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How Great Thinkers Spread Their Ideas

Great thinkers are not much if their ideas never get noticed. And hey, it's a jungle out there. Here is some advice about getting your thoughts into the marketplace—and getting noticed.

What's the Latest Development?

If you want to get your thoughts out into the marketplace of ideas, you've got to visit different stalls. That means appearing on news sites, blogs, etc. that aren't your own. And the easiest way to get there, unless you already have a substantial profile, is definitely online. So start by making a wishlist of sites you would like to appear on, then go after those which want you to tailor your message to their audience. If you aren't asked to do that, the site probably doesn't have one.

What's the Big Idea?

Checking your ego at the door is an important step toward circulating your ideas. It may be hard to face, but nobody cares about you or your ideas, at least not yet. To get your message out there, think of how you can build the audience of the sites you wish to appear on. Tailor your message to their readers and viewers. That probably means dropping about 80 percent of what you want to say and focusing on how-to or actionable advice that suits the audience you're writing to.

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Drill, Baby, Drill: What will we look for when we mine on Mars?

It's unlikely that there's anything on the planet that is worth the cost of shipping it back

Surprising Science
  • In the second season of National Geographic Channel's MARS (premiering tonight, 11/12/18,) privatized miners on the red planet clash with a colony of international scientists
  • Privatized mining on both Mars and the Moon is likely to occur in the next century
  • The cost of returning mined materials from Space to the Earth will probably be too high to create a self-sustaining industry, but the resources may have other uses at their origin points

Want to go to Mars? It will cost you. In 2016, SpaceX founder Elon Musk estimated that manned missions to the planet may cost approximately $10 billion per person. As with any expensive endeavor, it is inevitable that sufficient returns on investment will be needed in order to sustain human presence on Mars. So, what's underneath all that red dust?

Mining Technology reported in 2017 that "there are areas [on Mars], especially large igneous provinces, volcanoes and impact craters that hold significant potential for nickel, copper, iron, titanium, platinum group elements and more."

Were a SpaceX-like company to establish a commercial mining presence on the planet, digging up these materials will be sure to provoke a fraught debate over environmental preservation in space, Martian land rights, and the slew of microbial unknowns which Martian soil may bring.

In National Geographic Channel's genre-bending narrative-docuseries, MARS, (the second season premieres tonight, November 12th, 9 pm ET / 8 pm CT) this dynamic is explored as astronauts from an international scientific coalition go head-to-head with industrial miners looking to exploit the planet's resources.

Given the rate of consumption of minerals on Earth, there is plenty of reason to believe that there will be demand for such an operation.

"Almost all of the easily mined gold, silver, copper, tin, zinc, antimony, and phosphorus we can mine on Earth may be gone within one hundred years" writes Stephen Petranek, author of How We'll Live on Mars, which Nat Geo's MARS is based on. That grim scenario will require either a massive rethinking of how we consume metals on earth, or supplementation from another source.

Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, told Petranek that it's unlikely that even if all of Earth's metals were exhausted, it is unlikely that Martian materials could become an economically feasible supplement due to the high cost of fuel required to return the materials to Earth. "Anything transported with atoms would have to be incredibly valuable on a weight basis."

Actually, we've already done some of this kind of resource extraction. During NASA's Apollo missions to the Moon, astronauts used simple steel tools to collect about 842 pounds of moon rocks over six missions. Due to the high cost of those missions, the Moon rocks are now highly valuable on Earth.

Moon rock on display at US Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville, AL (Big Think/Matt Carlstrom)

In 1973, NASA valuated moon rocks at $50,800 per gram –– or over $300,000 today when adjusted for inflation. That figure doesn't reflect the value of the natural resources within the rock, but rather the cost of their extraction.

Assuming that Martian mining would be done with the purpose of bringing materials back to Earth, the cost of any materials mined from Mars would need to include both the cost of the extraction and the value of the materials themselves. Factoring in the price of fuel and the difficulties of returning a Martian lander to Earth, this figure may be entirely cost prohibitive.

What seems more likely, says Musk, is for the Martian resources to stay on the Red Planet to be used for construction and manufacturing within manned colonies, or to be used to support further mining missions of the mineral-rich asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

At the very least, mining on Mars has already produced great entertainment value on Earth: tune into Season 2 of MARS on National Geographic Channel.

For thousands of years, humans slept in two shifts. Should we do it again?

Researchers believe that the practice of sleeping through the whole night didn’t really take hold until just a few hundred years ago.

The Bed by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.
Surprising Science

She was wide awake and it was nearly two in the morning. When asked if everything was alright, she said, “Yes.” Asked why she couldn’t get to sleep she said, “I don’t know.” Neuroscientist Russell Foster of Oxford might suggest she was exhibiting “a throwback to the bi-modal sleep pattern." Research suggests we used to sleep in two segments with a period of wakefulness in-between.

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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing threat to good health and well-being

Antimicrobial resistance is growing worldwide, rendering many "work horse" medicines ineffective. Without intervention, drug-resistant pathogens could lead to millions of deaths by 2050. Thankfully, companies like Pfizer are taking action.

Image courtesy of Pfizer.
  • Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens are one of the largest threats to global health today.
  • As we get older, our immune systems age, increasing our risk of life threatening infections. Without reliable antibiotics, life expectancy could decline for the first time in modern history.
  • If antibiotics become ineffective, common infections could result in hospitalization or even death. Life-saving interventions like cancer treatments and organ transplantation would become more difficult, more often resulting in death. Routine procedures would become hard to perform.
  • Without intervention, resistant pathogens could result in 10 million annual deaths by 2050.
  • By taking a multi-faceted approach—inclusive of adherence to good stewardship, surveillance and responsible manufacturing practices, as well as an emphasis on prevention and treatment—companies like Pfizer are fighting to help curb the spread.
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Looking For a Job That's Out of This World? NASA is Hiring.

Do you have what it takes?

It's time to spruce up those resumes, NASA has announced it's looking for talented individuals to apply to become part of its next generation of astronauts. If you are a U.S. citizen and have a bachelor’s degree in engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science, or mathematics, you're eligible to get a spot on a spaceship.

Those interested can apply on USA Jobs. NASA will be accepting astronaut applications until February 18th.

So how can you improve your chances of getting selected?

“NASA is looking for people who are not just qualified in their field, but have a variety of skills and interests. A varied background will help your application stand out,” NASA astronaut Shannon Walker wrote in a recent Reddit AMA.

In addition to having a bachelor's degree in a STEM-related field, NASA will be looking at what they decided to do with that degree. “The diversity of experiences is what separates the highly qualified from qualified,” Manager for Astronaut Selection Anne Roemer and Walker wrote. “Experience that demonstrates good leadership, good followership, and good decision making.”

Also, having 1,000 hours of pilot-in-command time in jet aircraft helps.

A few months ago NASA said that this next generation of astronauts will be engaged in some exciting opportunities, including flights to the International Space Station and even deep-space missions in NASA's Orion craft.

“NASA’s mission, and what we need from the astronauts helping to carry it out, has evolved over the years,” said Brian Kelly, director of Flight Operations at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston. “Some people would be surprised to learn they might have what it takes. We want and need a diverse mix of individuals to ensure we have the best astronaut corps possible.”

Natalie has been writing professionally for about 6 years. After graduating from Ithaca College with a degree in Feature Writing, she snagged a job at PCMag.com where she had the opportunity to review all the latest consumer gadgets. Since then she has become a writer for hire, freelancing for various websites. In her spare time, you may find her riding her motorcycle, reading YA novels, hiking, or playing video games. Follow her on Twitter: @nat_schumaker

Photo Credit: ESA / Handout/ Getty

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Rebecca Miller Reads from The Private Lives of Pippa Lee

Topic: Rebecca Miller reads from the Private Lives of Pippa Lee

Rebecca Miller: Okay.  So Pippa is having lunch with her friend Moira [Dallas].  Moira is a friend of hers and her husband Herb’s.  Herb is Pippa’s husband.  Pippa is 50, her husband Herb is 80 and they’ve recently moved to Marigold Village Retirement Community at Herb’s urging.  And they’re meeting at at a, Moira and Pippa are meeting for lunch at a restaurant in the little town near Marigold Village.  And Moira is younger, she’s about 35 and she’s been going out, living with a writer friend of Pippa and Herb’s for quite a long time.  And Herb’s a sort of legendary publisher.  So, here’s Moira and Pippa’s lunch.  Moira was late.  Pippa leaned back in the aqua leatherette banquette and scrutinized the small oil paintings that were hung at regular intervals on the walls of the restaurant.  They were all dutifully painted humorless landscapes.  She thought about her old artist friend, Jim.  How he would’ve looked up at them, his head slightly bowed, he would’ve nodded slowly.  “Oh, yes,” he would’ve said, smiling grimly.  She wondered if Jim was still alive.  Moira appeared out of breath, kissed Pippa, strands of black hair escaping from her ponytail.  She smelled pleasantly of milk.  “I’m so sorry, I’m late.  I was writing and I looked at the clock and…”  “Don’t worry,” said Pippa.  “I was just relaxing, enjoying the art.  That’s a great buckle,” she said, fingering at sheriff star, a silver sheriff star below Moira’s bellybutton.  “Thanks,” said Moira, covering it with her hand and sliding into the opposite bench, her large suede handbag clutched to her side.  An effeminate waiter appeared.  “Oh, hi.  Can I please have ahmm… an ice tea, the one with a melon in it?” Moira said to him with involuntary flirtatiousness.  Then she looked back at Pippa, tucked a strand of hair behind her ear girlishly, and smiled, a dimple indenting her left cheek.  “No wonder she’d been her father’s favorite of seven kids,” Pippa thought, she must have been a magical child with that heart-shaped face, those enormous Indian orphan eyes, and that imagination, and her messy, breathless, self-obsessed way.  Moira was adorable.  There was no getting around it.  You could think her sincerity was ridiculous.  You could lampoon her overblown sexuality, her exaggerated appreciation of life.  But, finally, you just had to throw up your hands and love the absolute purity of her confusion.  Disarming, that was the word for Moira.  “You look so beautiful,” Moira said scrutinizing Pippa’s face.  “What are you doing different?”  “It’s the indolence,” said Pippa, “I wish I could be peaceful and good like you.”  “Good?  You seem so beatific.”  Pippa laughed, “If only you knew.”  “Knew what?”  “Oh, variety of things.  I’m like one of those used cars that have been in a terrible accident.  They look perfectly fine on the outside but the axel is bent.”  Moira smiled, puzzled, “You were so mysterious about the past.”  “You think?”  “You never say anything about your life before.”  “There are things that happened that I don’t dwell on,” said Pippa.  “What?  Like what happened to Herb’s first wife?”  “Second.”  “Second.  He said she was already crazy.”  “Not that crazy.”  Moira sighed, put her head in her hands and sniffed.  “What?” Pippa put her palm on Moira’s shoulder.  “I’m just a rotten apple,” said Moira wiping the tears off her cheeks, “I’ll never have a normal life.”  Pippa was used to her friend’s sudden episodes of self-flagellation.  She always used humor to bring her out of her maudlin spirals.  “Oh, come on,” said Pippa, “What’s normal?  You mean marriage?”  Moira nodded, blowing her nose.  “It’s over between Sam and me.  Oh, Pippa, it’s also completely fucked up.  I’ve got myself into…  I’m going to be 40 with no man, 50, not that it matters but it does.  I just wish I knew how to recognize the right man.”  “Oh, pish-tosh,” said Pippa, “You can’t be…  You can be married to anybody if that’s what you’re worried about.”  “What do you mean?”  “Pick any man in this room with the right age range I could be married to.”  Cheered up by the game, Moira surveyed the room then point to a thin man wearing glasses, looking at the menu with distaste.  “He just needs his routines, that’s all,” Pippa said, “I bet if you anticipate his needs before he knows he has them, he’ll be dazzle as a lamb.”  “What about that one?”  “As long as you stick your finger up his ass when his coming, he won’t give you any trouble at all.”  “Pippa!”  “Sorry, it just slipped out.”  “You make it seem so unromantic.”  “Courtship is romantic.  Marriage is an act of will,” said Pippa, taking a sip of water. “I mean, I adore Herb but the marriage functions because we will it to.  If you leave love to hold everything together, you can forget it.  Love comes and goes with the breeze, minute by minute.”  Moira shook her head, smiling, baffled.  “I can’t get my head around that one,” she said.  “You’ll see,” said Pippa amazed that this active complacent cynicism she was playing.  When in God’s name had she started saying pish-tosh?  When did she even hear of it?  Did she really believe what she was saying about marriage being an act of will?  Yes, she realized sadly.  She did.  After all she and Herb had been through together, after what they had lost to be with each other, their very souls perhaps, being married, ended up being an act of will, it made her want to tear through the dull present.  Claw the vivid past back into herself, devour it like a bear busting into a [camp or stores].  She wanted to run out of the restaurant to find Herb and kiss him violently on the mouth.  She could imagine his surprise, bemused expression as she crushed herself on him, to burst into tears, [screaming] then lose control at last.  Instead, she waited smiling for her lobster sandwich and wondered if she might be on the brink of a very quiet nervous breakdown.

Recorded on: 10/16/2008

Rebecca Miller reads a passage from The Private Lives of Pippa Lee.


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Biology LibreTexts

19.1.7: Fungi

  • Page ID
  • [ "article:topic", "authorname:kimballj" ]

    Some 100,000 species of fungi have been identified, but the true number is probably larger.

    Characteristics of Fungi

      Fig. Chitin

    Most fungi grow as tubular filaments called hyphae. An interwoven mass of hyphae is called a mycelium.

    • The walls of hyphae are often strengthened with chitin, a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.

      The linkage between the sugars is like that of cellulose and peptidoglycan and produces the same sort of structural rigidity.

    • Fungi disperse themselves by releasing spores, usually windblown. Fungal spores are present almost everywhere (and are a frequent cause of allergies). Spores of the wheat rust fungus have been found at 4000 m in the air and more than 1450 km (900 miles) from the place they were released. No wonder then that most fungi are worldwide in their distribution.
    • Fungi are heterotrophic
      • Some live as saprophytes, getting their nourishment from the surroundings (often having first digested it by secreting enzymes). They perform a crucial role in nature by decomposing dead organisms and releasing their nutrients for reuse by the living.
      • Some live in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with another organism, often a plant. The association of fungus and plant root is called a mycorrhiza. Some 80% of land plants benefit from symbiotic mycorrhiza.
        • The plant benefits by more-efficient mineral (especially phosphorus) uptake.
        • The fungus benefits by the sugars translocated to the root by the plant.

    Fig. Indian pipe

    Mycorrhizal fungi may also form conduits for nutrients between plant species. The colorless, and hence heterotrophic Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora - pictured on the right) is an angiosperm that must secure all its nourishment from mycorrhizal fungi that are attached at the same time to the roots of some autotrophic plant such as a pine tree. Radioactive carbon administered to the pine (as CO2) soon turns up in carbohydrates in nearby Indian pipes.

    • Some fungi are parasitic, causing serious damage to their host (a few examples are given below).
    • Some fungi are both. Metarhizium robertsii is a soil fungus that lives symbiotically with plants but parasitizes (and kills) soil insects. Its hyphae penetrate both the roots of the plant and the corpse of the insect. It has been demonstrated that nitrogen released by the decaying insect is transported by the fungus to the plant. (See S. W. Behie, P. M. Zelisko, M. J. Bidochka in Science, 22 June 2012.) Metarhizium is an ascomycete.

    Ascomycetes produce two kinds of spores:

    • asexual spores called conidia
    • ascospores produced following sexual reproduction. Four or eight ascospores develop inside a saclike ascus (the group is commonly called sac fungi)

    Some notable examples:

          Fig. Truffles

    • Saccharomyces cerevisiae one of the budding yeasts. It ferments sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide and thus is used
      • to make alcoholic beverages like beer and wine
      • to make ethanol for industrial use
      • in baking (it is often called baker's yeast). Here, it is the carbon dioxide that is wanted (to make bread and cakes "rise" and have a spongy texture).
    • Yeast is also used
      • in the commercial production of some vitamins
      • in the production - using recombinant DNA technology - of some human therapeutic proteins.
    • Neurospora crassa, another favorite "model" organism in the laboratory.
    • The fungal partner in most lichens is an ascomycete.
    • Powdery mildews that attack ornamental plants
    • The chestnut blight, which in a few decades killed almost all of the mature American chestnut trees in the Appalachians of North America.
    • The Dutch elm disease, which has killed many of the American elms in the United States.
    • Pneumocystis jirovecii, which is a major cause of illness in immunosuppressed people, e.g., patients with AIDS.
    • The truffle and the morel, both highly-prized food delicacies. The photo (courtesy of the French Embassy Press & Information Division) shows a farmer from the Périgord (in southwestern France) admiring a truffle. Truffles establish a symbiotic relationship with the roots of such trees as oaks.

      Fig. Lichens

    • Lichens are fungi that live in a symbiotic association with an autotrophic green alga or cyanobacterium (the "photobiont") or - in some cases - both.
    • The fungal partner (the "mycobiont") in most lichens (98% of them) is an ascomycete. Zygomycetes make up the remainder.
    • The relationship is often characterized as mutualistic; that is, both partners benefit. But recent evidence (e.g. in British soldier) suggests that while the fungus is dependent on its autotrophic partner, the photobiont is often perfectly content to live alone.
    • Recently many lichens have been found to harbor a third partner, a single-celled basidiomycete. Its function remains to be discovered.
    • Lichens secrete a variety of unusual chemicals; some of these probably assist in the breakdown of rock substrates like the one shown here.

               Fig. British soldier

    The above image is of the colorful lichen called British soldier.

    • The fungus is Cladonia cristatella, an ascomycete. Its name is the name given to the lichen.
    • The photobiont is Trebouxia erici, a green alga. It is found in many other lichens as well, and also can be found growing independently.
    • The algal cells eventually are killed by the fungus, but are continuously replaced by new ones.
    • So the relationship in this lichen is one of controlled parasitism rather than mutualism.
    • The red cap produces the spores of the fungus, but these alone cannot form new lichens.
    • Other structures (e.g., soredia), containing both partners, are needed to disperse the lichen to new locations.
    • Some lichens release only fungal spores. These mycobionts depend for their continued survival on finding an acceptable photobiont released from other lichens. Phylogenetic trees, based on both ribosomal RNA genes and many protein-coding genes, as well as fossils indicate that lichens have been present on the earth for at least 600 million years.

    Today about 14,000 species of fungi form lichens. Lichens are extremely sensitive to air pollution. One of the best contemporary examples of evolutionary adaptation is the change in coloration of the peppered moth as the lichens in its habitat declined because of air pollution and then returned when air quality controls were put in place.

    Some modern fungi (e.g., Penicillium chrysogenum, the source of the antibiotic penicillin) appear to have evolved from lichen-forming ancestors — abandoning their original symbiotic way of life.

    Basidiomycetes include mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts, and smuts. They are dispersed by spores borne at the tips of basidia (giving rise to the name for the group). Mushrooms are masses of interwoven hyphae growing up from the main mass of the mycelium growing underground. The basidia develop on the undersides and release their spores (four from each basidium) into the air.

    A single mycelium may expand outward year after year as its hyphae grow into new terrain. In some species, mushrooms are sent up once a year at the periphery producing a circle known since medieval times as a "fairy ring".

    Some notable basidiomycetes:

    • Armillaria bulbosa. A single specimen in northern Michigan (USA) was found to have spread over 37 acres (15 hectares) of the forest floor. RFLP analysis of samples taken from many different locations within this area showed that all the samples were from a single clone. Assuming the normal rate of vegetative growth for this species, it must have taken 1500 years to spread to that size.
    • the cultivated, edible mushroom that finds its way into pizza, soups, etc.
    • Amanita muscaria. Forms a beautiful mushroom but deadly when eaten.
    • Smuts. Parasites of important crops like wheat, oats, and rye.
    • Rusts. Some, such as
      • wheat black stem rust (Puccinia graminis) and
      • white pine blister rust
      are serious pests. Both have complicated life cycles during which they pass through a second plant host (barberry plants for wheat black stem rust, gooseberries or wild currants for the white pine blister rust).

    All the fungi assigned to this group (which probably does not represent a single clade) form spores in a sporangium. Some notable examples:

    • the bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifera
    • Rhizopus oryzae, used to make sake, the rice wine of Asia. Can also infect humans, especially if they are immunosuppressed (e.g., AIDS patients, transplant recipients).
    • Another species of Rhizopus is used in the commercial production of glucocorticoids.
    • Many mycorrhizal fungi belong to this group.

    This small group (~1000 species) is thought to be the most primitive of the fungi. Unlike all the other fungi, its members produce flagellated gametes (for sexual reproduction) and flagellated zoospores (for asexual reproduction). They are mostly aquatic.

    Two species are responsible for the recent worldwide decline in amphibian populations (frogs, toads, and salamanders).


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Biology LibreTexts

2.3: Carbon

  • Page ID
  • [ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "isomers", "structural isomers", "aliphatic hydrocarbon", "aromatic hydrocarbon", "enantiomers", "functional group", "geometric isomer", "hydrocarbon", "organic molecule", "substituted hydrocarbon" ]

    Skills to Develop

    • Explain why carbon is important for life
    • Describe the role of functional groups in biological molecules

    Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. The macromolecules are a subset of organic molecules (any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas) that are especially important for life. The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules is carbon. The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules.

    Individual carbon atoms have an incomplete outermost electron shell. With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. Therefore, carbon atoms can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms to satisfy the octet rule. The methane molecule provides an example: it has the chemical formula CH4. Each of its four hydrogen atoms forms a single covalent bond with the carbon atom by sharing a pair of electrons. This results in a filled outermost shell.

    Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting entirely of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane (CH4) described above. We often use hydrocarbons in our daily lives as fuels—like the propane in a gas grill or the butane in a lighter. The many covalent bonds between the atoms in hydrocarbons store a great amount of energy, which is released when these molecules are burned (oxidized). Methane, an excellent fuel, is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule, with a central carbon atom bonded to four different hydrogen atoms, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\). The geometry of the methane molecule, where the atoms reside in three dimensions, is determined by the shape of its electron orbitals. The carbons and the four hydrogen atoms form a shape known as a tetrahedron, with four triangular faces; for this reason, methane is described as having tetrahedral geometry.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Methane has a tetrahedral geometry, with each of the four hydrogen atoms spaced 109.5° apart.

    As the backbone of the large molecules of living things, hydrocarbons may exist as linear carbon chains, carbon rings, or combinations of both. Furthermore, individual carbon-to-carbon bonds may be single, double, or triple covalent bonds, and each type of bond affects the geometry of the molecule in a specific way. This three-dimensional shape or conformation of the large molecules of life (macromolecules) is critical to how they function.

    Hydrocarbon Chains

    Hydrocarbon chains are formed by successive bonds between carbon atoms and may be branched or unbranched. Furthermore, the overall geometry of the molecule is altered by the different geometries of single, double, and triple covalent bonds, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). The hydrocarbons ethane, ethene, and ethyne serve as examples of how different carbon-to-carbon bonds affect the geometry of the molecule. The names of all three molecules start with the prefix “eth-,” which is the prefix for two carbon hydrocarbons. The suffixes “-ane,” “-ene,” and “-yne” refer to the presence of single, double, or triple carbon-carbon bonds, respectively. Thus, propane, propene, and propyne follow the same pattern with three carbon molecules, butane, butane, and butyne for four carbon molecules, and so on. Double and triple bonds change the geometry of the molecule: single bonds allow rotation along the axis of the bond, whereas double bonds lead to a planar configuration and triple bonds to a linear one. These geometries have a significant impact on the shape a particular molecule can assume.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): When carbon forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is tetrahedral. When two carbon atoms form a double bond, the shape is planar, or flat. Single bonds, like those found in ethane, are able to rotate. Double bonds, like those found in ethene cannot rotate, so the atoms on either side are locked in place.

    Hydrocarbon Rings

    So far, the hydrocarbons we have discussed have been aliphatic hydrocarbons, which consist of linear chains of carbon atoms. Another type of hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbons, consists of closed rings of carbon atoms. Ring structures are found in hydrocarbons, sometimes with the presence of double bonds, which can be seen by comparing the structure of cyclohexane to benzene in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). Examples of biological molecules that incorporate the benzene ring include some amino acids and cholesterol and its derivatives, including the hormones estrogen and testosterone. The benzene ring is also found in the herbicide 2,4-D. Benzene is a natural component of crude oil and has been classified as a carcinogen. Some hydrocarbons have both aliphatic and aromatic portions; beta-carotene is an example of such a hydrocarbon.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Carbon can form five-and six membered rings. Single or double bonds may connect the carbons in the ring, and nitrogen may be substituted for carbon.

    The three-dimensional placement of atoms and chemical bonds within organic molecules is central to understanding their chemistry. Molecules that share the same chemical formula but differ in the placement (structure) of their atoms and/or chemical bonds are known as isomers. Structural isomers (like butane and isobutene shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)a differ in the placement of their covalent bonds: both molecules have four carbons and ten hydrogens (C4H10), but the different arrangement of the atoms within the molecules leads to differences in their chemical properties. For example, due to their different chemical properties, butane is suited for use as a fuel for cigarette lighters and torches, whereas isobutene is suited for use as a refrigerant and a propellant in spray cans.

    Geometric isomers, on the other hand, have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-to-carbon double bonds. In the simple molecule butene (C4H8), the two methyl groups (CH3) can be on either side of the double covalent bond central to the molecule, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)b. When the carbons are bound on the same side of the double bond, this is the cis configuration; if they are on opposite sides of the double bond, it is a trans configuration. In the trans configuration, the carbons form a more or less linear structure, whereas the carbons in the cis configuration make a bend (change in direction) of the carbon backbone.

    Art Connection

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Molecules that have the same number and type of atoms arranged differently are called isomers. (a) Structural isomers have a different covalent arrangement of atoms. (b) Geometric isomers have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond. (c) Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

    Which of the following statements is false?

    1. Molecules with the formulas CH3CH2COOH and C3H6O2 could be structural isomers.
    2. Molecules must have a double bond to be cis-trans isomers.
    3. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.
    4. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.

    In triglycerides (fats and oils), long carbon chains known as fatty acids may contain double bonds, which can be in either the cis or trans configuration, illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\). Fats with at least one double bond between carbon atoms are unsaturated fats. When some of these bonds are in the cis configuration, the resulting bend in the carbon backbone of the chain means that triglyceride molecules cannot pack tightly, so they remain liquid (oil) at room temperature. On the other hand, triglycerides with trans double bonds (popularly called trans fats), have relatively linear fatty acids that are able to pack tightly together at room temperature and form solid fats. In the human diet, trans fats are linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, so many food manufacturers have reduced or eliminated their use in recent years. In contrast to unsaturated fats, triglycerides without double bonds between carbon atoms are called saturated fats, meaning that they contain all the hydrogen atoms available. Saturated fats are a solid at room temperature and usually of animal origin.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\): These space-filling models show a cis (oleic acid) and a trans (eliadic acid) fatty acid. Notice the bend in the molecule cause by the cis configuration.

    Enantiomers are molecules that share the same chemical structure and chemical bonds but differ in the three-dimensional placement of atoms so that they are mirror images. As shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\), an amino acid alanine example, the two structures are non-superimposable. In nature, only the L-forms of amino acids are used to make proteins. Some D forms of amino acids are seen in the cell walls of bacteria, but never in their proteins. Similarly, the D-form of glucose is the main product of photosynthesis and the L-form of the molecule is rarely seen in nature.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): D-alanine and L-alanine are examples of enantiomers or mirror images. Only the L-forms of amino acids are used to make proteins.

    Functional Groups

    Functional groups are groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules. They are found along the “carbon backbone” of macromolecules. This carbon backbone is formed by chains and/or rings of carbon atoms with the occasional substitution of an element such as nitrogen or oxygen. Molecules with other elements in their carbon backbone are substituted hydrocarbons.

    The functional groups in a macromolecule are usually attached to the carbon backbone at one or several different places along its chain and/or ring structure. Each of the four types of macromolecules—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids—has its own characteristic set of functional groups that contributes greatly to its differing chemical properties and its function in living organisms.

    A functional group can participate in specific chemical reactions. Some of the important functional groups in biological molecules are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\); they include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. These groups play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Functional groups are usually classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic depending on their charge or polarity characteristics. An example of a hydrophobic group is the non-polar methane molecule. Among the hydrophilic functional groups is the carboxyl group found in amino acids, some amino acid side chains, and the fatty acids that form triglycerides and phospholipids. This carboxyl group ionizes to release hydrogen ions (H+) from the COOH group resulting in the negatively charged COO- group; this contributes to the hydrophilic nature of whatever molecule it is found on. Other functional groups, such as the carbonyl group, have a partially negatively charged oxygen atom that may form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, again making the molecule more hydrophilic.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\): The functional groups shown here are found in many different biological molecules.

    Hydrogen bonds between functional groups (within the same molecule or between different molecules) are important to the function of many macromolecules and help them to fold properly into and maintain the appropriate shape for functioning. Hydrogen bonds are also involved in various recognition processes, such as DNA complementary base pairing and the binding of an enzyme to its substrate, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\).

    Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Hydrogen bonds connect two strands of DNA together to create the double-helix structure.

    The unique properties of carbon make it a central part of biological molecules. Carbon binds to oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen covalently to form the many molecules important for cellular function. Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell and can form four bonds. Carbon and hydrogen can form hydrocarbon chains or rings. Functional groups are groups of atoms that confer specific properties to hydrocarbon (or substituted hydrocarbon) chains or rings that define their overall chemical characteristics and function.

    Art Connections

    [link] Which of the following statements is false?

    1. Molecules with the formulas CH3CH2COOH and C3H6O2 could be structural isomers.
    2. Molecules must have a double bond to be cis-trans isomers.
    3. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least three different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.
    4. To be enantiomers, a molecule must have at least four different atoms or groups connected to a central carbon.

    [link] C

    Review Questions

    Each carbon molecule can bond with as many as________ other atom(s) or molecule(s).

    1. one
    2. two
    3. six
    4. four

    Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon?

    1. sodium
    2. hydroxyl
    3. phosphate
    4. carbonyl

    Free Response

    What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?

    Carbon is unique and found in all living things because it can form up to four covalent bonds between atoms or molecules. These can be nonpolar or polar covalent bonds, and they allow for the formation of long chains of carbon molecules that combine to form proteins and DNA.

    Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated triglycerides.

    Saturated triglycerides contain no double bonds between carbon atoms; they are usually solid at room temperature. Unsaturated triglycerides contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms and are usually liquid at room temperature.

    aliphatic hydrocarbon
    hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms
    aromatic hydrocarbon
    hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms
    molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other
    functional group
    group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton
    geometric isomer
    isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond
    molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen
    molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula
    organic molecule
    any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)
    structural isomers
    molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds
    substituted hydrocarbon
    hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons

    • Connie Rye (East Mississippi Community College), Robert Wise (University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh), Vladimir Jurukovski (Suffolk County Community College), Jean DeSaix (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), Jung Choi (Georgia Institute of Technology), Yael Avissar (Rhode Island College) among other contributing authors. The OpenStax College name, OpenStax College logo, OpenStax College book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the creative commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University. For questions regarding this license, please contact Download for free at


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Sofia Jamora

Sofia Jamora Bio, Wiki, Net Worth

Have you seen Zayn’s new music video? It is titled ‘Let Me,’ which is gaining rank day by day. Sofia Jamora is seen as a model in that video. The one who is popularly known for her beauty and has millions of fans on Instagram has now debuted in music videos. No one can blame Zayn for being obsessed with a sexy model in a video after looking through her pictures. Now let’s know more about Sofia through this wiki!

Born on 6th May 1997, Sofia Jamora is native American who spent her childhood in Calabasas, California. She is 20 years old model, who is also famous on Instagram with more than 1.7 million followers. She rose to fame after uploading her bikini photo on her social account in 2015. Sofia, Taurus, is a model signed by Freedom Models and Next Models; and is a face of Lolli Valfre brand. The information regarding her parents and family are confined.

Quick Wikis

Name Sofia Jamora
Birthday 6th May 1997
Birthplace United States
Zodiac Sign Taurus
Nationality American
Ethnicity White, American
Profession Model, Instagram Star
Dating/Boyfriend Spencer Mow
Married/Husband Not Yet
Net Worth est. $300 thousand

Net Worth, Career, and Income

Sofia got her big break after uploading her bikini pictures on the internet. Mimi, a designer, spotted her and offered opportunities to be a model.

Sofia Jamora Net Worth, Career, Income
Sofia posing in front of Lamborghini

In an interview, she disclosed how she entered modeling world:

‘I was at a trunk show in Westlake at Kate and Lace, Mimi (co-founder of Frankies Bikinis) came up to me and asked me if I’ve ever modeled before and if I’d like to. From there I shot with Frankies and that opened up a whole bunch of opportunities for me!’

Jamora recently debuted in a music video, which rose her income to more. Being an Instagram star, and face of online fashion brand, we assume her revenue to be in several hundred thousand. As of 2018, her net worth exceeds $300 thousand.

Sofia Jamora gorgeous looks
Sofia Jamora’s gorgeous looks

Dating, Boyfriend, or Married?

One of the sexiest Instagram stars, Sofia is officially out of the reach of guys. She is currently in a love relationship with her boyfriend, Spencer Mow, who is also an Instagram sensation. We can see his pictures in her Insta account too.

Sofia Jamora and Spencer Mow
Sofia Jamora and Spencer Mow

She loves to add hot pictures frequently but not much about her personal life. Sofia is still boosting her career; so, has not thought about marrying anytime soon.

View this post on Instagram

Not ur valentine @boohoo

A post shared by Sofia Jamora (@sofiajamora) on

Body Measurements: Height, Color, Size

Sofia is decently tall with the height of 5 ft 7 inches and weighs 55 kilos. Her slim body is measured 32-24-37 inches.

Sofia Jamora Body Measurements, height, size

Her skin color is white; hair is brown, and eyes are green. She has not inked her body yet. Some sources mentioned her to be Gigi Hadid lookalike.


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Bitches On Bitches Episode 16 – “What’s the square root of 69?”

Welcome to the sixteenth episode of Bitches on Bitches.

Gwen & Jess discuss sex, relationships, sexual health and fetishism mixed with a healthy dose of wit and sarcasm.

On today’s episode, Gwen and Jess are joined by fellow comedienne Katrina Reese! On the heels of Thanksgiving, the girls discuss the various foods that are considered afrodisiacs throughout the world.

Please to enjoy.

P.S. the answer is 8 something.


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The ultimate guide to what's happening this weekend.

See also: This week's best food and drink events

Thu, Nov 23

Art: Mokutan

Thaweesak "Lolay's" Srithongdee's black and white paintings of creative youths.

Nov 23-Jan 14, 6pm. Broccoli Revolution, 899 Sukhumvit Soi 49, 02-662-5001. Free. BTS Thong Lo.

Fri, Nov 24

Nightlife: Beamfest 2017

Music, food and art light up the nightclub complex for two consecutive weekends. This weekend's highlights include Tiga, Sinistarr and ASAP Nast. Tickets in advance at

Nov 24-26, 4pm. Beam, 1/F, 72 Courtyard, Sukhumvit Soi 55 (Thonglor), 02-392-7750. B1,900-2,900.

Get a Room feat. Chrissy (Nite Owl Diner)

The Chicago DJ and label owner spins disco and ghetto house. Ticket prices TBA.

Nov 24, 10pm. Whiteline, Silom Soi 8, 087-061-1117. BTS Sala Daeng

Music Festival: Bangkok Noi Underground Fest

Rock, reggae and experimental music from Tomawok, Samainai Niyom, Agent K, 13th Vinyl and Bangkok Riddim Syndicate.

Nov 24, 6pm. The Overstay, Charan Sanit Wong Soi 80-82, 02-883-4836. B200.

Concert: ATATA, Live in Bangkok 2017

The Tokyo rock band make their Bangkok debut with support from rising local indie acts Abuse The Youth, Hariguem Zaboy and Wednesday.

Nov 24, 8pm. Good Space, 1032/136 Paholyothin Soi 18/1, 095-804-4610. B300. MRT Chatuchak Park

Stuff: Thailand Brew Fest II: The Reunion Episode

A chance to try over 80 beers on tap from 20 distributors, big and small, including BrewDog, Ballast Point, Hitachino, Coedo, Little Creatures, Heretic, Solaris, Postmark, De Molen, Duchesse De Bourgogne, Deschutes, Triple Pearl, Yaksa, Stonehead, Chiang Mai, Devanom and Happy New Beer. There will also be American food on offer. Grab tickets at

Nov 24-25, 4pm. Quaint, 23 Sukhumvit Soi 61 (Sukhumvit), 02-714-1998. B699-999. BTS Ekkamai

Market: Teen Spirit's Arts and Design Market

Shop for trendy clothes and handmade goods from Bangkok-based designers.

Nov 24, 10am. The Emquartier, The EmDistrict, Sukhumvit Rd., 02-269-1000. Phrom Phong. BTS Phrom Phong

Sat, Nov 25

Nightlife: Onra Live Set

The French beatmaker takes over the DJ table to fill the night with hip hop and other eclectic sounds.

Nov 25, 8pm Future Factory, Phahon Yothin Rd., 098-253-9356. B500

Sister Nancy Live at Studio Lam

Known for her reggae hit “Bam Bam,” the Jamaican musician performs in Bangkok alongside localss DJ Maft Sai, DJ Dragon and MC Sinnamon, and Legal shot. Tickets are sold out.

Nov 25, 9pm. Studio Lam, Sukhumvit Soi 51, 02-261-6661. B1000 includes 1 beer. BTS Thong Lo

J Alexander & Ju-C

Two DJs from the UK and Malaysia team up to spin retro electronic music. Tickets TBA.

Nov 25, 10pm. Whiteline, Silom Soi 8

Sale: Neilson Hays Library’s November Book Sale

The popular book sale returns with a big selection and prices starting at just B20.

Nov 25-26, 9:30am. Neilson Hays Library, 195 Surawong Rd., 02-233-1731. BTS Chong Nonsi

Gigs: Panda Record Night

The long-running record label offers up an indie-punk vibe with sets by Third Person, The Proper Clan, And the Early And Mid Ago, Hariguem Zaboy and Stylish Nonsense. Tickets TBA.

Nov 25, 8pm. De Commune, Liberty Plaza, Sukhumvit Soi 55 (Thonglor), 061-717-4365. BTS Thonglo

Rock This Way BKK: Vol. 2

The Reapers and Plague Pits team up with DJs Rory Breaker-Morant and Aopsher to play rock music from the '60s up til now.

Nov 25, 10pm Check Inn 99, 97 Sukhumvit Rd., 081-735-7617. B300 includes 1 drink. BTS Nana

Market: Bangkok Farmers’ Market

Shop for organic products and handcrafts under the shelter of Gateway Ekamai mall.

Nov 25, 11am. Gateway Ekamai, 982/22 Sukhumvit Rd., 02-108-2888. Ekkamai. BTS Ekkamai

Nightlife: Drink Local Closing Party

Bangkok's first drinks festival dedicated entirely to Thai-made craft spirits closes with a 12-hour celebration that will bring together 12 of the city's top bars who'll be championing seven local spirits.These include Backstage (Iron Balls), Bamboo Bar (Malai), Bunker (Grandma Jinn), Cielo (Kristal), Crying Thaiger (Chalong Bay), Eat Me (Issan Rum), The Locker Room (Issan Rum), Rabbit Hole (Three Monkeys), Sorrento (Malai), Tep Bar (Three Monkeys), Vertigo Too (Grandma Jinn) and Zuma (Kristal). Each bar will have a booth serving their signature local-spirit cocktail—at B160 all night long.

Nov 25, 3pm. The Commons, Thonglor Soi 17.

Sun, Nov 26

Gig: Live: 13th Vinyl, Baby's Breath, Silence O & The Sister Ray

The Japanese rock duo to perform their music with support from Bangkok-based noise musicians Silence O, Baby's Breath and The Sister Ray.

Nov 26, 8pm. Jam, Charoen Rat Soi 1, 089-889-8059. B200. BTS Surasak.


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Guest Blog: Introducing Julia Swarbrick, Artist in Residence

Study from woodcut in the Hart Collection

My name is Julia and I am a local artist specialising in painting and printmaking.  Over the next few months I have the privilege of being Artist in Residence at Blackburn Museum.

I have been a fan of Blackburn Museum since I first visited it as a small child. From the taxidermy and the beetles to the Hart collection of amazing manuscripts there is so much to inspire the imagination. With quality fine art and real gold coins it’s a genuine treasure trove. Museums are a great resource for artists or anyone looking for creative inspiration. I can highly recommend an afternoon sketching the artefacts and seeing where the ideas take you. My sketches are often the starting point for prints created from blocks of lino, wood or vinyl.

I will be working with the Columbian printing press which is newly installed in the Skill and Labour Gallery.  It’s a wonderful piece of cast iron machinery that really works. The eagle and serpent decorations may be mostly surplus to requirements but they do make for an unforgettable piece of kit.

There will be opportunities to see me working with the Columbian press at work over the next few months and I will be delivering a number of workshops to the general public which means that you to could try your hand at printing with this great machine. I will be following up with dates and times soon so keep an eye on the Museums website and blog for further information.

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Malcolm Craig Interview

This latest episode is the audio portion of last week’s interview with Malcolm Craig of Contested Ground Studios. The only differences are the addition of our theme music, some slight fiddling with sound balance, a few edits and the fact that you can’t see any of us. This latter point may be the most appealing, but can also be achieved by shutting your eyes while watching the video.

Artist’s impression of the view from behind closed eyes.

Malcolm talks about his influences as a game designer, how being a professional historian influences his gaming, Lovecraft’s views on race and why Call of Cthulhu fails as an RPG. Some of his opinions may prove more controversial than others.

“What do you mean that post-modernist analyses of history are pseudo-intellectual wank?”

We’ve since had a chat with Malcolm about the possibility of having him back on the podcast to elaborate on some of his opinions about Call of Cthulhu in more of a round table discussion. If this sounds like the kind of thing that would interest you, please let us know! We do check the comments here, but we also have a community for just such things over at Google+.

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4 comments on “Episode 30 – The Good Friends interview Malcolm Craig

  1. I didn’t understand what Malcolm Craig was trying to say about Lovecraft’s “racism” – was he implying that Lovecraft’s views on race were exceptional or common among educated (white) men in the US during the early 20th century?

  2. My point was, as far as I recall, that using the “he was a man of his time” argument to somehow absolve Lovecraft of blame/responsibility is false.* Yes, Lovecraft’s views were echoed by many others in the United States and beyond, but this does not diminish the fact that a) his views were often repellent, and b) there were significant strands of anti-racist thought prevalent in society and culture at the time. Were anti-racists also not “men of their time”?

    The views espoused by Lovecraft were indeed common. Witness the solidity of the Jim Crow South, the deployment of racist imagery, terminology, and thought in debates over the American role in the world (e.g.: the imperialism debates of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries), and so on and so forth. On the flipside the early twentieth century sees the emergence of hugely influential anti-racist organisations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). So, the era in which Lovecraft was writing is nuanced in terms of thinking on race.

    My general point is that racism permeated much of Lovecraft’s work and to ignore or diminish it is disingenuous at best and becoming complicit in racist thought at worst. Hope this answers your question.

    *I use the term as given by those who argue that Lovecraft’s racism should either be ignored or somehow seen as a lesser component of his writing. It is not my intention to impose a gendered argument here.

    • “Significant strands of anti-racist thought”? Where are the books in HPL’s library? Where are the columnists in HPL’s newspapers? Where are the movies in HPL’s cinemas?

      You say the NAACP was “hugely influential” but I doubt this had any real impact on the views of white Americans, at least while Lovecraft was alive. White supporters of NAACP tended to be Marxists and Jews – groups that HPL and his “respectable” New England family and neighbours would not associate with. Racism tied into imperialism (I strongly recommend reading “The Imperial Cruise” by James Bradley) and Republican voters like HPL’s aunts and maternal grandfathers would have, at best, a paternal attitude to “White Civilization” helping “Coloreds”.

      I have a strong aversion to “playing the blame game” with HPL. To say that he should have been anti-racist because we are doesn’t provide any real insight into his character. We can only judge him by his statements and if these were never challenged (as I contend) then they can and should be excused as being the ignorant and reprehensible views of the overwhelming majority of his peers.

      • The NAACP was simply there as an exemplar of one of many organisations that campaigned on various platforms throughout the era (and beyond). On one point you make, stating that NAACP supporters tended to be “Marxists and Jews” is a gross oversimplification (although, without question, the Jewish community took a significant part in the activities of the NAACP).

        I think, however, that you misunderstand the broad contours of my argument. I’m not saying that Lovecraft should have, or could have, changed his views. However, I would argue that to characterise him as “a man of his time” and thus set aside the racist aspects of his writing is troublesome. ‘The Shadow Over Innsmouth’, for example, is all about the author’s fear of race mixing. His description of the African American boxer in ‘Herbert West: Reanimator’ is as repellant a stereotypical depiction of an African American male as their is to be found in popular literature. And let’s not even get into this poem:

        I for one do not think we should “excuse” Lovecraft’s racism, but rather see it as an intrinsic and formative part of his worldview. That is not to deny, as I have commented before, his significance in the landscape of fantastic literature and his lasting influence on same. However, it is disingenuous to suggest that such views should be subsumed by the fact that racist thought was popular and widespread during his time.

        As a final, and fairly inconsequential, point, Bradley’s book is – to put it generously – tosh. Badly researched, anachronistic, untenable tosh. Far better recent works that actually focus on the subjects of race and imperialism (not that Bradley has anything of real substance or significance at all to say about these subjects) are the likes of Fabian Hilfrich ‘Debating American Exceptionalism: Empire and Democracy in the Wake of the Spanish-American War’ (Palgrave MacMillan, 2012) and Eric T Love, ‘Race Over Empire: Racism and US Imperialism, 1865-1900’ (University of North Carolina Press, 2004). The imperialism debate is indeed a fascinating subject area and something that I very much enjoy discussing with students.

Blasphemous Tomes © 2018
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In case you missed it.

At North View Middle School we believe that no significant learning can occur without a significant relationship. Because of this belief we spend a considerable amount of time building community with our building stakeholders. Our hope is that through this work we will make real connections with our school community to develop a positive school climate and culture that is supportive of all its members.

Whether it is spirit week where the staff and students participated in “College Gear”, “Repp your High School”, and “Twins” days with a culmination of the week being Halloween costumes.

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Or at our annual Fall Family Bingo night. Where we gave away fun prizes, that included turkeys and complete Thanksgiving meals in a box.

Or our Choir concert.

I know you’ll find something you love. Please consider joining us at our upcoming events..

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Marshall Islands President Attacked Over National Cryptocurrency Plan12.15

Dr. Hilda Cathy Heine, President of the Marshall Islands, is facing a political attack for her support of a planned national cryptocurrency. If the move is successful, it may dissuade other leaders from opening up to the new technology opposed by the IMF.

Also Read: Lawyer Invests $300 Million to Build Crypto City in the Nevada Desert

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Employee Onboarding – Engaging With New Talent in the First 90 Days

Your employees are your talent and your greatest assets. You need to make sure they are happy at every step! One of the most critical functions in this endeavor is employee onboarding. Employee onboarding does not end on day 1! In fact, real work towards onboarding an employee starts from here.

Getting your onboarding strategy right is extremely crucial. Taking care of the first day is important, but you also need to have a strategy laid out for the coming days. Shockingly, one of every 25 employees leaves on their very first day! And this trend is only getting worse with the rise of the millennials, since they are always open to new and better employment opportunities!

What are the steps that need to be taken in order to ensure that the new recruits make a successful transition to your organization?

Achieving this would require you to pay attention to how you are promoting your organization’s culture as well as how are you maintaining it to gain a competitive edge over similar players in the industry. The first 90 days are extremely important as they will decide whether you were able to create an active culture which gets the best out of your new hires or made the employees hate themselves for joining your organization because of your detached and poor onboarding techniques.

1. Start from Day 1

Your culture building process should start from day 1, where you find unique and exciting ways of making the employee feel special and warmly welcomed. A good idea for this could be to reduce the amount of paperwork which is generally a common formal procedure. Instead, make the first day full of interactions and devoid of any boring, mundane signature work. Instead, work on giving your employees an experience that they would want to share with their friends and family! This does not require you to plan extravagant sessions! Keep it simple and small. You can start with welcoming them with a gift box and ensuring that a team lunch is arranged so that they interact with their team mates.

2. Keep a constant check

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You cannot abandon your employees once they are hired. Do not leave them all by themselves to do their tasks. Keep a check on how they are doing and be their buddy in helping and supporting them at every step. Everyone likes a little extra attention in the beginning and doing this would make them feel a part of the company. Being a good mentor will not only help you get the best out of the new employees, but can also give your business tremendous payoffs in the years to come.

3. Train on essential skills

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Not all employees come to a new job with the required skills. In order to retain new hires, you will have to ensure that employees feel like they are growing in terms of the knowledge that they are gaining. Employers must educate new hires on how to best perform the tasks and responsibilities assigned to them. Assuming new employees know everything when they join could be one of the biggest mistakes you could make.

4. Make an announcement

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It might get really awkward for a new joinee to come to work unannounced as all the existing staff might treat him like an alien. In such a scenario, the exchange between existing employees and the new hires might get awkward as no one was informed. To do away with this, make sure you make a loud announcement in the best way possible to the entire office about who is going to join them and as what so that additional confusion can be done away with. Send in a mail prior to their joining date so that everyone is informed well in advance and also keep the desks to be occupied clean and ready.

5. Set clear goals

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For the first 90 days, your strategy should be set. Define the route that new hires need to follow and what is it that is expected out of them in the first 90 days. Make sure you create a supportive environment which motivates the employees to achieve their best and give them whatever resources are required for them to do this successfully. If employees have a direction, they will feel like working towards achieving something and also see how well they fit in that professional set up. Their performance will also give you an indication of their skill sets and areas they need focus on.

6. Focus on real-time feedback

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Ignoring an employee just because he is just a few weeks old in the company might affect employee’s motivation levels adversely. Their performance would require close monitoring and their managers will have feedback at every point. Make sure that feedback reaches them constantly so that they can keep a note of it themselves and strive to do better. Avoid accumulating everything for the performance review at the end of six months. Such a prolonged interaction might demotivate your employees and deflate their confidence levels.

Tired of running around for feedback? Conduct one with Capabiliti in minutes!

7. Engage with interactive conversations

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Whenever there is any interaction, make sure there is a lot of questions and answers involved. You need to ask questions to new hires about their work and experience and also encourage them to ask you as many questions as they want. Be patient, kind and understanding while answering their queries and do not get bogged down by the level of support that might be on demand. Encourage an open environment where everybody’s voice could be heard.

8. Introduce key stakeholders

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For any new employee, it is important that they are told about who the important people are and how they are placed in the formal hierarchy. It is always a good idea when the employee knows who is in what role and why some people are so important. Also spend some time explaining the main people and their fun characteristics. Be as humble as you can and tell them about stories that have shaped the company.

You need to go out of your way to in the first 90 days and commit to make the employees feel welcomed and valued. Managers should ensure that new recruits are commended and applauded for their little achievements every now and then. Managers should also meet with their new employees at regular intervals to make sure they discuss their career goals and what methods need a different outlook.

The values and vision of their company should be reminded of as and when possible so that goals are in alignment to them. The manager employee relationship needs to be at a human level and should not be a chance to exercise tyranny. The culture needs to open where there is a scope for constant communication and exchange of ideas. New employees also need to have avenues for relaxation and fun filled days on working days as well.

Take a look at this infographic on employee onboarding strategies at Facebook, Google and Apple.

About the Author

Bhaswati B

Bhaswati is a Product Specialist at Capabiliti, a mobile-first training and engagement solution for enterprises. Passionate about economics, Bhaswati also loves storytelling. She has a keen interest in start-ups, food and travel. In her 'me time' she picks up fiction novels, tries different cuisines or explores routes to less-traveled places on the world map. Follow her @Bhaswatibh