text:
# Liste der Parteien der Spanischen Parlamentswahlen 2008
Dies ist die Liste der Parteien, die zu den spanischen Parlamentswahlen 2008 angetreten sind.

## Parteien mit Vertretern im Spanischen Parlament
Parteien mit Vertretern im Spanischen Parlament (Cortes Generales), entweder im Senado (Senat, Oberhaus) oder im Congreso de los Diputados (Kongress, Unterhaus)
- Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)  und ihre Schwesterpartei Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC) in Katalonien
- Partido Popular (PP)  und ihre Schwesterpartei Unión del Pueblo Navarro (UPN) in Navarra
- Izquierda Unida (IU)
- Convergència i Unió (CiU)
- Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC)
- Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)
- Coalición Canaria (CC)  zusammen mit dem Partido Nacionalista Canario (PNC)
- Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds (ICV) zusammen mit der Esquerra Unida i Alternativa (EUiA)
- Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG)
- Chunta Aragonesista (CHA)
- Eusko Alkartasuna (EA)
- Nafarroa Bai (Na-Bai)

## Parteien mit Vertretern in Regionalparlamenten
Parteien, die Vertreter in den Parlamenten der Autonomen Gemeinschaften Spaniens haben.
- Coalición Andalucista (Partido Andalucista (PA) y Partido Socialista de Andalucía (PSA))
- Aralar
- Partido Aragonés (PAR)
- Unión del Pueblo Leonés (UPL)
- Ciudadanos-Partido de la Ciudadanía (C's)
- Partido Riojano (PR)

## Parteien in Listenverbindungen
Parteien die Vertreter im Nationalen oder in Regionalen Parlamenten auf Listenverbindungen erreicht haben.
- Nueva Canarias (NC) zusammen mit dem Centro Canario. Nueva Canarias ist eine Abspaltung der Coalición Canaria
- Unitat per les Illes (PSM-EN, UM, ERC, Entesa per Mallorca und Els Verds de Menorca)
- Bloc Nacionalista Valencià, Iniciativa del Poble Valencià und Els Verds Esquerra Ecologista

## Parteien ohne Vertreter
Parteien ohne Vertreter im Nationalen oder in den Regionalen Parlamenten, die schon früher an Wahlen teilgenommen haben.
- Ciudadanos en Blanco (CENB)
- Los Verdes-Ecopacifistas (LV-E)
- Centro Democratico y Social (CDS)
- Els Verds-l'alternativa Ecologista (EV-AE)
- Partido Humanista (PH)
- Los Verdes de la Comunidad de Madrid (LVCM)
- Izquierda Republicana (IR)
- Partido Familia y Vida (PFYV)
- Democracia nacional (DN)
- Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (PCPE)
- Los Verdes-Grupo Verde (LV-GV)
- Falange Española de las Jons (FE DE LAS J)
- La Falange (FE)
- Tierra Comunera-partido Nacionalista Castellano (TC-PNC)
- Partido Obrero Socialista Internacionalista (POSI)
- Los Verdes de la Región de Murcia (LVRM)
- Movimiento Social Republicano (MSR)
- Partido demócrata español (PADE)
- Los Verdes de Asturias (VERDES)
- Falange Autentica (FA)
- Partiu Asturianista (PAS)
- España 2000 (E2000)
- Extremadura Unida (EU)
- Los Verdes de Extremadura (IV)
- Partido de los Autónomos y Profesionales (au.to.no.mo)
- Iniciativa por el Desarrollo de Soria (I.DE.S.)
- Asamblea de Andalucía (A)
- Alternativa Popular Canaria (APCA)
- Grupo Verde Europeo (GVE)
- Candidatura Independiente (CI)
- Escons Insubmisos-alt. dels Democrates Descontents (EI)
- Partido del Karma Democrático (PKD)
- Frente Popular Galega (FPG)
- Coalición Galega (CG)
- Alianza para el Desarrollo y la Naturaleza (ADN)
- Partido de los Trabajadores en Precario (PTPRE)
- Identidad del Reino de Valencia (IRV)
- Partido de los Autónomos Jubilados y Viudas (PAE)
- Andecha Astur (AA)
- Unión del Pueblo Salmantino (UPS)
- Els Verds-Alternativa Verda (EV-AV)
- Partido Carlista (PC)
- Partido del Mutuo Apoyo Romántico (PMAR)
- Salamanca, Zamora, Leon Prepal (PREPAL)
- Otra Democracia es Posible (OTRADEM)
- Agrupación Social Independiente (ASI)
- P. Socialdemocrata Ind. de la Comunitat Valenciana (PSICV)
- Partido Republicano (PRF)
- Alternativa por Gran Canaria (AXGC)
- Alianza por la Unidad Nacional (AUN)
- Asamblea de Izquierdas-Iniciativa por Andalucía (A-IZ)
- Partido Positivista Cristiano (PPCR)
- Izquierda Asturiana (IAS)
- Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta (PSPC)
- Unión Centrista Liberal (UCL)
- Partido Nacionalista Caló (PNCA)
- Zamora Unida (ZU)
- Unió Centristes de Menorca (UCM)
- lit-c Lucha internacionalista (L.I.)
- Frente Democrático Español (FDE)
- Unidad Castellana (UD-CA)
- Partido Social-demócrata andaluz (PSDA)
- Alternativa Maga Nacionalista (AMAGA)
- Unión del Pueblo Balear (UPB)
- Estado Nacional Europeo (N)
- Coalició Treballadors per la Democracia (TD)
- Partido Nacional de los Trabajadores (PNT)
- Partido de la Gente (LG)
- Partido regionalista de Guadalajara (PRGU)
- Unión Nacional (UN)
- Convergencia Ciudadana del Sureste (CCSE)
- Partido Demócrata Nacional de España (PDN)
- Partido Solidaridad y Autogestión Internacionalista (SAIN)
- Grupo Político Honradez Absoluta Española (GPHAE)
- Alternativa Española

## Parteien, die sich erstmals zur Wahl stellen
- Alianza Nacional (AN)
- Alternativa Motor y Deporte
- Centro Democrático Liberal (CDL)
- Independientes por Cuenca
- Libertades Civiles (PLCI)
- Partido Cántabro (PC)
- Unidá
- Unión Ciudadana por la Democracia (UCiD)
- Unión por Leganés (ULeg)
- Unión Progreso y Democracia (UPyD), gewann im Wahlkreis Madrid einen Sitz im Congreso
- Por un Mundo más Justo (PUM+J)
- La Unión (Cantabria)

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[[Datei:Palacio de la Moncloa.jpg|200px|mini|Der [[Palacio de la Moncloa]], Amtssitz des spanischen Ministerpräsidenten]]
[[Datei:Daoiz o Velarde.jpg|200px|mini|Der spanische Kongress (Abgeordnetenhaus des [[Cortes Generales|spanischen Parlaments]])]]
[[Datei:Banderas de las comunidades autónomas de España frente al Senado, Madrid.jpg|200px|mini|Der spanische [[Senat]] (''Senado'')]]
[[Datei:José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero - Royal & Zapatero's meeting in Toulouse for the 2007 French presidential election 0205 2007-04-19.jpg|200px|mini|[[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], Spitzenkandidat der Sozialisten ([[PSOE]])]]
[[Datei:Rajoy.jpg|200px|mini|[[Mariano Rajoy]], Spitzenkandidat der [[Partido Popular (Spanien)|Volkspartei (PP)]]]]
[[Datei:Gaspar Llamazares Trigo.jpg|200px|mini|[[Gaspar Llamazares]], Spitzenkandidat der [[Izquierda Unida|Vereinigten Linken (IU)]]]]
[[Datei:Sede Partido Popular.jpg|200px|mini|Sitz der [[Partido Popular (Spanien)|Volkspartei (PP)]] in [[Madrid]]]]
[[Datei:060218 ERC.jpg|200px|mini|Parteiführer der katalanischen Linksnationalisten ([[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya|ERC]]) bei einer Demonstration: „Som una nació“ ''(Wir sind eine Nation)'']]
[[Datei:Sabin etxea.jpg|200px|mini|Sitz der Baskischen Nationalistischen Partei (PNV)]]
Dies ist die '''Liste der [[Politische Partei|Parteien]]''', die zu den '''[[Parlamentswahl in Spanien 2008|spanischen Parlamentswahlen 2008]]''' angetreten sind.

== Parteien mit Vertretern im Spanischen Parlament ==
Parteien mit Vertretern im Spanischen Parlament ([[Cortes Generales]]), entweder im ''[[Senado]]'' (Senat, Oberhaus) oder im ''[[Congreso de los Diputados]]'' (Kongress, Unterhaus)

* [[PSOE|Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)]] <!-- 11.026.163 --> und ihre Schwesterpartei [[Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya|Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC)]] in Katalonien
* [[Partido Popular (Spanien)|Partido Popular (PP)]] <!-- 13.763.144 --> und ihre Schwesterpartei [[Unión del Pueblo Navarro|Unión del Pueblo Navarro (UPN)]] in Navarra
* [[Izquierda Unida|Izquierda Unida (IU)]]<!-- 1.284.081 -->
* [[Convergència i Unió|Convergència i Unió (CiU)]] <!-- 835.471 -->
* [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya|Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC)]] <!-- 652.196 -->
* [[Partido Nacionalista Vasco|Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)]] <!-- 420.980 -->
* [[Coalición Canaria|Coalición Canaria (CC)]] <!-- 235.221 --> zusammen mit dem [[Partido Nacionalista Canario|Partido Nacionalista Canario (PNC)]]<!-- 4.092 -->
* [[Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds|Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds (ICV)]] zusammen mit der [[Esquerra Unida i Alternativa|Esquerra Unida i Alternativa (EUiA)]] <!-- 233.670-->
* [[Bloque Nacionalista Galego|Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG)]] <!-- 208.688 -->
* [[Chunta Aragonesista|Chunta Aragonesista (CHA)]] <!-- 94.252 -->
* [[Eusko Alkartasuna|Eusko Alkartasuna (EA)]] <!-- 80.905 -->
* [[Nafarroa Bai|Nafarroa Bai (Na-Bai)]] <!-- 61.045 -->

== Parteien mit Vertretern in Regionalparlamenten ==
Parteien, die Vertreter in den Parlamenten der [[Autonome Gemeinschaften Spaniens|Autonomen Gemeinschaften Spaniens]] haben.

* [[Coalición Andalucista]] ([[Partido Andalucista|Partido Andalucista (PA)]]<!-- 181.868 --> y [[Partido Socialista de Andalucía|Partido Socialista de Andalucía (PSA)]])<!-- 24.127-->
* [[Aralar]]<!-- 38.560 -->
* [[Partido Aragonés|Partido Aragonés (PAR)]] <!-- 36.540 -->
* [[Unión del Pueblo Leonés|Unión del Pueblo Leonés (UPL)]]<!-- 14.160 -->
* [[Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía|Ciudadanos-Partido de la Ciudadanía (C's)]]
<!-- PRC (Partido Regionalista de Cantabria) stellte sich nicht zur Wahl) -->
* [[Partido Riojano|Partido Riojano (PR)]]

== Parteien in Listenverbindungen ==
Parteien die Vertreter im Nationalen oder in Regionalen Parlamenten auf Listenverbindungen erreicht haben.

* [[Nueva Canarias|Nueva Canarias (NC)]] zusammen mit dem [[Centro Canario]]. Nueva Canarias ist eine Abspaltung der Coalición Canaria <!-- 0, escisión de CC -->
*[[Unitat per les Illes]] ([[PSM-EN]]<!-- 40.289 -->, [[Unió Mallorquina|UM]]<!-- 10.558 -->, [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya|ERC]], [[Entesa per Mallorca]] und [[Confederación de Los Verdes|Els Verds de Menorca]])
* [[Bloc Nacionalista Valencià]], [[Iniciativa del Poble Valencià]] und [[Els Verds Esquerra Ecologista]]

== Parteien ohne Vertreter ==
Parteien ohne Vertreter im Nationalen oder in den Regionalen Parlamenten, die schon früher an Wahlen teilgenommen haben.

* [[Ciudadanos en Blanco|Ciudadanos en Blanco (CENB)]] <!-- 40.208 -->
* Los Verdes-Ecopacifistas (LV-E) <!-- 37.499 -->
* [[Centro Democrático y Social|Centro Democratico y Social (CDS)]] <!-- 34.101 -->
* [[Els Verds|Els Verds-l'alternativa Ecologista (EV-AE)]] <!-- 30.528 -->
<!-- * [[Partido Socialista de Andalucía|Partido Socialista de Andalucia (PSA)]] subido junto a PA en Coalición Andalucista--> <!-- 24.127 -->
* [[Partido Humanista de España|Partido Humanista (PH)]] <!-- 21.758 -->
* [[Los Verdes de Madrid|Los Verdes de la Comunidad de Madrid (LVCM)]] <!-- 19.600 -->
* [[Izquierda Republicana|Izquierda Republicana (IR)]] <!-- 16.993 -->
<!-- * [[Partido Cannabis|Part. Cannabis por la Legalización y Normalización (P.CANNABIS)]] 16.918
No se presenta [http://www.cannabis-partido.com/movilizaciones-home.htm] -->
* [[Partido Familia y Vida|Partido Familia y Vida (PFYV)]] <!-- 16.699 -->
* [[Democracia Nacional|Democracia nacional (DN)]] <!-- 15.180 -->
* [[Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España|Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (PCPE)]] <!-- 12.979 -->
* Los Verdes-Grupo Verde (LV-GV) <!-- 12.749 -->
* [[Falange Española de las JONS|Falange Española de las Jons (FE DE LAS J)]] <!-- 12.266 -->
* [[FE/La Falange|La Falange (FE)]] <!-- 10.311 -->
* [[Tierra Comunera|Tierra Comunera-partido Nacionalista Castellano (TC-PNC)]] <!-- 8.866 -->
* [[Partido Obrero Socialista Internacionalista|Partido Obrero Socialista Internacionalista (POSI)]] <!-- 8.003 -->
* [[Confederación de Los Verdes|Los Verdes de la Región de Murcia]] (LVRM) <!-- 7.074 -->
* Movimiento Social Republicano (MSR) <!-- 6.768 -->
* Partido demócrata español (PADE) <!-- 5.677 -->
* [[Confederación de Los Verdes|Los Verdes de Asturias]] (VERDES) <!-- 5.013 -->
* [[Falange Auténtica|Falange Autentica (FA)]] <!-- 4.589 -->
* [[Partíu Asturianista|Partiu Asturianista (PAS)]] <!-- 4.292 -->
* [[España 2000|España 2000 (E2000)]] <!-- 4.231 -->
<!-- * [[Partido Nacionalista Canario|Partido Nacionalista canario (PNC)]] subido junto a Coalición Canaria--> <!-- 4.092 -->
* [[Extremadura Unida|Extremadura Unida (EU)]] <!-- 3.916 -->
* [[Confederación de Los Verdes|Los Verdes de Extremadura]] (IV) <!-- 3.133 -->
* Partido de los Autónomos y Profesionales (au.to.no.mo) <!-- 3.124 -->
* Iniciativa por el Desarrollo de Soria (I.DE.S.) <!-- 2.934 -->
* Asamblea de Andalucía (A) <!-- 2.930 -->
* [[Alternativa Popular Canaria|Alternativa Popular Canaria (APCA)]] <!-- 2.715 -->
* Grupo Verde Europeo (GVE) <!-- 2.662 -->
* [[Candidatura Independiente|Candidatura Independiente (CI)]] <!-- 2.421 -->
* Escons Insubmisos-alt. dels Democrates Descontents (EI) <!-- 2.332 -->
* [[Partido del Karma Democrático|Partido del Karma Democrático (PKD)]] <!-- 2.300 -->
* Frente Popular Galega (FPG) <!-- 2.257 -->
* [[Coalición Galega|Coalición Galega (CG)]] <!-- 2.235 -->
* Alianza para el Desarrollo y la Naturaleza (ADN) <!-- 2.215 -->
* Partido de los Trabajadores en Precario (PTPRE) <!-- 2.115 -->
* [[Identidad del Reino de Valencia]] (IRV) <!-- 2.111 -->
* Partido de los Autónomos Jubilados y Viudas (PAE) <!-- 2.082 -->
* [[Andecha Astur|Andecha Astur (AA)]] <!-- 1.970 -->
* [[Unión del Pueblo Salmantino|Unión del Pueblo Salmantino (UPS)]] <!-- 1.871 -->
* Els Verds-Alternativa Verda (EV-AV) <!-- 1.836 -->
* [[Partido Carlista|Partido Carlista (PC)]] <!-- 1.813 -->
* Partido del Mutuo Apoyo Romántico (PMAR) <!-- 1.561 -->
* [[Partido Regionalista del País Leonés|Salamanca, Zamora, Leon Prepal (PREPAL)]] <!-- 1.322 -->
* [[Otra Democracia es Posible|Otra Democracia es Posible (OTRADEM)]] <!-- 1.302 -->
* Agrupación Social Independiente (ASI) <!-- 1.237 -->
* P. Socialdemocrata Ind. de la Comunitat Valenciana (PSICV) <!-- 1.096 -->
* Partido Republicano (PRF) <!-- 1.051 -->
* Alternativa por Gran Canaria (AXGC) <!-- 957 -->
* [[Alianza por la Unidad Nacional|Alianza por la Unidad Nacional (AUN)]] <!-- 923 -->
* Asamblea de Izquierdas-Iniciativa por Andalucía (A-IZ) <!-- 901 -->
* Partido Positivista Cristiano (PPCR) <!-- 892 -->
* [[Izquierda Asturiana|Izquierda Asturiana (IAS)]] <!-- 854 -->
* [[Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta|Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta (PSPC)]] <!-- 807 -->
* Unión Centrista Liberal (UCL) <!-- 798 -->
* Partido Nacionalista Caló (PNCA) <!-- 757 -->
* Zamora Unida (ZU) <!-- 754 -->
* Unió Centristes de Menorca (UCM) <!-- 751 -->
* lit-c Lucha internacionalista (L.I.) <!-- 668 -->
* Frente Democrático Español (FDE) <!-- 619 -->
* Unidad Castellana (UD-CA) <!-- 601 -->
* Partido Social-demócrata andaluz (PSDA) <!-- 583 -->
* Alternativa Maga Nacionalista (AMAGA) <!-- 468 -->
* Unión del Pueblo Balear (UPB) <!-- 411 -->
* Estado Nacional Europeo (N) <!-- 410 -->
* Coalició Treballadors per la Democracia (TD) <!-- 407 -->
* Partido Nacional de los Trabajadores (PNT) <!-- 379 -->
* Partido de la Gente (LG) <!-- 378 -->
* [[Partido Regionalista de Guadalajara|Partido regionalista de Guadalajara (PRGU)]] <!-- 330 -->
* [[Unión Nacional (España)|Unión Nacional (UN)]] <!-- 318 -->
* Convergencia Ciudadana del Sureste (CCSE) <!-- 308 -->
* Partido Demócrata Nacional de España (PDN) <!-- 232 -->
* Partido Solidaridad y Autogestión Internacionalista (SAIN)
* Grupo Político Honradez Absoluta Española (GPHAE) <!-- 52 -->
* Alternativa Española

== Parteien, die sich erstmals zur Wahl stellen ==
* [[Alianza Nacional (España)|Alianza Nacional]] (AN)
* [[Alternativa Motor y Deporte]]
* [[Centro Democrático Liberal]] (CDL)
* [[Independientes por Cuenca]]
* [[Libertades Civiles]] (PLCI)
* [[Partido Cántabro]] (PC)
* [[Unidá]]
* [[Unión Ciudadana por la Democracia]] (UCiD)
* [[Unión por Leganés]] (ULeg)
* [[Unión Progreso y Democracia]] (UPyD), gewann im Wahlkreis Madrid einen Sitz im ''Congreso''
* [[Por un Mundo más Justo]] (PUM+J)
* [[La Unión (Cantabria)]]

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/02/06/pdfs/A06565-06716.pdf Kandidaturen 2008] veröffentlicht im offiziellen staatlichen Mitteilungsblatt ''(Boletín oficial del Estado)'' (PDF-Datei; 885 kB)
* [http://www.elecciones.mir.es/generales2008/i_candidaturas.html Kandidaturen 2008] veröffentlicht auf den Seiten des Spanischen Innenministeriums

[[Kategorie:Liste (Parteien)|Spanien 2008]]
[[Kategorie:Parlamentswahl in Spanien|#2008]]
[[Kategorie:Parlamentswahl 2008|Spanien #Liste der Parteien]]


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# 塔穆雷霍
塔穆雷霍（西班牙语：），是西班牙埃斯特雷马杜拉巴达霍斯省的一个市镇。总面积30平方公里，总人口275人（2001年），人口密度9人/平方公里。

wikiname: zhwiki

title: 塔穆雷霍

in_language: zh

wikitext:
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = 塔穆雷霍
| native_name             = Tamurejo
| settlement_type         = 市镇
| image_skyline           =
| imagesize               =
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =
| image_flag              =
| flag_size               =
| flag_alt                =
| image_shield            =
| shield_size             =
| shield_alt              =
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| pushpin_map             = Spain
| pushpin_label_position  =
| pushpin_map_alt         =
| pushpin_map_caption     = 在西班牙的位置
| latd  =   |latm  =  |lats  = |latNS  = N
| longd =   |longm = |longs = |longEW = E
| coordinates_type        = region:ES_type:city
| coordinates_display     = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| subdivision_type        = 国家
| subdivision_name        = 西班牙
| subdivision_type1       = [[西班牙行政区划|自治区]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[埃斯特雷马杜拉]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[省 (西班牙)|省]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[巴达霍斯省]]
| established_title       =
| established_date        =
| leader_party            =
| leader_title            =
| leader_name             =
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 30
| elevation_footnotes     =
| elevation_m             =
| population_footnotes    =
| population_total        = 275
| population_as_of        = 2001
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_demonym      =
| population_note         =
| timezone1               = [[欧洲中部时间|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[欧洲中部夏令时间|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| postal_code_type        = 邮编
| postal_code             =
| area_code_type          =
| area_code               =
| website                 =
| footnotes               =
}}
'''塔穆雷霍'''（西班牙语：{{lang|es|'''Tamurejo'''}}），是[[西班牙]][[埃斯特雷马杜拉]][[巴达霍斯省]]的一个[[市镇 (西班牙)|市镇]]。总面积30平方公里，总人口275人（2001年），人口密度9人/平方公里。

==参考文献==
{{reflist}}

{{巴達霍斯省市鎮}}

[[Category:巴达霍斯省市镇]]

title: 塔穆雷霍 · Tamurejo

国家: 西班牙

自治区: 埃斯特雷马杜拉

省: 巴达霍斯省

title: 面积

• 总计: 30 平方公里（10 平方英里）

title: 人口（2001）

• 密度: 9.17人/平方公里（23.7人/平方英里）


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# Roy Holder
Roy Trevor Holder (15 June 1946 – 9 November 2021) was an English film and television actor who appeared in various programmes including Ace of Wands, Z-Cars, Spearhead, the Doctor Who serial The Caves of Androzani. His first notable appearance on the screen was in the 1961 film Whistle Down the Wind and he then appeared in Franco Zeffirelli's The Taming of the Shrew (1967), and Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (1967).

## Career
In 1968 he played Peter in Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet. Appearances in The Virgin Soldiers (1969), Loot (1970), The Virgin and the Gypsy (1970), Psychomania (1973), The Land That Time Forgot (1974), and Trial by Combat (1976) followed, and he worked with Zeffirelli for a third time in the Jesus of Nazareth miniseries in 1977. He also played the recurring role of Frank Baker in the BBC TV series Sorry! from 1981 to 1988.
Holder also appeared as Mr Callard in "Precious Bane", as Mickey Lister in Coronation Street, and a photographer in Steptoe and Son. He played Nick the taxi driver in EastEnders (2000), as well as the part of Mr. Hill in Pride & Prejudice (2005) and Gaffer Tom in Robin Hood (2010).
Holder returned to film in 2011 as Fred Goddard in War Horse; and made a return to television in 2018, featuring in Dark Heart.

## Personal life and death
Holder played in several celebrity golf tournaments throughout the year for The Stage Golfing Society.
In 2016, after they had been together for more than 40 years, Holder married Pauline Cox, a BBC makeup and hair designer whom he had met when they were working on the play Brent Geese in 1975. They had two children.
Holder died from cancer, on 9 November 2021, aged 75.

## Filmography
| Year | Title                              | Role               | Notes          |
| ---- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------ | -------------- |
| 1961 | Whistle Down the Wind              | Jackie             |                |
| 1962 | Term of Trial                      | Thompson           |                |
| 1964 | Murder Ahoy!                       | Petty Officer Lamb | Uncredited     |
| 1965 | Othello                            | Clown              |                |
| 1967 | The Taming of the Shrew            | Biondello          |                |
| 1967 | Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush | Arthur             |                |
| 1968 | Romeo and Juliet                   | Peter              |                |
| 1969 | The Virgin Soldiers                | Fenwick            |                |
| 1970 | The Virgin and the Gypsy           | Bob                |                |
| 1970 | Loot                               | Hal                |                |
| 1973 | Psychomania                        | Bertram            |                |
| 1974 | The Land That Time Forgot          | Plesser            |                |
| 1976 | Trial by Combat                    | William Renfield   |                |
| 1977 | Jesus of Nazareth                  | Enoch              | TV mini-series |
| 1985 | Out of the Darkness                | Garage man         |                |
| 1989 | Mack the Knife                     | Wally the Weeper   |                |
| 1995 | Cynthia Payne's House of Cyn       | Client             |                |
| 2004 | Tooth                              | Garbage Man        |                |
| 2005 | Pride & Prejudice                  | Mr. Hill           |                |
| 2010 | Robin Hood                         | Gaffer Tom         |                |
| 2011 | War Horse                          | Fred Goddard       |                |

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title: Roy Holder

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{{Short description|English actor (1946–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Roy Holder
| birth_name         = Roy Trevor Holder
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1946|6|15|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Birmingham]], [[Warwickshire]], England, U.K.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|2021|11|9|1946|6|15|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Surrey]], England<ref>GRO Index: 1984–2021</ref>
| yearsactive        = 1961–2018
| spouse             = Pauline Cox
| children           = 2
}}

'''Roy Trevor Holder''' (15 June 1946 – 9 November 2021) was an English film and television actor who appeared in various programmes including ''[[Ace of Wands (TV series)|Ace of Wands]]'', ''[[Z-Cars]]'', ''[[Spearhead (TV series)|Spearhead]]'', the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial ''[[The Caves of Androzani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aveleyman.com/ActorCredit.aspx?ActorID=8107|title=Roy Holder|website=www.aveleyman.com}}</ref> His first notable appearance on the screen was in the 1961 film ''[[Whistle Down the Wind (film)|Whistle Down the Wind]]'' and he then appeared in [[Franco Zeffirelli]]'s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (1967 film)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'' (1967), and ''[[Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (film)|Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush]]'' (1967).<ref name=bfi>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fcb93e5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819113749/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9fcb93e5|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2018|title=Roy Holder|website=BFI}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1968 he played Peter in Zeffirelli's ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b49a78b|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310063742/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b49a78b|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2016|title=Romeo and Juliet (1968)|website=BFI}}</ref> Appearances in ''[[The Virgin Soldiers (film)|The Virgin Soldiers]]'' (1969), ''[[Loot (1970 film)|Loot]]'' (1970), ''[[The Virgin and the Gypsy (film)|The Virgin and the Gypsy]]'' (1970), ''[[Psychomania]]'' (1973), ''[[The Land That Time Forgot (1974 film)|The Land That Time Forgot]]'' (1974), and ''[[Trial by Combat]]'' (1976) followed, and he worked with Zeffirelli for a third time in the ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'' miniseries in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/roy-holder-p32835/filmography|title=Roy Holder | Movies and Filmography|website=AllMovie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1137783/credits.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Jesus of Nazareth (1977) Credits|website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref> He also played the recurring role of Frank Baker in the BBC TV series [[Sorry! (TV series)|Sorry!]] from 1981 to 1988.<ref>[https://www.phill.co.uk/comedy/sorry/cast.html Sorry! (Cast)]</ref>

Holder also appeared as Mr Callard in "Precious Bane", as Mickey Lister in ''[[Coronation Street]]'', and a photographer in ''[[Steptoe and Son]]''.<ref name=bfi/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shutterstock.com/editorial/image-editorial/coronation-street-tv-series-1987-8811957gf|title=Roy Holder as Mikey Lister Editorial Stock Photo – Stock Image | Shutterstock|website=Shutterstock Editorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/21ac11da8dcb4a2ba81cea1069333b8f|title=Steptoe and Son|date=4 September 1974|issue=2651|pages=43|via=BBC Genome}}</ref> He played Nick the taxi driver in ''[[EastEnders]]'' (2000), as well as the part of Mr. Hill in ''[[Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride & Prejudice]]'' (2005) and Gaffer Tom in ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/25d079d4d9bc412a8c61c84b038165b7|title=EastEnders|date=28 August 2000|issue=3992|pages=80|via=BBC Genome}}</ref><ref name=bfi/>

Holder returned to film in 2011 as Fred Goddard in ''[[War Horse (film)|War Horse]]''; and made a return to television in 2018, featuring in ''[[Dark Heart (TV series)|Dark Heart]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/g68fgn/dark-heart--s1-e2-dark-heart/|title=Dark Heart – S1 – Episode 2|website=Radio Times}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Holder played in several celebrity golf tournaments throughout the year for The Stage Golfing Society.<ref>http://www.thestagegolfingsociety.co.uk/media/stage-trophies.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

In 2016, after they had been together for more than 40 years, Holder married Pauline Cox, a BBC makeup and hair designer whom he had met when they were working on the play Brent Geese in 1975. They had two children.

Holder died from cancer, on 9 November 2021, aged 75.<ref>[https://scifibulletin.com/2021/11/13/rip-roy-holder/ RIP Roy Holder]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Roy Holder obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/dec/05/roy-holder-obituary |access-date=5 December 2021 |work=The Guardian |date=5 December 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1961|| ''[[Whistle Down the Wind (film)|Whistle Down the Wind]]'' || Jackie ||
|-
|1962|| ''[[Term of Trial]]'' || Thompson ||
|-
|1964|| ''[[Murder Ahoy!]]'' || Petty Officer Lamb || Uncredited
|-
|1965|| ''[[Othello (1965 British film)|Othello]]'' || Clown ||
|-
|1967|| ''[[The Taming of the Shrew (1967 film)|The Taming of the Shrew]]'' || Biondello ||
|-
|1967|| ''[[Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (film)|Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush]]'' || Arthur ||
|-
|1968|| ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]'' || Peter ||
|-
|1969|| ''[[The Virgin Soldiers (film)|The Virgin Soldiers]]'' || Fenwick ||
|-
|1970|| ''[[The Virgin and the Gypsy (film)|The Virgin and the Gypsy]]'' || Bob ||
|-
|1970|| ''[[Loot (1970 film)|Loot]]'' || Hal ||
|-
|1973|| ''[[Psychomania]]'' || Bertram ||
|-
|1974|| ''[[The Land That Time Forgot (1974 film)|The Land That Time Forgot]]'' || Plesser ||
|-
|1976|| ''[[Trial by Combat]]'' || William Renfield ||
|-
|1977|| ''[[Jesus of Nazareth (TV series)|Jesus of Nazareth]]'' || Enoch || TV mini-series
|-
|1985|| ''Out of the Darkness'' || Garage man ||
|-
|1989|| ''[[Mack the Knife (1989 film)|Mack the Knife]]'' || Wally the Weeper ||
|-
|1995|| ''Cynthia Payne's House of Cyn'' || Client ||
|-
|2004|| ''Tooth'' || Garbage Man ||
|-
|2005|| ''[[Pride & Prejudice (2005 film)|Pride & Prejudice]]'' || Mr. Hill ||
|-
|2010|| ''[[Robin Hood (2010 film)|Robin Hood]]'' || Gaffer Tom ||
|-
|2011|| ''[[War Horse (film)|War Horse]]'' || Fred Goddard ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0390332|Roy Holder}}
*[https://theatricalia.com/person/ywg/roy-holder Roy Holder] at Theatricalia

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holder, Roy}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Birmingham, West Midlands]]

{{UK-tv-actor-1940s-stub}}

title: Roy Holder

Born: Roy Trevor Holder · 15 June 1946 · Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, U.K.

Died: 9 November 2021 (aged 75) · Surrey, England

Spouse: Pauline Cox


text:
# Danh sách phố ma tại Arkansas
Đây là danh sách chưa hoàn chỉnh các phố ma tại tiểu bang Arkansas của Hoa Kỳ

## Danh sách
| Tên thị trấn    | Tên khác | Quận     | Thành lập | Giải thể | Hiện trạng                     | Remarks                                                                       |
| --------------- | -------- | -------- | --------- | -------- | ------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Anderson Flat   |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Arkansas Post   |          | Arkansas | 1686      | 1863     | Nơi khô cằn, vùng được bảo vệ  |                                                                               |
| Bolding         |          | Union    |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Bruno           |          | Marion   |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Chalk Bluff     |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Daleville       |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Eros            |          | Marion   |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Four Gum Corner |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Fort Douglas    |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Graysonia       |          | Clark    | 1902      | 1951     | Tàn tích                       |                                                                               |
| Greenway        |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Kimberly        |          | Pike     | 1908      | 1911     | Được hợp nhất vào Murfreesboro |                                                                               |
| Lewisburg       |          | Conway   | 1831      |          |                                | Xưa là quận lỵ của quận Conway đến 1883.                                      |
| Monte Ne        |          | Benton   | 1901      | 1932     | Nằm dưới Hồ Beaver             |                                                                               |
| Napoleon        |          | Desha    |           |          | Chìm dưới nước                 | Xưa từng là quận lỵ của quận Desha                                            |
| Rush            |          |          |           |          |                                |                                                                               |
| Sneed           |          | Jackson  |           | 1929     | Nơi khô cằn                    | Bị lốc xoáy cấp F5 duy nhất ở tiểu bang tàn phá vào ngày 10 tháng 4 năm 1929. |
| Violett         |          | Arkansas |           |          | Nơi khô cằn                    |                                                                               |

wikiname: viwiki

title: Danh sách phố ma tại Arkansas

in_language: vi

wikitext:
Đây là danh sách chưa hoàn chỉnh các [[thành phố ma|phố ma]] tại tiểu bang [[Arkansas]] của [[Hoa Kỳ]]

==Danh sách==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
! width="*" |'''Tên thị trấn'''
! width="*" |'''Tên khác'''
! width="*" |'''Quận'''
! width="*" |'''Thành lập'''
! width="*" |'''Giải thể'''
! width="*" |'''Hiện trạng'''
! width="*" class="unsortable"|'''Remarks'''
|--
||[[Anderson Flat, Arkansas|Anderson Flat]]<ref name="arkansas1">
{{chú thích web
  | title = Ghost Towns of Arkansas
  | work = Ghost Towns
  | publisher = ghosttowns.com
  | url = http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/ar/ar.html
  | access-date = ngày 11 tháng 5 năm 2009}}
</ref>|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Arkansas Post National Memorial|Arkansas Post]]|| || [[quận Arkansas, Arkansas|Arkansas]] || 1686 || 1863 || Nơi khô cằn, vùng được bảo vệ||
|--
||[[Bolding, Arkansas|Bolding]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || [[quận Union, Arkansas|Union]] || || || ||
|--
||[[Bruno, Arkansas|Bruno]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || [[quận Marion, Arkansas|Marion]] || || || ||
|--
||[[Chalk Bluff, Arkansas|Chalk Bluff]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Daleville, Arkansas|Daleville]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Eros, Arkansas|Eros]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || [[quận Marion, Arkansas|Marion]] || || || ||
|--
||[[Four Gum Corner, Arkansas|Four Gum Corner]]<ref name="arkansas1"/>|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Fort Douglas, Arkansas|Fort Douglas]]|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Graysonia, Arkansas|Graysonia]]|| || [[quận Clark, Arkansas|Clark]] || 1902 || 1951 || Tàn tích ||
|--
||[[Greenway, Arkansas|Greenway]]|| || || || || |
|--
||[[Kimberly, Arkansas|Kimberly]]|| || [[quận Pike, Arkansas|Pike]] || 1908 || 1911 || Được hợp nhất vào [[Murfreesboro, Arkansas|Murfreesboro]] ||
|--
||[[Lewisburg, Arkansas|Lewisburg]]|| || [[quận Conway, Arkansas|Conway]] || 1831 || || || Xưa là [[quận lỵ]] của quận Conway đến 1883.
|--
||[[Monte Ne, Arkansas|Monte Ne]]|| || [[quận Benton, Arkansas|Benton]] || 1901 || 1932 || Nằm dưới [[Hồ Beaver (Arkansas)|Hồ Beaver]] ||
|--
||[[Napoleon, Arkansas|Napoleon]]|| || [[quận Desha, Arkansas|Desha]] || || || Chìm dưới nước || Xưa từng là quận lỵ của quận Desha
|--
||[[Rush, Arkansas|Rush]]|| || || || || ||
|--
||[[Sneed, Arkansas|Sneed]]|| || [[quận Jackson, Arkansas|Jackson]] || || 1929 || Nơi khô cằn || Bị [[lốc xoáy]] cấp F5 duy nhất ở tiểu bang tàn phá vào ngày 10 tháng 4 năm 1929.
|--
||[[Violett, Arkansas|Violett]]|| || [[quận Arkansas, Arkansas|Arkansas]] || || || Nơi khô cằn ||
|--
|}

==Tham khảo==
{{Tham khảo}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
* [http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/ar/ar.html Ghost Towns of Arkansas]
* [http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gtusa/usa/ar.htm Ghost Towns of Arkansas]
* [http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gtusa/usa/ar/help.htm Missing Ghost Towns of Arkansas]
* [http://asmsa.org/armem/virtual_tour2002/NoelTyler/index.htm Arkansas Memory Project - Rush Ghost Town] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018165734/http://asmsa.org/armem/virtual_tour2002/NoelTyler/index.htm |date = ngày 18 tháng 10 năm 2008}}
* [http://www.treasurequestxlt.com/community/arkansas-ghost-towns/ Arkansas Ghost Towns - Treasure Quest Metal Detecting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224011842/http://treasurequestxlt.com/community/arkansas-ghost-towns/ |date = ngày 24 tháng 2 năm 2009}}

[[Thể loại:Danh sách phố ma tại Hoa Kỳ]]


text:
# Teatro Monumental
O Teatro Monumental é um teatro de Madrid, em Espanha. É considerado um importante ponto turístico da capital espanhola.

wikiname: ptwiki

title: Teatro Monumental

in_language: pt

wikitext:
{{Info/Monumento/Wikidata}}
O '''Teatro Monumental'''<ref>[http://www.google.com.br/search?hl=pt-BR&q=%22Teatro+Monumental%22%22Madrid%22importante+teatro%22&meta=]</ref> é um teatro de [[Madrid]], em [[Espanha]]. É considerado um importante ponto turístico da capital espanhola.<ref>[http://brasiliavirtual.info/tudo-sobre/madrid]</ref>

{{mínimo}}
{{Referências}}

[[Categoria:Cultura de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Monumentos de Madrid]]
[[Categoria:Teatros da Espanha|Monumental]]

title: Apresentação

Tipo: casa de concerto · sala de cinema

Estilo: Arquitetura racionalista

Arquiteto: Teodoro de Anasagasti (d)

Estatuto patrimonial: Bem de Interesse Cultural (1977)

title: Localização

Localização: 65 calle de Atocha (en) · Cortes · Espanha

title: Coordenadas


text:
# Pomeranian Leather Company "Kobra"
The Pomeranian Leather Factory "Kobra" is a former shoe producing company based in Bydgoszcz. The firm was one of the largest in Poland in its domain. It went bankrupt in 1992. Starting with felt shoes, the company then manufactured leather footwear, mainly for men and for uniformed services; it provided as well production and repair services for the leather industry.

## History

### Prussian period
Initially Wiktor Weynerowski launched a furniture factory and a steam sawmill at Jagiellońska street, then at 45 Promenada street. These facilities operated till the outset of WWII, when machines and devices were dismantled and taken to Piła. On its stead, the Germans organized car workshops using the remaining buildings and halls.
The history of the factory starts in 1876, when Wiktor founded a felt footwear factory. He ran  it in his modest apartment and after a few years moved to buildings at 34 Swiętej Trojcy street (non existent today) purchased from the former Byring dressing factory.
In 1891, Wiktor's son, Antoni, took over the management of the company, which employed a dozen of people.
In 1906, a 5 hectares (12 acres) plot of land at the corner of Kościuszki and Chocimska streets, in downtown district, was bought and Antoni asked architect Paul Sellner to design a modern factory complex. In 1912, the entire production and 300 employees were transferred to this three-story building equipped with social facilities and an elevator for goods. After Wiktor's death in 1917, the company was run exclusively by his son Antoni. A the time, the raw material for the production of footwear was mainly supplied by Ludwig Buchholz's tannery, established in 1845 on the bank of the Brda river and one of the largest leather factories east of the Elbe.

### Interwar period
In the 1920s, the employment reached 200 people, and the daily production topped 200 pairs of various footwear (leather/felt/sports shoes and slippers).  Leather came not only from the local Buchholz tannery in Bydgoszcz, but also from imported sources in United Kingdom, France and Netherlands.
In 1929, the company management was handed over to Antoni's sons, Henryk (as an engineer) and Witold (as a lawyer and an economist). From this date, the business related to the production changed significantly, operating as a commercial law company based on modern forms of management. In 1932, the enterprise was transformed into a joint-stock company under the branding "LEO", as a memento to Antoni's wife Leokadia, who died in 1927, and to Henryk 's and Witold's older brother Leon Teodor, who died on October 1, 1918, during the First World War at the Battle of Verdun.
During the Great Depression, production was down by 70% and employment by 80%. Fortunately, from 1934 onwards, the factory experienced a significant boom, becoming one of the largest footwear companies in Poland. Employment increased to 400 people seasonally, brand stores were opened in all major cities of Poland (i.e. Kraków, Warsaw, Lwów, Toruń and Poznań) and in Bydgoszcz in March 1932, at 15 Gdańska Street. Already, the brand "LEO" started to be known on the European market thanks to its massive export levels, with its logo portraying a stylized lion's head. A factory branch dedicated to producing military boots was established in Warsaw and land was purchased near Mielec in Małopolska where was planned the erection of a new plant in the framework of the Central Industrial Region scheme. During this period, "LEO" shoes were competing in Central Europe with the Czech Bata for the quality and the level of production.
In Bydgoszcz, other smaller footwear factories operated. One can cite:
- Mechanical Footwear Factory "Standard " (Polish: Mechaniczna Fabryka Obuwia "Standard") at Dolina street, employing 100 people;
- Footwear Factory "Minerwa" of Sigurska and Tucholska (Polish: Fabryka Obuwia "Minerwa" Sigurski i Tucholski), established in 1922, at Chrobrego street, producing daily 400 pairs of shoes.[7]

In January 1939, the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs turned to Weynerowski's company with an order for the production of army shoes. This command was however partially completed due to the invasion of Poland in September 1939.

### Second World War
After German forces entered Bydgoszcz, the factory was taken over by the Nazi occupation authorities and confiscated. A German manager was designated, Walter Krause. Like most factories, the production was partially converted to the war effort of the Wehrmacht. The Weynerowskis had fled Bydgoszcz before the arrival of the German forces and the repressions against the civilians. They reached Warsaw then Red Army-occupied Brest on the Bug river. There, on October 15, Antoni was hospitalized for exhaustion and dementia and died on November 29, 1939.
Witold and his family escaped to Netherlands while Henryk was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo. Afterwards, he moved to Konstancin near Warsaw, where he ran a thriving shoe factory, saving Poles and co-financing the Home Army.

### PRL period
After the liberation of Bydgoszcz, the firm was nationalized and integrated into a new corporation gathering the former "Buchholz tannery" as well as many small private plants from pre-war time.
The state-owned enterprise included factories in the leather and footwear businesses from all over the Bydgoszcz Province.
It comprised:
- tanneries in Bydgoszcz, Włocławek, Rypin, Chojnice and Lidzbark;
- shoe factories in Bydgoszcz (i.e. "LEO", "Minerwa", "Junak", "Helios"), Barcin and Solec Kujawski.

In 1948, the conglomerate (Pierwsza Państwowa Fabryka Skór-State Leather Factory Nr.1) has been employing 246 people and in 1954 - 1674 people, among whom 1050 women.
In the 1950s, the company was merged into the State Leather Industry Department based in Łódź. In 1956, the (ex-"LEO") factory at Chocimska   street was expanded. Furthermore, the conglomerate was re-branded Pomeranian Leather Industry Plant "Kobra" (Polish: Pomorskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego-PZPS "Kobra") in 1960.
In the 1960s, most machines and devices were obsolete to follow the pace of modern technologies. The conglomerate was in deficit deepened by rigidly calculated selling prices, mismanagement and an extensive inadapted production.
A large scale modernization of the machinery was undertaken from 1975 to 1980, in plants of Bydgoszcz and Solec Kujawski, where imported production line was introduced. Hence the manufacture of shoes using glue and polyurethane soles could be launched. No new factory, however, was constructed: as a consequence, the fumes and the downtown location made operations harmful to the environment. Working conditions at "Kobra" factory were harsh in the cramped and old pre-war plants, with a dense and noisy machinery and a poor ventilation system unable to filter the glue vapours. Some efforts were made to improve these poor working conditions in the 1970s as an office building and a new production hall (inter alia) were erected next to the plant at Kościuszki street. In addition, "Kobra" main warehouses were moved closer, at 102 Gdańska Street. The factory was one of the most feminized plants in Bydgoszcz.
On the one hand products intended for export had to passed several quality control tests several times as a warranty of high workmanship, on the other hand footwear delivered to local retail usually was plagued with lower quality. In 1976, 26 to 33% of the production was targeted by  consumer complaints: it was, however, the same level of poor qualitative indicators that one could measure in other plants at the time of the Polish People's Republic. The 1970s saw an improvement in production technologies, thanks to imported raw materials and semi-finished items. The "Kobra" brand was known and appreciated in Poland and socialist countries, praised for their durability and design. Frequently, one can see constant queues of customers in front of the company shop at 62 Gdańska street, where were sold in particular the so-called "export rejects".
Through the 1970s and the 1980s, mainly men's shoes were manufactured in a classic design. The plant delivered approximately 13,000 pairs of shoes a day, including 1600s pairs for uniformed services (Polish State Railways, State Fire Service, Milicja Obywatelska and ZOMO). Regular exportations targeted USSR and United Kingdom, where 53% of production was shipped to from Solec Kujawski's plant in the 1970s. Smaller quantities were exported to West Germany, France, the Netherlands, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Barbados, Angola, Libya and Ghana. Poles often used "Kobra" footwear abroad (e.g. USSR, Hungary) as a means to barter goods which were in short supply in Poland such as gold, color televisions, sweaters, electronic watches, etc.

### Post-PRL time and collapse
In 1991, when market economy took over the country, Far East cheaper footwear combined with the collapse of exports to USSR left "Kobra" unable to compete, burdened with extensive infrastructure and large workforce and it found itself in a dire economic situation. Trade unions refused to reduce the workforce and no changes were carried out (commercialization, or privatization) in the firm.
In April 1992, the bankruptcy of "Kobra" was declared, leading to a cessation of operations on August 31 and the entire personnel was laid off. In 2006, the company PZPS "Kobra" was suppressed from the National Court Register.

## Naming
- 1876–1891 – W. Weynerowski – Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
- 1891–1929 – W. Weynerowski i Syn – Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
- 1929–1932 – W. Weynerowski i Syn Jawna Spółka Handlowa, Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
- 1932–1939 – "LEO" Fabryka Obuwia Spółka Akcyjna
- 1939–1945 – "LEO" Schuhfabrik A.G. Bromberg
- 1945–1960 – Bydgoskie Zakłady Obuwia[27] (included in "Państwowa Fabryka Skór" or "State Leather Factory")
- 1960–1992 – Pomorskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego-PZPS "Kobra"[27]

## Commemorations and miscellaneous facts
- In September 2012, for the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Weynerwoski shoe factory and the 20th anniversary of "Kobra" collapse, a commemorative plaque has been unveiled. Placed above the factory gate at 27 Kościuszki street, it has been realized on the initiative of the Society of the Enthusiasts of the City of Bydgoszcz (Polish: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy).[29]

- Since 2013, former employees of the factory have collected exhibits (tools, devices for the production, various souvenirs, documents, shoe elements, forms, dies) to hand them over to a would-be leather museum on the premises of the former tannery plant at Garbary Street.[23]
- The plant ceased its operations on August 31, 1992. During its 80 years of existence, the factory has produced over 120 million pairs of shoes.[30]
- In its heyday, the "Kobra" company employed about 4,000 employees (including 3,000 in Bydgoszcz) and produced 3 million pairs of shoes per year.[27]
- The area of the former Buchholz tannery in Bydgoszcz (which became in 1945 a branch of "Kobra") houses today the campus of the University of Economy.[31]
- The villa of Witold Weynerowski, the co-owner of the "LEO" factory, still stands today at 16 Kopernika street. The house displays a Dutch style, in reference to Witold's wife, Julia née Kessler, who was from the Netherlands.[32]
- The former warehouses of "Kobra" at 102 Gdańska street have been converted in the 1990s into apartments.[20]
- The original name of the plant was planned to be Pomerania instead of Kobra.[33]
- In June 1934, the "Leo" sports club was established at the factory, with several sections, among others women's games, table tennis, boxing, cycling and football. In November 1934, the club got its own utility room for table tennis and a makeshift boxing ring at 109 Gdańska street, at old factory premises.[4]
- Antoni Weynerowski had a strong policy of social activism and philanthropy. His sons followed the paths taken by their parents in Bydgoszcz towards charitable activities. Henryk organized Sunday trips for the factory personnel and their families, to local recreational places (Koronowo, Borówno, Myślęcinek). Christmas tradition in the factory was to meet under the Christmas tree, each of the employees receiving a gift.[4]

## Bibliography
- (in Polish) Andrzejewski, Roman (2008). "LEO" od Weynerowskich. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłóśników Miasta Bydgoszczy.
- (in Polish) Grysińska, Katarzyna (2021). Weynerowscy - od butów i dobrych uczynków. Kronika Bydgoska XLI. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp. 157–181.

title: Pomeranian Leather Company "Kobra"

wikitext:
{{Short description|Former shoemaker in Bydgoszcz, Poland}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pomorskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego "Kobra"
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| logo_alt =
| image = Budynek dawnej fabryki obuwia przy ul. Kościuszki 27.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Former building of the factory at 27 Kościuszki, Bydgoszcz
| image_caption = Former building of the factory at 27 Kościuszki, Bydgoszcz
| type = [[State-owned enterprise]]
| industry = [[Footwear]]
| predecessor = "LEO" Fabryka Obuwia Spółka Akcyjna
| successor = <!-- or: | successors = -->
| founded = 1876 in [[Bydgoszcz|Bromberg]], [[German Empire]]
| founder = [[Antoni Weynerowski|Wiktor Weynerowski]]
| defunct = {{End date|1992|04}}, [[Poland]]
| fate = Bankrupted
| hq_location_city = [[Bydgoszcz]]
| hq_location_country = [[Poland]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products = Shoes
| owner = State Owned
| num_employees = 1674
| num_employees_year = 1954
| parent =
| website =
}}
The '''Pomeranian Leather Factory "Kobra"''' is a former shoe producing company based in Bydgoszcz. The firm was one of the largest in Poland in its domain. It went bankrupt in 1992. Starting with [[felt]] shoes, the company then manufactured leather [[footwear]], mainly for men and for [[uniformed services]]; it provided as well production and repair services for the leather industry.

==History==
===Prussian period===
Initially Wiktor Weynerowski launched a furniture factory and a steam [[sawmill]] at [[Jagiellońska street in Bydgoszcz|Jagiellońska street]], then at 45 Promenada street.<ref name="deux huit">{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1900 |title=Książka Adresowa Miasta Bydgoszczy : na rok 1928 |url=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/4922/edition/23440/content |location=Bydgoszcz|publisher=Władysław Weber|pages=54}}</ref> These facilities operated till the outset of [[WWII]], when machines and devices were dismantled and taken to [[Piła]]. On its stead, the Germans organized car workshops using the remaining buildings and halls.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nowosci.com.pl/niemcy-zabrali-prl-przywlaszczyla/ar/11295305 |title=Niemcy zabrali, PRL przywłaszczyła |last=Błażejewski|first=Krzysztof |date=2 November 2006 |website=nowosci.com.pl |publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>

The history of the factory starts in 1876, when Wiktor founded a [[felt]] [[footwear]] factory.<ref name="RA">{{cite book |last=Andrzejewski|first=Roman |date=2008 |title="LEO" od Weynerowskich. Kalendarz Bydgoski |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłóśników Miasta Bydgoszczy |page=}}</ref> He ran  it in his modest apartment and after a few years moved to buildings at 34 [[Swiętej Trojcy street in Bydgoszcz|Swiętej Trojcy street]] (non existent today) purchased from the former ''Byring dressing factory''.<ref name="GK2">{{cite book |last=Grysińska |first=Katarzyna |date=2021 |title=Weynerowscy - od butów i dobrych uczynków. Kronika Bydgoska XLI |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy |pages=157–181}}</ref>
In 1891, Wiktor's son, [[Antoni Weynerowski|Antoni]], took over the management of the company, which employed a dozen of people.
In 1906, a {{convert|5|ha|acre}} plot of land at the corner of Kościuszki and [[Chocimska street in Bydgoszcz|Chocimska]] streets, in downtown district, was bought and Antoni asked architect [[Bydgoszcz Architects (1850-1970s)#Paul Sellner|Paul Sellner]] to design a modern factory complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pomorska.pl/bydgoskie-rody-weynerowscy-i-leo/ar/7316133 |title=Bydgoskie rody: Weynerowscy i "Leo" |last=Sowińska |first=Hanna|date=9 November 2012 |website=pomorska.pl |publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. |access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> In 1912, the entire production and 300 employees were transferred to this three-story building equipped with social facilities and an [[elevator]] for goods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visitbydgoszcz.pl/en/explore/visitor-itineraries/2906-industrial |title=INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF BYDGOSZCZ |last= |first= |date=2018 |website=visitbydgoszcz.pl |publisher=Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji  |access-date=10 March 2021 }}</ref> After Wiktor's death in 1917, the company was run exclusively by his son Antoni.<ref name="RA"/> A the time, the raw material for the production of footwear was mainly supplied by [[Ludwig Buchholz's tannery in Bydgoszcz|Ludwig Buchholz's tannery]], established in 1845 on the bank of the [[Brda (river)|Brda]] river and one of the largest leather factories east of the [[Elbe]].<ref name="SR">{{cite book |last=Sudziński |first=Ryszard |date=1999 |title=Życie gospodarcze Bydgoszczy w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej. Historia Bydgoszczy tom II część pierwsza 1920-1939 |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe |page= |isbn=8390132907}}</ref>

===[[Second Polish Republic|Interwar period]]===
In the 1920s, the employment reached 200 people, and the daily production topped 200 pairs of various footwear (leather/felt/sports shoes and [[slipper]]s).  Leather came not only from the local ''Buchholz tannery in Bydgoszcz'', but also from imported sources in [[United Kingdom]], [[France]] and [[Kingdom of the Netherlands|Netherlands]].<ref name="RA"/>

In 1929, the company management was handed over to Antoni's sons, Henryk (as an engineer) and Witold (as a lawyer and an economist). From this date, the business related to the production changed significantly, operating as a commercial law company based on modern forms of management. In 1932, the enterprise was transformed into a [[S.A. (corporation)|joint-stock company]] under the branding '''"LEO"''',<ref name="RA"/> as a memento to Antoni's wife Leokadia, who died in 1927, and to Henryk 's and Witold's older brother Leon Teodor, who died on October 1, 1918, during the [[First World War]] at the [[Battle of Verdun]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=|first=|date=10 October 1918|title=Dziennik Bydgoski. Nr231 |journal=Wojewódzka I Miejska Biblioteka Publiczna W Bydgoszczy|url=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/172536/edition/175042/content |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Nakł. Drukarni Bydgoskiej|page=4}}</ref>

During the [[Great Depression]], production was down by 70% and employment by 80%.<ref name="SR"/> Fortunately, from 1934 onwards, the factory experienced a significant boom, becoming one of the largest footwear companies in Poland. Employment increased to 400 people seasonally, brand stores were opened in all major cities of [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (i.e. [[Kraków]], [[Warsaw]], [[Lviv|Lwów]], [[Toruń]] and [[Poznań]]) and in Bydgoszcz in March 1932, at 15 [[Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz|Gdańska Street]].<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|date=22 March 1932|title=Dziennik Bydgoski. Nr67 |url= |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Drukarnia Bydgoska Sp. Akc. w Bydgoszczy|page=8}}</ref> Already, the brand "LEO" started to be known on the European market thanks to its massive export levels, with its logo portraying a stylized [[lion]]'s head.<ref name="MG">{{cite web |url=https://expressbydgoski.pl/byly-kiedys-leo-i-kobra/ar/c3-11002257 |title=Były kiedyś Leo i Kobra |last=Młokosiewicz  |first=Grzegorz |date=18 October 2011 |website=expressbydgoski.pl |publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. |access-date=10 March 2021 }}</ref> A factory branch dedicated to producing military boots was established in [[Warsaw]] and land was purchased near [[Mielec]] in [[Lesser Poland|Małopolska]] where was planned the erection of a new plant in the framework of the ''[[Central Industrial Region (Poland)|Central Industrial Region]] scheme''.<ref name="RA"/> During this period, "LEO" shoes were competing in [[Central Europe]] with the Czech [[Bata Corporation|Bata]] for the quality and the level of production.<ref>{{cite book |last=|first=|date=2015|title=Przewodnik po Bydgoszczy |url=https://issuu.com/visitbydgoszcz/docs/przewodnik_po_bydgoszczy |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Miasto Bydgoszcz Centrum Informacji |page=120 |isbn=9788394216528}}</ref>

In Bydgoszcz, other smaller footwear factories operated. One can cite:
* ''Mechanical Footwear Factory "Standard "'' ({{langx|pl| Mechaniczna Fabryka Obuwia "Standard"}}) at Dolina street, employing 100 people;
* ''Footwear Factory "Minerwa" of Sigurska and Tucholska'' ({{langx|pl|Fabryka Obuwia "Minerwa" Sigurski i Tucholski}}), established in 1922, at Chrobrego street, producing daily 400 pairs of shoes.<ref name ="SR"/>

In January 1939, the Polish Ministry of Military Affairs turned to Weynerowski's company with an order for the production of army shoes. This command was however partially completed due to the [[invasion of Poland]] in September 1939.<ref name="GK">{{cite book |last=Grysińska |first=Katarzyna |date=1999 |title=Działalność gospodarcza ziemiaństwa powiatu bydgoskiego w latach 1920-1939. Kronika Bydgoska XXI |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy |pages=86–102}}</ref>

===Second World War===
After German forces entered Bydgoszcz, the factory was taken over by the Nazi occupation authorities and confiscated. A German manager was designated, Walter Krause.<ref name ="RA"/> Like most factories, the production was partially converted to the war effort of the [[Wehrmacht]].<ref name="SR2">{{cite book |last=Sudziński |first=Ryszard |date=2001 |title=Życie gospodarcze Bydgoszczy w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej. Historia Bydgoszczy tom II część druga 1939-1945 |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe |page= |isbn=8392145402}}</ref> The Weynerowskis had fled Bydgoszcz before the arrival of the German forces and the repressions against the civilians. They reached [[Warsaw]] then [[Red Army]]-occupied [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] on the [[Bug (river)|Bug]] river.<ref>{{cite book |last=Błażejewski Stanisław, Kutta Janusz |first=Romaniuk Marek |date=2006 |title=Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny. Tom VII |location=Bydgoszczc |publisher=Kujawsko-Pomorskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne Wojewódzki Ośrodek Kultury |pages=118–119 |isbn=8385327703}}</ref> There, on October 15, Antoni was hospitalized for exhaustion and dementia and died on November 29, 1939.

[[Antoni Weynerowski#Witold|Witold]] and his family escaped to [[Netherlands]] while [[Antoni Weynerowski#Henryk|Henryk]] was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo. Afterwards, he moved to [[Konstancin-Jeziorna|Konstancin]] near [[Warsaw]], where he ran a thriving shoe factory, saving Poles and co-financing the [[Home Army]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Michał Białkowski, Zdzisław Biegański |first=Wojciech Polak |date=2014 |title=Ludzie wolności w regionie kujawsko-pomorskim |url=https://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication/148321/edition/151471/content |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego; Dom Wydawniczy "Margrafsen" |pages=146–147 |isbn=978-8385327707}}</ref>

===PRL period===
After the liberation of Bydgoszcz, the firm was [[Nationalization in Poland|nationalized]]<ref name ="RA"/> and integrated into a new corporation gathering the former "Buchholz tannery" as well as many small private plants from pre-war time.
[[File:Bdg Chrobrego Fabryka Obuwia Minerwa 1924 1-2014.jpg|thumb|"MINERVA" mural advertising at Chrobrego street]]
The state-owned enterprise included factories in the leather and footwear businesses from all over the Bydgoszcz Province.
It comprised:<ref name="KS">{{cite book |last=Kamosiński |first=Sławomir |date=2007 |title=Przemiany w strukturze gałęziowej i branżowej przemysłu województwa bydgoskiego. Sławomir Kamosiński, Mikroekonomiczny obraz przemysłu Polski Ludowej w latach 1950–1980 na przykładzie regionu kujawsko-pomorskiego |url= |location=Poznań|publisher=Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |pages=21–74 |isbn=9788371774201}}</ref>
* [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]] in Bydgoszcz, [[Włocławek]], [[Rypin]], [[Chojnice]] and [[Lidzbark]];
* shoe factories in Bydgoszcz (i.e. "LEO", "Minerwa", "Junak", "Helios"), [[Barcin]] and [[Solec Kujawski]].

In 1948, the conglomerate (''Pierwsza Państwowa Fabryka Skór''-''State Leather Factory Nr.1'') has been employing 246 people and in 1954 - 1674 people, among whom 1050 women.<ref name="PZ">{{cite book |last=Praca zbiorowa|date=2015 |title=Życie gospodarcze miasta 1945-1955, Historia Bydgoszczy. Tom III. Część pierwsza 1945-1956 |url= |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe |pages=199–243 |isbn=9788360775448}}</ref>
In the 1950s, the company was merged into the ''State Leather Industry Department'' based in [[Łódź]]. In 1956, the (ex-"LEO") factory at Chocimska   street was expanded.<ref name="NW">{{cite web |url=https://expressbydgoski.pl/i-tylko-tych-butow-zal-wspominamy-kobre/ar/10865182 |title=I tylko tych butów żal... Wspominamy "Kobrę" |last=Bobbe|first=Sławomir |date=17 June 2014|website=expressbydgoski.pl |publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. |access-date=10 March 2021 }}</ref> Furthermore, the conglomerate was re-branded ''Pomeranian Leather Industry Plant "Kobra"'' ({{langx|pl|Pomorskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego-PZPS "Kobra"}}) in 1960.<ref name="RA"/>
[[File:KOBRA kalendarz 1968.jpg|thumb|Advertising for "Kobra" in 1968]]
In the 1960s, most machines and devices were obsolete to follow the pace of modern technologies.<ref name="KS2">{{cite book |last=Kamosiński |first=Sławomir |date=2007 |title=Przemiany w technice i technologii produkcji. Sławomir Kamosiński, Mikroekonomiczny obraz przemysłu Polski Ludowej w latach 1950–1980 na przykładzie regionu kujawsko-pomorskiego |url= |location=Poznań|publisher=Wydawnictwo Poznańskie |pages=75–179, 180–234, 235–258, 308–315, 316–334|isbn=9788371774201}}</ref> The conglomerate was in deficit deepened by rigidly calculated selling prices, mismanagement and an extensive inadapted production.<ref name="KS2"/>

A large scale modernization of the machinery was undertaken from 1975 to 1980, in plants of Bydgoszcz and Solec Kujawski, where imported [[production line]] was introduced. Hence the manufacture of shoes using glue and [[polyurethane]] soles could be launched.<ref name="KS2"/> No new factory, however, was constructed: as a consequence, the fumes and the downtown location made operations harmful to the environment. Working conditions at "Kobra" factory were harsh in the cramped and old pre-war plants, with a dense and [[Occupational noise|noisy]] machinery and a poor [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilation system]] unable to filter the glue vapours.<ref name="KS2"/> Some efforts were made to improve these poor working conditions in the 1970s as an office building and a new production hall (inter alia) were erected next to the plant at Kościuszki street. In addition, "Kobra" main warehouses were moved closer, at 102 [[Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz|Gdańska Street]].<ref name="PK">{{cite web |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kujawsko-pomorskie/mieszkancy-zakladow-tak-o-sobie-mowia-lokatorzy-pawilonow-po-kobrze/60ye9 |title="Mieszkańcy zakładów": tak o sobie mówią lokatorzy pawilonów po Kobrze |last=Piojda|first=Katarzyna |date=7 December 2014 |website=wiadomosci.onet.pl |publisher=Grupa Onet.pl S.A. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708020433/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kujawsko-pomorskie/mieszkancy-zakladow-tak-o-sobie-mowia-lokatorzy-pawilonow-po-kobrze/60ye9 |access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=2015-07-08 }}</ref> The factory was one of the most feminized plants in Bydgoszcz.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kopczyńska |first=Natalia |date=2015 |title=Kobiety w zakładach pracy w Bydgoszczy w latach 1970–1980. Warunki życia i pracy. |url=https://repozytorium.ukw.edu.pl/handle/item/3414 |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego |pages=}}</ref>

On the one hand products intended for [[export]] had to passed several [[quality control]] tests several times as a warranty of high workmanship, on the other hand footwear delivered to local [[retail]] usually was plagued with lower quality. In 1976, 26 to 33% of the production was targeted by  [[consumer complaint]]s:<ref name="KS2"/> it was, however, the same level of poor qualitative indicators that one could measure in other plants at the time of the [[Polish People's Republic]]. The 1970s saw an improvement in production technologies, thanks to imported raw materials and semi-finished items.<ref name="KS2"/> The "Kobra" brand was known and appreciated in Poland and socialist countries, praised for their durability and design.<ref name="JM">{{cite web |url=https://bydgoszcz.tvp.pl/8410583/tablica-przypomni-o-fabryce-butow-kobra |title=Tablica przypomni o fabryce butów Kobra |last=Jastrzębska |first=Marta |date=1 September 2012 |website=bydgoszcz.tvp.pl |publisher=Telewizja Polska S.A |access-date=11 March 2021 }}</ref> Frequently, one can see constant queues of customers in front of the company shop at [[Alfred Schleusener Tenement in Bydgoszcz|62 Gdańska street]],<ref name="PK"/> where were sold in particular the so-called "export rejects".<ref name="BK">{{cite web |url=https://expressbydgoski.pl/kobra-wroci-jako-muzeum-mozliwe-ze-dawna-fabryka-butow-doczeka-sie-wystawy-pozostalych-po-niej-pamiatek/ar/c3-10838504 |title="Kobra" wróci jako muzeum? Możliwe, że dawna fabryka butów doczeka się wystawy pozostałych po niej pamiątek |last=Błażejewski |first=Krzysztof |date=6 July 2015 |website=expressbydgoski.pl |publisher=Polska Press Sp. z o. o. |access-date=12 March 2021 }}</ref>

Through the 1970s and the 1980s, mainly men's shoes were manufactured in a classic design. The plant delivered approximately 13,000 pairs of shoes a day, including 1600s pairs for uniformed services ([[Polish State Railways]], [[State Fire Service]], [[Milicja Obywatelska]] and [[ZOMO]]).<ref name="NW"/> Regular exportations targeted [[Soviet Union|USSR]] and [[United Kingdom]],<ref name="DJ">{{cite book |last=Długosz |first=Jerzy |date=1995 |title=Bydgoskie wyroby znane i cenione za granicą. Kalendarz Bydgoski |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłóśników Miasta Bydgoszczy |page=}}</ref> where 53% of production was shipped to from Solec Kujawski's plant in the 1970s.<ref name="KS2"/> Smaller quantities were exported to [[West Germany]], [[France]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Barbados]], [[Angola]], [[Libya]] and [[Ghana]].<ref name="DJ"/> Poles often used "Kobra" footwear abroad (e.g. USSR, [[Hungary]]) as a means to [[Countertrade|barter]] goods which were in short supply in Poland<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automobileprl.com.pl/kobra/ |title=KOBRA |last=WIDZ11 |date=13 February 2015 |website=automobileprl.com.pl |publisher=web.archive |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222111900/http://www.automobileprl.com.pl/kobra/ |access-date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=2017-02-22 }}</ref> such as gold, [[color television]]s, sweaters, electronic watches, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/56,35590,11370847,kobra,,2.html |title=KOBRA |last= |first= |date=19 March 2012 |website=bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl |publisher=Gazeta Wyborxza |access-date=11 March 2021 }}</ref>

===Post-PRL time and collapse===
In 1991, when [[market economy]] took over the country, [[Far East]] cheaper footwear combined with the collapse of exports to USSR left "Kobra" unable to compete, burdened with extensive infrastructure and large workforce and it found itself in a dire economic situation. [[Trade union]]s refused to reduce the workforce and no changes were carried out ([[Commercialism|commercialization]], or [[privatization]]) in the firm.

In April 1992, the [[bankruptcy]] of "Kobra" was declared, leading to a cessation of operations on August 31 and the entire personnel was laid off.<ref name="plaque">Elements from the commemorative plaque placed on the building at Chocimska street</ref> In 2006, the company PZPS "Kobra" was suppressed from the National Court Register.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rejestr.io/krs/249382/pomorskie-zaklady-przemyslu-skorzanego-kobra-w-bydgoszczy |title=POMORSKIE ZAKŁADY PRZEMYSŁU SKÓRZANEGO "KOBRA" W BYDGOSZCZY |last= |first= |date=2006|website=rejestr.io |publisher=Fundacja ePaństwo |access-date=11 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Naming==
* 1876–1891 – W. Weynerowski – Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
* 1891–1929 – W. Weynerowski i Syn – Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
* 1929–1932 – W. Weynerowski i Syn Jawna Spółka Handlowa, Fabryka Obuwia w Bydgoszczy
* 1932–1939 – "LEO" Fabryka Obuwia Spółka Akcyjna
* 1939–1945 – "LEO" Schuhfabrik A.G. Bromberg
* 1945–1960 – Bydgoskie Zakłady Obuwia<ref name="plaque"/> (included in "Państwowa Fabryka Skór" or "State Leather Factory")
* 1960–1992 – Pomorskie Zakłady Przemysłu Skórzanego-PZPS "Kobra"<ref name="plaque"/>

==Commemorations and miscellaneous facts==
* In September 2012, for the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Weynerwoski shoe factory and the 20th anniversary of "Kobra" collapse, a [[commemorative plaque]] has been unveiled. Placed above the factory gate at 27 Kościuszki street, it has been realized on the initiative of the ''Society of the Enthusiasts of the City of Bydgoszcz'' ({{langx|pl|Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy}}).<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/7,48722,23935344,zaciera-sie-historia-kobry-zamiast-pamiatkowej-tablicy-paczkomat.html |title=Zaciera się historia Kobry. Zamiast pamiątkowej tablicy - paczkomat |last=Lewińska |first=Aleksandra |date=12 June 2018 |website=bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl |publisher=Gazeta Wyborcza |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Bdg Kobra tablica 2016.jpg|thumb|Commemorative plaque at Kościuszki street]]
* Since 2013, former employees of the factory have collected exhibits (tools, devices for the production, various souvenirs, documents, shoe elements, forms, dies) to hand them over to a would-be leather museum on the premises of the former [[Ludwig Buchholz's tannery in Bydgoszcz|tannery]] plant at [[Garbary Street]].<ref name="BK"/>
* The plant ceased its operations on August 31, 1992. During its 80 years of existence, the factory has produced over 120 million pairs of shoes.<ref name="DJ2">{{cite book |last=Derenda|first=Jerzy|date=2011 |title=Kronika działalności TMMB 2011/2012. Kronika Bydgoska XXXIII |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy |pages=482}}</ref>
* In its heyday, the "Kobra" company employed about 4,000 employees (including 3,000 in Bydgoszcz) and produced 3 million pairs of shoes per year.<ref name="plaque"/>
* The area of the former ''Buchholz tannery'' in Bydgoszcz (which became in 1945 a branch of "Kobra") houses today the campus of the University of Economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wsg.byd.pl/uczelnia/kampus.27.html |title=Kampus |last=|first=|date=2021|website=wsg.byd.pl |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
* The villa of Witold Weynerowski, the co-owner of the "LEO" factory, still stands today at 16 [[Kopernika Street in Bydgoszcz|Kopernika street]]. The house displays a Dutch style, in reference to Witold's wife, Julia née Kessler, who was from the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite book |date=July 2014|title=Bydgoszcz Guide |url=http://kujawsko-pomorskie.travel/en |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=City of Bydgoszcz |page=108|isbn=978-83-917786-7-8}}</ref>
* The former warehouses of "Kobra" at 102 [[Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz|Gdańska street]] have been converted in the 1990s into apartments.<ref name="PK"/>
* The original name of the plant was planned to be ''Pomerania'' instead of ''Kobra''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl/bydgoszcz/1,71270,20956622,czlowiek-ktory-wymyslil-kobre-historia-zakladu-cz-2.html |title=Człowiek, który wymyślił Kobrę [HISTORIA ZAKŁADU, CZ. 2]|last=Kowalski|first=Marcin|date=10 November 2016|website=bydgoszcz.wyborcza.pl |publisher=Gazeta Wyborcza |access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>
* In June 1934, the "Leo" sports club was established at the factory, with several sections, among others women's games, table tennis, boxing, cycling and football. In November 1934, the club got its own utility room for table tennis and a makeshift boxing ring at 109 [[Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz|Gdańska street]], at old factory premises.<ref name="GK2"/>
* Antoni Weynerowski had a strong policy of social activism and philanthropy. His sons followed the paths taken by their parents in Bydgoszcz towards charitable activities. Henryk organized Sunday trips for the factory personnel and their families, to local recreational places ([[Koronowo]], [[Borówno, Bydgoszcz County|Borówno]], Myślęcinek). Christmas tradition in the factory was to meet under the Christmas tree, each of the employees receiving a gift.<ref name="GK2"/>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Pomeranian Leather Company "Kobra"}}
* [[Bydgoszcz]]
* [[Antoni Weynerowski]]
* [[Eastern Bloc#Economies|Eastern Bloc Economies]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{inlang|pl}} {{cite book |last=Andrzejewski |first=Roman |date=2008 |title="LEO" od Weynerowskich. Kalendarz Bydgoski |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłóśników Miasta Bydgoszczy |page=}}
* {{inlang|pl}} {{cite book |last=Grysińska |first=Katarzyna |date=2021 |title=Weynerowscy - od butów i dobrych uczynków. Kronika Bydgoska XLI |location=Bydgoszcz |publisher=Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy |pages=157–181}}

==External links==
* {{inlang|pl}} [https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=672424172957058 – Polska Kronika Filmowa 1989]

{{coord|53|08|08|N|18|00|33|E|region:Poland|display=it}}

{{Bydgoszcz companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomeranian Leather Company Kobra}}
[[Category:1870s establishments in Poland]]
[[Category:Former factories in Bydgoszcz]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of Poland]]
[[Category:Former government-owned companies]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Poland]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bydgoszcz]]

Company type: State-owned enterprise

Industry: Footwear

Predecessor: "LEO" Fabryka Obuwia Spółka Akcyjna

Founded: 1876 in Bromberg, German Empire

Founder: Wiktor Weynerowski

Defunct: April 1992, Poland

Fate: Bankrupted

Headquarters: Bydgoszcz, Poland

Area served: Worldwide

Products: Shoes

Owner: State Owned


text:
# Церковна провінція
Церко́вна прові́нція (лат. і італ. provincia ecclesiastica; англ. ecclesiastical province, ісп. provincia eclesiástica) — у християнстві церковна адміністративно-територіальна одиниця, що підпорядковується архієпископу або митрополиту. Складається з архієпископства (архідіоцезії або архієпархії) і декількох єпископств (діоцезій або єпархій). Зазвичай, центром церковної провінції є місто, де розташована катедра архієпископа. Перші церковні провінції існували в Східній Римській імперії: Сирійська з центром в Антиохії, Азійська з центром в Ефесі, Єгипетська з центром в Александрії, Італійська з центром у Римі. Церковні провінції існують в католицькій, англіканській, деяких православних і протестантських церквах.

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Церковна провінція

in_language: uk

wikitext:
{{Otheruses|Провінція (значення)}}
[[Файл:Roman Catholic provinces and top-level groupings.png|250px|міні|Карта церковних провінцій Католицької церкви.]]

'''Церко́вна прові́нція''' ({{lang2|la|it|provincia ecclesiastica}}; {{lang-en|ecclesiastical province}}, {{lang-es|provincia eclesiástica}}) — у [[християнство|християнстві]] церковна [[адміністративно-територіальна одиниця]], що підпорядковується [[архієпископ]]у або [[митрополит]]у<ref name="СН"/>. Складається з архієпископства ([[архідіоцезія|архідіоцезії]] або [[архієпархія|архієпархії]]) і декількох єпископств ([[суфраганна діоцезія|діоцезій]] або [[єпархія|єпархій]]). Зазвичай, центром церковної провінції є місто, де розташована катедра архієпископа. Перші церковні провінції існували в [[Східна Римська імперія|Східній Римській імперії]]: Сирійська з центром в [[Антиохія|Антиохії]], Азійська з центром в [[Ефес]]і, Єгипетська з центром в [[Александрія|Александрії]], Італійська з центром у [[Рим]]і<ref name="СН">Kirsch, Johann Peter. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12514a.htm Ecclesiastical Province] // ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. </ref>. Церковні провінції існують в [[Католицька церква|католицькій]], [[англіканська церква|англіканській]], деяких [[православна церква|православних]] і [[протестантизм|протестантських]] церквах.

== Див. також ==
* [[Провінціал]]

== Примітки ==
{{reflist}}

== Джерела ==
* Kirsch, Johann Peter. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12514a.htm Ecclesiastical Province] // ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.

== Посилання ==
{{ci}}
{{ac}}
[[Категорія:Християнство]]
[[Категорія:Церковні провінції]]
[[Категорія:Провінції]]


text:
# Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018
Das Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018 war ein destruktives, flaches Erdbeben mit der Momenten-Magnitude 6,9 Mw (7,0 ML auf der Richterskala). Es traf am Abend des 5. August 2018 um 19:46 Uhr Ortszeit die indonesische Insel Lombok. Das Erdbeben war das Hauptbeben zu dem Erdbeben vom 29. Juli 2018.
Das Epizentrum des Bebens lag an Land, unweit des Ortes Loloan im Regierungsbezirk Nord-Lombok. Als der Riss sich nordwärts fortsetzte und das Meer erreichte, wurden ein kleiner Tsunami mit einer Wellenhöhe von 13 Zentimetern ausgelöst. Die Erschütterungen wurden auf der gesamten Insel als schwer und auf den benachbarten Inseln Bali und Sumbawa als stark gemeldet. Durch die Auswirkungen des Erdbebens wurden mindestens 480 Personen getötet. Rund 7800 Menschen wurden verletzt, etwa 350.000–417.000 Bewohner wurden obdachlos.
Sowohl auf Lombok als auf Bali wurden verbreitet Sachschäden gemeldet. Nach Behördenangaben wurden mindestens 80 % der Bauwerke in Nord-Lombok beschädigt oder zerstört. Insgesamt wurden etwa 70.000 Häuser, 470 Schulen und 65 Moscheen beschädigt. Der entstandene Sachschaden wird auf mehr als 440 Millionen Euro geschätzt.
In den Tagen nach dem Hauptbeben ereigneten sich hunderte Nachbeben, das vorerst stärkste davon am 9. August hatte eine Moment-Magnitude von 5,9, am 19. August ereigneten sich zwei schwere Beben: Eines zu Mittag mit der Stärke 6,3 und ein weiteres um 22:56 Uhr Ortszeit mit der Stärke 6,9, dessen Epizentren im Meer, in 25 Kilometern Tiefe lagen. Auf Lombok und der Nachbarinsel Sumbawa kamen mindestens 20 Menschen ums Leben, zwei Dutzend weitere wurden verletzt. Dass nicht mehr Todesopfer zu beklagen sind, lag auch daran, dass sich viele Menschen im Freien oder in Notunterkünften aufhielten. Auf großen Teilen der Insel fiel der Strom aus, zudem stürzten wieder zahlreiche Gebäude ein. Laut Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, dem Sprecher der indonesischen Katastrophenschutzbehörde, handelte es sich bei dem nächtlichen Beben am 19. August nicht um ein Nachbeben, sondern um ein neues Hauptbeben. In den folgenden Stunden wurden mindestens fünf starke Nachbeben registriert.

## Tektonischer Überblick
Das Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018 mit der Magnitude Mw 6,9 ereignete sich als Ergebnis einer flachen Unterschiebung an oder beim Flores-Backarc-Verschub. Vorläufige Untersuchungen des Fokalmechanismus deuten darauf, dass das Erdbeben entweder an einer flachen, nach Süden abfallenden Überschiebung oder einer steilen, nach Norden abfallenden Aufschiebung erfolgte. An dem Breitengrad dieses Erdbebens konvergieren Sundaplatte und Australische Platte in Nord-Süd-Richtung mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 70 mm/Jahr. Die Lage dieses Erdbebens ist konsistent mit einer südwärtsorientierten Überschiebung im Bereich des Flores-Backarc-Verschubs.
An der Stelle des Ereignisse unterschiebt die Sundaplatte den indonesischen Inselbogen nach Süden, am Flores-Backarc-Verschub und weiter östlich entlang des Wetar-Backarc-Verschubs. Im Süden unterschiebt die australische Platte außerdem den Sundabogen nach Norden, entlang dem Sundagraben. Die Flores-Region markiert den Übergang zwischen traditioneller ozeanischer Plattensubduktion im Westen (Australische Platte unter Sundaplatte) zur Kollision von Kontinentalplatten im Osten. Als Ergebnis davon sind bei Schnittdarstellungen zwei gegensätzliche Verschiebungssysteme erkennbar, und die nordwärts abtauchende Scholle der Australischen Platte existiert tief unter den Inseln Indonesiens und der Floressee. Die Herdflächenlösung und die Tiefe dieses Erdbebens deuten an, dass es eher mit dem Flores-Backarc-Verschub in Zusammenhang steht als mit der tiefer liegenden Australischen Platte.
In der Region um das Erdbeben von 5. August 2018 ereigneten sich während der letzten einhundert Jahre sechs andere Erdbeben mit einer Magnitude M 6,5 oder größer. Vier von ihnen ereigneten sich wahrscheinlich in einem Backarc-Verschub; ein Erdbeben mit der Magnitude M 6,5 im Bereich von Bali westlich von Lombok im Juli 1976 sowie drei Ereignisse mit den Magnituden M 6,5, M 6,5 und M 6,6 in der Region Sumbawa östlich von Lombok im November 2007 und im November 2009. Im Zusammenhang mit den Sumbawa-Erdbeben gab es mehrere Tote und hunderte von Verletzten und hunderte von Behausungen wurden zerstört.

## Hilfsmaßnahmen
Indonesien hat keinen nationalen Notstand ausgerufen und derzeit keine internationale Hilfe angefragt. Das Indonesische Rote Kreuz (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI) unterstützt mit mehr als hundert Helfern die Rettungsarbeiten.
Nichtstaatliche Hilfsorganisationen aus Deutschland wie Caritas International stellen 50.000 Euro für die Soforthilfe bereit. Humedica entsendeten ein medizinisches Einsatzteam in die Erdbebenregion.

## Belege
1. 1 2 3  Mindestens zwölf Tote bei neuen Erdbeben in Indonesien. In: Salzburger Nachrichten. 20. August 2018, abgerufen am 20. August 2018.
2. 1 2 3  Zahl der Toten nach Erdbeben auf Lombok auf 460 gestiegen. In: Salzburger Nachrichten. 15. August 2018, abgerufen am 17. August 2018.
3. ↑  Mindestens 142 Tote nach starkem Erdbeben in Indonesien. In: Der Tagesspiegel. 6. August 2018, abgerufen am 9. August 2018.
4. 1 2  Erdbeben auf Lombok: 319 Tote geborgen, starkes Nachbeben. In: Tiroler Tageszeitung. 9. August 2018, abgerufen am 19. März 2020.
5. ↑  M 5.9 - 3km SE of Todo, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey, 9. August 2018, abgerufen am 10. August 2018 (englisch).
6. ↑  M 6.9 - 2km S of Belanting, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey, 19. August 2018, abgerufen am 21. August 2018 (englisch).
7. ↑  Die Zahl der Todesopfer auf Lombok steigt auf 555. In: NZZ. 24. August 2018, abgerufen am 6. September 2018.
8. ↑  resh Lombok quake a new mainshock, says govt. In: reliefweb.int. 20. August 2018, abgerufen am 21. August 2018 (englisch).
9. ↑  Wieder Tote bei Erdbeben in Indonesien. In: www.t-online.de. (t-online.de [abgerufen am 21. August 2018]).
10. 1 2 3  M 6.9 – 3km SSE of Loloan, Indonesia. United States Geological Survey, 5. August 2018, abgerufen am 7. August 2018 (englisch).
11. ↑  Indonesia: Lombok quakes don't meet national disaster status. In: Springfield News-Sun. 21. August 2018, archiviert vom Original (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am 21. August 2018; abgerufen am 21. August 2018 (englisch).  Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
12. ↑  https://www.drk.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/meldung/indonesische-insel-lombok-erneut-von-schwerem-erdbeben-erschuettert
13. ↑  https://www.presseportal.de/pm/67602/4027413
14. ↑  https://www.humedica.org/berichte/2018/humedica-schickt-aerzteteam-auf-die-indonesische-insel-lombok/index_ger.html

title: Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018

wikitext:
{{Dieser Artikel|behandelt das schwere Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018. Das Vorbeben von Ende Juli 2018 wird im Artikel [[Lombok-Erdbeben vom Juli 2018]] behandelt.}}
{{Infobox Erdbeben
|Bezeichnung        = Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018
|Breitengrad        = -8.287
|Längengrad         = 116.452
|Region-ISO         = ID
|Bild               = August_2018_Lombok_earthquake_intensity_map.png
|Bildbreite         =
|Bildunterschrift   =
|Karte              =
|Kartenbreite       =
|Kartenunterschrift =
|Poskarte           =
|Alternativkarte    = Indonesia relief location map.jpg
|Datum              = 2018-08-05
|Uhrzeit            = 11:46:37 UTC
|Intensität         = VIII
|Intensitätstyp     = MM
|Magnitude          = 6,9
|Magnitudentyp      = Mw
|Stärke             =
|Stärkentyp         =
|Tiefe              = 31
|Epizentrum         =
|entfernt von       =
|Land               = [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]], [[Indonesien]]
|Betroffene Orte    =
|Tsunami            = ja
|Tote               = 480<ref name="sn200818">{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.sn.at/panorama/international/mindestens-zwoelf-tote-bei-neuen-erdbeben-in-indonesien-39001747 |titel=Mindestens zwölf Tote bei neuen Erdbeben in Indonesien |werk=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |datum=2018-08-20 |zugriff=2018-08-20}}</ref>
|Verletzte          = 7800<ref name="sn150818">{{Internetquelle|url=https://www.sn.at/panorama/international/zahl-der-toten-nach-erdbeben-auf-lombok-auf-460-gestiegen-38824177 |titel=Zahl der Toten nach Erdbeben auf Lombok auf 460 gestiegen  |werk=[[Salzburger Nachrichten]] |datum=2018-08-15 |zugriff=2018-08-17}}</ref>
|Sachschaden        =
}}

Das '''Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018''' war ein destruktives, flaches [[Erdbeben]] mit der [[Momenten-Magnitude]] 6,9 Mw (7,0 ML auf der [[Richterskala]]). Es traf am Abend des 5. August 2018 um 19:46 Uhr [[UTC+8|Ortszeit]] die [[Indonesien|indonesische]] Insel [[Lombok]]. Das Erdbeben war das Hauptbeben zu dem [[Lombok-Erdbeben vom Juli 2018|Erdbeben vom 29. Juli 2018]].

Das Epizentrum des Bebens lag an Land, unweit des Ortes Loloan im Regierungsbezirk Nord-Lombok. Als der Riss sich nordwärts fortsetzte und das Meer erreichte, wurden ein kleiner [[Tsunami]] mit einer Wellenhöhe von 13 Zentimetern ausgelöst.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/ferieninsel-lombok-mindestens-142-tote-nach-starkem-erdbeben-in-indonesien/22881788.html |titel=Mindestens 142 Tote nach starkem Erdbeben in Indonesien |werk=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |datum=2018-08-06 |zugriff=2018-08-09}}</ref> Die Erschütterungen wurden auf der gesamten Insel als schwer und auf den benachbarten Inseln [[Bali]] und [[Sumbawa]] als stark gemeldet. Durch die Auswirkungen des Erdbebens wurden mindestens 480 Personen getötet. Rund 7800 Menschen wurden verletzt, etwa 350.000–417.000 Bewohner wurden obdachlos.<ref name="sn150818" /><ref name="sn200818" />
[[Datei:August 2018 Lombok Earthquake Gili Trawangan evacuation.jpg|mini|links|Touristen am Strand der Insel [[Gili Trawangan]] warten auf ihre Evakuierung]]
Sowohl auf Lombok als auf Bali wurden verbreitet Sachschäden gemeldet. Nach Behördenangaben wurden mindestens 80 % der Bauwerke in Nord-Lombok beschädigt oder zerstört. Insgesamt wurden etwa 70.000 Häuser, 470 Schulen und 65 Moscheen beschädigt.<ref name="tt090818">{{Internetquelle| url=https://www.tt.com/artikel/14680251/erdbeben-auf-lombok-319-tote-geborgen-starkes-nachbeben| titel=Erdbeben auf Lombok: 319 Tote geborgen, starkes Nachbeben | werk=[[Tiroler Tageszeitung]] | datum=2018-08-09 | abruf=2020-03-19}}</ref> Der entstandene Sachschaden wird auf mehr als 440 Millionen Euro geschätzt.<ref name="sn150818" />

In den Tagen nach dem Hauptbeben ereigneten sich hunderte Nachbeben, das vorerst stärkste davon am 9. August hatte eine Moment-Magnitude von 5,9,<ref name="tt090818" /><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000g5n1 |titel=M 5.9 - 3km SE of Todo, Indonesia |hrsg=[[United States Geological Survey]] |datum=2018-08-09 |zugriff=2018-08-10 |sprache=en}}</ref> am 19. August ereigneten sich zwei schwere Beben: Eines zu Mittag mit der Stärke 6,3 und ein weiteres um 22:56 Uhr Ortszeit mit der Stärke 6,9, dessen Epizentren im Meer, in 25 Kilometern Tiefe lagen.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000gda5 |titel=M 6.9 - 2km S of Belanting, Indonesia |hrsg=[[United States Geological Survey]] |datum=2018-08-19 |zugriff=2018-08-21 |sprache=en}}</ref> Auf Lombok und der Nachbarinsel Sumbawa kamen mindestens 20 Menschen ums Leben, zwei Dutzend weitere wurden verletzt. Dass nicht mehr Todesopfer zu beklagen sind, lag auch daran, dass sich viele Menschen im Freien oder in Notunterkünften aufhielten. Auf großen Teilen der Insel fiel der Strom aus, zudem stürzten wieder zahlreiche Gebäude ein.<ref name="sn200818" /><ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.nzz.ch/panorama/die-zahl-der-todesopfer-auf-lombok-steigt-auf-555-ld.1414151 |titel=Die Zahl der Todesopfer auf Lombok steigt auf 555 |werk=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung|NZZ]] |datum=2018-08-24 |zugriff=2018-09-06}}</ref> Laut [[Sutopo Purwo Nugroho]], dem Sprecher der indonesischen [[Katastrophenschutz]]behörde, handelte es sich bei dem nächtlichen Beben am 19. August nicht um ein Nachbeben, sondern um ein neues Hauptbeben.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/fresh-lombok-quake-new-mainshock-says-govt |titel=resh Lombok quake a new mainshock, says govt |werk=[[UN-Nothilfekoordinator|reliefweb.int]] |datum=2018-08-20 |zugriff=2018-08-21 |sprache=en}}</ref> In den folgenden Stunden wurden mindestens fünf starke Nachbeben registriert.<ref>{{Literatur |Titel=Wieder Tote bei Erdbeben in Indonesien |Sammelwerk=www.t-online.de |Online=https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/panorama/katastrophen/id_84307632/wieder-tote-bei-erdbeben-in-indonesien.html |Abruf=2018-08-21}}</ref>

== Tektonischer Überblick ==
Das Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018 mit der Magnitude Mw 6,9 ereignete sich als Ergebnis einer flachen Unterschiebung an oder beim Flores-[[Backarc-Becken|Backarc]]-Verschub. Vorläufige Untersuchungen des Fokalmechanismus deuten darauf, dass das Erdbeben entweder an einer flachen, nach Süden abfallenden Überschiebung oder einer steilen, nach Norden abfallenden Aufschiebung erfolgte. An dem Breitengrad dieses Erdbebens konvergieren [[Sundaplatte]] und [[Australische Platte]] in Nord-Süd-Richtung mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 70 mm/Jahr. Die Lage dieses Erdbebens ist konsistent mit einer südwärtsorientierten Überschiebung im Bereich des Flores-Backarc-Verschubs.<ref name="USGS"/>

An der Stelle des Ereignisse unterschiebt die Sundaplatte den indonesischen Inselbogen nach Süden, am Flores-Backarc-Verschub und weiter östlich entlang des Wetar-Backarc-Verschubs. Im Süden unterschiebt die australische Platte außerdem den Sundabogen nach Norden, entlang dem [[Sundagraben]]. Die Flores-Region markiert den Übergang zwischen traditioneller ozeanischer Plattensubduktion im Westen (Australische Platte unter Sundaplatte) zur Kollision von Kontinentalplatten im Osten. Als Ergebnis davon sind bei Schnittdarstellungen zwei gegensätzliche Verschiebungssysteme erkennbar, und die nordwärts abtauchende Scholle der Australischen Platte existiert tief unter den Inseln Indonesiens und der [[Floressee]]. Die [[Herdflächenlösung]] und die Tiefe dieses Erdbebens deuten an, dass es eher mit dem Flores-Backarc-Verschub in Zusammenhang steht als mit der tiefer liegenden Australischen Platte.<ref name="USGS"/>

In der Region um das Erdbeben von 5. August 2018 ereigneten sich während der letzten einhundert Jahre sechs andere Erdbeben mit einer Magnitude M 6,5 oder größer. Vier von ihnen ereigneten sich wahrscheinlich in einem Backarc-Verschub; ein Erdbeben mit der Magnitude M 6,5 im Bereich von Bali westlich von Lombok im Juli 1976 sowie drei Ereignisse mit den Magnituden M 6,5, M 6,5 und M 6,6 in der Region Sumbawa östlich von Lombok im November 2007 und im November 2009. Im Zusammenhang mit den Sumbawa-Erdbeben gab es mehrere Tote und hunderte von Verletzten und hunderte von Behausungen wurden zerstört.<ref name="USGS">{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us1000g3ub#executive |title=M 6.9 – 3km SSE of Loloan, Indonesia |publisher=United States Geological Survey |date=2018-08-05 |accessdate=2018-08-07 |language=Englisch}}</ref>

== Hilfsmaßnahmen ==
Indonesien hat keinen nationalen Notstand ausgerufen und derzeit keine internationale Hilfe angefragt.<ref>{{Internetquelle |url=https://www.springfieldnewssun.com/news/world/indonesia-lombok-quakes-don-meet-national-disaster-status/lcCkyR5VmtxgNzC7arGGHI/amp.html |titel=Indonesia: Lombok quakes don't meet national disaster status |werk=[[Cox Enterprises|Springfield News-Sun]] |datum=2018-08-21 |zugriff=2018-08-21 |sprache=en |archiv-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821160521/https://www.springfieldnewssun.com/news/world/indonesia-lombok-quakes-don-meet-national-disaster-status/lcCkyR5VmtxgNzC7arGGHI/amp.html |archiv-datum=2018-08-21 |offline=ja |archiv-bot=2019-04-28 05:55:00 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Das Indonesische Rote Kreuz (Palang Merah Indonesia, PMI) unterstützt mit mehr als hundert Helfern die Rettungsarbeiten.<ref>https://www.drk.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/meldung/indonesische-insel-lombok-erneut-von-schwerem-erdbeben-erschuettert</ref>

Nichtstaatliche Hilfsorganisationen aus Deutschland wie [[Caritas International]] stellen 50.000 Euro für die Soforthilfe bereit.<ref>https://www.presseportal.de/pm/67602/4027413</ref> [[Humedica]] entsendeten ein medizinisches Einsatzteam in die Erdbebenregion.<ref>https://www.humedica.org/berichte/2018/humedica-schickt-aerzteteam-auf-die-indonesische-insel-lombok/index_ger.html</ref>

== Belege ==
<references/>

[[Kategorie:Naturkatastrophe 2018]]
[[Kategorie:Erdbeben in Indonesien]]
[[Kategorie:Lombok]]
[[Kategorie:Geschichte Indonesiens (21. Jahrhundert)]]

title: Lombok-Erdbeben vom 5. August 2018

Intensität: VIII auf der MM-Skala

Tiefe: 31 km

Land: Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesien

Tsunami: ja