text:
# Чёрный таракан
Тарака́н чёрный (лат. Blatta orientalis) — синантропное насекомое отряда тараканообразных.

## Распространение
Распространён по всей Европе, а также встречается в Азии и Африке. Начиная с середины XX века популяция чёрного таракана стала существенно уменьшаться из-за конкуренции с рыжим тараканом и появления новых инсектицидов.

## Описание
Крупные насекомые, длина тела достигает 20—30 мм. Тело сплющено в дорсовентральном направлении. Имеют монотонную смоляно-бурую или чёрно-бурую окраску с металлическим блеском. Есть пара надкрыльев, кожистых и легких, под ними пара крыльев — тонких и перепончатых. Надкрылья самца длинные, немного короче брюшка, у самки же они короткие, не достигают основания брюшка. Ротовой аппарат грызущего типа.
Последний сегмент брюшка самки снизу на вершине с парой створок, отделённых поперечной бороздкой. Генитальная пластинка самца симметричная, с парой одинаковых грифельков.
Самки тараканов имеют особые кожные пахучие железы, выделяемый секрет которых является человеческим аллергеном и привлекает самцов для размножения.

## Цикл развития
Развитие с неполным превращением, которое длится несколько месяцев. Стадии: яйцо — личинка — имаго. Самка откладывает яйца в кокон и носит с собой (14-15 дней).

## Экология
Обитает в отапливаемых домах, теплицах, угольных шахтах и канализации. Начиная с юга России, Украины и по всему Казахстану может встречаться и в дикой природе, чаще всего недалеко от жилья человека. Питается пищевыми отходами. Ни самцы, ни самки не летают, но быстро бегают.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Чёрный таракан

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{Таксон
| image file = Blatta orientalis cdc 2.jpg
| image title = Чёрные тараканы
| regnum = Животные
| parent = Blatta
| rang = Вид
| latin = Blatta orientalis
| author = [[Линней, Карл|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
| syn = * {{btname|Kakerlac|Serville, 1839}}
* {{btname|Steleopyga|Fischer von Waldheim, 1833}}
* {{btname|Stylopyga|Fischer von Waldheim, 1846}}
| iucnstatus =
| iucn =
| wikispecies = Blatta orientalis
}}
'''Тарака́н чёрный'''<ref>{{Книга:Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Насекомые|с=10}}</ref> ({{lang-la|Blatta orientalis}}) — [[Синантропные организмы|синантропное]] [[насекомые|насекомое]] отряда [[Тараканообразные|тараканообразных]].

== Распространение ==
Распространён по всей [[Европа|Европе]], а также встречается в [[Азия|Азии]] и [[Африка|Африке]]. Начиная с середины XX века популяция чёрного таракана стала существенно уменьшаться из-за конкуренции с [[Рыжий таракан|рыжим тараканом]] и появления новых [[Инсектициды|инсектицидов]].

== Описание ==
Крупные насекомые, длина тела достигает 20—30 мм. Тело сплющено в дорсовентральном направлении. Имеют монотонную смоляно-бурую или чёрно-бурую окраску с металлическим блеском. Есть пара [[Надкрылья|надкрыльев]], кожистых и легких, под ними пара крыльев — тонких и перепончатых. Надкрылья [[Самец|самца]] длинные, немного короче [[Брюшко|брюшка]], у [[Самка|самки]] же они короткие, не достигают основания брюшка<ref name="ONDVUSSRzz">{{книга|автор=Мамаев Б. М., Медведев Л. Н. и Правдин Ф. Н.|часть=|заглавие=Определитель насекомых европейской части СССР|оригинал=|ссылка=|ответственный=|издание=|место=М.|издательство=«Просвещение»|год=1976|том=|страницы=43—44|страниц=304|серия=|isbn=|тираж=}}</ref>. Ротовой аппарат грызущего типа.

Последний сегмент брюшка самки снизу на вершине с парой створок, отделённых поперечной бороздкой. Генитальная пластинка самца симметричная, с парой одинаковых грифельков<ref name="ONDVUSSRzz"/>.

Самки тараканов имеют особые кожные пахучие железы, выделяемый секрет которых является человеческим [[Аллерген|аллергеном]] и привлекает самцов для размножения.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://xn----7sb7asiai9f.xn--p1ai/kak-razmnozhayutsya-tarakany|title=Как размножаются тараканы в домах и квартирах|first=Урал СЭС-уничтожение клопов и тараканов г Екатеринбург Ул|last=Малышева|website=УРАЛЬСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ санитарно-эпидемиологическая служба|access-date=2025-07-14|last2=Дом 36 +7289-01-54}}</ref>

== Цикл развития ==
Развитие с неполным превращением, которое длится несколько месяцев. Стадии: яйцо — личинка — [[имаго]]. Самка откладывает яйца в [[кокон]] и носит с собой (14-15 дней)<ref name=":0" />.

== Экология ==
Обитает в отапливаемых домах, [[теплица]]х, угольных шахтах и канализации. Начиная с юга [[Россия|России]], [[Украина|Украины]] и по всему [[Казахстан]]у может встречаться и в дикой природе, чаще всего недалеко от жилья человека. Питается пищевыми отходами. Ни самцы, ни самки не летают, но быстро бегают{{нет АИ|16|09|2022}}.

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

{{ВС}}

[[Категория:Животные, описанные в 1758 году]]
[[Категория:Насекомые Евразии]]
[[Категория:Насекомые Африки]]
[[Категория:Blattidae]]
[[Категория:Синантропные виды]]

title: Научная классификация

Научная классификация: Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ПервичноротыеБез ранга:ЛиняющиеБез ранга:PanarthropodaТип:ЧленистоногиеПодтип:ТрахейнодышащиеНадкласс:ШестиногиеКласс:НасекомыеПодкласс:Крылатые насекомыеИнфракласс:НовокрылыеКлада:PolyneopteraНадотряд:ТараканообразныеОтряд:ТаракановыеНадсемейство:BlattoideaСемейство:BlattidaeПодсемейство:BlattinaeРод:BlattaВид:Чёрный таракан

title: Международное научное название

Международное научное название: Blatta orientalis Linnaeus, 1758

title: Синонимы

Синонимы: - Kakerlac Serville, 1839 - Steleopyga Fischer von Waldheim, 1833 - Stylopyga Fischer von Waldheim, 1846

title: ITIS

· Систематика · в Викивидах: · Изображения · на Викискладе · | ITIS | 102404 | | NCBI | 6976 | | EOL | 1076404 |

title: ITIS


text:
# Colchicum confusum
Colchicum confusum är en tidlöseväxtart som beskrevs av Karin Persson. Colchicum confusum ingår i släktet tidlösor, och familjen tidlöseväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

wikiname: svwiki

title: Colchicum confusum

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|tidlöseväxt|datum=2014-06}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Colchicum confusum''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Växter]]
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio_sv =
| divisio = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis_sv = [[Enhjärtbladiga blomväxter]]
| classis = Liliopsida
| ordo_sv = [[Liljeordningen]]
| ordo = Liliales
| familia_sv = [[Tidlöseväxter]]
| familia = Colchicaceae
| genus_sv = [[Tidlösor]]
| genus = Colchicum
| species_sv =
| species = '''Colchicum confusum'''
| taxon = Colchicum confusum
| taxon_authority = [[Karin Persson|K.Perss.]]
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Colchicum confusum'''''<ref name = "C132"/> är en [[tidlöseväxter|tidlöseväxt]]art som beskrevs av [[Karin Persson]]. ''Colchicum confusum'' ingår i [[släkte]]t [[Tidlösor (växter)|tidlösor]], och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[tidlöseväxter]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga [[underart]]er finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9766266|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 26 May 2014 |författare= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|datum= 2014|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "C132">K.Perss., 1999 ''In: Pl. Syst. Evol. 217: 60''</ref>
<ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
</references>

== Externa länkar ==
* {{wikispecies|Colchicum confusum|''Colchicum confusum''}}

[[Kategori:Tidlösor]]
[[Kategori:Colchicum|confusum]]

{{Robotskapad stub om tidlösor}}
{{Taxonbar}}

title: Systematik

Domän: Eukaryoter · Eukaryota

Rike: Växter · Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Klass: Enhjärtbladiga blomväxter · Liliopsida

Ordning: Liljeordningen · Liliales

Familj: Tidlöseväxter · Colchicaceae

Släkte: Tidlösor · Colchicum

Art: Colchicum confusum

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: § Colchicum confusum


text:
# Caetano Silvestre da Silva
Caetano Silvestre da Silva (? — ?) foi um político brasileiro.
Foi presidente da província de Alagoas, de 27 de dezembro de 1842 a 1 de março de 1844.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Caetano Silvestre da Silva

in_language: pt

wikitext:
'''Caetano Silvestre da Silva''' (? — ?) foi um [[política|político]] [[brasil]]eiro.

Foi [[Presidente (província)|presidente]] da [[Província#No Brasil|província]] de [[Alagoas]], de [[27 de dezembro]] de [[1842]] a [[1 de março]] de [[1844]].<ref name=":0">{{Citar livro|url=https://books.google.com.br/books?id=H2ECAAAAYAAJ&hl=pt-BR&source=gbs_navlinks_s|título=Relação dos cidadãos que tomaram parte no governo do Brazil no periodo de março de 1808 a 15 de novembre de 1889|ultimo=Galvão|primeiro=Miguel Archanjo|editora=Imprensa nacional|ano=1894|local=Rio de Janeiro|páginas=42-43}}</ref>

{{Referências}}

==Ligações externas==
#[http://brazil.crl.edu/bsd/bsd/9/index.html Fala com que abriu a 2ª sessão ordinária da 4ª legislatura da Assembléia Legislativa da província das Alagoas o exmo. presidente da mesma província, '''Caetano Silvestre da Silva''', em 2 de fevereiro de 1843]

{{Começa caixa}}
{{Caixa de sucessão
|título=[[Lista de governadores de Alagoas|Presidente da província de Alagoas]]
|anos=[[1842]] — [[1844]]
|antes=[[Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo]]
|depois=[[Anselmo Francisco Peretti]]
}}
{{Termina caixa}}

{{Presidentes de Alagoas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caetano Silvestre Silva}}
[[Categoria:Governadores de Alagoas (Império)]]

{{esboço-biografia}}


text:
# 1902 in science
The year 1902 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Aeronautics
- May 15 – Lyman Gilmore claims to have flown his steam-powered fixed-wing aircraft, although his proof is supposedly destroyed in a 1935 fire.

## Chemistry
- Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering discover that barbitone (barbital or Veronal) is an effective hypnotic agent.[1] It becomes the first commercially marketed barbiturate, being used as a treatment for insomnia from 1903.
- Auguste Verneuil develops the Verneuil process for making synthetic rubies.
- German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald develops and patents the Ostwald process for making nitric acid.

## Earth sciences
- April–August – Eruption of Mount Pelée in Martinique.
- Mercalli intensity scale introduced as a seismic scale for earthquakes by Giuseppe Mercalli.

## Exploration
- July 14 - Peruvian explorer Agustín Lizárraga rediscovers the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu, Peru
- December 30 – Discovery Expedition: British explorers Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82°S.

## Genetics
- Walter Sutton (in the United States) and Theodor Boveri (in Germany) independently develop the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory, explaining the mechanism underlying the laws of Mendelian inheritance by identifying chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.[2]

## History of science
- May 17 – Archaeologist Valerios Stais identifies the Antikythera mechanism, now considered to be the oldest known analog computer.[3]

## Mathematics
- June 16 – Bertrand Russell writes to Gottlob Frege informing him of the problem in naive set theory that will become known as Russell's paradox.[4]
- Gyula Farkas publishes the first proof of Farkas' lemma.[5]
- Henri Lebesgue introduces the theory of Lebesgue integration.[6]

## Medicine
- January 1 – Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's first registered nurse.
- February – A commission on yellow fever in the United States announces that the disease is carried by mosquitoes.

## Paleontology
- Remains of the second Tyrannosaurus rex specimen, the first recognized as such, are excavated by Barnum Brown in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana.[7]

## Physics
- Oliver Heaviside and Arthur E. Kennelly independently predict the existence of what will become known as the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer of the ionosphere.
- James Jeans finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium.
- Philipp Lenard observes that maximum photoelectron energies are independent of illuminating intensity but depend on frequency.
- Gilbert N. Lewis develops the cubical atom atomic model.
- Theodor Svedberg suggests that fluctuations in molecular bombardment cause the Brownian motion.

## Physiology
- William Bayliss and Ernest Starling make the first discovery of a hormone, secretin.

## Psychology
- Vienna Psychoanalytic Society begins to meet as the Wednesday Psychological Society in Sigmund Freud's apartment.

## Technology
- January 1 – Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates his wireless telephone device in Kentucky.
- April 13 – A new land speed record of 74 mph (119 km/h) is set in Nice, France, by Léon Serpollet driving a steam car.
- July 17 – Willis Carrier devises the first modern air conditioning system for a plant in New York City.
- December 10 – Old Aswan Dam, designed by William Willcocks, completed across the River Nile in Egypt.
- First Vierendeel bridge built, across the Scheldt at Avelgem in Belgium.

## Zoology
- October – First Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) discovered by Captain Robert von Beringe in German East Africa.[8]

## Institutions
- January 28 – The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, D.C., to promote scientific research with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie.

## Awards
- Nobel Prizes
  - Physics – Hendrik Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
  - Chemistry – Hermann Emil Fischer
  - Medicine – Ronald Ross
- Hughes Medal first awarded by the Royal Society of London to J. J. Thomson
- June 26 – First recipients of the Order of Merit in the United Kingdom include
  - Lord Rayleigh
  - Lord Kelvin
  - Lord Lister
  - Sir William Huggins

## Births
- February 10 – Walter Houser Brattain (died 1987), American physicist.
- February 16 – Zhang Yuzhe (died 1986), Chinese astronomer.
- May 25 – Calvin Souther Fuller (died 1994), American physical chemist at AT&T Bell Laboratories.
- June 14 – Paul Lester Errington (died 1962), American conservationist.
- June 15 – Erik Erikson, né Salomonsen (died 1994), German-born psychologist.
- August 8 – Paul Dirac (died 1984), English physicist.
- August 13 – Felix Wankel (died 1988), German mechanical engineer.
- November 2 – Sergey Lebedev (died 1974), Russian computer scientist.
- Remziye Hisar, (died 1992), Turkish chemist.

## Deaths
- January 23 – Alfred William Bennett, British botanist (born 1833)[9]
- February 11 – Caroline Rosenberg (born 1810) Danish botanist.
- March 6 – Moritz Kaposi (born 1837), Hungarian dermatologist.
- April 12 – Alfred Cornu (born 1841), French physicist[10]
- May 26 – Almon Strowger (born 1839), American telecommunications engineer.
- September 5 – Rudolf Virchow (born 1821), German pathologist and biologist.
- September 18 – Thorborg Rappe (born 1832), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with Intellectual disability.
- November 12 – William Henry Barlow (born 1812), English railway civil engineer.
- December 22 – Richard von Krafft-Ebing (born 1840), German sexologist.

wikiname: enwiki

title: 1902 in science

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Year nav topic5|1902|science}}
{{Science year nav|1902}}

The year '''1902 in [[science]]''' and [[technology]] involved some significant events, listed below.

==Aeronautics==
* May 15 – [[Lyman Gilmore]] claims to have flown his [[steam engine|steam-powered]] [[fixed-wing aircraft]], although his proof is supposedly destroyed in a 1935 fire.

==Chemistry==
* [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] and [[Joseph von Mering]] discover that [[barbitone]] (barbital or Veronal) is an effective [[hypnotic]] agent.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fischer|first1=E. H.|last2=Mering|first2=J.|title=Ueber eine neue Classe von Schlafmitteln|journal=Therapie der Gegenwart|volume=5|pages=97–101|year=1903|language=German|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NV0DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Therapie+der+Gegenwart%22+1903|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref> It becomes the first commercially marketed [[barbiturate]], being used as a treatment for [[insomnia]] from 1903.
* [[Auguste Verneuil]] develops the [[Verneuil process]] for making synthetic [[Ruby|rubies]].
* German chemist [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] develops and [[patent]]s the [[Ostwald process]] for making [[nitric acid]].

==Earth sciences==
* April–August – Eruption of [[Mount Pelée]] in [[Martinique]].
* [[Mercalli intensity scale]] introduced as a [[seismic scale]] for [[earthquake]]s by [[Giuseppe Mercalli]].

==Exploration==
* July 14 - Peruvian explorer [[Agustín Lizárraga]] rediscovers the Inca citadel of [[Machu Picchu]], Peru
* December 30 – [[Discovery Expedition|''Discovery'' Expedition]]: British explorers [[Robert Falcon Scott|Scott]], [[Ernest Shackleton|Shackleton]] and [[Edward Adrian Wilson|Wilson]] reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82°S.

==Genetics==
* [[Walter Sutton]] (in the United States) and [[Theodor Boveri]] (in Germany) independently develop the [[Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory]], explaining the mechanism underlying the laws of [[Mendelian inheritance]] by identifying [[chromosome]]s as the carriers of [[gene]]tic material.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1902_Boveri_Sutton.php|title=Genetics and Genomics Timeline – 1902: Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) and Walter Sutton (1877-1916) propose that chromosomes bear hereditary factors in accordance with Mendelian laws|work=Genome News Network|publisher=J. Craig Venter Institute|year=2004|accessdate=2011-12-21}}</ref>

==History of science==
* May 17 – [[Archaeologist]] [[Valerios Stais]] identifies the [[Antikythera mechanism]], now considered to be the oldest known [[analog computer]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Haughton|first=Brian|title=Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awF5hqJpErAC&pg=PA43|accessdate=2011-05-16|year=2006|location=Franklin Lakes, New Jersey|publisher=Career Press|isbn=978-1-56414-897-1|pages=43–44}}</ref>

==Mathematics==
* June 16 – [[Bertrand Russell]] writes to [[Gottlob Frege]] informing him of the problem in [[naive set theory]] that will become known as [[Russell's paradox]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ktC0UrG4V8C&pg=PA253|page=253|year=1997|title=The Frege Reader|isbn=978-0-631-19445-3|first=Gottlob|last=Frege|editor=Beaney, Michael|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref>
* [[Gyula Farkas (natural scientist)|Gyula Farkas]] publishes the first proof of [[Farkas' lemma]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Gyula|last=Farkas|year=1894|title=A Fourier-féle mechanikai elv alkamazásai|journal=Mathematikai és Természettudományi Értesítő|volume=12|pages=457–472}}</ref>
* [[Henri Lebesgue]] introduces the theory of [[Lebesgue integration]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Tony|last=Crilly|title=50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84724-147-4|page=77}}</ref>

==Medicine==
* January 1 – [[Nurses Registration Act 1901]] comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of [[nurse]]s. On January 10, [[Ellen Dougherty]] becomes the world's first registered nurse.
* February – A commission on [[yellow fever]] in the United States announces that the disease is carried by [[mosquitoes]].

==Paleontology==
* Remains of the second ''[[Tyrannosaurus|Tyrannosaurus rex]]'' specimen, the first recognized as such, are excavated by [[Barnum Brown]] in the [[Hell Creek Formation]] of [[Montana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strangescience.net/brown.htm|work=Strange Science|title=Barnum Brown|date=2015-06-14|accessdate=2017-12-12}}</ref>

==Physics==
* [[Oliver Heaviside]] and [[Arthur E. Kennelly]] independently predict the existence of what will become known as the [[Kennelly-Heaviside Layer]] of the [[ionosphere]].
* [[James Jeans]] finds the length scale required for gravitational perturbations to grow in a static nearly homogeneous medium.
* [[Philipp Lenard]] observes that maximum [[Photoelectric effect|photoelectron]] energies are independent of illuminating intensity but depend on frequency.
* [[Gilbert N. Lewis]] develops the [[cubical atom]] atomic model.
* [[Theodor Svedberg]] suggests that fluctuations in molecular bombardment cause the [[Brownian motion]].

==Physiology==
* [[William Bayliss]] and [[Ernest Starling]] make the first discovery of a hormone, [[secretin]].

==Psychology==
* [[Vienna Psychoanalytic Society]] begins to meet as the Wednesday Psychological Society in [[Sigmund Freud]]'s apartment.

==Technology==
* January 1 – [[Nathan Stubblefield]] demonstrates his [[Mobile phone|wireless telephone]] device in [[Kentucky]].
* April 13 – A new land speed record of {{convert|74|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} is set in [[Nice]], France, by [[Léon Serpollet]] driving a steam car.
* July 17 – [[Willis Carrier]] devises the first modern [[air conditioning]] system for a plant in New York City.
* December 10 – [[Aswan Low Dam|Old Aswan Dam]], designed by [[William Willcocks]], completed across the [[River Nile]] in [[Egypt]].
* First [[Vierendeel bridge]] built, across the [[Scheldt]] at [[Avelgem]] in Belgium.

==Zoology==
* October – First [[Mountain gorilla]]s (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') discovered by Captain [[Robert von Beringe]] in [[German East Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Schaller|first=G. B.|year=1963|title=The Mountain Gorilla: Ecology and Behavior|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-73635-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/mountaingorillae00scha}}</ref>

==Institutions==
* January 28 – The [[Carnegie Institution of Washington|Carnegie Institution]] is founded in Washington, D.C., to promote scientific research with a $10 million gift from [[Andrew Carnegie]].

==Awards==
* [[Nobel Prize]]s
** [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] – [[Hendrik Lorentz]], [[Pieter Zeeman]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] – [[Hermann Emil Fischer]]
** [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] – [[Ronald Ross]]
* [[Hughes Medal]] first awarded by the [[Royal Society]] of London to [[J. J. Thomson]]
* June 26 – First recipients of the [[Order of Merit]] in the United Kingdom include
** [[John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]
** [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]]
** [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Lord Lister]]
** Sir [[William Huggins]]

==Births==
* February 10 – [[Walter Houser Brattain]] (died [[1987 in science|1987]]), American [[physicist]].
* February 16 – [[Zhang Yuzhe]] (died [[1986 in science|1986]]), Chinese [[astronomer]].
* May 25 – [[Calvin Souther Fuller]] (died [[1994 in science|1994]]), American [[physical chemist]] at [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]].
* June 14 – [[Paul Lester Errington]] (died [[1962 in science|1962]]), American conservationist.
* June 15 – [[Erik Erikson]], né Salomonsen (died [[1994 in science|1994]]), German-born [[psychologist]].
* August 8 – [[Paul Dirac]] (died [[1984 in science|1984]]), English physicist.
* August 13 – [[Felix Wankel]] (died [[1988 in science|1988]]), German mechanical engineer.
* November 2 – [[Sergey Lebedev (scientist)|Sergey Lebedev]] (died [[1974 in science|1974]]), Russian computer scientist.
* [[Remziye Hisar]], (died [[1992 in science|1992]]), Turkish chemist.

==Deaths==
* January 23 – [[Alfred William Bennett]], British botanist (born [[1833 in science|1833]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Who was who: A Companion to "Who's Who"|publisher=A. & C. Black|year=1967|page=57}}</ref>
* February 11 – [[Caroline Rosenberg]] (born [[1810 in science|1810]]) Danish botanist.
* March 6 – [[Moritz Kaposi]] (born [[1837 in science|1837]]), Hungarian [[dermatologist]].
* April 12 – [[Alfred Cornu]] (born [[1841 in science|1841]]), French physicist<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cornu, Marie Alfred|volume=7}}</ref>
* May 26 – [[Almon Strowger]] (born [[1839 in science|1839]]), American [[telecommunications engineer]].
* September 5 – [[Rudolf Virchow]] (born [[1821 in science|1821]]), German [[pathologist]] and [[biologist]].
* September 18 – [[Thorborg Rappe]] (born [[1832 in science|1832]]), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with Intellectual disability.
* November 12 – [[William Henry Barlow]] (born [[1812 in science|1812]]), English railway [[civil engineer]].
* December 22 – [[Richard von Krafft-Ebing]] (born [[1840 in science|1840]]), German [[sexologist]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1902 In Science}}
[[Category:1902 in science| ]]
[[Category:20th century in science]]
[[Category:1900s in science]]


text:
# Niederhausen (Nahe)
Niederhausen is een plaats in de Duitse deelstaat Rijnland-Palts, en maakt deel uit van de Landkreis Bad Kreuznach.
Niederhausen telt 563 inwoners.

## Bestuur
De plaats is een Ortsgemeinde en maakt deel uit van de Verbandsgemeinde Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg.

## Foto's
- bij Niederhausen, panorama langs spoorlijn
- Niederhausen, kerk

wikiname: nlwiki

title: Niederhausen (Nahe)

in_language: nl

wikitext:
{{Infobox Duitse plaats plus
| Name               = Niederhausen
| Wappen             = DEU Niederhausen (Nahe) COA.svg
| lat_deg            = 49
| lat_min = 44
| lat_sec = 52
| lon_deg            = 7
| lon_min = 53
| lon_sec = 43
| Lageplan           = Niederhausen in KH.svg
| Lageplanbeschreibung =
| Bundesland        = Rijnland-Palts
| Landkreis           = Bad Kreuznach
| Verbandsgemeinde   = Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
| Höhe               = 191
| Fläche             = 5.31
| PLZ                = 55585
| PLZ-alt            =
| Vorwahl            = 06758
| Kfz                = KH
| Gemeindeschlüssel  = 07 1 33 070
| Gliederung         =
| Adresse-Verband    = Rheingrafenstraße 11 <br /> 55583 Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg
| Website            = [http://www.niederhausennahe.de/ niederhausennahe.de]
| Bürgermeister      = Erhard Lauff
| Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeister
| Partei             =
}}

'''Niederhausen''' is een plaats in de [[Duitsland|Duitse]] deelstaat [[Rijnland-Palts]], en maakt deel uit van de [[Landkreis Bad Kreuznach]].
Niederhausen telt {{Statistiek gemeente Duitsland inwoners|07 1 33 070|Rijnland-Palts}} inwoners.<ref name="inw_statistiek" />

==Bestuur==
De plaats is een [[Ortsgemeinde]] en maakt deel uit van de [[Verbandsgemeinde Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg]].

== Foto's ==
<gallery>
Bestand:Niederhausen, panorama langs spoorlijn 2009-08-03 10.27.JPG|bij Niederhausen, panorama langs spoorlijn
Bestand:Niederhausen, kerk 2009-08-03 09.38.JPG|Niederhausen, kerk
</gallery>

{{Appendix}}
{{Navigatie Landkreis Bad Kreuznach}}
{{Coor title dms|49|44|52|N|07|53|43|E|type:city_scale:50000_region:DE}}
{{Beginnetje|landen & volken|land=Duitsland|2=2007|3=07|4=07}}

[[Categorie:Gemeente in Rijnland-Palts]]

title: Situering

Deelstaat: Rijnland-Palts

Landkreis: Bad Kreuznach

Verbandsgemeinde: Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg

Coördinaten: 49° 45′ NB, 7° 54′ OL

title: Algemeen

Burgemeester: Erhard Lauff

title: Overig

Kenteken: KH

Website: Officiële website

title: Locatie van Niederhausen in Bad Kreuznach

Locatie van Niederhausen in Bad Kreuznach: Kaart van Niederhausen

Portaal: Duitsland


text:
# Lathromeroidea gerriphaga
Lathromeroidea gerriphaga is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Trichogrammatidae. De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2006 door Pinto.

title: Lathromeroidea gerriphaga

wikitext:
{{Taxobox insect
| naam = ''Lathromeroidea gerriphaga''
| titelweergave = cursief
| afbeelding =
| afbeeldingtekst =
| orde = [[Vliesvleugeligen|Hymenoptera]] (Vliesvleugeligen)
| familie = [[Trichogrammatidae]]
| geslacht = ''[[Lathromeroidea]]''
| w-naam = ''Lathromeroidea gerriphaga''
| auteur = Pinto
| datum = 2006
| haakjes =
| species =
| commons =
}}
'''''Lathromeroidea gerriphaga''''' is een [[Vliesvleugeligen|vliesvleugelig insect]] uit de familie [[Trichogrammatidae]]. De wetenschappelijke naam is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2006 door Pinto.

{{Appendix|2=
* [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/chalcidoids/database/validName.dsml?index=ValidName&searchPageURL=indexValidName.dsml&Familyqtype=equals&Family=&Genusqtype=equals&Genus=Lathromeroidea&Speciesqtype=equals&Species=gerriphaga {{Ts.|Noyes, J.S.}} (2012). Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/chalcidoids. Version as of June 2012]
}}
{{Beginnetje|biologie|2013|04|12}}

[[Categorie:Trichogrammatidae]]

title: Lathromeroidea gerriphaga

Rijk: Animalia (Dieren)

Stam: Arthropoda (Geleedpotigen)

Klasse: Insecta (Insecten)

Orde: Hymenoptera (Vliesvleugeligen)

Familie: Trichogrammatidae

Geslacht: Lathromeroidea

title: Soort

Portaal: Biologie · Insecten


text:
# Jewish Museum of Greece
The Jewish Museum of Greece (Greek: Εβραϊκό Μουσείο της Ελλάδος) is a museum in Athens, Greece.  It was established by Nicholas Stavroulakis in 1977 to preserve the material culture of the Greek Jews. The museum displays the 2,300 years of Greek Jewish history through the material artifacts in its possession. The collections and archives of the museum contain over 10,000 artifacts. Included in the museum is an art gallery, a periodic exhibition space, a research library, and photo archive and conservation laboratories.

## History
The Jewish Museum of Greece was established in 1977 as a permanent display for personal valuables of Greek Jewish victims of the Holocaust. It was originally located at a shared premises on Amalias Avenue in Athens. The collection at the museum gradually grew over the years and in 1989, the museum received the status of a legal non-profit entity from the Greek government. In 1998, the museum moved into a new separate building of their own. This was to be located in a 19th century house that was renovated to retain the facade but internally transform it into a four storey museum. Following the move, it was noted that the number of visitors to the museum had doubled by 2000.
The exhibits were originally of valuables belonging to Greek victims of the Holocaust but this later expanded to property that was stolen from Eastern Macedonia and Thrace by the Bulgarian occupation forces in Greece during the Second World War. This property was returned by the Bulgarian Communist authorities following the end of the war. It also started to make reference to early Jewish history in Greece around the 6th century BC.

## Gallery
- Plaque in memory of Mordechai Frizis at the Jewish Museum
- View of the interior
- Megillah with cast and engraved silver-gilt case
- Artifacts that Nazis took from the local Jewish community
- Traditional clothing

title: Jewish Museum of Greece

wikitext:
{{use dmy|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Museum
 |name        = Jewish Museum of Greece
Εβραϊκό Μουσείο Ελλάδος
 |image       = The Jewish Museum of Greece.jpg
 |caption     = The Jewish Museum of Greece
 |imagesize   =
 |map_type    =
 |latitude    =
 |longitude   =
 |established = 1977
 |location    = Nikis 39,
[[Athens]], [[Greece]]
 |type        = Ethnological museum
 |founder     =
 |director    =
 |curator     =
 |publictransit= {{ric|Athens Metro}} {{ric|Athens Metro|M2}} {{ric|Athens Metro|M3}} {{stl|Athens Metro|Syntagma}}
 {{ric|Athens Tram}} {{ric|Athens Tram|T4}} {{ric|Athens Tram|T5}} {{lnl|Athens Tram|Syntagma}}
 |website     = {{URL|www.jewishmuseum.gr}}
}}
The '''Jewish Museum of Greece''' ({{langx|el|Εβραϊκό Μουσείο της Ελλάδος}}) is a [[museum]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].  It was established by Nicholas Stavroulakis in 1977 to preserve the material culture of the [[History of the Jews in Greece|Greek Jews]].<ref>Plaut, Joshua Eli,  Greek Jewry in the Twentieth Century, 1913-1983; Patterns of Jewish survival in the Greek Provinces Before and After the Holocaust, Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, 1996 p. 184</ref> The museum displays the 2,300 years of Greek Jewish history through the material artifacts in its possession. The collections and archives of the museum contain over 10,000 artifacts. Included in the museum is an art gallery, a periodic exhibition space, a research library, and photo archive and conservation laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Museum of Greece |url=https://www.aejm.org/members/jewish-museum-of-greece/ |website=Association of European Jewish Museums |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
The Jewish Museum of Greece was established in 1977 as a permanent display for personal valuables of Greek Jewish victims of the [[Holocaust]].<ref name=be>{{cite web |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/36/2/ej360206.xml |title=The Jewish Museum of Greece |work=Berghahn Journals |accessdate=2025-07-09}}</ref> It was originally located at a shared premises on [[Amalias Avenue]] in Athens.<Ref name=be /> The collection at the museum gradually grew over the years and in 1989, the museum received the status of a legal non-profit entity from the Greek government.<ref name=ep>{{Cite web|url=https://portal.ehri-project.eu/institutions/gr-002729|title=Εβραϊκό Μουσείο Ελλάδος|date=26 July 2018|website=The EHRI Portal|accessdate=9 July 2025}}</ref> In 1998, the museum moved into a new separate building of their own.<ref name=jn>{{Cite web|url=https://jewishnewsva.org/first-person-an-incredible-historic-find-the-jewish-museum-of-greece/|title=First Person: An incredible historic find: The Jewish Museum of Greece  |work=Jewish News|accessdate=9 July 2025}}</ref> This was to be located in a 19th century house that was renovated to retain the facade but internally transform it into a four storey museum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisisathens.org/museums/jewish-museum-greece|title=The Jewish Museum of Greece|website=This is Athens|accessdate=9 July 2025}}</ref> Following the move, it was noted that the number of visitors to the museum had doubled by 2000.<ref name=gtp>{{Cite web|url=https://news.gtp.gr/2000/03/01/jewish-museum-greece-doubles-number-of-visitors/|title=Jewish Museum Greece Doubles Number Of Visitors |work=GTP Headlines|date=1 March 2000|accessdate=9 July 2025}}</ref>

The exhibits were originally of valuables belonging to Greek victims of the Holocaust but this later expanded to property that was stolen from [[Eastern Macedonia and Thrace]] by the [[Axis occupation of Greece|Bulgarian occupation forces in Greece]] during the [[Second World War]].<Ref name=jn /> This property was returned by the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgarian Communist authorities]] following the end of the war.<Ref name=ep /> It also started to make reference to early Jewish history in Greece around the 6th century BC.<Ref name=gtp />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=200 heights=150>
File:"Dedicated by the Municipality of Athens in memory of Colonel Mordochai Frizis" (8606784392).jpg|Plaque in memory of [[Mordechai Frizis]] at the Jewish Museum
File:The Jewish Museum of Greece (Athens) (8605704755).jpg|View of the interior
File:"Megillah", esther scroll, cast and engraved silver and silver gilt case, (8605734851).jpg|[[Scroll of Esther|Megillah]] with cast and engraved silver-gilt case
File:Artifacts that Nazis took from Jewish people (8606881364).jpg|Artifacts that [[Nazis]] took from the local Jewish community
File:The Jewish Museum of Greece (Athens) (8606830918).jpg|Traditional clothing
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki]]
*[[Jewish Museum of Rhodes]]
*[[History of the Jews in Greece]]
*[[Holocaust Museum of Greece]]
*[[Romaniote Jews]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}
* {{Official|http://www.jewishmuseum.gr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126070619/http://www.cityofathens.gr/el/episkeptes/aksiotheata/moyseia/ebraiko-moyseio City of Athens]
* [http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/eh151.jsp?obj_id=3267&theme_id=23 Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Tourism]
* [http://www.afjmg.org/ American Friends of the Jewish Museum of Greece]
* [http://www.rhodesjewishmuseum.org Jewish Museum of Rhodes]

{{Jews in Greece}}
{{Museums in Athens}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Museums in Athens]]
[[Category:Jewish museums in Greece]]
[[Category:Jewish Greek history]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1977]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Athens]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Greece]]
[[Category:Holocaust museums]]

{{coord|37.9729|23.7332|display=title}}

title: Jewish Museum of Greece · Εβραϊκό Μουσείο Ελλάδος

Location: Nikis 39, · Athens, Greece

Type: Ethnological museum

Public transit access: Syntagma · Line Syntagma


text:
# 卢朗蒂斯
卢朗蒂斯（法語：，法語發音：[luʁɛ̃tis]；奧克語：）是法国大西洋比利牛斯省的一个市镇，属于波城区。

## 地理
卢朗蒂斯（43°17'19"N, 0°9'39"W）面积8.94 平方千米，位于法国新阿基坦大区大西洋比利牛斯省，该省份为法国东南部省份，涵盖了贝阿恩与北巴斯克，西临大西洋比斯開灣，北至朗德省，东北接热尔省，东临上比利牛斯省，南与西班牙接壤。
与卢朗蒂斯接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：加代尔、吕凯、阿里安、埃斯卢朗蒂斯达邦、埃斯佩谢德、埃斯波埃、利芒杜斯。
卢朗蒂斯的时区为UTC+01:00、UTC+02:00（夏令时）。

## 行政
卢朗蒂斯的邮政编码为64420，INSEE市镇编码为64352。

## 政治
卢朗蒂斯所属的省级选区为乌斯河与拉关河河谷县。

## 人口
卢朗蒂斯于2022年1月1日时的人口数量为415人。

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 卢朗蒂斯

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{地图误译/法语2|issue=卢朗蒂耶}}
{{noteTA
|G1=法国地名
|G2=单位
}}
{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = 卢朗蒂斯
|native name            = Lourenties
|arrondissement         = [[波城区]]
}}
'''卢朗蒂斯'''（{{lang-fr|Lourenties}}，{{IPA|fr|luʁɛ̃tis}}<ref>{{Citation|title=La trilogie "Marius Fanny César" par la compagnie "Marius" {{!}} INA|url=https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/bu00001519884/la-trilogie-marius-fanny-cesar-par-la-compagnie-marius|accessdate=2024-05-24|language=fr|archive-date=2024-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524011109/https://www.ina.fr/ina-eclaire-actu/video/bu00001519884/la-trilogie-marius-fanny-cesar-par-la-compagnie-marius|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Réunion Publique virtuelle _  Arrien, Eslourenties-Daban, Espoey, Lourenties, Pontacq & Saubole|url=https://vimeo.com/698198926|date=2022-04-11|accessdate=2024-05-24|last=THD 64|archive-date=2024-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524011123/https://vimeo.com/698198926|dead-url=no}}</ref>；{{lang-oc|Hlorentias}}）是[[法国]][[大西洋比利牛斯省]]的一个[[市镇 (法国)|市镇]]，属于[[波城区]]。

== 地理 ==
卢朗蒂斯（{{wikidata|property|linked|P625}}）面积{{wikidata|properties|P2046}}，位于法国[[新阿基坦大区]][[大西洋比利牛斯省]]，该省份为法国东南部省份，涵盖了[[贝阿恩]]与[[北巴斯克]]，西临[[大西洋]][[比斯開灣]]，北至[[朗德省]]，东北接[[热尔省]]，东临[[上比利牛斯省]]，南与[[西班牙]]接壤。

与卢朗蒂斯接壤的市镇（或旧市镇、城区）包括：{{Wikidata|properties|linked|P47}}<ref name="geo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/carte|title=Carte|accessdate=2020-03-22|author=Géoportail|language=fr|publisher=Géoportail|archive-date=2017-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129154129/https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/carte/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

卢朗蒂斯的时区为[[UTC+01:00]]、[[UTC+02:00]]（[[夏时制|夏令时]]）。

[[File:Map commune FR insee code 64352.png|thumb|300px|left|卢朗蒂斯的[[開放街圖|OSM]]定位图]]{{Clear|left}}
== 行政 ==
卢朗蒂斯的邮政编码为{{wikidata|properties|P281}}，[[INSEE编码|INSEE市镇编码]]为{{wikidata|properties|P374}}。

== 政治 ==
卢朗蒂斯所属的[[縣 (法國)|省级选区]]为{{WikidataLink|{{wikidata|properties|raw|best||P7938}}}}。

== 人口 ==
卢朗蒂斯于{{wikidata|qualifier|P1082|P585}}时的人口数量为{{wikidata|property|raw|P1082}}人。

[[File:Population - Municipality code 64352.svg|thumb|400px|left|1962-2008年间卢朗蒂斯人口变化图示]]{{Clear|left}}
== 参见 ==
* [[大西洋比利牛斯省市镇列表]]

== 参考文献 ==
{{reflist}}

{{贝阿恩市镇}}
{{大西洋比利牛斯省市镇}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lourenties}}
[[Category:大西洋比利牛斯省市镇]]

title: 卢朗蒂斯 · Lourenties

国家: 法國

区: 波城区

title: 面积1

• 市镇: 8.94 平方公里（3.45 平方英里）

title: 人口（2022年）

• 密度: 46.4人/平方公里（120人/平方英里）

省级选区: 乌斯河与拉关河河谷县


text:
# Fritz Pfenninger
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Pfenninger.
Fritz Pfenninger (né le 15 octobre 1934 et mort le 12 mai 2001 à Zurich) est un coureur cycliste suisse. Il a notamment brillé dans les courses de six jours, remportant un total de 33 succès entre 1956 et 1970, dont 19 avec Peter Post.

## Palmarès sur piste

### Six Jours
- 1956 : Aarhus (avec Oscar Plattner)
- 1957 : Copenhague (avec Jean Roth)
- 1958 : Münster, Zurich (avec Jean Roth)
- 1960 : Münster (avec Hans Junkermann)
- 1961 : Berlin, Francfort (avec Klaus Bugdahl)
- 1962 : Essen, Francfort, Zurich (avec Klaus Bugdahl)
- 1963 : Cologne, Zurich, Bruxelles (avec Peter Post)
- 1964 : Dortmund (avec Rudi Altig), Anvers (avec Noël Foré et Peter Post), Berlin, Bruxelles, Zurich (avec Peter Post)
- 1965 : Berlin, Dortmund, Zurich (avec Peter Post)
- 1966 : Essen, Gand, Amsterdam (avec Peter Post), Anvers (avec Jan Janssen et Peter Post), Québec (avec Sigi Renz)
- 1967 : Brême, Essen, Francfort (avec Peter Post), Anvers (avec Jan Janssen et Peter Post)
- 1968 : Montréal (avec Louis Pfenninger), Zurich (avec Klaus Bugdahl)
- 1970 : Zurich (avec Peter Post et Erich Spahn)

### Championnats d'Europe
- Champion d'Europe de l'américaine en 1962 (avec Klaus Bugdahl), 1964 et 1967 (avec Peter Post)

### Palmarès sur route
- 1955
  - 2e du Tour des Quatre Cantons

wikiname: frwiki

title: Fritz Pfenninger

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{Voir homonymes|Pfenninger}}{{ébauche|coureur cycliste suisse}}
{{Infobox Cycliste
 | image                 = Fritz Pfenninger 1966.jpg
 | légende               = Fritz Pfenninger en 1966
 | équipe                =
 | années amateur        =
 | équipes amateur       =
 | années pro            = 1955-1957
1958-1960
1961-1966
1967-1969
1970
1971-1972
 | équipes pro           = Allegro
Mondia
Ignis
Zimba
G.B.C. - Zimba
Biofin
 | années direction      =
 | équipes dirigées      =
 | victoires principales =
}}

'''Fritz Pfenninger''' (né le {{date|15|octobre|1934|en cyclisme}} et mort le {{date|12|mai|2001|en cyclisme}} à [[Zurich]]) est un [[coureur cycliste]] [[suisse]]. Il a notamment brillé dans les [[course de six jours|courses de six jours]], remportant un total de 33 succès entre [[1956 en cyclisme|1956]] et [[1970 en cyclisme|1970]], dont 19 avec [[Peter Post]].

== Palmarès sur piste ==
=== Six Jours ===
* 1956 : [[Six Jours d'Aarhus|Aarhus]] (avec [[Oscar Plattner]])
* 1957 : [[Six Jours de Copenhague|Copenhague]] (avec [[Jean Roth]])
* 1958 : [[Six Jours de Münster|Münster]], [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Jean Roth]])
* 1960 : [[Six Jours de Münster|Münster]] (avec [[Hans Junkermann]])
* 1961 : [[Six Jours de Berlin|Berlin]], [[Six Jours de Francfort|Francfort]] (avec [[Klaus Bugdahl]])
* 1962 : [[Six Jours d'Essen|Essen]], [[Six Jours de Francfort|Francfort]], [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Klaus Bugdahl]])
* 1963 : [[Six Jours de Cologne|Cologne]], [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]], [[Six Jours de Bruxelles|Bruxelles]] (avec [[Peter Post]])
* 1964 : [[Six Jours de Dortmund|Dortmund]] (avec [[Rudi Altig]]), [[Six Jours d'Anvers|Anvers]] (avec [[Noël Foré]] et [[Peter Post]]), [[Six Jours de Berlin|Berlin]], [[Six Jours de Bruxelles|Bruxelles]], [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Peter Post]])
* 1965 : [[Six Jours de Berlin|Berlin]], [[Six Jours de Dortmund|Dortmund]], [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Peter Post]])
* 1966 : [[Six Jours d'Essen|Essen]], [[Six Jours de Gand|Gand]], [[Six Jours d'Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] (avec [[Peter Post]]), [[Six Jours d'Anvers|Anvers]] (avec [[Jan Janssen]] et [[Peter Post]]), [[Six Jours de Québec|Québec]] (avec [[Sigi Renz]])
* 1967 : [[Six Jours de Brême|Brême]], [[Six Jours d'Essen|Essen]], [[Six Jours de Francfort|Francfort]] (avec [[Peter Post]]), [[Six Jours d'Anvers|Anvers]] (avec [[Jan Janssen]] et [[Peter Post]])
* 1968 : [[Six Jours de Montréal|Montréal]] (avec [[Louis Pfenninger]]), [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Klaus Bugdahl]])
* 1970 : [[Six Jours de Zurich|Zurich]] (avec [[Peter Post]] et [[Erich Spahn]])

=== Championnats d'Europe ===
* Champion d'Europe de l'américaine en 1962 (avec [[Klaus Bugdahl]]), 1964 et 1967 (avec [[Peter Post]])

=== Palmarès sur route ===
* '''1955'''
** ''{{2e}} du [[Tour des Quatre Cantons]]''

== Liens externes ==
{{Autres projets|commons = Category:Fritz Pfenninger}}
* {{Bases sport}}

{{Portail|cyclisme|Zurich}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pfenninger, Fritz}}

[[Catégorie:Coureur cycliste suisse]]
[[Catégorie:Coureur cycliste sur piste]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en octobre 1934]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en mai 2001]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Zurich]]
[[Catégorie:Sportif zurichois]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à 66 ans]]
[[Catégorie:Champion d'Europe de cyclisme sur piste]]

title: Informations

Naissance: 15 octobre 1934 · Zurich

Décès: 12 mai 2001 (à 66 ans) · Zurich

Nationalité: suisse

Allegro

Mondia

Ignis

Zimba

G.B.C. - Zimba

Biofin


text:
# Joseph Geefs
Joseph Geefs (Anversa, 23 dicembre 1808 – Anversa, 9 ottobre 1885) è stato uno scultore belga.
Anche i suoi fratelli Guillaume Geefs e Jean Geefs erano scultori.
Joseph Geefs è nato ad Anversa dove ha studiato all'accademia reale di belle arti, passando all'École des beaux-arts di Parigi e vincendo il Prix de Rome nel 1836.
Nel 1841 divenne docente di scultura e anatomia all'Accademia di Anversa, diventandone il direttore nel 1876. Fu nominato ufficiale dell'Ordine di Leopoldo nel 1859.
Geefs morì nella sua città natale e fu sepolto a Berchem.

## Biografia

### Primi anni
Joseph Geefs, nato ad Anversa il 23 dicembre del 1808, era un membro della famiglia Geefs, comprendente sette scultori nati dai due matrimoni di Joannes Geefs (1779-1848), un panettiere. Joseph Geefs fu il secondo figlio del primo matrimonio di suo padre con Jeanne Thérèse Verbruggen (1775-1822). Cinque dei suoi fratelli erano scultori: Guillaume, Aloys, Jean, Théodore e Charles, mentre suo fratello Alexandre era un medaglista.
Joseph Geefs riuscì più facilmente nel convincere suo padre a lasciargli seguire la vocazione artistica rispetto a suo fratello maggiore Guillaume, il cui successo nella scultura era stato veloce. All'inizio si formò presso Jean-Louis Van Geel, in seguito raggiunse suo fratello maggiore e studiò all'accademia reale di belle arti di Anversa, dove ottenne il primo premio di scultura. Dal 1833, partecipò al Salone di Bruxelles, dove espose un Adone, e l'anno successivo al Salone di Anversa, dove, grazie alla sua Igea, si guadagnò il primo premio. Quest'opera venne premiata dalla Società per l'incoraggiamento delle belle arti di Liegi, che l'acquistò nel 1836. Nel 1835, egli vinse il primo premio al Salone di Gand per il suo bassorilievo che omaggiava Charles Van Hulthem.
In seguito, grazie al premio di Roma belga e alla borsa di studio relativa, che vinse grazie al suo Job dans la misère visité par ses amis nel 1836, si recò in Francia per perfezionare la sua arte alla scuola di belle arti parigina, dove si formò presso Jules Ramey e ottenne un primo premio di scultura nel 1836. Il suo viaggio all'estero durò quattro anni, nel corso dei quali si formò in Italia, a Roma, a Napoli e a Firenze, delle città dove assorbì l'essenza classica, d'influenza ellenica, alla quale rimase fedele per tutta la sua carriera. Nel 1841, la sua Orpheline du pêcheur ottenne la medaglia d'oro al Salone di pittura e di scultura di Parigi.

### Carriera
Il 3 novembre del 1841, stabilitosi ad Anversa, Joseph Geefs venne scelto per succedere a suo fratello Guillaume (ormai residente a Bruxelles a causa della realizzazione delle commissioni del governo) come professore di scultura e di anatomia all'accademia di Anversa. Egli divenne il direttore dell'accademia nel 1876.
Tra i suoi molti studenti si citano Jules Baetes, Clément Carbon, Frans Deckers, Joseph Ducaju, Louis Dupuis, Robert Fabri, Jef Lambeaux, Jean-André Laumans e Bart van Hove.
Contemporaneamente alla sua carriera accademica, Joseph Geefs espose costantemente ai vari Saloni belgi e iniziò a vendere le sue sculture al re Leopoldo I, al granduca Bernardo di Sassonia-Weimar-Eisenach e al re Guglielmo II dei Paesi Bassi. Joseph Geefs realizzò Il genio del male per la cattedrale di San Paolo a Liegi, esposto al Salone brussellese del 1842. Un critico del quotidiano L'Indépendance affirma:
Quando l'opera venne posta nella cattedrale, le autorità ecclesiastiche, in particolare il vescovo di Liegi, Corneille van Bommel, disapprovarono il carattere non abbastanza cristiano e troppo "sublime" dell'opera di Joseph Geefs e fecero rimuovere la sua statua per sostituirla, nel 1848, con una versione più religiosa, nata dallo scalpello di Guillaume Geefs, che realizzò un nuovo Genio del male al quale aggiunse vari dettagli per rendere più evidente l'aspetto luciferino e il tema della punizione.
Il Belgio, una nazione allora nata di recente, non aveva ancora delle statue storiche per ricordare le glorie del passato. I dirigenti politici ritenevano che bisognava rimediare a questa mancanza nella statuaria belga. A Joseph Geefs, pertanto, venne commissionata una statua ritraente Andrea Vesalio con la firma di un contratto con il governo Nothomb il 17 ottobre del 1843, approvato con un decreto reale del 24 dicembre successivo. Joseph Geefs si impegnò a realizzare il modello della statua, a farla fondere nel bronzo e ad assicurarne la collocazione. Dopo qualche ritardo, l'opera venne fusa il 26 luglio del 1847 presso la fonderia Trossaert a Gand. L'inaugurazione del monumento, alla presenza del corpo medico, delle autorità nazionali e di chi aveva firmato la sottoscrizione, si svolse il 31 dicembre del 1847, nella place des Barricades a Bruxelles. Il talento di Geefs venne riconosciuto unanimemente. Edmond Marchal, il biografo di Joseph Geefs, scrisse:

### Vita privata
Per quanto riguarda la sfera privata, nel 1844 Joseph Geefs sposò a Gand Adèle, la figlia dell'architetto Louis Roelandt, e divenne il cognato dell'architetto Louis van Overstraeten, del quale decorò la tomba. Joseph Geefs divenne padre di cinque figli: tre femmine e due maschi: Georges (1850-1933), anche lui scultore, ed Eugène (1854-1925), architetto, vincitore del premio di Roma belga nel 1879.
Joseph Geefs morì ad Anversa il 9 ottobre del 1885, all'età di 76 anni. I suoi funerali si svolsero con solennità nella sua città natale, in presenza dei membri dell'accademia del Belgio, nella chiesa di Sant'Agostino ad Anversa, il 13 ottobre seguente.

## Opere
Lista non esaustiva basata sul catalogo di Edmond Marchal.

### Belgio

#### Anversa
- Le Rêve, gruppo in marmo esposto al Salone di Anversa del 1843;
- La fille du pêcheur, figura in marmo, galleria Nottebohm (1846);
- Busto di Florent van Ertborn al Museo reale di belle arti di Anversa (1849);
- Chevalier Constantin Van Havre, busto in pietra (1853);
- Apollon, Uranie e Thalie, statue che ornano la facciata del Teatro francese (1853);
- Roland de Lassus, statua in pietra, e Henri Simon, compositeur nella sede estiva della Società reale della Grande Armonia (1865);
- M. Notteboom e M. et Mme Nottebohm, busti alla galleria Nottebohm (1865 e 1866);
- Cavaliere indiano attaccato da due giaguari (1869) e Cacciatore con bottino, nello zoo di Anversa (1869);
- Statua equestre di Leopoldo I del Belgio (1872);
- Le jeune pêcheur du se noie attaqué par la sirène, gruppo in marmo di due figure, museo degli accademici (1874-1882).

#### Bruges
- 24 statue in pietra che ritraggono i conti e le contesse delle Fiandre sulla facciata del municipio di Bruges (1857).

#### Bruxelles
- Louis Gallait, busto in marmo esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
- Sainte Philomène, medaglia d'argento esposta al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
- Saint Michel terrassant le démon, esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
- Saint Georges, esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
- Masaniello, esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;

- Il genio del male, Museo reale delle belle arti del Belgio (1842);

- Statua di Andrea Vesalio, statua monumentale in bronzo, place des Barricades (1846);[23]
- Baldovino di Costantinopoli, statua in pietra di Francia nel grande vestibolo del Palazzo della Nazione (1848);
- La Libertà d'istruzione e la Libertà di stampa, statue in bronzo agli angoli della Colonna del Congresso (1859);
- Le Belle Arti, Il Commercio, L'Agricoltura e L'Industria, quattro statue in marmo della facciata della prima stazione Nord (1862);
- Statua della Vergine Maria nella chiesa reale di Santa Maria (1865).

#### Gand
- La Malice, le langage des fleurs, La Coquetterie e Le Messager fidèle, quattro statue di marmo, Salle de la Société de la Concorde (1847);
- Bassorilievo, facciata della stazione principale (1853).

#### Mechelen
- Via Crucis (1867) nella chiesa dei Santi Pietro e Paolo[24].

### Paesi Bassi

#### Heiligerlee
- Monumento ad Adolf van Nassau (1873), su progetto di Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger.

#### Rotterdam
- Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, statua monumentale in bronzo (1867), Coolsingel.

#### Tilburg
- Medaglione con ritratto di Guglielmo II dei Paesi Bassi su un obelisco (1874).

wikiname: itwiki

title: Joseph Geefs

in_language: it

wikitext:
{{Bio
|Nome = Joseph
|Cognome = Geefs
|Sesso = M
|LuogoNascita = Anversa
|LuogoNascitaLink =
|GiornoMeseNascita = 23 dicembre
|AnnoNascita = 1808
|LuogoMorte = Anversa
|GiornoMeseMorte = 9 ottobre
|AnnoMorte = 1885
|Attività = scultore
|Nazionalità = belga
|Immagine = Joseph_Geefs.jpg
}}
Anche i suoi fratelli [[Guillaume Geefs]] e [[Jean Geefs]] erano scultori.

Joseph Geefs è nato ad [[Anversa]] dove ha studiato all'[[Accademia reale di belle arti di Anversa|accademia reale di belle arti]], passando [[École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts|all'École des beaux-arts]] di [[Parigi]] e vincendo il [[Prix de Rome (Belgio)|Prix de Rome]] nel 1836.

Nel 1841 divenne docente di scultura e anatomia all'Accademia di Anversa, diventandone il direttore nel 1876. Fu nominato ufficiale dell'[[Ordine di Leopoldo]] nel 1859.

Geefs morì nella sua città natale e fu sepolto a [[Berchem (Anversa)|Berchem]].<ref>{{Cita web|lingua=nl|url=http://www.schoonselhof.be/2berchem/geefs3.html|titolo=Copia archiviata|accesso=2 maggio 2021|urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209104700/http://www.schoonselhof.be/2berchem/geefs3.html|dataarchivio=9 dicembre 2007|urlmorto=sì}}</ref>

== Biografia ==

=== Primi anni ===
Joseph Geefs, nato ad Anversa il 23 dicembre del 1808, era un membro della famiglia Geefs, comprendente sette scultori nati dai due matrimoni di Joannes Geefs (1779-1848), un panettiere.<ref>Stappaert 1883, p. 539.</ref> Joseph Geefs fu il secondo figlio del primo matrimonio di suo padre con Jeanne Thérèse Verbruggen (1775-1822). Cinque dei suoi fratelli erano scultori: [[Guillaume Geefs|Guillaume]], [[Aloys Geefs|Aloys]], [[Jean Geefs|Jean]], [[Théodore Geefs|Théodore]] e [[Charles Geefs|Charles]], mentre suo fratello [[Alexandre Geefs|Alexandre]] era un [[medaglista]].<ref>Marchal 1887, pp. 11-12.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cita libro|titolo=Annuario biografico universale raccolta delle biografie dei più illustri contemporanei|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Annuario_biografico_universale_raccolta/KsjrzZQwhUEC?hl=it&gbpv=1&dq=giuseppe+geefs&pg=PA394&printsec=frontcover|accesso=2025-02-18|data=1886|editore=Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese|lingua=it|p=394}}</ref>

Joseph Geefs riuscì più facilmente nel convincere suo padre a lasciargli seguire la vocazione artistica rispetto a suo fratello maggiore Guillaume, il cui successo nella scultura era stato veloce. All'inizio si formò presso [[Jean-Louis Van Geel]], in seguito raggiunse suo fratello maggiore e studiò all'[[accademia reale di belle arti di Anversa]], dove ottenne il primo premio di scultura.<ref name=":0">Marchal 1887, pp. 13-14.</ref> Dal 1833, partecipò al [[Salon di Bruxelles|Salone di Bruxelles]], dove espose un ''Adone'', e l'anno successivo al Salone di Anversa, dove, grazie alla sua ''Igea'', si guadagnò il primo premio.<ref>{{Cita libro|titolo=Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti|url=https://www.google.it/books/edition/Enciclopedia_italiana_di_scienze_lettere/Pgr5Qd-XFLIC?hl=it&gbpv=1&bsq=igea&dq=igea&printsec=frontcover|accesso=2025-02-18|data=1929|editore=Istituto Giovanni Treccani|lingua=it|p=476}}</ref> Quest'opera venne premiata dalla Società per l'incoraggiamento delle belle arti di Liegi, che l'acquistò nel 1836.<ref>Marchal 1887, pp. 14-15.</ref> Nel 1835, egli vinse il primo premio al [[Salone di Gand]] per il suo bassorilievo che omaggiava [[Charles Van Hulthem]].<ref>{{Cita web|lingua=fr|autore=Prosper Claeys|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:581F9B30-F645-11E3-B9C9-D04BD43445F2#?c=&m=&s=&cv=50&xywh=-56,-1,6258,3878|titolo=Les expositions d'art à Gand, 1792-1892 :essai historique. Salon de 1892 /Prosper Claeys.|sito=lib.ugent.be|data=1892|p=64|accesso=2025-02-18}}</ref>

In seguito, grazie al [[Prix de Rome (Belgio)|premio di Roma belga]] e alla borsa di studio relativa, che vinse grazie al suo ''Job dans la misère visité par ses amis'' nel 1836,<ref>{{Cita libro|nome=Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de|cognome=Belgique|titolo=Annuaire del'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques et des beaux arts de Belgique|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=NtmLWIE0V40C&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=geefs&f=false|accesso=2025-02-18|data=1894|editore=M. Hayez|lingua=fr|pp=151-152}}</ref> si recò in Francia per perfezionare la sua arte alla [[Scuola nazionale superiore delle belle arti di Parigi|scuola di belle arti parigina]], dove si formò presso [[Jules Ramey]] e ottenne un primo premio di scultura nel 1836.<ref name=":0" /> Il suo viaggio all'estero durò quattro anni, nel corso dei quali si formò in Italia, a Roma, a Napoli e a Firenze, delle città dove assorbì l'essenza classica, d'influenza [[ellenica]], alla quale rimase fedele per tutta la sua carriera. Nel 1841, la sua ''Orpheline du pêcheur'' ottenne la medaglia d'oro al [[Salone (mostra)|Salone di pittura e di scultura]] di Parigi.<ref>Marchal 1887, p. 18.</ref>

=== Carriera ===
Il 3 novembre del 1841, stabilitosi ad Anversa, Joseph Geefs venne scelto per succedere a suo fratello Guillaume (ormai residente a Bruxelles a causa della realizzazione delle commissioni del governo) come professore di scultura e di anatomia all'accademia di Anversa. Egli divenne il direttore dell'accademia nel 1876.<ref>Marchal 1887, p. 19.</ref>

Tra i suoi molti studenti si citano [[Jules Baetes]], [[Clément Carbon]], [[Frans Deckers]], [[Joseph Ducaju]], [[Louis Dupuis]], [[Robert Fabri]], [[Jef Lambeaux]], [[Jean-André Laumans]] e [[Bart van Hove.]]
[[File:Joseph Geefs001.jpg|miniatura|''Il genio del male'', copia in gesso di Joseph Geefs del 1842.]]
Contemporaneamente alla sua carriera accademica, Joseph Geefs espose costantemente ai vari Saloni belgi e iniziò a vendere le sue sculture al re [[Leopoldo I del Belgio|Leopoldo I]], al granduca [[Bernardo di Sassonia-Weimar-Eisenach]] e al re [[Guglielmo II dei Paesi Bassi]].<ref>Marchal 1887, p. 20.</ref> Joseph Geefs realizzò ''Il genio del male'' per la [[Cattedrale di Liegi|cattedrale di San Paolo a Liegi]], esposto al Salone brussellese del 1842. Un critico del quotidiano ''[[L'Indépendance belge|L'Indépendance]]'' affirma:<ref>{{Cita news|lingua=fr|url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1052495|titolo=Le Salon de 1842|pubblicazione=L'Indépendance belge|data=10 ottobre 1842|p=1|accesso=18 febbraio 2025}}</ref>

{{Citazione|Il signor Geefs è riuscito davvero a emanciparsi quest'anno. L'aver spinto suo fratello in una carriera, dove, per rara fortuna, è stato chiamato anche a raccogliere le palme del successo, non sarà uno dei meriti minori del signor [Guillaume] Geefs per il riconoscimento del suo paese. Questo giovane artista si è presentato come tale al Salone di quest'anno con due opere di un merito assoluto: ''Il genio del male'' e la ''Fille du pêcheur''. Questa prima statua è destinata a essere posta tra le decorazioni del pulpito che Guillaume ha realizzato per una chiesa [la cattedrale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo] di Liegi. Il corpo è di marmo, ma lo scultore ha, per così dire, scolpito nel gesso le due ali immense che ne costituiscono le appendici obbligate. Satana è seduto; il suo sguardo è vago; tutti i tratti del suo volto sono leggermente contratti [...] L'espressione di questa statua è stupefacente [...] Insomma, è un'opera molto bella e che pone il signor Joseph Geefs molto in alto tra gli scultori belgi.|3=M. Geefs s'est mis tout à fait hors de page cette année. Ce ne sera pas un des moindres droits de M. [] Geefs à la reconnaissance de son pays, d'avoir poussé son frère dans une carrière, où par rare bonheur, il était aussi appelé à cueillir les palmes du succès. Ce jeune artiste s'est annoncé comme tel au Salon de cette année par deux ouvrages d'un mérite tout à fait distingué : Le Génie du mal et la ette première statue est destinée à figurer parmi les ornements de la chaire que Guillaume exécute pour une église [La cathédrale des Saint-Pierre-et-Paul] de Liège. Le corps est en marbre, mais les deux ailes immenses qui en sont les appendices obligés, le sculpteur les a pour ainsi dire indiquées en plâtre[…]. M. Geefs a donné au Génie du mal la beauté d'un jeune homme. Satan est assis ; son regard est vagues ; tous les traits de son visage légèrement contractés […] L'expression de cette statue est saisissante […] C'est en somme un très bel ouvrage et qui place bien haut M. Joseph Geefs parmi les sculpteurs belges.|lingua=fr|lingua2=it}}

Quando l'opera venne posta nella cattedrale, le autorità ecclesiastiche, in particolare il vescovo di Liegi, [[Corneille van Bommel]], disapprovarono il carattere non abbastanza cristiano e troppo "sublime" dell'opera di Joseph Geefs e fecero rimuovere la sua statua per sostituirla, nel 1848, con una versione più religiosa, nata dallo scalpello di Guillaume Geefs, che realizzò un nuovo ''[[Il genio del male|Genio del male]]'' al quale aggiunse vari dettagli per rendere più evidente l'aspetto luciferino e il tema della punizione.<ref>{{Cita libro|nome=Joost De|cognome=Geest|titolo=500 chefs-d'oeuvre de l'art belge|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=eIhHTre5wYoC&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=false|accesso=2025-02-18|data=2006|editore=Lannoo Uitgeverij|lingua=fr|p=203|ISBN=978-2-87386-470-5}}</ref>

[[File:Statue_d'André_Vésale_-_01.JPG|miniatura|[[Statua di Andrea Vesalio]] (1846)]]Il Belgio, una nazione allora [[Dichiarazione d'indipendenza del Belgio|nata di recente]], non aveva ancora delle statue storiche per ricordare le glorie del passato. I dirigenti politici ritenevano che bisognava rimediare a questa mancanza nella statuaria belga. A Joseph Geefs, pertanto, venne commissionata una statua ritraente [[Andrea Vesalio]] con la firma di un contratto con il [[governo Nothomb]] il 17 ottobre del 1843, approvato con un decreto reale del 24 dicembre successivo. Joseph Geefs si impegnò a realizzare il modello della statua, a farla fondere nel bronzo e ad assicurarne la collocazione.<ref>{{Cita news|lingua=fr|url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1052925|titolo=Statue de Vésale|pubblicazione=L'Indépendance belge|data=29 dicembre 1843|p=2|accesso=18 febbraio 2025}}</ref> Dopo qualche ritardo, l'opera venne fusa il 26 luglio del 1847 presso la fonderia Trossaert a Gand.<ref>{{Cita news|lingua=fr|url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1054195|titolo=Statue de Vésale|pubblicazione=L'Indépendance belge|data=29 luglio 1847|p=2|accesso=18 febbraio 2025}}</ref> L'inaugurazione del monumento, alla presenza del corpo medico, delle autorità nazionali e di chi aveva firmato la sottoscrizione, si svolse il 31 dicembre del 1847, nella [[place des Barricades]] a Bruxelles. Il talento di Geefs venne riconosciuto unanimemente.<ref>Marchal 1887, pp. 21-22.</ref> Edmond Marchal, il biografo di Joseph Geefs, scrisse:<ref>Marchal 1887, p. 22.</ref>
{{Citazione|La statua di Andrea Vesalio è realizzata, senza dubbio, nel miglior sentimento dell'arte. Non è soltanto una delle opere più sagge, bensì una delle migliori mai concepite. Guardandola si percepisce che l'autore, nel modellarla, si è rifatto alle tradizioni dei grandi maestri. [...] Debole negli effetti quanto nei mezzi, il signor Geefs ha saputo evitare la foga della concezione e della realizzazione.|3=La statue d'André Vésale est exécutée sans contredit, dans le meilleur sentiment de l'art. Elle forme, non seulement l'une des œuvres les plus sages, mais les mieux conçues. On s'aperçoit en la regardant que l'auteur, en la modelant, s'est rappelé les traditions des grands maîtres. […] Aussi faible d'effets que de moyens, M. Geefs a su se garder de la fougue de conception et de réalisation.|lingua=fr|lingua2=it}}

=== Vita privata ===
Per quanto riguarda la sfera privata, nel 1844 Joseph Geefs sposò a Gand Adèle, la figlia dell'architetto Louis Roelandt, e divenne il cognato dell'architetto Louis van Overstraeten, del quale decorò la tomba. Joseph Geefs divenne padre di cinque figli: tre femmine e due maschi: [[Georges Geefs|Georges]] (1850-1933), anche lui scultore, ed [[Eugène Geefs|Eugène]] (1854-1925), architetto, vincitore del premio di Roma belga nel 1879.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Marchal 1887, p. 42.</ref>

Joseph Geefs morì ad Anversa il 9 ottobre del 1885, all'età di 76 anni. I suoi funerali si svolsero con solennità nella sua città natale, in presenza dei membri dell'accademia del Belgio, nella chiesa di Sant'Agostino ad Anversa, il 13 ottobre seguente.<ref>Marchal 1887, p. 5.</ref><ref>{{Cita news|lingua=fr|url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1068619|titolo=Nécrologie|pubblicazione=L'Indépendance belge|data=15 ottobre 1885|p=3|accesso=18 febbraio 2025}}</ref>

== Opere ==
Lista non esaustiva basata sul catalogo di Edmond Marchal.<ref>Marchal 1887, pp. 44-48.</ref>[[File:Rotterdam_kunstwerk_gijsbert_hogendorp.jpg|destra|miniatura| Statua di Van Hogendorp di Josef Geefs (1867)]]

=== Belgio ===

==== Anversa ====

* ''Le Rêve'', gruppo in marmo esposto al Salone di Anversa del 1843;
* ''La fille du pêcheur'', figura in marmo, galleria Nottebohm (1846);
* ''Busto di [[Florent van Ertborn]]'' al [[Museo reale di belle arti di Anversa]] (1849);
* ''Chevalier Constantin Van Havre'', busto in pietra (1853);
* ''Apollon'', ''Uranie'' e ''Thalie'', statue che ornano la facciata del Teatro francese (1853);
* ''[[Roland de Lassus]]'', statua in pietra, e ''Henri Simon, compositeur'' nella sede estiva della Società reale della Grande Armonia (1865);
* ''M. Notteboom'' e ''M. et Mme Nottebohm'', busti alla galleria Nottebohm (1865 e 1866);
* ''Cavaliere indiano attaccato da due giaguari'' (1869) e ''Cacciatore con bottino'', nello [[zoo di Anversa]] (1869);
* Statua equestre di [[Leopoldo I del Belgio]] (1872);
* ''Le jeune pêcheur du se noie attaqué par la sirène'', gruppo in marmo di due figure, museo degli accademici (1874-1882).

==== Bruges ====

* 24 statue in pietra che ritraggono i conti e le contesse delle Fiandre sulla facciata del [[municipio di Bruges]] (1857).

==== Bruxelles ====

* ''[[Louis Gallait]]'', busto in marmo esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
* ''Sainte Philomène'', medaglia d'argento esposta al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
* ''Saint Michel terrassant le démon'', esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
* ''Saint Georges'', esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;
* ''Masaniello'', esposto al Salone di Bruxelles del 1839;

* ''Il genio del male'', [[Museo reale delle belle arti del Belgio]] (1842);

* ''Statua di Andrea Vesalio'', statua monumentale in bronzo, place des Barricades (1846);<ref>{{Fr}}''Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique, Bruxelles, Volume 1A, Pentagone A-D'', Pierre Mardaga éditeur, 1989, p. 96.</ref>
* ''Baldovino di Costantinopoli'', statua in pietra di Francia nel grande vestibolo del [[Palazzo della Nazione (Bruxelles)|Palazzo della Nazione]] (1848);
* La ''Libertà d'istruzione'' e la ''Libertà di stampa'', statue in bronzo agli angoli della [[Colonna del Congresso]] (1859);
* ''Le Belle Arti,'' ''Il Commercio'', ''L{{'}}Agricoltura e L{{'}}Industria'', quattro statue in marmo della facciata della prima [[Stazione di Bruxelles Nord|stazione Nord]] (1862);
* ''Statua della Vergine Maria'' nella [[chiesa reale di Santa Maria]] (1865).

==== Gand ====

* ''La Malice'', ''le langage des fleurs'', ''La Coquetterie'' e ''Le Messager fidèle'', quattro statue di marmo, Salle de la Société de la Concorde (1847);
* ''Bassorilievo'', facciata della stazione principale (1853).

==== Mechelen ====

* ''Via Crucis'' (1867) nella [[Chiesa dei Santi Pietro e Paolo (Mechelen)|chiesa dei Santi Pietro e Paolo]]<ref>{{Cita web|url=http://www.kerkmechelen.be/sintpieter.html|lingua=nl}}</ref>.

=== Paesi Bassi ===

==== Heiligerlee ====

* Monumento ad Adolf van Nassau (1873), su progetto di [[Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger]].

==== Rotterdam ====

* ''[[Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp]]'', statua monumentale in bronzo (1867), Coolsingel.

==== Tilburg ====

* Medaglione con ritratto di [[Guglielmo II dei Paesi Bassi]] su un obelisco (1874).

== Onorificenze ==
{{Onorificenze
|immagine = BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Officer bar.svg
|nome_onorificenza = Grand'Ufficiale dell'Ordine di Leopoldo<ref>Handelsblad (Het) 15 maggio 1881.</ref>
|collegamento_onorificenza = Ordine di Leopoldo
|motivazione =
|data = 1881
}}

=== Onorificenze straniere ===
{{Onorificenze
|immagine = Ordine_dell'Immacolata_Concezione_di_Vila_Viçosa.png
|nome_onorificenza = Cavaliere del Reale Ordine di Nostra Signora della Concezione di Vila Viçosa (Portogallo)
|collegamento_onorificenza = Ordine dell'Immacolata Concezione di Vila Viçosa
|motivazione =
|data = 1857<ref name="ref_A" />
}}
{{Onorificenze
|immagine = Lion.of.Zahringen.Order.gif
|nome_onorificenza = Ufficiale dell'Ordine del Leone di Zähringen (Granducato di Baden)
|collegamento_onorificenza = Ordine del Leone di Zähringen
|motivazione =
|data = 1857
}}
{{Onorificenze
|immagine = Ordre de la couronne de Chene GC ribbon.svg
|nome_onorificenza = Ufficiale dell'Ordine della Corona di Quercia (Paesi Bassi)
|collegamento_onorificenza = Ordine della Corona di Quercia
|data = 1867<ref name="ref_A" />
}}
{{Onorificenze
|immagine = Order of the White Falcon - Ribbon bar.svg
|nome_onorificenza = Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell'Ordine del Falco Bianco (Sassonia-Weimar-Eisenach)
|collegamento_onorificenza = Ordine del Falco Bianco
|motivazione =
|data = 1881<ref name="ref_A">Obbit. in Handelsblad (Het) 10-10-1885</ref>
}}

== Note ==
<references />

== Bibliografia ==

* {{Fr}}Edmond Marchal, ''[https://books.google.be/books?id=2hZZvKqnBlYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=joseph+geefs&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=joseph%20geefs&f=false Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de Joseph-Germain Geefs]'', Bruxelles, F. Hayez, 1887.
* {{Fr}}Félix Stappaert, ''[https://www.google.be/books/edition/Biographie_nationale/H11IAAAAYAAJ?hl=fr&gbpv=1&dq=jean+geefs+italie&pg=PA539&printsec=frontcover Bibliographie nationale : Jean Geefs]'', vol. 7, Bruxelles, H. Thiry Van Buggenhoudt, 1883, pp. 539-540.

== Altri progetti ==
{{interprogetto}}

== Collegamenti esterni ==
* [https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/30577 Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie]

{{Controllo di autorità}}
{{portale|biografie|arte}}
[[Categoria:Cavalieri dell'Ordine dell'Immacolata Concezione di Vila Viçosa]]
[[Categoria:Cavalieri di Gran Croce dell'Ordine del Leone di Zähringen]]
[[Categoria:Ufficiali dell'Ordine di Leopoldo]]


text:
# Oreocarya thyrsiflora
Oreocarya thyrsiflora är en strävbladig växtart som beskrevs av Edward Lee Greene. Oreocarya thyrsiflora ingår i släktet Oreocarya och familjen strävbladiga växter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

title: Oreocarya thyrsiflora

wikitext:
{{robotskapad|Lsjbot|strävbladig växt|datum=2014-07}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Oreocarya thyrsiflora''
| status =
| image =
| image_caption =
| domain_sv =
| domain =
| regnum_sv = [[Växter]]
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio_sv = [[Kärlväxter]]
| divisio = Tracheophyta
| classis_sv = [[Tvåhjärtbladiga blomväxter]]
| classis = Magnoliopsida
| ordo_sv = [[Förgätmigejordningen]]
| ordo = Boraginales
| familia_sv = [[Strävbladiga växter]]
| familia = Boraginaceae
| genus_sv =
| genus = [[Oreocarya]]
| species_sv =
| species = '''Oreocarya thyrsiflora'''
| taxon = Oreocarya thyrsiflora
| taxon_authority = [[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]
| range_map =
| range_map_caption = Utbredningsområde
| image2 =
| image2_caption =
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Oreocarya thyrsiflora'''''<ref name = "C132"/> är en [[strävbladiga växter|strävbladig växt]]art som beskrevs av [[Edward Lee Greene]]. ''Oreocarya thyrsiflora'' ingår i [[släkte]]t ''[[Oreocarya]]'' och [[familj (biologi)|familjen]] [[strävbladiga växter]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Inga underarter finns listade i [[Catalogue of Life]].<ref name = "COL"/>

== Källor ==
<references>
<ref name = "COL">{{webbref |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16698914|titel= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|hämtdatum= 26 May 2014 |författare= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)|datum= 2014|verk= |utgivare=Species 2000: Reading, UK.}}</ref>
<ref name = "C132">Greene, ''In: Pittonia, 3: 111''</ref>
<ref name = "source">{{Webbref |url=http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |titel=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |hämtdatum=2014-07-23 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |arkivdatum=2019-03-18 }}</ref>
</references>

{{Robotskapad stub om strävbladiga växter}}

[[Kategori:Strävbladiga växter]]
[[Kategori:Oreocarya|thyrsiflora]]

title: Systematik

Division: Kärlväxter · Tracheophyta

Klass: Tvåhjärtbladiga blomväxter · Magnoliopsida

Ordning: Förgätmigejordningen · Boraginales

Familj: Strävbladiga växter · Boraginaceae

Släkte: Oreocarya

Art: Oreocarya thyrsiflora

title: Vetenskapligt namn

Vetenskapligt namn: § Oreocarya thyrsiflora

Auktor: Greene


text:
# Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod
Das Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod, dt. Pawlodarer Traktorenwerk, kurz PTS oder PTZ (russisch Павлодарский тракторный завод, kurz ПТЗ) war ein zunächst sowjetischer und später kasachischer Hersteller von Traktoren. Das 1966 gegründete Unternehmen saß in Pawlodar, Kasachstan und wurde 1998 erstmals für zahlungsunfähig erklärt. Verschiedene Nachfolgegesellschaften und Investoren versuchten bis etwa 2006, eine neue Traktorenproduktion am alten Standort aufzubauen, was letztlich scheiterte. Mindestens zu sowjetischen Zeiten trug das Werk den Beinamen W. I. Lenin.

## Unternehmensgeschichte
Das Werk wurde 1966 als Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod imeni W. I. Lenin (russisch Павлодарский тракторный завод им. В. И. Ленина) gegründet, die Traktorenproduktion startete am 12. August 1968. Gebaut wurden Traktoren vom Typ DT-75, die zusätzlich die Bezeichnung „Kasachstan“ erhielten. Das Fahrzeug war ursprünglich im Wolgogradski Traktorny Sawod entwickelt worden und wurde dort noch bis 2015 gebaut.
Die in den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren gebauten Traktoren hatten noch die ursprüngliche runde Kabine, wurden blau lackiert und trugen den Schriftzug „Казахстан“ an der Motorhaube. Erst Mitte der 1980er-Jahre wurde mit dem DT-75ML eine modernisierte Version mit rechteckiger Kabine und abweichender Farbgebung eingeführt. 1984 war das Jahr mit dem höchsten Ausstoß in der Unternehmensgeschichte – 55.000 Traktoren wurden gebaut.
Mit dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion wurde auch das Werk in Pawlodar von schweren wirtschaftlichen Problemen getroffen. 1997 wurden noch 1879 Traktoren gebaut. 1998 wurde das Unternehmen erstmals für bankrott erklärt.
In den folgenden Jahren firmierte das Werk mehrfach um und wurde auch mehrmals verkauft. Es bestand der Plan, Traktoren der Typen MTZ-80 und MTZ-82 aus dem Minski Traktorny Sawod in Lizenz zu fertigen. Der Plan scheiterte aber, auch aufgrund diverser Fehlinvestitionen. 2006 erklärte der damalige Premierminister Kasachstans, Danial Achmetow, dass die Regierung keine Finanzmittel zur Rettung des Unternehmens bereitstellen würde.
2007 gründete ein Unternehmer auf Grundlage des alten Werks eine angeblich lizenzierte Ersatzteilproduktion für Belarus-Traktoren. Wenig später wurde er von einem kasachischen Gericht wegen Betrugs zu sieben Jahren Haft verurteilt. Die verbliebenen Maschinen wurden als Bezahlung für die Gläubiger genutzt. Seitdem sind keine weiteren Aktivitäten anderer Firmen bekannt, die eine Traktorenproduktion in Pawlodar anstreben.

## Produkte
Das Werk fertigte in seiner Geschichte im Wesentlichen nur ein einziges Traktorenmodell. Vom Kettentraktor DT-75 wurden zwischen 1968 und 1995 etwa 862.300 Exemplare in Pawlodar gebaut. Die Fertigung lief um 1998 aus. Zusätzlich wurde nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion ein neuer Kettenschlepper projektiert. Das Fahrzeug mit der Bezeichnung T-95.4 sollte ab 2001 gefertigt werden, erreichte jedoch nie auch nur annähernd die gleichen Stückzahlen wie der DT-75. Ob tatsächlich je Traktoren des Minski Traktorny Sawods in Lizenz gebaut wurden, ist unklar.

wikiname: dewiki

title: Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod

in_language: de

wikitext:
{{Infobox Unternehmen
| Name             = Павлодарский тракторный завод<br />Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod
| Logo             =
| Unternehmensform = [[Öffentliches Unternehmen|Produktionsvereinigung]]
| ISIN             =
| Gründungsdatum   = 1966
| Auflösungsdatum  = 2006
| Auflösungsgrund  = Insolvenz
| Sitz             = [[Pawlodar]], Kasachstan
| Leitung          =
| Mitarbeiterzahl  =
| Umsatz           =
| Stand            = <!--2016-10-25-->
| Branche          = Traktorenbau
| Homepage         =
}}

Das '''Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod''', dt. ''Pawlodarer Traktorenwerk'', kurz '''PTS''' oder PTZ ({{ruS|Павлодарский тракторный завод}}, kurz ПТЗ) war ein zunächst [[Sowjetunion|sowjetischer]] und später kasachischer Hersteller von [[Traktor]]en. Das 1966 gegründete Unternehmen saß in [[Pawlodar]], [[Kasachstan]] und wurde 1998 erstmals für zahlungsunfähig erklärt. Verschiedene Nachfolgegesellschaften und Investoren versuchten bis etwa 2006, eine neue Traktorenproduktion am alten Standort aufzubauen, was letztlich scheiterte. Mindestens zu sowjetischen Zeiten trug das Werk den Beinamen ''[[Wladimir Iljitsch Lenin|W. I. Lenin]]''.

== Unternehmensgeschichte ==
[[Datei:Pavlodar Tracktor Factory, new buildings.JPG|mini|Gebäude des ehemaligen Werks in Pawlodar (2009)]]
[[Datei:Rusty tractor in Listvyanka.jpg|mini|Ein [[DT-75]] aus der Fertigung des Pawlodarer Werks, fotografiert in [[Listwjanka]] (2008)]]

Das Werk wurde 1966 als ''Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod imeni W. I. Lenin'' (russisch Павлодарский тракторный завод им. В. И. Ленина) gegründet, die Traktorenproduktion startete am 12. August 1968. Gebaut wurden Traktoren vom Typ [[DT-75]], die zusätzlich die Bezeichnung „Kasachstan“ erhielten. Das Fahrzeug war ursprünglich im [[Wolgogradski Traktorny Sawod]] entwickelt worden und wurde dort noch bis 2015 gebaut.<ref name="Geschichte">[http://www.avtomash.ru/katalog/pred/tract/ptz/ptz_istori.htm Geschichte des Pawlodarer Werks inklusive verschiedener Meldungen zu dessen Entwicklungen in den 2000er-Jahren] (russisch)</ref>

Die in den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren gebauten Traktoren hatten noch die ursprüngliche runde Kabine, wurden blau lackiert und trugen den Schriftzug „Казахстан“ an der Motorhaube. Erst Mitte der 1980er-Jahre wurde mit dem DT-75ML eine modernisierte Version mit rechteckiger Kabine und abweichender Farbgebung eingeführt. 1984 war das Jahr mit dem höchsten Ausstoß in der Unternehmensgeschichte – 55.000 Traktoren wurden gebaut.<ref name="Geschichte"/>

Mit dem [[Zerfall der Sowjetunion]] wurde auch das Werk in Pawlodar von schweren wirtschaftlichen Problemen getroffen. 1997 wurden noch 1879 Traktoren gebaut. 1998 wurde das Unternehmen erstmals für bankrott erklärt.<ref name="Geschichte"/>

In den folgenden Jahren firmierte das Werk mehrfach um und wurde auch mehrmals verkauft. Es bestand der Plan, Traktoren der Typen [[MTZ-80]] und [[MTZ-82]] aus dem [[Minski Traktorny Sawod]] in Lizenz zu fertigen. Der Plan scheiterte aber, auch aufgrund diverser Fehlinvestitionen. 2006 erklärte der damalige Premierminister Kasachstans, [[Danial Achmetow]], dass die Regierung keine Finanzmittel zur Rettung des Unternehmens bereitstellen würde.<ref name="Geschichte"/>

2007 gründete ein Unternehmer auf Grundlage des alten Werks eine angeblich lizenzierte Ersatzteilproduktion für Belarus-Traktoren. Wenig später wurde er von einem kasachischen Gericht wegen Betrugs zu sieben Jahren Haft verurteilt. Die verbliebenen Maschinen wurden als Bezahlung für die [[Gläubiger]] genutzt. Seitdem sind keine weiteren Aktivitäten anderer Firmen bekannt, die eine Traktorenproduktion in Pawlodar anstreben.<ref>[http://www.caravan.kz/gazeta/milliardy-dlya-drugikh-68116/ „Milliarden für Andere“]. Artikel zur Situation der Landmaschinenproduktion in Kasachstan. (russisch)</ref>

== Produkte ==
Das Werk fertigte in seiner Geschichte im Wesentlichen nur ein einziges Traktorenmodell. Vom Kettentraktor [[DT-75]] wurden zwischen 1968 und 1995 etwa 862.300 Exemplare in Pawlodar gebaut.<ref>[http://www.avtomash.ru/katalog/pred/tract/ptz/dt75m.htm Zur Fertigung des DT-75] (russisch)</ref> Die Fertigung lief um 1998 aus. Zusätzlich wurde nach dem Zerfall der Sowjetunion ein neuer [[Raupenschlepper|Kettenschlepper]] projektiert. Das Fahrzeug mit der Bezeichnung T-95.4 sollte ab 2001 gefertigt werden, erreichte jedoch nie auch nur annähernd die gleichen Stückzahlen wie der DT-75.<ref>[http://www.avtomash.ru/katalog/pred/tract/ptz/t95.htm Zum Kettenschlepper T-95.4] (russisch)</ref> Ob tatsächlich je Traktoren des Minski Traktorny Sawods in Lizenz gebaut wurden, ist unklar.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|PTZ tractors|PTZ-Traktoren}}
* [http://www.avtomash.ru/katalog/pred/tract/ptz/ptz_istori.htm Webseite zur Geschichte des Unternehmens] (russisch)
* [http://www.techstory.ru/trr_foto/trr_ptz1.htm Fotogalerie mit Abbildungen von in Pawlodar gebauten DT-75-Traktoren] (russisch)

{{Navigationsleiste Traktorenhersteller in der Sowjetunion}}

[[Kategorie:Ehemaliger Traktorenhersteller]]
[[Kategorie:Pawlodar]]
[[Kategorie:Produzierendes Unternehmen (Kasachstan)]]
[[Kategorie:Unternehmensgründung 1966]]
[[Kategorie:Aufgelöst 2006]]

title: Павлодарский тракторный завод · Pawlodarski Traktorny Sawod

Rechtsform: Produktionsvereinigung

Auflösungsgrund: Insolvenz

Sitz: Pawlodar, Kasachstan

Branche: Traktorenbau


text:
# Хрестівська міська територіальна громада
Хрестівська міська територіальна громада — територіальна громада в Україні, у Горлівському районі Донецької області. Адміністративний центр — місто Хрестівка.
Територія територіальної громади є тимчасово окупованою.
Утворена розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 12 червня 2020 р. № 710-р.

## Населені пункти
У територіальній громаді 22 населені пункти — місто Хрестівка, 5 селищ (Кумшацьке, Польове, Рідкодуб, Славне, Степне), і 16 сіл:
- Веселе
- Відродження
- Комишатка
- Красний Луч
- Круглик
- Малоорлівка
- Михайлівка
- Нікішине
- Новоорлівка
- Петропавлівка
- Розсипне
- Стіжкове
- Стрюкове
- Сулинівка
- Тимофіївка
- Шевченко

wikiname: ukwiki

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Громада України
| назва = Хрестівська міська
| герб =
| прапор =
| регіон = [[Донецька область]]
| район           = {{Днц-Гр}}
| утворена = 12 червня 2020
| код громади =
| поштові індекси =
| міста = 1
| смт = 0
| села = 16
| селища = 5
| рада = Хрестівська міська рада
| адреса =
| вебсторінка =
| голова громади =
| мапа =
| опис прапора =
| опис герба =
| розташування =
| код КАТОТТГ = UA14060130000085167
}}
'''Хрестівська міська територіальна громада''' — [[Територіальна громада України|територіальна громада]] в [[Україна|Україні]], у [[Горлівський район|Горлівському районі]] [[Донецька область|Донецької області]]. Адміністративний центр — місто [[Хрестівка]].

Територія територіальної громади є [[Тимчасово окуповані території України|тимчасово окупованою]].

Утворена розпорядженням [[Кабінет Міністрів України|Кабінету Міністрів України]] від [[12 червня]] [[2020|2020 р.]] № 710-р.<ref>{{Закон|710-2020-р|Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Донецької області» від 12.06.2020 № 710-р}}</ref>

== Населені пункти ==
У територіальній громаді 22 населені пункти — місто [[Хрестівка]], 5 селищ ([[Кумшацьке]], [[Польове (Горлівський район)|Польове]], [[Рідкодуб (Хрестівська міська громада)|Рідкодуб]], [[Славне (Горлівський район)|Славне]], [[Степне (Горлівський район)|Степне]]), і 16 сіл:
* [[Веселе (Горлівський район)|Веселе]]
* [[Відродження (Горлівський район)|Відродження]]
* [[Комишатка]]
* [[Красний Луч (Горлівський район)|Красний Луч]]
* [[Круглик (Горлівський район)|Круглик]]
* [[Малоорлівка]]
* [[Михайлівка (Хрестівська міська громада)|Михайлівка]]
* [[Нікішине]]
* [[Новоорлівка]]
* [[Петропавлівка (Горлівський район)|Петропавлівка]]
* [[Розсипне (Хрестівська міська громада)|Розсипне]]
* [[Стіжкове]]
* [[Стрюкове (Горлівський район)|Стрюкове]]
* [[Сулинівка]]
* [[Тимофіївка (Горлівський район)|Тимофіївка]]
* [[Шевченко (Хрестівська міська громада)|Шевченко]]

== Примітки ==
{{reflist}}

{{Donetsk-geo-stub}}

{{Хрестівська  міська громада|nocat=1}}
{{Донецька область}}

[[Категорія:Засновані в Україні 2020]]
[[Категорія:Окуповані території України]]
[[Категорія:Громади Горлівського району]]
[[Категорія:Хрестівська міська громада|*]]
[[Категорія:Громади України за алфавітом]]

title: Основні дані

Країна: Україна

Область: Донецька область

Район: Горлівський район

Утворена: 12 червня 2020 року

Адмін. центр: Хрестівка

title: Населені пункти

title: Органи влади

Рада: Хрестівська міська рада

Органи влади: Хрестівська міська громада у Вікісховищі


text:
# Nanthild
Nanthild, även känd som Nantéchilde, Nanthechilde, Nanthildis, Nanthilde, och Nantechildis, född 610, död 642, var en frankisk drottning och regent. Hon var drottning av Neustrien och Burgund som gift med kung Dagobert I i hans tredje äktenskap, och regent under sin son kung Klodvig II:s omyndighet från 639 till 642.
Nanthild var ursprungligen saxare och hovtjänare, och kungen försköt Gomatrud för att gifta sig med henne 629. Vid hans död blev hon sin sons förmyndare och rikets regent i samarbete med Aega. Hon föredrog att bo i Landry. För att underminera den burgundiska adelns makt gifte hon bort sin brors/systerdotter Ragnoberta till Flaochad och tvingade magnaterna och biskoparna att godkänna hans utnämning till ståthållare i Orléans. Samma år avled hon, och hennes son hamnade då under adelns inflytande.

title: Nanthild

wikitext:
{{faktamall biografi WD}}'''Nanthild''', även känd som ''Nantéchilde'', ''Nanthechilde'', ''Nanthildis'', ''Nanthilde'', och ''Nantechildis'', född 610, död 642, var en frankisk drottning och regent.<ref>Geary, Patrick J., 1998. Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press)</ref> Hon var drottning av Neustrien och Burgund som gift med kung [[Dagobert I]] i hans tredje äktenskap, och regent under sin son kung [[Klodvig II]]:s omyndighet från 639 till 642.

Nanthild var ursprungligen saxare och hovtjänare, och kungen försköt Gomatrud för att gifta sig med henne 629. Vid hans död blev hon sin sons förmyndare och rikets regent i samarbete med Aega. Hon föredrog att bo i Landry. För att underminera den burgundiska adelns makt gifte hon bort sin brors/systerdotter Ragnoberta till Flaochad och tvingade magnaterna och biskoparna att godkänna hans utnämning till ståthållare i Orléans. Samma år avled hon, och hennes son hamnade då under adelns inflytande.

== Referenser ==
{{enwp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanthild&oldid=769615359}}
=== Noter ===
<references/>

{{STANDARDSORTERING:Nanthild}}

[[Kategori:Födda 610]]
[[Kategori:Avlidna 642]]
[[Kategori:Kvinnor]]
[[Kategori:Kvinnliga regenter under 600-talet]]
[[Kategori:Frankiska drottningar]]
[[Kategori:Personer i Frankrike under 600-talet]]

title: Befattning

Befattning:
Regent
Redigera Wikidata

Make: Dagobert I

Barn: Klodvig II (f. 635 och 635)