text:
# Lydia Vandenbergh
Lydia Kathleen Jackson (née Vandenbergh; born January 2, 1984) is an American soccer coach and retired player who played as a midfielder.

## Coaching career
Vandenbergh worked as a coach for Matthews Soccer Club in Charlotte, North Carolina from 2006 to 2007. In 2008, she was an assistant coach at Charlotte Christian School, while also serving as a volunteer assistant coach for the Florida State Seminoles. From 2009 to 2010, she worked as an assistant for the Western Carolina Catamounts women's team, and in 2010 was an assistant coach for the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers. In 2012, Vandenbergh became an assistant coach for the Warren Wilson College women's soccer team under head coach Stacey Enos. She then became the associate head coach of the team in 2014, before being appointed as the head coach in 2015. She served as the coach for nine years while also working as an assistant athletic director, before stepping down from her roles in 2020.

## Personal life
Vandenbergh grew up in Pisgah Forest, North Carolina, and graduated from Brevard High School in 2002. She graduated from Clemson University with a Bachelor of Science in computer science in 2006, and later from Georgia Southern University with a Master of Science in kinesiology. She lives in Swannanoa, North Carolina, with her husband Joshua Jackson.

title: Lydia Vandenbergh

wikitext:
{{short description|American soccer defender (born 1984)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name          = Lydia Vandenbergh
| image         = Lydia Vandenbergh-SydneyFC.jpg
| image_size    =
| caption       =
| full_name     = Lydia Kathleen Jackson
| birth_name    = Lydia Kathleen Vandenbergh<ref>{{cite magazine |location=Clemson, South Carolina |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=comm_programs |title=Candidates for the Bachelor's Degree – College of Engineering and Science – Bachelor of Science: Computer Science |magazine=Graduation Exercises |publisher=[[Clemson University]] |format=PDF |page=12 |date=August 12, 2006 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611004841/https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=comm_programs |archive-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1984|1|2}}
| birth_place   = [[Brevard, North Carolina]], U.S.
| height        = {{height|ft=5|in=3}}
| position      = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub   =
| youthclubs1   =
| youthyears1   =
| collegeyears1 = 2002–2005
| college1      = [[Clemson Tigers women's soccer|Clemson Tigers]]
| collegecaps1  =
| collegegoals1 =
| years1        = 2000–2004
| clubs1        = [[Asheville Splash|Blue Ridge Rapids/Asheville Splash]]
| caps1         = 33 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals1        = 3
| years2        = 2005–2008
| clubs2        = [[Charlotte Lady Eagles]]
| caps2         = 51 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals2        = 4
| years3        = 2006
| clubs3        = → [[Santos FC (women)|Santos]] (loan)
| caps3         = <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals3        =
| years4        = 2007
| clubs4        = → ACE Kurdana/Cotia (loan)
| caps4         = <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals4        =
| years5        = 2009
| clubs5        = [[Saint Louis Athletica]]
| caps5         = 0 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals5        = 0
| years6        = 2009–2010
| clubs6        = [[Chicago Red Stars]]
| caps6         = 12 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals6        = 0
| years7        = 2009
| clubs7        = → [[Central Coast Mariners FC W-League|Central Coast Mariners]] (loan)
| caps7         = 11 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals7        = 4
| years8        = 2010–2011
| clubs8        = [[Sydney FC W-League|Sydney FC]]
| caps8         = 11 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals8        = 0
| years9        = 2011
| clubs9        = [[magicJack (WPS)|magicJack]]
| caps9         = 10 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals9        = 0
| years10       = 2012
| clubs10       = [[Fortuna Hjørring]]
| caps10        =
| goals10       =
| years11       = 2013
| clubs11       = [[Chicago Red Stars]]
| caps11        = 17
| goals11       = 0
| years12       = 2014
| clubs12       = [[Carolina Elite Cobras]]
| caps12        = 17 <!-- LEAGUE APPEARANCES & GOALS ONLY-->
| goals12       = 0
| years13       = 2018
| clubs13       = [[Asheville City SC]]
| caps13        =
| goals13       =
| totalcaps     =
| totalgoals    =
| manageryears1 = 2006–2007
| managerclubs1 = Matthews Soccer Club
| manageryears2 = 2008
| managerclubs2 = [[Charlotte Christian School|Charlotte Christian Knights]] (assistant)
| manageryears3 = 2008–2009
| managerclubs3 = [[Florida State Seminoles women's soccer|Florida State Seminoles]] (volunteer assistant)
| manageryears4 = 2009–2010
| managerclubs4 = [[Western Carolina Catamounts]] (assistant)
| manageryears5 = 2010
| managerclubs5 = [[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]] (assistant)
| manageryears6 = 2012–2013
| managerclubs6 = [[Warren Wilson College|Warren Wilson Owls]] (assistant)
| manageryears7 = 2014–2015
| managerclubs7 = [[Warren Wilson College|Warren Wilson Owls]] (associate head coach)
| manageryears8 = 2015–2020
| managerclubs8 = [[Warren Wilson College|Warren Wilson Owls]]
}}
'''Lydia Kathleen Jackson''' ({{nee|'''Vandenbergh'''}}; born January 2, 1984) is an American [[association football|soccer]] coach and retired player who played as a [[midfielder]].

==Coaching career==
Vandenbergh worked as a coach for Matthews Soccer Club in [[Charlotte, North Carolina]] from 2006 to 2007. In 2008, she was an assistant coach at [[Charlotte Christian School]], while also serving as a volunteer assistant coach for the [[Florida State Seminoles women's soccer|Florida State Seminoles]]. From 2009 to 2010, she worked as an assistant for the [[Western Carolina Catamounts]] women's team, and in 2010 was an assistant coach for the [[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://goccusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/coaches/lydia-vandenbergh/2017 |title=Lydia Vandenbergh |publisher=[[Coastal Carolina Chanticleers]] |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628160416/https://goccusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/coaches/lydia-vandenbergh/2017 |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> In 2012, Vandenbergh became an assistant coach for the [[Warren Wilson College]] women's soccer team under head coach [[Stacey Enos]]. She then became the associate head coach of the team in 2014, before being appointed as the head coach in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pearson |first=Andrew |url=https://www.citizen-times.com/story/sports/high-school/hshuddle/2015/08/25/vandenbergh--coach-warren-wilson-soccer/32328203/ |title=Vandenbergh to coach Warren Wilson soccer |website=[[Asheville Citizen-Times]] |date=August 25, 2015 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220628160541/https://www.citizen-times.com/story/sports/high-school/hshuddle/2015/08/25/vandenbergh--coach-warren-wilson-soccer/32328203/ |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Warren Wilson">{{cite web |url=https://warrenwilsonowls.com/sports/wsoc/coaches/vandenbergh_lydia?view=bio |title=Lydia Jackson |publisher=[[Warren Wilson College]] |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628154616/https://warrenwilsonowls.com/sports/wsoc/coaches/vandenbergh_lydia?view=bio |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> She served as the coach for nine years while also working as an assistant [[athletic director]], before stepping down from her roles in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://warrenwilsonowls.com/sports/wsoc/2020-21/releases/20200722j3idau |title=Coach Jackson Wraps Up Successful 9 Year Career |publisher= |date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628154656/https://warrenwilsonowls.com/sports/wsoc/2020-21/releases/20200722j3idau |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vandenbergh grew up in [[Pisgah Forest, North Carolina]], and graduated from [[Brevard High School]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |last=Steward |first=Kristy |location=Asheville, North Carolina |url=https://wlos.com/sports/content/getting-to-know-asheville-city-soccer-lydia-vandenbergh |title=Getting to know Asheville City Soccer: Lydia Vandenbergh |website=[[WLOS]] |date=April 17, 2018 |access-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref> She graduated from [[Clemson University]] with a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[computer science]] in 2006, and later from [[Georgia Southern University]] with a [[Master of Science]] in [[kinesiology]].<ref name="Warren Wilson"/> She lives in [[Swannanoa, North Carolina]], with her husband Joshua Jackson.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Tom |url=https://www.blackmountainnews.com/story/sports/2018/10/05/owls-soar-field-under-lydia-vandenbergh/1485273002/ |title=Owls soar on the field under Lydia Vandenbergh |website=[[Black Mountain News]] |date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628161050/https://www.blackmountainnews.com/story/sports/2018/10/05/owls-soar-field-under-lydia-vandenbergh/1485273002/ |archive-date=June 28, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Soccerway}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217053534/http://www.ccmariners.com.au/default.aspx?s=wleague_profile&pid=2224&tid=267 Central Coast Mariners player profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091111231527/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/chicago/team/player-bios/vandenbergh-lydia Chicago Red Stars player profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804051513/http://clemsontigers.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/vandenbergh_lydia00.html Clemson player profile]
* [http://www.catamountsports.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/vandenbergh_lydia00.html Western Carolina coaching profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034211/http://www.seminoles.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/vandenbergh_lydia00.html Florida State coaching profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vandenbergh, Lydia}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American women's soccer players]]
[[Category:21st-century American sportswomen]]
[[Category:Central Coast Mariners FC (women) players]]
[[Category:Chicago Red Stars players]]
[[Category:Clemson Tigers women's soccer players]]
[[Category:Saint Louis Athletica players]]
[[Category:MagicJack (WPS) players]]
[[Category:National Women's Soccer League players]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Women's Professional Soccer players]]
[[Category:Charlotte Lady Eagles players]]
[[Category:Fortuna Hjørring players]]
[[Category:Sydney FC (women) players]]
[[Category:Santos FC (women) players]]
[[Category:USL W-League (1995–2015) players]]
[[Category:Danish Women's League players]]
[[Category:Women's Premier Soccer League players]]
[[Category:American women's soccer coaches]]
[[Category:Female association football managers]]
[[Category:Florida State Seminoles women's soccer coaches]]
[[Category:Western Carolina Catamounts coaches]]
[[Category:Coastal Carolina Chanticleers coaches]]
[[Category:Warren Wilson Owls coaches]]
[[Category:American expatriate women's soccer players]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Brazil]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Australia]]
[[Category:American expatriate sportspeople in Denmark]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Brazil]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's soccer players in Australia]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Denmark]]
[[Category:Soccer players from North Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Brevard, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Asheville City SC Women players]]
[[Category:High school soccer coaches in the United States]]
[[Category:Georgia Southern University alumni]]

{{US-women-footy-midfielder-stub}}

title: Personal information

Full name: Lydia Kathleen Jackson

Birth name: Lydia Kathleen Vandenbergh

Date of birth: January 2, 1984

Place of birth: Brevard, North Carolina, U.S.

Position(s): Midfielder

title: College career

Years: Team · Apps · (Gls)

Clemson Tigers

title: Senior career*

Blue Ridge Rapids/Asheville Splash · 33 · (3)

Charlotte Lady Eagles · 51 · (4)

→ Santos (loan)

→ ACE Kurdana/Cotia (loan)

→ Central Coast Mariners (loan) · 11 · (4)

Chicago Red Stars · 12 · (0)

Sydney FC · 11 · (0)

magicJack · 10 · (0)

Fortuna Hjørring

Chicago Red Stars · 17 · (0)

Carolina Elite Cobras · 17 · (0)

Asheville City SC

title: Managerial career

Matthews Soccer Club

Charlotte Christian Knights (assistant)

Florida State Seminoles (volunteer assistant)

Western Carolina Catamounts (assistant)

Coastal Carolina Chanticleers (assistant)

Warren Wilson Owls (assistant)

Warren Wilson Owls (associate head coach)

Warren Wilson Owls


text:
# Corruption in the Suvarnabhumi Airport project
Allegations of corruption during the development of Suvarnabhumi Airport, the newest international airport serving Bangkok, Thailand, have been made since the project's inception. These allegations started in the 1970s, when land for the airport was purchased during the dictatorship of Thanom Kittikachorn, and extended to the government of Thaksin Shinawatra, during which most of the construction occurred.
The Nation, a Thai English-language daily, published several reports alleging corruption in the purchase of x-ray baggage scanning devices for the airport. The resulting scandal delayed the opening of the airport by a year and allowed the opposition Democrat Party to initiate a 20-hour no-confidence censure debate that forced Thaksin to remove close supporter Suriya Jungrungreangkit from his position of Transport Minister. The Royal Thai Army swept into power in a military coup in 2006, using the allegedly shoddy construction of the airport as one of the justifications for its coup.  The junta initiated several investigations into the airport. The investigative panels found that damage to the airport was "minute" and "common."  The cost of fixing the damage was estimated at less than 1% of the total airport cost. The junta was accused of delaying airport repairs and intensifying the airport's problems in order to pin further blame on the deposed government.
In 2008, The Nation admitted that its reports of corruption were incorrect, and retracted their stories.
The Council for National Security (CNS) in Thailand established the Assets Examination Committee (AEC) in 2006 to investigate actions that caused damage to the state from operations or projects by individuals in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. The AEC initially took on eight cases for examination, but later added an additional five cases, for a total of 13 cases that were investigated. One of these cases involved the procurement of CTX explosive detection machines for Suvarnabhumi Airport, and the AEC decided to take legal action against 25 individuals, including Thaksin Shinawatra and other politicians, state officials, and business people, for their involvement in a rigged auction involving the organizers and participants of the auction. The AEC also accused these individuals of abuse of position, corruption, and neglecting their duties or acting dishonestly, causing harm. After completing the investigation, the AEC submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office in 2011, but the case was referred to the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) due to objections from the Attorney General's Office about the incompleteness of the case. The joint committee between the Attorney General and NACC has been unable to reach a decision on the case for several years.

## Overview
Charges of corruption were levelled against Thai governments since the airport project's inception in the 1970s.  "All the recent previous governments before Thaksin took part in taking something from the project," noted Chaiwat Sinsuwong, a member of the Council of Engineers.
Mr Weera Somkuamkit, of the People's Network on Corruption has noted that "Someone got a big payoff just by laying down the sand. There's corruption in every airport project such as the car park, bidding on duty-free shops, cooling system for the buildings and power generating system."  Weera Somkuamkit has not yet made public any evidence supporting his claims. Based on this and other allegations, the opposition parties during the Thaksin government initiated a vote of no confidence against the Thaksin-government's transport minister. The censure motion was not successful.
After the coup, the Council for National Security (CNS) called on relevant officials to discuss the issue of corruption, including Kranarong Jantik, former secretary-general of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC), and Jaruvan Maintaka, Auditor General of the State Audit Office of the Kingdom of Thailand (SAO), to prepare for the establishment of an organization to check for corruption in the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. On September 30, 2006, the Council for National Security announced the appointment of the Assets Examination Committee (AEC) to investigate actions that cause damage to the state from operations or projects by individuals in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.
The process of the AEC begins with the submission of already-investigated and data-gathered cases by the State Audit Office of the Kingdom of Thailand. Initially, the AEC takes on a total of 8 cases for examination, with an additional 5 cases added later, for a total of 13 cases that the AEC investigates. One of them has a CTX explosive detection machine procurement project for Suvarnabhumi Airport included, and the Assets Examination Committee has decided to take legal action against the political figures, including Thaksin Shinawatra, as the Chairman of the Suvarnabhumi Airport Development Committee (ADC), and other politicians, including Suriya Juangroongruangkit, ex-Minister of Transport, as well as state officials and employees, board members and executives of the New Bangkok International Airport Company Limited (NBIA) and Thai Airports Company Limited (TAC), such as Sisuk Jantharangsi, the Minister of Transport, Chaikasem Nitisiri, the attorney general, ITO Trading Group as a legal entity and business people, a total of 25 people.
The AEC has issued a resolution to pursue a case against these individuals in relation to a rigged auction involving the organizers and participants of the auction, resulting in unfair competition (violation of the State Enterprise Act B.E. 2542, sections 5, 11, 12, 13).
The case also involves abuse of position and corruption by the perpetrators and accomplices in several counts (Criminal Code, sections 83, 86, 90, 91, 144, 149, 152, 157, 341).
Additionally, as government employees, these people are also accused of neglecting their duties or acted dishonestly, causing harm (Public Sector Employee Discipline Act of 1959, sections 3, 9, 11). The commission has also requested that the accused return or compensate for damages in the amount of 6.937 million baht.
This investigation differs from the previous investigation led by the Inspection Committee, headed by Thaksin Shinawatra, which concluded that "no irregularities were found".
After the investigation was completed, the AEC made the decision to pursue legal action and submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office on May 28, 2011, one month before the AEC term ended. However, at the time, the Attorney General, Chaiyakasem Nitisiri, himself was facing his own charges in the CTX case and the AEC was forced to separate Chaiyakasem's case and file the lawsuit themselves.
On June 27, 2011, just three days before the AEC's term ended, they had already made the decision to pursue legal action against the perpetrators and submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office. However, the Attorney General's Office raised objections to the incompleteness of the case and requested that the AEC form a committee to review the incomplete aspects of the case. The AEC was unable to comply with this request as their term was ending in just a few days.  Because of this, the investigation had been referred to National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) for further action by default. Mr. Kranarong Jantik, being a member of NACC as well, had recused himself from this investigation because he was a former member of AEC, which is considered to have a stake in the matter.
The joint committee between the Attorney General and NACC has been deadlocked and unable to reach a decision on this case for more than three years. Finally, in September 2011, the Attorney General ruled to dismiss the case, citing insufficient evidence as the reason. In response, the NACC prepared to file a lawsuit on its own and appointed a prosecutor from the Lawyers Council Under the Royal Patronage to handle the case.
In preparing to file a lawsuit on its own, the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) has had to summarize the new allegations and gather additional evidence. In this effort, the NACC has sought cooperation from the US Department of Justice to provide additional documentation from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), totaling more than 5,000 pages. A key piece of evidence is a confirmation from the US Department of Justice, sent in early August 2012, stating that no evidence was found of payment or receipt of any benefits from the sale of CTX explosives detection equipment. Finally, on August 28, 2012, Wichai Wiwitsevi, a member of the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC), announced officially that the NCCC had resolved to refer the case involving the procurement and installation of CTX explosives detection equipment and the construction of baggage handling systems at Suvarnabhumi Airport to the Office of the Attorney General for prosecution.

## Car park
The airport contains 2 5-storey car park buildings with a combined capacity of 5,000 cars.
Two videos were released in which car park contractor Latthapol Kesakotin, in one video, claimed that he paid US$250 million to Yaowaret Shinawatra (the Prime Minister's sister) to gain a contract to build and operate the airport car park, and another video in which he claimed he didn't pay anything to Yaowaret. He later publicly denied that he paid anything to Yaowaret.

## Bomb detectors
Twenty-six CTX 9000 DSi explosive detection x-ray baggage scanning devices were purchased from GE Invision with a total contract value of US$65 million.  In response to concerns from the International Air Transport Association (IATA) that the 26 devices would not be sufficient, the equipment specifications were revised and another 20 devices were acquired. The new specifications also required modification of several other elements of the airport. The CTX 9000 model was selected by the airport primary contractor's design consultant, Cage Inc.  The choice was also endorsed by New Bangkok International Airport's independent adviser, Quatrotec Inc.
The Nation published reports claiming corruption in the purchase of the CTX bomb scanners.  Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the opposition Democrat Party, initiated an unsuccessful censure debate against Transport Minister Suriya Jungrungreangkit. The opposition alleged that in November 2004, Suriya had known that Invision was under investigation by the US Department of Justice, and therefore would not be able to provide the bomb scanners on schedule, and despite this knowledge, had approved of payments for the bomb scanners to the airport contractor (the ITO joint venture) and bomb-scanner sub-contractor, Patriot Business Consultants.  The opposition claimed that one billion baht (US$25 million) could have been saved if the bomb scanners were purchased directly from GE InVision rather than going through the two local contractors. The opposition did not win the censure motion, and subsequent investigations cleared Suriya Jungrungreangkit of any wrongdoing.  The scandal delayed the opening of Suvarnabhumi Airport by over a year.
In 2008, The Nation admitted that its reports of corruption were incorrect.

## Suvarnabhumi City
In October 2005, the government of Thaksin Shinawatra floated a proposal to combine several districts around Suvarnabhumi Airport into a new province, to be managed as a special administrative zone.  These districts would include Samut Prakan's Bang Sao Thong sub-district and Bang Phli district as well as Lat Krabang and Prawet districts of Bangkok. The new province would allow speedier large scale investments in infrastructure by enabling the government to bypass administrative and budgetary constraints for the estimated THB500 billion (US$12.5 billion) in public and private sector. The new zone, to be known as "Nakhon Suvarnabhumi" (Suvarnabhumi City) would cover 521 square kilometres (roughly the size of Singapore) with a population of about 462,000 people. In 2006 the cabinet approved in principle a draft Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Bill prepared by the interior ministry. The Council of State will then review it, followed by a series of public hearings, before the bill is submitted to the House of Representatives.
There were anonymous allegations that the proposed establishment of the new zone would cause property values to increase, and that government politicians had bought large plots of land in speculation.  However, the opening of the airport caused property prices to fall 40-50% in an estimated 4,000 rai of land surrounding the airport from 2005 to 2006 due to increased noise levels.  An anonymous source had earlier informed The Nation newspaper that "My friend told me that a politician's wife had bought 4,000 rai from a developer...The transaction was wrapped up in the first quarter of this year [2006]". The source also noted that prominent developers like Land & Houses, Quality Houses, Property Perfect, Supalai, LPN Development, SC Asset Corp, as well as the Jungrungreangkit and Mahagitsiri families owned large tranches in the proposed zone. Several developers denied that their ownership of land was related in any way to the proposal and noted that the properties were bought years before.
The plans for Suvarnabhumi City were largely scrapped by post-coup Finance Minister Pridiyathorn Devakula.

## Post-coup Investigations

### Purging of management
The Royal Thai Army overthrew the Thaksin government in September 2006, using the allegedly shoddy construction of the airport as one of the justifications for its coup.
After the coup, numerous public accusations were made that construction standards of the airport were sub-standard and that cracks were appearing in the runway. Junta leader Saprang Kalayanamitr forced AOT President Chotisak Asapaviriya to resign and also dismissed the directors of Suvarnabhumi Airport and AOT Commercial Operations.

### Junta-led investigations
A junta-appointed panel of engineers assigned to inspect the airport noted that damage to the airport was "minute," and "common."  This was contrary to public accusations that the airport was seriously damaged after only four months of operation. A spokesman for British Airways also said that "everything is normal," and that "We haven't heard any complaints from the staff."  A two-week investigation led by Tortrakul Yomnak, a chief engineer for AOT, found that the runway was safe, and that cracks could be repaired in as little as a few hours. At the beginning of the investigation, Tortrakul had warned that the airport might need to be closed for three years.

### AOT-led investigations
The Assistant Secretary-General of the junta was appointed Chairman of the Board at Airports of Thailand. He initiated a comprehensive study of problems at the airport. The completed study showed that the cost of fixing 60 identified problems at the airport would be less than 1% of the total airport cost and that the problems could be fixed in four to five years. Dr. Narupol Chaiyut, a member of a committee overseeing service problems at the new airport, estimated that 70% of the problems would be fixed in 2007.

### Engineering Institute of Thailand investigations
The Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT) conducted investigations at the airport in late 2006 after signs of distress were spotted at several locations in Suvarnabhumi's taxiways and taxi lanes.  Rutting was found in five of the six taxi lanes and one of the six taxiways.  Plastic deformation of the asphalt wearing course was observed near the takeoff position of the runway. However, the investigators noted that plastic deformation at this location was a common phenomenon and only routine maintenance was required to repair the distress. Aside from this surface distortion, both runways were in good structural condition.
Further investigations found that taxi lane and taxiway rutting was caused by separation of the asphalt binder from the aggregate surface due to prolonged water infiltration into the asphalt concrete base course, a phenomenon known as "stripping."  The 23 cm thick base course is the top-most layer of the tarmac. Core samples indicated that the concrete base course material contained the correct job mix and aggregate gradation. Below the base course are the binder course, and the cement-treated base.
Detailed investigations found that water seepage was evident along the rims of the expansion joints in the cement-tested base, indicating that a large quantity of water was still trapped in the sand blanket (the bottom-most layer of the tarmac). It was found that water trapped in the sand blanket was fully confined with no connection to the pavement areas of the airport. A later investigation by the AOT identified several potential reasons for the trapped water in the sand blanket. The AOT's findings were disputed by several experts.
The EIT sent a formal warning to AOT in November 2006 about the urgent need to drain water from beneath the tarmac, and the need for immediate action. "The AOT did nothing about the problem," Suebsak Promboon of the EIT noted. "The situation might not have become this bad if the water had been drained then".
In a public statement on 15 February 2007, the EIT again strongly recommended that trapped water should be drained out urgently to minimise the potential spread of cracks. Karun Chandrarangsu, president of EIT, noted, "Suvarnabhumi is like a patient in a coma who continues to suffer from severe bleeding. Stopping the blood flow now is more urgent and important than debating what caused the injury."

### Repairs and further criticisms
Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont and AOT Chairman General Saprang Kalayanamitr refused to authorize repairs on the airport tarmac. Suebsak Promboon, a senior foundation engineer and a member of the Tortrakul Yomnak-led airport tarmac inspection panel, accused the AOT of refusing to take action to solve the problems at the airport.
Critics noted that junta-led investigations were unlikely to reveal an impartial picture of the airport's shortcomings.  "Problems are normal for any new airport. In our case it's made more complex because everybody wants to run down the former prime minister", noted Sumet Jumsai, a leading Thai architect. Leading engineers were sharply divided over the root causes of problems faced by the new airport.
There was a conflict of interest in the investigation because the attorney general responsible for prosecuting the case was also one of the board member of Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT) who was being prosecuted. The individuals in question are Chaiyasit Nititharaj, and in the end, he ruled not to prosecute Thaksin Shinawatra. After the decision not to prosecute the aforementioned case, Chaiyasit Nititharaj received the position of Minister of Justice and chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and advisor to the Center for Maintaining Peace and Order in the Yingluck Shinawatra government.

wikiname: enwiki

in_language: en

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'''Allegations of [[Political corruption|corruption]] during the development of [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]''', the newest international [[airport]] serving [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]], have been made since the project's inception. These allegations started in the 1970s, when land for the airport was purchased during the dictatorship of [[Thanom Kittikachorn]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Number=196643 |title=New airport, new province, new government HQ? |access-date=2006-09-10 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022334/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Number=196643 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and extended to the government of [[Thaksin Shinawatra]], during which most of the construction occurred.

''[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]'', a Thai English-language daily, published several reports alleging corruption in the purchase of x-ray baggage scanning devices for the airport. The resulting scandal delayed the opening of the airport by a year and allowed the opposition [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]] to initiate a 20-hour no-confidence censure debate that forced Thaksin to remove close supporter Suriya Jungrungreangkit from his position of Transport Minister. The [[Royal Thai Army]] swept into power in a [[2006 Thailand coup|military coup in 2006]], using the allegedly shoddy construction of the airport as one of the justifications for its coup.<ref>International Herald Tribune, [http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/02/news/thai.php Thailand's airport imbroglio grows], 2 February 2007</ref>  The [[CDRM|junta]] initiated several investigations into the airport. The investigative panels found that damage to the airport was "minute" and "common."  The cost of fixing the damage was estimated at less than 1% of the total airport cost. The junta was accused of delaying airport repairs and intensifying the airport's problems in order to pin further blame on the deposed government.

In 2008, ''The Nation'' admitted that its reports of corruption were incorrect, and retracted their stories.<ref name="blog.nationmultimedia.com">The Nation, [http://blog.nationmultimedia.com/politics/2008/11/06/entry-1 Nation Wrong About Thaksin Corruption] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210152216/http://blog.nationmultimedia.com/politics/2008/11/06/entry-1 |date=December 10, 2008 }}, 6 November 2008</ref>

The Council for National Security (CNS) in Thailand established the Assets Examination Committee (AEC) in 2006 to investigate actions that caused damage to the state from operations or projects by individuals in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. The AEC initially took on eight cases for examination, but later added an additional five cases, for a total of 13 cases that were investigated. One of these cases involved the procurement of CTX explosive detection machines for Suvarnabhumi Airport, and the AEC decided to take legal action against 25 individuals, including Thaksin Shinawatra and other politicians, state officials, and business people, for their involvement in a rigged auction involving the organizers and participants of the auction. The AEC also accused these individuals of abuse of position, corruption, and neglecting their duties or acting dishonestly, causing harm. After completing the investigation, the AEC submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office in 2011, but the case was referred to the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) due to objections from the Attorney General's Office about the incompleteness of the case. The joint committee between the Attorney General and NACC has been unable to reach a decision on the case for several years.

==Overview==
Charges of corruption were levelled against Thai governments since the airport project's inception in the 1970s.  "All the recent previous governments before Thaksin took part in taking something from the project," noted Chaiwat Sinsuwong, a member of the Council of Engineers.<ref>The Nation, [http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/11/national/national_30026533.php Engineers beat their breasts over airport debacle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212095531/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/11/national/national_30026533.php |date=2007-02-12 }}, 11 February 2007</ref>

Mr Weera Somkuamkit, of the People's Network on Corruption has noted that "Someone got a big payoff just by laying down the sand. There's corruption in every airport project such as the car park, bidding on duty-free shops, cooling system for the buildings and power generating system."<ref name="NewsAsia">Channel NewsAsia, [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129125031/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/southeastasia/view/164606/1/.html Corruption scandals delay Thailand's massive Suvarnabhumi Airport]", 23 August 2005</ref>  Weera Somkuamkit has not yet made public any evidence supporting his claims. Based on this and other allegations, the opposition parties during the Thaksin government initiated a vote of no confidence against the [[Thaksin Shinawatra|Thaksin-government]]'s transport minister. The censure motion was not successful.

After the coup, the Council for National Security (CNS) called on relevant officials to discuss the issue of corruption, including Kranarong Jantik, former secretary-general of the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC), and Jaruvan Maintaka, Auditor General of the State Audit Office of the Kingdom of Thailand (SAO), to prepare for the establishment of an organization to check for corruption in the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. On September 30, 2006, the Council for National Security announced the appointment of the Assets Examination Committee (AEC) to investigate actions that cause damage to the state from operations or projects by individuals in the Cabinet of the Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

The process of the AEC begins with the submission of already-investigated and data-gathered cases by the State Audit Office of the Kingdom of Thailand. Initially, the AEC takes on a total of 8 cases for examination, with an additional 5 cases added later, for a total of 13 cases that the AEC investigates. One of them has a CTX explosive detection machine procurement project for Suvarnabhumi Airport included, and the Assets Examination Committee has decided to take legal action against the political figures, including Thaksin Shinawatra, as the Chairman of the Suvarnabhumi Airport Development Committee (ADC), and other politicians, including Suriya Juangroongruangkit, ex-Minister of Transport, as well as state officials and employees, board members and executives of the New Bangkok International Airport Company Limited (NBIA) and Thai Airports Company Limited (TAC), such as Sisuk Jantharangsi, the Minister of Transport, Chaikasem Nitisiri, the attorney general, ITO Trading Group as a legal entity and business people, a total of 25 people.<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

The AEC has issued a resolution to pursue a case against these individuals in relation to a rigged auction involving the organizers and participants of the auction, resulting in unfair competition (violation of the State Enterprise Act B.E. 2542, sections 5, 11, 12, 13).<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

The case also involves abuse of position and corruption by the perpetrators and accomplices in several counts (Criminal Code, sections 83, 86, 90, 91, 144, 149, 152, 157, 341).<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

Additionally, as government employees, these people are also accused of neglecting their duties or acted dishonestly, causing harm (Public Sector Employee Discipline Act of 1959, sections 3, 9, 11). The commission has also requested that the accused return or compensate for damages in the amount of 6.937 million baht.<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

This investigation differs from the previous investigation led by the Inspection Committee, headed by Thaksin Shinawatra, which concluded that "no irregularities were found".<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

After the investigation was completed, the AEC made the decision to pursue legal action and submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office on May 28, 2011, one month before the AEC term ended. However, at the time, the Attorney General, Chaiyakasem Nitisiri, himself was facing his own charges in the CTX case and the AEC was forced to separate Chaiyakasem's case and file the lawsuit themselves.<ref>ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX: ตอนจบแบบหักมุมของ ป.ป.ช. [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-3/]</ref>

On June 27, 2011, just three days before the AEC's term ended, they had already made the decision to pursue legal action against the perpetrators and submitted the indictment to the Attorney General's Office. However, the Attorney General's Office raised objections to the incompleteness of the case and requested that the AEC form a committee to review the incomplete aspects of the case. The AEC was unable to comply with this request as their term was ending in just a few days.  Because of this, the investigation had been referred to National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) for further action by default. Mr. Kranarong Jantik, being a member of NACC as well, had recused himself from this investigation because he was a former member of AEC, which is considered to have a stake in the matter.<ref>ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX: ตอนจบแบบหักมุมของ ป.ป.ช. [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-3/]</ref>

The joint committee between the Attorney General and NACC has been deadlocked and unable to reach a decision on this case for more than three years. Finally, in September 2011, the Attorney General ruled to dismiss the case, citing insufficient evidence as the reason. In response, the NACC prepared to file a lawsuit on its own and appointed a prosecutor from the Lawyers Council Under the Royal Patronage to handle the case.<ref>ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX: ตอนจบแบบหักมุมของ ป.ป.ช. [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-3/]</ref>

In preparing to file a lawsuit on its own, the National Anti-Corruption Commission (NACC) has had to summarize the new allegations and gather additional evidence. In this effort, the NACC has sought cooperation from the US Department of Justice to provide additional documentation from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), totaling more than 5,000 pages. A key piece of evidence is a confirmation from the US Department of Justice, sent in early August 2012, stating that no evidence was found of payment or receipt of any benefits from the sale of CTX explosives detection equipment. Finally, on August 28, 2012, Wichai Wiwitsevi, a member of the National Counter Corruption Commission (NCCC), announced officially that the NCCC had resolved to refer the case involving the procurement and installation of CTX explosives detection equipment and the construction of baggage handling systems at Suvarnabhumi Airport to the Office of the Attorney General for prosecution.<ref>ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX: ตอนจบแบบหักมุมของ ป.ป.ช. [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-3/]</ref>

==Car park==
The airport contains 2 5-storey car park buildings with a combined capacity of 5,000 cars.

Two videos were released in which car park contractor [[Latthapol Kesakotin]], in one video, claimed that he paid US$250 million to [[Yaowaret Shinawatra]] (the Prime Minister's sister) to gain a contract to build and operate the airport car park, and another video in which he claimed he didn't pay anything to [[Yaowaret]]. He later publicly denied that he paid anything to Yaowaret.<ref name="NewsAsia" />

==Bomb detectors==
Twenty-six [[CTX 9000 DSi]] explosive detection x-ray baggage scanning devices were purchased from [[GE]] [[InVision Technologies|Invision]] with a total contract value of US$65 million.<ref>AirportTechnology.com, [http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangkok/ Suvarnabhumi Airport] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813131326/http://www.airport-technology.com/projects/bangkok/ |date=2006-08-13 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}  In response to concerns from the [[International Air Transport Association]] (IATA) that the 26 devices would not be sufficient, the equipment specifications were revised and another 20 devices were acquired. The new specifications also required modification of several other elements of the airport. The CTX 9000 model was selected by the airport primary contractor's design consultant, Cage Inc.<ref>The Nation, "[http://board.nanaplaza.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Number=404973 Suvarnabhumi: Contractor warns over airport delay] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928045018/http://board.nanaplaza.com/showflat.php?Cat=&Number=404973 |date=September 28, 2007 }}", 7 May 2005</ref>  The choice was also endorsed by New Bangkok International Airport's independent adviser, Quatrotec Inc.

''The Nation'' published reports claiming corruption in the purchase of the CTX bomb scanners.<ref name="NewsAsia" />  Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the opposition [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]], initiated an unsuccessful [[censure]] debate against Transport Minister [[Suriya Jungrungreangkit]]. The opposition alleged that in November 2004, Suriya had known that Invision was under investigation by the [[US Department of Justice]], and therefore would not be able to provide the bomb scanners on schedule, and despite this knowledge, had approved of payments for the bomb scanners to the airport contractor (the ITO joint venture) and bomb-scanner sub-contractor, Patriot Business Consultants.<ref>Deutsche Presse-Agentur, [http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/article_1023252.php/Opposition_grills_Thai_government_over_airport_scandal Opposition grills Thai government over airport scandal] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427194908/http://news.monstersandcritics.com/asiapacific/article_1023252.php/Opposition_grills_Thai_government_over_airport_scandal |date=April 27, 2006 }}, 25 June 2006</ref>  The opposition claimed that one billion baht (US$25 million) could have been saved if the bomb scanners were purchased directly from GE InVision rather than going through the two local contractors. The opposition did not win the censure motion, and subsequent investigations cleared [[Suriya Jungrungreangkit]] of any wrongdoing.<ref>The Bangkok Post, [http://www.bangkokpost.net/education/site2005/wnjn1405.htm More To Come] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508183948/http://www.bangkokpost.net/education/site2005/wnjn1405.htm |date=May 8, 2006 }}, 14 June 2005</ref>  The scandal delayed the opening of Suvarnabhumi Airport by over a year.

In 2008, ''The Nation'' admitted that its reports of corruption were incorrect.<ref name="blog.nationmultimedia.com"/>

==Suvarnabhumi City==
In October 2005, the government of [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] floated a proposal to combine several districts around Suvarnabhumi Airport into a new province, to be managed as a special administrative zone.<ref>Institute for Public Policy Studies Democracy Monitor, [http://www.fpps.or.th/news.php?detail=n1153847445.news Suvanabhumi Metropolis]</ref>  These districts would include Samut Prakan's Bang Sao Thong sub-district and Bang Phli district as well as Lat Krabang and Prawet districts of Bangkok. The [[Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Province|new province]] would allow speedier large scale investments in infrastructure by enabling the government to bypass administrative and budgetary constraints for the estimated THB500 billion (US$12.5 billion) in public and private sector. The new zone, to be known as "[[Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Province|Nakhon Suvarnabhumi]]" (Suvarnabhumi City) would cover 521 square kilometres (roughly the size of Singapore) with a population of about 462,000 people. In 2006 the cabinet approved in principle a draft Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Bill prepared by the interior ministry. The Council of State will then review it, followed by a series of public hearings, before the bill is submitted to the House of Representatives.
<!--The proposal was strongly criticized by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), which was dominated by the opposition [[Democrat Party (Thailand)|Democrat Party]]. The BMA claimed that rampant development in the new zone would compromise the capital's flood-prevention system. The BMA also noted that it would lose some THB300 million in taxes from residents and businesses in the two districts.<ref>The Nation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20060702170407/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/22/national/national_30007048.php
Opposition grows to Suvarnabhumi city], 22 June 2006</ref>-->

There were anonymous allegations that the proposed establishment of the new zone would cause property values to increase, and that government politicians had bought large plots of land in speculation.<ref>The Nation, [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/26/business/business_30007280.php City plan could see prices double] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906163232/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/26/business/business_30007280.php |date=2006-09-06 }}, 26 June 2006</ref>  However, the opening of the airport caused property prices to fall 40-50% in an estimated 4,000 [[Rai (area)|rai]] of land surrounding the airport from 2005 to 2006 due to increased noise levels.<ref>The Nation, [http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/13/business/business_30016045.php Noise, floods cut land prices] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030202744/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/10/13/business/business_30016045.php |date=2006-10-30 }}, 14 October 2006</ref>  An anonymous source had earlier informed ''[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]]'' newspaper that "My friend told me that a politician's wife had bought 4,000 rai from a developer...The transaction was wrapped up in the first quarter of this year <nowiki>[2006]</nowiki>". The source also noted that prominent developers like [[Land & Houses]], [[Quality Houses]], [[Property Perfect]], [[Supalai]], [[LPN Development]], [[SC Asset]] Corp, as well as the Jungrungreangkit and Mahagitsiri families owned large tranches in the proposed zone. Several developers denied that their ownership of land was related in any way to the proposal and noted that the properties were bought years before.

The plans for Suvarnabhumi City were largely scrapped by post-coup Finance Minister [[Pridiyathorn Devakula]].

==Post-coup Investigations==

===Purging of management===
The [[Royal Thai Army]] [[2006 Thai coup d'état|overthrew]] the Thaksin government in September 2006, using the allegedly shoddy construction of the airport as one of the justifications for its coup.

After the coup, numerous public accusations were made that construction standards of the airport were sub-standard and that cracks were appearing in the runway. Junta leader [[Saprang Kalayanamitr]] forced [[Airports of Thailand|AOT]] President [[Chotisak Asapaviriya]] to resign and also dismissed the directors of [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]] and AOT Commercial Operations.<ref>Bangkok Recorder, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070206052530/http://www.bangkokrecorder.com/news/news/airport-president-resigns-738.html Airport president resigns]}}, 3 February 2007</ref><ref>ETNA, [http://etna.mcot.net/query.php?nid=27677 Thailand's new international airport head steps down], 2 February 2007</ref>

===Junta-led investigations===
A [[CDRM|junta]]-appointed panel of engineers assigned to inspect the airport noted that damage to the airport was "minute," and "common."  This was contrary to public accusations that the airport was seriously damaged after only four months of operation. A spokesman for British Airways also said that "everything is normal," and that "We haven't heard any complaints from the staff."<ref>Bangkok Post, [http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=116510 Suvarnabhumi: No cracks, minor damage] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010030328/http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=116510 |date=October 10, 2007 }}, 2 February 2007</ref>  A two-week investigation led by [[Tortrakul Yomnak]], a chief engineer for AOT, found that the runway was safe, and that cracks could be repaired in as little as a few hours. At the beginning of the investigation, Tortrakul had warned that the airport might need to be closed for three years.<ref>Bangkok Post, [http://bangkokpost.net/topstories/topstories.php?id=116749 Suvarnabhumi runway declared safe] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028221943/http://bangkokpost.net/topstories/topstories.php?id=116749 |date=October 28, 2007 }}, 12 February 2007</ref>

===AOT-led investigations===
The [[Saprang Kalayanamitr|Assistant Secretary-General]] of the junta was appointed Chairman of the Board at Airports of Thailand. He initiated a comprehensive study of problems at the airport. The completed study showed that the cost of fixing 60 identified problems at the airport would be less than 1% of the total airport cost and that the problems could be fixed in four to five years. Dr. Narupol Chaiyut, a member of a committee overseeing service problems at the new airport, estimated that 70% of the problems would be fixed in 2007.<ref>Bangkok Post, [http://bangkokpost.net/Business/16Feb2007_biz42.php B1bn needed to fix terminal problems over four to five years]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 16 February 2007</ref>

===Engineering Institute of Thailand investigations===
The Engineering Institute of Thailand (EIT) conducted investigations at the airport in late 2006 after signs of distress were spotted at several locations in Suvarnabhumi's taxiways and taxi lanes.  [[Rut (roads)|Rutting]] was found in five of the six taxi lanes and one of the six taxiways.  [[Plastic deformation]] of the asphalt [[wearing course]] was observed near the takeoff position of the runway. However, the investigators noted that plastic deformation at this location was a common phenomenon and only routine maintenance was required to repair the distress. Aside from this surface distortion, both runways were in good structural condition.

Further investigations found that taxi lane and taxiway rutting was caused by separation of the asphalt [[Binder (material)|binder]] from the [[Construction aggregate|aggregate]] surface due to prolonged water infiltration into the asphalt concrete [[base course]], a phenomenon known as "stripping."  The 23 cm thick base course is the top-most layer of the tarmac. Core samples indicated that the concrete base course material contained the correct job mix and aggregate gradation. Below the base course are the [[binder course]], and the [[cement-treated base]].

Detailed investigations found that water seepage was evident along the rims of the expansion joints in the cement-tested base, indicating that a large quantity of water was still trapped in the [[sand blanket]] (the bottom-most layer of the tarmac). It was found that water trapped in the sand blanket was fully confined with no connection to the pavement areas of the airport. A later investigation by the AOT identified several potential reasons for the trapped water in the sand blanket. The AOT's findings were disputed by several experts.

The EIT sent a formal warning to AOT in November 2006 about the urgent need to drain water from beneath the tarmac, and the need for immediate action. "The AOT did nothing about the problem," Suebsak Promboon of the EIT noted. "The situation might not have become this bad if the water had been drained then".

In a public statement on 15 February 2007, the EIT again strongly recommended that trapped water should be drained out urgently to minimise the potential spread of cracks. Karun Chandrarangsu, president of EIT, noted, "Suvarnabhumi is like a patient in a coma who continues to suffer from severe bleeding. Stopping the blood flow now is more urgent and important than debating what caused the injury."<ref>The Nation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070219023316/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/17/headlines/headlines_30027125.php 'Can we get to work please?'], 17 February 2007</ref><ref>Bangkok Post, [http://pages.citebite.com/t1w2h9p7o4aug Distress in the tarmac], 11 March 2007</ref>

===Repairs and further criticisms===
Prime Minister [[Surayud Chulanont]] and AOT Chairman General Saprang Kalayanamitr refused to authorize repairs on the airport tarmac. [[Suebsak Promboon]], a senior foundation engineer and a member of the [[Tortrakul Yomnak]]-led airport tarmac inspection panel, accused the AOT of refusing to take action to solve the problems at the airport.<ref>The Nation, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225134443/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/23/national/national_30027658.php AOT staff stalling urgent repairs: engineer], 23 February 2007</ref>

Critics noted that junta-led investigations were unlikely to reveal an impartial picture of the airport's shortcomings.  "Problems are normal for any new airport. In our case it's made more complex because everybody wants to run down the former prime minister", noted Sumet Jumsai, a leading Thai architect.<ref>Asian Times Online, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208174548/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB07Ae01.html Cracks appear in Thai aviation-hub hopes], 7 February 2007</ref> Leading engineers were sharply divided over the root causes of problems faced by the new airport.<ref>The Nation, [http://nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/10/national/national_30026474.php Engineers unable to agree on root cause of airport cracks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212094727/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/02/10/national/national_30026474.php |date=2007-02-12 }}, 10 February 2007</ref>

There was a conflict of interest in the investigation because the attorney general responsible for prosecuting the case was also one of the board member of Airports of Thailand Public Company Limited (AOT) who was being prosecuted. The individuals in question are Chaiyasit Nititharaj, and in the end, he ruled not to prosecute Thaksin Shinawatra. After the decision not to prosecute the aforementioned case, Chaiyasit Nititharaj received the position of Minister of Justice and chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and advisor to the Center for Maintaining Peace and Order in the Yingluck Shinawatra government.<ref>Thai publica, ย้อนรอยมหากาพย์ 7 ปี CTX (2): คตส. เริ่มต้นและจบด้วยการหักหลัง [https://thaipublica.org/2012/09/ctx-2/]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]]
* [[Nakhon Suvarnabhumi Province]]
* [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]
* [[Suriya Jungrungreangkit]]
* [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]]
* [[Thailand political crisis 2005-2006]]

==References==
<references />

{{2005–2006 Thai political crisis}}
{{Thaksin Shinawatra}}

[[Category:Political history of Thailand]]
[[Category:Corruption in Thailand]]
[[Category:Political career of Thaksin Shinawatra]]
[[Category:Airports in Thailand]]
[[Category:Controversies in Thailand]]
[[Category:Political scandals in Thailand]]


text:
# 456 TCN
456 TCN là một năm trong lịch La Mã.

wikiname: viwiki

title: 456 TCN

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{year nav BC|-456}}

{{Năm trong lịch khác|year={{#expr: 1-456}}|BC}}

'''456 TCN''' là một năm trong [[lịch La Mã]].

==Sự kiện==

==Sinh==

==Mất==

==Tham khảo==
{{tham khảo}}

{{sơ khai năm}}

{{sơ khai}}

[[Thể loại:Năm 456 TCN]]

title: Thiên niên kỷ:

Thiên niên kỷ: thiên niên kỷ 1 TCN

Thế kỷ: thế kỷ 6 TCN thế kỷ 5 TCN thế kỷ 4 TCN

Thập niên: thập niên 470 TCN thập niên 460 TCN thập niên 450 TCN thập niên 440 TCN thập niên 430 TCN

Năm: 459 TCN 458 TCN 457 TCN 456 TCN 455 TCN 454 TCN 453 TCN

title: 456 TCN trong lịch khác

Lịch Gregory: 456 TCN · CDLV TCN

Can Chi: Giáp Thân (甲申年) · 2241 hoặc 2181 · — đến — · Ất Dậu (乙酉年) · 2242 hoặc 2182

Lịch Dân Quốc: 2367 trước Dân Quốc · 民前2367年


text:
# تپه ورکورگ
تپه ورکورگ در شهرستان سرپل ذهاب، بخش مرکزی، دهستان حومه سرپل ذهاب، جنوب روستای ورکورگ واقع شده و این اثر در تاریخ ۱۸ اسفند ۱۳۸۷ با شمارهٔ ثبت ۲۴۷۹۶ به‌عنوان یکی از آثار ملی ایران به ثبت رسیده است.

wikiname: fawiki

title: تپه ورکورگ

in_language: fa

wikitext:
{{جعبه اطلاعات جای‌های تاریخی ایران
| نام              = تپه ورکورگ
| روی‌نقشه          = آری
| عرض‌جغرافیایی     =
| طول‌جغرافیایی     =
| تصویر            =
| اندازه تصویر     = 250
| عنوان تصویر      =
| استان            =[[استان کرمانشاه]]
| شهرستان          =[[شهرستان سرپل ذهاب]]
| بخش              =
| نام محلی         =
| نام‌های دیگر      =
| نام‌های قدیمی     =
| نوع بنا          =
| سال‌های مرمت      =
| کاربری           = [[تپه]]
| کاربری کنونی     =
| دیرینگی          =
| شماره ثبت        = ۲۴۷۹۶
| تاریخ ثبت ملی    = {{جلالی حروف|۱۸|۱۲|۱۳۸۷|پیوند=نه}}
| دوره ساخت اثر    =
| بانی اثر         =
| مالک اثر         =
| مالک فعلی اثر    =
| شماره ثبت یونسکو =
| تاریخ ثبت یونسکو =
| امکان بازدید     =
| شماره تلفن       =
| وبگاه            =
| پانویس           =
}}'''تپه ورکورگ''' در [[شهرستان سرپل ذهاب]]، [[بخش مرکزی شهرستان سرپل ذهاب|بخش مرکزی]]، [[دهستان حومه سرپل]] ذهاب، جنوب روستای ورکورگ واقع شده و این اثر در تاریخ {{جلالی حروف|۱۸|۱۲|۱۳۸۷|پیوند=نه}} با شمارهٔ ثبت ۲۴۷۹۶ به‌عنوان یکی از [[فهرست آثار ملی ایران|آثار ملی ایران]] به ثبت رسیده است.<ref>{{یادکرد وب |نشانی=http://iranshahrpedia.com/static/view/page/cultural-heritage-reports |عنوان=دانشنامهٔ تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران‌شهر |نشانی بایگانی=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006234339/http://iranshahrpedia.com/docs/Asar-e%20Sabti%20(Up%20to%2026666)%20(Version%2090%2008%2029).zip |تاریخ بایگانی=۶ اکتبر ۲۰۱۹|ناشر=وزارت راه و شهرسازی |تاریخ بازدید=۱۰ اکتبر ۲۰۱۹ |پیوند مرده=خیر}}</ref>

== جستارهای وابسته ==
* [[فهرست آثار ملی ایران]]
* [[سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری]]

== منابع ==
{{پانویس}}

{{آثار باستانی ایران-خرد}}

[[رده:تپه‌های باستانی شهرستان سرپل ذهاب]]

title: تپه ورکورگ

نام: تپه ورکورگ

کشور: ایران

استان: استان کرمانشاه

شهرستان: شهرستان سرپل ذهاب

title: اطلاعات اثر

کاربری: تپه

title: اطلاعات ثبتی

شمارهٔ ثبت: ۲۴۷۹۶

تاریخ ثبت ملی: ۱۸ اسفند ۱۳۸۷