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Dengue fever

Dengue fever
Classification and external resources
Photograph of a person's back with the skin exhibiting the characteristic rash of dengue fever
The typical rash seen in dengue fever
ICD-10 A90
ICD-9 061
DiseasesDB 3564
MedlinePlus 001374
eMedicine med/528
Patient UK Dengue fever
MeSH C02.782.417.214

Dengue fever (UK or US ), also known as breakbone fever, is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The virus has five different types;[1] infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild or moderate disease, and intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases. The number of cases of dengue fever has increased dramatically since the 1960s, with between 50 and 528 million people infected yearly.[2][3] Early descriptions of the condition date from 1779, and its viral cause and the transmission were figured out in the early 20th century. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and is endemic in more than 110 countries. Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes, work is ongoing on a vaccine, as well as medication targeted directly at the virus.

  • Signs and symptoms 1
    • Clinical course 1.1
    • Associated problems 1.2
  • Cause 2
    • Virology 2.1
    • Transmission 2.2
    • Predisposition 2.3
  • Mechanism 3
    • Viral replication 3.1
    • Severe disease 3.2
  • Diagnosis 4
    • Classification 4.1
    • Laboratory tests 4.2
  • Prevention 5
  • Management 6
  • Epidemiology 7
  • History 8
    • Etymology 8.1
  • Research 9
  • Notes 10
  • References 11
  • External links 12

Signs and symptoms

Schematic depiction of the symptoms of dengue fever

Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic (80%) or only have mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever.[2][4][5] Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening.[2][5] The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3 to 14 days, but most often it is 4 to 7 days.[6] Therefore, travelers returning from endemic areas are unlikely to have dengue if fever or other symptoms start more than 14 days after arriving home.[7] Children often experience symptoms similar to those of the common cold and gastroenteritis (vomiting and diarrhea)[8] and have a greater risk of severe complications,[7][9] though initial symptoms are generally mild but include high fever.[9]

Clinical course

Clinical course of dengue fever[10]

The characteristic symptoms of dengue are sudden-onset fever, headache (typically located behind the eyes), muscle and joint pains, and a rash. The alternative name for dengue, "breakbone fever", comes from the associated muscle and joint pains.[2][11] The course of infection is divided into three phases: febrile, critical, and recovery.[10]

The febrile phase involves high fever, potentially over 40 °C (104 °F), and is associated with generalized pain and a headache; this usually lasts two to seven days.[10][11] Nausea and vomiting may also occur.[9] A rash occurs in 50–80% of those with symptoms[11][12] in the first or second day of symptoms as flushed skin, or later in the course of illness (days 4–7), as a measles-like rash.[12][13] A rash described as "islands of white in a sea of red" has also been described.[14] Some petechiae (small red spots that do not disappear when the skin is pressed, which are caused by broken capillaries) can appear at this point,[10] as may some mild bleeding from the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose.[7][11] The fever itself is classically biphasic or saddleback in nature, breaking and then returning for one or two days.[13][14]

The rash of dengue fever in the acute stage of the infection

In some people, the disease proceeds to a critical phase as fever resolves.[9] During this period there is leakage of plasma from the blood vessels which typically lasts one to two days.[10] This may result in fluid accumulation in the bleeding, typically from the gastrointestinal tract.[7][10] Shock (dengue shock syndrome) and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever) occur in less than 5% of all cases of dengue,[7] however those who have previously been infected with other serotypes of dengue virus ("secondary infection") are at an increased risk.[7][15] This critical phase, while rare, occurs relatively more commonly in children and young adults.[9]

The rash that commonly forms during the recovery from dengue fever with its classic islands of white in a sea of red.

The recovery phase occurs next, with resorption of the leaked fluid into the bloodstream.[10] This usually lasts two to three days.[7] The improvement is often striking, and can be accompanied with severe itching and a slow heart rate.[7][10] Another rash may occur with either a maculopapular or a vasculitic appearance, which is followed by peeling of the skin.[9] During this stage, a fluid overload state may occur; if it affects the brain, it may cause a reduced level of consciousness or seizures.[7] A feeling of fatigue may last for weeks in adults.[9]

Associated problems

Dengue can occasionally affect several other liver.[8][14][16]

Other neurological disorders have been reported in the context of dengue, such as transverse myelitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome.[8][16] Infection of the heart and acute liver failure are among the rarer complications.[7][10]

A transmission electron microscopy image showing dengue virus
A TEM micrograph showing dengue virus virions (the cluster of dark dots near the center)

Dengue fever virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Other members of the same genus include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyasanur forest disease virus, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.[14] Most are transmitted by arthropods (mosquitoes or ticks), and are therefore also referred to as arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses).[14]

The dengue virus genome (genetic material) contains about 11,000 nucleotide bases, which code for the three different types of protein molecules (C, prM and E) that form the virus particle and seven other types of protein molecules (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5) that are only found in infected host cells and are required for replication of the virus.[15][17] There are five[1] strains of the virus, called serotypes, of which the first four are referred to as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4.[4] The fifth type was announced in 2013.[1] The distinctions between the serotypes are based on their antigenicity.[18]

Close-up photograph of an Aedes aegypti mosquito biting human skin
The mosquito Aedes aegypti feeding on a human host

Close-up photograph of an Aedes aegypti mosquito biting human skin

Dengue virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, particularly A. aegypti.[4] These mosquitoes usually live between the latitudes of 35° North and 35° South below an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft).[4] They typically bite during the day, particularly in the early morning and in the evening,[19][20] but they are able to bite and thus spread infection at any time of day all during the year.[21] Other Aedes species that transmit the disease include A. albopictus, A. polynesiensis and A. scutellaris.[4] Humans are the primary host of the virus,[4][14] but it also circulates in nonhuman primates.[22] An infection can be acquired via a single bite.[23] A female mosquito that takes a blood meal from a person infected with dengue fever, during the initial 2–10 day febrile period, becomes itself infected with the virus in the cells lining its gut.[24] About 8–10 days later, the virus spreads to other tissues including the mosquito's salivary glands and is subsequently released into its saliva. The virus seems to have no detrimental effect on the mosquito, which remains infected for life.[6] Aedes aegypti is particularly involved, as it prefers to lay its eggs in artificial water containers, to live in close proximity to humans, and to feed on people rather than other vertebrates.[6]

Dengue can also be transmitted via infected

  • Dengue fever at DMOZ
  • "Dengue".
  • "Dengue". U.S.
  • "Dengue fever". UK
  • "DengueMap". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/

External links

  • WHO (2009). Dengue Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.

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Apart from attempts to control the spread of the Aedes mosquito and work to develop a vaccine against dengue, there are ongoing efforts to develop antiviral drugs that would be used to treat attacks of dengue fever and prevent severe complications.[58][59] Discovery of the structure of the viral proteins may aid the development of effective drugs.[59] There are several plausible targets. The first approach is inhibition of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (coded by NS5), which copies the viral genetic material, with nucleoside analogs. Secondly, it may be possible to develop specific inhibitors of the viral protease (coded by NS3), which splices viral proteins.[60] Finally, it may be possible to develop entry inhibitors, which stop the virus entering cells, or inhibitors of the 5′ capping process, which is required for viral replication.[58]

There are ongoing programs working on a dengue vaccine to cover all four serotypes.[38] Now that there is a fifth serotype this will need to be factored in.[1] One of the concerns is that a vaccine could increase the risk of severe disease through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).[55] The ideal vaccine is safe, effective after one or two injections, covers all serotypes, does not contribute to ADE, is easily transported and stored, and is both affordable and cost-effective.[55] As of 2012, a number of vaccines were undergoing testing.[20][55] The most developed is based on a weakened combination of the yellow fever virus and each of the four dengue serotypes.[20][56] One 2014 study of a vaccine found it was 60% effective and prevented more than 90% of severe cases.[57] It is hoped that the first products will be commercially available by 2015.[38]

With regards to vector control, a number of novel methods have been used to reduce mosquito numbers with some success including the placement of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) or copepods in standing water to eat the mosquito larvae.[52] Attempts are ongoing to infect the mosquito population with bacteria of the Wolbachia genus, which makes the mosquitoes partially resistant to dengue virus.[9][53] There are also trials with genetically modified male A. aegypti that after release into the wild mate with females, and render their offspring unable to fly.[54]

Research efforts to prevent and treat dengue include various means of vector control,[52] vaccine development, and antiviral drugs.[38]

Two men emptying a bag with fish into standing water; the fish eat the mosquito larvae
Public health officers releasing P. reticulata fry into an artificial lake in the Lago Norte district of Brasília, Brazil, as part of a vector control effort

The term "break-bone fever" was applied by physician and United States Founding Father Benjamin Rush, in a 1789 report of the 1780 epidemic in Philadelphia. In the report title he uses the more formal term "bilious remitting fever".[51] The term dengue fever came into general use only after 1828.[50] Other historical terms include "breakheart fever" and "la dengue".[50] Terms for severe disease include "infectious thrombocytopenic purpura" and "Philippine", "Thai", or "Singapore hemorrhagic fever".[50]

The origins of the Spanish word dengue are not certain, but it is possibly derived from dinga in the Swahili phrase Ka-dinga pepo, which describes the disease as being caused by an evil spirit.[46] Slaves in the West Indies having contracted dengue were said to have the posture and gait of a dandy, and the disease was known as "dandy fever".[49][50]

The marked spread of dengue during and after the Second World War has been attributed to ecologic disruption. The same trends also led to the spread of different serotypes of the disease to new areas, and to the emergence of dengue hemorrhagic fever. This severe form of the disease was first reported in the Philippines in 1953; by the 1970s, it had become a major cause of child mortality and had emerged in the Pacific and the Americas.[47] Dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome were first noted in Central and South America in 1981, as DENV-2 was contracted by people who had previously been infected with DENV-1 several years earlier.[14]

In 1906, transmission by the Aedes mosquitoes was confirmed, and in 1907 dengue was the second disease (after yellow fever) that was shown to be caused by a virus.[48] Further investigations by John Burton Cleland and Joseph Franklin Siler completed the basic understanding of dengue transmission.[48]

The first record of a case of probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420 AD) which referred to a "water poison" associated with flying insects.[46][47] The primary vector, A. aegypti, spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries due in part to increased globalization secondary to the slave trade.[9] There have been descriptions of epidemics in the 17th century, but the most plausible early reports of dengue epidemics are from 1779 and 1780, when an epidemic swept across Asia, Africa and North America.[47] From that time until 1940, epidemics were infrequent.[47]

Like most arboviruses, dengue virus is maintained in nature in cycles that involve preferred blood-sucking vectors and vertebrate hosts.[6] The viruses are maintained in the forests of Southeast Asia and Africa by transmission from female Aedes mosquitoes—of species other than A. aegypti—to their offspring and to lower primates.[6] In towns and cities, the virus is primarily transmitted by the highly domesticated A. aegypti. In rural settings the virus is transmitted to humans by A. aegypti and other species of Aedes such as A. albopictus.[6] Both these species had expanding ranges in the second half of the 20th century.[9] In all settings the infected lower primates or humans greatly increase the number of circulating dengue viruses, in a process called amplification.[6]

Rates of dengue increased 30 fold between 1960 and 2010.[44] This increase is believed to be due to a combination of urbanization, population growth, increased international travel, and neglected tropical diseases.[45]

Infections are most commonly acquired in the urban environment.[6] In recent decades, the expansion of villages, towns and cities in the areas in which it is common, and the increased mobility of people has increased the number of epidemics and circulating viruses. Dengue fever, which was once confined to Southeast Asia, has now spread to Southern China, countries in the Pacific Ocean and America,[6] and might pose a threat to Europe.[5]

Most people with dengue recover without any ongoing problems.[30] The fatality rate is 1–5%,[7] and less than 1% with adequate treatment;[30] however those who develop significantly low blood pressure may have a fatality rate of up to 26%.[7] Dengue is common in more than 110 countries.[7] It infects 50 to 528 million people worldwide a year, leading to half a million hospitalizations,[2][3] and approximately 25,000 deaths.[8] For the decade of the 2000s, 12 countries in Southeast Asia were estimated to have about 3 million infections and 6,000 deaths annually.[42] It is reported in at least 22 countries in Africa; but is likely present in all of them with 20% of the population at risk.[43] This makes it one of the most common vector-borne diseases worldwide.[33]

World map showing the countries where the Aedes mosquito is found (the southern US, eastern Brazil and most of sub-Saharan Africa), as well as those where Aedes and dengue have been reported (most of Central and tropical South America, South and Southeast Asia and many parts of tropical Africa).
Dengue distribution in 2006
  Epidemic dengue and A. aegypti
  A. aegypti, without epidemic dengue

During the recovery phase intravenous fluids are discontinued to prevent a state of fluid overload.[7] If fluid overload occurs and vital signs are stable, stopping further fluid may be all that is needed.[40] If a person is outside of the critical phase, a loop diuretic such as furosemide may be used to eliminate excess fluid from the circulation.[40]

Intravenous hydration, if required, is typically only needed for one or two days.[39] The rate of fluid administration is titrated to a urinary output of 0.5–1 mL/kg/h, stable vital signs and normalization of hematocrit.[7] The smallest amount of fluid required to achieve this is recommended.[39] Invasive medical procedures such as nasogastric intubation, intramuscular injections and arterial punctures are avoided, in view of the bleeding risk.[7] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is used for fever and discomfort while NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and aspirin are avoided as they might aggravate the risk of bleeding.[39] Blood transfusion is initiated early in people presenting with unstable vital signs in the face of a decreasing hematocrit, rather than waiting for the hemoglobin concentration to decrease to some predetermined "transfusion trigger" level.[40] Packed red blood cells or whole blood are recommended, while platelets and fresh frozen plasma are usually not.[40] There is not enough evidence to determine if corticosteroids have a positive or negative effect in dengue fever.[41]

There are no specific antiviral drugs for dengue, however maintaining proper fluid balance is important.[9] Treatment depends on the symptoms.[39] Those who are able to drink, are passing urine, have no "warning signs" and are otherwise healthy can be managed at home with daily follow up and oral rehydration therapy.[39] Those who have other health problems, have "warning signs" or who cannot manage regular follow up should be cared for in hospital.[7][39] In those with severe dengue care should be provided in an area where there is access to an intensive care unit.[39]

The primary method of controlling A. aegypti is by eliminating its pyrethroid insecticides, while sometimes done, is not thought to be effective.[5] Reducing open collections of water through environmental modification is the preferred method of control, given the concerns of negative health effects from insecticides and greater logistical difficulties with control agents.[19] People can prevent mosquito bites by wearing clothing that fully covers the skin, using mosquito netting while resting, and/or the application of insect repellent (DEET being the most effective).[23] However, these methods appear not to be sufficiently effective, as the frequency of outbreaks appears to be increasing in some areas, probably due to urbanization increasing the habitat of A. aegypti. The range of the disease appears to be expanding possibly due to climate change.[1]

  1. Advocacy, social mobilization and legislation to ensure that public health bodies and communities are strengthened;
  2. Collaboration between the health and other sectors (public and private);
  3. An integrated approach to disease control to maximize use of resources;
  4. Evidence-based decision making to ensure any interventions are targeted appropriately; and
  5. Capacity-building to ensure an adequate response to the local situation.

[19] There are no approved

A black and white photograph of people filling in a ditch with standing water
A 1920s photograph of efforts to disperse standing water and thus decrease mosquito populations

These laboratory tests are only of diagnostic value during the acute phase of the illness with the exception of serology. Tests for dengue virus-specific antibodies, types IgG and IgM, can be useful in confirming a diagnosis in the later stages of the infection. Both IgG and IgM are produced after 5–7 days. The highest levels (titres) of IgM are detected following a primary infection, but IgM is also produced in reinfection. IgM becomes undetectable 30–90 days after a primary infection, but earlier following re-infections. IgG, by contrast, remains detectable for over 60 years and, in the absence of symptoms, is a useful indicator of past infection. After a primary infection IgG reaches peak levels in the blood after 14–21 days. In subsequent re-infections, levels peak earlier and the titres are usually higher. Both IgG and IgM provide protective immunity to the infecting serotype of the virus.[6][11][17] In testing for IgG and IgM antibodies there may be cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses which may result in a false positive after recent infections or vaccinations with yellow fever virus or Japanese encephalitis.[9] The detection of IgG alone is not considered diagnostic unless blood samples are collected 14 days apart and a greater than fourfold increase in levels of specific IgG is detected. In a person with symptoms, the detection of IgM is considered diagnostic.[6]

The diagnosis of dengue fever may be confirmed by microbiological laboratory testing.[30][36] This can be done by virus isolation in cell cultures, nucleic acid detection by PCR, viral antigen detection (such as for NS1) or specific antibodies (serology).[17][32] Virus isolation and nucleic acid detection are more accurate than antigen detection, but these tests are not widely available due to their greater cost.[32] Detection of NS1 during the febrile phase of a primary infection may be greater than 90% sensitive however is only 60–80% in subsequent infections.[9] All tests may be negative in the early stages of the disease.[7][17] PCR and viral antigen detection are more accurate in the first seven days.[9] In 2012 a PCR test was introduced that can run on equipment used to diagnose influenza; this is likely to improve access to PCR-based diagnosis.[37]

Graph of when laboratory tests for dengue fever become positive. Day zero refers to the start of symptoms, 1st refers to in those with a primary infection, and 2nd refers to in those with a secondary infection.[9]

Laboratory tests

[35][30] Grades III and IV are referred to as "dengue shock syndrome".[35] cannot be detected.pulse Dengue hemorrhagic fever was subdivided further into grades I–IV. Grade I is the presence only of easy bruising or a positive tourniquet test in someone with fever, grade II is the presence of spontaneous bleeding into the skin and elsewhere, grade III is the clinical evidence of shock, and grade IV is shock so severe that blood pressure and [35][7] The 1997 classification divided dengue into undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, and dengue hemorrhagic fever.[30] The

The earliest change detectable on laboratory investigations is a low white blood cell count, which may then be followed by low platelets and metabolic acidosis.[7] A moderately elevated level of aminotransferase (AST and ALT) from the liver is commonly associated with low platelets and white blood cells.[9] In severe disease, plasma leakage results in hemoconcentration (as indicated by a rising hematocrit) and hypoalbuminemia.[7] Pleural effusions or ascites can be detected by physical examination when large,[7] but the demonstration of fluid on ultrasound may assist in the early identification of dengue shock syndrome.[2][7] The use of ultrasound is limited by lack of availability in many settings.[2] Dengue shock syndrome is present if pulse pressure drops to ≤ 20 mm Hg along with peripheral vascular collapse.[9] Peripheral vascular collapse is determined in children via delayed capillary refill, rapid heart rate, or cold extremities.[10] While warning signs are an important aspect for early detection of potential serious disease, the evidence for any specific clinical or laboratory marker is weak.[33]

The diagnosis should be considered in anyone who develops a fever within two weeks of being in the tropics or subtropics.[9] It can be difficult to distinguish dengue fever and chikungunya, a similar viral infection that shares many symptoms and occurs in similar parts of the world to dengue.[11] Often, investigations are performed to exclude other conditions that cause similar symptoms, such as malaria, leptospirosis, viral hemorrhagic fever, typhoid fever, meningococcal disease, measles, and influenza.[7][32]

The diagnosis of dengue is typically made clinically, on the basis of reported symptoms and physical examination; this applies especially in endemic areas.[2] However, early disease can be difficult to differentiate from other viral infections.[7] A probable diagnosis is based on the findings of fever plus two of the following: nausea and vomiting, rash, generalized pains, low white blood cell count, positive tourniquet test, or any warning sign (see table) in someone who lives in an endemic area.[30] Warning signs typically occur before the onset of severe dengue.[10] The tourniquet test, which is particularly useful in settings where no laboratory investigations are readily available, involves the application of a blood pressure cuff at between the diastolic and systolic pressure for five minutes, followed by the counting of any petechial hemorrhages; a higher number makes a diagnosis of dengue more likely with the cut off being more than 10 to 20 per 1 inch2 (6.25 cm2).[10][31]

Warning signs[9][30]
Worsening abdominal pain
Ongoing vomiting
Liver enlargement
Mucosal bleeding
High hematocrit with low platelets
Lethargy or restlessness
Serosal effusions

Severe disease is marked by the problems of capillary permeability (an allowance of fluid and protein normally contained within blood to pass) and disordered blood clotting.[8][9] These changes appear associated with a disordered state of the endothelial glycocalyx, which acts as a molecular filter of blood components.[9] Leaky capillaries (and the critical phase) are thought to be caused by an immune system response.[9] Other processes of interest include infected cells that become necrotic—which affect both coagulation and fibrinolysis (the opposing systems of blood clotting and clot degradation)—and low platelets in the blood, also a factor in normal clotting.[29]

It is not entirely clear why secondary infection with a different strain of dengue virus places people at risk of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The exact mechanism behind ADE is unclear. It may be caused by poor binding of non-neutralizing antibodies and delivery into the wrong compartment of white blood cells that have ingested the virus for destruction.[15][17] There is a suspicion that ADE is not the only mechanism underlying severe dengue-related complications,[2][16] and various lines of research have implied a role for T cells and soluble factors such as cytokines and the complement system.[29]

Severe disease

The initial reaction of infected cells is to produce interferon, a cytokine that raises a number of defenses against viral infection through the innate immune system by augmenting the production of a large group of proteins mediated by the JAK-STAT pathway. Some serotypes of dengue virus appear to have mechanisms to slow down this process. Interferon also activates the adaptive immune system, which leads to the generation of antibodies against the virus as well as T cells that directly attack any cell infected with the virus.[15] Various antibodies are generated; some bind closely to the viral proteins and target them for phagocytosis (ingestion by specialized cells and destruction), but some bind the virus less well and appear instead to deliver the virus into a part of the phagocytes where it is not destroyed but is able to replicate further.[15]

Once inside the skin, dengue virus binds to Langerhans cells (a population of dendritic cells in the skin that identifies pathogens).[29] The virus enters the cells through binding between viral proteins and membrane proteins on the Langerhans cell, specifically the C-type lectins called DC-SIGN, mannose receptor and CLEC5A.[15] DC-SIGN, a non-specific receptor for foreign material on dendritic cells, seems to be the main point of entry.[17] The dendritic cell moves to the nearest lymph node. Meanwhile, the virus genome is translated in membrane-bound vesicles on the cell's endoplasmic reticulum, where the cell's protein synthesis apparatus produces new viral proteins that replicate the viral RNA and begin to form viral particles. Immature virus particles are transported to the Golgi apparatus, the part of the cell where some of the proteins receive necessary sugar chains (glycoproteins). The now mature new viruses bud on the surface of the infected cell and are released by exocytosis. They are then able to enter other white blood cells, such as monocytes and macrophages.[15]

Viral replication

When a mosquito carrying dengue virus bites a person, the virus enters the skin together with the mosquito's saliva. It binds to and enters stromal cells leads to reduced numbers of platelets, which are necessary for effective blood clotting; this increases the risk of bleeding, the other major complication of dengue fever.[29]

Polymorphisms (normal variations) in particular genes have been linked with an increased risk of severe dengue complications. Examples include the genes coding for the proteins known as TNFα, mannan-binding lectin,[2] CTLA4, TGFβ,[15] DC-SIGN, PLCE1, and particular forms of human leukocyte antigen from gene variations of HLA-B.[9][17] A common genetic abnormality, especially in Africans, known as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, appears to increase the risk.[29] Polymorphisms in the genes for the vitamin D receptor and FcγR seem to offer protection against severe disease in secondary dengue infection.[17]

Severe disease is more common in babies and young children, and in contrast to many other infections it is more common in children that are relatively well nourished.[7] Other risk factors for severe disease include female sex, high body mass index,[9] and viral load.[29] While each serotype can cause the full spectrum of disease,[15] virus strain is a risk factor.[9] Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term protection against the other three.[4][11] The risk of severe disease from secondary infection increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.[17] Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic diseases such as diabetes and asthma.[17]

[9] The genetic variation in dengue viruses is region specific, suggestive that establishment into new territories is relatively infrequent, despite dengue emerging in new regions in recent decades.[11] Other person-to-person modes of transmission have also been reported, but are very unusual.[28] (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported.Vertical transmission [27].transfusions, where dengue is endemic, the risk is estimated to be between 1.6 and 6 per 10,000 Singapore In countries such as [26][25]

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Friday, April 30, 2010

Morning Update/ Market Thread 4/30

Good Morning,

Equity futures are down just a little this morning, but are picking up momentum on the downside. In a switch, the dollar is down, bonds are up, oil is higher, and gold is gunning for its old highs. Gold is breaking out of yet another small consolidation and is at 1,178 an ounce. The prior high is at $1,227, not that far away, it would appear destined to go higher.

The big release this morning is the first stab at first quarter GDP. The headline number fell from Q4’s final reading of 5.6% to 3.2%. Expectations were for 3.4%, so this is a miss. Keep in mind that this 3.2% figure is an annualized quarterly figure, the growth in the quarter was therefore measured to be .8%. Also expect downward revisions to come. Here’s Econoday’s analysis:
This morning we got an update on how the recovery is faring for the overall economy with the initial estimate for first quarter GDP. Even though growth in output (overall GDP) slowed from the fourth quarter, the big news is that the domestic final demand component picked up significantly. Real GDP growth for the first quarter came in at an annualized 3.2 percent, following a fourth quarter surge of 5.6 percent. Analysts had expected a first quarter gain of 3.4 percent.

While the inventory component was the driver behind fourth quarter growth, we got help in the first quarter from consumers and business investment (equipment purchases) as real final sales to domestic purchasers rose an improved 2.2 percent in the first quarter after an anemic 1.4 percent rise the period before. Although inventories rose, the "swing" in inventories was less positive than the drop in destocking the fourth quarter. Yes, sharply less negative adds more to GDP than slightly more positive-the "swing" is what matters. Net exports, however, worsened on a slowing in exports and continued increase in imports.

Year-on-year, real GDP advanced to 2.5 percent from 0.1 percent in the fourth quarter.

Inflation is still soft as the GDP price index rose an annualized 0.9 percent, following a 0.5 percent increase in the fourth quarter. The latest number essentially matched the consensus forecast for a 1.0 percent increase in the overall price index.

Although overall growth slowed in the first quarter, the composition shifted to a stronger position in terms of domestic demand. The change is gradual but in the right direction. Equity futures slipped on the release.
My take is that our GDP does not reflect reality at all. I believe that the deflator numbers do not reflect reality and that a great deal of our nation’s “productivity” (measured in dollars) is simply paper fluff engineered by our criminal financial industry using false accounting. Enron times a million.

Yes, it’s time for a do-over! Freedom’s Vision would do it.

For those who are into the details, here’s the entire GDP report from the BEA:

GDP Q1 2010

The Employment Cost Index rose .6% in the past quarter (1.7% year over year), which is greater than the forecast for a quarterly rise of .4%. The rise is mostly due to higher benefit costs. The difference in the rate of WAGE growth to the rate of growth in other costs, and in particular DEBT, is a guarantee for running into the inability to service the debt – debt saturation eventually occurs, it’s just math.
A jump in benefit costs fed a surprising jump in the employment cost index that is definitely not wanted by policy makers. The ECI rose a quarter-to-quarter 0.6 percent in the first quarter for the highest rate of the recovery and compared with a 0.4 percent rise in the fourth quarter. The year-on-year rate rose to 1.7 percent, 2 tenths above the fourth-quarter pace.

Benefit costs jumped 1.1 percent in the first quarter more than doubling the fourth quarter's 0.5 percent rate. The year-on-year rate for benefit costs is at plus 2.2 percent, the highest rate since second-quarter 2007 and far above the prior quarter's plus 1.5 percent rate. Questions over how the implementation of healthcare reform will play out adds special uncertainty to the outlook for benefit costs.

Wages & salaries remain tame at plus 0.4 percent, down 1 tenth in the first quarter in the only headline that Federal Reserve officials will welcome. The year-on-year rate for this reading is unchanged at plus 1.5 percent.

A base effect is at play in this report as the fourth quarter marked a deep low for this series. But the gains can't be ignored and will raise doubts over how extended the Fed's zero-rate policy will prove to be.

Well, let’s see… how did holding rates too low for too long work out last time? What’s the definition of insanity? What one has to keep in mind is that the Fed does not work for the people of the United States. They work for the Central Banks. Once you understand WHO they are working for, then it all makes perfect sense. This is why WHO controls the money is so important and why the “FED” must be disbanded.

It would seem that someone else is finally starting to wake up – for what reason and motive is not clear, I don’t take anything at face value anymore. All I know is that Goldman stock just cratered $10 a share this morning as this was released:
Feds begin criminal probe into Goldman - reports

NEW YORK ( -- Federal prosecutors are reportedly looking into whether Goldman Sachs has committed securities fraud.

The Securities and Exchange Committee referred its investigation of Goldman to The Justice Department for possible criminal prosecution, according to several media reports, including one by the Wall Street Journal, Thursday night. The reports cited sources familiar with the situation.

Goldman has been accused by Levin's committee of betting aggressively against the nation's housing market, making as much as $3.7 billion in the process.

Documents released by the committee this week also demonstrated that Goldman may have been engaging in other questionable practices.

Goldman has maintained that it too got hit when the U.S. housing market collapsed, losing some $1.2 billion in 2007 and 2008. It has also rejected charges that it bet against American homeowners or against its own clients.

Rather, the company has maintained it merely was trying to insulate itself from other large bets it made on residential real estate.

"We didn't have a massive short against the housing market and we certainly did not bet against our clients," said Blankfein at the hearing Tuesday.

Fabrice Tourre, the 31-year-old French trader who allegedly helped broker the investment deal that is the subject of the SEC's civil lawsuit, also appeared Tuesday. He said he planned to fight the charges brought by the federal government.

Goldman has placed the London-based Tourre on paid leave indefinitely and stripped him of some of his credentials with British regulators, however.
Goldman has absolutely committed securities fraud. All that’s required to commit fraud is to materially misrepresent your product or to fail to disclose meaningful positions. Goldman is not the only Investment bank guilty of this fraud, they are all guilty of it. That leaves one to wonder why the SEC is taking action now… it feels like public manipulation to me and I’m certain the real motivations are more complex. The market is going to have a difficult time gaining ground with Goldman shares plummeting.

The Chicago PMI was just released at 63.8, a reading of 60 was expected.

The Greek debt crisis gets “solved” just about every day. And every day it seems the amount of money needed balloons:
April 30 (Bloomberg) -- Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou said the nation’s survival was at stake in talks to win a potential $159 billion European Union-led bailout that included budget cuts denounced by unions as “savage.”

“Now, today, immediately, what is at stake is the survival of the nation,” Papandreou said in parliament in Athens today. “This is the ‘red line.’” He said talks with the EU and International Monetary Fund were “tough,” with his government resisting “not in the street with rocks, but in negotiations.”
Oh sure, piling an additional $14,500 for every man, woman, and child of Greece’s 11 million people will surely make the current unserviceable debt all better, won’t it? What a joke! The people rising up? They absolutely should be.

The same exact thing IS happening here. Only ours is more stealth due to our ability to devalue our dollar. That game, however, is getting more difficult for us by the day as well. As soon as the “austerity” measures begin to set in, even the fluffed up false GDP growth will turn negative again. The real desperate acts will come as we fall during the next cycle.

Yesterday’s ramp job peaked out at the 78.6% retrace level. The VIX did generate a market buy signal by closing inside of the upper Bollinger band.

Remember, this signal is a leading signal and it is very reliable. You can see that the Bollingers are now spread wide, I would not look for another VIX signal for quite some time. That said, events can always override technical indications, if Goldman breaks beneath $148 a share, for example, the market will have a difficult time making progress. Tops are a process, they take time.

As I type, Goldman shares just landed on the $148 level. A break beneath $148 will find limited support at $140, but then there’s really nothing all the way back down to $100. That would not be particularly helpful to the XLF or to the broader market:

Couldn’t happen to a nicer group of guys, I’m sure a lot of this theatre is playing off that sentiment. Sure, there are a lot of good songs I could choose to pile on top of Goldman, they certainly deserve it. Instead of that, though, here’s one for the masses who believe in the growth story propagated by all the central bankers, our administration, the BEA, and our media…

Styx – Fooling Yourself:

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Text by Anil Chitrakar

When someone is angry, it is common for Nepalis to refer to the“Bhairab” aspect of the person. When Shiva, the destroyer, is angry he is depicted as Bhairab. The soldiers in the battle field or their battalions and garrisons are referred to as Bhairab and named accordingly as Bhairab Gana. At the doorway to temples and sacred spaces the guards are the various Bhairabs. During masked dances in the Kathmandu valley, the angry character will be the blue masked Bhairab. The Bhairab is not only depicted as ferocious and angry, he is also honest, dedicated and faithful. It must be with this in mind that the dog is regarded as the vehicle of Bhairab.

In the Kathmandu valley, there are numerous big and small temples, monuments, statues and spaces dedicated to the Bhairab. The really big temples include the Bagh Bhairab of Kirtipur, the Tika Bhairab in southern Lalitpur, the Mahankal Bhairab on the edge of Tundikhel near Bir Hospital, the Akash Bhairab at Indra Chowk in the heart of Kathmandu, the Haya griva Bhairab temple at Bungamati and the huge Bhairab temple of Taumadi in Bhaktapur are just a few we see all the time.

At the old palace of Hanumandhoka we have the giant statue of Kal Bhairab (Kal means death). History tells us that when King Pratap Malla was building a conduit to bring water from Budhanilkantha to Hanumandhoka, the workers dug up this huge and beautifully crafted Licchavi period statue. The statue and the rituals of the Bhairab are of great significance to Nepalis because it is Kal Bhairab that prevented corruption for many centuries. Each year civil servant jobs, positions and authorities had to be renewed by the rulers in a ceremony called Pajani. The oath taking  that followed the appointment took place in front of Kal Bhairab and each swore to the deity that if they lied, cheated, or stole, they were prepared to die a violent death at the hands of Bhairab. This is why the Kal Bhairab is also referred to  as the Adalat (court) Bhairab. At the Pashupati temple, the priests were required to take the oath in front of the Unmatta Bhairab whose statue is located in the same complex.

Bhairab is also depicted in the valley during various festivals in the form of  a mask with a huge alcohol vat attached behind it. A pipe delivers the alcohol to the “devotees” through the mouth of the Bhairab.  In the valley these are referred to as Hatha dyo and the largest of these is the Sweta Bhairab at Hanumandhoka palace square. Normally the huge mask is locked up behind wooden latticed windows and is open to the public during the Indra Jatra festival. All across the routes along which the chariot of the living goddess is pulled, these masks and vats are placed on raised platforms and the various neighborhoods organize rice beer and alcohol for the public participating in the festival.

During the reign of King Narendra Deva, there was a severe drought in Nepal. Astrologers  predicted that the rains were held back because Gorkhanath had trapped all the Nagas (serpent spirits) who were responsible for rain. They also advised the king that the only way to release the snakes was to bring Karunamaya (Machhendranath, Bunga dyo or Lokeshwor) the compassionate one to the valley from  Kamini in Assam. The news of the Bodhisattva’s arrival in the valley would surely force Gorkhanath to come to greet his teacher and hence the Nagas would be free and the rain would come.

King Narendra Deva along with the Bajracharya priest, Bandudatta and local farmer, Ratan Chakra left for Kamarupa in present day Assam, to get Karunamaya who resided there as a young boy. The parents refused the request and overcame the three using supernatural powers. King Narendra Deva then called the four Bhairabs from the valley to help. Accordingly Harisiddhi Bhairab, Konde Bhairab, Lubtosanhara Bhairab and Londe Bhairab went to the rescue. They were able to “convince” the parents and city dwellers to let go of Karunamaya. As the story goes, the four Bhairabs then carried the boy towards Nepal.

The four wheels of the chariot that carries Karunamaya through Patan represent the four Bhairabs and the eyes painted on them have flaming eyebrows to depict the “ferocious ones”. The chariot festival of Karunamaya each year is a celebration of this living heritage. As the story goes, the parents again used supernatural powers and made the chariot so heavy that even the Bhairabs could not lift it. The priest then turned the young boy into a bumble bee and brought him the rest of the way in a sacred flask – Kalash. The long wooden beam which is used to steer the enormous structure represents the king of the Nagas and has the mask of Hayagriva Bhairab at the front.

Anil Chitrakar is a founding member of  Kathmandu 2020 and
has launched  Crafted in Kathmandu to help local artisans.
For comments e-mail:


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BTW, listen to a JJ Cale song called "sensitive kind". It will tell you some of what you need to know.

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If you have that much jealousy, that a man you're with can not even look at someone else, then yes the single life may benefit you. If you're with a man and he is badly gawking at another woman, checking out her legs, butt, boobs, etc, I mean all the time every time or being very disrespectful to you in that manner then that might be different. But to have your guy just casually looking at others when walking down the mall, etc, then that is just plain human nature hun. Men do it! Hell, even women do it! As long as your man isn't doing anything other than looking I think you'll be ok. If you're this jealous over him looking, I can't imagine what it would be like if you had a man that did more than look.

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Apparently, Japanese women in that age range are somewhat frustrated that the grass-eater guys are refusing to operate according to the rules, and the Japanese government is having nightmares of a future filled with kidless old duffers. IMO, these Japanese men went on strike, and it's having an effect.

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The fact is, no woman is going to respect you if you are like this. It's not about "being a dick". It's about setting boundaries for yourself and enforcing them. Say to yourself, "this is what I want to make me happy". Then if you are with someone that is doing that which makes you unhappy, tell them that. If they don't want to curb it, then break up and find someone else. Being a wuss and enabling that behavior is simply going to result in a lack of respect from women and you being unhappy.

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She did not call back. I took the train and hiked to her mother’s house to find that she was with her sister at a party with some unsavory characters.

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Would you not expect your GF to say when presented with this plan that "Well I'm sure that would be fun, but my boyfriend probably would not think too highly of it, so no thanks."

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I am overweight, taking college cles and have 4 kids, ages.

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another pic of none bait

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Is this girl the same as #438442?

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Be sure to follow the site @etomlinsoncom_!
Eleanor Tomlinson is a British actress born on May 19, 1992 and is best known from such film roles as Jas in Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging, Princess Isabelle in Jack the Giant Slayer and most recently as Hayley in Love Wedding Repeat and from such TV roles as Isabel Neville in The White Queen, Georgiana Darcy in Death Comes to Pemberley and Demelza in Poldark. Up next for her are the series Intergalactic and The Nevers and the voice of Saic Rebecca Trejo in the video game Squadron 42.
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The Ultimate Cheat Sheet on snowboard

On the net online games undoubtedly are a new rage on the web. Everybody thinks that there is a large amount to be acquired with on line game titles. I ponder how? You produce online games, or license them make a web site and try to really make it preferred amongst many others. Large amount of money and energy is required to get found on the Internet. And In any case that you just supply absolutely free game titles. Wherever is The cash?

On line online games and ads – Take a look at this circumstance. A player has arrived to your web site. He/she has downloaded a recreation and begun participating in it. Some ad banners are functioning around. Do you assume the player to click the adverts or Participate in the game titles for successful?

Of course the players are focused on the game and snowboard are fully unaware about the remainder of the web page. I tend not to think they may click the commercials. Should they do that, it ensures that your video games aren't good enough. The other means of receiving income is membership centered Web page. With a great deal of of no cost stuff floating all-around, why should I visit your compensated web site, pay back you and Engage in? Why should really I not save money by trying to find cost-free games?

Web is rather misleading in some methods. Many of the folks think that if 1 subject is highly regarded There may be ton of cash in that. But this just just isn't genuine. Income doesn't come from attractiveness of the topic. For having, income, You need to make persons pay back. for that your content needs to be exceptionally special, your advertising and marketing price huge as well as your functioning Value very major. If after that you generate income, you ought to take into consideration you Fortunate.


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Pick a You

This is a repost from several years ago, but it’s always been one of my favorites. I suppose I could assign it some grand current significance, but the truth is it’s late, I’m tired, and I was reading through my archives the other night and I remembered how much I liked this post.

It was never my intention to become someone I wouldn’t like.

Growing up in the ditches of red Mississippi mud, I was taught that happiness was a Sunday morning song, a memorized verse, and a pristine pair of white socks encased in patent leather Mary Janes.

I rode the bus home from school, and I remember the smell. Like pee and mud and the back of sweaty little boy necks. I remember the spongy stickiness of the plastic green seats, and the high backs that I used to write on with pencil erasers. The one family of four or five kids who always sat in the first two seats, and who wiped boogers on the backs of the seats…they left a lingering odor in those seats, so even after they got off the bus within the first ten minutes of the ride, no one sat there. No one wanted to smell the wake or look at the boogers. I sat in a seat about ¾ of the way back, and I didn’t talk to many people. I don’t know why.

The first few years of busriding, there was a girl, older than me, named Maria. She had huge hair and lots of makeup and she would write “Turk 182” on the fogged windows on rainy days. I never questioned what she said, what she wore, or why this obviously-in-high-school girl was riding the bus home from school instead of catching a ride with a friend, or even driving herself. I never even spoke to her. Years later, when she showed up at my church on my way out (during my faithless years, when I realized that perhaps the darkly-stained Baptist pews weren’t quite seats on the only passenger train to Heaven), I recognized her. I had wondered about her through the years. She had come into our church on the coattail of her husband, a man who’d made lots of money owning restaurants, taken lots of drugs in the process, and had finally decided to follow Jesus because, you know, that transition makes total sense. He suddenly became a huge spokesman for Jesus around our town and because it’s the thing that Jesus’ spokesmen do, where ever he happened to be, there she was. Maria would be sitting beside him in the folded-hand smiling Baptist wife position, and I often wondered if the Maria from the bus – the one who smacked her gum and smeared on frosted pink Bonne Bell gloss – still existed, and if she did, what did she think of Smiling Wife Maria? Is that who she dreamed of becoming? Was that what those days on the bus were leading to? What steps did she take to reserve this position for herself?

I wonder if she liked who she was then, and then who she became. She couldn’t have liked them both.

0 thoughts on “Pick a You

  1. I like this. :) I often think about the different guises I have worn, and it bothers me when people have known me through more than one. I don’t think there is anyone who has known me through all. Least of all me.

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IMF: Discussions with Jordan to Adopt New 3-Year Economic Program | Business | Ammon News

IMF: Discussions with Jordan to Adopt New 3-Year Economic Program

[11/28/2019 9:35:02 AM]

AMMONNEWS - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that discussions with Jordan were underway on the possibility of adopting a new three-year economic program, adding that Jordanian authorities have taken important measures to improve the business climate.

Quoting the World Bank’s Doing Business Indicators, the IMF said on Monday, in its end-of-mission statement, that Jordanian authorities have taken important steps to improve the business climate, placing the kingdom as one of the world’s top three improvers.

An IMF mission, led by Chris Jarvis, visited Amman from November 11-20 to conduct the 2019 Article IV Consultation, and review progress under Jordan’s extended arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility.

A statement by the IMF said that Jordan’s priorities for the coming years were to maintain economic stability, reduce fiscal imbalances, boost growth, create jobs, and strengthen social protection.

“The Jordanian government emphasized its commitment and determination to continue the reform process and to overcome current obstacles to growth. The authorities have made important progress in maintaining economic and financial stability in recent years,” Jarvis said in the statement.

He noted that since these goals could not be achieved fully in the few remaining months of the current IMF-supported program, discussions have begun on a new three-year program that could be supported by the IMF.

“We encourage the authorities to continue to enhance broader private-sector growth. With the assistance of the World Bank and other partners, the authorities have outlined a concrete matrix of reforms that should, if implemented swiftly, go a long way towards improving the business climate and boosting competitiveness,” Jarvis said.

“The fund remains committed to continue to support the authorities as they work to deliver stronger and more sustainable growth, reduce fiscal imbalances, strengthen the business environment, increase transparency, improve living standards and ensure that Jordan’s most vulnerable people are protected,” he added.

* Asharq Al-Awsat

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Wednesday, September 15, 2010

Casu Marzu, Insect Larvae In A Cheese | 23 Feb 2009 | Found in the city of Sardinia in Italy, casu marzu is a cheese that is home to live insect larvae. These larvae are deliberately added to the cheese to promote a level of fermentation that is close to decomposition, at which point the cheese’s fats are broken down.

The tiny, translucent worms can jump up to half a foot if disturbed, which explains why some people prefer to brush off the insects before enjoying a spoonful of the pungent cheese. (Nino Guevara Ruwano)

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Intelligent Manufacturing

Date： 2018-06-21
Clicks: 404

Solution overview：

During vehicle assembly process, it is important to collect and transmit data of manufacture process and quality control on assembly lines by RFID technology to corresponding divisions like material management, production management, quality assurance and others. Based on these data, vehicle manufacturers can arrange raw material supply, coordinate production scheduling, improve sales and service, monitor quality control and track vehicle lifetime quality. Before RFID technology was adopted, vehicle parts information was stored in barcode which is flexible for configuration and low in cost for system to identify vehicle information. However, as the vehicle body information is stored in PLC or PMC database, the system requires high velocity and high reliability on network communication. It also requires better performance PLC, larger capacity database and higher speed PMC host.

1． Digital management of equipment;

2．Automatic identification of products

3． Optimize production logistics;

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5．Product quality traceable

6．Support management activity through the association of RFID system collected data with the manufacturing information management system.

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I was sixteen years old. As we take cannabis every day, obviously we had to take some thing else to party! I liked it at once mainly because I am the shy type. It was as if I had everything. Really everything.

After that I'd take some during holidays, not while going to school. These days I take some several times a day. As I am in a boarding school, it is rather stressful, especially with the teachers, some of them I can't bear anymore...I was also brought up before the school disciplinary committee, the supervisors are also on my back, though I have rather good results. Drugs are like everything, you have to control it, not to be controlled by it!


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Vavuniyaa Judge warns SL Attorney General against delaying tactics on TPP cases

Vavuniyaa High Court Judge Balendran Sasi Mahendran on Tuesday gave a strong message to SL Attorney General’s Department questioning the absence of its representative at the hearing of the case of three Tamil political prisoners on Tuesday. The case was taken up at Vavuniyaa High Court after it was transferred back following firm pressure from the prisoners and their people against the transfer the case from Vavuniyaa to Anuradhapura last year. Fixing a new date for the hearing the Judge said the AG should not miss representation next time and went to the extent of stating consider a new Judge if there were any hesitation against him hearing the case. But, the hearings should proceed without further postponements, Judge Sasi Mahendran has warned.

Mathiyarasan Sulaxan (Kara’navaay North in Vadamaraadchi, Jaffna), Rasathurai Thiruvarul (6th Division, Vela’nai West, Jaffna) and Ganeshan Tharshan (Naavalap-piddi, Kandy) have repeatedly been protesting against their cases being transferred away from Vavuniyaa High Court to Anuradhapura or any other court in the South.

The prisoners waged a 38-day long fast-unto-death struggle in Anuradhapura prison at the end of 2017.

The people, politicians who stand with the people, NPC councillors, grassroots organisations and the University student community in Jaffna joined the protest.

However, the SL Attorney General Department has been dragging its feet citing delays in locating a witness, alleged reluctance by witnesses to appear in Vavuniyaa courts and by failing to be present at the hearing after it was transferred back to Vavuniyaa court.

In the meantime, the SL Police investigators have also attempted to fabricate false evidences against the three prisoners.

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Not just about books- it all happens at the new British Council Colombo Library

Two butterflies with flags on wings as symbol of relations UK and Sri Lanka
For years, the British Council Colombo Library has challenged the traditional perception of a library. While being home to the best selection of books and learning resources in Colombo the venue is also well known as a gathering space for artists, thinkers and thought leaders. On June 3 the British Council Library will reopen as a space that embodies this role it plays as both a repository of knowledge and convener of people and ideas. To celebrate, an open day will present an exciting programme of events that capture the library’s vibe- ‘It all happens here’!

The British Council is the UK’s international organisation for cultural relations and education opportunities. In Sri Lanka, they have been active for almost seven decades in the spaces of English language education, education and society, and the arts. The British Council Library is an extension of its commitment to these three pillars; with over 25,000 Sri Lankan members and centres in Colombo, Kandy and Jaffna, the library is an institution. In addition to the usual resources, members have access to an online library with over 14,000 e-journals and over 119,000 e-books on various subjects.

Over the years the library has morphed into the ideal getaway for anyone. In a mood to read? Then browse through the extensive, diverse selection of books on the shelves. In the mood for some company and good art? Attend one of the many open mics, theatre nights, book readings and signings, storytelling sessions, panel discussions, and movie screenings. This is a space where thousands of people- both young and old-have met and forged connections and long-lasting friendships.

With the refurbishment, the British Council Colombo Library builds on this convening capacity. The young learner area will be bigger, with more space for stretching out with a good book or poring over a magazine. An instrumental area with a piano will serve some light entertainment. There will also be a coffee corner- after all, what pairs better with a book than a steaming hot mug of tea or coffee?

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About Us
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Evapotranspiration of a tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna
Author： Ai Chongrui
Update time： 2010-08-18
Text Size: A A A

Evapotranspiration means the combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of evaporation and transpiration. Prof. Zhang Yiping and his research team of XTBG studied the ecosystem evaporation (ET) during 2003 and 2006 and important research advances.

By using the eddy covariance flux measurements from 2003 to 2006 at a tropical rain forest site in Xishuangbanna, southwest China, Dr. Li Zhiheng and his supervisor Zhang Yiping studied the ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET). Their research found that:

During the four study years, the mean annual precipitation and air temperature were slightly lower than their long-term averages (1322 vs 1487 mm and 20.1 vs 21.7 degrees C, respectively). Mean annual ET in the four study years was estimated at 1029 mm, accounted for 78% of the corresponding annual precipitation. Mean daily ecosystem ET was 2.6 mm day(-1) during the dry season from November to April and was 3.1 mm day(-1) during the rainy season from May to October. The ET diurnal variations in the cool-dry season (from November to February), the hot-dry season (March and April) and the rainy season had similar maximum values, although the soil water content, leaf area index (LAI) and climate conditions differed greatly. ET was mainly controlled by soil water availability in the hot-dry season, by LAI in the early rainy season (May and June) and by atmospheric conditions in the mid-to-late rainy season (from July to October) and the cool-dry season. The total ET was substantially higher than the corresponding precipitation in the dry season. The extra amount of water evapotranspirated in the dry season was mainly due to the depletion of soil water stored in the previous rainy season. Fog deposition during the dry season also played a role in providing water for ET.

The research results indicated the importance of interannual interactions of water balance in the seasonal distribution of ecosystem ET at this site

The research observation entitled “Evapotranspiration of a tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China” has been published in Hydrological Processes, 17 (2010): 2405-2416.

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Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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Monday, September 10, 2018

Laugh, I Thought I'd Die

What I may remember most is the laugh. It had a way of cutting through any and all pretense. That is a mighty impressive capacity in a town like Hollywood. Burt Reynolds was a guy who seemed to effortlessly rule the box office of the 1970's. Whether it was from the driver's seat of that black Trans Am, immortalized in Bruce Springsteen's Cadillac Ranch, or from the stern of a canoe bouncing over the rapids in Deliverance, Burt delivered.
What did he deliver? A smart aleck who seemed to glide effortlessly in and out of trouble. When asked by his costar Sally Field in Smokey and The Bandit just what he's good at, Burt replies, "Showing off." All of those stunts and all of those movies, there must have been some hard work in there somewhere, but you never would have known it by watching him. Or listening to him.
That laugh.
I was always happy to go out to the drive in with my older brother to catch the latest hard-boiled, southern fried detective flick. How cool would it be to have a name like Gator McKlusky? As cool as it would be to have Jerry Reed as a partner in crime. Live fast, and drive even faster. Burt Reynolds was fast and furious before Vin Diesel was driving bumper cars.
As the eighties came, Burt's career slowed a bit, but there was still plenty left in the tank. Sharky's Machine was a fine example of new noir through gritted teeth. If I watched that one once, I watched it a hundred times.
But mostly there was that laugh. And there was nowhere better to hear it on display than the outtakes from all those Hal Needham films. A feature that may have improved Burt's opinion of one of his last roles, as the porn auteur in Boogie Nights. It's something that might have widened the appeal, Boogie Night Bloopers. With Dom DeLuise. More giggles.
Burt Reynolds stomped on the Terra, and he is missed even now. Aloha, Burt. See you at the drive in.

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 Download :: ASAR Image Mode source packets Level 0 (ASA_IM__0P) :: ASA_IM__0CNPAM20100117_074458_000000162086_00078_41214_4793.N1 :: K. Maras :: Malatya :: Turkey :: Sivas :: Western Asia :: Kayseri :: Adiyaman :: 17 January 2010
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Geohazard Supersites and Natural Laboratories

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acquired on 17 January 2010 from 07:01:58 to 07:01:14

Open Access
The download of products requires a EO Single Sign On username/password.
You can login when accessing the data. To register go here .

The ASAR Image Mode source packets Level 0 data product offers Level 0 data for possible images processing on an other processing site. It includes some mandatory information for SAR processing. The Image Mode Level 0 product consists of time-ordered Annotated Instrument Source Packets (AISPs) collected while the instrument is in Image Mode. The echo samples contained in the AISPs are compressed to 4 bits/sample using Flexible Block Adaptive Quantisation (FBAQ). This is a high-rate, narrow swath mode so data is only acquired for partial orbit segments and may be from one of seven possible image swaths. The Level 0 product is produced systematically for all data acquired within this mode. This product provides a continuation of the ERS-SAR_RAW product.
rdf atom
2020-08-07T13:15:53Z Terradue CAS version 1.4.0 0.277 sec more info


text:
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The biggest launch of the century About Online Betting 536373

Ever considering that the internet became wide-spread and simple to access in typically the late 1990’s, on the internet wagering has come to be greatly famous all over the world, branching away into almost all the familiar issues with bets such as online internet casino betting and sports betting. Poker together with college basketball betting are two of the most popular sorts of wagering available on the net. On the web sportsbook bets includes betting on sports activities activities and events that could contain basketball, baseball, football and even others. Online horse gambling is another kind of betting which in turn attracts experienced person betters in addition to newbies which have never possibly been recently to a horse competition.

Advantages of Online Gambling

A few advantages help on the web playing be popular amongst those who like to consider their luck without moving out of their homes. These include things like:

Being capable to start using a credit greeting card
All types of gambling readily available on just several web sites
Complete anonymity
Instant access in order to funds through credit card
Online playing to first improve skills
In addition, as soon as gambling online, you commonly just upload funds to the specific website or organization you have registered with, employ those funds in order to make wagers and then cash out your winnings, if you transpire to be able to have almost any. You may use your credit or perhaps money card to problem funds to your bank account and cash out having. Some United States banks may prohibit using their particular cards regarding internet betting so you may discover your card rejected if you do not really know beforehand whether you usually are helped to use it. You may be equipped fund your account with the check or even a wire move, also, depending on the policies of the gambling web site.

Validity of Online Wagering

However many laws plus works with regards to betting on the web currently have been tossed all-around, often the issue of the legality of online betting offers still not really been settled. Agent Barney Fluent unveiled the Internet Gambling Legislation and Enforcement Act throughout 2007, which usually sought for you to legalize world wide web gambling. One more representative, Harry McDermott, as well proposed a thing called typically the Internet Gambling Control and even Tax Enforcement Behave, which in turn describes how to manage online betting websites even though collecting taxes on table bets made by anyone turning up to that site. 메이저놀이터 Since of today, the bill is being talked about in addition to nothing provides been recently basically determined concerning the legality connected with betting online.

As extended as the gambling internet site is reputable and the loan provider permits you to help use your credit card on the online gambling web page, then there appears to be nothing to avoid you from gambling online. And so do fun and great luck!


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Kedmi: The Nazis fought primarily against the Communist ideology

23.06.2020, Moscow.

The Great Patriotic War was waged primarily against the communist Soviet Union and its ideology, said Yakov Kedmi, a public figure, a former head of the Israeli special service Nativ in the Sunday Evening with Vladimir Solovyov TV program on the Russia One channel on June 21.

Commenting on Russian President Vladimir Putin’s article Vladimir Putin: The Real Lessons of the 75th Anniversary of World War II Yakov Kedmi said, “It was a war against the Soviet Union. It was a war against Bolshevism. It was a war against the ideology on which the Soviet Union was founded.”

The expert noted that this ideology was much more human, which is why the entire Western world saw it as a threat, because it discredited the then existing systems of exploitation that had led humanity to the First and Second World Wars.

“And if it were not the Soviet Union, the country would not have survived this war. It would not have won,” Kedmi added, emphasizing that the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War was won due to ideology.

“Because this ideology saved the Soviet Union, and along with it, Russia from a disaster like what the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire suffered in war,” the expert stressed.

Source: Rossa Primavera News Agency

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