.1117/1.OE.52.9.090901|bibcode=2013OptEn..52i0901H |s2cid=215807781|access-date=2 February 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920195938/http://opticalengineering.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1743003|archive-date=20 September 2015|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The main idea - for chemical imaging, the analyst may choose to take as many data spectrum measured at a particular chemical component in spatial location at time; this is useful for chemical identification and quantification. Alternatively, selecting an image plane at a particular data spectrum ([[Principal component analysis|PCA]] - multivariable data of wavelength, spatial location at time) can map the spatial distribution of sample components, provided that their [[spectral signature]]s are different at the selected data spectrum.

[[Software]] for chemical imaging is most specific and distinguished from chemical methods such as [[chemometrics]].

Imaging instrumentation has three components: a radiation source to illuminate the sample, a spectrally selective element, and usually a detector array (the camera) to collect the images. The data format is called a [[hypercube]]. The data set may be visualized as a [[data cube]], a three-dimensional block of data spanning two spatial dimensions (x and y), with a series of wavelengths (lambda) making up the third (spectral) axis. The hypercube can be visually and mathematically treated as a series of spectrally resolved images (each image plane corresponding to the image at one wavelength) or a series of spatially resolved spectra.

==History==
Commercially available laboratory-based chemical imaging systems emerged in the early 1990s (ref. 1-5). In addition to economic factors, such as the need for sophisticated electronics and extremely high-end computers, a significant barrier to commercialization of infrared imaging was that the focal plane array (FPA) needed to read IR images were not readily available as commercial items. As high-speed electronics and sophisticated computers became more commonplace, and infrared cameras became readily commercially available, laboratory chemical imaging systems were introduced.

Initially used for novel research in specialized laboratories, chemical imaging became a more commonplace analytical technique used for general R&D, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) in less than a decade. The rapid acceptance of the technology in a variety of industries (pharmaceutical, polymers, semiconductors, security, forensics and agriculture) rests in the wealth of information characterizing both chemical composition and morphology. The parallel nature of chemical imaging data makes it possible to analyze multiple samples simultaneously for applications that require high throughput analysis in addition to characterizing a single sample.

==Applications==

[[Hyperspectral imaging]] is most often applied to either solid or gel samples, and has applications in chemistry, biology,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = C.L. | last2 = Xie | first2 = X.S. | year = 2008 | title = Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy: Chemical Imaging for Biology and Medicine | journal = Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry | volume = 1 | pages = 883–909 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112754 | bibcode=2008ARAC....1..883E | pmid=20636101| url = http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33471118 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Diaspro | first1 = A. | last2 = Robello | first2 = M. | year = 1999 | title = Multi-photon Excitation Microscopy to Study Biosystems | journal = European Microscopy and Analysis | volume = 5 | pages = 5–7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mantus | first1 = D.S. | last2 = Morrison | first2 = G. H. | year = 1991 | title = Chemical imaging in biology and medicine using ion microscopy | journal = Microchimica Acta | volume = 104 | issue = 1–6| pages = 1–6 | doi = 10.1007/BF01245536 | s2cid = 94821222 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bagatolli | first1 = L.A. | last2 = Gratton | first2 = E. | year = 2000 | title = Two-photon fluorescence microscopy of coexisting lipid domains in giant unilamellar vesicles of binary phospholipid mixtures | journal = Biophys J | volume = 78 | issue = 1| pages = 290–305 | doi=10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76592-1| bibcode = 2000BpJ....78..290B | pmc = 1300637 | pmid=10620293}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schwille | first1 = P. | last2 = Haupts | first2 = U. | last3 = Maiti | first3 = S. | last4 = Webb | first4 = W. | year = 1999 | title = Molecular dynamics in living cells observed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with one- and two-photon excitation | doi = 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77065-7| journal = Biophysical Journal | volume = 77 | issue = 4| pages = 2251–2265 | bibcode = 1999BpJ....77.2251S | pmc = 1300505 | pmid=10512844}}</ref><ref>1.Lee, S. C. et al., (2001). One Micrometer Resolution NMR Microscopy. ''J. Magn. Res.'', 150: 207-213.</ref> medicine,<ref name="Near Infrared Microspectroscopy 2004. pp.241-273">Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Fluorescence Microspectroscopy,Infrared Chemical Imaging and High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Soybean  Seeds, Somatic Embryos and Single Cells., Baianu, I.C. et al. 2004., In ''Oil Extraction and Analysis.'', D. Luthria, Editor pp.241-273, AOCS Press., Champaign, IL.</ref><ref>Single Cancer Cell Detection by Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy.2004.I. C. Baianu, D. Costescu, N. E. Hofmann and S. S. Korban, [https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0407006 q-bio/0407006 (July 2004)]</ref> pharmacy<ref>J. Dubois, G. Sando, E. N. Lewis, Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging, A Valuable Tool for the Pharmaceutical Industry, G.I.T. Laboratory Journal Europe, No. 1-2, 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Dalvi, H.|display-authors=et al | title=Concentration monitoring with near infrared chemical imaging in a tableting press | journal=Journal of Spectral Imaging | volume=7 | pages=a5 | date=2018 | doi=10.1255/jsi.2018.a5 | url=https://www.impopen.com/jsi-abstract/I07_a5 | doi-access=free }}</ref> (see also for example: food science, biotechnology,<ref>Raghavachari, R., Editor. 2001.'' Near-Infrared Applications in Biotechnology'', Marcel-Dekker, New York, NY.</ref><ref>Applications of Novel Techniques to Health Foods, Medical and Agricultural Biotechnology. (June 2004) I. C. Baianu, P. R. Lozano, V. I. Prisecaru and H. C. Lin [https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0406047 q-bio/0406047]</ref> agriculture and industry. NIR, IR and Raman chemical imaging is also referred to as [[hyperspectral]], spectroscopic, spectral or [[multispectral imaging]] (also see [[imaging spectroscopy|microspectroscopy]]). However, other ultra-sensitive and selective imaging techniques are also in use that involve either UV-visible or fluorescence microspectroscopy. Many imaging techniques can be used to analyze samples of all sizes, from the single molecule<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Eigen | first1 = M. | last2 = Rigler | first2 = R. | year = 1994 | title = Sorting single molecules: Applications to diagnostics and evolutionary biotechnology | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.13.5740 | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 91 | issue = 13| pages = 5740–7 | bibcode = 1994PNAS...91.5740E | pmc = 44073 | pmid=7517036| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Rigler R. and Widengren J. (1990). Ultrasensitive detection of single molecules by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, ''BioScience'' (Ed. Klinge & Owman) p.180.</ref> to the cellular level in biology and medicine,<ref name="Near Infrared Microspectroscopy 2004. pp.241-273" /><ref>Single Cancer Cell Detection by Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Infrared Chemical Imaging and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy. 2004. I. C. Baianu, D. Costescu, N. E. Hofmann, S. S. Korban et al., [https://arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0407006 q-bio/0407006 (July 2004)]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oehlenschläger | first1 = F. | last2 = Schwille | first2 = P. | last3 = Eigen | first3 = M. | year = 1996 | title = Detection of HIV-1 RNA by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 93 | issue = 23| pages = 12811–12816 | doi=10.1073/pnas.93.23.12811| bibcode = 1996PNAS...9312811O | pmc = 24002 | pmid=8917501| doi-access = free }}</ref> and to images of planetary systems in astronomy, but different instrumentation is employed for making observations on such widely different systems.

Any material that depends on chemical gradients for functionality may be amenable to study by an analytical technique that couples spatial and chemical characterization. To efficiently and effectively design and manufacture such materials, the ‘what’ and the ‘where’ must both be measured. The demand for this type of analysis is increasing as manufactured materials become more complex. Chemical imaging techniques are critical to understanding modern manufactured products and in some cases is a non-destructive technique so that samples are preserved for further testing.

Many materials, both manufactured and naturally occurring, derive their functionality from the spatial distribution of sample components. For example, extended release pharmaceutical formulations can be achieved by using a coating that acts as a barrier layer. The release of active ingredient is controlled by the presence of this barrier, and imperfections in the coating, such as discontinuities, may result in altered performance. In the semi-conductor industry, irregularities or contaminants in silicon wafers or printed micro-circuits can lead to failure of these components. The functionality of biological systems is also dependent upon chemical gradients – a single cell, tissue, and even whole organs function because of the very specific arrangement of components. It has been shown that even small changes in chemical composition and distribution may be an early indicator of disease.

==Principles==
Chemical imaging shares the fundamentals of vibrational spectroscopic techniques, but provides additional information by way of the simultaneous acquisition of spatially resolved spectra. It combines the advantages of digital imaging with the attributes of spectroscopic measurements. Briefly, [[vibrational spectroscopy]] measures the interaction of light with matter. Photons that interact with a sample are either absorbed or scattered; photons of specific energy are absorbed, and the pattern of absorption provides information, or a fingerprint, on the molecules that are present in the sample.

On the other hand, in terms of the observation setup, chemical imaging can be carried out in one of the following modes: (optical) [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]], [[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emission]] (fluorescence), (optical) [[transmittance|transmission]] or [[scattering]] (Raman). A consensus currently exists that the fluorescence ([[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emission]]) and Raman [[scattering]] modes are the most sensitive and powerful, but also the most expensive.

In a transmission measurement, the radiation goes through a sample and is measured by a detector placed on the far side of the sample. The energy transferred from the incoming radiation to the molecule(s) can be calculated as the difference between the quantity of photons that were emitted by the source and the quantity that is measured by the detector. In a diffuse reflectance measurement, the same energy difference measurement is made, but the source and detector are located on the same side of the sample, and the photons that are measured have re-emerged from the illuminated side of the sample rather than passed through it. The energy may be measured at one or multiple wavelengths; when a series of measurements are made, the response curve is called a [[spectrum]].

A key element in acquiring spectra is that the radiation must somehow be energy selected – either before or after interacting with the sample. Wavelength selection can be accomplished with a fixed filter, tunable filter, spectrograph, an interferometer, or other devices. For a fixed filter approach, it is not efficient to collect a significant number of wavelengths, and multispectral data are usually collected. Interferometer-based chemical imaging requires that entire spectral ranges be collected, and therefore results in [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] data. Tunable filters have the flexibility to provide either multi- or [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] data, depending on analytical requirements.

Spectra are typically measured with an [[imaging spectrometer]], based on a [[Staring array|Focal Plane Array]].

===Terminology===
Some words common in spectroscopy, optical microscopy and photography have been adapted or their scope modified for their use in chemical imaging. They include: resolution, field of view and magnification. There are two types of resolution in chemical imaging. The spectral resolution refers to the ability to resolve small energy differences; it applies to the spectral axis. The [[Angular resolution|spatial resolution]] is the minimum distance between two objects that is required for them to be detected as distinct objects. The spatial resolution is influenced by the [[field of view]], a physical measure of the size of the area probed by the analysis. In imaging, the field of view is a product of the magnification and the number of pixels in the detector array. The magnification is a ratio of the physical area of the detector array divided by the area of the sample field of view. Higher magnifications for the same detector image a smaller area of the sample.

===Types of vibrational chemical imaging instruments===
Chemical imaging has been implemented for mid-infrared, near-[[infrared spectroscopy]] and [[Raman spectroscopy]]. As with their bulk spectroscopy counterparts, each imaging technique has particular strengths and weaknesses, and are best suited to fulfill different needs.

====Mid-infrared chemical imaging====
[[Image:HSI LWIR stones.png|thumb|right|300px| A set of stones scanned with a [[Specim]]  LWIR-C [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]] imager in the thermal infrared range from 7.7 μm to 12.4 μm. Minerals such as [[quartz]] and [[feldspar]] spectra are clearly recognizable.<ref name=Holma>Holma, H., (May 2011), [http://www.photonik.de/index.php?id=11&np=5&artid=848&L=1 Thermische Hyperspektralbildgebung im langwelligen Infrarot] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171326/http://www.photonik.de/index.php?id=11&np=5&artid=848&L=1 |date=2011-07-26 }}, Photonik.</ref>]] Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy probes fundamental molecular vibrations, which arise in the spectral range 2,500-25,000 nm.  Commercial imaging implementations in the MIR region employ [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral imagers]] or Fourier Transform Infrared ([[FT-IR]]) interferometers, depending on the application.  The MIR absorption bands tend to be relatively narrow and well-resolved; direct spectral interpretation is often possible by an experienced spectroscopist.  MIR spectroscopy can distinguish subtle changes in chemistry and structure, and is often used for the identification of unknown materials. The absorptions in this spectral range are relatively strong; for this reason, sample presentation is important to limit the amount of material interacting with the incoming radiation in the MIR region. Data can be collected in reflectance, transmission, or emission mode. Water is a very strong absorber of MIR radiation and wet samples often require advanced sampling procedures (such as [[attenuated total reflectance]]). Commercial instruments include point and line mapping, and imaging. Mid-infrared chemical imaging can also be performed with nanometer level spatial resolution using [[AFM-IR|atomic force microscope based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR).]] Hyperspectral imaging of the entire bandwidth of the mid-infrared can be achieved within seconds using ultrashort mid-infrared pulses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yue |last2=Kusama |first2=Shota |last3=Furutani |first3=Yuji |last4=Huang |first4=Wei-Hong |last5=Luo |first5=Chih-Wei |last6=Fuji |first6=Takao |date=2023-07-04 |title=High-speed scanless entire bandwidth mid-infrared chemical imaging |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=3929 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-39628-6 |pmid=37402722 |issn=2041-1723|pmc=10319884 |arxiv=2209.06372 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.3929Z }}</ref>

[[Image:FIRST measurement of SF6 and NH3.jpg|thumb|300px|Remote chemical imaging of a simultaneous release of SF6 and NH3 at 1.5km using the Telops Hyper-Cam imaging spectrometer<ref>M. Chamberland, V. Farley, A. Vallières, L. Belhumeur, A. Villemaire, J. Giroux et J. Legault, High-Performance Field-Portable Imaging Radiometric Spectrometer Technology For Hyperspectral imaging Applications, ''Proc. SPIE'' 5994, 59940N, September 2005.</ref>]]For types of MIR microscope, see [[Microscopy#Infrared microscopy]].

[[Infrared window|Atmospheric windows]] in the infrared spectrum are also employed to perform chemical imaging remotely.  In these spectral regions the atmospheric gases (mainly water and CO2) present low absorption and allow infrared viewing over kilometer distances.  Target molecules can then be viewed using the selective absorption/emission processes described above.  An example of the chemical imaging of a simultaneous release of SF6 and NH3 is shown in the image.

====Near-infrared chemical imaging====
The analytical near infrared (NIR) region spans the range from 780 nm to 2,500 nm. The absorption bands seen in this spectral range arise from overtones and combination bands of O-H, N-H, C-H and S-H stretching and bending vibrations. Absorption is one to two orders of magnitude smaller in the NIR compared to the MIR; this phenomenon eliminates the need for extensive sample preparation.  Thick and thin samples can be analyzed without any sample preparation, it is possible to acquire NIR chemical images through some packaging materials, and the technique can be used to examine hydrated samples, within limits. Intact samples can be imaged in transmittance or diffuse reflectance.

The lineshapes for overtone and combination bands tend to be much broader and more overlapped than for the fundamental bands seen in the MIR. Often, multivariate methods are used to separate spectral signatures of sample components.  NIR chemical imaging is particularly useful for performing rapid, reproducible and non-destructive analyses of known materials.<ref>Novel Techniques for Microspectroscopy and Chemical Imaging Analysis of Soybean Seeds and Embryos. (2002).  Baianu, I.C., Costescu, D.M., and You, T. ''Soy2002 Conference'', Urbana, Illinois.</ref><ref>Near Infrared Microspectroscopy, Chemical Imaging and NMR Analysis of Oil in Developing and Mutagenized Soybean Embryos in Culture. (2003). Baianu, I.C., Costescu, D.M., Hofmann, N., and Korban, S.S.  ''AOCS Meeting, Analytical Division''.</ref>  NIR imaging instruments are typically based on a [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral camera]], a tunable filter or an FT-IR interferometer.  External light source is always needed, such as sun (outdoor scans, remote sensing) or a halogen lamp (laboratory, industrial measurements).

====Raman chemical imaging====
The Raman shift chemical imaging spectral range spans from approximately 50 to 4,000 cm−1; the actual spectral range over which a particular Raman measurement is made is a function of the laser excitation frequency. The basic principle behind [[Raman spectroscopy]] differs from the MIR and NIR in that the x-axis of the Raman spectrum is measured as a function of energy shift (in cm−1) relative to the frequency of the laser used as the source of radiation. Briefly, the Raman spectrum arises from inelastic scattering of incident photons, which requires a change in polarizability with vibration, as opposed to infrared absorption, which requires a change in dipole moment with vibration. The end result is spectral information that is similar and in many cases complementary to the MIR. The Raman effect is weak - only about one in 107 photons incident to the sample undergoes Raman scattering. Both organic and inorganic materials possess a Raman spectrum; they generally produce sharp bands that are chemically specific. [[Fluorescence]] is a competing phenomenon and, depending on the sample, can overwhelm the Raman signal, for both bulk spectroscopy and imaging implementations.

Raman chemical imaging requires little or no sample preparation. However, physical sample sectioning may be used to expose the surface of interest, with care taken to obtain a surface that is as flat as possible. The conditions required for a particular measurement dictate the level of invasiveness of the technique, and samples that are sensitive to high power laser radiation may be damaged during analysis. It is relatively insensitive to the presence of water in the sample and is therefore useful for imaging samples that contain water such as biological material.

===Fluorescence Imaging (Ultraviolet, visible and near infrared regions)===
[[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|Emission]] microspectroscopy is a sensitive technique with excitation and emission ranging from the ultraviolet, visible and NIR regions.  As such, it has numerous biomedical, biotechnological and agricultural applications. There are several powerful, highly specific and sensitive fluorescence techniques that are currently in use, or still being developed; among the former are FLIM, FRAP, FRET and FLIM-FRET; among the latter are NIR fluorescence and probe-sensitivity enhanced NIR fluorescence microspectroscopy and nanospectroscopy techniques (see "Further reading" section).  Fluorescence emission microspectroscopy and imaging are also commonly used to locate protein crystals<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gill | first1 = H | date = March 2010 | title = Evaluating the efficacy of tryptophan fluorescence and absorbance as a selection tool for identifying protein crystals | journal = Acta Crystallogr F | volume = 66 | issue = 3| pages = 364–372 | doi = 10.1107/S1744309110002022 | pmid=20208182 | pmc=2833058}}</ref> in solution, for the characterization of metamaterials and biotechnology devices.

==Sampling and samples==
The value of imaging lies in the ability to resolve spatial heterogeneities in solid-state or gel/gel-like samples. Imaging a liquid or even a suspension has limited use as constant sample motion serves to average spatial information, unless ultra-fast recording techniques are employed as in fluorescence correlation microspectroscopy or FLIM observations where a single molecule may be monitored at extremely high (photon) detection speed. High-throughput experiments (such as imaging multi-well plates) of liquid samples can however provide valuable information. In this case, the parallel acquisition of thousands of spectra can be used to compare differences between samples, rather than the more common implementation of exploring spatial heterogeneity within a single sample.

Similarly, there is no benefit in imaging a truly homogeneous sample, as a single point spectrometer will generate the same spectral information.  Of course the definition of homogeneity is dependent on the spatial resolution of the imaging system employed.  For MIR imaging, where wavelengths span from 3-10 micrometres, objects on the order of 5 micrometres may theoretically be resolved. The sampled areas are limited by current experimental implementations because illumination is provided by the interferometer. Raman imaging may be able to resolve particles less than 1 micrometre in size, but the sample area that can be illuminated is severely limited. With Raman imaging, it is considered impractical to image large areas and, consequently, large samples. FT-NIR chemical/hyperspectral imaging usually resolves only larger objects (>10 micrometres), and is better suited for large samples because illumination sources are readily available. However, FT-NIR microspectroscopy was recently reported to be capable of about 1.2 micron (micrometer) resolution in biological samples<ref name="Near Infrared Microspectroscopy 2004. pp.241-273"/> Furthermore, two-photon excitation FCS experiments were reported to have attained 15 nanometer resolution on biomembrane thin films with a special coincidence photon-counting setup.

===Detection limit===
The concept of the detection limit for chemical imaging is quite different from for bulk spectroscopy, as it depends on the sample itself. Because a bulk spectrum represents an average of the materials present, the spectral signatures of trace components are simply overwhelmed by dilution. In imaging however, each pixel has a corresponding spectrum. If the physical size of the trace contaminant is on the order of the pixel size imaged on the sample, its spectral signature will likely be detectable. If however, the trace component is dispersed homogeneously (relative to pixel image size) throughout a sample, it will not be detectable.  Therefore, detection limits of chemical imaging techniques are strongly influenced by particle size, the chemical and spatial heterogeneity of the sample, and the spatial resolution of the image.

===Data analysis===
Data analysis methods for chemical imaging data sets typically employ mathematical algorithms common to single point spectroscopy or to image analysis.  The reasoning is that the spectrum acquired by each detector is equivalent to a single point spectrum; therefore pre-processing, [[chemometrics]] and pattern recognition techniques are utilized with the similar goal to separate chemical and physical effects and perform a qualitative or quantitative characterization of individual sample components. In the spatial dimension, each chemical image is equivalent to a digital image and standard image analysis and robust statistical analysis can be used for feature extraction.

====Software====
* FECOM Object Learning Software (OLS), industrial in-line hyperspectral feature processing <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fecom.at/|title=FECOM KG|website=fecom.at|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314101612/http://fecom.at/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[http://evince.umbio.com/ UmBio Evince Image, multivariate hyperspectral image analysis ]{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Perception System; in-line hyperspectral imaging for industry <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perception-park.com|title=Perception Park - CHEMICAL COLOUR IMAGING|website=Perception Park - CHEMICAL COLOUR IMAGING|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Multispectral image]]
*[[Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy#Microspectrophotometry|Ultraviolet-visible Microspectroscopy]]
*[[Imaging spectroscopy]]
*[[Hyperspectral imaging]]
*[[Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Imaging]]
*[[Thermal infrared spectroscopy]]
*[[AFM-IR|AFM-IR (atomic force microscope based infrared spectroscopy)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* E. N. Lewis, P. J. Treado, I. W. Levin, Near-Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging, American Laboratory, 06/1994:16 (1994).
* {{cite journal | last1=Lewis | first1=E. Neil. | last2=Treado | first2=Patrick J. | last3=Reeder | first3=Robert C. | last4=Story | first4=Gloria M. | last5=Dowrey | first5=Anthony E. | last6=Marcott | first6=Curtis. | last7=Levin | first7=Ira W. | title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Imaging Using an Infrared Focal-Plane Array Detector | journal=Analytical Chemistry | publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) | volume=67 | issue=19 | year=1995 | issn=0003-2700 | doi=10.1021/ac00115a003 | pages=3377–3381| pmid=8686889 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Colarusso | first1=Pina | last2=Kidder | first2=Linda H. | last3=Levin | first3=Ira W. | last4=Fraser | first4=James C. | last5=Arens | first5=John F. | last6=Lewis | first6=E. Neil | title=Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging: From Planetary to Cellular Systems | journal=Applied Spectroscopy | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=52 | issue=3 | year=1998 | issn=0003-7028 | doi=10.1366/0003702981943545 | pages=106A–120A| bibcode=1998ApSpe..52..106C | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Treado | first1=Patrick J. | last2=Levin | first2=Ira W. | last3=Lewis | first3=E. Neil | title=Indium Antimonide (InSb) Focal Plane Array (FPA) Detection for Near-Infrared Imaging Microscopy | journal=Applied Spectroscopy | publisher=SAGE Publications | volume=48 | issue=5 | year=1994 | issn=0003-7028 | doi=10.1366/0003702944924899 | pages=607–615| bibcode=1994ApSpe..48..607T | s2cid=96094223 }}
* {{citation | last1=Hammond | first1=Stephen V. | last2=Clarke | first2=Fiona C. | editor-last=Chalmers | editor-first=John M. |editor-last2=Griffiths|editor-first2=P. R| chapter=Near-Infrared Microspectroscopy |title=Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy| publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | location=Chichester, UK | date=15 August 2006 | isbn=0-471-98847-2 | doi=10.1002/0470027320.s2603 | pages=1405–1418|volume=2}}
* L.H. Kidder, A.S. Haka, E.N. Lewis, Instrumentation for FT-IR Imaging. In: Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol. 2, J.M. Chalmers and P.R. Griffiths Eds. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex, UK, 2002, pp. 1386–1404.
* J. Zhang; A. O'Connor; J. F. Turner II, Cosine Histogram Analysis for Spectral Image Data Classification,Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 58, Number 11, November 2004, pp. 1318–1324(7).
* J. F. Turner II; J. Zhang; A. O'Connor, A Spectral Identity Mapper for Chemical Image Analysis, Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 58, Number 11, November 2004, pp. 1308–1317(10).
* H. R. MORRIS, J. F. TURNER II, B. MUNRO, R. A. RYNTZ, P. J. TREADO, Chemical imaging of thermoplastic olefin (TPO) surface architecture, Langmuir, 1999, vol. 15, no8, pp. 2961–2972.
* J. F. Turner II, Chemical imaging and spectroscopy using tunable filters: Instrumentation, methodology, and multivariate analysis, Thesis (PhD). UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH, Source DAI-B 59/09, p. 4782, Mar 1999, 286 pages.
* P. Schwille.(2001). in ''Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Theory and applications.'' R. Rigler & E.S. Elson, eds., p. 360. Springer Verlag: Berlin.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Schwille | first1 = P. | last2 = Oehlenschläger | first2 = F. | last3 = Walter | first3 = N. | year = 1996 | title = Analysis of RNA-DNA hybridization kinetics by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 35 | issue = 31 | pages = 10182–10193 | doi=10.1021/bi960517g| pmid = 8756483 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070829040054/http://www.nikoninstruments.com/infocenter.php?n=FLIM FLIM | Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy: Fluorescence, fluorophore chemical imaging, confocal emission microspectroscopy, FRET, cross-correlation fluorescence microspectroscopy].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070829040054/http://www.nikoninstruments.com/infocenter.php?n=FLIM FLIM Applications:] "FLIM is able to discriminate between fluorescence emanating from different fluorophores and autoflorescing molecules in a specimen, even if their emission spectra are similar. It is, therefore, ideal for identifying fluorophores in multi-label studies. FLIM can also be used to measure intracellular ion concentrations without extensive calibration procedures (for example, Calcium Green) and to obtain information about the local environment of a fluorophore based on changes in its lifetime." FLIM is also often used in microspectroscopic/chemical imaging, or microscopic, studies to monitor spatial and temporal protein-protein interactions, properties of membranes and interactions with nucleic acids in living cells.
* Gadella TW Jr., ''FRET and FLIM techniques'', 33. Imprint: Elsevier, {{ISBN|978-0-08-054958-3}}, (2008) 560 pages.
* Langel FD, et al., Multiple protein domains mediate interaction between Bcl10 and Malt1, ''J. Biol. Chem.'', (2008) 283(47):32419-31.
* Clayton AH., The polarized AB plot for the frequency-domain analysis and representation of fluorophore rotation and resonance energy homotransfer. J'' Microscopy'' (2008) 232(2):306-12
* {{cite journal | last1 = Clayton | first1 = AH | display-authors = etal | year = 2008 | title = Predominance of activated EGFR higher-order oligomers on the cell surface | journal = Growth Factors | volume = 20 | page = 1 }}
* Plowman et al., Electrostatic Interactions Positively Regulate K-Ras Nanocluster Formation and Function. ''Molecular and Cellular Biology'' (2008) 4377–4385.
* Belanis L, et al., Galectin-1 Is a Novel Structural Component and a Major Regulator of H-Ras Nanoclusters. ''Molecular Biology of the Cell'' (2008) 19:1404–1414.
* Van Manen HJ, Refractive index sensing of green fluorescent proteins in living cells using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Biophys J. (2008) 94(8):L67-9.
* Van der Krogt GNM, et al., A Comparison of Donor-Acceptor Pairs for Genetically Encoded FRET Sensors: Application to the Epac cAMP Sensor as an Example, PLoS ONE, (2008) 3(4):e1916.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dai | first1 = X | display-authors = etal | title = Fluorescence intensity and lifetime imaging of free and micellar-encapsulated doxorubicin in living cells. | journal = Nanomedicine | date = 2008 | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 49–56 | doi = 10.1016/j.nano.2007.12.002 | pmid = 18249155 }}
* Valdez T, et al., A smarter view of the ear with chemical imaging. SPIE Newsroom, (2015) DOI: 10.1117/2.1201510.006193

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite journal | author=Koehler, F.|display-authors=et al | title=Near infrared spectroscopy: the practical chemical imaging solution | journal=Spectroscopy Europe | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=12 | date=2002 | url=https://www.spectroscopyeurope.com/article/near-infrared-spectroscopy-practical-chemical-imaging-solution }}
*[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070802103435.htm Chemical Imaging: Potential New Crime Busting Tool]
*{{cite journal|last1=Xie|first1=Charles|title=Visualizing Chemistry with Infrared Imaging|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=88|issue=7|year=2011|pages=881–885|issn=0021-9584|doi=10.1021/ed1009656|bibcode=2011JChEd..88..881X }}
{{Visualization}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chemical Imaging}}
[[Category:Spectroscopy]]
[[Category:Infrared imaging]]
[[Category:Magnetic resonance imaging]]
[[Category:Microscopy]]
[[Category:Fluorescence techniques]]


text:
# Реал Мадрид (жіночий футбольний клуб)
Жіночий футбольний клуб «Реал Мадрид» (ісп. Real Madrid Femenino) - іспанський жіночий футбольний клуб, заснований в 2014 році під назвою «Такон». З 2019 року клуб став співпрацювати з Реал Мадридом, а в 2020 році остаточно став жіночою секцією клубу «Реал».

## Фінал Кубку Королеви
У сезоні 2022—2023 команда вийшла у фінал жіночого кубку Іспанії. На стадіоні «Естадіо Муніципаль де Бутарке» «вершкові» зустрічались з мадридським «Атлетіко». За дві хвилини до кінця основного часу, гравчині «Реалу» перемогали з рахунком - 2:0, але на останніх хвилинах пропустили два м'ячі. Серію післяматчевих пенальті в мадридському дербі виграв «Атлетіко», не дозволивши таким чином завоювати жіночій команді «Реалу» свій перший в історії трофей.

## Міжнародні виступи
Реал двічі в історії доходив до чвертьфіналу в Лізі чемпіонів УЄФА.
В кваліфікаційному раунді сезону 2021—2022 у двоматчовому протистоянні «Реал» переміг англійський «Манчестер Сіті». Вже на груповому етапі суперниками мадридської команди стали французький «ПСЖ», український «Житлобуд-1» та ісландський «Брєйдаблік». «Реал» посів друге місце в групі та вийшов в плей-оф, де під час жеребкування отримав собі в суперники «Барселону». Обидва матчи в Ель Класіко «Реал» програв своєму принциповому супернику з Каталонії - 1:3 та 2:5.
У сезоні 2024—2025 років «Реал» у кваліфікаційному раунді здолав португальский «Спортінг», а на груповому етапі посів друге місце в групі з англійським «Челсі», нідерландським «Твенте» та шотландським «Селтіком». В першому матчі  чвертьфінальної стадії «Реал» переграв з рахунком 2:0 англійський «Арсенал», але у матчі-відповіді не зміг утримати перевагу, програв - 0:3 та не зміг вперше в історії пробитись до півфіналу.

## Поточний склад
Станом на 1 травня 2025
| №  | Поз. | Нац.      | Гравець                 |
| -- | ---- | --------- | ----------------------- |
| 1  | ВР   | Іспанія   | Міса Родрігез           |
| 3  | ПЗ   | Іспанія   | Тереза Абельєйра        |
| 4  | ЗХ   | Іспанія   | Росіо Гальвес           |
| 5  | ЗХ   | Бразилія  | Антоніо Сілва           |
| 6  | ПЗ   | Франція   | Санді Толетті           |
| 7  | ЗХ   | Іспанія   | Ольга Кармона (капітан) |
| 9  | НП   | Данія     | Сігне Бруун             |
| 10 | ПЗ   | Шотландія | Керолін Вір             |
| 11 | НП   | Іспанія   | Альба Редондо           |
| 12 | ЗХ   | Бразилія  | Ясмім                   |
| 13 | ВР   | Франція   | Меліна Чавас            |

| №  | Поз. | Нац.      | Гравець               |
| -- | ---- | --------- | --------------------- |
| 14 | ЗХ   | Іспанія   | Маріа Мендес          |
| 15 | ЗХ   | Іспанія   | Шеіла Гарсія          |
| 16 | НП   | Данія     | Кароліна Меллер       |
| 17 | НП   | Іспанія   | Карла Камачо          |
| 18 | НП   | Колумбія  | Лінда Кайседо         |
| 19 | НП   | Іспанія   | Ева Наварро           |
| 20 | НП   | Франція   | Наомі Фьолер          |
| 21 | ПЗ   | Швеція    | Філіппа Ангелдаль     |
| 22 | НП   | Іспанія   | Атенеа дель Кастильйо |
| 23 | ЗХ   | Франція   | Маеле Лакрар          |
| 24 | ПЗ   | Німеччина | Мелані Лойпольц       |

## Досягнення
Жіночий чемпіонат Іспанії:
- Срібний призер (4): 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025
- Бронзовий призер (1): 2022

Кубок Королеви:
- Фіналіст (1): 2023

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Реал Мадрид (жіночий футбольний клуб)

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Футбольний клуб
| назва клубу        = Реал Мадрид
| емблема            = Real Madrid CF.svg
| розмір емблеми     = 175px
| повна назва        = ''Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Femenino''
| коротка назва      = Реал
| прізвисько         = ''Los Merengues'' («вершкові»), <br/>''Los Blancos'' («білі»)
| рік заснування     = [[12 вересня]] [[2014]]
| місто              = [[Мадрид]]
| країна             = {{ESP}}
| стадіон            = «[[Альфредо Ді Стефано (стадіон)|Альфредо Ді Стефано]]»
| вміщує             = 6 000
| президент          = {{Прапорець|ESP}} [[Флорентіно Перес]]
| головний тренер    = {{Прапорець|ESP}} [[Альберто Торіль]]
| ліга               = [[Чемпіонат Іспанії з футболу серед жінок|Жіноча Прімера]]
| сезон              = 2024/25
| місце              = 2-e
| сайт               = [https://www.realmadrid.com/football/female-team Офіційний сайт]
| pattern_la1 = _realmadridcf2223h
| pattern_b1 = _realmadridcf2223h
| pattern_ra1 = _realmadridcf2223h
| pattern_sh1 = _realmadridcf2223h
| pattern_so1 = _realmadridcf2223h
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 = _realmadridcf2223a
| pattern_b2 = _realmadridcf2223a
| pattern_ra2 = _realmadridcf2223a
| pattern_sh2 = _realmadridcf2223a
| pattern_so2 = _realmadridcf2223a
| leftarm2 = 8C89C0
| body2 = 8C89C0
| rightarm2 = 8C89C0
| shorts2 = 8C89C0
| socks2 = 8C89C0
| pattern_la3 = _realmadridcf2223t
| pattern_b3 = _realmadridcf2223t
| pattern_ra3 = _realmadridcf2223t
| pattern_sh3 = _realmadridcf2223t
| pattern_so3 = _realmadridcf2223t
| leftarm3 = 000000
| body3 = 000000
| rightarm3 = 000000
| shorts3 = 000000
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}}
{{Otheruses-2|Реал|Реал Мадрид (значення)}}

Жіночий футбольний клуб «Реал Мадрид» (ісп. Real Madrid Femenino) - іспанський жіночий футбольний клуб, заснований в 2014 році під назвою «Такон». З 2019 року клуб став співпрацювати з [[Реал Мадрид]]ом, а в 2020 році остаточно став жіночою секцією клубу «Реал».

== Фінал Кубку Королеви ==
У сезоні 2022—2023 команда вийшла у фінал жіночого [[Кубок Іспанії з футболу серед жінок|кубку Іспанії]]. На стадіоні «[[Естадіо Муніципаль де Бутарке]]» «вершкові» зустрічались з мадридським «Атлетіко». За дві хвилини до кінця основного часу, гравчині «Реалу» перемогали з рахунком - 2:0, але на останніх хвилинах пропустили два м'ячі. [[Післяматчеві пенальті|Серію післяматчевих пенальті]] в мадридському дербі виграв «Атлетіко», не дозволивши таким чином завоювати жіночій команді «Реалу» свій перший в історії трофей.
== Міжнародні виступи ==
Реал двічі в історії доходив до чвертьфіналу в [[Ліга чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок|Лізі чемпіонів УЄФА]].

В кваліфікаційному раунді сезону [[Ліга чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок 2021—2022|2021—2022]] у двоматчовому протистоянні «Реал» переміг англійський [[Манчестер Сіті (жіночий футбольний клуб)|«Манчестер Сіті»]]. Вже на груповому етапі суперниками мадридської команди стали французький [[Парі Сен-Жермен (жіночий футбольний клуб)|«ПСЖ»]], український [[Житлобуд-1 (футбольний клуб)|«Житлобуд-1»]] та ісландський «Брєйдаблік». «Реал» посів друге місце в групі та вийшов в плей-оф, де під час жеребкування отримав собі в суперники [[Барселона (жіночий футбольний клуб)|«Барселону»]]. Обидва матчи в [[Ель Класіко]] «Реал» програв своєму принциповому супернику з [[Каталонія|Каталонії]] - 1:3 та 2:5.

У сезоні [[Ліга чемпіонів УЄФА серед жінок 2024—2025|2024—2025]] років «Реал» у кваліфікаційному раунді здолав португальский «Спортінг», а на груповому етапі посів друге місце в групі з англійським [[Челсі (жіночий футбольний клуб)|«Челсі»]], нідерландським «Твенте» та шотландським «Селтіком». В першому матчі  чвертьфінальної стадії «Реал» переграв з рахунком 2:0 англійський [[Арсенал (жіночий футбольний клуб)|«Арсенал»]], але у матчі-відповіді не зміг утримати перевагу, програв - 0:3 та не зміг вперше в історії пробитись до півфіналу.

== Поточний склад ==
{{Squad updated|1 травня 2025}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 1|pos=ВР|nat=ESP|name=Міса Родрігез}}
{{Fs player|no= 3|pos=ПЗ|nat=ESP|name=Тереза Абельєйра}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|pos=ЗХ|nat=ESP|name=Росіо Гальвес}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|pos=ЗХ|nat=BRA|name=Антоніо Сілва}}
{{Fs player|no= 6|pos=ПЗ|nat=FRA|name=Санді Толетті}}
{{Fs player|no= 7|pos=ЗХ|nat=ESP|name=Ольга Кармона {{капітан}}}}
{{Fs player|no= 9|pos=НП|nat=DEN|name=Сігне Бруун}}
{{Fs player|no=10|pos=ПЗ|nat=SCO|name=Керолін Вір}}
{{Fs player|no=11|pos=НП|nat=ESP|name=Альба Редондо}}
{{Fs player|no=12|pos=ЗХ|nat=BRA|name=Ясмім}}
{{Fs player|no=13|pos=ВР|nat=FRA|name=Меліна Чавас}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=14|pos=ЗХ|nat=ESP|name=Маріа Мендес}}
{{Fs player|no=15|pos=ЗХ|nat=ESP|name=Шеіла Гарсія}}
{{Fs player|no=16|pos=НП|nat=DEN|name=Кароліна Меллер}}
{{Fs player|no=17|pos=НП|nat=ESP|name=Карла Камачо}}
{{Fs player|no=18|pos=НП|nat=COL|name=Лінда Кайседо}}
{{Fs player|no=19|pos=НП|nat=ESP|name=Ева Наварро}}
{{Fs player|no=20|pos=НП|nat=FRA|name=Наомі Фьолер}}
{{Fs player|no=21|pos=ПЗ|nat=SWE|name=Філіппа Ангелдаль}}
{{Fs player|no=22|pos=НП|nat=ESP|name=Атенеа дель Кастильйо}}
{{Fs player|no=23|pos=ЗХ|nat=FRA|name=Маеле Лакрар}}
{{Fs player|no=24|pos=ПЗ|nat=GER|name=[[Мелані Лойпольц]]}}
{{Fs end}}

== Досягнення ==

'''[[Чемпіонат Іспанії з футболу серед жінок|Жіночий чемпіонат Іспанії]]''':
* [[Файл:Silver medal icon.svg|15px]] '''Срібний призер (4): 2021, 2023, 2024, 2025
* [[Файл:Bronze medal icon.svg|15px]] '''Бронзовий призер (1): 2022
'''[[Кубок Іспанії з футболу серед жінок|Кубок Королеви]]''':
* [[Файл:Silver medal icon.svg|15px]] '''Фіналіст (1): 2023

== Див. також ==

* [[Жіночий футбол]]
* [[Спорт в Іспанії]]
* [[Реал Мадрид Кастілья]]

== Джерела ==
*[https://www.realmadrid.com/en/football/female-team Realmadrid.com]
*[https://www.uefa.com/nationalassociations/teams/2611347--real-madrid/standings/ Офіційний сайт УЄФА]
*[https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/clubs/real-madrid-femenino Веб-сайт Ла-Ліги]

[[Категорія:Реал Мадрид]]
[[Категорія:Жіночі футбольні клуби Іспанії]]
[[Категорія:Жіночий футбол в Іспанії]]
[[Категорія:Футболістки іспанських клубів]]
[[Категорія:Засновані в Іспанії 2014]]

title: Реал Мадрид

Повна назва: Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Femenino

Прізвисько: Los Merengues («вершкові»), · Los Blancos («білі»)

Коротка назва: Реал

Засновано: 12 вересня 2014

Населений пункт: Мадрид, Іспанія

Стадіон: «Альфредо Ді Стефано»

Президент: Флорентіно Перес

Головний тренер: Альберто Торіль

Ліга: Жіноча Прімера

Вебсайт: Офіційний сайт

Домашня: Виїзна · Запасна


text:
# 布萊克·佩羅尼
布萊克·佩羅尼（英語：，1995年11月15日—），美國游泳運動員，主要擅長自由式。他代表美國參加了2016年夏季奧運會。在2016年奧運會男子4×100米自由泳接力的比賽上，他是美國隊預賽第三棒的成員，並幫助美國隊獲得金牌。

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 布萊克·佩羅尼

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{noteTA
|1=zh-hans:皮耶罗尼;zh-hant:佩羅尼;
}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name           = 布萊克·佩羅尼<br />Blake Pieroni
| image          = <!-- Only free-content images are allowed for depicting living people -- see [[WP:NONFREE]]. -->
| image_size     = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels -->
| alt            =
| caption        =
| fullname       = Blake Pieroni
| nicknames      =
| national_team  = {{USA}}
| strokes        = 自由式
| club           =
| collegeteam    = [[印第安納大學]]<ref name="tribune">{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/sports/ct-ptb-swimming-olympics-blake-pieroni-st-0704-20160703-story.html |title=Chesterton's Blake Pieroni makes Olympic cut in 400 freestyle relay |first1=Brandon |last1=Vickrey |date=July 3, 2016 |publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' |access-date=July 5, 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807122542/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/sports/ct-ptb-swimming-olympics-blake-pieroni-st-0704-20160703-story.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1995|11|15|mf=y}}<ref name=bio>{{cite web |url=http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabId=1453&Alias=Rainbow&Lang=en&biosid=92edf448-7263-45d0-8d83-b0650fc756b9 |title=National Team Bios – Blake Pieroni |publisher=[[USA Swimming]] |access-date=July 5, 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811172137/http://www.usaswimming.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?TabId=1453&Alias=Rainbow&Lang=en&biosid=92edf448-7263-45d0-8d83-b0650fc756b9 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| birth_place    =
| death_date     =
| death_place    =
| height         =
| updated        =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|男子[[游泳]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{USA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[奧林匹克運動會]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會|2016年 里約]]|[[2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會男子4×100公尺自由式接力比賽|4×100公尺自由式接力]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會|2020年 東京]]|[[2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會男子4×100公尺自由式接力比賽|4×100公尺自由式接力]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會|2020年 東京]]|[[2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會男子4×100公尺混合式接力比賽|4×100公尺混合式接力]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[世界游泳錦標賽|世界長池游泳錦標賽]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017年世界游泳錦標賽|2017年 布達佩斯]]|4×100公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017年世界游泳錦標賽|2017年 布達佩斯]]|4×100公尺混合自由式接力}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019年世界游泳錦標賽|2019年 光州]]|4×100公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019年世界游泳錦標賽|2019年 光州]]|混合4×100公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2017年世界游泳錦標賽|2017年 布達佩斯]]|4×200公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2019年世界游泳錦標賽|2019年 光州]]|4×200公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[世界短池游泳錦標賽]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2016年 溫莎]]|4×200公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2018年 杭州]]|200公尺自由式}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2018年 杭州]]|4×100公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2018年 杭州]]|4×100公尺混合式接力}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2016年 溫莎]]|4×50公尺自由式接力}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016年世界短道游泳錦標賽|2016年 溫莎]]|4×100公尺自由式接力}}
}}
'''布萊克·佩羅尼'''（{{lang-en|'''Blake Pieroni'''}}，{{bd|1995年|11月15日}}），[[美國]]游泳運動員，主要擅長自由式。他代表美國參加了2016年夏季奧運會。在2016年奧運會男子4×100米自由泳接力的比賽上，他是美國隊預賽第三棒的成員，並幫助美國隊獲得金牌。

== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist}}

{{奥林匹克运动会游泳比赛男子4×100米自由泳接力冠军}}
{{奥林匹克运动会游泳比赛男子4×100米混合泳接力冠军}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pieroni, Blake}}
[[Category:美国男子游泳运动员]]
[[Category:美国奥运游泳运动员]]
[[Category:男子自由式游泳運動員]]
[[Category:2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會游泳運動員]]
[[Category:2016年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主]]
[[Category:2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會游泳運動員]]
[[Category:2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主]]
[[Category:2024年夏季奧林匹克運動會游泳運動員]]
[[Category:2024年夏季奧林匹克運動會獎牌得主]]
[[Category:奧林匹克運動會游泳金牌得主]]
[[Category:奥林匹克运动会游泳银牌得主]]
[[Category:美国奥林匹克运动会金牌得主]]
[[Category:美國奧林匹克運動會銀牌得主]]
[[Category:世界游泳錦標賽游泳賽事獎牌得主]]
[[Category:世界短道游泳錦標賽獎牌得主]]
[[Category:印第安纳大學校友]]
[[Category:前游泳世界紀錄保持者]]

title: 布萊克·佩羅尼 · Blake Pieroni

本名: Blake Pieroni

所属国家队: 美国

title: 运动

运动: 游泳

泳姿: 自由式

大學校隊: 印第安納大學

title: 男子游泳

男子游泳: 代表 美国

title: 奧林匹克運動會

金牌 - 第一名:
2016年 里約 · 4×100公尺自由式接力
2020年 東京 · 4×100公尺自由式接力
2020年 東京 · 4×100公尺混合式接力

title: 世界長池游泳錦標賽

金牌 - 第一名:
2017年 布達佩斯 · 4×100公尺自由式接力
2017年 布達佩斯 · 4×100公尺混合自由式接力
2019年 光州 · 4×100公尺自由式接力
2019年 光州 · 混合4×100公尺自由式接力

銅牌 - 第三名:
2017年 布達佩斯 · 4×200公尺自由式接力
2019年 光州 · 4×200公尺自由式接力

title: 世界短池游泳錦標賽

金牌 - 第一名:
2016年 溫莎 · 4×200公尺自由式接力
2018年 杭州 · 200公尺自由式
2018年 杭州 · 4×100公尺自由式接力
2018年 杭州 · 4×100公尺混合式接力

銀牌 - 第二名: 2016年 溫莎 · 4×50公尺自由式接力

銅牌 - 第三名: 2016年 溫莎 · 4×100公尺自由式接力


text:
# List of communities in Pictou County, Nova Scotia
List of communities in Pictou County, Nova Scotia
Communities are ordered by the highway on which they are located, whose routes start after each terminus near the largest community.

## Towns
- New Glasgow - Stellarton - Pictou - Westville - Trenton - Thorburn

## Trunk routes
- Trunk 4: Salt Springs - West River - Greenhill - Alma - New Glasgow - French River - Broadway - Barney's River Station - Marshy Hope
- Trunk 6: Marshville - River John - Seafoam - Toney River - Caribou River

## Collector roads
- Route 245: Egerton  - Merigomish  - Lower Barney's River  - Lismore  - Knoydart
- Route 256: West Branch River John - Scotsburn - Lyons Brook
- Route 289: Little Harbour - New Glasgow - Westville - Rocklin - Lansdowne
- Route 347: New Glasgow - Priestville- Coalburn- Thorburn - Greenwood - McPhersons Mills - Meiklefield - Blue Mountain  - Moose River - Garden of Eden - Eden Lake- Rocky Mountain - Willowdale - East River- East River St. Marys
- Route 348: Little Harbour  - Chance Harbour  - Pictou Landing - Trenton - New Glasgow  - Stellarton - Churchville  - Springville  - Bridgeville  - Glencoe  - Sunnybrae
- Route 374: New Glasgow - Riverton - Eureka - Hopewell - Lorne - Trafalgar
- Route 376: West River - Durham

## Rural roads
- Alma
- Avondale
- Bailey Brook
- Black River
- Cape John
- Elgin
- Glengarry
- Granton
- Green's Brook
- Hodson
- Iron Ore
- Meadowville
- Mount Thom
- New Gairlock
- Pictou Island
- Piedmont
- St. Pauls
- Sutherland's River
- Sylvester
- Watervale
- Welsford
- West River Station

wikitext:
{{short description|None}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}

'''List of communities in [[Pictou County, Nova Scotia|Pictou County]], [[Nova Scotia]]'''

Communities are ordered by the highway on which they are located, whose routes start after each terminus near the largest community.

==Towns==

*[[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] - [[Stellarton, Nova Scotia|Stellarton]] - [[Pictou, Nova Scotia|Pictou]] - [[Westville, Nova Scotia|Westville]] - [[Trenton, Nova Scotia|Trenton]] - [[Thorburn, Nova Scotia|Thorburn]]

==Trunk routes==

*'''[[Nova Scotia Trunk 4|Trunk 4]]''': [[Salt Springs,Pictou, Nova Scotia|Salt Springs]] - [[West River, Nova Scotia|West River]] - [[Greenhill, Nova Scotia|Greenhill]] - [[Alma, Nova Scotia|Alma]] - [[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] - [[French River, Pictou County|French River]] - [[Broadway, Nova Scotia|Broadway]] - [[Barney's River Station, Nova Scotia|Barney's River Station]] - [[Marshy Hope, Nova Scotia|Marshy Hope]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Trunk 6|Trunk 6]]''': [[Marshville, Nova Scotia|Marshville]] - [[River John, Nova Scotia|River John]] - [[Seafoam, Nova Scotia|Seafoam]] - [[Toney River, Nova Scotia|Toney River]] - [[Caribou River, Nova Scotia|Caribou River]]

==Collector roads==

*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 245|Route 245]]''': [[Egerton, Nova Scotia|Egerton]]  - [[Merigomish, Nova Scotia|Merigomish]]  - [[Lower Barney's River, Nova Scotia|Lower Barney's River]]  - [[Lismore, Nova Scotia|Lismore]]  - [[Knoydart, Nova Scotia|Knoydart]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 256|Route 256]]''': [[West Branch River John, Nova Scotia|West Branch River John]] - [[Scotsburn, Nova Scotia|Scotsburn]] - [[Lyons Brook, Nova Scotia|Lyons Brook]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 289|Route 289]]''': [[Little Harbour, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Little Harbour]] - [[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] - [[Westville, Nova Scotia|Westville]] - [[Rocklin, Nova Scotia|Rocklin]] - [[Lansdowne, Nova Scotia|Lansdowne]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 347|Route 347]]''': [[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] - [[Priestville, Nova Scotia|Priestville]]- [[Coalburn, Nova Scotia|Coalburn]]- [[Thorburn, Nova Scotia|Thorburn]] - [[Greenwood, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Greenwood]] - [[McPhersons Mills, Nova Scotia|McPhersons Mills]] - [[Meiklefield, Nova Scotia|Meiklefield]] - [[Blue Mountain, Pictou County, Nova Scotia|Blue Mountain]]  - [[Moose River, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Moose River]] - [[Garden of Eden, Nova Scotia|Garden of Eden]] - [[Eden Lake, Nova Scotia|Eden Lake]]- [[Rocky Mountain, Nova Scotia|Rocky Mountain]] - [[Willowdale, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Willowdale]] - [[East River, Nova Scotia|East River]]- [[East River St. Marys, Nova Scotia|East River St. Marys]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 348|Route 348]]''': [[Little Harbour, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Little Harbour]]  - [[Chance Harbour, Nova Scotia|Chance Harbour]]  - [[Pictou Landing, Nova Scotia|Pictou Landing]] - [[Trenton, Nova Scotia|Trenton]] - [[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]]  - [[Stellarton, Nova Scotia|Stellarton]] - [[Churchville, Nova Scotia|Churchville]]  - [[Springville, Nova Scotia|Springville]]  - [[Bridgeville, Nova Scotia|Bridgeville]]  - [[Glencoe, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Glencoe]]  - [[Sunnybrae, Nova Scotia|Sunnybrae]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 374|Route 374]]''': [[New Glasgow, Nova Scotia|New Glasgow]] - [[Riverton, Nova Scotia|Riverton]] - [[Eureka, Nova Scotia|Eureka]] - [[Hopewell, Nova Scotia|Hopewell]] - [[Lorne, Nova Scotia|Lorne]] - [[Trafalgar, Nova Scotia|Trafalgar]]
*'''[[Nova Scotia Route 376|Route 376]]''': [[West River, Nova Scotia|West River]] - [[Durham, Nova Scotia|Durham]]

==Rural roads==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Alma, Nova Scotia|Alma]]
*[[Avondale, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Avondale]]
*[[Bailey Brook, Nova Scotia|Bailey Brook]]
*[[Black River, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Black River]]
*[[Cape John, Nova Scotia|Cape John]]
*[[Elgin, Nova Scotia|Elgin]]
*[[Glengarry, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Glengarry]]
*[[Granton, Nova Scotia|Granton]]
*[[Green's Brook, Nova Scotia|Green's Brook]]
*[[Hodson, Nova Scotia|Hodson]]
*[[Iron Ore, Nova Scotia|Iron Ore]]
*[[Meadowville, Nova Scotia|Meadowville]]
*[[Mount Thom, Nova Scotia|Mount Thom]]
*[[New Gairlock, Nova Scotia|New Gairlock]]
*[[Pictou Island, Nova Scotia|Pictou Island]]
*[[Piedmont, Nova Scotia|Piedmont]]
*[[St. Pauls, Nova Scotia|St. Pauls]]
*[[Sutherland's River, Nova Scotia|Sutherland's River]]
*[[Sylvester, Nova Scotia|Sylvester]]
*[[Watervale, Nova Scotia|Watervale]]
*[[Welsford, Pictou, Nova Scotia|Welsford]]
*[[West River Station, Nova Scotia|West River Station]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Lists of communities in Nova Scotia}}

[[Category:Lists of communities in Nova Scotia|Pictou County]]
[[Category:Communities in Pictou County|*]]
[[Category:Geography of Pictou County| ]]


text:
# Antoninho Lopes
Antônio Lopes, mais conhecido como Antoninho Lopes (Bauru, 20 de Maio de 1928 - São Paulo, 13 de Agosto de 1996) foi um sambista, compositor, jornalista e humorista brasileiro. Dedicado ao samba de breque, tem composições em parceria com Adoniran Barbosa, Zé Keti, Germano Mathias, Victor Simón, Moacyr Franco, Elzo Augusto, Sereno e outros. Foi integrante do grupo Demônios da Garoa. No jornalismo foi repórter, produtor e redator. Trabalhou para TV Tupi, TV Paulista, TV Globo, TV Record, SBT, Rádio Bandeirantes, Rádio Record e Diários Associados. Foi roteirista de programas de televisão e espetáculos de humor; colaborou para episódios da Família Trapo, com Carlos Alberto de Nóbrega, Jô Soares e Ronald Golias, também para os programas Moacyr Franco Show e Praça da Alegria.

## Principais Composições
- Água de Pote - Adoniran Barbosa, Oswaldo França e Antoninho Lopes - 1952
- Pandeiro do Céu - Antoninho Lopes e Marinho - 1952
- Acordei de Madrugada - Anotninho Lopes, Sereno e Oswaldo Medeiros - 1955
- Quem Bebeu, Morreu - Elzo Augusto e Antoninho Lopes (Gravação: Demônios da Garoa) - 1955
- Maria Bofetão - Anotninho Lopes (Gravação: Demônios da Garoa) - 1956
- Senhor Delegado - Ernani Silva e Antoninho Lopes (Gravações: Germano Mathias, Gilberto Gil e Titãs) - 1957
- Panela de Pressão - Antoninho Lopes - 1957
- Capote de Pobre é Cachaça - Antoninho Lopes e Victor Simón - 1957
- Greve de Amor - Gomes Cardim e Antoninho Lopes - 1957
- Sapato de Pobre - Elzo Augusto e Antoninho Lopes (Gravação: Manoel da Nóbrega) - 1957
- Rasguei o teu retrato - Carlos Costa, Antoninho Lopes e Pereira Matos - 1957
- Sabão na Panela - Germano Mathias e Antoninho Lopes - 1958
- Pedra Dura - Benedito Augusto e Antoninho Lopes - 1958
- Paraíso de Tereza - Benetito Augusto e Antoninho Lopes - 1958
- Braço a Torcer - Alceu de Menezes e Antoninho Lopes - 1958
- Só quem sabe é você - Polera e Antoninho Lopes - 1958
- Sinfonia da Goteira - Antoninho Lopes e Oswaldo França - 1959
- A Chuva vai Cair - Antoninho Lopes e Zé da Vila - 1961
- Segura Essa Mulher - Adoniran Barbosa, Jucata e Antoinho Lopes - 1962
- E Menino - Antoninho Lopes, Zé da Vila e Ramondini - 1962
- Adoro a Boemia - Germano Mathias e Antoninho Lopes - 1962
- Se meu Apartamento Falasse - Antoninho Lopes e Oswaldo França - 1963
- Eu Vou Morrer de Rir - Antoninho Lopes, Roberto Valentim (Gravação: Demônios da Garoa) - 1965
- Casamento de Lalá - Antoninho Lopes, Nilo Silva, Roberto Valentim (Gravação: Demônios da Garoa) - 1965
- Chuva Fina - Antoninho Lopes e David Raw (Gravação: Aracy de Almeida) - 1966
- O Grito da Fiel - Claudio de Souza e Antoninho Lopes - 1974

## Discografia
- 1961 - "Menos um/Me acarimba rozimba" - (78 rpm)
- 1965 - "Eu vou morrer de rir/Casamento de Lalá" - (com Demônios da Garoa)

title: Antoninho Lopes

wikitext:
{{Sem notas|data=novembro de 2020}}
{{Info/Música/artista
 |nome               = Antoninho Lopes
 |imagem             =
 |imagem_tamanho   =
 |imagem_legenda     = Antoninho Lopes (à direita) entrevistando [[Germano Mathias]].
 |fundo              = cantor_solo
 |nome completo      = Antônio Lopes
 |origem             = [[Bauru]], [[São Paulo (estado)|SP]], [[Brasil]]
 |nascimento         = [[20 de Maio]] de [[1928]]
 |morte_data         = {{morte|13|08|1996|20|5|1928|lang=PT}}
 |morte_local        = [[Imagem:São Paulo City flag.svg|Bandeira da Cidade de São Paulo|20px]] [[São Paulo (cidade)|São Paulo]], Brasil
 |apelido            = Antoninho Lopes
 |ocupação           = [[Compositor]], [[Jornalista]], [[Roteirista]]
 |instrumento        = Vocal
 |modelos            = <!-- Modelos favoritos do instrumento -->
 |gênero             = [[Samba]] [[Marcha]] [[Samba de breque|Samba de Breque]]
 |gravadora          = Columbia, RCA Victor, Odeon, Continental, Polydor, BMG
 |afiliações         =
}}
'''Antônio Lopes''', mais conhecido como '''Antoninho Lopes''' ([[Bauru]], [[20 de Maio]] de [[1928]] - [[São Paulo (estado)|São Paulo]], [[13 de Agosto]] de [[1996]]) foi um [[sambista]], [[compositor]], [[jornalista]] e [[humorista]] [[brasileiro]]. Dedicado ao [[samba de breque]], tem composições em parceria com [[Adoniran Barbosa]], [[Zé Keti]], [[Germano Mathias]], [[Victor Simón]], [[Moacyr Franco]], Elzo Augusto, Sereno e outros. Foi integrante do grupo [[Demônios da Garoa]]. No jornalismo foi repórter, produtor e redator. Trabalhou para [[TV Tupi]], [[TV Paulista]], [[TV Globo]], [[TV Record]], [[SBT]], [[Rádio Bandeirantes]], [[Rádio Record]] e [[Diários Associados]]. Foi [[roteirista]] de programas de televisão e espetáculos de humor; colaborou para episódios da [[Família Trapo]], com [[Carlos Alberto de Nóbrega]], [[Jô Soares]] e [[Ronald Golias]], também para os programas [[Moacyr Franco Show]] e [[Praça da Alegria]].

== Principais Composições ==
* ''Água de Pote -'' [[Adoniran Barbosa]], Oswaldo França e Antoninho Lopes - [[1952]]
* ''Pandeiro do Céu'' - Antoninho Lopes e Marinho - [[1952]]
* ''Acordei de Madrugada'' - Anotninho Lopes, Sereno e Oswaldo Medeiros - [[1955]]
* ''Quem Bebeu, Morreu'' - Elzo Augusto e Antoninho Lopes (Gravação: [[Demônios da Garoa]]) - [[1955]]
* ''Maria Bofetão'' - Anotninho Lopes (Gravação: [[Demônios da Garoa]]) - [[1956]]
* ''Senhor Delegado'' - Ernani Silva e Antoninho Lopes (Gravações: [[Germano Mathias]], [[Gilberto Gil]] e [[Titãs (banda)|Titãs]]) - [[1957]]
* ''Panela de Pressão'' - Antoninho Lopes - [[1957]]
* ''Capote de Pobre é Cachaça'' - Antoninho Lopes e [[Victor Simón]] - [[1957]]
* ''Greve de Amor'' - Gomes Cardim e Antoninho Lopes - [[1957]]
* ''Sapato de Pobre'' - Elzo Augusto e Antoninho Lopes (Gravação: [[Manoel da Nóbrega (humorista)|Manoel da Nóbrega]]) - [[1957]]
* ''Rasguei o teu retrato'' - Carlos Costa, Antoninho Lopes e Pereira Matos - [[1957]]
* ''Sabão na Panela'' - [[Germano Mathias]] e Antoninho Lopes - [[1958]]
* ''Pedra Dura'' - Benedito Augusto e Antoninho Lopes - [[1958]]
* ''Paraíso de Tereza'' - Benetito Augusto e Antoninho Lopes - [[1958]]
* ''Braço a Torcer'' - Alceu de Menezes e Antoninho Lopes - [[1958]]
* ''Só quem sabe é você'' - Polera e Antoninho Lopes - [[1958]]
* ''Sinfonia da Goteira'' - Antoninho Lopes e Oswaldo França - [[1959]]
* ''A Chuva vai Cair'' - Antoninho Lopes e Zé da Vila - [[1961]]
* ''Segura Essa Mulher'' - [[Adoniran Barbosa]], Jucata e Antoinho Lopes - [[1962]]
* ''E Menino'' - Antoninho Lopes, Zé da Vila e Ramondini - [[1962]]
* ''Adoro a Boemia'' - [[Germano Mathias]] e Antoninho Lopes - [[1962]]
* ''Se meu Apartamento Falasse'' - Antoninho Lopes e Oswaldo França - [[1963]]
* ''Eu Vou Morrer de Rir'' - Antoninho Lopes, Roberto Valentim (Gravação: [[Demônios da Garoa]]) - [[1965]]
* ''Casamento de Lalá'' - Antoninho Lopes, Nilo Silva, Roberto Valentim (Gravação: [[Demônios da Garoa]]) - [[1965]]
* ''Chuva Fina'' - Antoninho Lopes e David Raw (Gravação: [[Aracy de Almeida]]) - [[1966]]
* ''O Grito da Fiel'' - Claudio de Souza e Antoninho Lopes - [[1974]]

== Discografia ==
* [[1961]] - "Menos um/Me acarimba rozimba" - (78 rpm)
* [[1965]] - "Eu vou morrer de rir/Casamento de Lalá" - (com [[Demônios da Garoa]])

== Ligações externas ==
:[http://www.dicionariompb.com.br/busca/geral/?cx=017112413537418341569:ukgp34ruq5c&cof=FORID:11&ie=UTF-8&q=Antoninho%20Lopes&busca_option=google&sa_x=0&sa_y=0&sa=Pesquisar Dicionário Cravo Albin da Música Popular Brasileira]
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523031151/http://www.centrocultural.sp.gov.br/Colecoes_Discoteca.html Discoteca Oneyda Alvarenga do Centro Cultural São Paulo]
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120711095137/http://acervo.ims.uol.com.br/ Instituto Moreira Salles - Acervo]
:[http://www.acervosdacidade.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/PORTALACERVOS/ResultadosBusca.aspx?ts=s&q=Antoninho%20Lopes/ Acervo da Secretaria Municipal de Cultura de São Paulo]

== Notas e Referências ==
:[http://www.editora34.com.br/detalhe.asp?id=233 1] MUGNAINI JR, Ayrton - Adoniran: Dá Licença de Contar - São Paulo: [[Editora 34|Ed. 34]], 2002
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20100330055117/http://www.boitempo.com/livro_completo.php?isbn=85-7559-018-9 2]MOURA, Flávio - Adoniran - Se o Senhor Não tá Lembrado - São Paulo: [[Boitempo]], 2002
:[http://www.gilbertogil.com.br/sec_texto.php?noticia&id=191&page=18 3] FERREIRA, Mauro - Gil Luminoso (Resenha de Show) - [http://www.gilbertogil.com.br www.gilbertogil.com.br], 2008

{{Portal3|Música|Biografias}}

{{NF|1928||Antoninho Lopes}}
[[Categoria:Sambistas]]
[[Categoria:Compositores do estado de São Paulo]]
[[Categoria:Jornalistas do estado de São Paulo]]
[[Categoria:Humoristas do estado de São Paulo]]
[[Categoria:Naturais de Bauru]]

title: Informações gerais

Nome completo: Antônio Lopes

Também conhecido(a) como: Antoninho Lopes

Nascimento: 20 de Maio de 1928

Origem: Bauru, SP, Brasil

Morte: 13 de agosto de 1996 (68 anos) · São Paulo, Brasil

Gênero(s): Samba Marcha Samba de Breque

Ocupação: Compositor, Jornalista, Roteirista

Instrumento(s): Vocal


text:
# Pultenaea stuartiana
Pultenaea stuartiana là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được H.B.Will. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Pultenaea stuartiana

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{tiêu đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| name = ''Pultenaea stuartiana''
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Thực vật|Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Thực vật có hoa|Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Thực vật hai lá mầm thật sự|Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Nhánh hoa Hồng|Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Bộ Đậu|Fabales]]
| familia = [[Họ Đậu|Fabaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Pultenaea]]''
| species = '''''P. stuartiana'''''
| binomial = ''Pultenaea stuartiana''
| binomial_authority = H.B.Will.
}}
'''''Pultenaea stuartiana''''' là một loài [[thực vật có hoa]] trong [[họ Đậu]]. Loài này được H.B.Will. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-34233| title=''Pultenaea stuartiana''|access-date = ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2013 | author=The Plant List | year =2010}}</ref>

==Chú thích==
{{tham khảo|30em}}

== Liên kết ngoài ==
*{{commonscat-inline|Pultenaea stuartiana}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Pultenaea stuartiana}}

[[Thể loại:Pultenaea]]

{{Mirbelieae-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Plantae

(không phân hạng): Angiospermae Eudicots Rosids

Bộ (ordo): Fabales

Họ (familia): Fabaceae

Chi (genus): Pultenaea

Loài (species): P. stuartiana

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Pultenaea stuartiana · H.B.Will.