text:
# Схрёдер, Хинкелин
Хинкелин Схрёдер (нидерл. Hinkelien Schreuder; род. 13 февраля 1984 года в Горе, Нидерланды) — нидерландская пловчиха, олимпийская чемпионка 2008 года в эстафете 4×100 метров вольным стилем. Чемпионка мира на длинной воде, трёхкратная чемпионка мира в плавании на короткой воде, шестнадцатикратная чемпионка Европы на короткой воде. Специализируется в дисциплине — плавание вольным стилем и баттерфляем на короткие дистанции.

## Биография
Хинкелин Схрёдер родился 13 февраля 1984 года, в городе Гор (Оверэйссел). В местной школе отучилась первые три года, после чего её перевели в специализированное заведение по подготовке пловцов, которое она окончила в 2002 году. В восемнадцать лет Схрёдер переехала в Эйндховен, где тренируется по настоящее время. Представляет клуб «Eiffel Swimmers PSV/NZE». Тренируется под руководством Марселя Вауда (нидерл. Marcel Wouda).
Первая золотая медаль в её карьере была заработана на чемпионате Европы по короткой воде 2003 года в Дублине. В эстафете 4×50 м вольным стилем команда Схрёдер заняла первое место, обогнав соперниц из Швеции и Германии. Следующие соревнования на чемпионате Европы 2005, 2007—2010 годов приносили ей золотые медали в разных дисциплинах: эстафета 4×50 м вольным стилем, эстафета 4×50 м комбинированным стилем, 50 м баттерфляй, 50 м вольным стилем.
В активе Схрёдер три золотых медали в дисциплине эстафета 4×100 м вольным стилем на чемпионатах мира на короткой воде 2006, 2008, 2010 годов.
Участие на чемпионате мира по водным видам спорта 2009 года в Риме принесло первую в её карьере золотую медаль на соревнованиях этого уровня. В финальном заплыве эстафеты 4×100 м вольным стилем с результатом 3.31,72 её команда заняла первое место, установив мировой рекорд времени.
На Летних Олимпийских играх 2008 года в Пекине Шрёдер стала олимпийской чемпионкой в эстафете на дистанции 4×100 м вольным стилем вместе с Инге Деккер, Раноми Кромовидьойо, Фемке Хемскерк, Марлен Велдхёйс и Манон ван Ройхен, установив олимпийский рекорд времени — 3.33,76 (OR).
Схрёдер была включена в команду пловцов сборной Нидерландов на следующие, Летние Олимпийские игры 2012 года в Лондоне. Голландские пловчихи с результатом 3:33.79 заняли второе место соревнования, уступив золотую награду соперницам из Австралии (3:33.15).

title: Схрёдер, Хинкелин

wikitext:
{{Спортсмен|имя=Хинкелин Схрёдер|полное имя=|оригинал имени={{lang-nl|Hinkelien Schreuder}}|прозвища=|клуб=Eiffel Swimmers PSV/NZE
|года карьеры=|рабочая сторона=|тренеры=Marcel Wouda|рост=1,78 м|вес=61 кг|медали=
{{турнир|[[Летние Олимпийские игры|Олимпийские игры]]}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Летние Олимпийские игры 2008|Пекин 2008]]|[[Плавание на летних Олимпийских играх 2008 — эстафета 4×100 метров вольным стилем (женщины)|эстафета 4×100 м в/с]]}}
{{медаль|Серебро|[[Летние Олимпийские игры 2012|Лондон 2012]]|[[Плавание на летних Олимпийских играх 2012 — эстафета 4×100 метров вольным стилем (женщины)|эстафета 4×100 м в/с]]}}
{{турнир|[[Чемпионат мира по водным видам спорта]]}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат мира по водным видам спорта 2009|Рим 2009]]|[[Плавание на чемпионате мира по водным видам спорта 2009|эстафета 4×100 м в/с]]}}
{{турнир|[[Чемпионат мира по плаванию на короткой воде|Чемпионаты мира на короткой воде]]}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат мира по плаванию на короткой воде 2006|Шанхай 2006]]|эстафета 4×100 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат мира по плаванию на короткой воде 2008|Манчестер 2008]]|эстафета 4×100 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат мира по плаванию на короткой воде 2010|Дубай 2010]]|эстафета 4×100 м в/с}}
{{турнир|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде|Чемпионаты Европы на короткой воде]]}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2003|Дублин 2003]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2004|Вена 2004]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2004|Вена 2004]]|комб. эстафета 4×50 м}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2005|Триест 2005]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2005|Триест 2005]]|комб. эстафета 4×50 м}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2007|Дебрецен 2007]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2008|Риека 2008]]|50 м баттерфляй}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2008|Риека 2008]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2008|Риека 2008]]|комб. эстафета 4×50 м}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2009|Стамбул 2009]]|50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2009|Стамбул 2009]]|50 м баттерфляй}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2009|Стамбул 2009]]|100 м комплекс}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2009|Стамбул 2009]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2009|Стамбул 2009]]|комб. эстафета 4×50 м}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2010|Эйндховен 2010]]|эстафета 4×50 м в/с}}
{{медаль|Золото|[[Чемпионат Европы по плаванию на короткой воде 2010|Эйндховен 2010]]|комб. эстафета 4×50 м}}}}
'''Хинкелин Схрёдер''' ({{lang-nl|Hinkelien Schreuder}}; род. [[13 февраля]] [[1984 год]]а в [[Гор (Нидерланды)|Горе]], [[Нидерланды]]) — нидерландская [[Плавание|пловчиха]], олимпийская чемпионка 2008 года в [[Плавание на летних Олимпийских играх 2008 — эстафета 4×100 метров вольным стилем (женщины)|эстафете 4×100 метров вольным стилем]]. Чемпионка мира на длинной воде, трёхкратная чемпионка мира в плавании на короткой воде, шестнадцатикратная чемпионка Европы на короткой воде. Специализируется в дисциплине — плавание вольным стилем и баттерфляем на короткие дистанции.

== Биография ==
Хинкелин Схрёдер родился 13 февраля 1984 года, в городе [[Гор (Нидерланды)|Гор]] ([[Оверэйссел]]). В местной школе отучилась первые три года, после чего её перевели в специализированное заведение по подготовке пловцов, которое она окончила в 2002 году. В восемнадцать лет Схрёдер переехала в [[Эйндховен]], где тренируется по настоящее время. Представляет клуб «Eiffel Swimmers PSV/NZE». Тренируется под руководством Марселя Вауда ({{lang-nl|Marcel Wouda}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinkelienschreuder.nl|title=Achtergrond|author=|work=biografie|date=2016|publisher=hinkelienschreuder.nl|access-date=2021-04-24|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125010655/https://hinkelienschreuder.nl/|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Первая золотая медаль в её карьере была заработана на чемпионате Европы по короткой воде 2003 года в Дублине. В эстафете 4×50 м вольным стилем команда Схрёдер заняла первое место, обогнав соперниц из Швеции и Германии. Следующие соревнования на чемпионате Европы 2005, 2007—2010 годов приносили ей золотые медали в разных дисциплинах: эстафета 4×50 м вольным стилем, эстафета 4×50 м комбинированным стилем, 50 м баттерфляй, 50 м вольным стилем.

В активе Схрёдер три золотых медали в дисциплине эстафета 4×100 м вольным стилем на чемпионатах мира на короткой воде 2006, 2008, 2010 годов.

Участие на чемпионате мира по водным видам спорта 2009 года в Риме принесло первую в её карьере золотую медаль на соревнованиях этого уровня. В финальном заплыве эстафеты 4×100 м вольным стилем с результатом 3.31,72 её команда заняла первое место, установив мировой рекорд времени<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=athleteDetail&athleteId=4042719&athletePage=PBEST|title=SCHREUDER, Hinkelien|author=|work=Personal Bests|date=2016|publisher=swimrankings.net|access-date=2016-08-31|archive-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424202842/https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=athleteDetail&athleteId=4042719&athletePage=PBEST|url-status=live}}</ref>.

На [[Летние Олимпийские игры 2008|Летних Олимпийских играх 2008 года]] в [[Пекин]]е Шрёдер стала олимпийской чемпионкой в эстафете на дистанции 4×100 м вольным стилем вместе с [[Деккер, Инге|Инге Деккер]], [[Кромовидьойо, Раноми|Раноми Кромовидьойо]], [[Хемскерк, Фемке|Фемке Хемскерк]], [[Марлен Велдхёйс]] и Манон ван Ройхен, установив олимпийский рекорд времени — 3.33,76 (OR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alchetron.com/Hinkelien-Schreuder-399275-W|title=Hinkelien Schreuder|author=|work=Biographies|date=2016|publisher=Alchetron|access-date=2016-08-31|archive-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424202840/https://alchetron.com/Hinkelien-Schreuder|url-status=live}}</ref>.

Схрёдер была включена в команду пловцов сборной Нидерландов на следующие, [[Летние Олимпийские игры 2012]] года в Лондоне. Голландские пловчихи с результатом 3:33.79 заняли второе место соревнования, уступив золотую награду соперницам из Австралии (3:33.15)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/sports/swimming/events/womens-4x100m-freestyle-relay|title=Women's 4×100m Freestyle Relay|author=|work=London 2012|date=2012-08-13|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=2016-08-31|archive-date=2015-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902042947/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/sports/swimming/events/womens-4x100m-freestyle-relay|url-status=live}}</ref>.

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

== Ссылки ==
* {{SportsReference|sc/hinkelien-schreuder-1|NAME=Хинкелин Схрёдер}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.hinkelienschreuder.nl|title=Хинкелин Схрёдер|publisher=Персональный сайт|lang=nl}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.swimrankings.net/index.php?page=athleteDetail&athleteId=4042719&athletePage=PBEST|title=Хинкелин Схрёдер. Статистика выступлений|publisher=swimrankings.net|lang=nl}}
{{Олимпийские чемпионки в эстафете 4×100 метров вольным стилем}}

{{Внешние ссылки}}

[[Категория:Пловцы Нидерландов]]
[[Категория:Олимпийские чемпионы по плаванию]]
[[Категория:Олимпийские чемпионы от Нидерландов]]
[[Категория:Чемпионы летних Олимпийских игр 2008 года]]
[[Категория:Серебряные призёры летних Олимпийских игр 2012 года]]
[[Категория:Пловцы на летних Олимпийских играх 2004 года]]
[[Категория:Пловцы на летних Олимпийских играх 2008 года]]
[[Категория:Пловцы на летних Олимпийских играх 2012 года]]
[[Категория:Чемпионы мира по плаванию]]
[[Категория:Чемпионы Европы по плаванию]]

title: Личная информация

Пол: женский

Страна: - Нидерланды

Специализация: плавание

Клуб: Eiffel Swimmers PSV/NZE

Дата рождения: 13 февраля 1984 (41 год)

Место рождения: - Гор, Нидерланды

Тренеры: Marcel Wouda

Вес: 61 кг

Золото:
Пекин 2008 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с
Рим 2009 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с
Шанхай 2006 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с
Манчестер 2008 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с
Дубай 2010 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с
Дублин 2003 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Вена 2004 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Вена 2004 · комб. эстафета 4×50 м
Триест 2005 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Триест 2005 · комб. эстафета 4×50 м
Дебрецен 2007 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Риека 2008 · 50 м баттерфляй
Риека 2008 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Риека 2008 · комб. эстафета 4×50 м
Стамбул 2009 · 50 м в/с
Стамбул 2009 · 50 м баттерфляй
Стамбул 2009 · 100 м комплекс
Стамбул 2009 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Стамбул 2009 · комб. эстафета 4×50 м
Эйндховен 2010 · эстафета 4×50 м в/с
Эйндховен 2010 · комб. эстафета 4×50 м

Серебро: Лондон 2012 · эстафета 4×100 м в/с


text:
# USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)
Pour les autres navires du même nom, voir USS Gilbert Islands.
Le USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107) (ex-St. Andrews Bay) était un porte-avions d'escorte de classe Commencement Bay de la marine américaine. Il a été lancé le 20 juillet 1944 par les chantiers navals Todd-Pacific à Tacoma, État de Washington. Il a été parrainé par Mme Edwin D. McMorries, épouse du capitaine Edwin D. McMorries, chirurgien à l'hôpital naval de Puget Sound Naval Yard, et mise en service le 5 février 1945 avec le capitaine LK Rice aux commandes.
Il a été reclassé AGMR-1 le 1er juin 1963, rebaptisé USS Annapolis (AGMR-1) le 22 juin 1963 et finalement remis en service le 7 mars 1964.

## Historique
Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il a participé à la bataille d'Okinawa  au Japon et de la bataille de Balikpapan à Bornéo. Désarmé le 21 février 1947 à Norfolk.
Il fut de nouveau en service du 7 septembre 1951 au 15 janvier 1955, lorsqu'il servit comme porte-avions et navire-école. Alors qu'il était en réserve, le navire a été reclassé en tant que "Cargo Ship and Aircraft Ferry" (AKV-39) en mai 1959. Il a été supprimé du Naval Vessel Register le 1er juin 1961.
Reclassifié USS Annapolis (AGMR-1) en 1963. Il a participé à la guerre du Vietnam de 1965 à 1967, en tant qu'aide à la communication entre les unités navales. Il a été mis hors service le 20 décembre 1969 à Norfolk en Virginie. et placé dans la flotte de réserve du Pacifique. Le navire a été rayé du registre des navires de la marine le 15 octobre 1976 et vendu à la ferraille le 1er novembre 1979.
Annapolis a obtenu sept Service star pour le service de la guerre du Vietnam.

wikiname: frwiki

title: USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)

in_language: fr

wikitext:
{{Titre mis en forme|USS ''Gilbert Islands'' (CVE-107)}}
{{Ébauche|bateau|Forces armées des États-Unis}}
{{Autres navires}}
{{Infobox Navire
| nom = USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)
| image =USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107) underway in 1945.jpg
| légende =USS Gilbert Islands en 1945
| type = [[Porte-avions d'escorte]]
| classe = [[Classe Commencement Bay]]
| flotte = {{US Navy}}
| constructeur =
| chantier = [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation]]
| quille = {{date-|29 novembre 1943}}
| lancement = {{date-|20 juillet 1944}}
| armé = {{date-|5 février 1945}}
| statut = Désarmé le {{date-|15 octobre 1976}}
| équipage =1.066
| longueur = {{unité|170|m}}
| largeur = {{unité|23|m}}
| tirant d'eau ={{unité|9.80|m}}
| déplacement = {{formatnum:10.900}} tonnes
| propulsion =
* 2 turbines à engrenages
* 2 hélices
| puissance = 2 x {{unité|16.000|cv}}
| vitesse = 19 [[Nœud (unité)|nœuds]]
| capacité =
| armement =
*2x1 [[Canon de 5 pouces/38 calibres|canon de 127 mm]]
*36 canons [[Bofors 40 mm L/60]]
| aéronefs = 34
| port d'attache =
| indicatif =
}}
Le '''USS ''Gilbert Islands'' (CVE-107)''' (ex-''St. Andrews Bay'') était un [[porte-avions d'escorte]] de [[classe Commencement Bay]] de la [[US Navy|marine américaine]]. Il a été lancé le {{date-|20 juillet 1944}} par les [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|chantiers navals Todd-Pacific]] à [[Tacoma]], [[Washington (État)|État de Washington]]. Il a été parrainé par Mme Edwin D. McMorries, épouse du capitaine Edwin D. McMorries, chirurgien à l'hôpital naval de [[Puget Sound]] Naval Yard, et mise en service le {{date-|5 février 1945}} avec le capitaine LK Rice aux commandes.

Il a été reclassé '''AGMR-1''' le {{date-|1er juin 1963}}, rebaptisé {{USS|Annapolis|AGMR-1}} le {{date-|22 juin 1963}} et finalement remis en service le {{date-|7 mars 1964}}.
== Historique ==
Pendant la [[Seconde Guerre mondiale]], il a participé à la [[bataille d'Okinawa ]] au [[Japon]] et de la [[Bataille de Balikpapan (1945)|bataille de Balikpapan]] à [[Bornéo]]. Désarmé le 21 février 1947 à Norfolk.

Il fut de nouveau en service du 7 septembre 1951 au 15 janvier 1955, lorsqu'il servit comme porte-avions et [[navire-école]]. Alors qu'il était en réserve, le navire a été reclassé en tant que "Cargo Ship and Aircraft Ferry" ('''AKV-39''') en mai 1959. Il a été supprimé du [[Naval Vessel Register]] le {{date-|1er juin 1961}}.
[[File:USS Annapolis (AGMR-1).jpg|thumb|left|220px|USS Annapolis durant la guerre du Vietnam, 1967]]
Reclassifié {{USS|Annapolis|AGMR-1}} en 1963. Il a participé à la [[guerre du Vietnam]] de 1965 à 1967, en tant qu'aide à la communication entre les unités navales. Il a été mis hors service le {{date-|20 décembre 1969}} à Norfolk en Virginie. et placé dans la flotte de réserve du Pacifique. Le navire a été rayé du registre des navires de la marine le {{date-|15 octobre 1976}} et vendu à la ferraille le {{date-|1er novembre 1979}}.

Annapolis a obtenu sept ''[[Service star]]'' pour le service de la guerre du Vietnam.
== Voir aussi ==
=== Notes et références ===
{{Traduction/Référence|en|USS Gilbert Islands|1096486478}}
{{Références}}
=== Liens internes ===
* [[Classe Commencement Bay]]
* {{Lien|USS Annapolis (AGMR-1)}}

=== Liens externes ===
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:USS Gilbert Islands (CVE-107)}}
*{{en}} [http://www.navsource.org/archives/03/107.htm USS Gilbert Island - Site NavSource Online]
{{Palette|Classe Commencement Bay}}
{{Portail|forces armées des États-Unis|marines de guerre}}

[[Catégorie:Classe Commencement Bay]]
[[Catégorie:Porte-avions d'escorte de l'US Navy de la Seconde Guerre mondiale]]
[[Catégorie:Navire construit à Tacoma]]
[[Catégorie:Bateau lancé en 1944]]

title: Histoire

A servi dans: United States Navy

Chantier naval: Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation

Quille posée: 29 novembre 1943

Lancement: 20 juillet 1944

Armé: 5 février 1945

Statut: Désarmé le 15 octobre 1976

title: Équipage

title: Caractéristiques techniques

Déplacement: 10,900 tonnes

Propulsion: - 2 turbines à engrenages - 2 hélices

Vitesse: 19 nœuds

title: Caractéristiques militaires

Armement: - 2x1 canon de 127 mm - 36 canons Bofors 40 mm L/60

Pavillon: États-Unis

Caractéristiques militaires: modifier


text:
# Nojals-et-Clotte
Nojals-et-Clotte är en kommun i departementet Dordogne i regionen Nouvelle-Aquitaine i sydvästra Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen Beaumont-du-Périgord som tillhör arrondissementet Bergerac. År 2018 hade Nojals-et-Clotte 227 invånare.

## Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Nojals-et-Clotte
Referens:INSEE

wikiname: svwiki

title: Nojals-et-Clotte

in_language: sv

wikitext:
{{Kommunfakta Frankrike
|namn                        = Nojals-et-Clotte
|bild                        = Nojals dolmen.JPG
|bildtext                    = [[Stenkammargrav]]
|flagga                      =
|vapen                       =
|lat_g = 44 |lat_m = 43 |lat_s = | lat_NS = N
|long_g = 0 |long_m = 45 |long_s=  | long_EW = E
|region                      = [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
|departement                 = [[File:Blason département fr Dordogne.svg|15px]] [[Dordogne]]
|arrondissement              = [[Bergerac (arrondissement)|Bergerac]]
|kanton                      = [[Beaumont-du-Périgord (kanton)|Beaumont-du-Périgord]]
|kommunalförbund             =
|höjd_medel                  =
|höjd_max                    =
|höjd_min                    =
|areal                       = {{Stat/Frankrike/Kommuner/WD|Area}}
|areal_not                   =
|folkmängd                   = {{Stat/Frankrike/Kommuner/WD|Befolkning}}
|folkmängd_datum             = {{Stat/Frankrike/Kommuner/WD|Befolkningdatum}}
|folkmängd_not               =
|befolkningstäthet           = auto
|borgmästare                 =
|mandat                      =
|postnummer                  = 24440
|insee                       = 24310
|positionskarta              = Frankrike
|positionskartnamn           = {{Kartposition Frankrike|bild1}}
|karttext                    = Kommunens läge i regionen [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] i Frankrike
|karta                       =
|webbplats                   =
|fotnot                      =
|}}
{{Franska kommunkartor|24310}}

'''Nojals-et-Clotte''' är en [[Frankrikes kommuner|kommun]] i [[Frankrikes departement|departementet]] [[Dordogne]] i regionen [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] i sydvästra [[Frankrike]]. Kommunen ligger i kantonen [[Beaumont-du-Périgord (kanton)|Beaumont-du-Périgord]] som tillhör [[arrondissement]]et [[Bergerac (arrondissement)|Bergerac]]. År {{Stat/Frankrike/Kommuner/BefolkningårWD}} hade Nojals-et-Clotte {{formatnum:{{Stat/Frankrike/Kommuner/WD|Befolkning}}}} invånare.

== Befolkningsutveckling ==
'''''Antalet invånare i kommunen Nojals-et-Clotte'''''

<timeline>
ImageSize  = width:350 height:200
PlotArea   = left:50 right:20 top:25 bottom:30
TimeAxis   = orientation:vertical
AlignBars  = late
Colors =
  id:linegrey2 value:gray(0.9)
  id:linegrey value:gray(0.7)
  id:cobar value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.8)
  id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:0 till:240
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey
PlotData =
  color:cobar width:19 align:left
  bar:1968 from:0 till:213
  bar:1975 from:0 till:178
  bar:1982 from:0 till:183
  bar:1990 from:0 till:177
  bar:1999 from:0 till:193
  bar:2008 from:0 till:203
PlotData=
  textcolor:black fontsize:S
  bar:1968 at: 213 text: 213 shift:(-8,5)
  bar:1975 at: 178 text: 178 shift:(-8,5)
  bar:1982 at: 183 text: 183 shift:(-8,5)
  bar:1990 at: 177 text: 177 shift:(-8,5)
  bar:1999 at: 193 text: 193 shift:(-8,5)
  bar:2008 at: 203 text: 203 shift:(-8,5)
</timeline>

<small>Referens:[[Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|INSEE]]<ref>[http://www.recensement.insee.fr/basesChiffresCles.action Chiffres clés - Évolution et structure de la population] {{Wayback|url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/basesChiffresCles.action |date=20120705081112 }}</ref></small>

== Se även ==
* [[Lista över kommuner i departementet Dordogne]]

== Källor ==
<references/>

[[Kategori:Kommuner i Dordogne]]

Land: Frankrike

Region: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Departement: Dordogne

Arrondissement: Bergerac

Kanton: Beaumont-du-Périgord

Befolkningstäthet: 16 invånare/km²

Tidszon: CET (UTC+1)

- sommartid: CEST (UTC+2)


text:
# Miss Machine
Miss Machine – drugi album studyjny amerykańskiego zespołu The Dillinger Escape Plan. Wydawnictwo ukazało się na CD i płycie gramofonowej 20 lipca 2004 roku nakładem wytwórni muzycznej Relapse Records. Nagrania zostały zrealizowane w studiu Water Music w Hoboken w New Jersey, Mission Sound na Brooklynie w Nowym Jorku oraz w Backroom Rehearsal Studios w Rockaway w New Jersey. Miksowanie odbyło się w Quad Studios w Nowym Jorku. Ponadto w rozszerzonej wersji albumu dołączona została płyta DVD, zawierająca nagrania z koncertów w Los Angeles, Seattle, Orlando, Japonii i festiwalu Hellfest.
W ramach promocji zostały zrealizowane trzy teledyski do utworów: "Panasonic Youth" i "Unretrofied" w reżyserii Josha Grahama oraz "Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants" w reżyserii Dalea Resteghiniego. Był to również pierwszy album zrealizowany z udziałem wokalisty Grega Puciato. Płyta uzyskała szereg pozytywnych recenzji m.in. ze strony redaktorów muzyczny serwisów Allmusic, Chronicles of Chaos i Drowned in Sound. Negatywnie o kompozycjach wyraził się Greg Prato dziennikarz magazynu Rolling Stone.

## Lista utworów
Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego.
| Nr  | Tytuł utworu                      | Słowa   | Muzyka  | Długość |
| --- | --------------------------------- | ------- | ------- | ------- |
| 1.  | „Panasonic Youth”                 | Puciato | Weinman | 2:27    |
| 2.  | „Sunshine the Werewolf”           | Puciato | Weinman | 4:17    |
| 3.  | „Highway Robbery”                 | Puciato | Weinman | 3:30    |
| 4.  | „Van Damsel”                      | Puciato | Weinman | 2:59    |
| 5.  | „Phone Home”                      | Puciato | Pennie  | 4:15    |
| 6.  | „We Are the Storm”                | Puciato | Weinman | 4:38    |
| 7.  | „Crutch Field Tongs”              |         | Pennie  | 0:52    |
| 8.  | „Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants” | Puciato | Weinman | 3:27    |
| 9.  | „Baby's First Coffin”             | Puciato | Weinman | 4:02    |
| 10. | „Unretrofied”                     | Weinman | Weinman | 5:37    |
| 11. | „The Perfect Design”              | Puciato | Weinman | 3:50    |
|     |                                   |         |         | 39:54   |

| Edycja japońska | Edycja japońska                      | Edycja japońska | Edycja japońska | Edycja japońska |
| Nr              | Tytuł utworu                         | Słowa           | Muzyka          | Długość         |
| --------------- | ------------------------------------ | --------------- | --------------- | --------------- |
| 1.              | „Panasonic Youth”                    | Puciato         | Weinman         | 2:27            |
| 2.              | „Sunshine the Werewolf”              | Puciato         | Weinman         | 4:17            |
| 3.              | „Highway Robbery”                    | Puciato         | Weinman         | 3:30            |
| 4.              | „Van Damsel”                         | Puciato         | Weinman         | 2:59            |
| 5.              | „Phone Home”                         | Puciato         | Pennie          | 4:15            |
| 6.              | „We Are the Storm”                   | Puciato         | Weinman         | 4:38            |
| 7.              | „Crutch Field Tongs”                 |                 | Pennie          | 0:52            |
| 8.              | „Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants”    | Puciato         | Weinman         | 3:27            |
| 9.              | „Baby's First Coffin”                | Puciato         | Weinman         | 4:02            |
| 10.             | „Unretrofied”                        | Weinman         | Weinman         | 5:37            |
| 11.             | „The Perfect Design”                 | Puciato         | Weinman         | 3:50            |
| 12.             | „My Michelle” (cover Guns N’ Roses)  |                 |                 | 4:08            |
| 13.             | „Damaged Pt. 1&2” (cover Black Flag) |                 |                 | 4:56            |
|                 |                                      |                 |                 | 48:58           |

| DVD | DVD                            | DVD     |
| Nr  | Tytuł utworu                   | Długość |
| --- | ------------------------------ | ------- |
| 1.  | „When Good Dogs Do Bad Things” | 5:32    |
| 2.  | „Sugar Coated Sour”            | 2:27    |
| 3.  | „Perfect Design”               | 3:47    |
| 4.  | „The Running Board”            | 3:13    |
| 5.  | „PanasonicYouth”               | 2:25    |
| 6.  | „Phone Home”                   | 4:13    |
| 7.  | „The Mullet Burden”            | 1:52    |
|     |                                | 23:29   |

## Twórcy
Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego.
| Zespół The Dillinger Escape Plan w składzie - Ben Weinman – gitara, produkcja muzyczna - Brian Benoit – gitara - Chris Pennie – perkusja, produkcja muzyczna - Greg Puciato – śpiew - Liam Wilson – gitara basowa |  | Inni - Steve Evetts, Jessie Cannon, Mike Watkajtys, Robert Smith - inżynieria dźwięku - James Russo, Tom Shumway - asystent inżynieria dźwięku - Steve Evetts - produkcja muzyczna, miksowanie - Allan Douches - mastering - Matthew Jacobson - producent wykonawczy - Brian Montuori, Dimitri Minakakis - oprawa graficzna |

## Wydania
| Rok  | Nr katalogowy    | Format                | Wytwórnia muzyczna | Region            |
| ---- | ---------------- | --------------------- | ------------------ | ----------------- |
| 2004 | 6587-2           | CD, Album             | Relapse Records    | Stany Zjednoczone |
| 2004 | HWCY-1180        | CD, Album             | Ritual Records     | Japonia           |
| 2004 | 6589-2           | CD+DVD                | Relapse Records    | Stany Zjednoczone |
| 2004 | 6587-2           | CD, Album, Promo, Car | Relapse Records    | Stany Zjednoczone |
| 2004 | RR 6587-1        | LP, Album             | Relapse Records    | Stany Zjednoczone |
| 2006 | IROND CD 06-1128 | CD, Album             | Irond              | Rosja             |

## Listy sprzedaży
| Lista                                         | Kraj              | Pozycja |
| --------------------------------------------- | ----------------- | ------- |
| Billboard 200                                 | Stany Zjednoczone | 106     |
| Independent Albums                            | Stany Zjednoczone | 4       |
| Top Heatseekers                               | Stany Zjednoczone | 2       |
| Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique | Francja           | 156     |

wikiname: plwiki

title: Miss Machine

in_language: pl

wikitext:
{{Album muzyczny infobox
 |rodzaj albumu             = studyjny
 |tytuł                     = Miss Machine
 |okładka                   =
 |wykonawca                 = [[The Dillinger Escape Plan]]
 |wydany                    = 20 lipca 2004
 |nagrywany                 = Water Music, Mission Sound, Backroom Rehearsal Studios
 |gatunek                   = [[mathcore]]
 |długość                   = 39:54
 |wytwórnia                 = [[Relapse Records]]
 |producent                 = Steve Evetts, Benjamin Weinman, Chris Pennie
 |oceny                     = * [[Album of the Year (magazyn)|Album of the Year]] 76/100<ref>{{cytuj stronę|url= https://www.albumoftheyear.org/album/1649-the-dillinger-escape-plan-miss-machine.php |tytuł= The Dillinger Escape Plan – Miss Machine |autor = Album of the Year|opublikowany = [[Album of the Year (magazyn)|Album of the Year]] |język=en |data dostępu=2024-04-17}}</ref>
* [[Metacritic]] 80/100<ref>{{Cytuj stronę|url= https://www.metacritic.com/music/miss-machine/the-dillinger-escape-plan |tytuł= Miss Machine by The Dillinger Escape Plan |autor= Metacritic |opublikowany = [[Metacritic]]|język= en|data dostępu=2024-04-17}}</ref>
* [[AllMusic]] {{ocena|5|4.5}}<ref name="coma">{{cytuj stronę|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/miss-machine-r700276|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Loftus|imię=Johnny |opublikowany=[[AllMusic]]|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>
* Chronicles of Chaos 9/10<ref name="www.chroniclesofchaos.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.chroniclesofchaos.com/reviews/albums/2-3616_the_dillinger_escape_plan_miss_machine_.aspx|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Smit|imię=Jackie |opublikowany=chroniclesofchaos.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>
* [[Drowned in Sound]] 10/10<ref name="drownedinsound.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/3749/reviews/9914|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Diver|imię=Mike|opublikowany=[[Drowned in Sound]]|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01|archiwum=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705090039/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/3749/reviews/9914|zarchiwizowano=2015-07-05}}</ref>
* [[Pitchfork|Pitchfork Media]] (6.8/10)<ref name="pitchforkmedia.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/17010/Dillinger_Escape_Plan_Miss_Machine|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Moore|imię=David|opublikowany=[[Pitchfork|Pitchfork Media]]|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01|archiwum=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703221250/http://pitchforkmedia.com/article/record_review/17010/Dillinger_Escape_Plan_Miss_Machine|zarchiwizowano=2006-07-03}}</ref>
* [[Rolling Stone]] {{ocena|5|2}}<ref name="www.rollingstone.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/thedillingerescapeplan/albums/album/6223596/review/6367390/|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Prato|imię=Greg|opublikowany=[[Rolling Stone]]|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>
* [[Stylus Magazine]] B-<ref name="www.stylusmagazine.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040814232734/http://www.stylusmagazine.com:80/review.php?ID=2173|tytuł=Miss Machine review|nazwisko=Burns|imię=Todd |opublikowany=[[Stylus Magazine]]|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>
* [[Tiny Mix Tapes]] 4/5<ref>{{cytuj stronę|url = http://www.tinymixtapes.com/musicreviews/d/dillinger_escape_plan.htm |tytuł = The Dillinger Escape Plan: Miss Machine |autor = matt weir |opublikowany = [[Tiny Mix Tapes]] |język = en |data dostępu=2024-04-17|archiwum = https://web.archive.org/web/20071103132920/http://www.tinymixtapes.com/musicreviews/d/dillinger_escape_plan.htm|zarchiwizowano = 2007-11-03}}</ref>
 |rok wydania               = 2004
 |poprzedni album           = [[Irony Is a Dead Scene]]
 |rok poprzedniego albumu   = 2002
 |następny album            = [[Plagiarism]]
 |rok następnego albumu     = 2006
}}
'''Miss Machine''' – drugi [[album studyjny]] amerykańskiego zespołu [[The Dillinger Escape Plan]]. Wydawnictwo ukazało się na CD i płycie gramofonowej 20 lipca 2004 roku nakładem wytwórni muzycznej [[Relapse Records]]. Nagrania zostały zrealizowane w studiu Water Music w Hoboken w New Jersey, Mission Sound na Brooklynie w Nowym Jorku oraz w Backroom Rehearsal Studios w Rockaway w New Jersey<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>. Miksowanie odbyło się w Quad Studios w Nowym Jorku<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>. Ponadto w rozszerzonej wersji albumu dołączona została płyta DVD, zawierająca nagrania z koncertów w [[Los Angeles]], [[Seattle]], [[Orlando]], [[Japonia|Japonii]] i festiwalu Hellfest<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>.

W ramach promocji zostały zrealizowane trzy teledyski do utworów: "Panasonic Youth" i "Unretrofied" w reżyserii Josha Grahama oraz "Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants" w reżyserii Dalea Resteghiniego<ref>{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/dillinger-escape-plan/34140/panasonic-youth.jhtml#artist=502722|tytuł=The Dillinger Escape Plan - Panasonic Youth|opublikowany=www.mtv.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/dillinger-escape-plan/57540/unretrofied.jhtml#artist=502722|tytuł=The Dillinger Escape Plan - Unretrofied|opublikowany=www.mtv.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-02-28}}</ref><ref>{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/dillinger-escape-plan/39575/setting-fire-to-sleeping-giants.jhtml#artist=502722|tytuł=Dillinger Escape Plan - "Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants"|opublikowany=www.mtv.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>. Był to również pierwszy album zrealizowany z udziałem wokalisty [[Greg Puciato|Grega Puciato]]. Płyta uzyskała szereg pozytywnych recenzji m.in. ze strony redaktorów muzyczny serwisów Allmusic, Chronicles of Chaos i Drowned in Sound<ref name="www.stylusmagazine.com"/><ref name="coma"/><ref name="www.chroniclesofchaos.com"/><ref name="drownedinsound.com"/>. Negatywnie o kompozycjach wyraził się Greg Prato dziennikarz magazynu [[Rolling Stone]]<ref name="www.rollingstone.com"/>.

== Lista utworów ==
Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>.
{{Lista utworów2
| rok                          =
| tytuł                        =
| nota                         =
| 1-kolumna                    = Słowa
| 1-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 2-kolumna                    = Muzyka
| 2-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 3-kolumna                    =
| 3-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 4-kolumna                    =
| 4-kolumna szerokość          =
| zwinięte                     =
| nagłówek                     = tak
| suma                         = tak
| szerokość                    = 60%
||Panasonic Youth||Puciato||Weinman||2:27
||Sunshine the Werewolf||Puciato||Weinman||4:17
||Highway Robbery||Puciato||Weinman||3:30
||Van Damsel||Puciato||Weinman||2:59
||Phone Home||Puciato||Pennie||4:15
||We Are the Storm||Puciato||Weinman||4:38
||Crutch Field Tongs||||Pennie||0:52
||Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants||Puciato||Weinman||3:27
||Baby's First Coffin||Puciato||Weinman||4:02
||Unretrofied||Weinman||Weinman||5:37
||The Perfect Design||Puciato||Weinman||3:50
|}}
{{Lista utworów2
| rok                          =
| tytuł                        = Edycja japońska
| nota                         =
| 1-kolumna                    = Słowa
| 1-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 2-kolumna                    = Muzyka
| 2-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 3-kolumna                    =
| 3-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 4-kolumna                    =
| 4-kolumna szerokość          =
| zwinięte                     = tak
| nagłówek                     = tak
| suma                         = tak
| szerokość                    = 60%
||Panasonic Youth||Puciato||Weinman||2:27
||Sunshine the Werewolf||Puciato||Weinman||4:17
||Highway Robbery||Puciato||Weinman||3:30
||Van Damsel||Puciato||Weinman||2:59
||Phone Home||Puciato||Pennie||4:15
||We Are the Storm||Puciato||Weinman||4:38
||Crutch Field Tongs||||Pennie||0:52
||Setting Fire to Sleeping Giants||Puciato||Weinman||3:27
||Baby's First Coffin||Puciato||Weinman||4:02
||Unretrofied||Weinman||Weinman||5:37
||The Perfect Design||Puciato||Weinman||3:50
||My Michelle|cover [[Guns N’ Roses]]|||||4:08
||Damaged Pt. 1&2|cover [[Black Flag]]|||||4:56
|}}
{{Lista utworów2
| rok                          =
| tytuł                        = DVD
| nota                         =
| 1-kolumna                    = Słowa
| 1-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 2-kolumna                    = Muzyka
| 2-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 3-kolumna                    =
| 3-kolumna szerokość          = 200
| 4-kolumna                    =
| 4-kolumna szerokość          =
| zwinięte                     = tak
| nagłówek                     = tak
| suma                         = tak
| szerokość                    = 60%
||When Good Dogs Do Bad Things||||||5:32
||Sugar Coated Sour||||||2:27
||Perfect Design||||||3:47
||The Running Board||||||3:13
||PanasonicYouth||||||2:25
||Phone Home||||||4:13
||The Mullet Burden||||||1:52
|}}
== Twórcy ==
Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>.
{|
|valign="top"|
; Zespół The Dillinger Escape Plan w składzie
* [[Ben Weinman]] – [[gitara]], produkcja muzyczna
* Brian Benoit – [[gitara]]
* Chris Pennie – [[perkusja]], produkcja muzyczna
* [[Greg Puciato]] – [[śpiew]]
* [[Liam Wilson]] – [[gitara basowa]]
|width="100"|
|valign="top"|
; Inni
* Steve Evetts, Jessie Cannon, Mike Watkajtys, Robert Smith - inżynieria dźwięku
* James Russo, Tom Shumway - asystent inżynieria dźwięku
* Steve Evetts - produkcja muzyczna, [[miksowanie]]
* Allan Douches - [[mastering]]
* Matthew Jacobson - producent wykonawczy
* Brian Montuori, [[Dimitri Minakakis]] - oprawa graficzna
|}

== Wydania ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Rok
!Nr katalogowy
!Format
!Wytwórnia muzyczna
!Region
|-
|rowspan=5|2004
|6587-2<ref name="www.discogs.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://www.discogs.com/Dillinger-Escape-Plan-Miss-Machine/master/2681|tytuł=Dillinger Escape Plan, The - Miss Machine|opublikowany=www.discogs.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-04-01}}</ref>
|CD, Album
|Relapse Records
|Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|HWCY-1180<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>
|CD, Album
|Ritual Records
|Japonia
|-
|6589-2<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>
|CD+DVD
|Relapse Records
|Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|6587-2<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>
|CD, Album, Promo, Car
|Relapse Records
|Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|RR 6587-1<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>
|LP, Album
|Relapse Records
|Stany Zjednoczone
|-
|2006
|IROND CD 06-1128<ref name="www.discogs.com"/>
|CD, Album
|Irond
|Rosja
|}

== Listy sprzedaży ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Lista
!Kraj
!Pozycja
|-
|Billboard 200
|rowspan=3|Stany Zjednoczone
|106<ref name="allmusic.com">{{cytuj stronę|url=http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&searchlink=THE|DILLINGER|ESCAPE|PLAN&sql=11:gcfyxqqjldse~T5 |tytuł=The Dillinger Escape Plan Billboard Charts |opublikowany=allmusic.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|Independent Albums
|4<ref name="allmusic.com"/>
|-
|Top Heatseekers
|2<ref name="allmusic.com"/>
|-
|Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique
|Francja
|156<ref>{{cytuj stronę|url=https://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=The+Dillinger+Escape+Plan&cat=a|tytuł=The Dillinger Escape Plan Lescharts |opublikowany=lescharts.com|język=en|data dostępu=2010-03-31}}</ref>
|}

== Przypisy ==
{{Przypisy}}
{{The Dillinger Escape Plan}}

[[Kategoria:Albumy The Dillinger Escape Plan]]
[[Kategoria:Albumy muzyczne wydane w roku 2004]]
[[Kategoria:Albumy Relapse Records]]

title: Miss Machine

Gatunek: mathcore

Wydawnictwo: Relapse Records

Irony Is a Dead Scene · (2002): Miss Machine · (2004) · Plagiarism · (2006)


text:
# Jesus skall komma på himmelens sky
Jesus skall komma på himmelens sky är en sång med text och musik av officeren i Frälsningsarmén Kaleb Johnson.

## Publicerad i
- Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1990 som nr 625 under rubriken "Framtiden och hoppet".
- Sångboken 1998 som nr 67.

title: Jesus skall komma på himmelens sky

wikitext:
'''Jesus skall komma på himmelens sky''' är en sång med text och musik av officeren i [[Frälsningsarmén]] [[Kaleb Johnson]].

==Publicerad i==
*[[Frälsningsarméns sångbok 1990]] som nr 625 under rubriken "Framtiden och hoppet".
*[[Sångboken 1998]] som nr 67.

{{Psalmse}}
[[Kategori:Amerikanska psalmer]]


text:
# Twierdza Moguncja
Twierdza Moguncja (niem. Festung Mainz) – jedna z pięciu twierdz federalnych w Niemczech. Jest położona w Moguncji w kraju związkowym Nadrenia-Palatynat. Pierwsze mury miejskie zaczęto wznosić w 1619 roku. W 1675 roku miasto otoczone było 16 basztami. W latach 1710–1730 zbudowano 5 fortów wokół miasta. Kolejna faza budowy przypadała na lata 1841–1848. Po 1904 roku twierdza straciła znaczenie militarne i na zlecenie cesarza Wilhelma II wiele obiektów zostało rozebranych. Od 1909 roku w promieniu ok. 26 kilometrów od miasta wybudowano 318 nowoczesnych schronów. W 1918 roku na mocy traktatu wersalskiego Twierdza Moguncja została zdeklasowana. W czasie II wojny światowej liczne korytarze i pomieszczenia podziemne pełniły rolę schronienia przed nalotami. Twierdza służyła również jako obóz jeniecki (Oflag XII-B).

## Struktura twierdzy
- Bastion Alexander
- Bastion Martin
- Kasematte Bastion Franziskus
- Zitadelle Mainz
- Proviant-Magazin
- Mainz-Kasteler Reduit Kaserne
- Defensionskaserne
- Alexanderkaserne
- Gautor
- Bastion Alexander
- Gonsenheimer Tor
- Rheintore
- Fort Josef
- Fort Weisenau
- Fort Biehler
- Fort Malakoff
- Fort Stahlberg
- Fort Hauptstein
- Bassenheimer Hof
- Osteiner Hof
- Martinsburg and Electoral Palace
- Cavalier Prinz Holstein
- Caponniere at Feldbergplatz
- Rheinschanzen

title: Twierdza Moguncja

wikitext:
[[Plik:Zitadelle mainz.jpg|thumb|Cytadela Mainz]]
[[Plik:Mainz um 1844 lehnhardt.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Plan twierdzy z 1844 roku]]
'''Twierdza Moguncja''' ([[język niemiecki|niem.]] ''Festung Mainz'') – jedna z pięciu [[twierdza federalna|twierdz federalnych]] w [[Niemcy|Niemczech]]. Jest położona w [[Moguncja|Moguncji]] w [[kraj związkowy|kraju związkowym]] [[Nadrenia-Palatynat]]. Pierwsze mury miejskie zaczęto wznosić w 1619 roku. W 1675 roku miasto otoczone było 16 [[baszta]]mi. W latach 1710–1730 zbudowano 5 [[fort]]ów wokół miasta. Kolejna faza budowy przypadała na lata 1841–1848. Po 1904 roku twierdza straciła znaczenie militarne i na zlecenie cesarza [[Wilhelm II Hohenzollern|Wilhelma II]] wiele obiektów zostało rozebranych. Od 1909 roku w promieniu ok. 26 kilometrów od miasta wybudowano 318 nowoczesnych [[schron]]ów. W 1918 roku na mocy [[traktat wersalski|traktatu wersalskiego]] Twierdza Moguncja została zdeklasowana. W czasie [[II wojna światowa|II wojny światowej]] liczne korytarze i pomieszczenia podziemne pełniły rolę schronienia przed nalotami. Twierdza służyła również jako [[oflag|obóz jeniecki]] ([[Niemieckie obozy jenieckie 1939–1945|Oflag XII-B]]).

== Struktura twierdzy ==
* Bastion Alexander
* Bastion Martin
* Kasematte Bastion Franziskus
* Zitadelle Mainz
* Proviant-Magazin
* Mainz-Kasteler Reduit Kaserne
* Defensionskaserne
* Alexanderkaserne
* Gautor
* Bastion Alexander
* Gonsenheimer Tor
* Rheintore
* Fort Josef
* Fort Weisenau
* Fort Biehler
* Fort Malakoff
* Fort Stahlberg
* Fort Hauptstein
* Bassenheimer Hof
* Osteiner Hof
* Martinsburg and Electoral Palace
* Cavalier Prinz Holstein
* Caponniere at Feldbergplatz
* Rheinschanzen

== Bibliografia ==
* {{Cytuj książkę |nazwisko = Falck |imię = Ludwig |tytuł = Die Festung Mainz. Das Bollwerk Deutschlands – „Le boulevard de la France” |miejsce = Eltville |data = 1991}}
* {{Cytuj stronę |url = http://fort.mariwoj.pl/tmzstart.htm |tytuł = Twierdza Moguncja-Kastell |autor = Mariusz Wojciechowski |data = 1999 |data dostępu = 2018-04-24 |archiwum = https://web.archive.org/web/20180424203038/http://fort.mariwoj.pl/tmzstart.htm |zarchiwizowano = 2018-04-24 }}

== Linki zewnętrzne ==
{{commonscat|Festung Mainz}}
* [http://www.festung-mainz.de/ Festung Mainz] {{lang|de}}

{{Współrzędne|50°00′00″N 8°16′16″E|scale:1000|umieść=na górze}}

{{SORTUJ:Moguncja}}
[[Kategoria:Fortyfikacje w Niemczech]]
[[Kategoria:Fortyfikacje pruskie i niemieckie do 1918 roku]]
[[Kategoria:Twierdze w Niemczech]]
[[Kategoria:Zabytki Moguncji|Twierdza Moguncja]]
[[Kategoria:Obiekty budowlane w Nadrenii-Palatynacie|Twierdza Moguncja]]


text:
# Курома (приток Уфтюги)
Курома — река в России, протекает в Красноборском районе Архангельской области. Устье реки находится в 19 км по правому берегу реки Уфтюга у деревни Высокий Двор муниципального образования «Верхнеуфтюгское». Длина реки составляет 12 км.

## Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Двинско-Печорскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Северная Двина от впадения реки Вычегда до впадения реки Вага, речной подбассейн реки — Северная Двина ниже места слияния Вычегды и Малой Северной Двины. Речной бассейн реки — Северная Двина.
Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 03020300112103000026206.

wikiname: ruwiki

title: Курома (приток Уфтюги)

in_language: ru

wikitext:
{{значения|Курома}}
{{Река
 |Название                = Курома
  |Национальное название  =
 |Изображение             =
  |Подпись изображения    =
 |Длина                   = 12
 |Площадь водосбора       =
 |Бассейн                 = Уфтюга (приток Северной Двины)/Северная Двина/Белое море
 |Расход воды             =
  |Место измерения        =
 |Исток                   = Курома (болото)
  |Местоположение истока  =
  |Высота истока          =
  |Координаты истока      = 61.6735/46.51
 |Устье                   = Уфтюга (приток Северной Двины)
  |Местоположение устья   = 19 км по правому берегу
  |Высота устья           =
  |Координаты устья       = 61.6237/46.3913
 |Уклон реки              =
 |Страна                  = Россия
  |Регион                 = Архангельская область
   |Район                 = Красноборский район
}}
'''Курома''' — река в [[Россия|России]], протекает в [[Красноборский район|Красноборском районе]] Архангельской области. Устье реки находится в 19 км по правому берегу реки [[Уфтюга (приток Северной Двины)|Уфтюга]] у деревни [[Высокий Двор (Архангельская область)|Высокий Двор]] [[Муниципальное образование «Верхнеуфтюгское»|муниципального образования «Верхнеуфтюгское»]]. Длина реки составляет 12 км<ref name="ГВР"/>.

== Данные водного реестра ==
По данным [[Государственный водный реестр|государственного водного реестра России]] относится к [[Двинско-Печорский бассейновый округ|Двинско-Печорскому бассейновому округу]], [[водохозяйственный участок]] реки — [[Северная Двина]] от впадения реки [[Вычегда]] до впадения реки [[Вага (приток Северной Двины)|Вага]], речной подбассейн реки — Северная Двина ниже места слияния Вычегды и Малой Северной Двины. Речной бассейн реки — Северная Двина<ref name="ГВР"/>.

Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 03020300112103000026206<ref name="ГВР">{{ГВР|160210|Курома}}</ref>.

== Примечания ==
{{примечания}}

{{Северная Двина от впадения р. Вычегда}}

[[Категория:Притоки Уфтюги (притока Северной Двины)]]
[[Категория:Реки Красноборского района]]

title: Характеристика

Длина: 12 км

title: Водоток

Исток: Курома

Устье: Уфтюга

• Местоположение: 19 км по правому берегу

title: Расположение

Водная система: Уфтюга → Северная Двина → Белое море

Страна: - Россия

Регион: Архангельская область

Район: Красноборский район

Расположение: — исток, — устье


text:
# Barnkowo
Barnkowo – osada w Polsce położona w województwie zachodniopomorskim, w powiecie gryfińskim, w gminie Chojna.
W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość należała administracyjnie do województwa szczecińskiego.
Osada pierwszy raz wzmiankowana w 1270, do czasów współczesnych zachowała kształt owalnicy. Obecnie Barnkowo znajduje się w granicach administracyjnych Chojny, od pozostałej części miasta oddziela je Potok Jeleński zwany Małą Kalicą.

## Zabytki
- Kościół św. Marka w Chojnie
- Bramka cmentarna z XVI w.

title: Barnkowo

wikitext:
{{Polska miejscowość infobox
 |nazwa                  = Barnkowo
 |rodzaj miejscowości    = osada
 |zdjęcie                =
 |opis zdjęcia           =
 |alt zdjęcia            =
 |województwo            = zachodniopomorskie
 |powiat                 = [[Powiat gryfiński|gryfiński]]
 |gmina                  = [[Chojna (gmina)|Chojna]]
 |sołectwo               =
 |miejscowość podstawowa =
 |wysokość               =
 |liczba ludności        = 28
 |rok                    = 2004
 |strefa numeracyjna     = 91
 |kod pocztowy           = 74-500<ref>{{Poczta Polska|2022-10|s=14}}</ref>
 |tablice rejestracyjne  = ZGR
 |SIMC                   = 0773593
 |kod mapy               = Chojna (gmina)
 |współrzędne            = 52°57'40"N 14°28'37"E<ref name="prng">{{PRNG Miejscowości|186365|data=2023-11-05}}</ref>
 |commons                =
 |www                    =
}}
'''Barnkowo''' – [[osada]] w [[Polska|Polsce]] położona w [[województwo zachodniopomorskie|województwie zachodniopomorskim]], w [[powiat gryfiński|powiecie gryfińskim]], w [[Chojna (gmina)|gminie Chojna]]<ref name="R2013">''Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Cyfryzacji z dnia 13 grudnia 2012 r. w sprawie wykazu urzędowych nazw miejscowości i ich części'' ({{Dziennik Ustaw|2013|200}})</ref>.

[[Podział administracyjny Polski (1975–1998)|W latach 1975–1998]] miejscowość należała administracyjnie do [[Województwo szczecińskie (1975–1998)|województwa szczecińskiego]].

Osada pierwszy raz wzmiankowana w 1270, do czasów współczesnych zachowała kształt owalnicy. Obecnie Barnkowo znajduje się w granicach administracyjnych Chojny, od pozostałej części miasta oddziela je Potok Jeleński zwany Małą Kalicą<ref name="pomorze">[[Czesław Piskorski]] „Pomorze Zachodnie, mały przewodnik” Wyd. Sport i Turystyka Warszawa 1980 s. 117 {{ISBN|83-217-2292-X}}.</ref>.

== Zabytki ==
* [[Kościół św. Marka w Chojnie]]
* Bramka cmentarna z XVI w.

== Przypisy ==
{{Przypisy}}

{{Gmina Chojna}}

[[Kategoria:Chojna (gmina)]]

title: Barnkowo

Państwo: Polska

Województwo: zachodniopomorskie

Powiat: gryfiński

Gmina: Chojna

Tablice rejestracyjne: ZGR


text:
# Robbery Under Arms
Robbery Under Arms is a bushranger novel by Thomas Alexander Browne, published under his pen name Rolf Boldrewood. It was first published in serialised form by The Sydney Mail between July 1882 and August 1883, then in three volumes in London in 1888. It was abridged into a single volume in 1889 as part of Macmillan's one-volume Colonial Library series and has not been out of print since.
It is considered a classic of Australian colonial literature, alongside Marcus Clarke's convict novel For the Term of his Natural Life (1876) and Fergus Hume's mystery crime novel The Mystery of a Hansom Cab (1886), and has inspired numerous adaptations in film, television and theatre. It has been described as "once upon a time... the most blue-chip piece of IP in Australian showbusiness."

## Plot introduction
Writing in the first person, the narrator Dick Marston tells the story of his life and loves and his association with the notorious bushranger Captain Starlight, a renegade from a noble English family. Set in the bush and goldfields of Australia in the 1850s, Starlight's gang, with Dick and his brother Jim's help, sets out on a series of escapades that include cattle theft and robbery under arms.

## Plot summary
The book begins with Dick sitting in gaol, with just under one month before his scheduled execution for his crimes. He is given writing material, and begins documenting his life's story.
He starts with his childhood, with a father (Ben) who is prone to violence, particularly when he has been drinking; his mother, his sister (Aileen) and brother, Jim. He documents his first exposure to his father's crimes, the theft of a red calf, and the disapproval of this crime by his mother, who says she thought he had given up stealing since the theft which led to his transportation as a convict from England. Dick's first active involvement in crime, comes where the brothers choose to go cattle duffing (stealing), even though an offer of solid, honest work had been made with neighbour and friend, George Storefield. The divergent lives of the brothers to that of George is a recurring theme of the book from this point forward, as they continue to meet up at different points throughout the story's course. This first theft includes their introduction to Captain Starlight, his Aboriginal assistant, Warrigal, and their hideaway, Terrible Hollow.
Further thefts follow, leading up to the brazen theft of 1000 head, driven overland to Adelaide with Starlight. After the success of this adventure, the brothers "lie low" in Melbourne, where they meet the sisters, Kate and Jeanie Morrison. The brothers return to home for Christmas, leading to incarceration and trial of Dick and Starlight. (The magistrate chooses to refer to Starlight only by this nickname, at the Captain's request). Warrigal helps Dick and Starlight escape to Terrible Hollow. The gang later has its first stage holdup.
The brothers then move to the Turon goldfields. Their prosperity through honest, hard work gives them the chance for escape from the country to start a new life overseas. Jim is re-united with Jeanie Morrison and marries her. Dick meets Kate Morrison again, but her tumultuous nature leads her, in an angry mood, to alert the police to their presence, and they narrowly escape capture and return to the safety of Terrible Hollow.
Seeing no alternative to crime, the gang joins forces with a soon- to- be rival Dan Moran and his friends to stage a major hold up of the armed, escorted stagecoach leaving the goldfields. The robbery is a success, with the members splitting up after sharing the gold takings. Starlight's crew hears word of Moran's planned home invasion of a police informant named Mr Whitman, at a time when Mr Whitman was known to be absent. Marston and Starlight intervene, forcing Moran and his men to leave, thus preventing further harm to the women present and the home being burnt down at the end of the night.
At the height of their infamy, the gang attend the Turon horse race, where Starlight's horse, Rainbow, wins. The same weekend, they attend the wedding of a publican's daughter, Bella Barnes, where Starlight fulfils his earlier promise to dance, unrecognised, with her at her wedding, despite the presence of the entire town, including the goldfields commissioner and other dignitaries. Ben Marston is later ambushed and wounded by bounty hunters. Moran, nearby, releases him, and shoots all four bounty hunters in cold blood, again highlighting the different honour codes between the two gangs. Ben returns to Terrible Hollow, and is nursed by his daughter, Aileen. Aileen and Starlight begin a relationship, and arrange to marry.
Despite the animosity between the rivals, they team up again to rob the home of the Goldfield Commissioner, Mr Knightley, but are met with more resistance than they expected. One of Moran's associates is shot in the skirmish, and Moran is keen to kill Knightley when they later have him face to face. Starlight turns the tables by giving Mr Knightley one of his own pistols. He them proceeds to arrange for Knightley's wife to go to Bathurst and withdraw some cash, and meet Moran's men by "the Black Stump", outside of Bathurst town. Starlight passes the time gambling with Mr Knightley, sharing his food, drink and company. Starlight loses money in the gambling, and arranges to repay by direct payment into his account, as well as paying for the horse he is offered when leaving.
Throughout the book, there have been chance meetings with Dick's childhood friend and neighbour, George Storefield who, in contrast with the Marston boys, works hard, keeps within the law and thrives financially. Dick starts to hold up George, now a successful grazier, businessman, magistrate and landholder, before realising who it was. George offers the brothers safe haven and cattle mustering work, which would allow Dick, Starlight and Jim safer travel to Townsville in Queensland, from where they plan to leave to San Francisco. They accept the offer, but are caught, partially due to betrayal by Warrigal and Kate Morrison along the way, and Starlight and Jim are shot dead. Dick is wounded and brought to trial, bringing the story to where it began, with Dick expecting to be hanged shortly.
In a surprise ending, Dick's sentence is reduced to fifteen years imprisonment due to petitions from Storefield, Knightley and other prominent people. He serves twelve years, is visited occasionally by Gracey Storefield, whom he marries shortly after his release, before moving to a remote area of Queensland to manage a station for her brother, George Storefield.

## Characters inRobbery Under Arms
- Dick Marston: The narrator, an Australian bushman.
- Jim Marston: His brother.
- Aileen Marston: Dick and Jim's sister.
- Mrs Marston: Ben's wife and the mother of Dick, Jim and Aileen.
- Ben Marston: Dick, Jim and Aileen's father, a Lincolnshire man transported for poaching.
- Jeanie Morrison/"Jeanie Marston": One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". Later marries Jim. She is Kate's sister.
- Kate Morrison: One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". She is Jeanie's sister and Jim's sister-in-law.
- George Storefield: Neighbour and friend of the Marston family.
- Gracy Storefield: George's sister and Dick's wife after serving his prison sentence.
- Captain Starlight: An honourable bushranger.
- Warrigal: Starlight's Aboriginal assistant.
- Rainbow: Starlight's horse.
- Mr Whitman: A police informant.
- Mr Knightley: The goldfield commissioner.
- Mrs Knightley: Mr Knightley's wife.
- Miss Falkland: A woman whom Starlight and his crew rescues when Dan Moran leads his men in a home invasion of Mr Whitman.
- Bella Barnes: A friend of the bushrangers with whom Starlight vows to dance at her wedding.
- Dan Moran: A corrupt bushranger.

Note: The spelling of the surname Marston varies in some editions/adaptations. Alternate spellings include "Marsden" and "Masterton".

## Allusions/references from other works
The early film adaptations of the book are referenced in the title of Kathryn Heyman's 2006 novel, Captain Starlight's Apprentice.

## Major themes
The book, written in first person narrative, contains repeated regrets for the narrator's crimes, highlighting how seemingly minor crimes led to an inescapable life of further crimes. These are contrasted with the success of Dick's hardworking childhood friend, who becomes a successful landowner, merchant and magistrate.
The themes of honour and loyalty are repeated throughout the story, which eventually leads to Dick's redemption from hanging and, having served his time in gaol, a presumed peaceful, safe and legal life.
As a ripping yarn, originally told in periodical installments, the story mostly centres around the lovable villains, who are adventurers and thieves but nevertheless with high moral standards and, in some ways, trapped by circumstances of their own making.

## Literary significance and criticism
A reviewer in The West Australian in 1889 noted its authenticity: "The book is written in an original and thrillingly interesting manner, and being from the pen of an Australian author we are spared those ludicrous mistakes which English writers so frequently fall into when describing things Antipodean."
English author Thomas Wood called the novel "a classic, which for life and dash and zip and colour — all of a period — has no match in all Australian letters."
Robbery Under Arms is cited as an important influence on Owen Wister's 1902 novel The Virginian, widely regarded as the first western.
In her literary study, Australian Classics, Jane Gleeson-White noted that the book's use of the "colonial vernacular" bared comparison with Mark Twain's in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: "As with Twain's novel, it is the brilliant vitality and intimacy of Dick's narrative voice, as well as the wild adventures he has with his brother Jim, Starlight and the women they love, that make Robbery Under Arms such lively reading."

## Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science
In his December 1888 Preface to the New Edition, Browne wrote:

"...though presented in the guise of fiction, this chronicle of the Marston family must not be set down by the reader as wholly fanciful or exaggerated. Much of the narrative is literally true, as can be verified by official records."

Although bushranger Frank Pearson claimed Captain Starlight was based on him, Boldrewood claims his character was a composite, based in part on Harry Redford but primarily on Thomas Law, known as Captain Midnight. The cattle robbery follows the lifting of about a thousand head by Redford from Bowen Downs Station in 1870. Some of the exploits recounted are based on actual incidents involving bushrangers Daniel Morgan, Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner and John Gilbert, although not all factual events which contributed to the novel took place during the period in which the novel is set. Terrible Hollow, the gang's bush hideaway, is drawn from a sunken valley reported in the Gwydir district.

## Adaptations
- 1890: Popular stage melodrama by Garnet Walch and Alfred Dampier.
- 1907: Robbery Under Arms - black and white silent film, one of Australia's earliest features, produced by Charles MacMahon.
- 1907: Robbery Under Arms - silent film made by J and N Tait, who had made The Story of the Kelly Gang
- 1911: Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road - another black and white silent film made by Dampier's daughter, Lily, and her husband, Alfred Rolfe.
- 1920: Robbery Under Arms - silent film written and directed by actor Kenneth Brampton, who also played the role of Captain Starlight.
- 1941: Robbery Under Arms, adaptation of the book for BBC radio
- 1943: Robbery Under Arms, the first time the book had been adapted for Australian radio.[11] The adaptation was written by Peter Creswell and directed by Charles Wheeler. It ran for nine episodes and was broadcast throughout Australian on the ABC network,[12] and featured Mary Hoskin, Aileen Harpur, Marion Johns, and Trilby Clark.[13]

- 1957: Robbery Under Arms - sound and technicolour film version for the British Rank Organisation, directed by Jack Lee, starring Peter Finch as Captain Starlight.
- 1985: Robbery Under Arms - film and mini-series starring Steven Vidler as Dick Marston and Sam Neill as Captain Starlight, released in separate versions for screen and television. Produced by Jock Blair and directed by Donald Crombie and Ken Hannam.

Some attempts to adapt the novel in the 1920s and 30s were hindered by the bushranger ban. It has been called "the great lost film" of Ken G. Hall's career.
Browne was paid twenty shillings per performance for Alfred Dampier's theatrical adaptation.
'Rolfe Boldrewood' spent time camped between Warrnambool and Port Fairy in South West Victoria along the banks of the Merri River.  He was particularly interested in nearby 'Tower Hill', a place not unlike the 'Terrible Hollow', which some authorities speculate may have been his inspiration for 'The Hollow'.  At nearby Koroit, 'Henry Handel Richardson' aka Ethel Florence Lindesay, spent some of her childhood, and used the town to describe unfavourable places in her novels.

## Release details
- 1888, First edition, England, Remington and Co Publishers, Hardback (3 vols.)
- 2006, edited by Paul Eggert and Elizabeth Webby, Australia, University of Queensland Press, Academy Editions of Australian Literature, ISBN 978-0-7022-3574-0, Pub date 31 October 2006, Hardback and paperback. (Full text of original serialised version, including the 29,000 words missing from later publications.)
- 2023, Standard EBooks (Full text of original version, 244,712 words)[16]

wikiname: enwiki

title: Robbery Under Arms

in_language: en

wikitext:
{{Short description|Australian novel by Rolf Boldrewood}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox book <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject Books -->
| name          = Robbery Under Arms
| image         = Robbery under arms.jpg
| caption       = First edition of ''Robbery Under Arms''
| author        = [[Rolf Boldrewood]]
| country       = Australia
| language      = English
| genre         = [[Bushranger]] novel
| publisher     = [[Remington & Co]] Publishers, London.
| release_date  = 1888
| media_type    = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages         = 300 pp
}}

'''''Robbery Under Arms''''' is a [[bushranger]] novel by [[Thomas Alexander Browne]], published under his [[pen name]] Rolf Boldrewood. It was first published in serialised form by ''[[The Sydney Mail]]'' between July 1882 and August 1883, then in three volumes in London in 1888. It was abridged into a single volume in 1889 as part of [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]'s one-volume Colonial Library series and has not been out of print since.<ref name="Austlit">{{cite web|title= Austlit — ''Robbery Under Arms'' by Rolf Boldrewood |publisher= Austlit|url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/C252884|access-date= 17 August 2023}}</ref>

It is considered a classic of [[Australian literature#Early and classic works|Australian colonial literature]], alongside [[Marcus Clarke]]'s convict novel ''[[For the Term of his Natural Life]]'' (1876) and [[Fergus Hume]]'s mystery crime novel ''[[The Mystery of a Hansom Cab]]'' (1886), and has inspired numerous adaptations in film, television and theatre. It has been described as "once upon a time... the most blue-chip piece of IP in Australian showbusiness."<ref name="robbery">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/wrecking-australian-stores-the-1957-film-version-of-robbery-under-arms/|date=7 March 2025|access-date=7 March 2025|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|title=Wrecking Australian stores: the 1957 film version of Robbery Under Arms|magazine=Filmink}}</ref>

== Plot introduction ==

Writing in the first person, the narrator Dick Marston tells the story of his life and loves and his association with the notorious [[Bushrangers|bushranger]] Captain Starlight, a renegade from a noble English family. Set in the bush and goldfields of Australia in the 1850s, Starlight's gang, with Dick and his brother Jim's help, sets out on a series of escapades that include cattle theft and robbery under arms.

== Plot summary ==
[[File:Captain Starlight Robbery Under Arms.jpg|thumb|upright|Patrick William Marony, ''Starlight's hold-up at the dance hall'', 1894]]
The book begins with Dick sitting in gaol, with just under one month before his scheduled execution for his crimes. He is given writing material, and begins documenting his life's story.

He starts with his childhood, with a father (Ben) who is prone to violence, particularly when he has been drinking; his mother, his sister (Aileen) and brother, Jim. He documents his first exposure to his father's crimes, the theft of a red calf, and the disapproval of this crime by his mother, who says she thought he had given up stealing since the theft which led to his transportation as a convict from England. Dick's first active involvement in crime, comes where the brothers choose to go cattle duffing (stealing), even though an offer of solid, honest work had been made with neighbour and friend, George Storefield. The divergent lives of the brothers to that of George is a recurring theme of the book from this point forward, as they continue to meet up at different points throughout the story's course. This first theft includes their introduction to Captain Starlight, his Aboriginal assistant, Warrigal, and their hideaway, Terrible Hollow.

Further thefts follow, leading up to the brazen theft of 1000 head, driven overland to Adelaide with Starlight. After the success of this adventure, the brothers "lie low" in Melbourne, where they meet the sisters, Kate and Jeanie Morrison. The brothers return to home for Christmas, leading to incarceration and trial of Dick and Starlight. (The magistrate chooses to refer to Starlight only by this nickname, at the Captain's request). Warrigal helps Dick and Starlight escape to Terrible Hollow. The gang later has its first stage holdup.

The brothers then move to the Turon goldfields. Their prosperity through honest, hard work gives them the chance for escape from the country to start a new life overseas. Jim is re-united with Jeanie Morrison and marries her. Dick meets Kate Morrison again, but her tumultuous nature leads her, in an angry mood, to alert the police to their presence, and they narrowly escape capture and return to the safety of Terrible Hollow.

[[File:Chas Hammond Robbery Under Arms.jpg|thumb|left|Charles E. Hammond, ''Starlight and his gang sticking up the Turon Gold Escort'', c. 1898]]
Seeing no alternative to crime, the gang joins forces with a soon- to- be rival Dan Moran and his friends to stage a major hold up of the armed, escorted stagecoach leaving the goldfields. The robbery is a success, with the members splitting up after sharing the gold takings. Starlight's crew hears word of Moran's planned home invasion of a police informant named Mr Whitman, at a time when Mr Whitman was known to be absent. Marston and Starlight intervene, forcing Moran and his men to leave, thus preventing further harm to the women present and the home being burnt down at the end of the night.

At the height of their infamy, the gang attend the Turon horse race, where Starlight's horse, Rainbow, wins. The same weekend, they attend the wedding of a publican's daughter, Bella Barnes, where Starlight fulfils his earlier promise to dance, unrecognised, with her at her wedding, despite the presence of the entire town, including the goldfields commissioner and other dignitaries. Ben Marston is later ambushed and wounded by bounty hunters. Moran, nearby, releases him, and shoots all four bounty hunters in cold blood, again highlighting the different honour codes between the two gangs. Ben returns to Terrible Hollow, and is nursed by his daughter, Aileen. Aileen and Starlight begin a relationship, and arrange to marry.

Despite the animosity between the rivals, they team up again to rob the home of the Goldfield Commissioner, Mr Knightley, but are met with more resistance than they expected. One of Moran's associates is shot in the skirmish, and Moran is keen to kill Knightley when they later have him face to face. Starlight turns the tables by giving Mr Knightley one of his own pistols. He them proceeds to arrange for Knightley's wife to go to Bathurst and withdraw some cash, and meet Moran's men by "the [[Black Stump]]", outside of [[Bathurst, New South Wales|Bathurst]] town. Starlight passes the time gambling with Mr Knightley, sharing his food, drink and company. Starlight loses money in the gambling, and arranges to repay by direct payment into his account, as well as paying for the horse he is offered when leaving.

[[File:Captain Starlight shot.jpg|thumb|Patrick William Marony, ''Death of Captain Starlight with his head in Warrigal's lap'', 1894]]
Throughout the book, there have been chance meetings with Dick's childhood friend and neighbour, George Storefield who, in contrast with the Marston boys, works hard, keeps within the law and thrives financially. Dick starts to hold up George, now a successful grazier, businessman, magistrate and landholder, before realising who it was. George offers the brothers safe haven and cattle mustering work, which would allow Dick, Starlight and Jim safer travel to [[Townsville]] in [[Queensland]], from where they plan to leave to [[San Francisco]]. They accept the offer, but are caught, partially due to betrayal by Warrigal and Kate Morrison along the way, and Starlight and Jim are shot dead. Dick is wounded and brought to trial, bringing the story to where it began, with Dick expecting to be hanged shortly.

In a surprise ending, Dick's sentence is reduced to fifteen years imprisonment due to petitions from Storefield, Knightley and other prominent people. He serves twelve years, is visited occasionally by Gracey Storefield, whom he marries shortly after his release, before moving to a remote area of Queensland to manage a station for her brother, George Storefield.

== Characters in ''Robbery Under Arms'' ==

* '''Dick Marston''': The narrator, an Australian bushman.
* '''Jim Marston''': His brother.
* '''Aileen Marston''': Dick and Jim's sister.
* '''Mrs Marston''': Ben's wife and the mother of Dick, Jim and Aileen.
* '''Ben Marston''': Dick, Jim and Aileen's father, a [[Lincolnshire]] man transported for poaching.
* '''Jeanie Morrison/"Jeanie Marston"''': One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". Later marries Jim. She is Kate's sister.
* '''Kate Morrison''': One of two sisters that the Marston brothers meet in Melbourne while "lying low". She is Jeanie's sister and Jim's sister-in-law.
* '''George Storefield''': Neighbour and friend of the Marston family.
* '''Gracy Storefield''': George's sister and Dick's wife after serving his prison sentence.
* '''Captain Starlight''': An honourable bushranger.
* '''Warrigal''': Starlight's Aboriginal assistant.
* '''Rainbow''': Starlight's horse.
* '''Mr Whitman''': A police informant.
* '''Mr Knightley''': The goldfield commissioner.
* '''Mrs Knightley''': Mr Knightley's wife.
* '''Miss Falkland''': A woman whom Starlight and his crew rescues when Dan Moran leads his men in a home invasion of Mr Whitman.
*'''Bella Barnes''': A friend of the bushrangers with whom Starlight vows to dance at her wedding.
* '''Dan Moran''': A corrupt bushranger.

Note: The spelling of the surname Marston varies in some editions/adaptations. Alternate spellings include "Marsden" and "Masterton".

== Allusions/references from other works ==

The early film adaptations of the book are referenced in the title of [[Kathryn Heyman]]'s 2006 novel, ''Captain Starlight's Apprentice''.<ref name="NLA1">{{cite web|title= ''Captain Starlight's Apprentice'' by Kathryn Heyman |publisher= National Library of Australia|url= https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/8626313|access-date= 17 August 2023}}</ref>

== Major themes ==
The book, written in first person narrative, contains repeated regrets for the narrator's crimes, highlighting how seemingly minor crimes led to an inescapable life of further crimes. These are contrasted with the success of Dick's hardworking childhood friend, who becomes a successful landowner, merchant and magistrate.

The themes of honour and loyalty are repeated throughout the story, which eventually leads to Dick's redemption from hanging and, having served his time in gaol, a presumed peaceful, safe and legal life.

As a ripping yarn, originally told in periodical installments, the story mostly centres around the lovable villains, who are adventurers and thieves but nevertheless with high moral standards and, in some ways, trapped by circumstances of their own making.

== Literary significance and criticism ==

A reviewer in ''The West Australian'' in 1889 noted its authenticity: "The book is written in an original and thrillingly interesting manner, and being from the pen of an Australian author we are spared those ludicrous mistakes which English writers so frequently fall into when describing things Antipodean."<ref name="WArev">{{cite web|title="New Books" |publisher= The West Australian, 17 July 1889, p3|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3127072|access-date= 17 August 2023}}</ref>

English author [[Thomas Wood (composer)|Thomas Wood]] called the novel "a classic, which for life and dash and zip and colour — all of a period — has no match in all Australian letters."<ref name="adbon">[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030247b.htm Browne, Thomas Alexander], [http://adbonline.anu.edu.au Australian Dictionary of Biography Online]. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref>

''Robbery Under Arms'' is cited as an important influence on [[Owen Wister]]'s 1902 novel ''[[The Virginian (novel)|The Virginian]]'', widely regarded as the first [[Western fiction|western]].<ref>Graulich, Melody; Tatum, Stephen. ''Reading the Virginian in the New West''. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8032-7104-2}}</ref>

In her literary study, ''Australian Classics'', Jane Gleeson-White noted that the book's use of the "colonial vernacular" bared comparison with Mark Twain's in ''[[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn]]'': "As with Twain's novel, it is the brilliant vitality and intimacy of Dick's narrative voice, as well as the wild adventures he has with his brother Jim, Starlight and the women they love, that make ''Robbery Under Arms'' such lively reading."<ref>''Australian Classics'' by Jane Gleeson-White, Allen & Unwin, 2007, p10</ref>

== Allusions/references to actual history, geography and current science ==

In his December 1888 ''Preface to the New Edition'', Browne wrote:

<blockquote>
"...though presented in the guise of fiction, this chronicle of the Marston family must not be set down by the reader as wholly fanciful or exaggerated. Much of the narrative is literally true, as can be verified by official records."<ref>Preface to the 1889 edition.</ref>
</blockquote>

Although bushranger [[Frank Pearson]] claimed Captain Starlight was based on him, Boldrewood claims his character was a composite, based in part on [[Harry Redford]] but primarily on [[Midnight (bushranger)|Thomas Law]], known as Captain Midnight.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article163692784 |title=Starlight, in "Robbery Under Arms." |newspaper=[[The Sydney Mail and New South Wales Advertiser]] |volume=LXX |issue=2109 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 December 1900 |access-date=21 April 2021 |page=1353 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name="Wikisource">{{ws|[[s:Robbery Under Arms|Robbery Under Arms]] at Wikisource}}</ref> The cattle robbery follows the lifting of about a thousand head by Redford from [[Bowen Downs Station]] in 1870.<ref name="adbon" /> Some of the exploits recounted are based on actual incidents involving [[bushrangers]] Daniel Morgan, [[Ben Hall (bushranger)|Ben Hall]], [[Frank Gardiner]] and [[John Gilbert (bushranger)|John Gilbert]], although not all factual events which contributed to the novel took place during the period in which the novel is set.<ref name="Wikisource" /> Terrible Hollow, the gang's bush hideaway, is drawn from a sunken valley reported in the [[Gwydir River|Gwydir]] district.<ref name="adbon" />

== Adaptations ==

* 1890: [[Robbery Under Arms (play)|Popular stage melodrama]] by [[Garnet Walch]] and [[Alfred Dampier]].
* 1907: ''[[Robbery Under Arms (1907 MacMahon film)|Robbery Under Arms]]'' - black and white silent film, one of Australia's earliest features, produced by [[Charles MacMahon (theatre)|Charles MacMahon]].
*1907: ''[[Robbery Under Arms (1907 Tait film)|Robbery Under Arms]]'' - silent film made by J and N Tait, who had made ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]''
* 1911: ''[[Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road]]'' - another black and white silent film made by Dampier's daughter, [[Lily Dampier|Lily]], and her husband, [[Alfred Rolfe (director)|Alfred Rolfe]].
* 1920: ''[[Robbery Under Arms (1920 film)|Robbery Under Arms]]'' - silent film written and directed by actor [[Kenneth Brampton]], who also played the role of Captain Starlight.
*1941: ''Robbery Under Arms'', adaptation of the book for BBC radio
* 1943: ''Robbery Under Arms'', the first time the book had been adapted for Australian radio.<ref>{{Citation
  | author1=Australian Broadcasting Commission.
  | title=ROBBERY UNDER ARMS
  | journal=ABC Weekly
  | year=1939
  | volume=5| issue=1 (2 January 1943)
  | location=Sydney
  | publisher=ABC
  | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1352880557
  | id=nla.obj-1352880557
  | access-date=19 September 2023
  | via=Trove
}}</ref> The adaptation was written by Peter Creswell and directed by Charles Wheeler. It ran for nine episodes and was broadcast throughout Australian on the ABC network,<ref>{{Citation
  | author1=Australian Broadcasting Commission.
  | title=Plays Robbery Under Arms
  | journal=ABC Weekly
  | year=1939
  | volume=5| issue=1 (2 January 1943)
  | location=Sydney
  | publisher=ABC
  | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1352880389
  | id=nla.obj-1352880389
  | access-date=19 September 2023
  | via=Trove
}}</ref> and featured Mary Hoskin, Aileen Harpur, Marion Johns, and Trilby Clark.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107697318 |title=ABC STARS OF THE AIR |newspaper=[[The Muswellbrook Chronicle]] |volume=23 |issue=10 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=9 February 1943 |accessdate=19 September 2023 |page=4 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

* 1957: ''[[Robbery Under Arms (1957 film)|Robbery Under Arms]]'' - sound and technicolour film version for the British [[Rank Organisation]], directed by [[Jack Lee (film director)|Jack Lee]], starring [[Peter Finch]] as Captain Starlight.
* 1985: ''[[Robbery Under Arms (1985 film)|Robbery Under Arms]]'' - film and mini-series starring [[Steven Vidler (actor)|Steven Vidler]] as Dick Marston and [[Sam Neill]] as Captain Starlight, released in separate versions for screen and television. Produced by Jock Blair and directed by [[Donald Crombie]] and [[Ken Hannam]].

Some attempts to adapt the novel in the 1920s and 30s were hindered by the [[bushranger ban]]. It has been called "the great lost film" of [[Ken G. Hall]]'s career.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|title=Unmade Cinesound|date=10 August 2019}}</ref>

Browne was paid twenty shillings per performance for Alfred Dampier's theatrical adaptation.<ref>[http://www.courts.qld.gov.au/publications/articles/speeches/2006/atkinson110906.pdf ''Dramatic copyright in Australia to 1912''], [http://www.courts.qld.gov.au Queensland Courts]. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref>

'Rolfe Boldrewood' spent time camped between Warrnambool and Port Fairy in South West Victoria along the banks of the Merri River.  He was particularly interested in nearby 'Tower Hill', a place not unlike the 'Terrible Hollow', which some authorities speculate may have been his inspiration for 'The Hollow'.  At nearby Koroit, '[[Henry Handel Richardson]]' aka Ethel Florence Lindesay, spent some of her childhood, and used the town to describe unfavourable places in her novels.

== Release details ==

* '''1888''', First edition, England, Remington and Co Publishers, Hardback (3 vols.)
* '''2006''', edited by Paul Eggert and Elizabeth Webby, Australia, University of Queensland Press, Academy Editions of Australian Literature, {{ISBN|978-0-7022-3574-0}}, Pub date 31 October 2006, Hardback and paperback. (Full text of original serialised version, including the 29,000 words missing from later publications.)
* '''2023''', Standard EBooks (Full text of original version, 244,712 words)<ref name="SEbooks">{{cite web|title="Robbery Under Arms" |publisher= Standard EBooks|url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rolf-boldrewood/robbery-under-arms|access-date= 17 August 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[1888 in Australian literature]]
* {{cite book | title=Robbery Under Arms | last=Boldrewood | first=Rolf | authorlink=Rolf Boldrewood | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=London | edition=World Classics series | isbn=0192505106 }}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/rolf-boldrewood/robbery-under-arms}}
* {{gutenberg|no=1198|name=Robbery Under Arms}}, based on the 1889 single volume edition
*{{librivox book | title=Robbery Under Arms| author=Boldrewood}}
* {{IMDb name|0092809|Rolf Boldrewood}}
* [http://www.nla.gov.au/openpublish/index.php/jasal/article/view/4/4 Elizabeth Webby, Killing the Narrator: National difference in adaptations of ''Robbery Under Arms'' ''JASAL'' 1, 2002]

{{Wikisource|Robbery Under Arms|''Robbery Under Arms''}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Robbery Under Arms}}
{{Bushrangers |state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1888 Australian novels]]
[[Category:1888 in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian historical novels]]
[[Category:Australian adventure novels]]
[[Category:Victorian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Australia]]
[[Category:Novels set in the 1850s]]
[[Category:Novels about bushrangers]]
[[Category:Novels about theft]]
[[Category:Fiction about robbery]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Australian newspapers]]
[[Category:Australian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Adventure novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Australian novels adapted into television shows]]
[[Category:Australian novels adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Australian novels adapted for radio]]

title: Robbery Under Arms

Author: Rolf Boldrewood

Genre: Bushranger novel

Publisher: Remington & Co Publishers, London.

Publication place: Australia

Media type: Print (Hardback & Paperback)


text:
# Содова сировина
Со́дова сировина́ — природні мінеральні утворення, що містять у собі вуглекислий натрій, з яких економічно доцільно отримувати кальциновану чи каустичну соду в промислових масштабах.

## Опис
Розрізняють 2 групи содової сировини. У першу групу входять родовища власне природної соди, представлені гірськими породами з великою кількістю мінералів, які містять карбонати і бікарбонати натрію, до другої належать підземні води содового типу з підвищеним (понад 5 г/л) вмістом карбонатів натрію.
Світове виробництво кальцинованої соди у 1998 році (в дужках дані за 1997 рік) склало (в тис. т):
- всього — 33495 (32715), в тому числі в країнах
- Західної Європи — 6332 (6233);
- Східної Європи — 4263 (4326);
- Північної Америки — 10873 (10850);
- Латинської Америки — 309 (294);
- Африки і Середнього Сходу — 1201 (911);
- Азії і Океанії — 10517 (10101).

При цьому частка природної соди постійно зростає, досягаючи 1/8 від загального виробництва; 90 % видобутку соди припадає на США.
Основним споживачем кальцинованої соди є скляна, хімічна промисловість і кольорова металургія, а також целюлозно-паперова, нафтохімічна, нафтопереробна, харчова і медична промисловість..
У 2009 році світове виробництво кальцинованої соди становило близько 35 000 тис. т. В Україні основний продуцент кальцинованої соди — ПАТ «Кримський содовий завод» — понад 2 % світового виробництва соди та до 80 % вітчизняного виробництва.

wikiname: ukwiki

title: Содова сировина

in_language: uk

wikitext:
'''Со́дова сировина́''' — [[Мінерали|природні мінеральні утворення]], що містять у собі [[вуглекислий натрій]], з яких економічно доцільно отримувати [[Карбонат натрію|кальциновану]] чи [[Гідроксид натрію|каустичну соду]] в промислових масштабах.

== Опис ==
Розрізняють 2 групи содової сировини. У першу групу входять родовища власне природної соди, представлені гірськими породами з великою кількістю мінералів, які містять [[карбонати]] і [[Гідрокарбонат натрію|бікарбонати натрію]], до другої належать [[підземні води]] содового типу з підвищеним (понад 5 г/л) вмістом карбонатів натрію.

Світове виробництво кальцинованої соди у 1998 році (в дужках дані за 1997 рік) склало (в тис. т):

* всього — 33495 (32715), в тому числі в країнах
* [[Західна Європа|Західної Європи]] — 6332 (6233);
* [[Східна Європа|Східної Європи]] — 4263 (4326);
* [[Північна Америка|Північної Америки]] — 10873 (10850);
* [[Латинська Америка|Латинської Америки]] — 309 (294);
* [[Африка|Африки]] і [[Середній Схід|Середнього Сходу]] — 1201 (911);
* [[Азія|Азії]] і [[Океанія|Океанії]] — 10517 (10101).

При цьому частка природної соди постійно зростає, досягаючи 1/8 від загального виробництва; 90 % видобутку соди припадає на [[США]].

Основним споживачем кальцинованої соди є [[скляна промисловість|скляна]], [[хімічна промисловість]] і [[кольорова металургія]], а також [[Целюлозно-паперова промисловість|целюлозно-паперова]], [[Нафтохімічна промисловість|нафтохімічна]], [[Нафтопереробна промисловість|нафтопереробна]], [[Харчова промисловість|харчова]] і [[медична промисловість]].<ref>Soda ash / Harriman Stephen // Mining J. — 1999. — Annual Rev. — P. 129—130. {{ref-en}}</ref>.

У 2009 році світове виробництво кальцинованої соди становило близько 35 000 тис. т. В Україні основний продуцент кальцинованої соди — ПАТ «<nowiki/>[[Кримський содовий завод]]<nowiki/>» — понад 2 % світового виробництва соди та до 80 % вітчизняного виробництва.

== Див. також ==
* [[Сода]]

== Примітки ==
{{reflist}}

== Література ==
* {{МГЕ}}
* [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020.pdf U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, Mineral commodity summaries 2020: U.S. Geological Survey, 200 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2020.

[[Категорія:Сировина]]
[[Категорія:Содова промисловість]]]


text:
# Crocus angustifolius
Crocus angustifolius là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Diên vĩ. Loài này được Weston miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1771.

wikiname: viwiki

title: Crocus angustifolius

in_language: vi

wikitext:
{{tiêu đề nghiêng}}
{{Bảng phân loại
| name = ''Crocus angustifolius''
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| image =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Thực vật|Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Thực vật có hoa|Angiospermae]]
| unranked_classis = [[Thực vật một lá mầm|Monocots]]
| ordo = [[Bộ Măng tây|Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Họ Diên vĩ|Iridaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Crocus]]''
| species = '''''C. angustifolius'''''
| binomial = ''Crocus angustifolius''
| binomial_authority = Weston, 1771
}}
'''''Crocus angustifolius''''' là một loài [[thực vật có hoa]] trong [[họ Diên vĩ]]. Loài này được Weston miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1771.<ref>{{chú thích web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-327130| title=''Crocus angustifolius''|accessdate=ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 2013| author=The Plant List | year =2010}}</ref>

==Chú thích==
{{tham khảo|30em}}

==Liên kết ngoài==
*{{commonscat-inline|Crocus angustifolius}}
*{{wikispecies-inline|Crocus angustifolius}}

[[Thể loại:Crocus]]
[[Thể loại:Thực vật được mô tả năm 1771]]

{{Iridaceae-stub}}

title: Phân loại khoa học

Giới (regnum): Plantae

(không phân hạng): Angiospermae Monocots

Bộ (ordo): Asparagales

Họ (familia): Iridaceae

Chi (genus): Crocus

Loài (species): C. angustifolius

title: Danh pháp hai phần

Danh pháp hai phần: Crocus angustifolius · Weston, 1771