text:
• Non-Slip Bath Tub Appliques 10 Pack
  • Non-Slip Bath Tub Appliques 10 Pack
  • Non-Slip Bath Tub Appliques 10 Pack
Plunder / Plunder-Miscellaneous / Home Decor / Kids / Children's Room

Non-Slip Bath Tub Appliques 10 Pack 072147

072147 /child-safety/non-slip-bath-tub-appliques-10-pack/072147.html
€3.49 EUR 3.49

Add to cart options

Product Actions

Delivery & Returns €4.99 Delivery, Free over €50

In Stock
Standard delivery within 3-8 working days: €4.99
Delivery & Returns

Returns Policy

Returns accepted within 14 days
Delivery & Returns

Additional Information

Product Information

  • This versatile pack of 10 heat alert anti-slip bath mats help to provide support and comfort for young children, while reducing the physical stress of bathing on parents
  • The non-slip mats have a textured surface that helps to prevent accidental scalding as well as slips and falls
  • An ideal bath water temperature is around 37 degrees, the mats will change colour if the water becomes too hot
  • Position the appliques around the bottom of the bath tub to help prevent any accidental slips or falls
  • Available in two different styles
Home Store + More

Thank you for visiting our
Did you know that you can now shop online at ?

Enter your 3day advance PLUS+ code to reveal our half price offers.

Your exclusive 3 day Plus+ advance code has been successfully applied

You can now shop this month’s half price offers!


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: text/html

WARC-Type: response

text:
Gold Ribbon Gift Ornament - Tall

Gold Ribbon Gift Ornament - Tall

Regular price $6.00

These ornaments are hand-selected by Steven Fox of Steven Fox Interiors.  They are elegant, unique, and the highest quality.  They come from the many countries and traditions of Europe.  They are made of highest quality materials of hand blown glass, real semi-precious gemstones, Swarovski Crystals, hand-carved lite balsam wood, 24K gold and silver leaf, hand-fired porcelain, nickel-free brass, Exotic silks from the Japan, real cruelty feathers, special glazed, and kiln fired finishes, and fine, gilded wires.

These are heirloom ornaments that should be passed to generation to generation.  They retail at prices 50 -150% higher in luxury boutiques and very, high-end, department stores - like Neiman Marcus.  Holiday Luxury…you can't afford not to buy!

Pretty, little, white, porcelain gift box ornaments all wrapped up in gold leaf ribbons and bows bring dreams of holiday surprises in the season of love.  1'' x 1'' x 3.7'

We think you might also like...

warcinfo:
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2020-05
publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for January 2020
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-67-67-129.ec2.internal
software: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
robots: checked via crawler-commons 1.1-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)
format: WARC File Format 1.1
conformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/


text:
Six Keys to Pulling off a Great Brand Photo Shoot

Photo by: Julia Fay Photography

Engaging and personable images are one of the most powerful ways to connect to your audience—and one of the best ways to get these is through a brand photo shoot. A great photo shoot will help your brand, website, and credibility shine, and can get you closer to those clients you’ve been waiting for.

What excites me the most about branding photo shoots? Setting the stage for you to stand out online by staying totally true to who you are.

If you can knock this task out of the park, it will set your brand up for months of beautiful content for all your marketing needs. Here are six steps to follow to plan for an epic brand photo shoot:

1) Figure out where these photos will go

Will 80% of these photos be used as Instagram content? As images on your website? Do you need specific images for your email newsletter? Do you have any launches coming up? Take a minute to jot down all of the platforms you hope to use the images for. This will help you keep in mind exactly what you need to shoot and what you need to tell your photographer.

For example, if you want to update all of your website images and almost all of those images are vertical, the photographer needs to know this.

You should start working on a shot list of images you need, but keep in mind that a lot of photo shoots flow in an organic way. So by “shot list”, I don’t mean a list of 100 specific poses. Instead, gear your shot list towards specific themes and looks that you want to make sure you get.

2) Decide how you want your audience to feel

It’s important that your brand photos match up with your brand’s personality and values. So before you start stressing over what you’re going to wear, ask yourself, “How do I want people to see my brand?” “What feels authentic?” “What feels like me?”

Presenting a cohesive brand to your audience is key to showing people exactly who you are and what your business does. The goal is to connect with them before they even meet us.

Start by jotting down words that make sense for your brand and your audience. When they see your photos, do we want them to feel a sense of trust? Happy and giggly? What about empowered?

Whatever you choose, be sure to relay these words to your photographer. Emotion is one of the BIGGEST pieces of conveying a brand, and we want to help the photographer capture shots that inspire the right kind of emotion in the right people.

Photo by: Julia Fay Photography

3) Find locations that make sense

Now that we’ve laid out some groundwork, we can jump in to the visuals! Keeping those words you jotted down in step two in mind, what colors and backgrounds would be a good fit?

Take some time to scout out locations that make you feel connected to your brand and personality (your photographer will be able to share suggestions with you, too). Find places that make you feel relaxed and in your element —if shooting in front of crowds and busy public areas is going to make you nervous, steer towards more private locations.

There’s one more thing I want you to think about: where are your clients/ideal customers hanging out? What are some places that they will connect to when they see your brand photos?

4) Make a shopping list (or don’t!)

Okay, my friend, put down the credit card for a moment—you don’t need a whole new closet before your shoot. A few new pieces? Sure, maybe. But the important thing is that you should wear pieces that make sense to you, and I have a feeling there are a lot of those already in your closet.

Keep your brand color palette in mind when pulling pieces for your shoot. Not every photo needs to have the same three colors, but you should stay inside the realm of your branding color scheme. If your brand is very colorful, happy, and bright, it probably wouldn’t make sense to wear all black. And vice versa, if your brand look has a lot of neutral tones, keep your outfit selections within the world of whites, greys, and taupes.

The most important thing to keep in mind? Choose an outfit that makes you look and feel amazing! Make sure your clothes fit well and are flattering to your body type—the last thing you want on the day of your shoot is to feel awkward and stiff in front of the camera because your shirt is too short or your high-waisted jeans make it heard to breathe.

I suggest putting on each outfit you plan to wear and taking a few photos in each one at different angles. This will give you a good feel of how the pieces are going to photograph.

Photo by: Julia Fay Photography

5) Choose a photographer who gets you

There are two really important things you should take into account when searching for the right person to capture these images for you.

1 ) Does their style match yours?

Pay attention to the types of photos they have on their website and social platforms. What you see is what you will get, so make sure their editing style matches your aesthetic. Whether you are dreaming of colorful, vibrant photos or for darker, more contrasting tones, make sure the photographer edits in that style.

2 ) Does their vibe match yours?

Aside from their visual aesthetic, they probably each have their own unique way that they interact with the people they photograph. You need to make sure your energies match up and that you guys are going to connect. You probably aren’t in front of the camera all that much, so it’s crucial that your photographer make s you feel comfortable and relaxed.

I suggest starting by looking at their portfolio and asking: are the people in those photos exuding the emotion you’re going after? Some photographers are amazing at getting big belly laughs and genuine smiles out of their subjects, while others excel at stripping down emotion and bringing softness out of people.

Next, get on the phone or schedule a coffee meeting to share your vision and personality with them and see what ideas they can bring to the shoot.

6) Get out of your head and have fun!

On the day of your branding shoot, get outside of your head and leave your insecurity at the door. You’ve planned, shopped, and prepped—which means you’ve totally got this. Take an afternoon off from worrying about clients and to-do lists and simply focus on enjoying this time for yourself.

The more fun you have with this, the better! Be open, be playful, and laugh at yourself. If you do this, you’ll be on your way to an incredible visual brand that aligns perfectly with the unique person you are.

To get started, download this free worksheet that will help you plan the perfect shoot.

Julia Murray

My joy is helping small business owners stand out with unique, visual content. Since 2014, I have been photographing humans. What began as a wedding photography business inside of the Carolinas, I now encourage and photograph other entrepreneurs to be themselves online!

I strongly believe consumers are seeking connection and approachability when it comes to doing business with others. My mission is to provide visual content people can connect to, but also encourage entrepreneurs to package their personalities into their branding + marketing.

Leave a Reply

Pin It on Pinterest

Share This


text:
Market Manipulations: Crises, Bubbles, Robber Barons, and Corporate Saints

BUSENV 1706 - fall

Wild (but true) business tales

Discover how business ethics shape our society

As gunshots ring out across the factory grounds, the financier who gave the call to fire sits in his office, calmly smoking a cigar ...

What exactly happens when you try to game the economy for your own gain? Meet the businenessmen who have used their 'savvy' change to the world — for better and far worse. Chase these scandalous villains and visionaries across history, through dramatic stories of exploitation, warfare on workers, backroom deals, and more.

You will get to:

  • Unveil startling corruption behind some of history’s most famous “smart businessmen” (including the namesakes of several Pittsburgh streets and landmarks.)
  • Visit Carrie Furnace National Heritage Area and the site of one of the most violent disputes in U.S. labor history, the Battle of Homestead.
  • Analyze economic patterns from disasters past, and compare them to today: How much has changed? What could we change? ... And should we be worried?

Open to all majors. An open course from the College of Business.
Take this course if you: want to understand how and why capital drives (and controls) decisions in our society.

I had no idea of the important role J.P. Morgan played in saving the U.S. economy—twice. We learned about these outrageous scams and exploits in American history in the economic market, and what we can generalize about the effects.

—Sam R., who took the course

Students hear about the historic working conditions at Carrie Furnace National Heritage Area.


text:
Purple Drank Koolaid Wave Hoodie - Funny Hoodies

Kim Jong Un Funny Hoodie - Full Printed Hoodies and Clothing - Hoodie Now

$49.99 $79.99

Purple Drank Hoodie - Fully Printed Double Designed Hoodies. Hoodie Now provides amazing quality clothing including Hoodies, T-Shirts, Jumpers and more. Check out all of our clothing on our other pages.

 All our 3D Full Printed Hoodies are printed with the same image on the front and back unless stated otherwise.

Material: Polyester Blend

Gender: Unisex

Size: American/EU Standard

Shop More: Epic Hoodies - Funny Hoodies - Top Sellers - Animal Hoodies

Hoodie Now provides the best hoodies, tshirts and tank tops. We provide American and EU standard sizing.

hoodie now size chart

hoodie now t-shirt size chart

hoodie now tank top size chart

USA, UK, Aus, Canada, Germany

Economy - 14 - 21 Days

Standard - 10-12 Days

Express - 7 Days

Other Countries: please add between 1 to 3 business days

Hoodie Now ships to more than 200 countries (United States US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland,Poland, Mexico, Brazil, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, etc...), and you can enjoy free shipping on all items sold on hoodienow.com

We provide tracking numbers for all orders..

Track Your Order

It may take up to 5 business days after your order has shipped for your tracking information to become available online (it might take longer depending on how fast the postal services are processing shipments).


text:
Ear and Hearing Problems

Hearing troubles? A painful or draining ear? Dizzy? Hoover Ear, Nose and Throat Associates offers complete work-up of all adult and pediatric ear, hearing and balance problems. Our team of board certified doctors and certified audiologists provide both medical and functional evaluation of your ears all at the same location and typically on the same day. Plus, our clinic has ample parking available right next to the building for easy access.

Call today at 205-733-9595 to schedule a medical evaluation with one of our doctors. Same day and next day appointments are often available.


text:
Liverpool Hope Logo
Find Your Course
Section Menu

From closed doors to opening minds

Mollie Baker

Mollie Baker BA Criminology 2012-2016 MA Education 2016-2017

“Hope gave me a chance when nobody else would,” said Mollie Baker as she began talking about her time with us. “I didn’t do as well as I’d hoped in my exams and ended up doing a BTEC qualification instead of A-levels.”

The reasons for what she called her ‘underachievement’ soon became clear though. As Mollie’s dad fought alcohol and drug addiction problems, her priority was supporting her family back home in Essex. “My education was left behind,” she said. “With everything else that was going on, I just couldn’t devote enough time to it.”

So what changed to make her decide to study full-time? “I’d had enough. Everything was passing me by and I felt I had to do something. I couldn’t believe it when Hope offered me a place. I thought ‘Wow, someone actually believes in me’.

Moving to Liverpool was a huge step for Mollie, but it allowed her to focus 100% on her studies. “It was pretty hard going at first,” she said. "Everything was completely new, but I have to say that I loved it. Being able to immerse myself in my studies was amazing. I’d never been able to do that before. I think I spent all of my first year in the library!”

Mollie told us how she had to learn to study during that first year – and write essays and papers to the academic standard expected of her. “The support I received from my tutors was incredible,” she explained. “They went above and beyond, spending so much time with me. I remember my first assignment was rubbish! My tutor went through it all step-by-step though, so I quickly learned what I needed to do to get it right.

“Right up to my dissertation, that support was always there. No door was ever closed. No email was ever unanswered. As a student, you feel that you are your lecturers’ number one priority. That’s amazing really and something I will never forget.”

Mollie clearly warmed to academic life, so much so that she was named ‘Best Performing Student’ at her graduation. It’s easy to see why. As she talked, it become clear that she’s something of a perfectionist. “I think you can always get better at what you do,” she said. “You’ve just got to push yourself that bit harder and do that bit more.”

It’s a way of thinking that led to Mollie going on to achieve her MA in Education at Hope. As we spoke, she had recently been offered a prestigious £10,000 Newton College Scholarship and a place at Cambridge University to study for an MPhil in Education Research.

That’s quite something for someone who failed all her AS Levels. “Hard to believe isn’t it?” she said. “I still have to pinch myself sometimes. My tutors at Hope did a lot to build my confidence. They really pushed me in my final year and made me believe that I belong at a place like Cambridge. They also helped me put my application together, going through my proposals and statement with me to make sure it couldn’t be any better.

“I’m going to continue the research work I did for my MA, looking at how the relationships between academics and students is changing. I’ll be exploring how the role of universities is shifting, and how these relationships can influence the depth of a student’s learning experience. It’s quite a high-profile research area at the moment, so it’ll be exciting to be working at the forefront of it.”

Wherever Mollie’s career takes her in future, on thing’s for sure: she won’t be losing touch with the Hope community. “I’ll never do that,” she said. “The university and that wonderful network of support will always be part of me. I don’t want to sound dramatic but the people there changed my life. I just can’t imagine me without Hope.”

Find out more about our Criminology degree.


text:
Youth Worship Team

Aug. 2018
November 2019

Because we believe in equipping all ages to have a heart of worship, we gather youth who are capable of reading fluently and who desire to lead worship and we practice once each month with this group of students and 4 times per year they lead our congregation on a Sunday morning.  Brian and Melissa Koning were instrumental in helping us get this started and continue to lead the gathering each month.

Our Next Youth Worship Service will be in the December 8, 2019.


text:
Engineering Solutions to Meet Industry Needs

Our company knows the power & industrial specialty craft markets and we are focused on being the markets best possible field service provider. H P&I is very familiar with above average industry requirements for specialty craft and professionals supplementing the power & industrial markets. Industrial & commercial contractors, power plants, industrial facilities and major equipment OEM partner with Hope P & I to engineer solutions to their field service concerns.

Customer Center

Reliable Industry Resource:

We strive to provide a service with integrity that exceeds the expectations of customers who depend on our services to meet outage goals and project objectives. Our pool of available craft include both local and traveling teams with years of field experience.  These individuals are some of the most qualified personnel that are available and ready to fill your positions at any location. Management and operations teams at H P&I have been associated with power and industrial service sectors for much of their careers. We are very proficient in recruiting & employing industries best qualified craft personnel with a high level of understanding for customer requirements.

Ready for Assignment

Our pool of talented specialty craft personnel and professionals are pre-screened and ready to fill each assignment. Hope P&I field service solution process assures clients they are receiving the qualified crafts people through placement prerequisites such as pre-screen interviews, background checks, drug screening, citizenship verification, and final interview. Hope P&I employees receive OSHA safety training and PPE prior to assignment and mobilization. This continued process maintains our constant base of experienced specialty trade craft ready, available and responsive to every customer assignment.


text:
Appelton History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms

The name Appelton first arose amongst the Anglo-Saxon tribes of Britain. It is derived from their having lived near an orchard or a homestead where apples were grown. The Old English word for orchard is æppeltun, which is a compound word formed from æppel, which means apple, and tun, which means enclosure. The surname may also be derived from residency near the various settlements called Appleton in Cheshire, Kent, and Yorkshire, among other places.

Early Origins of the Appelton family

The surname Appelton was first found in Lancashire at Widness with Appleton, a township, in the parish and union of Prescot, hundred of West Derby. The estate of Widness with Appleton was once held by the family but was lost under tragic circumstances. "Appleton gave name to an ancient family, the last of whom left two children under the guardianship of one Hawarden, who was reported to have murdered them. The estate afterwards belonged to the Gellibrands, who succeeded the Hawardens." [1]

Some of the first records of the name include John de Appelton who represented York in the parliament in the reign of Edward II and William Appleton who was sheriff of that city in the reign of James II. [2]

The Hundredorum Rolls of 1273 include: Thomas de Appelton in Oxfordshire; and Wydo de Appelton in Yorkshire. The Yorkshire Poll Tax Rolls of 1379 list Willelmus de Appilton. [3]

Further north in Scotland, one of the first records there was Robert de Aplinden or Aplintoune in Annandale who forfeited his lands in the reign of Robert Bruce. Later Robert de Aplinton or Appylton had a charter of land in the burgh of Invemys from Robert II in 1378. [4]

Important Dates for the Appelton family

This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Appelton research. Another 80 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1650, 1654 and 1650 are included under the topic Early Appelton History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Appelton Spelling Variations

One relatively recent invention that did much to standardize English spelling was the printing press. However, before its invention even the most literate people recorded their names according to sound rather than spelling. The spelling variations under which the name Appelton has appeared include Appleton, Apelton, Apleton, Appletown, Apylton and others.

Early Notables of the Appelton family (pre 1700)

Distinguished members of the family include Henry Appleton ( fl. 1650-1654), English captain in the navy and commodore. He was a townsman and presumably a native of Hull; but his name does not appear in any list of naval officers during the civil...
Another 42 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Appelton Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Appelton migration to the United States

At this time, the shores of the New World beckoned many English families that felt that the social climate in England was oppressive and lacked opportunity for change. Thousands left England at great expense in ships that were overcrowded and full of disease. A great portion of these settlers never survived the journey and even a greater number arrived sick, starving, and without a penny. The survivors, however, were often greeted with greater opportunity than they could have experienced back home. These English settlers made significant contributions to those colonies that would eventually become the United States and Canada. An examination of early immigration records and passenger ship lists revealed that people bearing the name Appelton arrived in North America very early:

Appelton Settlers in United States in the 19th Century
  • C Appelton, aged 29, who arrived in Boston, Massachusetts in 1847 [5]

  1. ^ Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
  2. ^ Guppy, Henry Brougham, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. 1890. Print.
  3. ^ Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6)
  4. ^ Black, George F., The Surnames of Scotland Their Origin, Meaning and History. New York: New York Public Library, 1946. Print. (ISBN 0-87104-172-3)
  5. ^ Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8)
Fastest Delivery Possible

Digital Products on Checkout, all other products filled in 1 business day

Money Back
Money Back Guarantee

Yes, all products 100% Guaranteed

BBB A+ Rating

The Best Rating possible

Secure Online Payment

Entire site uses SSL / Secure Certificate


text:
RotaryMens Dress Watch GBI02762-02

£139.00 £109.00
In stock
| Only 2 Left!
PayPal Credit Logo
0% Interest for 4 months on orders over £99* Choose PayPal at Checkout Click for more information

PayPal Credit

PayPal Credit Banner

What is PayPal Credit?

PayPal Credit is like a credit card, without the plastic. It’s a credit limit that sits alongside your PayPal account which you can use for your online purchases.

How do I apply?

Applying for PayPal Credit is easy. Just click on the PayPal Credit button on our checkout page.

The application form takes minutes to complete. PayPal will then run a credit check and, if approved, you’ll have a credit limit linked to your PayPal account as soon as you accept your Credit Agreement.

You can use the credit limit granted to pay for today's purchase and future purchases at thousands of online stores where PayPal is accepted, up to your credit limit.

Before you apply, please make sure you:

  • Are a UK resident aged 18 years or older
  • Have a good credit history
  • Have not recently been declared bankrupt
  • Be employed and have an income greater than £7,500 per year

To find out more, read our PayPal Credit FAQ

Order in ? hours ?? minutes ?? seconds to get this item on Tuesday 21st January

Free Next Day Delivery With This Item

Free delivery

Royal Mail 1st Class By Thursday 23rd January

Next day delivery

on orders of £60+ By Tuesday 21st January

Hassle free returns

If you change your mind Great Service

  • Close
  • Add to Wishlist
  • Price Match

Our Code 23-12-378 Gender Mens
Brand Rotary Packaging Official Rotary Presentation Packaging
Warranty 2 Year Rotary Warranty Brand Code GBI02762-02
Case Material Stainless Steel Case Shape Round
Case Depth 8mm Case Width 36mm
Glass Type Mineral Crystal Glass Dial Colour White
Back Light No Chronograph No
Date Yes Luminescent Yes
Alarm No Watch Movement Quartz
Water Resistance 100 metres Strap Colour Silver
Clasp Type Expandable

Buy with confidence

Product Reviews


text:
Opinion // Letters

Sunday letters: Majestic cats, Obama legacy, health care

Majestic cats

Regarding "Landry's roars back in tiger case" (Page A3, Dec. 29), whether or not keeping white tigers captive is a complex issue.

There are fewer than 200 white tigers remaining with fewer than 100 thought to be in the wild. The last white tiger seen in the wild was in 1958. So, one can conclude keeping white tigers in captivity is keeping this genetic strain alive. I hope these majestic cats are part of the species survival plan program managed by the Association of Zoos & Aquariums.

David Headrick, Nacogdoches

An enduring legacy?

Regarding "Views collide on Obama economic legacy" (Page B1, Jan. 2), when President Obama was inaugurated in January 2009, he inherited a budget deficit of $1.4 trillion for that fiscal year. Since then, the economy has recovered, millions of jobs have been created, tax revenues have increased and the deficit has been reduced by nearly 60 percent.

During that same period, the stock market has more than doubled and the Affordable Care Act was signed into law providing health insurance for tens of millions of Americans.

In addition, the unemployment rate has declined from 10 percent to 4.6 percent causing most economists to view the labor market as being at or near full employment.

President-elect Trump has promised to "make America great again," but he will have a hard time duplicating what Obama has done for the U.S. economy, the deficit and the labor market.

Bill Meyer, Kingwood

Review and revise

Regarding "Trump renews blitz on health care" (Page A9, Friday), Obamacare as it now exists is a disaster. I think it should be modified instead of replaced. The real test will come in either the repeal and replacement or a modification. Will Congress be required to be covered by the same program they force on the rest of us?

Jack Gaarder, Spring


text:
© 2018 by HOWA USA.

Inside of Toyoda Loom

Works Factory

Howa Machinery, Ltd. was established in February under the name of Toyoda Loom Works, Ltd. with the purpose of domestically mass-producing textile machines which were imported at that time.

Toyoda Loom Works, Ltd when established.

Toyoda Loom Works, Ltd accepted the initial order of weapons from the Japanese army arsenal in Nagoya and began manufacturing.

 The first product was a hand grenade.

Showa Heavy Industries, Ltd was established and started producing rifles, cannonballs, and parts for airplanes.

Arisaka Rifle

Toyoda Loom Works, Ltd merged with Showa Heavy Industries, Ltd and renamed Howa Heavy Industries, Ltd.

During the WWⅡ, Howa Heavy Industries, Ltd had been manufacturing Arisaka Rifles (Type 99), parts of infantry rifles (type 38), artillery, machine guns, bullets, and parts for airplanes.

Renamed Howa Machinery, Ltd after WWII. Howa began manufacturing textile machinery.

Initially, producing weapons was prohibited in accordance with Potsdam Orders. However, due to the outbreak of the Korean War,　Potsdam Order was amended and resulted in the production of weapons.

Permission was obtained from the Japanese Government and orders were accepted for hand grenades (type MK2), 81mm mortars, and parts for airplane bombs from the U.S. Military procurement section.

Howa began producing 12.7mm spotting rifles for a 106mm recoilless gun.

To further manufacturing of sporting arms, Howa entered the US hunting rifle market and obtained permission for manufacturing hunting rifles from the Governor of Aichi.

Japan’s first tunnel type target shooting range was then built.

Model 300

Howa produced the Model 300 carbine (semi-auto rifle). This was the first mass produced Japanese hunting rifle.

From its compact and light design the rifle was well-received by Japanese fans.

Type 64 7.62mm Rifle

Since 1956, as a result of technology and development efforts, the type 64 rifle was adopted as official equipment by the Japan Defense Agency (currently Ministry of Defense).

Firearm Factory when newly completed

Howa established a state of the art firearm factory with ammunition storage and ancillary facilities such as heat and surface treatment.

Thai Police adopted Model 300’s improved version as official law enforcement equipment. 10,000 rifles were exported to Thailand until 1966.

Golden Bear Rifle

Howa presented the Golden Bear Bolt Action Rifle at the Chicago Shot Show in 1967. Approximately 3000 golden bear rifles were exported to the US.

After the introduction of the rifle, Howa gained notoriety in the US market.

New Model 300

Improving the design of the Model 300 and development of a New Model 300 which was tougher and more practical.

Howa began developing a new rifle using a 5.56mm NATO’s second rifle caliber.

Howa exports the Model 1500 developed on the Golden Bear rifle platform.

Type 89 Rifle

Development of new rifles that used 5.56mm bullets was finally complete. Type 89 rifle was adopted as official equipment by the Japan Defense Agency (currently Ministry of Defense) in 1989.

HACT (Howa Actuator Controlled Trigger)

A new type of trigger was introduced（Trade mark: HACT (Howa Actuator Controlled Triggers) and achieved crisper, lighter trigger pull and creep free two-stage trigger.

M1500 Mini Action

The development of the M1500 Mini Action maximizing bolt actions to small size calibers.

Howa Machinery, Ltd.

Howa’s firearms department began with manufacturing weapons and has been successful in both weapon and hunting rifles.

Our experience and accumulated engineering know-how has made it possible over the years to develop and manufacture firearms of superior quality that are guaranteed to completely satisfy our customers.

Howa Machinery Ltd. is dedicated to continuing innovation and design to remain the leader in precision rifles and barreled actions.


text:
How to pronounce superintend in English

How do you pronounce superintend in English? Pronunciation of superintend in English, a free online English pronunciation dictionary.

We are to pronounce superintend by audio dictionary. This pronounce audio dictionary implement More expeditious, most facile and best way to learn English words pronunciation, no downloads or plug-ins installation required to learn your personal pronunciation in digital mp3 audio in a few seconds, you additionally practice your voice and download audio files, you can share more accurate, better pronunciation voice for your friends!


text:
Life Insurance

Life insurance provides financial protection for you and your loved ones in the event of a tragedy. Penn offers varied life insurance benefits for our various employees.

Faculty and staff enrolled in any of the University’s life insurance plans also have pre-planning and at-need funeral and concierge services through Metlife, Penn’s life insurance carrier.

Life Insurance Benefits

Full-time Faculty and Staff: A full range of life insurance options for you and your dependents:

Basic Life Insurance

Supplemental Life Insurance

Dependent Life Insurance

Accidental Death & Dismemberment Insurance (AD&D)

Part-time Faculty and Staff

Optional life insurance coverage for you:

Collective Bargaining Units

The provisions of applicable agreements govern the Health and Welfare benefits available:

Choosing a Beneficiary

Once you enroll in a plan, you need to choose a beneficiary to receive your life insurance payment. You can choose as many beneficiaries as you'd like, whether it's your spouse, child, or other family and friends. You can even choose an entity like a charity, trust or your estate as your life insurance beneficiary.

Use Penn’s online benefits enrollment site to enroll, name a beneficiary or change insurance options.

Contact the Benefits Solution Center
at Health Advocate


text:
myHR: News from Penn's Division of Human Resources

myHR: October 2, 2019

Fall, Winter, and Spring Holidays Reminder

Graphic of tree experiencing 4 seasons

As you plan for the end of the calendar year and the 2020 Spring Term, here’s a reminder of Penn’s upcoming holiday observances.

Thanksgiving—Thursday and Friday, November 28 & 29, 2019

Christmas Day—Wednesday, December 25, 2019

New Year’s Day—Wednesday, January 1, 2020

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day—Monday, January 20, 2020

Memorial Day—Monday, May 25, 2020

Special Winter Vacation

Each year, the President, Provost and EVP assess the feasibility of observing Penn’s traditional Special Winter Vacation. Based on this assessment, the Special Winter Vacation granted to faculty and staff will be December 26, 27, 30, and 31, 2019.

For a complete list of this fiscal year’s holidays and details on policies regarding work over Special Winter Vacation, visit the Almanac.

Developing a Powerful Presentation

Woman confidently presenting idea to colleagues

You’ve created the perfect slide deck for your big presentation. You’ve tried to prep for days in advance on how to express your ideas, but feel nervous about presenting in front of your colleagues. If this sounds familiar, you’re not alone. Many people experience anxiety at the thought of public speaking. Fear is the main reason most people avoid giving presentations or struggle to deliver a solid performance.

Penn’s Presentation Skills workshop will show you how to prepare for workplace presentations, develop the tools you need to captivate your audience, and get your message across clearly.

This free, on-campus workshop will be held October 29, from 12:30pm-1:30pm at 3624 Market Street, 1A South. In this class you will learn presentation fundamentals including:

  • The four “musts” to delivering a highly engaging and captivating presentation;
  • How to define the objective of your presentation to keep your efforts on target;
  • How to manage the interest and attention of an audience with a well-paced presentation that meets the demands of today’s listener;
  • Identifying the types of post-presentation follow-up that can satisfy your objective.

The workshop will also cover topics such as audience perceptions and how to field questions like a pro.

Get ready to sharpen your presentation skills by registering now for this free workshop.

More professional development resources are available at

Work and Family Month Highlights

Asian father and daughter at home spending time together.

October is National Work and Family Month, a time to focus on the relationship between your career, your home, and your community. To support work and family balance and integration, Penn offers Work-Life programs to help you care for yourself and your loved ones—whether you’re a new parent, searching for senior care, or working on your own personal development.

Here are some highlights from Penn’s Work and Family Month schedule. All programs are free for benefits-eligible faculty and staff. See the full list of events and register here, or click the dates below.

Balancing Work-Life-Family
October 3, 12:30-1:30pm

Participate in an open discussion on how to achieve your personal and professional goals when you have competing demands on your time. This workshop focuses on reducing stress levels while also giving effective tips on reducing feelings of discomfort and guilt as you work to balance work and home life.

Emotional Intelligence as Vital Skills – Responding in Difficult Situations or in Times of Change
October 9, 12:30-1:30pm

Discover the tools you need to respond effectively in difficult situations or in times of change. By gaining a better understanding of stress and emotions, such as why they matter and how to manage and express emotions, participants can achieve a new level of self-awareness.

Webinar: Managing Emotional Health at Work
October 9, 12-1pm

Register for this webinar to learn some of the many stressors that may impact an employee’s behavior or work performance, as well as what to look for as a manager and how to handle these concerns supportively for a positive outcome.

October Wellness Walk
October 11, 12-1pm

Join us for a walk through Penn’s beautiful campus and a chance to pump up your heart rate while gaining motivation and energy for your day! The two-mile walk begins at noon in front of College Hall by the Ben Statue. Bring your water bottle, a colleague, and your sneakers!

Penn Family Day
October 12, 10am-7pm

Get ready for family fun, food, and football during the 27th Annual Penn Family Day celebration! Enjoy free games, meals, sports, and cultural activities in a celebration of the Penn community and their families. Activities include skating at Penn’s Ice Rink, a visit to the Penn Museum, a tailgate party, and a live football game at Franklin Field. Register for tickets here.

Flexible Work Options
October 14, 11am-12pm

An overview of Flexible Work Options is provided along with guidelines for proposing and implementing flex requests within HR guidelines and policies. The presentation includes a review of a sample proposal.

New and Expectant Parent Briefing
October 15, 12:30-1:30pm

Learn about Penn’s many resources for supporting new and expectant parents or those new to childcare including nursing support, childcare locators, flexible work options and more. The session will also cover Penn’s time away from work policies including short-term disability (STD), parental leave, and sick leave policies.

Understanding the Opioid Crisis
October 21, 12:30-1:30pm

This presentation will highlight the impacts of the nation's opioid crisis on the Greater Philadelphia Region, including how it may impact us as individuals, families, friends, and co-workers, and what we can do to help someone we care about get the help they need.

Wills, Trusts, and Estate Planning
October 29, 12:30-1:30pm

Marcie L.H. Merz, Executive Director of Planned Giving and Associate General Counsel, will explain the importance of estate planning and how to manage your estate during life and after through the use of wills, trusts, and other planning documents.

For more information about resources to support you and your family’s wellness, visit the Wellness & Work-Life webpage.

Models of Excellence from the Nominators' Perspective

Wendy Sparks, Director of Housekeeping in Facilities and Real Estate Services

Wendy Sparks, Director of Housekeeping in Facilities and Real Estate Services (FRES), says “thank you” to her staff just for coming to work. It’s a gesture that might surprise some people, but Sparks sees it as a valuable investment in the people that keep Penn going.

“I take the time to thank my staff when I see them because saying thanks and recognizing their efforts is critical to the success of the University,” says Sparks, who leads a team of over 500 housekeepers and nearly 60 managers.

“It shows that I value them and what they do for the University each and every day.”

Given Sparks’ sentiment, it’s no wonder this will be her third year in a row of nominating co-workers for a Pillars of Excellence Award, one of the three honors in the Models of Excellence award program.

Sparks recommended FRES housekeeper Deidre Wood, one of the 2018 Pillars of Excellence honorees. The following year, Sparks wrote a glowing nomination of FRES custodian Lorenzo Jackson, who received the top honor. This year, Sparks has identified a FRES team she feels deserves recognition and is already well into the 2020 nomination process.

“A lot of people go above and beyond every day in their jobs and I want to make sure FRES is involved in showcasing what housekeeping does to support the broader University,” she says.

For Sparks, the nomination process is a team effort that involves collaborating with the housekeeping leadership team to consider individuals who have done exceptional work. From there, Sparks and her team contact the managers, clients, and building administrators across the schools and centers to get feedback on those who they are considering.

Once the team selects a nominee or nominees, and gathers all of the content needed to complete the nomination, Sparks begins her submission online. Throughout the process, Sparks says she uses the Models Nomination Guide to make sure everything is in order.

“The pre-work and gathering the materials takes a little time… but loading the nomination into the online system is quick and easy; an hour at the most,” she says.

Joshua Gold, Professor of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, and Chair of the Neuroscience Graduate Group, agrees that the nomination process is straightforward and easy to navigate. He spent a nominal amount of time talking to the executive committee in his department about nominating Neuroscience Graduate Group Coordinator Christine Clay, identifying colleagues to write letters of reference, and actually preparing the nomination online. Clay received a Models of Excellence Award in 2019.

“The process is not overwhelming and the instructions in the Nomination Guide are very clear,” Gold says. “I took to heart the advice on the Models website to be specific and provide evidence of the nominee’s successes in the nomination, and I think that’s what made a big difference.”

Now’s your chance to help bring campus-wide recognition to your colleagues.

The online nomination form and guide are available at This year you can also refer to the Quick Start Guide to Submitting a Nomination to make navigating the nomination process even easier.

If you’re stumped on how to write a stellar nomination, you can attend a “How to Nominate” information session on October 10, from 12pm-1pm. The session will be held at 3624 Market Street, Suite 1A South. Register at or

Sparks and Gold even recommend preparing in advance of the call for nominations by making notes throughout the year of coworkers you feel may deserve recognition. Gold says he decided six months before the 2019 call for nominations that he would nominate Clay.

“It’s totally worth it to nominate your coworkers because you get to express your appreciation for people who do an incredible job and make the University work,” says Gold.

Sparks adds, “You just need to be very thoughtful in how you are presenting the nomination, so don’t wait until the last minute. Block your calendar, dedicate the time, do your pre-work, use the Nomination Guide, and it’s simple.”

Nominations for fiscal year 2020 are open now through October 25. For more information about the Models of Excellence staff recognition program, visit the Models of Excellence website or contact Human Resources at

Update Your Beneficiaries in Workday

Asian couple seated, smiling with man holding smiling baby.Have you experienced a life event such as a marriage, divorce, or birth of a child? If so, it’s time for you to update your Penn life insurance and retirement plan beneficiary designations. With the new Workday@Penn portal, the benefits enrollment process has been simplified. Enrollment activities, like updating your insurance beneficiary, are easy and it only takes a few minutes.

By properly designating beneficiaries, you gain the peace of mind knowing your loved ones will receive the money you want them to have. If you don’t, the money you intend to leave could instead go to your estate and be distributed as part of probate proceedings.

Though not needed to update your life insurance beneficiary, qualifying life events may prompt you to do so. These include the birth or adoption of a child, domestic partnership or marriage, divorce or separation, death of a dependent, and a change in your dependent’s eligibility for benefits. The IRS limits the types of changes you can make for such events. For more information about qualifying events, check out Penn’s Guide to Managing Life Events.

If you have not selected a life insurance beneficiary or need to update an existing designation, log in to Workday and follow these steps:

  1. Select the Benefits application on the Workday homepage.
  2. In the Change column, select Benefits.
  3. In the Benefit Event Type field select Beneficiary Change from the drop-down list. (Note: Selecting Benefit Event Type → Beneficiary Change does not require you to change coverage.)
  4. In the Benefit Event Date field enter the date that the benefit event change happened.
  5. On the next page review, add, or remove beneficiaries. You can also update designations for existing beneficiaries. (Note: Once you add a beneficiary, you must designate him/her as a primary or secondary.)

To update your retirement plan beneficiary, log in to Retirement@Work to see your plan summary with direct links to TIAA or Vanguard, Penn’s investment providers. Remember that for your retirement plan accounts you must make beneficiary designations for each of the three plans – Basic, Matching, and Supplemental. Also, designations for your retirement plans and life insurance do not apply to each other.

If you have questions about updating your life insurance beneficiary designations in Workday or need assistance, you can also call the Penn Benefits Solution Center at Health Advocate at 866-799-2239, Monday-Friday, 8 am-10 pm. ET.

For more details about updating beneficiaries for your retirement plans, visit the Designating Your Beneficiaries web page.

Healthy Meals: Fruit Salsa

Fruit salsa with mango, kiwi, and papaya.

This tropical and refreshing fruit salsa is bursting with lots of color and flavor. Papaya, mango, and kiwi pack Vitamins C, E, and B6. Top with mint for the perfect garnish and cooling finish.

Find the recipe here.

Click here to send us your healthy recipes and tips.

Did You Know? Time's Running Out for Free Family Day Tickets

Penn’s 27th Annual Penn Family Day celebration is happening Saturday, October 12. Faculty, staff, and postdoctoral scholars are invited to Shoemaker Green and historic Franklin Field for games, sports, cultural activities, and more. You can order up to four free tickets for the Tailgate Party and the football game. Additional tickets are $8 each. Order tickets at the Penn Athletics website by October 9.

Story Tips

Is there a Human Resources benefit, program or service you'd like to hear more about?

Send us your suggestions.


text:
Mechanical linear drives HSB-beta®
with toothed belt drive or screw drive

Our mechanical linear drives HSB-beta® are classics amongst the linear modules. They can be called the foundation stone of the success of our HSB Automation GmbH, having been continuously further developed since 1996, with the addition of further sizes and versions.

The basis of every HSB-beta® linear unit is an aluminium profile specially developed for the respective size and its field of application.

HSB-beta® linear units are currently available in 11 sizes - from HSB-beta® 40 to HSB-beta® 180. In order to satisfy the range of options demanded in practice,
various guide variants and drive variants are offered.

Drive variants

1. Toothed belt drive

Application area: for low and medium feed forces involving long strokes. We use toothed belts as drive components for low to medium precision. Drive belts take the form of circulating toothed belts in the ZRS/ZSS versions or Omega drives in the ARS/ASS versions with driven carriages.

The ZRS/ZSS versions with circulating toothed belt and drive at the profile end are used for all standard applications where the position of the profile is fixed and the carriage moves, including long strokes.

The ARS/ASS versions are primarily used where the profile moves along a boom and the position of the carriage is fixed. This unit is used especially for applications as the Z-axis in multi-axis systems. It can also be preferred for very long units, since the length of the toothed belt that is used is subject to less stretching, due to its short length.

2. Screw drive

Our linear drives with screw drive are used for applications which require both large forces and high precision. For this we primarily use our HSB-kgt® ball screws.

3. Not driven types

All overall sizes are also available as ORS/OSS type (without drive),
i.e. for parallel operation.

Guide variants

1. HSB roller guide

Our roller guide is suitable for light to medium loads. It has low friction and permits high speeds up to 8 m/s. Its accuracy lies in the medium range.

For most applications our roller guide can be classed as "maintenance free".

2. Profile guide rail

Our linear units with linear guide rail are suitable for medium to heavy loads. They have low friction but are nevertheless very stiff. They permit high speeds up to 5 m/s. Their accuracy lies in the precision range.

common product specific information HSB-beta®


text:
Celebration of Africa ’ Exhibition held at Letterkenny General Hospital

26th May 2008

A ‘Celebration of Africa’ exhibition is being held at Letterkenny General Hospital, in recognition of Africa Day, the official day of the African Union.  The exhibition at Letterkenny General includes information on African Nobel Peace Prize Winners; African literature; African countries, capitals, religions and languages; the natural wonders of Africa and also examples of African music.

Local schools participating in the exhibition include Woodlands, Ballyraine and Lurgybrack National Schools, and Donegal County Library is providing information on African literature.  Children from the national schools attended the launch on Monday (26th May), and a choir from Ballyraine National School performed African music and handmade African crafts created by the pupils are also being displayed.

Mary Kelly, Health Promotion Officer, Letterkenny General Hospital, says:  The exhibition at Letterkenny General Hospital will provide staff, visitors and members of the public with an opportunity to celebrate African culture and diversity.  This year, Africa Day is being held on May 25thand Irish people will join Africans around the world to highlight the cultural and social life of the African continent.

The exhibition is being held at Letterkenny General Hospital from 26th May, and will then move to the HSE’s St. Joseph’s Community Hospital in Stranorlar, Dungloe and Falcarragh Community Hospitals and St. Conal’s Hospital in Letterkenny.

Mary Kelly adds:  Ireland has always had a strong connection to Africa , particularly through the work of Irish missionaries and non-governmental organizations.  Through this exhibition, we are inviting people to join us on an exploration and celebration of African music, dance, political life and much more.

Further information: Mary Garvin, HSE West Communications; Phone 091 77 5474

Last updated on: 26 / 05 / 2008


text:
Search Results for ""

Post: 2019 Home Visiting Yearbook Released

Grantee partner National Home Visiting Resource Center (NHVRC) has released the 2019 Home Visiting Yearbook, which presents the most comprehensive landscape of home visiting at the national and state levels.

Post: Making Headlines: Grantees in the News, September 2019

The Heising-Simons Foundation is proud to regularly see its grantee partners featured in media outlets across the country, providing an expert voice on a timely issue or being highlighted for their accomplishments and hard work. Here are some news items that have featured our grantees in September 2019.

Post: Grants Approved in the Third Quarter of 2019

At the Heising-Simons Foundation, we are proud of the grants and partnerships we develop to advance the issues we care about, and we believe in being transparent about our grantmaking with our partners and the public.

Post: Update From the Foundation’s Human Rights Program

It has been over 10 months since I joined the Heising-Simons Foundation as its first Human Rights Program Director. Over that time, I have had the chance to meet movement leaders, who have broadened my perspectives of the work to combat mass criminalization, and I have also deepened my existing relationships with those I have… Continue Reading

Post: From Science Idea to NASA Mission

To support future principal investigators interested in submitting their first NASA mission proposal, the Heising-Simons Foundation’s Science program is sponsoring an all-expenses paid three-day workshop on November 18-20, 2019, in Tucson, AZ.


text:
Global Strategic Partners

Microsoft’s mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. The company enables digital transformation for the era of an intelligent cloud and an intelligent edge. Its mission is grounded in both the world in which we live and the future we strive to create. Today, we live in a mobile-first, cloud-first world, and the transformation Microsoft is driving across businesses is designed to enable customers to thrive in this world.

HSO is a leading Microsoft Solutions Integrator specializing in implementing, integrating, optimizing and maintaining business solutions based on Microsoft Dynamics 365, Office 365, Azure, and BI software. With over 800 professionals and offices in Europe, North-America and Asia, HSO supports local, national and multinational companies in retail, wholesale, distribution, manufacturing and service with their digital transformation journey.

Avanade’s’ vision is to be the leading digital innovator, realizing results for clients and their customers through the power of people and the Microsoft ecosystem. Through thousands of projects, Avanade has transformed businesses for the digital world. Avanade helped them create compelling experiences for their customers and employees. Avanade reduced costs, increased productivity, enabling collaboration and ultimately improving performance.

Regional Strategic Partners


text:
Professional cleaning equipment

In the Professional sector, each cleaning task requires a specific solution. Kärcher’s extensive range of professional products has been created to provide solutions for the varied cleaning requirements of businesses around the world.

Regardless of the size or type of industry, Kärcher’s cleaning solutions have been designed to deliver exceptional results, with maximum efficiency and sustainability as a primary focus at all times.

Keeping car dealerships and workshops clean, safe and well presented.

Cleaning the logistics industry inside and out, from vehicles to warehouses.

Innovative Kärcher products that help you master the diverse requirements of the agricultural industry.

Professional products designed for the tough demands of the building and trades industry.

Our solutions for cleanliness and tidiness in shopping centres, retail and wholesale trade.

Professional and efficient cleaning systems for hospitals which combine a perfect hygiene with high efficiency.

Building Service Contractors

Innovative products that provide the productivity, efficiency and image that professional cleaning contractors need.

Products and solutions tailored to the special requirements of manufacturing businesses.

Public services and municipal equipment

Cleaning machines that enable efficient working in the public service and ensure tip-top cleanliness.

Professional cleaning systems for sustainable hygiene management in hotels and restaurants.
As well as online sales we can also organise competitive finance terms or lease agreements through Kärcher. If you can't see what your looking for on here please call us to discuss your requirements on 0114 2610667 or email sales@hsslimited.co.uk

We are an authorised service agent for Kärcher and can offer service contracts on all types of machines and also stock spares and accessories for the most popular industrial and professional machines.


text:
Ceraphire ceramic cell

Endress+Hauser sensor technology

Ceramic is one of the hardest materials in the world. The Endress+Hauser capacitive ceramic sensor Ceraphire contains of 99.9% pure ceramic and is a dry measuring cell without filling fluids. The sensor offers high accuracy and is highly corrosion and abrasion resistant. Furthermore the Ceraphire offers best fit for vacuum applications, also pressure peaks up to 40 times of the sensor nominal range do not impact the measurement.

Ceraphire Sensor ©Endress+Hauser

  • Ceraphire ceramic sensor guarantees high availability of measurement signals and high overload protection

  • Corrosion-resistant

  • Abrasion-resistant

  • No hydrogen diffusion

  • No diaphragm damage

  • Dry cell / no media pollution

  • No need for expensive alloys diaphragm materials


text:
Skip to main content
Conflicting Currents in Egyptian Thought
Egyptians perform the sunset prayer after the first fasting day of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan at the Al-Ahzar mosque in Cairo on July 10, 2013. (GIANLUIGI GUERCIA/AFP/Getty Images)

Conflicting Currents in Egyptian Thought

Tarek Elgawhary

Two significant streams of Muslim thought flow through Egypt. One emanates from the scholarship of the al-Ahzar establishment in Cairo; the other from the legacy of Hasan al-Banna and the movement he founded.1

With that in mind, this article addresses two topics: the role of al-Azhar in the formation of orthodox Sunni Islam in contemporary Egypt, and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and the transnational Islamism movement it inspires. Both of these have emerged as competing voices within Muslim orthodoxy.

It is my opinion that until now, these two subjects have been improperly defined and articulated, leading to confusion and ambiguity. Thus, it is necessary to address them both with a dose of history and context along the way. I hope the reader will allow me these detours.

I will argue that the Muslim Brotherhood, as a catalyst to transnational Islamism, has been a competitive and antagonizing voice to that of the ulama—i.e. those scholars affiliated with the institution of al-Azhar. Recognizing this tension, which has lasted nearly 100 years, is essential to understanding the current crises within Islam and the global threat of extremism. Therefore, while Egypt provides the primary backdrop for my arguments, it should be viewed as an example for similar patterns in other Muslim- majority countries.

It is also important to state from the beginning that I do not claim that supporting the ulama offers the only solution to extremism. The problem of extremism is too large for that; it is a multifaceted, multilayered problem. I personally believe it has more to do with economics than theological rhetoric. However, based on my experience in helping train hundreds of people in terrorism prevention programs—individuals who are actually standing and fighting on the front lines against Boko Haram, al-Shabab, and ISIS—it is clear that alongside economic issues, there is indeed a theological/religious aspect to the problem. And since I am convinced that this has not been properly and thoroughly addressed by those who have the capability to respond, I offer this paper as a small contribution towards clarification.

The Importance of Islam in Egypt

Egypt’s modernization process has intrigued scholars for nearly a century. It has been hailed as a profound example of modernization and liberalization, which developed one of the most influential Muslim-majority contemporary nations, as well as one of the earliest to break away from Ottoman control.2 Whether the discussion surrounds political theory, economics, religion, or education, the story of Egypt is often presented as a dialectic that has progressed from chaos to order, and from old to new.

Yet that simplistic dichotomy is misleading, as it neglects the significant role traditional Islamic networks have played in the development of the socio-religious dynamics of Egyptian society. In discussing Egyptian politics prior to the 2011 revolution, in his book Egypt After Mubarak, Bruce Rutherford argues that there are two vying forces—the nationalist liberal movement (secular), and the Islamic-liberal movement (Muslim Brotherhood)—that struggled to create a better and more transparent government.3 He offers the usual story of liberals bringing the “light” of liberalism to the ancien régime of Islamic institutions, while the Muslim Brotherhood appears as the primary opposition, holding a monopoly on the Islamic position. The failure to give credence to the role other religious and non-Islamist actors have played in Egyptian society is a mistake, diminishing their potential potency in solving the modern crisis of radical Islamism.

An alternative reading of events in Egypt, and one that I argue is more accurate, is the interpretation of Islam offered by al-Azhar, whose scholars were able to adapt, more or less, to the changes of the modern world and the rise of today’s nation-state. The institution has authored hundreds of works reconciling Islamic law with issues of gender, citizenship, nuclear armament, nanotechnology, capitalism, materialism, and more. This ongoing intellectual footprint of al-Azhar is crucial to understanding how Islam continues to play a defining role in the contemporary Egyptian state.

While the conflation of real Islamic scholarship (i.e. the intellectual output of the scholars of al-Azhar) with political operatives using Islamic slogans (the Muslim Brotherhood and their ilk) is not new, the Arab Spring has brought to light the sharp distinction between the ulama and Islamists.4 Since the modernization of Egypt, beginning with the Napoleonic invasion in 1798, al-Azhar clerics have been at the forefront in shaping the modern Islamic nation-state. From establishing civil society organizations, to helping draft present-day legal codes, the ulama continually sought to define a relevant Islam in light of intense state-led modernization.

Although not always a comfortable fit, al-Azhar as an institution has helped Egypt’s political leaders step into today’s world while holding on to their Sunni-Islamic identity. In fact, Egypt’s Grand Mufti, Muhammad Bakhit al-Mutii (d. 1936), one of two ulama to serve on the 1923 constitutional committee that drafted Egypt’s first constitution, was personally responsible for adding the clause that Islam would be the religion of the nation. This clause has found its way into nearly every constitution of modern Muslim nations. 5

However, in Sunni Islam, the role of trained religious scholars has been to support and empower political leaders in order to maintain political stability, but not to engage directly in partisan politics. This disposition is commonly referred to as “quietism” and stems from the traditional orthodox view of statecraft. It is perhaps best articulated in the works of al-Siyasa al-Shariyya, penned by the 11th century theologian and jurist Imam al-Juwayni (d. 1058) in his popular work, al-Ghiyathi.

Often misconstrued as an apolitical stance, this view insists that organized political rule is better than civil strife (a sentiment taken directly from the Quran 2:191), and that without a strong civil society any nation-state will collapse.6 This attitude has been the hallmark of the Sunni disposition towards statecraft, and it explains why Sunni institutions traditionally focus on the social and spiritual needs of people rather than the pursuit of political power.

While Islamist groups like the Muslim Brotherhood seek a more revolutionary approach to change in society, the ulama argue that the injection of religion into partisan politics is dangerous and counterproductive for maintaining the sanctity of Islamic jurisprudence and the political processes. They believe they can build long lasting change by working at the grassroots level, rather than rallying people to support political parties in the name of religion.

From this point of view, the mixing of religion and partisan politics would provide a religious sanction to particular candidates and political platforms, which, the ulama argue, is the most grotesque misuse of their religious authority. Instead, in the view of the ulama, political order and a functioning government are necessary for an Islamic society, and this represents the only form of politics they are comfortable with. They believe their role is to help guide people to form the building blocks necessary for a socially responsible and civically minded society, upon which politicians can govern effectively.

As a result of this disposition, it is common in Egypt to find traditional ulama—in particular the hundreds of registered Sufi Orders—at the forefront of water conservation projects, interfaith efforts, anti-female genital mutilation campaigns, health clinics, and other development-oriented projects. These types of efforts, led by the ulama, have had a lengthier and more positive impact on building the social fabric of Egypt’s civil society than the political efforts of Islamist groups like the Muslim Brotherhood.

The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood and Islamism

Islamists have challenged the quietist approach since the turn of the 20th century, and their growth is important vis-à-vis the evolution of Islam in the modern Egyptian State. While not a cohesive group, Egypt’s Islamists have their origins in the Muslim Brotherhood, and collectively represent a reaction to both colonialism and the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1922.

The Islamists’ approach to politics reflects a continuous dissatisfaction with political structures, claiming that they are either not Islamic enough, or not Islamic at all. This, in their view, justifies in some cases the use of violence to restore the primacy of their extreme interpretation of God’s law.

Although an unorganized group, Islamists have repeatedly denied the work of religious scholars in the codification of Egypt’s laws and in the drafting Egypt’s constitution. This negative response is intended to maintain the narrative that the Egyptian government is not “Islamic,” an issue that supposedly must be rectified through social engineering and periods of violent insurrection.

As a corollary, some radical Islamists have more broadly used this line of thinking to justify the use of violence against anyone who does not share their beliefs. This has resulted in the targeting of such minority groups as Coptic Christian communities and Sufi networks.78 In Egypt, and in other states in which Islamists came to power during the Arab Spring, violence against such communities increased at an alarming rate.9 In contrast, the ulama have championed interfaith initiatives and called for the preservation of diverse cultural traditions. 10

Perhaps a little history and context would be helpful in order to properly place this aberrancy within Islamic thought. Hasan al-Banna (d.1949) established the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 with the intention of filling the many societal gaps created by the collapse of the Ottoman Caliphate.11 While originally focused on providing social welfare and championing issues affecting the lower middle class, the Muslim Brotherhood quickly spread its activities to politics, where they gained large-scale support as a populist alternative to the Egyptian State.

By the 1940s, however, the State began to clamp down on the party’s activities, particularly after the armed wing of the Brotherhood (known as the “secret apparatus” or al-jihaz al-khass), was held responsible for a number of violent incidents, including the assassination of the Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi Al-Nuqrashi on December 28, 1948.

The movement went underground in the 1950s, but continued to gain adherents under the influence of Sayyid Qutb (d.1966). Qutb’s 1964 manifesto Milestones, as well as his commentary on the Quran (In the Shade of the Quran), continue to provide the intellectual and theological underpinnings for many radical Islamist groups, including ISIL, al-Qaeda and Hamas.

This last point is an important one to make, and one I believe is not made often enough. There is hardly a radical Islamist movement that does not rely in some form on the writings and theological positions of Qutb.12 Gilles Kepel, in his 1984 book, Muslim Extremism in Egypt, argued that Qutb’s writings, particularly Milestones, “[are] the total road to the ideology of the Islamist movement of the seventies.”13 This same pattern is observed more recently, as Thomas Hegghammer argues, “It is not at all clear how operational the salafi-ikhwani dichotomy is in the world of contemporary militant Islamism. Sayyid Qutb is still being cited by groups as Jihadi-Salafi.”14

Although it is true that the post-Qutb Muslim Brotherhood had difficulty accepting his opinions without revision, Qutb continues to represent a major intellectual and theological link between the Muslim Brotherhood and more violent and extremist groups.15

While the Muslim Brotherhood does not outwardly endorse terrorism, given the government’s continual crackdown on their activities, they have adopted several ambiguous positions about justifying the use of violence to achieve political change. This has created an opening for violence that the movement has not been able to temper:

[The Muslim Brotherhood] attempts to justify any violent actions that do not involve killing, but it represents a slippery slope at best and has understandably resulted in serious, damaging organizational rifts and strategic dissonance. The effect is that the Muslim Brotherhood, which previously stood as the model—and drew its strength from—unquestioning loyalty and strict hierarchical discipline, finds itself increasingly marginalized as its established leadership loses control of a violent, rowdy new generation of so-called revolutionary Brothers cooperating with like-minded Islamist actors. 16

When we look at the formation and rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, we see that it has had a tremendous impact on the way we presently discuss Islam and politics in Egypt and other Muslim-majority countries. First, it introduced a new “Islamic” voice into political commentary. Up until the 1920s the ulama, represented largely by graduates of the al-Azhar seminary, spoke almost exclusively as the “Voice of Islam.” Even when secular scholars were inclined to comment on Islamic topics, they usually aligned themselves with a Muslim scholar to strengthen their case.17

The rise of the Muslim Brotherhood provided a new way to comment on Islamic principles without requiring religious scholarship, or needing to fit within the mainstream religious milieu. This opening allowed the Muslim Brotherhood to create a new socio-political discourse about the role of Islam and the state.18 No longer was the call for reform and modernization coming from al-Azhar scholars like Rifaa Ṭahtawi (d. 1873) and Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905). Instead, an alternative voice was now gaining popularity.

Another way that Muslim Brotherhood impacted the discussion of Islam and politics in Egypt was introduced through their commentary on Egypt’s legal reforms. Al-Banna rejected the Western model of secular, democratic government and advocated for Islamizing the state through the promotion of his version of a “pure” Islamic law, values, and morals.19 This stemmed from al-Banna’s belief that Islam must play both a private and public role (termed by al-Banna: din wa dawla) in the Egyptian state.20

A similar theme, expounded upon and later exaggerated by Qutb, was the idea that current Muslim nations, including Egypt, had in fact removed themselves from the folds of the faith altogether, and this communal apostasy—what Qutb called the jahiliyya of society—required direct action and correction.21 In Qutb’s view, as the Brotherhood expanded into politics, their critique of legal reforms was that Egypt’s laws were simply not Islamic enough (and therefore inherently evil) and must not be based on Western laws and norms. On its own, this notion provided the needed justification to rebel against the state.22 A similar line or argumentation and justification is still advanced by today’s Muslim Brothers and radical Salafis.23

Today, an inaccurate understanding of Egypt’s religious landscape is also evident within the academy.24 Ulama, for example, participated in all stages of drafting laws in Egypt and ensured there was no conflict between these laws and the Islamic law, which had existed for centuries.25 Yet, modern scholars fail to include the ulama’s perspective on such issues. Instead, they position the Brotherhood and other Islamist actors as the only credible voice of Islam.26 Academically this is a mistake, and one I hope future researchers and writers will carefully avoid. An even bigger problem is the erroneous argument that extremist Muslim groups are in fact “Islamic” because they represent legitimate interpretations of Islam’s primary sources.27

However, if one were to take apart piece-by-piece the 15 or 20 major themes Islamist groups use to form their intellectual framework, analyzing the primary sources (i.e. Quranic verses and hadith literature) on which they build their arguments, one would find that their interpretations and use of proof texts are completely heterodox. They are not shared by any legitimate Islamic school of interpretation.28

It is worth noting that Islamists’ faulty scholarship has led some Islamic scholars to view these groups as apostates and entirely outside the fold of Islam.29 This remains, however, a separate issue from that of the excommunication of extremist groups from Orthodox Islam.30

In any case, as a result of the often loosely defined discussion of Islam-Muslims-Islamists-Extremists etc., the Muslim Brotherhood and other such groups have gained wide popularity—and in some cases legitimacy—within segments of Western governments. A common argument is that a particular group has renounced violence and thus should be embraced. It is difficult to argue with this, since it is true that, at least publicly, the Muslim Brotherhood claims to have renounced violence. However, this renunciation itself is tactical, not methodological.

The overall goal of these groups—an ideal “Islamic State,”—is one that can be approached by several paths. Some believe in violent insurrection (more along the lines of al-Qaeda and ISIS), while others seek a non-violent approach to political gains.31 For this reason, I argue that there is a spectrum of extremism, which is critical to understanding the overall discussion of violence and radicalism within the family of Islam.32

If a group is positioned somewhere on the extremist spectrum, that does not necessarily mean it will become violent; it does mean that because it is on that spectrum, it is a step away from heterodoxy towards the heresy of violence. Organizations on the left side of the Islamist spectrum may appropriately be thought of as gateway groups, some of which may ultimately slide into violence and extremism. Therefore, the Brotherhood’s claims of renunciation of violence, while sounding genuine, should be taken with a grain of salt; in fact they ought to be considered a large warning sign.

Moreover, even the liberal/secular nationalist actors inside Egypt realize that mainstream Islamic institutions hold the key to future political and social stability in Egypt and beyond. For example, the Sufi leader Shaykh Idris al-Idrisi from Aswan was appointed by Egypt’s 2015 government to lead reconciliation efforts between Arab tribes in the south of Egypt and in Sinai.33 Since this appointment, Idrisi has held several high-level tribal meetings and has sought to leverage these tribal relations as a deterrent to violence and extremism in Sinai. According to Idrisi, both the government and the intelligence community are relying on him and other Sufi leaders to help spread a more peaceful and tolerant Islam by using their influence and teachings.

Idrisi has commented that, “the difficulty that has befallen Egypt presents the greatest opportunity for traditional Egyptian Islam.”34 In short, the Egyptian government has utilized traditional scholars such as Idrisi because of their authoritative role in society, their capability to mobilize communities, and their ability to reduce conflict through an indigenous peace-building framework. Perhaps these ties between the ulama and the state will be instrumental in fulfilling Egypt’s counter-extremism agenda.

Al-Azhar: A Model for Reform

Al-Azhar is the oldest, largest, continuously operating Sunni seminary in the world, dominating Sunni discourses on an international level. Currently the university provides higher education, while the al-Azhar primary school system offers K-12 studies. At the higher education level, the institution has 64 colleges, over 16,000 faculty members, and nearly 500,000 students.35 Its graduates have gone on to serve as senior government officials, founders of academic centers, influential thought leaders, and even heads of state for a number of Muslim-majority countries.

By some estimates, there are over 9,000 public and private institutions with which al-Azhar has formal partnerships in Egypt alone. Perhaps the strongest public institution with which the university is linked is Dar al-Ifta, the official agency responsible for issuing fatwas (non-binding legal opinions), which provides guidance and clarification on contemporary social issues that intersect with the practice of Islam.

Beyond Egypt’s borders, al-Azhar maintains a strong international influence in shaping theological discourses in Muslim-majority countries. Its library and digitalized manuscript collections, along with the thousands of dissertations it generates every year, allow al-Azhar to produce more Sunni scholars than any other institution in the world. Aside from the international influence of Saudi Arabia (which, according to the narrative I have expounded on here, would be considered an antagonist), many Muslim countries continually rely on al-Azhar to train their clerics and to authorize their religious leaders. Moreover, over the past 150 years, al-Azhar has demonstrated that it has the ability to think outside the box and push other Sunni institutions internally to adopt more nuanced positions and articulations, keeping in step with the modern world.36

However, despite the size and influence of these institutions, al-Azhar remains a virtually unknown entity. And even among those familiar with al-Azhar’s role as a theological seminary, many question its credibility for being a quasi-governmental institution.37 This is perhaps due to the ulama’s strict adherence to the traditional Sunni belief of political quietism, which necessitates that religious authorities uphold actions that mitigate the threat of political instability, while avoiding partisan politics. Nonetheless, the institution’s tacit support for some of the government’s policies (particularly vis-à-vis the Muslim Brotherhood), have called into question al-Azhar’s independence.38

Contrary to this view, and based on my own personal experience dealing with al-Azhar for the past 15 years, it functions with a great deal of independence. In fact, with its unwieldy bureaucracy, al-Azhar is simply too big to be controlled or influenced by an external entity. I do not write this to defend the institution. But I do believe that al-Azhar often self-censors in matters of state, and I hope to make it clear that the notion of direct government oversight of the institution is untrue. It is a common misconception, and the very idea is a fallacy.

Al-Azhar has an extremely antiquated and dilapidated organizational structure, which makes implementation of reforms challenging. And given its large size, goal alignment in and of itself is a problem, simply because there are so many stakeholders involved in the institution. Aside from the position of the “Shaykh al-Azhar,” there are several complex layers of authority within the Azhar structure. And while the upper echelon of al-Azhar leadership is undoubtedly resolute in its commitment to countering radical Islamism, it is not a given that mid-to-lower level administrators automatically share this sentiment. The university has also been slow to reach out to the U.S. and international community simply because it views its primary responsibility as providing Islamic education. Addressing violent extremism, therefore, is a relatively new area of focus for the entity.

There is, however, a larger shortcoming when it comes to the story of al-Azhar, which has called into question its role as a partner. For several decades, students heavily influenced by Wahhabi and Salafi ideologies were permitted to pursue higher education at al-Azhar without first graduating from the institution’s grammar or high school.

This policy enabled foreign-funded educational materials (e.g. editions of classical texts that were redacted to support radical Islamism) to enter the classrooms.39 This issue has been aggravated by the influence of foreign satellite television stations that propagate extremist ideologies in Egypt, promising economic opportunities to young graduates and activists who observe the Salafi mantra.

Al-Azhar has since changed its policy, and the university no longer accepts students seeking post-secondary education without first being grounded in the institution’s traditional Islamic sciences. Nonetheless, the sheer size of al-Azhar makes it difficult to weed out every form of foreign influence. Recent al-Azhar student protests sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood are a case in point.40

Where Does This Leave Us?

As I proposed at the beginning, this paper has considered al-Azhar and its ulama alongside the Muslim Brotherhood and the groups it has inspired. My intention has been to demonstrate that these two groups are not the same and are, in fact, entirely incompatible.

Unfortunately, in international discussions about Islam in Egypt, or about ways and means of defeating extremism in the name of Islam, the Muslim Brotherhood and al-Azhar are conflated at best, or the role of al-Azhar is ignored all together. This confusion leads to both advertent and inadvertent empowering of the Muslim Brotherhood in the context of Egypt. More broadly, no matter how legitimate the two institutions may seem to be, efforts and arguments—even on the grounds of human rights—claiming that Brotherhood-affiliated groups represent legitimate, dissenting Muslim voices inevitably empower extremist organizations, both directly and indirectly.

On the other hand, empowering the ulama and their institutions (a process itself that will be difficult, but one I feel is necessary), will include preventative measures that can inoculate large populations from extremism for generations to come. This is true for the very reason that, when it has taken place, it has been proven to work.

While the problem may be clear, the solution, unfortunately, is not. One of the reasons I suspect that Western governments have found it easier to deal with the Muslim Brotherhood is that they are organized and have a polished, accessible presence in the West. You can easily find them and speak to them. The ulama are not so available. They are ivory tower academics who often times are confined to the dens of libraries and study circles. I often muse, only half seriously, that al-Azhar is the living version of Harry Potter’s Hogwarts—minus the magic.

This results in the view that al-Azhar is too difficult for the non-expert to deal with, and any efforts to work with it are too often considered a waste of time by government officials. And therein lies the most dangerous mistake in the fight against global extremism: the idea that argument and debate are too difficult. In fact, decades of experience have made it manifestly clear that informed argument is essential to actually making a dent in an expanding global problem.

In this regard, one way to make this seemingly impenetrable issue more workable is to understand precisely what al-Azhar is and what we stand to gain by engaging with it. I previously mentioned the “intellectual footprint” of al-Azhar’s ulama. It may be helpful to think of this footprint as raw material. The raw material is pure scholastic discourse, rooted in the finest tools of the Sunni orthodox interpretative methodology (usul al-fiqh). Unfortunately, this material is too unrefined to be usable by non-experts.

In the refining process of raw materials, there is a supply chain in which several levels of activity are necessary: first to farm the raw material, then retrieve it, transport it, process it, market it, and sell it as a desirable consumer item. In these supply chains, no one person is expected to be able to do it all. If we keep this example in mind, it will not surprise us that the ulama of al-Azhar—representing the farming and retrieving side of our example supply chain—are abundantly rich in intellectual material (raw material). But by its very nature, a great deal of effort will be required to convert this raw material into a usable packets of information to those unfamiliar with this raw material.

Al-Azhar’s scholars do not need help in farming and retrieving – this is what they do best. However, in order to complete the supply chain, engagement with them is essential to fill in the gaps. In the past, assistance was considered as directly empowering the Azhar and its scholars. Recommendations of language training (particularly English), media training, organizational training, etc. were commonly heard. While there is no doubt that all of these are helpful, I offer a slightly nuanced recommendation. There is a need to form, support, and empower “bridge institutions” and “bridge individuals.” In the Western world, and the United States specifically, there are hundreds of individuals who represent the methodology of al-Azhar and themselves have formed their own organizations. What distinguishes these people and organizations is that they are hardwired to manufacture and process the raw material of al-Azhar into a product that people in the West can understand. This is what they can do best, and thus complete the supply chain. While this might seem difficult at first, I believe not only doable, but necessary.

1 The “Azhar Establishment” is a broader concept than simply the Azhar University as it is often referred to. The “establishment” or “institution” as I refer to it represents the following: all Azhar schools (primary through graduate studies), the Ministry of Religious Endowments (Awqaf), that National Fatwa Office (Dar al-Ifta al-Miṣriyya), the office of the Grand Imam (Mashyakhat al-Azhar), as well as thousands of independent scholars who have studied with Azhar scholars and run their own educational institutions around the world.
2 Rutherford, Bruce, Egypt After Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), on and around page 30. At its core, this argument and those of the scholars Rutherford uses as background material for Egypt, argue the narrative of the “triumph” of liberalism, the “defeat” of Islam, and the resulting secular (read un-religious) nature of both law and government.
3 Ibid.
4 It should be clear that both groups are not monolithic by any means and one could argue that their perimeters are porous. However, for purposes of this paper I am drawing on generalities that can be determined from the base of the respective groups. In the case of Egypt, this sort of dichotomy is aided by the presence of the both al-Azhar, a large institution, as well as the Muslim Brotherhood and its one-time affiliated political party. The rise of the Arab Spring, and particularly its repercussions in Egypt, have moved al-Azhar to the side of the State, and moved the Muslim Brotherhood and those sympathetic to it in the opposite direction.
5 Usama al-Sayyid Mahmud al-Azhari, Asanid al-Misriyin (Abu Dhabi, Dar al-Faqih, 2011), 361.
6 For a good summary of the Sunni view of statecraft see: Wael Hallaq, Sharia: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), Parts I & II and Frank E.Vogel, Islamic Law and Legal System (Brill: Leiden, 2000).
7 “Coptic Churches Burn in Egypt,” August 14, 2013, Al-Jazeera
8 Irfan al-Alawi, “Egyptian Extremism Sees Salafi Attacking Sufi Mosques,” The Guardian, April 11, 2011.
9 Peter Beaumont and Patrick Kingsley, “Violent Tide of Salafism threatens the Arab Spring,” The Guardian, February 9, 2013.
10 Magdy Aziz Tobia, “Meet the Egyptians Fighting Interfaith Tensions,” Common Ground News Service, December 4, 2012.
11 Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers (London: Oxford University Press, 1969). For the original writings of Hasan al-Banna see: Hasan al-Banna, Majmuat Rasail al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna (Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1965). A more recent work that discusses the Brotherhood in Egypt is Khalil al-Anani, Inside the Muslim Brotherhood: Religion, Identity, and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
12 In his very short biography of ISIL’s former number two-in-command, Muhammad Adnani, al-Binali says that Qutb’s Quranic commentary In the Shade of the Quran was one of the most read books by Adnani while in prison and largely responsible for his theology. See Abu Sufyan Turki Bin Mubrak Binali, al-Lafẓ al-Sani fi Tarjamat al-Adnani (ISIL publication), 3.
13 Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh (University of California Press: Berkeley, 1984), p 38.
14 Thomas Hegghammer, "Jihadi Salafis or Revolutionaries: On Religion and Politics in the Study of Islamist Militancy," in R Meijer (ed). Global Salafism: Islam's New Religious Movement, (London/New York: Hurst/Columbia University Press, 2009), 254.
15 Kepel, 60-66. Also see Yusuf Qaradawi’s autobiography, particularly volume 2, where he dedicates dozens of pages to critiquing Sayyid Qutb. Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Ibn al-Qarya wal Kuttab, 4 vols., (Dar al-Shuruq, 2004).
16 Mokhtar Awad and Mostafa Hashem, “Egypt’s Escalating Islamist Insurgency,” CEIP, October 2015, page 7.
17 One famous example of this is Qasim Amin’s close alignment to Muḥammad Abduh in thought and in writing. While Amin is hailed as one of the greatest Egyptian thinkers to advocate for the reform of laws related to women, it was Muhammad Abduh who provided and even wrote large sections of Amin’s writings. See: Amara, Muḥammad ed., al-Amal al-Kamila lil Imam Muḥammad Abduh, 5 vols., (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1993), 1:264-265.
18 This ultimately led to their platform “Islam is the Solution,” calling for everything to be “based on the Quran and Sunna,” requiring all laws to be founded in Islamic original source material.
19 This supposedly “pure” form of Islam is commonly referred to as Salafism. It was in these early years that the Brotherhood socio-political philosophy was connected to the theological doctrines of Salafism. However, while this is usually the argument, a closer look will show that al-Banna was more influenced by Sufism and Sufi organizational structures, which provided the framework for his social vehicles. The Muslim Brotherhood after al-Banna was, however, more inclined to Salafism.
20 These principles can be found in al-Banna’s writings: Banna, Majmuat Rasail, Ibid.
21 Ibid.
22 In fact, Muhammad Adnani articulates a Qutbian rejection of all Muslim countries’ sovereignty because he claimed that none of them followed the Sharia. See Binali, 12.
23 Mokhtar Awad and Mostafa Hashem, “Egypt’s Escalating Islamist Insurgency.”
24 Rutherford, Bruce, Egypt After Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), page 30.
25 Elgawhary, Tarek, “Restructuring Islamic Law: The Opinions of the ulama Towards Codification of Personal Status Law in Egypt” (PhD diss, Princeton University, 2014).
26 Farahat Ziadeh, Lawyers, the Rule of Law, and Liberalism in Modern Egypt, (Stanford: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1968), 135-147. In Farahat Ziadeh’s treatment of Egypt’s legal reform, for example, the Muslim Brotherhood opinions are posited as the Islamic voice of conservatism in opposition to legal reform and modernization in general and the codification of personal status law specifically.
28 A good book in English that discusses these major themes is Shiraz Maher, Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea, (Oxford University Press: New York City, 2916), and one in Arabic is Usama al-Azhari, al-Ḥaqq al-Mubin fil Radd ala man Talaub bil Din (Dar al-Faqih: Abu Dhabi, 2015).
29 A notable contemporary example is Muhammad Yaqubi, Refuting ISIS (Sacred Knowledge: Herndon, VA, 2016).
30 In my working framework on preventing violence and extremism I state the following: “I deem extremists to be ‘Muslim,’ albeit in grave moral error, and do not subscribe to the perspective that they are outside of the folds of Islam. This last point is in no ways an attempt to lessen the seriousness of extremism, but rather an opportunity to link extremist groups to the larger intra-Islamic phenomena of kharijism, which can provide Muslims with great insight and precedent in dealing with this specific problem
31 These different approaches are covered well in: Thomas Hegghammer, "The Ideological Hybridization of Jihadi Groups," Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 9 (2009).
32 A skeleton of this argument can be found here and I hope to have the opportunity to expand on this in the near future.
34 In conversation with the author, summer of 2016. For the impact Sufism is having amongst millennials in Egypt see:
35 According to the Egyptian Central Agency for Mobilization and Statistics:
36 Over the last century and a half, Al-Azhar has tackled difficult issues such as voting rights, democracy, citizenship, modern banking transactions, and FGM. While these issues seemed “dealt with” at the time of their appearance and discussion, this was not the case.
37 In 1961, the state implemented several reforms expanding its authority over Al-Azhar, empowering the president to appoint the head of Al-Azhar, and bringing all clerics on the government’s payroll.
38 Jon Alterman, “Al-Azhar’s Perilous Resurgence,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2015.
39 Works of the mid to late 19th century that spoke out critically of the Wahabi movement like Ahmad al-Sawi’s (d. 1825) Quranic exegesis and Ibn Abidin’s (d. 1836) encyclopedic work in Hanafi positive law, are redacted for publication inside Saudi Arabia. In addition, 19th century works written by Sunni scholars in Arabia speaking out against the violence of the Wahabis, like the treatise of Ahmad Zayn Dahlan (d. 1886) and Sulayman Abd al-Wahhab (d. 1793) who was a brother of Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab (1792), are banned from print inside the Kingdom.
40 “Egypt Police Storm Al-Azhar University to Disperse Student Protest,” Associated Press, March 30, 2014,

Related Articles

The Syria Effect: Al-Qaeda Fractures

Charles Lister

In late 2010 and into 2011, as the so-called “Arab Spring” swept across North Africa and the Middle East, a consensus emerged in the West that the unp...

Continue Reading

Deploying Social Media to Empower Iranian Women: An Interview with Masih Alinejad

Lela Gilbert & Masih Alinejad

Masih Alinejad is recognized by millions of global admirers for inspiring protests against the Iranian regime’s enforced mandatory hijab...

Continue Reading

Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Volume 24

Hillel Fradkin et al.

Analysis on the Muslim Brotherhood, The anti-Muslim movement in China, the future of Turkey under Erdogan, Islamism in Europe, and more ...

View PDF