text:
# Battle of Ytororó order of battle
The following units and commanders of the Brazilian and Paraguayan armies fought in the Battle of Ytororó on December 6, 1866.

## Brazilian Imperial Army
Marshal of the Army Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias

### I Corps
General Jacinto Machado Bittencourt
| Division                             | Brigade                                            | Regiments and Others                                                                                |
| ------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 5th Division Colonel Betbeze Olivera | 4th Brigade Colonel Faria Rocha                    | - 25th Corpos de Voluntários - 29th Corpos de Voluntários - 33rd Corpos de Voluntários                              |
| 5th Division Colonel Betbeze Olivera | 9th Brigade Colonel Lourenço de Araújo             | - 41st Corpos de Voluntários - 42nd Corpos de Voluntários - 46th Corpos de Voluntários - 51st Corpos de Voluntários |
| 5th Division Colonel Betbeze Olivera | 10th Brigade Colonel Luis de Albuquerque Maranchao | - 23rd Corpos de Voluntários - 47th Corpos de Voluntários - 50th Corpos de Voluntários                              |

### II Corps
General Alexandre Gomes de Argolo Ferrão Filho
| Division                                          | Brigade                                       | Regiments and Others                                                                                |
| ------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 1st Division General Antunes Gurjão               | 1st Brigade Colonel Miranda Reis              | - 4th Line Battalion - 12th Line Battalion - 16th Line Battalion                                                                                |
| 1st Division General Antunes Gurjão               | 8th Brigade Colonel Hermes da Fonseca         | - 8th Line Battalion - 10th Line Battalion - 32nd Corpos de Voluntários - 38th Corpos de Voluntários                                                                                |
| 1st Division General Antunes Gurjão               | 13th Brigade Colonel Barros de Vasconcelos    | - 24th Corpos de Voluntários - 28th Corpos de Voluntários - 51st Corpos de Voluntários                                                                                |
| 2nd Division General Salustiano Jerônimo dos Reis | 2nd Brigade Colonel Rodrigues Seixas          | - 2nd Line Battalion - 26th Corpos de Voluntários - 40th Corpos de Voluntários                                                                                |
| 2nd Division General Salustiano Jerônimo dos Reis | 5th Brigade Colonel Fernando Machado de Sousa | - 1st Line Battalion - 13th Line Battalion - 34th Corpos de Voluntários - 48th Corpos de Voluntários                                                                                |
| Other                                             | Cavalry Colonel João Niederauer Sobrinho      | - 6th Provisional Cavalry Corps - 9th Provisional Cavalry Corps - 13th Provisional Cavalry Corps - 7th Provisional Cavalry Corps, one squadron - 20th Provisional Cavalry Corps, one squadron |
| Other                                             | Artillery Colonel Lobo d'Eça                  | - 2nd Provisional Horse Artillery Regiment                                                                                |

### III Corps
General Manuel Luís Osório
| Division                                          | Brigade                                   | Regiments and Others                                                                                |
| ------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| 3rd Division General José Auto da Silva Guimarães | 3rd Brigade Colonel Pereira Carvalho      | - 3rd Line Battalion - 9th Line Battalion - 14th Line Battalion - 35th Corpos de Voluntários                 |
| 3rd Division General José Auto da Silva Guimarães | 7th Brigade Colonel Frederico de Mesquita | - 5th Line Battalion - 39th Corpos de Voluntários - 31st Corpos de Voluntários - 55th Corpos de Voluntários  |
| 4th Division General Herculano da Silva Pedra     | 11th Brigade Colonel Olivera Bueno        | - 11th Line Battalion - 27th Corpos de Voluntários - 32nd Corpos de Voluntários - 29th Corpos de Voluntários |
| 4th Division General Herculano da Silva Pedra     | 12th Brigade Colonel Francisco Caldas     | - 36th Corpos de Voluntários - 44th Corpos de Voluntários - 49th Corpos de Voluntários                       |

## Paraguayan Army
| Division                              | Brigade                              | Regiments and Others                                                                                |
| ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Division General Bernardino Caballero | Cavalry General Bernardino Caballero | - 6th Cavalry Regiment - 9th Cavalry Regiment - 12th Cavalry Regiment - 19th Cavalry Regiment - 30th Cavalry Regiment                                     |
| Division General Bernardino Caballero | Infantry Colonel Germán Serrano      | - 2nd Infantry Battalion - 3rd Infantry Battalion - 20th Infantry Battalion - 36th Infantry Battalion - 37th Infantry Battalion - 40th Infantry Battalion |

## Sources
- Warner, William. "Paraguayan Thermopylae: The Battle of Itororo", in Strategy & Tactics, issue 271 (November/December 2011).

wikiname: enwiki

title: Battle of Ytororó order of battle

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{short description|List of combatants}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2014}}

The following units and commanders of the Brazilian and Paraguayan armies fought in the [[Battle of Ytororó]] on December 6, 1866.

==Brazilian Imperial Army==
[[File:Luís_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva.jpg|thumb|Marshal of the Army [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias]]]]
Marshal of the Army [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias]]

===I Corps===
General Jacinto Machado Bittencourt

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"|Division
! style="width:25%;"|Brigade
! Regiments and Others
|-
| rowspan=3 |
5th Division

Colonel Betbeze Olivera
| 4th Brigade

Colonel Faria Rocha
|
* 25th Corpos de Voluntários
* 29th Corpos de Voluntários
* 33rd Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 9th Brigade

Colonel Lourenço de Araújo
|
* 41st Corpos de Voluntários
* 42nd Corpos de Voluntários
* 46th Corpos de Voluntários
* 51st Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 10th Brigade

Colonel Luis de Albuquerque Maranchao
|
* 23rd Corpos de Voluntários
* 47th Corpos de Voluntários
* 50th Corpos de Voluntários
|}

===II Corps===
[[File:Hermes_da_Fonseca_(1910).jpg|thumb|Coronel [[Hermes da Fonseca]]]]
General [[Alexandre Gomes de Argolo Ferrão Filho, Viscount of Itaparica|Alexandre Gomes de Argolo Ferrão Filho]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"|Division
! style="width:25%;"|Brigade
! Regiments and Others
|-
| rowspan=3 |
1st Division

General [[Hilário Maximiniano Antunes Gurjão|Antunes Gurjão]]
| 1st Brigade

Colonel Miranda Reis
|
* 4th Line Battalion
* 12th Line Battalion
* 16th Line Battalion
|-
| 8th Brigade

Colonel [[Hermes da Fonseca]]
|
* 8th Line Battalion
* 10th Line Battalion
* 32nd Corpos de Voluntários
* 38th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 13th Brigade

Colonel Barros de Vasconcelos
|
* 24th Corpos de Voluntários
* 28th Corpos de Voluntários
* 51st Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| rowspan=2 |
2nd Division

General [[Salustiano Jerônimo dos Reis, Baron of Camaquã|Salustiano Jerônimo dos Reis]]
| 2nd Brigade

Colonel Rodrigues Seixas
|
* 2nd Line Battalion
* 26th Corpos de Voluntários
* 40th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 5th Brigade

Colonel [[Fernando Machado de Sousa]]
|
* 1st Line Battalion
* 13th Line Battalion
* 34th Corpos de Voluntários
* 48th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| rowspan=2 |
Other
| Cavalry

Colonel [[João Niederauer Sobrinho]]
|
* 6th Provisional Cavalry Corps
* 9th Provisional Cavalry Corps
* 13th Provisional Cavalry Corps
* 7th Provisional Cavalry Corps, one squadron
* 20th Provisional Cavalry Corps, one squadron
|-
| Artillery

Colonel Lobo d'Eça
|
* 2nd Provisional Horse Artillery Regiment
|}

===III Corps===
[[File:O_major_Herculano_Sancho_da_Silva_Pedra._Um_dos_bravos_da_campanha_do_Sul.jpg|thumb|A cartoon of General Herculano Sancho da Silva Pedra]]
General [[Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval|Manuel Luís Osório]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"|Division
! style="width:25%;"|Brigade
! Regiments and Others
|-
| rowspan=2 |
3rd Division

General José Auto da Silva Guimarães
| 3rd Brigade

Colonel Pereira Carvalho
|
* 3rd Line Battalion
* 9th Line Battalion
* 14th Line Battalion
* 35th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 7th Brigade

Colonel Frederico de Mesquita
|
* 5th Line Battalion
* 39th Corpos de Voluntários
* 31st Corpos de Voluntários
* 55th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| rowspan=2 |
4th Division

General Herculano da Silva Pedra
| 11th Brigade

Colonel Olivera Bueno
|
* 11th Line Battalion
* 27th Corpos de Voluntários
* 32nd Corpos de Voluntários
* 29th Corpos de Voluntários
|-
| 12th Brigade

Colonel Francisco Caldas
|
* 36th Corpos de Voluntários
* 44th Corpos de Voluntários
* 49th Corpos de Voluntários
|}

==Paraguayan Army==
[[File:Bernardino_Caballero.jpg|thumb|General [[Bernardino Caballero]]]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:25%;"|Division
! style="width:25%;"|Brigade
! Regiments and Others
|-
| rowspan=2 |
Division

General [[Bernardino Caballero]]
| Cavalry

General Bernardino Caballero
|
* 6th Cavalry Regiment
* 9th Cavalry Regiment
* 12th Cavalry Regiment
* 19th Cavalry Regiment
* 30th Cavalry Regiment
|-
| Infantry

Colonel Germán Serrano
|
* 2nd Infantry Battalion
* 3rd Infantry Battalion
* 20th Infantry Battalion
* 36th Infantry Battalion
* 37th Infantry Battalion
* 40th Infantry Battalion
|}

==Sources==
* Warner, William. "Paraguayan Thermopylae: The Battle of Itororo", in ''Strategy & Tactics'', issue 271 (November/December 2011).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ytororo order of battle}}
[[Category:Orders of battle]]
[[Category:Paraguayan War]]
[[Category:History of Central Department]]


text:
# تادرف (إدويلون)
تادرف هو دُوَّار يقع بجماعة زڭموزن، إقليم تارودانت، جهة سوس ماسة في المملكة المغربية. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة إدويلون التي تضم 13 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 220 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.

## روابط خارجية
- البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية نسخة محفوظة 12 مارس 2018 على موقع واي باك مشين.
- المندوبية السامية للتخطيط

wikiname: arwiki

title: تادرف (إدويلون)

in_language: ar

wikitext:
{{معلومات مدينة
| الاسم الرسمي = تادرف
| خلفية =
| اسم2 =
| صورة =
| تعليق الصورة =
| حجم الصورة =
| بدل الصورة =
| علم =
| تعليق علم =
| شعار =
| تعليق شعار =
| اللقب =
| شعار نصي =
| تاريخ التأسيس =
| خريطة المدينة =
| تعليق على الخريطة =
| حجم الخريطة =
| البلد =
| العاصمة =
| نوع المنطقة = الجهة
| اسم المنطقة = [[جهة سوس ماسة|سوس ماسة]]
| نوع المنطقة 2 = الإقليم
| اسم المنطقة 2 = [[إقليم تارودانت|تارودانت]]
| نوع المنطقة 3 = الدائرة
| اسم المنطقة 3 = [[دائرة تالوين|تالوين]]
| نوع المنطقة 4 = الجماعة القروية
| اسم المنطقة 4 = [[زڭموزن]]
| نوع المنطقة 5 = المشيخة
| اسم المنطقة 5 =[[إدويلون (زڭموزن)|إدويلون]]
| نوع المنطقة 6 =
| اسم المنطقة 6 =
| نوع المنطقة 7 =
| اسم المنطقة 7 =
| نوع المنطقة 8 =
| اسم المنطقة 8 =
| عاصمة سابقة لـ =
| المسؤول الأعلى =
| اسم المسؤول =
| المسؤول الثاني =
| اسم المسؤول الثاني =
| المسؤول الثالث =
| اسم المسؤول الثالث =
| المساحة الكلية =

| ارتفاع =
| التعداد السكاني = 220
| الكثافة السكانية =
| سنة التعداد = [[الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004 (المغرب)|2004]]
| الذكور =
| الإناث =
| عدد الأسر = 27
| عدد المساكن =

| إحداثيات =
| خط الطول =
| دائرة العرض =
| خريطة البلد =
| عنوان تحت الخريطة =

| التوقيت =
| فرق التوقيت =
| غرينتش توقيت صيفي =
| الرمز البريدي =
| الرمز الهاتفي =
| الموقع الرسمي =
}}
'''تادرف''' هو [[دوار (المغرب)|دُوَّار]] يقع بجماعة [[زڭموزن]]، [[إقليم تارودانت]]، [[جهة سوس ماسة]] في [[المغرب|المملكة المغربية]]. ينتمي الدوّار لمشيخة [[إدويلون (زڭموزن)|إدويلون]] التي تضم 13 دوار. يقدر عدد سكانه بـ 220 نسمة حسب الإحصاء الرسمي للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب| مسار= https://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |عنوان= الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2004 (المغرب) |ناشر= [[المندوبية السامية للتخطيط]]| مسار أرشيف = http://www.webcitation.org/678NyvGs8?url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf| تاريخ أرشيف =23 أبريل 2012| وصلة مكسورة = yes }}</ref>

==مراجع==
{{مراجع}}

==روابط خارجية==
* [http://www.pncl.gov.ma/ البوابة الوطنية للجماعات الترابية] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204412/http://www.pncl.gov.ma/ |date=12 مارس 2018 }}
* [http://www.hcp.ma/ المندوبية السامية للتخطيط]

{{دواوير زڭموزن}}
{{شريط بوابات|المغرب|تجمعات سكانية}}

{{بذرة جغرافيا إقليم تارودانت}}

[[تصنيف:أماكن مأهولة في إدويلون (زڭموزن)]]

title: تقسيم إداري

البلد: المغرب

الجهة: سوس ماسة

الإقليم: تارودانت

الدائرة: تالوين

الجماعة القروية: زڭموزن

المشيخة: إدويلون

title: السكان

التعداد السكاني: 220 نسمة (إحصاء 2004)

title: معلومات أخرى

التوقيت: ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي) · ت ع م+01:00 (توقيت صيفي)

معلومات أخرى: تعديل مصدري - تعديل


text:
# Bracon nevadensis
Bracon nevadensis is een insect dat behoort tot de orde vliesvleugeligen (Hymenoptera) en de familie van de schildwespen (Braconidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Ashmead in 1889.

wikiname: nlwiki

title: Bracon nevadensis

in_language: nl

wikitext:
{{Taxobox insect
| naam = ''Bracon nevadensis''
| titelweergave = cursief
| afbeelding =
| orde = [[Vliesvleugeligen|Hymenoptera]] (Vliesvleugeligen)
| familie= [[Schildwespen|Braconidae]] (Schildwespen)
| geslacht = ''[[Bracon (geslacht)|Bracon]]''
| w-naam = ''Bracon nevadensis''
| auteur = [[William Harris Ashmead|Ashmead]]
| datum = 1889
| haakjes =
| commons =
| species =
}}
'''''Bracon nevadensis''''' is een [[insecten|insect]] dat behoort tot de orde [[vliesvleugeligen]] (Hymenoptera) en de familie van de [[Schildwespen|schildwespen (Braconidae)]]. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door [[William Harris Ashmead|Ashmead]] in 1889.

{{Beginnetje|biologie|2012|09|07}}

[[Categorie:Bracon|nevadensis]]

title: Bracon nevadensis

Rijk: Animalia (Dieren)

Stam: Arthropoda (Geleedpotigen)

Klasse: Insecta (Insecten)

Orde: Hymenoptera (Vliesvleugeligen)

Familie: Braconidae (Schildwespen)

Geslacht: Bracon

title: Soort

Portaal: Biologie · Insecten


text:
# Fazendas de Bitcoin
As fazendas de Bitcoin ou minas de Bitcoin são instalações com uma grande concentração de computadores realizando o processo de mineração de Bitcoin. Estas fazendas tem o intuito de concentrar um grande poder computacional para resolver problemas matemáticos computacionalmente custosos em troca de criptomoedas. Elas estão geralmente localizadas em grandes galpões ou edificações que comportam centenas ou milhares de máquinas trabalhando em tempo real para realizar a mineração e existem muitas empresas que trabalham exclusivamente para gerenciar o funcionamento e o desempenho destas fazendas de Bitcoin.

## O processo de mineração
A mineração de bitcoin é a principal tarefa das fazendas de Bitcoin, por meio dele que as empresas mineradoras geram lucro e sustentam os seus custos de operação. O Bitcoin é um sistema financeiro proposto por Satoshi Nakamoto em 2008 e tem como seu principal lema a descentralização da economia, ou seja, o sistema não é controlado por nenhuma entidade central. O Bitcoin atinge esta descentralização através do seu método de gerenciar e validar as transações, todas as transações são geradas por seus usuários e salvas em uma planilha pública compartilhada por todos seus integrantes chamada Blockchain. Por ser uma planilha pública, transações podem ser escritas na Blockchain por qualquer usuário do sistema, medidas foram tomadas para prevenir fraudes e double-spending. Todas as transações no sistema Bitcoin possuem uma assinatura única que é gerada por uma função que tem como entrada a chave privada daquele usuário e o conteúdo da transação. A chave privada e o conteúdo da transação passam por um processo chamado hashing criptográfico e através disso a assinatura da transação é gerada, este processo não necessita de muito poder computacional e é fácil de se fazer. Por outro lado, o caminho inverso de checar a validade desta assinatura é um processo computacionalmente muito custoso, pois envolve a busca por força bruta, a qual é um processo de tentativa e erro de todas as combinações possíveis que poderiam vir a gerar aquela chave. Este processo de validação das transações e suas respectivas assinaturas é um trabalho dos mineradores de Bitcoin, eles usam o seu poder computacional para resolver este problema computacionalmente custoso em troca de gorjetas em Bitcoin, em um processo chamado prova de trabalho (do inglês proof-of-work).

## Desenvolvimento da mineração e as fazendas de Bitcoin
No início do sistema do Bitcoin, os mineradores usavam laptops antigos e seus computadores pessoais para realizar a mineração de Bitcoins. Como proposto no white paper de Satoshi Nakamoto, a dificuldade dos problemas de validação aumentaria com o passar do tempo para equilibrar a economia do sistema monetário virtual. Com este aumento da dificuldade de resolução dos problemas, os mineradores passaram a utilizar computadores com uma capacidade de processamento maior e muitas vezes dedicar mais de um computador para realizar o processo de mineração. Com o tempo, os mineradores descobriram que eles poderiam usar GPUs para realizar o processo de mineração, pois estas permitem o uso de paralelismo para realização de tarefas, também conhecido como multithreading ou multitasking, assim aumentando a capacidade de mineração das maquinas usadas para o trabalho. Com a dificuldade de mineração crescendo cada vez mais e a popularidade do Bitcoin também, máquinas mais conhecidas como ASICS (do inglês, application specific integrated circuits) ou mineradoras, substituiram as placas gráficas no processo de mineração de bitcoin, aumentando ainda mais o desempenho da mineração de Bitcoin. Atualmente há empresas que possuem dezenas ou centenas de máquinas específicas para mineração de Bitcoins armazenadas em locais de grande área, normalmente em um galpão ou em um andar de um edifício, minerando Bitcoin constantemente. Estas áreas com grande concentração de mineradoras de bitcoin são chamadas fazendas de Bitcoin ou minas de Bitcoin.

## As fazendas de Bitcoin e suas vantagens
No processo de mineração de Bitcoins, o minerador que solucionar o problema proposto mais rapidamente realiza a prova do seu trabalho e leva o "prêmio" de agradecimento pelo feito. Como as soluções dos problemas de prova de trabalho são feitas pelo método da força bruta, quanto mais poder computacional um minerador possuir, maior a probabilidade dele resolver o problema e ganhar o prêmio em bitcoins. Como a dificuldade dos problemas vem aumentando cada vez mais, alguns indivíduos tiveram a ideia de criar fazendas de bitcoin que, por sua vez, são complexos onde há uma grande concentração de poder computacional, portanto a probabilidade de sucesso na mineração é bem maior nestes complexos do que em computadores de mineradores amadores. As fazendas de Bitcoin possuem de centenas a milhares de máquinas especialmente desenvolvidas para a mineração Bitcoin trabalhando incessantemente, por conta desta grande concentração de poder computacional, já foram registrados lucros mensais de 1,5 milhões de dólares provenientes da mineração em fazendas de Bitcoin.

## Impacto ambiental causado por fazendas de Bitcoin
Por conta do poder computacional necessário para realizar a mineração de Bitcoins e da capacidade de processamento das máquinas mineradoras, a quantidade de energia gasta no processo de validação das transações é gigantesca. Além da energia gasta pelo processo de busca por força bruta, as mineradoras geram uma grande quantidade de calor devido ao pesado processamento de problemas matemáticos que elas são submetidas, logo também é preciso de um poderoso sistema de refrigeração para não causar danos as máquinas e prover um ambiente minimamente confortável para os trabalhadores das fazendas de Bitcoin. Foi calculado por Cristopher Malmo que uma única transação de Bitcoin realizada por todos mineradores da rede Bitcoin consome uma quantidade de energia equivalente a o consumo de  1,6 casas americanas. Foi estimado por Malmo que esse número pode aumentar bastante devido ao crescimento da popularidade do Bitcoin e da dificuldade dos problemas a serem solucionados, ele obteve uma estimativa de que a rede Bitcoin pode chegar a consumir continuamente o equivalente a quantidade de energia gerada por uma pequena usina elétrica e chegar a um consumo total de um pequeno país como a Dinamarca até 2020.  Foi registrado que uma fazenda de Bitcoin localizada na província de Liaoning, na área rural da China, possuía um consumo médio de energia equivalente a 1.250 kWh. Este consumo excessivo de energia  proveniente da mineração de Bitcoins pode causar um grande impacto ambiental, contribuindo para o aumento do aquecimento global quando as fontes de energias usadas para alimentar este processo não são renováveis. Existem discussões para alternativas mais sustentáveis de mineração e até mesmo de criptomoedas ecologicamente mais amigáveis, uma delas é usar a energia solar para a alimentação das fazendas de bitcoin.

## Fazendas notáveis de Bitcoin

### Fazenda de Changcheng. Liaoning, China
Esta fazenda de Bitcoin é uma das seis fazendas pertencentes a um grupo anônimo de 4 membros localizada em uma área rural no nordeste da China. Este grupo possui outras 5 fazendas de Bitcoin e juntas, elas equivalem ao poder computacional de 3% de toda a rede de mineração de Bitcoin. Em outubro de 2014, estas fazendas geravam em média 4.050 Bitcoins por mês, o equivalente na época a cerca de 1.5 milhões de dólares. A fazenda de Changcheng ocupa um andar inteiro de um edifício e possui cerca de 3.000 máquinas mineradores funcionando constantemente para realizar a mineração. O consumo de eletricidade nesta fazenda está na faixa de 1.250kWh e a sua conta de eletricidade chega a 80.000 dólares por mês. Esta mina possui funcionários que supervisionam o processo de mineração e fazem a manutenção e os ajustes necessários no sistema da fazenda. A mina também possui cerca de 12 ventiladores de exaustão com o objetivo de controlar a temperatura para que as mineradoras não quebrem devido a alta temperatura gerada pelo processo de mineração. Os funcionários vivem na mina e recebem salários relativamente altos para gerenciá-la. A poluição sonora desta fábrica é muito alta devido a quantidade de mineradoras e ventiladores para o controle de temperatura.

### Fazenda de Dave Carlson, Estados Unidos.
Esta fazenda é uma das maiores fazendas de Bitcoin da américa, situada no leste do estado de Washington, o seu local exato é um segredo pois o seu proprietário lucra cerca de 8 milhões de dólares por mês com o processo de mineração e ele acredita que não divulgando o seu local ele pode manter o seu negócio mais seguro de ataques de hackers ou indivíduos maliciosos. Segundo Carlson, ele escolheu a localização da fazenda com base no preço da eletricidade do estado, pois ela consome cerca de de 1.5 megawatts, o que poderia suprir o consumo elétrico de uma pequena cidade. O poder computacional desta mina é estimado em 1.5 petahashes, proveniente de milhares de máquinas construídas especialmente para a mineração de Bitcoins.

### Fazenda de Bitcoin Genesis.
Como as outras fazendas de Bitcoin, esta fazenda islandesa possui milhares de  mineradoras especializadas para a realização da corrida atrás do prêmio proveniente da mineração de Bitcoins. Uma das principais vantagens da localização desta fazenda é o constante clima frio islandês. Esta mina além de minerar Bitcoins, também minera o Ethereum, outra criptomoeda cuja popularidade está crescendo cada vez mais apesar de problemas de segurança que já ocorreram em sua história. A energia elétrica barata é outro bônus da localização da mina Genesis. Os proprietários da fazenda também possuem outras fazendas na Bósnia e na China.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Fazendas de Bitcoin

in_language: pt

wikitext:
As fazendas de Bitcoin ou minas de Bitcoin são instalações com uma grande concentração de computadores realizando o processo de [[mineração de Bitcoin]]. Estas fazendas tem o intuito de concentrar um grande poder computacional para resolver problemas matemáticos computacionalmente custosos em troca de [[Criptomoeda|criptomoedas]]. Elas estão geralmente localizadas em grandes galpões ou edificações que comportam centenas ou milhares de máquinas trabalhando em tempo real para realizar a mineração e existem muitas empresas que trabalham exclusivamente para gerenciar o funcionamento e o desempenho destas fazendas de Bitcoin.

== O processo de mineração ==
A [[Mineração de Bitcoin|mineração de bitcoin]] é a principal tarefa das fazendas de [[Bitcoin]], por meio dele que as empresas mineradoras geram [[lucro]] e sustentam os seus custos de operação<ref name="biteconomics">[http://www.thebitcoin.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/The-Economics-of-Bitcoin-Mining-or-Bitcoin-in-the-Presence-of-Adversaries.pdf]Kroll,, chegava a consumir em média 1,250 Joshua A., Ian C. Davey, and Edward W. Felten. "The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries." Proceedings of WEIS. Vol. 2013. 2013.</ref>. O [[Bitcoin]] é um sistema financeiro proposto por [[Satoshi Nakamoto]] em 2008 e tem como seu principal lema a descentralização da economia, ou seja, o sistema não é controlado por nenhuma entidade central. O [[Bitcoin]] atinge esta descentralização através do seu método de gerenciar e validar as transações, todas as transações são geradas por seus usuários e salvas em uma planilha pública compartilhada por todos seus integrantes chamada [[Blockchain]]. Por ser uma planilha pública, transações podem ser escritas na Blockchain por qualquer usuário do sistema, medidas foram tomadas para prevenir fraudes e double-spending. Todas as transações no sistema Bitcoin possuem uma assinatura única que é gerada por uma função que tem como entrada a chave privada daquele usuário e o conteúdo da transação. A chave privada e o conteúdo da transação passam por um processo chamado [[hashing]] criptográfico e através disso a assinatura da transação é gerada, este processo não necessita de muito poder computacional e é fácil de se fazer. Por outro lado, o caminho inverso de checar a validade desta assinatura é um processo computacionalmente muito custoso, pois envolve a [[busca por força bruta]], a qual é um processo de tentativa e erro de todas as combinações possíveis que poderiam vir a gerar aquela chave. Este processo de validação das transações e suas respectivas assinaturas é um trabalho dos mineradores de Bitcoin, eles usam o seu poder computacional para resolver este problema computacionalmente custoso em troca de gorjetas em [[Bitcoin]], em um processo chamado [[prova de trabalho]] (do inglês '''proof-of-work''')<ref name="satoshi">[https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf]Nakamoto, Satoshi. "Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system." (2008): 28.</ref>.

== Desenvolvimento da mineração e as fazendas de Bitcoin ==
No início do sistema do [[Bitcoin]], os mineradores usavam laptops antigos e seus computadores pessoais para realizar a mineração de Bitcoins. Como proposto no white paper de [[Satoshi Nakamoto]], a dificuldade dos problemas de validação aumentaria com o passar do tempo para equilibrar a economia do sistema monetário virtual<ref name="satoshi" />. Com este aumento da dificuldade de resolução dos problemas, os mineradores passaram a utilizar computadores com uma capacidade de processamento maior e muitas vezes dedicar mais de um computador para realizar o processo de mineração. Com o tempo, os mineradores descobriram que eles poderiam usar [[Unidade de processamento gráfico|GPUs]] para realizar o processo de mineração, pois estas permitem o uso de paralelismo para realização de tarefas, também conhecido como [[Multitarefa|multithreading]] ou [[Multitarefa|multitasking]], assim aumentando a capacidade de mineração das maquinas usadas para o trabalho<ref>{{Citar web|url=http://forklog.net/bitcoin-mining-past-present-and-future/|titulo=The Brief History of Bitcoin Mining: How It All Started {{!}} ForkLog|acessodata=2017-08-04|obra=forklog.net}}</ref>. Com a dificuldade de mineração crescendo cada vez mais e a popularidade do [[Bitcoin]] também, máquinas mais conhecidas como [[ASIC|ASICS]] (do inglês, ''application specific integrated circuits'') ou mineradoras, substituiram as placas gráficas no processo de mineração de bitcoin, aumentando ainda mais o desempenho da mineração de Bitcoin. Atualmente há empresas que possuem dezenas ou centenas de máquinas específicas para mineração de Bitcoins armazenadas em locais de grande área, normalmente em um galpão ou em um andar de um edifício, minerando Bitcoin constantemente. Estas áreas com grande concentração de mineradoras de bitcoin são chamadas fazendas de Bitcoin ou minas de Bitcoin<ref name="bithistory">[https://www.cloudminingdirectory.com/bitcoin-mining/history-of-bitcoin-mining/]History and Evolution of Bitcoin Mining - CMD</ref>.

== As fazendas de Bitcoin e suas vantagens ==
No processo de mineração de Bitcoins, o minerador que solucionar o problema proposto mais rapidamente realiza a prova do seu trabalho e leva o "prêmio" de agradecimento pelo feito. Como as soluções dos problemas de prova de trabalho são feitas pelo método da força bruta, quanto mais poder computacional um minerador possuir, maior a probabilidade dele resolver o problema e ganhar o prêmio em bitcoins. Como a dificuldade dos problemas vem aumentando cada vez mais, alguns indivíduos tiveram a ideia de criar fazendas de bitcoin<ref>{{Citar web|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21638124-minting-digital-currency-has-become-big-ruthlessly-competitive-business-magic|titulo=The magic of mining|acessodata=2017-08-04|obra=The Economist}}</ref> que, por sua vez, são complexos onde há uma grande concentração de poder computacional, portanto a probabilidade de sucesso na mineração é bem maior nestes complexos do que em computadores de mineradores amadores. As fazendas de Bitcoin possuem de centenas a milhares de máquinas especialmente desenvolvidas para a mineração Bitcoin trabalhando incessantemente, por conta desta grande concentração de poder computacional, já foram registrados lucros mensais de 1,5 milhões de [[Dólar|dólares]] provenientes da mineração em fazendas de Bitcoin<ref>{{Citar web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160504-we-looked-inside-a-secret-chinese-bitcoin-mine|titulo=We looked inside a secret Chinese bitcoin mine|acessodata=2017-08-04|ultimo=Vincent|primeiro=Danny}}</ref>.

== Impacto ambiental causado por fazendas de Bitcoin ==
Por conta do poder computacional necessário para realizar a mineração de Bitcoins e da capacidade de processamento das máquinas mineradoras, a quantidade de energia gasta no processo de validação das transações é gigantesca. Além da energia gasta pelo processo de busca por força bruta, as mineradoras geram uma grande quantidade de calor devido ao pesado processamento de problemas matemáticos que elas são submetidas, logo também é preciso de um poderoso sistema de refrigeração para não causar danos as máquinas e prover um ambiente minimamente confortável para os trabalhadores das fazendas de Bitcoin<ref name=":1">{{Citar web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkvxk3/chinas-biggest-secret-bitcoin-mine|titulo=Inside the Chinese Bitcoin Mine That's Grossing $1.5M a Month|acessodata=2017-08-04|obra=Motherboard|lingua=en-us}}</ref>. Foi calculado por [[Cristopher Malmo]] que uma única transação de Bitcoin realizada por todos mineradores da rede Bitcoin consome uma quantidade de energia equivalente a o consumo de  1,6 casas americanas<ref name=":0">{{Citar web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/aek3za/bitcoin-could-consume-as-much-electricity-as-denmark-by-2020|titulo=Bitcoin Could Consume as Much Electricity as Denmark by 2020|acessodata=2017-08-04|obra=Motherboard|lingua=en-us}}</ref>. Foi estimado por Malmo que esse número pode aumentar bastante devido ao crescimento da popularidade do Bitcoin e da dificuldade dos problemas a serem solucionados, ele obteve uma estimativa de que a rede Bitcoin pode chegar a consumir continuamente o equivalente a quantidade de energia gerada por uma pequena usina elétrica e chegar a um consumo total de um pequeno país como a Dinamarca até 2020<ref name=":0" />.  Foi registrado que uma fazenda de Bitcoin localizada na província de [[Liaoning]], na área rural da China, possuía um consumo médio de energia equivalente a 1.250 kWh. Este consumo excessivo de energia  proveniente da mineração de Bitcoins pode causar um grande impacto ambiental, contribuindo para o aumento do [[aquecimento global]] quando as fontes de energias usadas para alimentar este processo não são renováveis. Existem discussões para alternativas mais sustentáveis de mineração e até mesmo de [[Criptomoeda|criptomoedas]] ecologicamente mais amigáveis<ref>{{Citar periódico|ultimo=Balch|primeiro=Oliver|data=2014-07-09|titulo=Bitcoin is having its moment but there are better sustainable currencies|jornal=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/bitcoin-crypto-currency-sustainable-alternatives|idioma=en-GB}}</ref>, uma delas é usar a [[energia solar]]<ref>{{Citar periódico|data=2017-03-01|titulo=Popular Bitcoin Mining 'Club' Goes Green With New Solar Power Initiative - Bitsonline|jornal=Bitsonline|url=https://www.bitsonline.com/bitcoin-mining-green-og-nasty-solar/|idioma=en-US}}</ref> para a alimentação das fazendas de bitcoin.

== Fazendas notáveis de Bitcoin ==

=== Fazenda de Changcheng. Liaoning, China ===
Esta fazenda de Bitcoin é uma das seis fazendas pertencentes a um grupo anônimo de 4 membros localizada em uma área rural no nordeste da China. Este grupo possui outras 5 fazendas de Bitcoin e juntas, elas equivalem ao poder computacional de 3% de toda a rede de mineração de Bitcoin. Em outubro de 2014, estas fazendas geravam em média 4.050 Bitcoins por mês, o equivalente na época a cerca de 1.5 milhões de dólares. A fazenda de Changcheng ocupa um andar inteiro de um edifício e possui cerca de 3.000 máquinas mineradores funcionando constantemente para realizar a mineração. O consumo de eletricidade nesta fazenda está na faixa de 1.250kWh e a sua conta de eletricidade chega a 80.000 dólares por mês. Esta mina possui funcionários que supervisionam o processo de mineração e fazem a manutenção e os ajustes necessários no sistema da fazenda. A mina também possui cerca de 12 ventiladores de exaustão com o objetivo de controlar a temperatura para que as mineradoras não quebrem devido a alta temperatura gerada pelo processo de mineração. Os funcionários vivem na mina e recebem salários relativamente altos para gerenciá-la. A poluição sonora desta fábrica é muito alta devido a quantidade de mineradoras e ventiladores para o controle de temperatura.<ref name=":1" />

=== Fazenda de Dave Carlson, Estados Unidos. ===
Esta fazenda é uma das maiores fazendas de Bitcoin da américa, situada no leste do estado de Washington, o seu local exato é um segredo pois o seu proprietário lucra cerca de 8 milhões de dólares por mês com o processo de mineração e ele acredita que não divulgando o seu local ele pode manter o seu negócio mais seguro de ataques de hackers ou indivíduos maliciosos. Segundo Carlson, ele escolheu a localização da fazenda com base no preço da eletricidade do estado, pois ela consome cerca de de 1.5 megawatts, o que poderia suprir o consumo elétrico de uma pequena cidade. O poder computacional desta mina é estimado em 1.5 petahashes, proveniente de milhares de máquinas construídas especialmente para a mineração de Bitcoins<ref>{{Citar periódico|data=2014-03-10|titulo=Inside America’s largest Bitcoin mining operation - BitShare|jornal=BitShare|url=http://bitshare.cm/news/inside-americas-largest-bitcoin-mining-operation/|idioma=en-US}}</ref>.

=== Fazenda de Bitcoin Genesis. ===
Como as outras fazendas de Bitcoin, esta fazenda islandesa possui milhares de  mineradoras especializadas para a realização da corrida atrás do prêmio proveniente da mineração de Bitcoins<ref>{{Citar periódico|titulo=We got a look inside a vast Icelandic bitcoin mine|jornal=Business Insider|url=http://businessinsider.com/photos-iceland-bitcoin-ethereum-mine-genesis-mining-cloud-2016-6/#streng-says-cloud-mining-has-a-major-trust-issue-customers-never-actually-see-or-own-the-mining-hardware-themselves--putting-them-at-risk-of-fraud-9|idioma=en}}</ref>. Uma das principais vantagens da localização desta fazenda é o constante clima frio islandês. Esta mina além de minerar Bitcoins, também minera o [[Ethereum]], outra criptomoeda cuja popularidade está crescendo cada vez mais apesar de problemas de segurança que já ocorreram em sua história<ref>{{Citar periódico|titulo=Inside the Bold Attempt to Reverse a $55 Million Digital Heist|jornal=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2017-the-ether-thief/}}</ref>. A energia elétrica barata é outro bônus da localização da mina Genesis. Os proprietários da fazenda também possuem outras fazendas na [[Bósnia]] e na [[China]].

== Veja também ==
* [[Criptomoedas no Brasil]]
* [[Criptografia]]
* [[Criptoanarquismo]]
* [[Blockchain]]
* [[Função hash criptográfica]]
* [[Cypherpunks]]
* [[Sidechain]]

{{referências}}

== Referências externas ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJgWqbZBn6I Mining Bitcoins in Iceland | Focus on Europe , 2017]
* [http://gizmodo.com/5994626/bitcoin-mining-has-an-absurd-environmental-impact Bitcoin Mining Has An Absurd Environmental Impact, 2014 - Gizmodo]
* [https://www.nature.com/news/the-environment-needs-cryptogovernance-1.22023 The environment needs cryptogovernance, 2017 - Nature]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/11/meet-the-millennials-making-big-money-riding-chinas-bitcoin-wave Meet the millennials making big money riding China's bitcoin wave, 2017 - The Guardian]
* [http://businessinsider.com/bitcoin-pools-miners-ranked-2015-7 The 21 biggest bitcoin mining companies, 2015 - Business Insider]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/business/dealbook/bitcoin-china.html How China Took Center Stage in Bitcoin’s Civil War, 2016 - New York Times]
* [http://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2014.0699 O'Dwyer, Karl J., and David Malone. "Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint." (2014): 280-285.]
* [http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2773270 Lewenberg, Yoad, et al. "Bitcoin mining pools: A cooperative game theoretic analysis." ''Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems''. International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2015.]
* [https://www.coindesk.com/data/bitcoin-mining-difficulty-time/ Bitcoin Difficulty Chart - Chart of Mining Difficulty History - CoinDesk]
* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300015 Vranken, Harald. "Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains." ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'' 28 (2017): 1-9.]
* [https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/ypkp3y/bitcoin-is-still-unsustainable A Single Bitcoin Transaction Takes Thousands of Times More Energy Than a Credit Card Swipe, 2017 - Motherboard]
* [http://comoganhabitcoin.com/ Como Minerar Bitcoin]

[[Categoria:Bitcoin]]


text:
# Dominique Bertrand
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bertrand.
Dominique Bertrand, né le 11 juin 1931, est un théologien jésuite français, spécialiste d'Ignace de Loyola.

## Biographie
Entré dans la Compagnie de Jésus en 1958, il soutient en 1979 une thèse d'histoire à l'université de Paris-Sorbonne, sous la direction de Roland Mousnier. Il devient ensuite maître de conférences à l'EPHE.
De 1966 à 1983, il a dirigé la revue et la collection Christus, avant d'être nommé directeur de l'Institut des sources chrétiennes (1984-1999), où il succède à Claude Mondésert,.
Il est membre de l'Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon, dont il a exercé la présidence en 2011.

## Publications
- Un corps pour l'Esprit. Essai sur l’expérience communautaire selon les Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, coll. « Christus », 1974, chap. 38[6],[7].
- La Politique de saint Ignace de Loyola, l’analyse sociale  (préf. Pierre Chaunu), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 1985[8],[9],[10],[11].
- Pierre Favre : un portrait, Bruxelles, Lessius, 12 avril 2007, 365 p. (ISBN 978-2-87299-156-3)[12].
- L'intelligence du corps : un commentaire des Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus, Bruxelles, Lessius, coll. « Christus », 5 juin 2020, 240 p. (ISBN 978-2-87299-347-5).
- Irénée de Lyon. La théologie de la gloire de l’homme  (préf. Philippe Barbarin), Paris, Parole et Silence, 21 janvier 2021, 186 p. (ISBN 9782889592678)[13],[14].
- Patristique et spiritualité, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, avril 2023, 418 p. (ISBN 9782204156424).

wikiname: frwiki

title: Dominique Bertrand

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{Voir homonymes|Bertrand}}{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=théologien}}

'''Dominique Bertrand''', né le {{date de naissance|11 juin 1931}}, est un [[Théologie|théologien]] [[Compagnie de Jésus|jésuite]] français, spécialiste d'[[Ignace de Loyola]].

== Biographie ==

Entré dans la Compagnie de Jésus en 1958, il soutient en 1979 une thèse d'histoire à l'université de Paris-Sorbonne, sous la direction de [[Roland Mousnier]]<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=
L'analyse ignatienne de la société du 16e s., d'après les lettres et instructions, 1524-1556 |url=https://www.sudoc.fr/006207103|consulté le=2022-02-22}}</ref>. Il devient ensuite maître de conférences à l'EPHE<ref>{{Chapitre|langue=fr|titre chapitre=Liste des auteurs|titre ouvrage=Les écoles de pensée religieuse à l’époque moderne|éditeur=LARHRA|collection=Chrétiens et Sociétés. Documents et Mémoires|date=2020-06-23|isbn=979-10-365-4334-0|lire en ligne=http://books.openedition.org/larhra/1347|consulté le=2023-05-04|passage=203}}</ref>.

De 1966 à 1983, il a dirigé la revue et la collection [[Christus (revue)|Christus]], avant d'être nommé directeur de l'[[Institut des sources chrétiennes]] (1984-1999), où il succède à [[Claude Mondésert]]<ref>{{Article|langue=fr-FR|titre=A la découverte des Pères de l'Eglise|périodique=La Croix|date=2007-01-06|issn=0242-6056|lire en ligne=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2007-01-06/A-la-decouverte-des-Peres-de-l-Eglise-_NP_-2007-01-06-280767|consulté le=2023-05-04}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|langue=fr-FR|auteur1=Nicolas Senèze|titre=Dossier|périodique=La Croix|date=2002-01-12|issn=0242-6056|lire en ligne=https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2002-01-12/Dossier-_NP_-2002-01-12-149048|consulté le=2023-05-04}}</ref>.

Il est membre de l'[[Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon]], dont il a exercé la présidence en 2011<ref>{{Lien web |titre=Divers |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/535457/Divers.html |site=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=2006-07-08 |consulté le=2023-05-04}}</ref>.

== Publications ==
* {{ouvrage|titre=Un corps pour l'Esprit. Essai sur l’expérience communautaire selon les Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus|lieu= Paris|éditeur= [[Desclée de Brouwer]]| collection = Christus |numéro= 38|année= 1974}}<ref>{{Article|prénom1=Jean|nom1=Séguy|titre=Bertrand (Dominique) Un corps pour Esprit; Essai sur l'expérience communautaire selon les Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus|périodique=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]]|volume=39|numéro=1|date=1975|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1975_num_39_1_2781_t1_0202_0000_2|consulté le=2023-02-26|pages=202–203}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|langue=es|prénom1=Antonio|nom1=Queralt|titre=Un corps pour l'Esprit. Essai sur l'expérience communautaire selon les Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus (Collection Christus, 38, Études)|périodique=[[Gregorianum]]|volume=60|numéro=4|pages=758–760|date=1979|issn=0017-4114|lire en ligne=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23575751|consulté le=2023-12-06}}.</ref>.
* {{ouvrage|titre=La Politique de saint Ignace de Loyola, l’analyse sociale|lieu= Paris|éditeur= [[Éditions du Cerf]]|année= 1985|préface=Pierre Chaunu}}<ref>{{Article|prénom1=Jean|nom1=Séguy|titre=Bertrand (Dominique) La Politique de S. Ignace de Loyola|périodique=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]]|volume=62|numéro=2|date=1986|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1986_num_62_2_2415_t1_0231_0000_3|consulté le=2023-02-26|pages=231–232}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|prénom1=Jean-François|nom1=Gilmont|titre=Dominique Bertrand, La politique de saint Ignace de Loyola. L'analyse sociale. Préface de Pierre Chaunu, 1985|périodique=[[Revue théologique de Louvain]]|volume=20|numéro=1|date=1989|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/doc/thlou_0080-2654_1989_num_20_1_2352_t1_0082_0000_2|consulté le=2023-02-26|pages=82–86}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|langue=es|prénom1=M. Ruiz|nom1=Jurado|titre=La politique de Saint Ignace de Loyola. L'analyse sociale|périodique=[[Gregorianum]]|volume=67|numéro=1|pages=193–195|date=1986|issn=0017-4114|lire en ligne=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23577365|consulté le=2023-12-06}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Article|langue=de|prénom1=J.|nom1=Thorer|titre=La politique de Saint Ignace de Loyola. L'analyse sociale|périodique=[[Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie]]|volume=108|numéro=2|pages=203–203|date=1986|issn=0044-2895|lire en ligne=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24165456|consulté le=2023-12-06}}.</ref>.
* {{ouvrage|titre=Pierre Favre : un portrait|lieu= Bruxelles|éditeur= Lessius|date= 12/04/2007|isbn=978-2-87299-156-3|pages totales=365}}<ref>{{Article|titre=« Recensions »|périodique=[[Études (revue)|Études]]|volume=407|numéro=9|pages=265-286|date=2007|lire en ligne=https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-2007-9-page-265.htm}}.</ref>.
* {{ouvrage|titre=L'intelligence du corps : un commentaire des Constitutions de la Compagnie de Jésus|lieu= Bruxelles|éditeur= [[Éditions jésuites|Lessius]]|date= 05/06/2020|isbn=978-2-87299-347-5|pages totales=240| collection = Christus}}.
* {{ouvrage|titre=Irénée de Lyon. La théologie de la gloire de l’homme|lieu= Paris|éditeur= Parole et Silence|date= 21/01/2021|pages totales=186|isbn=9782889592678 |préface=[[Philippe Barbarin]]}}<ref>{{Article|auteur1=[[Michel Fédou]]|titre=Bulletin de Patristique grecque|périodique=[[Recherches de science religieuse]]|volume=110|numéro=1|date=2021|lire en ligne=https://www-cairn-info.janus.bis-sorbonne.fr/revue-recherches-de-science-religieuse-2022-1-page-141.htm|pages=142-144}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |prénom=Guillaume |nom=Bady |titre=Irénée de Lyon. La théologie de la gloire de l’homme, par Dominique Bertrand |url=https://irenaeus.hypotheses.org/1189 |site=Irenaeus |date=2021-02-19 |consulté le=2023-12-06}}.</ref>.
* {{ouvrage|titre=Patristique et spiritualité|lieu= Paris|éditeur= [[Éditions du Cerf]]|date= 2023-4|pages totales=418 |isbn=9782204156424}}.

== Références ==
{{Références}}

== Liens externes ==
{{liens}}

{{Palette|Compagnie de Jésus}}
{{Portail|catholicisme|Compagnie de Jésus|théologie}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bertrand, Dominique}}
[[Catégorie:Théologien catholique français]]
[[Catégorie:Traducteur français]]
[[Catégorie:Jésuite français]]
[[Catégorie:Docteur de l'université Paris-Sorbonne]]
[[Catégorie:Prêtre catholique français du XXe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en juin 1931]]

title: Biographie

Nationalité: française

Formation: Université Paris-Sorbonne (doctorat)

Activité: Historien

title: Autres informations

A travaillé pour: Institut des sources chrétiennes · Christus

Ordre religieux: Compagnie de Jésus (depuis 1953)

Directeur de thèse: Roland Mousnier


text:
# اژدها (صورت فلکی)
اژدها یا گوزهر، هَشتَنبَر یک صورت فلکی در نیمکره شمالی آسمان است. مساحت صورت فلکی اژدها ۱۰۸۳ درجه مربع است.

## افسانه
نام اژدها به عنوان یک صورت فلکی، نماینده تمامی مطالب اساطیری از تیامات سومری‌ها تاهیولایی که به وسیله سنت جورج کشته شد بیان می‌گردد. طرح موجی شکل ستارگان این صورت فلکی بدون شک یادآور اژدها ست. صورت فلکی اژدها در آسمان به دور قطب شمال سماوی می‌پیچد.

## ستاره‌ها
آلفای اژدها یا ثُعبان (مار) امروزه دیگر چندان اهمیتی ندارد، اما زمانی که عنوان ستاره قطبی برای مصریان را داشته این افراد ساخت نیایشگاه‌های خود را با ثعبان در آسمان توجیه می‌کردند. طیف آن از نوع A0 III، قدرش ۳٫۷ و فاصله اش تا زمین ۲۳۰ سال نوری است. ستارهٔ بتای آن به نام رأس الثعبان (سر مار) دارای طیف G2 II، با قدر ۲٫۸ و فاصله ۴۹۰ سال نوری است.
ستاره‌های این پیکر آسمانی که نام‌های قدیمی دارند عبارتند از: گَوزَهَر، کتو، ثعبان (مار)، ذیخ (کفتار)، ذئبان (دو گرگ)، ذِبه (کفتارها)، بطن‌الثعبان (شکم مار) شمالی و جنوبی، تیل، راقص (چشمک‌زن)، تَیس (شاهمار)، گرومیوم، کوما، رأس‌الثعبان (سر مار)، رأس‌التنین (سر اژدها).

## اجرام عمقی آسمان
NGC۶۵۴۳: یک سحابی سیاره‌ای با قدر ۸ و درازای ۲۲ دقیقه قوسی است. در صورت فلکی اژدها تعداد زیادی کهکشان وجود دارد که اکثر آن‌ها کم فروغ و ضعیف تر از قدر دهم‌اند.

wikiname: fawiki

title: اژدها (صورت فلکی)

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{Sky|17|00|00|+|65|00|00|10}}
{{بهبود منبع}}
{{جعبه اطلاعات صورت‌فلکی
| نام= اژدها
| نام لاتین = Draco
| کوته‌نوشت = Dra
| چارک = NQ۳
| نام‌های دیگر =تنین، جوزهر، هَشتَنبَر
| بعد = {{RA|۱۷}}
| میل = {{DEC|۶۵}}
| پهنه = ۱۰۸۳
| رتبه =۸
| شمار ستاره‌های اصلی = ۱۴
| شمار ستاره‌های سیاره‌دار = ۱۹
| شمار ستارگان درخشان = ۳
| شمار ستاره‌های نزدیک =۷
| نام نزدیک‌ترین ستاره = Struve 2398
| فاصله نزدیک‌ترین ستاره = ۱۱٫۵۲
| نام درخشان‌ترین ستاره = [[گاما اژدها]] (التنین)
| قدر درخشان‌ترین ستاره = ۲٫۲۴
| شمار اجرام مسیه = ۱
| بارش‌های شهابی =[[بارش شهابی اژدهایی]] (مهر ماه)
| صور مجاور = [[گاوران (صورت فلکی)|گاوران]]{{سخ}}[[زانوزده]]{{سخ}}[[شلیاق|چنگ رومی]]{{سخ}}[[ماکیان (صورت فلکی)|ماکیان]]{{سخ}}[[قیفاووس]]{{سخ}}[[خرس کوچک]]{{سخ}}[[خرس بزرگ (صورت فلکی)|خرس بزرگ]]{{سخ}}[[زرافه (صورت فلکی)|زرافه]]
| بیشینه عرض برای مشاهده = ۹۰
| کمینه‌عرض برای مشاهده = ۱۵
| ماه = تیر
|شمار ستاره‌های بایر/فلمستد=۷۶|نماد=اژدها}}
'''اژدها یا گوزهر، هَشتَنبَر''' یک [[صورت فلکی]] در [[نیمکره شمالی آسمان]] است. مساحت صورت فلکی اژدها ۱۰۸۳ [[درجه مربع]] است.

== افسانه ==
نام [[اژدها]] به عنوان یک صورت فلکی، نماینده تمامی مطالب اساطیری از تیامات [[سومری‌ها]] تاهیولایی که به وسیله سنت جورج کشته شد بیان می‌گردد. طرح موجی شکل ستارگان این صورت فلکی بدون شک یادآور اژدها ست. صورت فلکی اژدها در آسمان به دور [[قطب شمال]] سماوی می‌پیچد.

== ستاره‌ها ==
[[پرونده:Draco constellation Persian.JPG|راست|400px]]
آلفای اژدها یا ثُعبان (مار) امروزه دیگر چندان اهمیتی ندارد، اما زمانی که عنوان ستاره قطبی برای مصریان را داشته این افراد ساخت نیایشگاه‌های خود را با [[ثعبان]] در آسمان توجیه می‌کردند. طیف آن از نوع A0 III، قدرش ۳٫۷ و فاصله اش تا زمین ۲۳۰ سال نوری است. ستارهٔ بتای آن به نام رأس الثعبان (سر مار) دارای طیف G2 II، با قدر ۲٫۸ و فاصله ۴۹۰ سال نوری است.

ستاره‌های این پیکر آسمانی که نام‌های قدیمی دارند عبارتند از: [[گوزهر|گَوزَهَر]]، کتو، ثعبان (مار)، ذیخ (کفتار)، ذئبان (دو گرگ)، ذِبه (کفتارها)، بطن‌الثعبان (شکم مار) شمالی و جنوبی، تیل، راقص (چشمک‌زن)، تَیس (شاهمار)، گرومیوم، کوما، رأس‌الثعبان (سر مار)، رأس‌التنین (سر اژدها).

== اجرام عمقی آسمان ==
NGC۶۵۴۳: یک [[سحابی سیاره‌ای]] با قدر ۸ و درازای ۲۲ [[دقیقه و ثانیه قوسی|دقیقه قوسی]] است. در صورت فلکی اژدها تعداد زیادی [[کهکشان]] وجود دارد که اکثر آن‌ها کم فروغ و ضعیف تر از قدر دهم‌اند.

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}
* کتاب ''صورت‌های فلکی'' نوشته دکتر گری مکلر

{{ویکی‌انبار-رده|Draco (constellation)}}
{{صور فلکی}}
{{ستاره‌های دارای نام}}

{{صورت فلکی-خرد}}

[[رده:اژدهایان]]
[[رده:صورت‌های فلکی شمالی]]
[[رده:صورت‌های فلکی غربی]]
[[رده:صورت فلکی اژدها]]
[[رده:صورت‌های فلکی ذکرشده بطلیموس]]
[[رده:صورت‌های فلکی]]

title: اژدها

کوتهنوشت: Dra

نام لاتین: Draco

نامهای دیگر: تنین، جوزهر، هَشتَنبَر

نماد: اژدها

بُعد: ۱۷h

میل: ۶۵°

پهنه: ۱۰۸۳ مربع درجه (۸)

ستارگان اصلی: ۱۴

ستارگان · بایر/فلَمستِد: ۷۶

ستارههای دارای سیاره: ۱۹

ستارههای درخشانتر از ۳.۰۰m: ۳

ستارههای نزدیکتر از ۱۰.۰۰ پارسک (۳۲.۶۲ سال نوری): ۷

درخشانترین ستاره: گاما اژدها (التنین) (۲٫۲۴m)

نزدیکترین ستاره: Struve 2398 · (۱۱٫۵۲ ly, pc)

اجرام مسیه: ۱

بارشهای شهابی: بارش شهابی اژدهایی (مهر ماه)

صور فلکی · همجوار: گاوران · زانوزده · چنگ رومی · ماکیان · قیفاووس · خرس کوچک · خرس بزرگ · زرافه


text:
# Shuvosaurus
 (septembre 2017).
Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ».
Shuvosaurus inexpectatus
Genre
Espèce
Synonymes
- Chatterjeea Long & Murry, 1995
  - Chatterjeea elegans

Shuvosaurus (qui signifie «lézard de Shuvo») est un genre éteint de « reptiles » à bec de la famille des Shuvosauridae. Il a été trouvé dans les couches géologiques du Trias supérieur du sud des États-Unis (Texas, Arizona et Nouveau-Mexique).
Une seule espèce est rattachée au genre : Shuvosaurus inexpectatus.

## Description
Il a été décrit par Sankar Chatterjee en 1993 après sa découverte par son fils Shuvo au début des années 1990. Il a d'abord été interprété comme un membre du triasique de la famille des dinosaures Ornithomimidae du Crétacé. Cependant, la découverte postérieure du genre apparenté Effigia a montré que Shuvosaurus est plus proche des crocodiliens, et que les similitudes entre cet animal et les ornithomimidés résultent seulement d'une évolution convergente. En outre, cette découverte a démontré que le genre Chatterjeea était synonyme de Shuvosaurus.

title: Shuvosaurus

wikitext:
{{à sourcer|date=septembre 2017}}
{{sous-titre/Taxon|ns1=Shuvosaurus inexpectatus}}
{{Taxobox début | animal | ''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus'' | Shuvosaurus BW.jpg| Reconstitution de ''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus''.}}
{{Taxobox | embranchement | Chordata }}
{{Taxobox | classe | Reptilia }}
{{Taxobox | sous-classe | Archosauria}}
{{Taxobox | ordre | Rauisuchia| éteint=oui }}
{{Taxobox | super-famille | Poposauroidea | éteint=oui }}
{{Taxobox | famille | Shuvosauridae | éteint=oui }}
{{Taxobox taxon | animal | genre |  Shuvosaurus | [[Sankar Chatterjee|Chatterjee]], [[1993]] | éteint=oui }}
{{Taxobox taxon | animal | espèce |  Shuvosaurus inexpectatus | [[Sankar Chatterjee|Chatterjee]], [[1993]] | éteint=oui }}
{{Taxobox synonymes |
* ''Chatterjeea'' Long & Murry, 1995
** ''Chatterjeea elegans'' }}
{{Taxobox fin}}

'''''Shuvosaurus''''' (qui signifie «lézard de [[Shuvo]]») est un [[genre (biologie)|genre]] [[extinction des espèces|éteint]] de « reptiles » à bec de la [[famille (biologie)|famille]] des [[Shuvosauridae]]. Il a été trouvé dans les couches géologiques du [[Trias supérieur]] du sud des [[États-Unis]] ([[Texas]], [[Arizona]] et [[Nouveau-Mexique]]).

Une seule [[espèce]] est rattachée au genre : '''''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus'''''.

== Description ==
[[File:Shuvosaurus_head_BW.jpg|thumb|left|Dessin de la tête de ''Shuvosaurus inexpectatus''.]]
Il a été décrit par [[Sankar Chatterjee]] en 1993 après sa découverte par son fils [[Shuvo]] au début des années 1990<ref>{{en}} Chatterjee, S. (1993). "Shuvosaurus, a new theropod: an unusual theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of Texas". National Geographic Research and Exploration. 9 (3): 274–285.</ref>. Il a d'abord été interprété comme un membre du [[Trias|triasique]] de la famille des [[dinosaures]] [[Ornithomimidae]] du Crétacé. Cependant, la découverte postérieure du genre apparenté ''[[Effigia]]'' a montré que ''Shuvosaurus'' est plus proche des crocodiliens, et que les similitudes entre cet animal et les ornithomimidés résultent seulement d'une [[évolution convergente]]. En outre, cette découverte a démontré que le genre ''[[Chatterjeea]]'' était [[synonymie|synonyme]] de ''Shuvosaurus''.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Liens externes ==
* http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=90276

{{Portail|herpétologie|paléontologie|Texas|Arizona|Nouveau-Mexique}}

[[Catégorie:Genre d'archosaures (nom scientifique)]]
[[Catégorie:Sauropside du Trias supérieur]]
[[Catégorie:Paléontologie aux États-Unis]]
[[Catégorie:Taxon fossile décrit en 1993]]

title: Classification

Règne: Animalia

Embranchement: Chordata

Classe: Reptilia

Sous-classe: Archosauria

Ordre: † Rauisuchia

Super-famille: † Poposauroidea

Famille: † Shuvosauridae


text:
# Anemurium
Anemurium (łac. Diœcesis Anemuriensis) – stolica historycznej diecezji w Cesarstwie Rzymskim (prowincja Izauria), współcześnie w Turcji (dzisiejszy Anamur). Wzmianki o biskupach pochodzą z V–VII wieku. Od XVIII wieku katolickie biskupstwo tytularne, od 1966 nieobsadzone.

## Biskupi tytularni
| Lp. | Biskup                          | Od                  | Do                |
| --- | ------------------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------- |
| 1   | Christoph Ignaz von Gudenus     | 20 marca 1726       | 11 grudnia 1747   |
| 2   | Nicolò Givovich                 | 5 maja 1749         | 13 listopada 1752 |
| 3   | Ludwig Hatteisen OSB            | 2 października 1758 | 3 kwietnia 1771   |
| 4   | Carlo Santacolomba              | 17 grudnia 1785     | 13 lipca 1801     |
| 5   | Antônio da Arrábida OFMRef.     | 9 kwietnia 1827     | 11 kwietnia 1850  |
| 6   | Henri Joseph Faraud OMI         | 16 maja 1863        | 26 września 1890  |
| 7   | Ricardo Isaza y Goyechea        | 17 lutego 1891      | 19 lipca 1918     |
| 8   | Sofronio Hacbang y Gaborni      | 8 listopada 1918    | 22 lutego 1923    |
| 9   | Luis María Martínez y Rodríguez | 8 czerwca 1923      | 20 lutego 1937    |
| 10  | Otto Raible SAC                 | 18 czerwca 1935     | 18 czerwca 1966   |

wikiname: plwiki

title: Anemurium

in_language: pl

wikitext:
{{Administratura kościelna infobox
 |nazwa                          = Anemurium
 |nazwa oryginalna               =
 |typ administratury             = Diecezja
 |grafika                        =
 |opis grafiki                   =
 |alt grafiki                    =
 |państwo                        = [[Cesarstwo Rzymskie]] / [[Izauria]]
 |miejscowość                    =
 |adres                          =
 |data powołania                 =
 |data zamknięcia                =
 |wyznanie                       = [[Kościół katolicki|katolickie]]
 |kościół                        = [[Kościół łaciński|rzymskokatolicki]]
 |nadrzędna administratura typ   =
 |nadrzędna administratura nazwa =
 |obiekt sakralny typ            =
 |obiekt sakralny nazwa          =
 |współczesne państwo            = Turcja
 |współczesna miejscowość        = [[Anamur]]
 |data ustanowienia tytularnej   = XVIII w.
 |rzeczywista funkcja biskupa    =
 |administrator                  = ''sede vacante''
 |administrator pomocniczy       =
 |administrator senior           =
 |rok danych statystycznych      =
 |procent wiernych               =
 |liczba wiernych                =
 |liczba kapłanów diecezjalnych  =
 |liczba kapłanów zakonnych      =
 |liczba kapłanów                =
 |liczba osób zakonnych          =
 |liczba diecezji                =
 |liczba dekanatów               =
 |liczba parafii                 =
 |liczba klasztorów              =
 |powierzchnia                   =
 |mapa                           =
 |opis mapy                      =
 |alt mapy                       =
 |kod mapy                       = żadna
 |współrzędne                    =
 |commons                        =
 |www                            =
}}
'''Anemurium''' ({{łac.|Diœcesis Anemuriensis}}) – stolica historycznej [[Diecezja|diecezji]] w [[Cesarstwo Rzymskie|Cesarstwie Rzymskim]] (prowincja [[Izauria]]), współcześnie w [[Turcja|Turcji]] (dzisiejszy [[Anamur]]). Wzmianki o biskupach pochodzą z V–VII wieku<ref>{{Cytuj książkę |tytuł = Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques |tom = 2 |miejsce = Paryż |rok = 1914 |strony = 1828–1829 |język = fr }}</ref>. Od XVIII wieku [[Kościół katolicki|katolickie]] [[biskup tytularny|biskupstwo tytularne]], od 1966 nieobsadzone.

== Biskupi tytularni ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="50" | Lp. || width="480" | Biskup || width="300" | Od || width="300" | Do
|-
| 1 ||style="text-align:left"| Christoph Ignaz von Gudenus || 20 marca 1726 || 11 grudnia 1747
|-
| 2 ||style="text-align:left"| Nicolò Givovich || 5 maja 1749 || 13 listopada 1752
|-
| 3 ||style="text-align:left"| Ludwig Hatteisen [[Benedyktyni|OSB]] || 2 października 1758 || 3 kwietnia 1771
|-
| 4 ||style="text-align:left"| Carlo Santacolomba || 17 grudnia 1785 || 13 lipca 1801
|-
| 5 ||style="text-align:left"| Antônio da Arrábida [[Reformaci|OFMRef.]] || 9 kwietnia 1827 || 11 kwietnia 1850
|-
| 6 ||style="text-align:left"| Henri Joseph Faraud [[Oblaci|OMI]] || 16 maja 1863 || 26 września 1890
|-
| 7 ||style="text-align:left"| Ricardo Isaza y Goyechea || 17 lutego 1891 || 19 lipca 1918
|-
| 8 ||style="text-align:left"| [[Sofronio Hacbang y Gaborni]] || 8 listopada 1918 || 22 lutego 1923
|-
| 9 ||style="text-align:left"| [[Luis María Martínez y Rodríguez]] || 8 czerwca 1923 || 20 lutego 1937
|-
| 10 ||style="text-align:left"| [[Otto Raible]] [[Pallotyni|SAC]] || 18 czerwca 1935 || 18 czerwca 1966
|-
|}

== Przypisy ==
{{Przypisy}}

== Bibliografia ==
* {{catholic-hierarchy |typ = diecezja |id = d3a19 |tytuł = Biskupia stolica tytularna Anemurium |data dostępu = 2023-04-23}}
* {{Gcatholic|http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0135.htm|Biskupia stolica tytularna Anemurium|2023-04-23}}

[[Kategoria:Tytularne stolice biskupie Kościoła katolickiego w dzisiejszej Turcji]]

title: Anemurium

Państwo:
Cesarstwo Rzymskie / Izauria
Turcja

Wyznanie: katolickie

Kościół: rzymskokatolicki

Współczesna miejscowość: Anamur

Data ustanowienia: XVIII w.

Obecny biskup: sede vacante


text:
# History of Dubuque, Iowa
The city of Dubuque, Iowa stretches back over 200 years, when Julien Dubuque first settled in the area in the late 18th century. Within the modern era, the city has focused on subjects such as flooding, racial issues, and redevelopment.

## Settlement
Dubuque was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the state of Iowa. This area was important in the French-Indian fur trading culture; the earliest record of lead mining dates to 1690 and the French trader, Nicholas Perrot. In 1788, Julien Dubuque was granted rights by the Meskwaki people to mine their land for lead; he settled near the mouth of Catfish Creek. Dubuque, for whom the city is named, is considered to be the first white man to settle in Iowa. Julien Dubuque's tomb remains a local landmark.

## Development
In 1833, the area where Julien Dubuque settled and worked was opened up to settlement by the United States Government. Miners created a settlement, this settlement eventually became the city of Dubuque. The religious community began with St. Luke's United Methodist Church. It is the oldest Methodist church in the state. Its origins trace back to the founding of the city; when Methodist ministers arrived and began work with the miners of the time. A small Catholic parish was established 1833. It eventually became the Saint Raphael's Cathedral parish. A Catholic church council recommended to Pope Gregory XVI that three new dioceses be created, one of which was at Dubuque. In 1837, the Dubuque Diocese was created, and Mathias Loras was appointed as a bishop. When he arrived in Dubuque, there were only a few priests to cover a large area that consisted of several states.
Bishop Loras encouraged large numbers of immigrants to come to the area from the crowded cities in the eastern US. Many immigrants settled in Dubuque and the surrounding area. Also, immigrants tended to gather with other immigrants from the same ethnic background: this often helped with their assimilation into their new nation.
Many Irish families came to the area because of cheap land and mining jobs. For many years, Irish families mainly settled in an area was often referred to as Little Dublin.
They were followed by a small group of Germans. Over the years, the German population grew until Germans became one of the two main ethnic groups in the city.
While other groups, such as Hispanics and African Americans, have become more prominent over the years, many living in Dubuque are descendants of German and Irish immigrants.

## Civil War
A number of people living in Dubuque served their nation in this war. A few of these people went on to play an important role in government. David Bremner Henderson was a Representative in the US House, and was Speaker at the turn of the century. He was wounded in the war and lost a leg. William Boyd Allison also served in the war. Afterwards, he later served in both houses of Congress. Allison Henderson park on the corners of University Avenue and Grandview Avenue is named for the two men.
A few Dubuque citizens found themselves in trouble with the government during the war. George Wallace Jones was imprisoned on a charge of disloyalty based upon correspondence with Jefferson Davis. Newspaper publisher Dennis Mahony was also imprisoned for several months in 1862 for editorials that were critical of the government.
Many Catholics and immigrants in Dubuque were opposed to the Republican party because parts of the Know Nothings movement who had harassed them had been absorbed into the Republican party. It caused trouble for both groups when the President and other government officials misinterpreted this opposition as disloyalty. This was responsible, in part, for Dubuque becoming a stronghold for the Democratic party.

## Post-Civil War
The years following the war were ones of growth and expansion for Dubuque. When the Milwaukee Railroad Shops opened in Dubuque, a population explosion occurred when a number of young German families moved to the area in search of jobs.
Lead mining no longer played a central role in the city. Now, Dubuque was becoming a transportation center due to its position on the Mississippi River. Also, the lumber industry had a large presence in Dubuque.
The Ku Klux Klan was an unwelcome presence at times in the area. In the 1920s, at the height of its power, Klan influence became visible in the area. Several crosses were burned in the area over an 18-month time period. One Klan meeting near the Center Grove section of the city degenerated into a huge fight when anti-klan demonstrators attacked Klan members. In 1925, the Klan held a gathering which they called a "Konklave." The Klan claimed over 50,000 people attended the rally. The Klan held another "Konklave" as well as a parade.
Fortunately, the influence of the Klan soon began to weaken. National scandals and power struggles weakened the Klan, which was mirrored locally. The Klan had pretty much disappeared from the public view for a number of years.
Most recently, during the 1990s, there was a brief resurgence of the Klan's presence in Dubuque. Appropriate actions were taken and the Klan's presence has since disappeared.

## Modern history
Following the World War II, Deere and Company built their manufacturing plant on a parcel of land adjoining the Mississippi River north of Dubuque, opening it in 1947. This plant, which today builds construction equipment became one of the major employers in the Dubuque area.
As television gained in popularity, area residents found that the geography of Dubuque made reception of over the air television signals difficult in some parts of the city. In response, a cable television system was developed in Dubuque during the mid-1950s. This made the Dubuque cable system one of the earlier systems to be developed in the country. The development of the Dubuque cable system meant that most homes in the lower lying regions of the city did not have television antennas - which was one of the main reasons why the city was chosen as a location for the movie F.I.S.T. Today, Mediacom runs the Dubuque cable system.

### Floods
The city was the site of several disastrous floods over the years when the Mississippi River went over its banks.
Flood of 1965 was one of the worst in the state's history. In Dubuque, water crested 9.8 feet (3.0 m) above flood stage. Locals created dykes out of sandbags.
Following the 1965 flood, funds were sought from the Federal government for the installation of a floodwall. This floodwall was finally built in the late 1960s. When the entire Midwest was prone to widespread floods in 1993 the floodwall helped keep the city from experiencing serious flooding, while other cities—such as Davenport, Iowa—sustained major damage.
In 1999, a major flood devastated Dubuque prompting the city to take action against them. The most notable action was the "daylighting" of the Bee Branch Creek.

### Racial problems
In 1989, a cross was burned and found, next to the garage of an African-American family which caught fire. In the ruins, parts of the cross were found, with written in it "KKK Lives" and "Nigger". Another cross was burned a few weeks later. This was found to be the work of a group of young men who were well known racists - several members already had criminal records. Those responsible eventually were convicted and sent to prison.
In 1992, the Ku Klux Klan held a rally in downtown Dubuque. To counter the Klan rally, the city held a free diversity public gathering at Dubuque's Eagle Point Park.
At about the same time, the city embarked on a plan to encourage more minorities to move to the area. John Deere encouraged more minorities to work for their factory in the city. Some of the critics tried to stir up fear by telling people that the city was planning on taking a bus to a large city and grab the first 100 African-Americans that they found. In reality, the city was planning on making a recruiting drive to bring African-American professionals to the city.
The city's program, and the cross burning polarized the community. People took up strongly held views. Dubuque police had to be summoned to Dubuque's Senior High School at one point because racial tensions almost boiled over into a large fight at the school. Jim Brady, who was mayor at the time, had even gone to the schools in Dubuque to talk about his experiences with racism over the years. When the Guardian Angels arrived in Dubuque, it was felt that their presence would only complicate the matter.
There were two more cross burnings in 2016.
As of January 2020, an estimated 3,000 African Americans lived in the city.

### Westward migration
During the latter half of the 20th century, residents and businesses of Dubuque began migrating out primarily to the western part of the city. This movement has changed the face of many areas of the city, and pushed out the western borders of Dubuque. Many homes and businesses were built on areas that were once farm fields in "the middle of nowhere."
Following World War II, the baby boom impacted Dubuque. A number of these young families settled in the west end. Areas that were once fields were turned into housing for these young families, and Dubuque began pushing westward. Because of this, the Archdiocese of Dubuque opened Wahlert High School—a central parochial high school. The Dubuque Community School District opened Hempstead High School—the city's second public high school—in 1970.
During this time, a number of new businesses were established in Dubuque. The S. S. Kresge Corporation opened a new Kmart on a parcel of land on what was once the western border of Dubuque. This was the first Kmart in Iowa. Target Stores opened their own location about a mile west of Kmart it the late 1970s. In 1970, the first stores at Kennedy Mall—the first indoor, climate-controlled mall in Iowa—were opened.
A number of businesses moved to the western part of the city. In 1964, Montgomery Ward decided to move their store from the downtown out to the west end. Both Wards and Roshek's Department Store moved into Kennedy Mall when it was opened. In the 1980s, both JCPenney and Sears moved their stores from the downtown out to Kennedy Mall.
This westward migration had redefined the lower main street area. Instead of being the main shopping area of the city, it became mostly a business park. After hours and on weekends, the area was deserted. The city has made a number of efforts to increase the importance of the downtown area once again.

### City redevelopment efforts
In recent years, the city of Dubuque has made a concerted effort to redevelop the downtown and riverfront areas. This included a number of controversial decisions. But so far most people seem to have positive opinions of the redevelopment efforts.
In the downtown area, the gas station featured in Field of Dreams was torn down to make way for expanded parking spots for downtown businesses. In the years following that decision, the Bricktown Restaurant opened in the building behind the gas station after the owners made major improvements to the building. The local Historic Preservation Commission had recommended that the gas station remain intact, however the city government overrode their decision.
A number of redevelopment efforts focused on the riverfront just north of the Ice Harbor. This was part of the America's River project. It included a newly expanded National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium. Private investors built the Grand Harbor Resort and Waterpark on the riverfront. The Grand River Events Center was built next door as a place to host events for parties ranging from very small to very large parties. The nearby old Dubuque Star Brewery has also been renovated into spaces for businesses.
Developers proposed building a stadium near the Ice Harbor for a minor league baseball team, however, the plans were abandoned when a tax levy to help fund this stadium was voted down by the residents.
Developers have also recently begun construction efforts on the area at the bottom of the bluffs which the Eagle Point Park is located on. They plan to build condominiums at the base of the bluffs. This has caused controversy in that people feel that having buildings there would take away from the natural beauty of the area. The controversy gained further momentum when it was found that several rockslides had taken place after construction efforts had begun. The rockslides led to concern that construction efforts may be causing geological instability in the bluffs.
The Dubuque Community School District has decided to replace a downtown elementary school building with a new building a short distance away. This plan has run into opposition by historic preservation interests, who claim this would result in the destruction of several historic buildings. After considering the options, the district decided to go ahead with building the new school, and has purchased the properties to be demolished. A section of W. 12th street has been closed off. The street has been taken out to make way for the new school building, named Prescott Elementary.
The development of new hotels has led to what the industry has termed as a surplus in the market - especially with the addition of the Grand Harbor Hotel and a new Hilton hotel at the Dubuque Greyhound Park and Casino. Because of this the Best Western Dubuque Inn has been sold. Part of it was torn down, and the remaining portion is being remodeled into a new hotel scheduled to open in the spring of 2006. The Dubuque Inn's owners also own the local Days Inn, which they have put up for sale as well. The owners of those two properties have said that their occupancy was often less than 50%.

title: History of Dubuque, Iowa

wikitext:
{{Multiple issues|
{{More sources needed|date=March 2008}}
{{original research|date=January 2024}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2023}}
{{Update|reason=Most of the info seems to come from before 2010|date=July 2023}}
}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2023}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:View North from the Fourth Street Elevator in Dubuque, Iowa.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Downtown and North [[Dubuque, Iowa]], looking north from the [[Fourth Street Elevator]].]]
The city of [[Dubuque, Iowa]] stretches back over 200 years, when [[Julien Dubuque]] first settled in the area in the late 18th century. Within the modern era, the city has focused on subjects such as flooding, racial issues, and redevelopment.

==Settlement==
Dubuque was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the state of Iowa. This area was important in the French-Indian fur trading culture; the earliest record of lead mining dates to 1690 and the French trader, Nicholas Perrot. In 1788, [[Julien Dubuque]] was granted rights by the [[Meskwaki]] people to [[Mining in Dubuque|mine their land for lead]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=A. G. |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/igsar/article/1058/galley/110072/view/ |title=Lead and Zinc Deposits of Iowa |year=1896 |location=Jefferson City |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref> he settled near the mouth of [[Catfish Creek (Iowa)|Catfish Creek]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Ludvigson |first1=Greg A. |last2=Dockal |first2=James A. |year=1984 |title=Lead and Zinc Mining in the Dubuque Area |url=https://www.iowadnr.gov/portals/idnr/uploads/geology/LeadZincMiningDubuqueArea.pdf |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=[[Iowa DNR]]}}</ref> Dubuque, for whom the city is named, is considered to be the first white man to settle in [[Iowa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyerholz |first=Charles Henry |year=1912 |title=Early History of Iowa |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ia-earlyhistory/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Legends of America}}</ref> [[Mines of Spain State Recreation Area and E. B. Lyons Nature Center|Julien Dubuque's tomb]] remains a local landmark.

== Development ==
In 1833, the area where Julien Dubuque settled and worked was opened up to settlement by the [[United States Government]]. Miners created a settlement, this settlement eventually became the city of Dubuque. The religious community began with [[St. Luke's United Methodist Church (Dubuque, Iowa)|St. Luke's United Methodist Church]]. It is the oldest [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist]] church in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-12 |title=Iowa's First Church |url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=128952 |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=The Historical Marker Database}}</ref> Its origins trace back to the founding of the city; when Methodist ministers arrived and began work with the miners of the time. A small Catholic parish was established 1833. It eventually became the [[St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)|Saint Raphael's Cathedral]] parish. A Catholic church council recommended to [[Pope Gregory XVI]] that three new [[diocese]]s be created, one of which was at Dubuque. In 1837, the [[Archdiocese of Dubuque|Dubuque Diocese]] was created,<ref>Pope Gregory XVI, [https://www.vatican.va/content/gregorius-xvi/it/documents/breve-universi-dominici-28-luglio-1837.html ''Universi Domenici''], in Italian, published on 28 July 1837, accessed on 8 July 2025</ref> and [[Mathias Loras]] was appointed as a bishop. When he arrived in Dubuque, there were only a few priests to cover a large area that consisted of several states.

Bishop Loras encouraged large numbers of immigrants to come to the area from the crowded cities in the eastern US. Many immigrants settled in Dubuque and the surrounding area. Also, immigrants tended to gather with other immigrants from the same ethnic background: this often helped with their assimilation into their new nation.

Many [[Irish ethnicity|Irish]] families came to the area because of cheap land and mining jobs. For many years, Irish families mainly settled in an area was often referred to as Little Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Mary |date=2022-03-14 |title=#LibraryNews - Loras College Library at Loras College |url=https://library.loras.edu/blog/Celebrating-Irish-Heritage |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=[[Loras College]]}}</ref>

They were followed by a small group of [[Ethnic German|Germans]]. Over the years, the German population grew until Germans became one of the two main ethnic groups in the city.

While other groups, such as [[Hispanic]]s and [[African Americans]], have become more prominent over the years, many living in Dubuque are descendants of German and Irish immigrants.

==Civil War==
[[Image:Dubuque IA Barber 1865p506 cropped.jpg|left|thumbnail|Dubuque in 1865.]]
A number of people living in Dubuque served their nation in this war. A few of these people went on to play an important role in government. [[David Bremner Henderson]] was a Representative in the [[United States House of Representatives|US House]], and was [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] at the turn of the century. He was wounded in the war and lost a leg. [[William Boyd Allison]] also served in the war. Afterwards, he later served in both houses of [[United States Congress|Congress]]. Allison Henderson park on the corners of University Avenue and Grandview Avenue is named for the two men.

A few Dubuque citizens found themselves in trouble with the government during the war. [[George Wallace Jones]] was imprisoned on a charge of disloyalty based upon correspondence with [[Jefferson Davis]]. Newspaper publisher [[Dennis Mahony]] was also imprisoned for several months in 1862 for editorials that were critical of the government.

Many [[Catholic]]s and immigrants in Dubuque were opposed to the Republican party because parts of the [[Know Nothings]] movement who had harassed them had been absorbed into the Republican party. It caused trouble for both groups when the [[President of the United States|President]] and other government officials misinterpreted this opposition as disloyalty. This was responsible, in part, for Dubuque becoming a stronghold for the [[United States Democratic party|Democratic]] party.

==Post-Civil War==
[[Image:Bridges on the Mississippi at Dubuque.jpg|thumb|right|''Bridges on the Mississippi, at Dubuque'', an 1872 [[wood engraving]]]]
The years following the war were ones of growth and expansion for [[Dubuque, Iowa|Dubuque]]. When the Milwaukee Railroad Shops opened in Dubuque, a population explosion occurred when a number of young German families moved to the area in search of jobs.

Lead mining no longer played a central role in the city. Now, Dubuque was becoming a transportation center due to its position on the [[Mississippi River]]. Also, the lumber industry had a large presence in Dubuque.

The [[Ku Klux Klan]] was an unwelcome presence at times in the area. In the 1920s, at the height of its power, Klan influence became visible in the area. Several [[Cross burning|crosses]] were burned in the area over an 18-month time period. One Klan meeting near the Center Grove section of the city degenerated into a huge fight when anti-klan demonstrators attacked Klan members. In 1925, the Klan held a gathering which they called a "Konklave." The Klan claimed over 50,000 people attended the rally. The Klan held another "Konklave" as well as a parade.

Fortunately, the influence of the Klan soon began to weaken. National scandals and power struggles weakened the Klan, which was mirrored locally. The Klan had pretty much disappeared from the public view for a number of years.

Most recently, during the 1990s, there was a brief resurgence of the Klan's presence in Dubuque. Appropriate actions were taken and the Klan's presence has since disappeared.

== Modern history ==
Following the [[World War II]], [[Deere and Company]] built their manufacturing plant on a parcel of land adjoining the [[Mississippi River]] north of Dubuque, opening it in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machinefinder |date=2021-04-23 |title=John Deere Dubuque Works: Key Facts to Know {{!}} MachineFinder |url=https://blog.machinefinder.com/31968/facts-john-deere-dubuque-works |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=John Deere MachineFinder |language=en-US}}</ref> This plant, which today builds construction equipment became one of the major employers in the Dubuque area.

As television gained in popularity, area residents found that the geography of Dubuque made reception of over the air television signals difficult in some parts of the city. In response, a [[cable television]] system was developed in Dubuque during the mid-1950s. This made the Dubuque cable system one of the earlier systems to be developed in the country. The development of the Dubuque cable system meant that most homes in the lower lying regions of the city did not have television antennas - which was one of the main reasons why the city was chosen as a location for the movie ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]]'' Today, [[Mediacom]] runs the Dubuque cable system.

=== Floods ===
[[Image:Downtown Dubuque, Iowa during the 1965 floods.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|Downtown Dubuque during the floods of 1965.]]
[[Image:DubuqueFloodWall.JPG|thumbnail|right|300px|A portion of the [[flood wall]] built to protect the city from flooding.]]
The city was the site of several disastrous [[floods]] over the years when the [[Mississippi River]] went over its banks.

[[Flood of 1965]] was one of the worst in the state's history. In Dubuque, water crested {{Convert|9.8|ft|m}} above flood stage.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/palimpsest/article/id/21701/download/pdf/ |title=The Great Flood of 1965 |publisher=The Palimpsest |pages=354–362 |via=[[University of Iowa]]}}</ref> Locals created dykes out of sandbags.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogstrom |first=Erik |date=2020-04-26 |title=Historic flood: River swamped Dubuque 55 years ago |url=https://www.telegraphherald.com/news/tri-state/article_007c5742-e568-5342-a4ca-5fa3ffc62bec.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=TelegraphHerald.com |language=en}}</ref>

Following the 1965 flood, funds were sought from the Federal government for the installation of a floodwall. This floodwall was finally built in the late 1960s. When the entire Midwest was prone to widespread floods in 1993 the floodwall helped keep the city from experiencing serious flooding, while other cities—such as [[Davenport, Iowa]]—sustained major damage.

In 1999, a major flood devastated Dubuque prompting the city to take action against them. The most notable action was the "daylighting" of the [[Bee Branch Creek]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bee Branch Creek History {{!}} Dubuque, IA - Official Website |url=https://www.cityofdubuque.org/2561/Bee-Branch-Creek-History |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.cityofdubuque.org}}</ref>

=== Racial problems ===
In 1989, a [[cross]] was [[cross burning|burned]] and found, next to the garage of an African-American family which caught fire. In the ruins, parts of the cross were found, with written in it "[[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]] Lives" and "[[Nigger]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=McAllister |first=Bill |date=1991-11-17 |title=Firey Crosses Ignite Town's Worst Fears |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/17/fiery-crosses-ignite-towns-worst-fears/db9604c0-a538-4bf0-8240-a2d27ccb7387/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |place=[[Dubuque, Iowa]]}}</ref> Another cross was burned a few weeks later. This was found to be the work of a group of young men who were well known racists - several members already had criminal records. Those responsible eventually were convicted and sent to prison.

In 1992, the Ku Klux Klan held a rally in downtown Dubuque. To counter the Klan rally, the city held a free diversity public gathering at Dubuque's Eagle Point Park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-07 |title=Time Machine: History of the Klan in Iowa |url=https://www.thegazette.com/history/time-machine-history-of-the-klan-in-iowa/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=The Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>

At about the same time, the city embarked on a plan to encourage more minorities to move to the area. [[John Deere]] encouraged more minorities to work for their factory in the city.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Beason |first=Tyrone |date=2020-01-31 |title=A nearly all-white Iowa town asked itself: 'Why do we hate?' |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-01-31/dubuque-iowa-confronts-racism |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Some of the critics tried to stir up fear by telling people that the city was planning on taking a bus to a large city and grab the first 100 African-Americans that they found. In reality, the city was planning on making a recruiting drive to bring African-American professionals to the city.

The city's program, and the cross burning polarized the community. People took up strongly held views. Dubuque police had to be summoned to Dubuque's Senior High School at one point because racial tensions almost boiled over into a large fight at the school. Jim Brady, who was mayor at the time, had even gone to the schools in Dubuque to talk about his experiences with racism over the years. When the [[Guardian Angels]] arrived in Dubuque, it was felt that their presence would only complicate the matter.

There were two more cross burnings in 2016.<ref name=":2" />

As of January 2020, an estimated 3,000 African Americans lived in the city.<ref name=":2" />

=== Westward migration ===
During the latter half of the 20th century, residents and businesses of Dubuque began migrating out primarily to the western part of the city. This movement has changed the face of many areas of the city, and pushed out the western borders of Dubuque. Many homes and businesses were built on areas that were once farm fields in "the middle of nowhere."

Following World War II, the [[baby boom]] impacted Dubuque. A number of these young families settled in the west end. Areas that were once fields were turned into housing for these young families, and Dubuque began pushing westward. Because of this, the Archdiocese of Dubuque opened Wahlert High School—a central parochial high school. The Dubuque Community School District opened Hempstead High School—the city's second public high school—in 1970.

[[Image:KMart4018.JPG|thumbnail|left|250px|The Dubuque Kmart. This Kmart has the distinction of being the first Kmart in Iowa.]]
During this time, a number of new businesses were established in Dubuque. The [[S. S. Kresge Corporation]] opened a new [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]] on a parcel of land on what was once the western border of Dubuque. This was the first Kmart in Iowa. [[Target Corporation|Target Stores]] opened their own location about a mile west of Kmart it the late 1970s. In 1970, the first stores at [[Kennedy Mall]]—the first indoor, climate-controlled mall in Iowa—were opened.

A number of businesses moved to the western part of the city. In 1964, [[Montgomery Ward]] decided to move their store from the downtown out to the west end. Both Wards and Roshek's Department Store moved into Kennedy Mall when it was opened. In the 1980s, both [[JCPenney]] and [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]] moved their stores from the downtown out to Kennedy Mall.

This westward migration had redefined the lower main street area. Instead of being the main shopping area of the city, it became mostly a business park. After hours and on weekends, the area was deserted. The city has made a number of efforts to increase the importance of the downtown area once again.

=== City redevelopment efforts ===
In recent years, the city of Dubuque has made a concerted effort to redevelop the downtown and riverfront areas. This included a number of controversial decisions. But so far most people seem to have positive opinions of the redevelopment efforts.

In the downtown area, the gas station featured in [[Field of Dreams]] was torn down to make way for expanded parking spots for downtown businesses. In the years following that decision, the Bricktown Restaurant opened in the building behind the gas station after the owners made major improvements to the building. The local Historic Preservation Commission had recommended that the gas station remain intact, however the city government overrode their decision.

[[Image:DubuqueRiverWalkMay04.jpg|right|thumbnail|Dubuque's River Walk]]A number of redevelopment efforts focused on the riverfront just north of the [[Ice Harbor]]. This was part of the America's River project. It included a newly expanded [[National Mississippi River Museum & Aquarium|National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium]]. Private investors built the [[Grand Harbor Resort and Waterpark]] on the riverfront. The Grand River Events Center was built next door as a place to host events for parties ranging from very small to very large parties. The nearby old Dubuque Star Brewery has also been renovated into spaces for businesses.

Developers proposed building a stadium near the Ice Harbor for a [[minor league baseball]] team, however, the plans were abandoned when a tax levy to help fund this stadium was voted down by the residents.

Developers have also recently begun construction efforts on the area at the bottom of the bluffs which the Eagle Point Park is located on. They plan to build condominiums at the base of the bluffs. This has caused controversy in that people feel that having buildings there would take away from the natural beauty of the area. The controversy gained further momentum when it was found that several rockslides had taken place after construction efforts had begun. The rockslides led to concern that construction efforts may be causing geological instability in the bluffs.

The Dubuque Community School District has decided to replace a downtown elementary school building with a new building a short distance away. This plan has run into opposition by historic preservation interests, who claim this would result in the destruction of several historic buildings. After considering the options, the district decided to go ahead with building the new school, and has purchased the properties to be demolished. A section of W. 12th street has been closed off. The street has been taken out to make way for the new school building, named Prescott Elementary.

The development of new hotels has led to what the industry has termed as a surplus in the market - especially with the addition of the Grand Harbor Hotel and a new Hilton hotel at the Dubuque Greyhound Park and Casino. Because of this the [[Best Western]] [[Dubuque Inn]] has been sold. Part of it was torn down, and the remaining portion is being remodeled into a new hotel scheduled to open in the spring of 2006. The Dubuque Inn's owners also own the local [[Days Inn]], which they have put up for sale as well. The owners of those two properties have said that their occupancy was often less than 50%.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Johnson, Russell L. ''Warriors into Workers: The Civil War and the Formation of the Urban-Industrial Society in a Northern City'' (2003) about Dubuque

==External links==
*[http://www.encyclopediadubuque.org/ Encyclopedia Dubuque]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202211616/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lecture-tour/0301-dubuque.html Oscar Wilde lectures in Dubuque, 1882]

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[[Category:Histories of cities in Iowa|Dubuque]]
[[Category:Dubuque, Iowa]]