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The Dam Circuit

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About The Dam Circuit:

A handful of ongoing projects in this area.
Approach: At the fork of the Barker Dam trail, don't head left toward the Gunsmoke Circuit. Instead continue straight on toward the actual dam.
Approach Time:
Latitude, Longitude:
Access Issues:
Rock Type: Granite
Type of Climbing: Bouldering
Sun Aspect:

SequenceSequence numbers indicate the left (L) to right (R) order of the routes. Rating Route Difficulty Ascents
Average Rating = 4.00/5 Sundried Tomatoes (1) V1 1

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Sundried Tomatoes


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Alpha Project
Developer Crypt (Vincent Primault)
Theme Fantasy
Influences Slash'EM,ADOM, Dungeon Master, Thief 1 & 2, HARNWorld, PnP-RPGs (eg. Tunnels & Trolls)
Released 2007 ?
Updated Jan 12, 2007 (version 0.6826e)
Licensing Open source, Freeware
P. Language Java
Platforms Java
Interface Tiles, ASCII, Keyboard, Mouse
Game Length Open ended (planned)
Official site of CryptRL

CryptRL is a Java 1.5 roguelike with sound and graphics, which uses the David Gervais tileset as well as the RLTiles library.

It's bilingual (english/french) and allows you to switch language ingame.

Its main influence is NetHack/Slash'Em (as for the ingame interaction)

The current in-dev version, described as being on "Engine Development Status", has no story nor quests yet, and the UI is not definitive. All this is being enhanced for future releases.

Development started in November 2005, it is currently a playable Alpha.

Notes: My goal is NOT to build a generic engine. My goal is to build a not so generic "on my very own way" engine. This means far future features will make possible some ghostbusters, night of the living dead, beetlejuice, haunted houses or more "serious" heroic fantasy settings, campaigns and scenarii but there will be no SpaceOp nor Cyberpunk possibilities. (nor Western, nor Steampunk, nor...etc)

  • Tools (picking tools, picks, shovels, lanterns, oil flasks, etc)
  • FOV and "FOH" (field of hearing)
  • Dynamic lighting
  • Monsters
  • Current creatures can: melee attack, follow an ennemy, open doors, flee, pick up items, drink healing potion, cast firebolt, react when their possessions are stolen/or destroyed, track noises, guard things and others creatures, have friends and hereditary ennemies (not only the character)
  • Potions, weapons, armors, shields
  • Traps, chests
  • Stats & skills
  • Night/day cycles
  • Teleporters
  • Automap
  • Parrying
  • Spells, scrolls
  • Weather effects (visual only)
  • Zoom
  • Secret passages and hidden items
  • Pushable items
  • Pregenerated and Randomly generated persistant maps
  • Predefined local map editor CryptEDITOR.bat (On development)
  • Strategical map editor (On development): this editor is used to create map (100*100 local maps) which force the local random generators to create determined types of local maps.
  • Optional Permadeath
  • Simple Animations
  • ASCII or TILES display
  • Traders, guards, farmers
  • Pets (spell) (can be commanded to attack someone or to go somewhere on the map. Use the whistle command to call them)
  • A permadead characters Graveyard (can be visited and profaned ingame)
  • All of this results in several interaction and combo features. (eg. try digging in water, throw exploding traps, use the species relationships during combat, hide in water, throw a lantern in order to light an area while staying in darkness, attract a monster by making noice (like in Dark Project ;) ) and sneak around, ETC.... I give priority to interactions rather than XXX variations.)
  • Unlimited three dimensions world.(Of course future enhanced generators will add more interesting contents to this "infinity")
  • Holes in the ground => holes in the ceiling in inferior levels. The same is true for stairs (up<=>down) even for ingame randomly generated levels. @ and creatures can fly up/down throw holes.
  • A* Pathfinding
  • Evil Bunny.

Planned Features

  • More AI. Creatures will be able to use more items, cast more spells, take more decisions, etc.
  • More spells
  • More monsters
  • Amulets, shields, boots, gauntlets
  • Quests
  • Cities, NPCs
  • Thematic and more complex random generators for dungeons, cities and wilderness
  • More AI again.
  • A LOT !!!

Known Issues

  • Several optimizations are still pending to be done
  • Creature using AStar pathfinding can slow down performance if they are blocked. I must fix that.

Any bug reports must be sent to:

or post on CryptRL forum:

Testing under Linux or Mac OS is greatly appreciated

Running Instructions

Under Windows run :

Other OS :

java -jar -Xms128m -Xmx128m "CryptRL.jar"

NORMAL version includes sounds (but not bonusSounds) and tiles.

If you download the NoSound or NoSound_NoTile version you may, if you like, get the and files and unpack them in the game folder. (\sons\ and \images\ folders would then be created)

An optional resource file available from the website,, must be unpacked in the \sons\ambiance\ folder.

Ambient Sounds can be customized via .wav files (ACM only) on the following folders

Editor(s) instructions

You can launch both editors ingame.

Local Predefined Maps Editor:

The maps using the following coords are special cases

These are precreated maps. If you modify them they could be rebuilt by clicking on the "Rebuild test maps" menu item anytime before starting a new game or ingame. Note that modifications on these maps would then be lost.

Maps files are saved as .zip (only .zip maps must be loaded) in the predefinedMaps folder.

The Strategical map editor:

This editor is used to create maps which force ingame random generators. For instance you can draw a forest area, mountain area, swamp area etc (natural type) and a village, city, etc (cultural type) in this editor etc....=> random generators will use this informations ingame. (all cultural types are not yet implemented)

An "Unknown" square (black square) means that the corresponding local map will be 100% random (random natural and cultural types.)

CryptRL requires Sun JAVA 1.5 (or superior)

Developped and tested under Windows XP.

Not tested under Mac OS, Win98, WinMe nor Win2000.

Personal tools

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Trump’s Idea for Military to Secure Border Is Complicated

President could face congressional and legal stumbling blocks

President Donald Trump speaks during a joint news conference Tuesday with Estonian President Kersti Kaljulaid, Latvian President Raimonds Vejonis and Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaite in the East Room of the White House. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)

Updated 9:14 p.m. | President Donald Trump said Tuesday he would use the military to secure the U.S.-Mexico border, a complicated plan that could require him to declare a national emergency to avoid running afoul of a federal law that prohibits the military from acting as a police force.

“Until we can have a wall and proper security, we’re going to be guarding our border with the military. That’s a big step,” Trump told reporters during a White House appearance with leaders of Baltic countries.

Trump said he would be meeting with Defense Secretary James Mattis about the idea. Hours after his remarks, the White House said Trump was briefed on mobilizing the National Guard as well as other efforts to tighten border security.

In addition, the White House said Trump and senior officials including Mattis, Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Joseph F. Dunford Jr. and Attorney General Jeff Sessions “agreed on the need to pressure Congress to urgently pass legislation to close legal loopholes exploited by criminal trafficking, narco-terrorist and smuggling organizations.”

While neither the president nor the White House provided details on how such a plan would be executed, the idea encompasses several layers.

Federal law bars Trump from using the military as a police force, and while Trump could ask Congress for a waiver, that is unlikely because Senate Democrats, who oppose his border security agenda, can block passage of most legislation.

The National Guard was deployed to assist in border security operations by President George W. Bush in 2006 and President Barack Obama in 2010.

Watch: Trump’s Tweets Won’t Help Score a Border Security Deal with Congress

If Trump wants to use military funding to build his border wall, one option would be to repurpose funds granted by Congress to the Army Corps of Engineers. Normally, Congress would have to approve such a move, but Trump could invoke part of a 1986 law that would allow him to divert the funds by declaring a national emergency “that requires or may require use of the Armed Forces.”

The Army Corps received $2.1 billion for construction and $3.6 billion for operations and maintenance as part of the the fiscal 2018 omnibus spending law. It also has around $10 billion in unused funds, according to the Office of Management and Budget, as well as an additional $15.6 billion in supplemental disaster funding provided by Congress as part of the recent deal lifting budget caps for defense and nondefense. It’s unclear whether the disaster funding could be used for border security measures.

The administration is seeking between $18 billion and $25 billion for the border wall over 10 years, but has been stymied by Democratic lawmakers who have demanded concessions in the form of citizenship for “Dreamers” enrolled in the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program.

The fiscal 2018 omnibus included $1.6 billion for border construction, but it could only be used to build steel fencing in use since the mid-2000s rather than the taller, concrete walls that Trump desires. Around 700 miles of barriers currently exist on the nearly 2,000-mile border, and the administration is eyeing more than 500 miles of additional construction.

Spokesmen for the House and Senate Appropriations committees said the White House has not reached out about repurposing the Army Corps’ funds.

Democratic lawmakers have already staked their opposition to Trump using funds appropriated to the Pentagon for border security. In a letter to Mattis on Monday, Sens. Richard J. Durbin of Illinois and Jack Reed of Rhode Island, the top Senate Democrats overseeing the Pentagon, wrote that Trump had no authority to use the funds for border wall construction.

“Based on a thorough review of appropriations law, ... we conclude that the Department of Defense has no legal authority, with or without a reprogramming request, to use appropriated funds for the construction of a border wall,” Durbin and Reed wrote.

The Army Corps, which is funded through the Energy and Water appropriations bill, declined to answer specific questions about whether such a move is in the works. The Pentagon did not immediately return a request for comment.

Past operations

Military personnel, in the form of National Guard units, have twice been deployed in recent years as part of major operations to help secure the Southern border. From June 2006 to July 2008 during Operation Jump Start, guard units helped the Homeland Security Department conduct identification and engineering operations.

During Operation Phalanx, from July 2010 to September 2011, Guard personnel assisted DHS with identification, criminal analysis and command and control.

“We are always in support of that lead federal agency,” said Michael Kucharek, a spokesman for U.S. Northern Command, the military command whose area of responsibility includes the U.S.-Mexico border.

National Guard units generally operate either under state authority and funding, under a governor’s authority using federal funds or Defense Department funding and authority.

The Pentagon put its costs for Jump Start and Phalanx at $1.35 billion combined, according to a 2012 report by the Government Accountability Office. While National Guard members who were deployed were legally authorized to make arrests, the Defense secretary specifically blocked them from those activities to try to prevent the perception that the border was being militarized, the report said.

Customs and Border Protection officials reported that National Guard units helped apprehend 186,814 undocumented border crossers during Operation Jump Start, about 11.7 percent of total apprehensions that occurred while it was in effect. During Operation Phalanx, guardsmen helped apprehend 17,887 individuals, about 6 percent of the total.

Legal pitfalls

If Trump wants to use the military to secure the border, he’ll need to find a way around the law known as the Posse Comitatus Act, which limits a president’s ability to use military troops to enforce civil laws on U.S. soil. The 1878 law makes it a crime to use any part of the military to enforce a law unless Congress or the Constitution authorizes it, according to a Congressional Research Service report.

There are exceptions, such as legislation that allows the president to use military force to suppress insurrection or enforce federal authority, or laws that permit the Defense Department to provide federal and local police with information, equipment and personnel, the CRS states.

Congress enacted the law, first as an amendment to the Army appropriations bill, as a direct result of the Army’s involvement in Reconstruction in the South and President Ulysses S. Grant’s domestic mobilization of military forces during that time, according to two George Mason University law professors.

The most widely used exception is for National Guard forces that can be federalized, such as a 1957 directive to protect African-American students during the integration of schools or a deployment of troops to the Los Angeles riots in 1992, wrote the professors, Timothy MacArthur and Leigh Winstead, in an op-ed in The Hill about using troops for immigration enforcement.

The law’s limits on presidential authority may not be enough to prevent the militarization of immigration enforcement under a “national security” reason, the professors wrote.

“President George W. Bush nearly bypassed the PCA in such a manner after 9/11 when a Justice Department memorandum suggested that the President could unilaterally mobilize U.S. troops domestically to arrest a group suspected of plotting with al Qaeda because the operation was aimed at protecting national security rather than performing civil police enforcement,” MacArthur and Winstead wrote.

John T. Bennett, Jennifer Shutt, Jacob Fischler, Niels Lesniewski and Peter Cohn contributed to this report.

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Voobly Announces Partnership
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Voobly announces partnership with World Series of Video Games

The World Series of Video Games WSVG and Voobly have announced today a partnership deal for the next 3 (three) years. The partnership will cover the organization of live events and co-hosted online championships, for Microsoft’s Age of Empires 2 and Age of Mythology games. With this partnership, World Series of Video Games becomes a sponsor of all of Voobly’s competitions and events.

This agreement will enhance the position in the gaming market for both companies.

The World Series of Video Games, which has recently announced its worldwide re-launch,will supply infra-structure and equipments required for these gaming events and will support all online championships and live streamings. One of the main goals of the partnership is to increase the online and offline audiences for Age of Empires 2 and Age of Mythology games.

Despite the fact that both these games were launched more than a decade ago, they still have a massive community of dedicated gamers and fans that play competitively, on a daily basis.

Voobly, which is the leading company in Age of Empires championships, features more than $100.000,00 (one hundred thousand) US Dollars prize money per season, thanks to generous sponsors, and host many smaller community contributed tournaments on a regular basis for professional and casual age of empires 2 gamers.

More information about the championships, being planned by WSVG and Voobly, will be disclosed soon.

Good news to all players and fans out there!

WSVG & Voobly link

WSVG announcement

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Corporate Relay

Colorado’s Largest Corporate Challenge!

What’s better than running 26.2 miles through the Mile High City? Sharing the miles with co-workers! Get a team of five employees to run Denver’s only 26.2 mile Marathon Relay – and Colorado’s largest Corporate Race. Win bragging rights, awards and money for charity. See the great sites of the Mile High City on each leg – from Broncos Stadium at Mile High to the Confluence, Sloan’s Lake, downtown, or the neighborhoods around Colfax – which one will you run? The ultimate team-building experience.

HR/Wellness Directors & Company Team/Running Coordinators

You have lots of options.  You can buy multiple registrations all at once for your employees.  And, if your company has 3 or more relay teams, you can have a company party at the Finish Line – information will be emailed to team captains of qualifying teams in late April or early May.  In addition, read below to learn about running for charity and bragging rights by industry!

Get the Fun Started

  1. Pick a captain to register your team.
  2. Challenge your coworkers to start teams – male, female or coed.
  3. Register online (you don’t have to know all 5 runners when you register).
  4. Run – organize lunch runs or join the Colfax Ambassadors for group runs.
  5. Check out the Relay Leg Details such as Screaming Downhill and Downtown River Trek including stadium run-through.
  6. Some teams run for fun, some for health, and some for bragging rights!

Virtual Photo Tour

Cruise to the bottom of the page to check out the fun sites along the course – Leg by Leg!

Win Money for Charity

Compete for more than $90,000 in awards for charity – 60 top teams (overall and industry) designate one of our eligible Charity Partners as a recipient. Check out the 2018 winners – Corporate (including Industry), Open, Government. Times are based on chip time. All 5 runners must be employees, or up to 2 of the 5 runners may be family members to be eligible for awards.  Coed teams need to ensure they have 1 runner of each sex, for a total of 5 runners.

Bragging Rights by Industry

Compete in your industry for bragging rights and awards. For the Corporate Division, winners are selected by industry (1st, 2nd, 3rd) as well as for Overall (1st, 2nd, 3rd by Male, Female, Coed). Earn bragging rights as well as money for charity! If your team wins, you get to stand on stage and hand a giant check to your charity.  Awesome!

Our planned 2018 Industries are Accounting, Construction/Engineering, Consumer Services/Products, Energy/Environment/Geology, Financial Services, Healthcare, Hospitality, Legal, Manufacturing, Nonprofit (non-healthcare), Professional Services/Products, and Technology/Telecom/Broadcasting. Industries may change based on participation.  Don’t see your industry below?

Check out the 2018 Corporate and Industry winners.

Runner Perks

Great tech shirts, car decals, and awesome finisher medals for each runner with detachable mini-medallions for your keychain or necklace. Free runner tracking and digital on-course photo!  Don’t miss the awesome afterparty and Michelob Ultra Beer Garden lakeside in City Park.

Run For Charity

Run for one of the largest Charity Partner programs in the country! Over 230 charities participated in 2018. Choose a charity to run for when you register and they will contact you.

Training & Runs

Announcing the Colfax Training Series! Our Colfax Marathon Ambassadors will join Featured Running Clubs and running store Runs with Colfax drawings for great schwag. Check the TRAINING section for the up to date calendar – and great training tips.

Packet Pick Up & Race Day Logistics

Relay Team Packet Pick Up Friday and Saturday, May 17-18, 2019 at the Health & Fitness Expo. No Race Day Packet Pick Up. Detailed race day logistics will be posted in April.

Photo Tour

Hover over each photo to learn fun facts!

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FEMA Disaster Information
Release Date: November 05, 2012

President Obama this morning (Friday) declared Westchester a disaster area due to Hurricane Sandy, making the county eligible for federal aid, County Executive Robert P. Astorino announced.

The declaration means that individuals and governments may be eligible for help. Further information about aid for businesses will be announced shortly.

To qualify, individuals who have unreimbursed losses must first register with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).

Individuals should do so in one of the following ways:

  • Apply via smart phone at
  • Call the registration phone number at 1-800-621-3362; those who have a speech disability or hearing loss and use TTY, should call 1-800-462-7585 directly; for those who use 711 or Video Relay Service (VRS), call 1-800-621-3362.

"This is important information for all of those in our county who have been devastated by Sandy," said Astorino. "We will continue to share information as we get it. In  the meantime I urge people to register with FEMA."

On Thursday night, Astorino was part of a conference call with President Obama, Gov. Cuomo and other regional county executives where they shared information about Sandy and the cleanup.

Further information will be posted on as it becomes available.

©2018 Village of Rye Brook
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• Isn’t the “Historic Church” Roman Catholic?

    The “headquarters” of the ancient Christian faith was in fact not Rome but in the Eastern world! The apostles founded the majority of Churches in the Eastern world (and only two in the West). It was from the East (not from Rome) that the apostles and Paul were sent out with the Gospel. The West was not a center of the early Christian movement – it was the “mission field”! For over 1,000 years, with the exception of Rome, all the major centers of Christian belief were found in the East – in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople.

    All the fundamental dogmas regarding the faith were formulated and defended in the East – essential dogmas like Christ being “of the same essence” with the Father; that Christ is fully God and fully human; that the Holy Spirit is a divine Person; and the nature of the Trinity.

    The first schools of Biblical interpretation, Antioch and Alexandria, were in the East. Their perspectives of interpretation still influence much of our understanding of the Scriptures today.

    The East was the site for all the Ecumenical Church Councils (that is, the first seven from 325 to 787 A.D.) which formulated doctrines which Christians of all orthodox traditions accept as normative. The overwhelming majority of the bishops present at those councils were Eastern as well.

  • Do Orthodox Christians have a “Pope”?

    The Roman Catholic Church tragically broke from the Eastern churches in 1054 A.D. largely over the issue of the encroaching authority of the Roman Pope by the western church. The eastern churches consistently rejected this encroachment for 1,000 years of Christian history (and continue to today). The Orthodox Church does not have a single leader. It is organized into “jurisdictions” following national and historic lines, based on the early Church model of conciliar church leadership seen in the Book of Acts (Chapter 15). Each group is governed by synods (councils of bishops) who have equal authority and who do not interfere in one another’s affairs. The Patriarch of Constantinople is known as the “Ecumenical” (or universal) Patriarch, and since the schism has enjoyed a position of honor among the Orthodox communities. But, he does not have the right, for example, to interfere in the internal affairs of other churches. His position resembles that of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the worldwide Anglican Communion.
  • What is Orthodox Christian hope based on?

    Our entire hope is Jesus Christ. As the Apostle Paul says: “…by the commandment of God our Savior, and the Lord Jesus Christ, our hope” (1 Tim. 1:1). We receive and will receive everything through him. Our Lord Himself teaches: “And whatever you ask in My name, that I will do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son”" (John 14:13) Our hope is based on the sovereign grace of God, since it was given through Christ, as Scripture says: “For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came through Jesus Christ” (John 1:17).

    But we also have our part to play! First, there is the following of God’s will, that is, the commandments. Christ himself tells us: “He who has My commandments and keeps them, it is he who loves Me. And he who loves Me will be loved by My Father, and I will love him and manifest Myself to him” (John 14: 21). Second, through the communion of the holy mysteries of the body and blood of Christ, through which Christ the Lord abides. “He who eats My flesh and drinks My blood abides in Me, and I in him” (John 6:56); and “unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you” (John 6: 53). And third, through persevering prayer, as the Apostle Paul teaches: “But you, beloved, building yourselves up on your most holy faith praying in the Holy Spirit, keep yourselves in the love of God, looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life” (Jude: 20-21).

  • How does the Orthodox Church understand “salvation”?

    Eastern Orthodox theologians contend that Western Christian doctrines of sin and salvation have been overly dominated by legal, juridical and forensic language and categories. By this they mean the West’s almost exclusive use of terms of divine law and justice to describe salvation; ideas that are perhaps taken from the context of Roman civil law. While we affirm the use of legal metaphors by Saint Paul, the eastern church fathers contend legal concepts should not dominate (as they have in the West), but should be balanced among the many other biblical metaphors used to describe the redemptive work of Christ. An example of how far removed the Christian East and West are in this area is the fact that the doctrine of justification by faith (how guilty people can stand before a just God or Judge), which is so prevalent in the West, is almost entirely absent in the East! Eastern theology does not focus so much on guilt, as on mortality (i.e. death!) as the main problem of humanity. We tend to see the work of Christ more in therapeutic, healing, renewal, or rescue terms than on exclusively or primarily juridical, legal, forensic terms.

    Psalm 82:6 says, “I say, ‘You are gods’; you are all sons of the Most High’.” 2 Peter 1:4: “Through these he has given us his very great and precious promises, so that through them you may participate in the divine nature and escape the corruption in the world caused by evil desires.” Saint Cyril of Alexandria commenting on this passage tells us that we are all called to participate in divinity, not just a few “saints”. Although Christ alone is God by nature, all people are called to become God – like, “to participate in the divine nature” (without of course becoming what God is by nature!). To “participate in the divine nature” is how Orthodox Christians understand the full meaning of salvation. Salvation is more than simply saying a “sinner’s prayer”, or belief in or adherence to a set of doctrinal or moral premises. A person becomes the perfect image of God by discovering his or her likeness to God, which is the perfection of the nature common to all human beings. As Metropolitan Kallistos Ware writes, salvation is understood as direct union with the living God, the total transformation of the human person by divine grace and glory – what the Greek fathers termed “deification” or “divinization”.

  • Orthodox Christianity and the Bible

    Orthodox Holy Tradition, Orthodox theology and the Holy Scriptures are intertwined. They all speak of the same Orthodox Christian life and faith. They come from the same apostolic and patristic sources of the early Church. Frankly, it is barely possible to fully understand the Bible without understanding the historic, ecclesiastic, liturgical and theological context of the early Church. For example it was on the basis of a common knowledge of “authentic” Church Tradition that the church fathers of the pre-Reformation Church were able to agree on the content that became the New Testament biblical canon we have today. The canon was compiled from myriad ancient text sources, many of which were spurious or even heretical. As we affirm, the Bible was given to the historic Church.
  • Orthodox “Tradition”– equal to or above the Bible?

    The Orthodox Church sees the Bible as inspired by God and authoritative. However, Saint Paul in Thessalonians (2:15) wrote, “Therefore brethren, stand fast and hold the traditions which you were taught, whether by word or our epistle.” A Bible-Only (“Sola Scriptura”) criterion is therefore in conflict with the Scriptures! Orthodox Christianity sees the Christian faith in light of the whole tradition, that is, in terms that encompass the entire tradition of understanding of the faith (oral and written) from Apostolic times. This was called “The Rule of Faith”. Western Christianity (especially Protestant) often understands Christian faith through its interpretation of certain parts and interpretations of the Bible, retrospectively. The Orthodox Church affirms that authentic Apostolic Tradition comes from the Holy Spirit in the Church. This is the same Spirit who inspired the Bible and the teaching of the Apostles, whether oral or written.
  • Sources of Orthodox “Tradition”?

    There are five basic sources that comprise “Orthodox Tradition”, passed down from one generation to the next, from Christ to the Apostles, in written and unwritten forms. The first is Holy Scripture, both Old and New Testaments. The second source is the Liturgy, which includes the entire body of the Church’s common and public worship (including the sacraments of the Church). The third are the councils of the Church, the first one recounted in the Book of Acts (Acts 15), and their subsequent creeds and canons. The fourth are the Saints of the Church, especially the writings of a particular group of saints called the “church fathers”. The fifth source of Church Tradition is Church art. Saint John of Damascus said that words written in books are “images”, as are material images like icons. Art is the use of the material to express the intangible and the revelation of God.
  • How ancient are the Orthodox liturgical services?

    Eastern Orthodox services trace their beginnings back to the Old Testament liturgical rites and services of the Hebrews. They are a treasury of Scripture readings, prayers, hymns, and canons composed by the Saints and pious Christians throughout the ages. Like our Jewish predecessors, Orthodox services are liturgical, sacramental, and ceremonial. Many of the hymns you hear come from the Psalms. Most of them are sung or chanted, as has been the tradition since the days of Jewish – Christian practice. Some of the ancient document sources of the Orthodox liturgical order of service go back to the second (Justin Martyr, c. A.D. 150) and third centuries (Hippolytus, c. 215 A.D.). Eastern liturgies went through development in the fourth and fifth centuries. They became stabilized in the sixth century, and by the eight century were so fixed that they have not changed even today.
  • What is the content of Orthodox liturgical worship?

    One of the striking characteristics of Orthodox worship is its near total integration with its theology. It is this blending of theology and worship that gives Orthodoxy its thoroughly liturgical character. From the Orthodox Christian perspective, Western Christianity exhibits a breach or rupture between theology and liturgical experience. In Orthodox Christianity they are a single, inseparable act. Participate in the liturgical cycle of the Orthodox Church and you will hear and see its theology, through its text, chant, hymnography and iconography.
  • Why does Orthodox music often sound “sorrowful”?

    Orthodox music is dynamic and its style varies, depending on the liturgical cycle, the liturgical calendar and the text being sung or chanted. It also varies according to the culture from which it developed! Some music is written to lead us to repentance and is therefore somber. Other music is celebratory and joyful. Orthodox music expresses the Orthodox “ethos”, which has been described as “joyful sorrow”. Like The Psalms from which much of our musical text derives, there is a full range of human emotion expressed in Orthodox liturgical music.

    For a sample of Orthodox liturgical music click here…

    For a sample of Orthodox chant click here…

  • Why is there so much emphasis on repentance in the Orthodox Church?

    Some of the first words that Jesus spoke are recorded to be, “Repent, and believe in the gospel.” (Mark: 1:15). Many Christians today seem to focus exclusively on “believe”, without remembering that Our Lord says first we must “repent”! Just as His command to “believe” is not understood by Orthodox Christians to be a one-time act, in the same way Orthodox Christians understand repentance to be a continuing command as well. The Orthodox attitude towards spirituality, its very “ethos”, reflects the attitude of the tax – collector, the sinner, as extolled by Christ Himself (Luke 18:10-14). You will hear a lot of “Lord Have Mercy”, in Orthodox services!
  • What do candles represent?

    You will see candles burning before the icons and on the altar, signifying the light of truth given by the Lord, illuminating the world with spiritual radiance. Candles also represent the non-created light of the Holy Trinity, for the Lord dwells in an unapproachable light. They also represent the fire of Divinity which destroys our ungodliness and sins. Candles also symbolize our soul’s burning love of God and the spiritual joy and triumph of the Church. The candles before the icon of Christ signify that He is the True Light which lights every man that comes into the world.
  • What is the reason for the use of incense in the services?

    The incense spreading in the church symbolizes the prayer of the faithful sent up to God and at the same time it is a symbol of the Grace of the Holy Spirit mysteriously embracing them.Before every censing a priest reads a secret (quiet) prayer: “We offer onto Thee, 0 Christ our God, this incense for an odor of spiritual sweetness which do Thou accept upon Thy most heavenly altar, sending down upon us in return the Grace of Thy Holy Spirit.” Listening to this prayer we understand that the smoke visible to everybody denotes the invisible presence of the Lord’s Grace, which is sanctifying the faithful.
  • Do Orthodox worship icons?

    Wall icons and artwork appeared in Jewish temples early in ancient history (note: Duros Europos Temple destroyed in the mid 200′s) even before their use in Christian churches. Because the Son of God took on human flesh and became incarnate as man in Jesus Christ, the Church decreed (not without much debate!) it was appropriate to portray the glory of God incarnate visually through icons. Icons are NOT idols or graven images (which depicted images of false gods), and their place in Christian worship and piety was clearly articulated, defended and approved at the Seventh Ecumenical Council of the Church in the 8TH Century. Byzantine icon style may seem austere and strange at first. They are not meant to depict the natural beauty of the material world, but rather the spiritual beauty of the Kingdom of Heaven and its inhabitants (Saints). Icons are venerated, but not worshiped, by Orthodox Christians. This is a misunderstanding by some in modern Christendom, especially those who have been influenced by Puritan and Anabaptist traditions, and the Islamic tradition, which rejects any and all images.
  • Do Orthodox worship Mary the Mother of God (Theotokos) and the saints?

    In our services and in our piety we praise those who were with Christ on earth and whom we know to be “alive” in Christ’s presence now although departed from the body (the saints)! Hebrews 12:1 writes, “…we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses…” In God and His Church there is no division between the living and the departed. As we pray for one another and ask for one another’s prayers, so we ask the faithful departed to pray for us and we continue to pray for them out of love.

    After the Holy Trinity, we especially venerate the Mother of God (Theotokos in Greek), the Blessed Virgin Mary. This praise has a biblical basis (Luke 1: 28; 42-43; 48) and is due her because of her unique role as the “birth-giver” of God. By giving honor to the Mother of God we honor the Son whom she bore. We never forget that Our Lord was truly incarnate, that He truly had a human Mother, and a real family history! We reject any notion that Our Lord simply passed through Mary as water through a pipe, to be discarded after being used! Mary the birth-giver of God was specifically chosen by God before all time to bring forth, nurture and raise the Son of God! She was the first follower of Christ! She is our model of faith! She is with Him now in the heavens! Having said this Orthodox Christians do not blur the line between God and the Mother of God, and worship is offered only to the Holy Trinity through Christ.

  • Why do Orthodox kiss the right hand of the priest?

    This is done out of reverence and respect for the Holy Eucharist, not for the man. Saint John Chrysostom (one of Christianity’s greatest church fathers) wrote if one were to meet an Orthodox Priest walking along with an Angel, he should greet the Priest first and kiss his hand, since that hand has touched the Body and Blood of the Lord.
  • Why do you call the priest “Father” when the Bible says not to call any man “father”?

    Orthodox understand the “call no man father” passage (Matthew 23:9) specifically in the context of our Lord contending with certain rabbis of His day who were using these honorific titles to accomplish their own selfish, prideful and hypocritical ends. Had these same apostate rabbis been using other titles, like “reverend” and “pastor,” Jesus might as easily have said, “Call no man reverend or pastor.” His condemnation was not of the use of “father” (or any specific title) but of the hypocrisy and pride of the Pharisees and rabbis in their use of it. St. Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 4:15. “For though you might have ten thousand instructors in Christ, yet you do not have many fathers…” St. Paul seems to claim to be the ‘Spiritual Father’ of the Corinthians! St. Paul, an Apostle of Christ Jesus obviously did not interpret our Lord’s words to mean that only our Heavenly Father can be called “father”. In Luke 16:24 Jesus tells us that the rich man cries out “Father Abraham, have mercy on me…” Abraham did not correct or criticize the rich man by saying, “call no man father”! Are we saying that the Apostle ignored Jesus? Are we saying our Lord Jesus Christ contradicted Himself and violated his own statements? We think not! Rather the passage must be understood in its specific context of condemning hypocrisy, self-aggrandizement and pride, rather than a universal condemnation of the use of “father”.
  • May Orthodox priests marry?

    Unlike Catholic priests, Orthodox priests can also have a wife and children if they are married before they’re ordained.
  • Is Orthodox Christianity ‘faith’- based or ‘works’- based?

    The faith-works divide, especially in the Protestant West, reflects a decisive (and Orthodox believe regretful) innovation in Christian theology beginning in the 16th century. It was largely a reaction against the use of “indulgences” by the Roman Catholic Church and their proper rejection by Martin Luther and the Reformers. The Orthodox Church believes the Reformers’ theology went too far however, by driving a wedge between faith and works. The faith-works dichotomy does not exist biblically, or in the eastern Christian spiritual tradition. We are clearly called to “Have faith in God” (Mark 11:22). But we are also exhorted to “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling (Phil. 2:12)”. And we are reminded that “…faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead” (James 2:17). Perhaps the most sobering warning comes from Saint Paul who warns us of “the righteous judgment of God, who ‘will render to each one according to his deeds’” (Rom. 2: 5-6). Orthodox theology and spirituality therefore emphasize a balance between faith and works.
  • What comes first – faith or works?

    Since “…without faith it is impossible to please Him” (Heb. 11:6), a Christian who wants to please God and be assured his works will be accepted by God, must first have faith in God and then form his life and activity accordingly. It is on the basis of our faith and our works that we will be judged!
  • What must the Christian do to gain eternal life?

    Have right belief (“ortho-doxy”) and good works! Whoever has these two has certain hope of eternal salvation. As Scripture says: “You see then that a man is justified by works, and not by faith alone.” (James 2:24) A little later in the same place: “For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without works is dead” (James 2:26). Elsewhere St. Paul says the same thing: “…having faith and a good conscience, which some have rejected, concerning the faith have suffered shipwreck” (1 Tim. 1: 19).
  • What are the Holy Mysteries?

    The early Church called the Sacraments of the Church, Holy Mysteries. Mystery is the reality through which the invisible grace of God is effected in or conferred upon the souls of the faithful under a perceptible form (sanctified matter). It was established by Christ as the means through which the faithful appropriate the grace of God.
  • What is the purpose of the Holy Mysteries?

    To provide remedies for removing our sins.
  • How many Mysteries or Sacraments does the Orthodox Church recognize?

    Seven: Baptism. Anointing with Chrism. The Holy Eucharist. Ordination. Penance-confession. Holy Matrimony. Healing consecration with oil.
  • What about “spiritual gifts”?

    When the young Church was getting underway, God poured out His Holy Spirit on the Apostles and their followers, giving them spiritual gifts to build up the Church and to serve each other. Among the specific gifts of the Spirit mentioned in the New Testament are apostleship, prophecy, evangelism, pastoring, teaching, healing, helps, administrations, knowledge, wisdom, tongues, and interpretation of tongues. These and other spiritual gifts are recognized in the Orthodox Church. The need for them varies with the times. The gifts of the Spirit are most evident in the liturgical and sacramental life of the Church.
  • What is the view of the Orthodox Church towards non-Orthodox Christians?

    Saint Irenaeus said where the Spirit of God is, there is the Church. We believe there is only one earthly Church (“I believe in one, holy, catholic and apostolic church” – the Nicene Creed). We know where the visible Church is, but we cannot know for assurance where the Spirit of God may or may not be outside ‘the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church’! Orthodox Christians must not therefore presume to pass judgment on non-Orthodox Christians or their communities, think or speak triumphalisticaly about the Orthodox Church, but rather strive to live out their faith without compromise, in humility and repentance.
  • What does Orthodoxy teach about “free will”?

    Free will is man’s unrestricted ability to decide from reason, which leads to doing good and evil. This reason was complete in its perfection during the state of man’s innocence (before the Fall), but became damaged on account of sin. However, although the will remained inclined to evil (after the Fall) it is still nevertheless able to choose to do good. St. Basil the Great: “From one’s intention and free will anyone can be holy or the opposite.” And in the Gospel of St John: “But as many as received Him, to them He gave the right to become children of God…” (John 1:12). If this were not the case (use of free will) it would not be possible for St Paul to write of “the righteous judgment of God, who ‘will render to each one according to his deeds.’” (Rom. 2: 5-6). How could we be judged by God by according to our deeds if our will is incapable of choosing between good and evil?
  • Does the Orthodox Church teach a “pre-tribulation rapture”?

    Orthodox Christianity and the early Church teaches that the Lord will come once and for all after the tribulation (Matthew 24: 29 – 31). The Nicene Creed states that Jesus Christ, ‘will come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, whose kingdom shall have no end’. On that day everyone will receive eternal and perfect payment for their deeds. There is no-pre-tribulation “rapture”, nor is there a one thousand year reign taught in the Holy Scriptures, or by any church father east or west. In fact, the 5th Ecumenical Council of the Universal Church specifically rejected the idea of a “thousand year reign” as a heresy! These heterodox teachings supposedly came through a dream someone had in the 18TH century and were subsequently promulgated by the Scofield Bible translators and adopted by certain Protestant Evangelical groups later.
  • Do Orthodox teach an intermediate purgatory?

    No Scripture makes mention of a temporal punishment that cleanses souls after death. In fact, the opinion of Origen was condemned because of this by the Church at the Second Council of Constantinople. The soul can receive no sacraments after death; and if it were to make satisfaction for its sins, it would have to perform a part of the sacrament of holy Penance, which would be contrary to the orthodox teaching.
  • Why do Orthodox Christians pray for the departed?

    Out of love for them! Orthodox believe from the teaching of Sacred Scripture that we are obliged to pray to God for the departed, to offer the Holy Eucharist for them in remembrance and to give alms in their behalf, since they cannot do this for themselves. We leave the results – or even whether there is efficacy in prayer for the departed, since we cannot know for certain – up to God and His mercy.

    Blessed Theophylact speaks about this: “For the sinners who die are not cast into hell (until the Final Judgment); but it rests in the power of God such that he may even pardon them. But I say this because of the sacrifices and almsgivings made for the sake of the dead, which works are of no small benefit even for those who have died in grave sins. It is not so certain, therefore, that God sends to hell one who has killed, but rather that he does have the power to send him. And so let us not cease working hard through almsgiving and prayers to win over him, who has indeed the power of sending, so that he may not use this power fully but be able to pardon.”

  • Why would the Orthodox Church appeal to Americans?

    The Orthodox Church is the original and historical church established by Jesus and His Apostles. Many Americans are looking for a living continuity with the Church of ancient times. An ever-increasing number are looking for a stable faith rooted in apostolic tradition, apostolic succession, and the Bible. In fact this Church, which Jesus Christ Himself said would “prevail against the gates of Hades”, has in truth continued in unbroken succession, through the transmission of her faith and the succession of her bishops, from the day of Pentecost to the present (see the Time-Line of Church history). The Orthodox Church has survived steadfastly despite persecution and martyrdom and has never accepted any kind of change or innovation which contradicts earlier established doctrine, reached in consensus with the universal Church and led by the Holy Spirit. Her doctrines were clarified (and consequently, certain heresies were defined) at seven ecumenical councils held between the 4th and the 8th centuries. If you are looking for the “one, holy, catholic and apostolic church” of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, you found her! It is the Orthodox Church!

Message from Fr Gary

Fr Gary

The Cure for Disappointment

We have all experienced disappointment in life. Disappointment is bred from a variety of matters, from the most trivial to the most crucial. We have been disappointed by a friend or family member. The outcome of our favorite sports team in the World Series can add disappointment to our lives. We may disappoint ourselves by not properly preparing for a test at school or a project at work. We encounter disappointment, for the most part, because things just don’t go the way we want or expect them to. There is a cure for disappointment.

There are three important realizations to make about disappointments and understanding their influence in our lives. First, disappointment is inevitable. Everything and everyone, in every situation, at some point or another, will eventually provide us with a good dose of disappointment. A close friend, a loving family member, and even your parish priest will disappoint you some way, somehow sometimes. When our expectations are not met we feel disappointment. Second, realizing...

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Monday, August 27, 2012

Crossing The Mighty Hudson For Our Radio Debut

I took this photo of the mighty Hudson River - the river that flows in two directions - as we crossed the George Washington Bridge on our way to New York City.

Tonight we're going to be guests on SiriusXM's Orthopaedics Show on Doctor Radio, which is broadcast live from NYU Langone Medical Center.

This is something completely different for us and we're really looking forward to it.
I'll write more about our experience tomorrow - hopefully with photos!!

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
All-Inclusive Social Butterflies
2010: The $7 Date Night
2009: Them’s Fighting Words!
2008: Skulls And Hot Chocolate In The French Quarter
2007: Once As High As An Elephant’s Eye
2006: Trouser Snakes On A Plane
2005: Big Honkin’ Truck Makeover

Gil said...

I never thought that the Hudson could look sooo good!

ELH said...

If its possible, please provide us with a link to your radio interview..when available..


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Query Forms

Query forms are those forms which are mainly used to ask a query from a party, company or any other group. These documents are quite important in places like business companies, banks and legal bodies. People can use them to raise doubts or ask questions about which they are unclear or unsure.

Query forms are printed documents and are created in a formal tone following a specific format. Sometimes, query forms can be in the form of objective type questions through which the organisation can come to know the area where the applicant lacks knowledge and provide him/her with the same. But most times, they are in the form of a subjective paper with ample space left for the query.

The following are a few examples of query forms:

  • Software query form
  • Business query form
  • Legal query form

Since these are important documents, there has to be a pattern followed to frame them correctly. The following points shall be helpful to understand such a form:

  • At the beginning of the document, space is left for the applicant to fill in his personal details which may include name, address, contact number etc…
  • The second part has got enough space for the applicant to fill in his query or doubt

At the end, he is required to sign the form.

Category: Query Forms

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Report time to school: 8:30am to load the semi.

Depart:10:00am (Travelling in Bibbers & guard unis)

Arrival at NSU Tahlequah: 11:30am-Lunch provided (& cupcakes from Michael Smith for his birthday)

Warm-Up: 12:45pm

Performance: 1:45pm

Head home by 2:45pm

Should be home by around 4:30pm (We will unload semi on Thursday morning.)

If you normally go home from CNGC, arrange a ride from CPHS.

Parents are more than welcome to come and watch. I believe there is no charge to enter.


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Facial Melanosis Types and Treatments

Facial Melanosis is the hyperpigmentation of facial skin.The situation of the skin gets worse when the the skin is exposed to sunlight and the harmful UV rays affect the skin. Sometimes, an ordeal arises when facial melanosis becomes a chronic problem.

Types of Facial Melanosis:

This particular type of skin condition has various types. Some of them are:

It is characterized by hyper pigmentation and white patches on the lower cheeks, forehead and the nose.

These patches on the facial skin are caused due to excess production of melanin in the epidermal layer and the dermal layer.It  happens due to an increase in the melanocytes or dermal melanophages.

Can be due to sunlight,radiation effects,hormonal changes,medication (like oral contraceptives),NSAIDs,physiological like pregnancy.

If due to oral contraceptives it occurs due to excess of estrogen. The condition of the patches which result due to facial melanosis, usually subside when women stop consuming contraceptives and after pregnancy. But, it might also becomes a chronic problem when the patches due to hyper pigmentation, do not fade away permanently. They continue to appear and disappear.

Riehl’s Melanosis: is nothing but pigmented contact dermatitis.This is one of the forms of facial melanosis, which is caused due to pigmentation caused due to dermatitis. It is characterized by brown patches on the face. It was researched in the recent years and observed that this form of hyper pigmentation is caused due to the chemical reaction of certain oils and chemicals. People who use certain types of cosmetics, vermilion, hair dyes, fragrances, tar and rubber are often patients of facial melanosis.

Riehl’s Melanosis

Lichen Planus Pigmentous: This is one of the types of facial melanosis, which is characterised by brown patches on the facial skin. However, there might be patches on the areas where the skin rubs against skin or touches the skin causing friction between the skin. The cause of this condition is lesser known. But, it is believed that the condition is caused due to minerals, hair dyes and certain chemicals.

Periorbital Melanosis: This is one of the types of hyper pigmentation which is caused due to the skin around the eyelids, the dark circles around the eyes. This is caused usually caused due to smoking, alcohol and also due to the lack of sleep. Also due to prominent cheek bones,thin skin .Periorbital Melanosis

Exogenous Ochronosis: This is a very rare compilation of a long term use of hydroquinone, though hydroquinone itself is used in this type of pigmentation.

Perioral Pigmentation: This is one which includes a pigmentation patch around the mouth.This is usually caused because of certain cosmetics,fruits,certain toothpastes,added food colours,etc.

Facial Acanthosis Nigricans: This condition is often seen when people are suffering from Addison’s disease or they have Adrenal dysfunction

Erthema Dyschromia Perstans

Nevus of ota:

Post Inflammatory Hyper pigmentation

Diagnosis of facial melanosis is straight forward. But to fit it into a subtype is difficult, and the diagnosis often overlap. Most important is if the hyperpigmentation goes unexplained it needs to be evaluated for adrenal dysfunction.

Hyperpigmentation Diagnosis

There are various types of treatments which are provided to each of the conditions of  facial melanosis. The treatments of facial melanosis are as follows:

– To avoid the exposure to the harmful UV rays of the sun is one of the primary treatments of facial melanosis.

– To discontinue factors which have proven to be a triggering factor for facial melanosis.

– The usage of physical (have added advantage of camouflage)and chemical sunscreen lotions is one of the factors which helps in diminishing the pigmentation on the face.

– The topical depigmenting agents are also a form of treatment for facial melanosis. Few agents which are used as an ingredient in the topical lotions are: Hydroquinone, Retinoids and mild steroids,liquorice extracts,Kojic acid,vitamin c …

– oral medications like tranexamic acid, glutathione ,vitamin c also play a role

  Chemical Peels is often used as a safe treatment for facial melanosis. Chemical peels have proven to be more effective when used in a combination with topical agents. Some of them are:

  • Hydroxy Acids, Glycolic Acids
  • Retinol Peels
  • Jessners Solution
  • TCA
  • Lactic Acid

– A person may choose a laser treatment to treat the patches caused due to hyperpigmentation. Generally, the YAG laser treatment is used for the treatment of patients who are suffering from the conditions of facial melanosis. Apart from the YAG laser form, there are other forms of treatments that are used, which include- Q Switched form of a laser treatment and Alexandrite Laser Treatment.

Facial Melanosis is something many of you might face. But the treatments for facial melanosis has been proven to be most effective the earlier the particular condition is diagnosed. It is however essential to consult a reputed Dermatologist to make sure that the diagnosis and treatments are done accurately. Visit us at Sankhya Hospitals or Book an Appointment with us so that our reputed dermatologists can help you overcome this condition.

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A full fledged, 100-bedded hospital, Sankhya Multispeciality Hospital offers  treatment and facilities at par with the best available globally. From 24-hour ambulance service, pharmacy and diagnostic centre, to specialised services that extend from Dermatology to Orthopaedics, General Medicine to General Surgery, Gynaecology to Urology, ENT, Plastic Surgery, Laparoscopic Surgery, Neurology, Ophthalmology and more.

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{Real Couples} Ashley & Alex's Low Country South Carolina Engagement Shoot

There is something about images from the Carolinas that I am so smitten with.  I don't know if it's because I live thousands of miles away and appreciate the coastal images and the lush greenery, or that authors paint such beautiful imagery describing the landscape in their works (Nicholas Sparks), but I love it!  I had the opportunity to go to a wedding in Charleston, South Carolina a few months ago, however, due to being pregnant, I had to forgo that trip, which bummed me out.  I had always wanted to see and experience the beauty of Charleston, and relish in the beauty of the surroundings that I had heard so much about.

Well, today I can let my eyes, and yours, soak up the beauty of the Low Country with this charming engagement shoot, submitted via Two Bright Lights by Diana Deaver Weddings.  Diana, the photog behind the lens, shared that this shoot took place on the family property of the groom's, where he and his bride-to-be currently live.  What a gorgeous piece of land!  I can see why they would choose to have their engagement shoot held there.

I present to you Ashley & Alex's low country engagement shoot, beautifully photographed by Diana Deaver Weddings.

Gorgeous! I love the long pier, and the beautiful views!

Congrats to Ashley & Alex on their upcoming wedding!  Many thanks to Diana Deaver Weddings for the beautiful submission!

Photography: Diana Deaver Weddings, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina


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Global Ready Meals Market to Grow at a CAGR of 4.5% Between 2016-2020: MarketResearchReports.Biz

MarketResearchReports.Biz presents this most up-to-date research on "Global Ready Meals Market 2016-2020".

Albany, NY -- (SBWIRE) -- 01/29/2016 -- About Ready Meals

Ready meals are sold pre-cooked to a certain extent, and serve as easy alternatives to food prepared at home. They are promoted and presented by vendors as quick and time-saving alternatives, which requires just heating before consumption. These packaged meals are available in frozen, chilled, canned, or dried forms and for single or two servings.

Technavios analysts forecast the global ready meals market to grow at a CAGR of 4.57% during the period 2016-2020.

View Report at:

Covered in this report

The report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the global ready meals market for 2016-2020. To calculate the market size, the report considered the revenue generated from retail sales of the following ready meals products:

- Frozen ready meals
- Chilled ready meals
- Canned ready meals
- Dried ready meals

Technavio's report, Global Ready Meals Market 2016-2020, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the market landscape and its growth prospects over the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market.

Download Sample copy of this Report @

Key vendors
- 2 Sisters Food Group
- ConAgra
- Fleury Michon
- Kraft Heinz
- Nestl

Other prominent vendors
- Advanced Fresh Concepts
- Campbell Soup
- Maple Leaf Foods
- McCain
- Sigma Alimentos
- The Schwan Food

Market driver: Growing demand for convenient food products
Market challenge: Threat from fresh and home-cooked food
Market trend: Demand for natural and organic products

Key questions answered in this report
What will the market size be in 2020 and what will the growth rate be?
What are the key market trends?
What is driving this market?
What are the challenges to market growth?
Who are the key vendors in this market space?

Read our latest Press Release at

Table of Content:

PART 01: Executive summary
Report highlights
PART 02: Scope of the report
Market overview
Top-vendor offerings
PART 03: Market research methodology
Research methodology
Economic indicators
PART 04: Introduction
Key market highlights
PART 05: Market landscape
Market overview
Market size and forecast
Five forces analysis

About is the most comprehensive collection of market research reports. MarketResearchReports.Biz services are specially designed to save time and money for our clients. We are a one stop solution for all your research needs, our main offerings are syndicated research reports, custom research, subscription access and consulting services. We serve all sizes and types of companies spanning across various industries.

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Albany, NY 12207
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THE THREE LIBERTY Central School varsity sports teams that were recognized as New York State Public High School Scholar-Athlete teams for last autumn were honored on Monday night at the school. Pictured above is the boys’ soccer team. In the front row, from left to right, are Kyle Farrand, Matt Baxter, Kurt Ramos and Justin Garrett. In the back row, from left to right, are Coach Hazel Yaun, Jacob Kirsch, Sean Dinnerstein, Scott Hamlin, Jeff Simpson, Matt Arielly, and Assistant Coach Debra Simpson. Missing from photo are team members Ryan Burns, Peter Ehrenberg, Mac Isseks, Matt Lockwood, Justin Sutherland, Peter Talerico, Justin Green, Joel Serapio and Gerardo Romero.

Liberty Honors Its Own

By Lori Brown
LIBERTY — February 17, 2006 – Liberty Central School Athletic Director Tim Bult set up an awards ceremony Monday night in the LCS cafeteria just prior to the regular board of education meeting.
The school district and the New York State Public High School Athletic Association (NYSPHSAA) were honoring four individual students as well as the members of three varsity sports teams from the fall of 2005.
Bult started off by saying how proud he was of all the students.
The four individual students that were recognized were Matt Arielly, Mac Isseks, Rebecca Ramirez and Amarynth Sichel.
The four worked as student interns for The River Reporter. Starting last September, each student wrote a story and took pictures about Liberty varsity games. Their e-mailed reports and photos were then edited and printed in the newspaper. Each student wrote about 15 stories during the 2005 fall sports season.
Ramirez wrote her articles on LCS football games, while Arielly and Isseks reported stories on the boys’ soccer games and Sichel reported on girls’ soccer games. Each student had received a certificate as well as a good introduction to journalism.
For a team to earn the 2005 NYSPHSAA Scholar-Team Award, each player must earn a 90 or above average in school. Three out of the five LCS varsity fall sports teams were awarded this honor: boys’ soccer team, girls’ soccer team and girls’ tennis team.
The respective team coaches noted that they were very proud of the effort of all the students on the court or field as well as in the classroom. Each player on the team was awarded a T-shirt, pin, and a certificate.
Also, Town of Liberty Supervisor Frank DeMayo, on behalf of the entire town board, presented a plaque to each team in honor of all the hard work in the classroom and on the soccer field and tennis court.
The coach of the girls’ soccer team is Ashlea Prouty and the assistant coach is Carpio Ramos. The team’s cumulative grade point average was 90.2. The team roster included: Rebecca Scherer, Deanna Burgio, Kelley Lockwood, Brittany Argent, Caitlin Baker, Michelle Fancher, Miranda Hardy, Brittany Melchick, Maggie Sauchuk, Meghin Shortall, Amarynth Sichel, Georgia Siegel, Aryana Walizadeh, Jamie Lake and Kim Ramos.
The head coach of the boys’ soccer team is Hazel Yaun and the assistant coach is Debra Simpson. The team’s cumulative grade point average was 92.338. The members of the team were: Ryan Burns, Peter Ehrenberg, Mac Isseks, Kyle Farrand, Jacob Kirsch, Matt Lockwood, Justin Sutherland, Pete Talerico, Matt Baxter, Sean Dinnerstein, Justin Garrett, Justin Green, Scott Hamlin, Joel Serapio, Jeff Simpson, Matt Arielly, Kurt Ramos and Gerardo Romero.
The coach for the girls’ tennis team is Steven Colman. The squad’s cumulative grade point average was 91.569. The roster included: Alexandra Vamanu, Jennifer Mase, Trina Williams, Prinali Trivedi, Jieun Park, Christine Divita, Melissa Cohen, Danielle Heisler, Jessica Diaz, Kate Sarno, Jill Lieberman, Alyssa Ramos, Ellyn Wingert, Elana Ehrenberg, Maria Laguio, Krysler Fernandez, Janine Strycko and Katelyn Amaral.

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Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering

Print version ISSN 0104-6632On-line version ISSN 1678-4383

Braz. J. Chem. Eng. vol. 15 n. 4 São Paulo Dec. 1998

Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, UNICAMP
C.P. 6122, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brasil - Phone: +55-19-788-3309,
Fax: +55-19-289-3722   Email:

(Received: November 28, 1998; Accepted: August 25, 1998)

Abstract - Pure titanium shows very interesting characteristics such as high strength-to-weight ratio, very good corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility, which make this material appropriate for use in orthopedic and dental implants. Due to the mechanical properties of pure titanium, its use in implants is restricted to applications which involve moderate mechanical stress, such as dental implants. In applications where high mechanical strength is necessary, like orthopedic implants, it is appropriate to employ titanium-based alloys, which have better properties than pure titanium. The present work is related to the microstructure and corrosion resistance characterization of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, designed to be used in orthopedic prostheses.
Keywords: Corrosion resistance, titanium, microstructure, orthopedic implants.

The use of titanium has increased in importance since it was first applied by the aerospace industry in the 1950s (Betner, 1985). Today, a large number of alloys with variable compositions and microstructures is available, and they can be employed in different fields like in the manufacturing of aerospace components and orthopedic implant devices.

One of the most important applications of titanium is the one related to the artificial hip substitution. In the human body, the hip joint, which links the femur and the pelvis, plays an important role in providing the necessary rotary movement to the body. As a result of a disease or a fracture that can cause a detachment between the femur and its head, the hip joint needs to be replaced in order to allow the person to regain natural movement (Callister Jr., 1994).

Pure titanium and titanium alloys show very interesting characteristics, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, very good corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility, which make such materials appropriate for use in orthopedic and dental implants (Callister Jr., 1994). Furthermore, when the titanium and its alloys are placed in contact with bone, it does not result in the generation of a fibrous tissue barrier. Due to the mechanical properties of pure titanium, its use in implants is restricted to the applications that involve moderate mechanical stress, such as dental implants. In applications where high mechanical strength is required, like orthopedic implants, it is appropriate to use titanium alloys which have better mechanical properties than pure titanium.

Most of the titanium alloys are the result of an allotropic phenomenon. Titanium undergoes an allotropic transformation at 883oC (Polmear, 1995; Porter, 1995). Above this temperature, titanium has the BCC crystal structure (b phase), while at lower temperatures it has the HCP crystal structure (a phase) form (Flower, 1990). This transformation temperature can be severely changed by the level of the interstitial content as well as by alloying elements. The addition of a series of elements may change the a /b structure transformation temperature (Okazaki, 1993). While elements such as oxygen and aluminum stabilize the HCP structure, elements such as vanadium and niobium stabilize the BCC structure. Consequently, different types of titanium alloys are commercially available. According to their microstructure, these alloys are divided into a , a+b or b alloys (Porter, 1995). By adding a proper amount of aluminum and vanadium, one is able to obtain a titanium alloy with a microstructure presenting a combination of the a and b phases. Since such an alloy can be plastically deformed, it is possible to attain high tensile strength values (Stubbington, 1974).

Among the commercial titanium alloys, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy is the most extensively employed titanium alloy as it associates high strength along with workability and good fatigue resistance, good corrosion resistance, and high biocompatibility (Callister Jr., 1994). The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is a a+b alloy type, where the a phase is stabilized by aluminum, and the b phase is stabilized by vanadium. The a+b alloy type contains enough stabilizing elements to modify the a+b phase field in a way that both phases are present at room temperature. Such an alloy, which was first utilized in the aerospace industry, is one of the most useful materials in obtaining orthopedic prostheses. However, recent research led to the conclusion that vanadium is toxic to the human body. According to Ito et al. (1995) and Okazaki et al. (1996), vanadium can accumulate in human body parts, such as bone, kidneys and liver. Also, when compared with other metals like nickel and chromium, vanadium may be more toxic. An interesting alternative to solve this problem is the replacement of vanadium with niobium in a titanium a+b alloy type. By using a tissue reaction analysis, niobium is classified into a vital class of material, while vanadium belongs to a toxic class. The present work deals with the preparation in a vacuum arc furnace and characterization of a titanium alloy containing aluminum and niobium which is used in orthopedic implants. In such an alloy, the niobium is utilized to stabilize the b phase, substituting the vanadium. Considering that it is essential to find new alternatives for the classic Ti-4Al-6V alloy, the effect of niobium on the microstructure and on the corrosion resistance was studied.

In order to analyze the possibility of using niobium as a substitute for vanadium, titanium alloys with aluminum and niobium were prepared in an arc furnace in an inert atmosphere. A titanium alloy with 6% (weight) aluminum and 7% niobium was utilized as a reference alloy. This amount of niobium was chosen as a result of previous studies available in the literature (Semlitsch, 1987; Semlitsch, 1992). Such a content is believed to stabilize nearly 10% in volume of the b phase at room temperature. Also, titanium alloys with 6% aluminum and variable content of niobium were prepared.

The aim of the experiments was to analyze the microstructure, the solute distribution and the corrosion resistance of the alloys with niobium.

The ingots were prepared by weighing a proper amount of 99.9% pure titanium, 99.9% pure Al and 99.9% pure Nb and melting them together by arc-melting in an argon atmosphere. The samples used in the corrosion resistance study were melted three times, while those used in the microstructure investigation were melted five times. In both cases, the ingots were turned upside down between two consecutive meltings in order to increase the homogeneity. It was learned that the loss of aluminum (due to its high volatility) during the entire alloy preparation procedure was negligible.

After melting and solidification, the ingots weighed 25 g, were 40 mm long and were 15 mm in diameter. They were removed from the water cooled copper crucible and hot worked by isothermal forging at 950 oC. This temperature is just below the (a+b)/b transus temperature. For titanium alloys with a content of 10% of aluminum and b-stabilizers, the (a+b)/b transus temperature is close to 1.000oC. This forging procedure was applied in order to break the microstructure, and hence to obtain finer grains. An area reduction close to 10% area was utilized. The samples were cut along the longitudinal direction and perpendicularly to it. The resulting cross and longitudinal sections from several locations along the ingot were fixed in bakelite by hot compression, mechanically polished and chemically etched with a solution of 3 ml HF, 6 ml HNO3 and 100 ml H2O for 10 s.

The range of potentials within which the materials remain in the passive state, as well as the passivation current density, were determined by comparing the electrochemical behavior of Ti-6Al-7Nb and the electrochemical behavior of other materials. In the corrosion test, the samples were made of pure titanium, hot rolled Ti-6Al-4V alloy and hot rolled Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. The sample geometry was a cylinder of 4.0 mm in diameter and 40.0 mm in length and embedded in Teflon in such a way that a 0.126 cm2 cross section was exposed to the electrolyte. These measurements were carried out by using a three-electrode cell with a platinum wire counter electrode and a saturated calomel as reference. Samples were polished with emery paper (# 1200), degreased in acetone and rinsed three times in distilled water. A 5g/l NaCl, pH 4 solution was used as an electrolytic medium with no previous deaeration. In the anodic polarization measurements, the potential was scanned at 0.1 mV.s-1 rate using a EG&G 273A potentiostat.

The aluminum and niobium distribution along the samples was determined by using electron probe microanalysis. Such analysis showed that a very uniform solute distribution resulted from arc furnace preparation. In the case where both aluminum and niobium are used to stabilize the a and b phases, respectively, a proper amount of these elements allows one to obtain a mixture of such phases over a wide range of temperatures. However, any further heat treatment alters the final microstructure (Ivasishin, 1996; Niinomi, 1996; Okazaki, 1996). Therefore, after preparing the alloy by melting the constituents and solidifying the alloy, the way it is cooled down will affect the microstructure and hence, the alloy properties.

Figures 1.a, b and c show the micrographs of the as cast Ti-6Al-5Nb, Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-6Al-9Nb alloys, respectively. In such microstructures, the white grains are a-phase, while the dark grains are b-phase. The acicular shape of the a-phase is present in all the figures in an arrangement known as basket-weave which characterizes the Widmanstätten structure. This type of structure is obtained by the rapid cooling from the b field, promoted by the water-cooled copper crucible used to melt the alloy in the arc melting furnace. When a a+b titanium alloy is cooled from a high temperature (above 1000oC), the formation of the a phase from the b phase occurs. Such a process is similar to the formation of ferrite from the g phase during the cooling of a carbon steel. In such a microstructure, the b phase is found between the a plates. The same amplification used in all three figures allows one to observe that an increase in the niobium quantity produces a higher volume fraction of the b-phase, as well as the fact that a more refined structure of the a-phase is obtained. These micrographs show a set of preferential directions to the a-phase growth from the b-phase.

Figure 1: As cast microstructure of the Ti-Al-Nb alloy in a basket-weave arrangement, where the a phase is the white grains, while the b phase is the dark grains: (a) Ti-6Al-5Nb; (b) Ti-6Al-7Nb; (c) Ti-6Al-9Nb.

The as cast macrostructure analysis of the ingots showed very coarse grains on top, and more refined grains in the interface with the crucible. If the cooling rate is decreased, the microstructure becomes coarser.

In order to be transformed into final products, generally, titanium alloys are hot worked in the a+b field. This procedure allows one to modify the microstructure by obtaining a fine array of the a and b phases. In the present study, a broken grain structure was obtained by isothermal forging the considered TiAlNb alloys. This deformation process resulted in a microstructure where the a phase changes its morphology, leading to a broken structure of a with refined distribution of b, as shown in Figure 2. Although it is expected that a higher content of niobium results in a larger quantity of stabilized b phase, the microstructures of the Ti-6Al-5Nb and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys (figures 2.a and 2.b, respectively) do not show a significant difference in the volume fraction of the b phase. In order to explain this phenomenon, the temperature of the isothermal forging should be considered. Both figures show a deformed structure formed by refined a grains in a fine matrix of the b phase. This situation is changed in the Ti-6Al-9Nb microstructure (figure 2.c), where a very deformed array of constituents is shown. In this case, the microstructure is formed by coarse a grains in a more b-rich matrix. The amount of a and b phases, after cooling from b field to room temperature, depends on the amount of a and b stabilizing elements (aluminum and niobium).

According to Semlitsch et al. (1985) in a Ti-Al-Nb alloy with the niobium quantity in the range of 6.5 to 7.5% of the total weight, the volume fraction of the b-phase is nearest to that presented by the traditional Ti-6Al-4V alloy (9-12,5%). By comparing the microstructures shown in Figure 2, one is able to affirm that the Ti-6Al-7Nb composition produces an interesting balance of a and b phases, with a proper volume of b grains and refined a grains.

Figure 2: Isothermal forged titanium alloys at 950oC and air cooled: (a) Ti-6Al-5Nb alloy; (b) Ti-6Al-7Nb and (c) Ti-6Al-9Nb.

Figures 3 to 5 present the anodic polarization curves for pure titanium, for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy and for the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, respectively. The evolution of the current intensity as a function of the potential (versus saturated calomel electrode) can be used in the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of a given material in a corrosive medium. As a common procedure, all polarization tests started at a negative potential of -1.0 V vs. SCE, increasing up to more positive values. The initial portion of the anodic polarization curves is related to the start of the corrosion process, where the metal directly interacts with the medium, leading to active corrosion. In the following stage, a passivation layer is formed, and then the current density becomes constant. This layer consists of metallic oxides, which protect the metal from further corrosion, and the kinetics of their nucleation and growth have been studied (Rosa et al., 1996). As a common feature Figures 3 to 5 show that in a third stage, shifting the potential to a more positive value leads to an increasing current density. This behavior may be attributed to the rupture of the passivation layer, and hence to the cessation of the metal protection giving birth to pitting corrosion. However, this hypothesis is not confirmed during the reverse scanning of potential. Polarization curves obtained during forward and backward scans of potential are superimposed and no pitting potential is observed. In the literature, pitting potential is shown to occur at potentials higher than 6.0 V vs. SCE in titanium alloys (Aragon et al., 1972). Furthermore, it is possible that the portion of the curves where an increasing current density is observed indicates oxidation of the aqueous media with a consequent oxygen evolution. Considering curves from Figures 3 to 5 this event is observed within a potential value of 1.35 ± 0.05 V vs. SCE, and it is known that formal equilibrium potential for this reaction is 1.48 V vs. SCE (Bard et al., 1988).

By using the anodic portion of the polarization curve, it is possible to estimate the corrosion behavior of a given metal in an electrolytic medium, which can be achieved by measuring the extension of the range of potentials in which the passivation layer exists, as well as by determining the current intensity of passivation.

A comparison of the anodic polarization curves shown in Figures 3 to 5 leads to the observation that the passivation layer of pure titanium is formed at -0.25 V and current density in the passive state was greater than 10-6 A/cm2. On the other hand, the polarization curve for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy shows formation of the passivation layer at -0.25 V and current density in the region of potentials over which the alloy remains in the passive state was smaller than 10-7 A/cm2. Finally, the observation of the Ti-6Al-7Nb voltammogram showed that the passivation layer is obtained at -0.4 V, with a current density of passivation also smaller than 10-7 A/cm2. As a common feature, the range of potential in which the materials investigated remain in the passive state extends over more than 1.0 V, while only 0.5 V above -0.25 V vs. SCE is enough for a metallic material to show an adequate performance as an orthopedic implant (Semlitsch et al., 1992).

Figure 3: The polarization curve for the pure titanium. Scan rate of 0.1 mV.s-1.

Figure 4: The polarization curve for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Scan rate of 0.1 mV.s-1.

Figure 5: The polarization curve for the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Scan rate of 0.1 mV.s-1.

Furthermore, in the case of the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, an interesting phenomenon was observed. The passivation layer apparently undergoes a continuous process of partial rupture and regeneration. This event is probably related to the presence of niobium in the alloy, which is characterized by its behavior as a valve metal (Gatti, 1991) probably catalyzed by the presence of chloride ions in the support electrolyte.

As observed, these materials show outstanding resistance to corrosion. However, by comparing the three materials (pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys), one is able to state that the alloys show better behavior than the pure metal, as the current density of passivation for the pure titanium is larger than the current intensities for the titanium alloys containing niobium or vanadium. On the other hand, the niobium alloy presented features similar to the Ti-6Al-4V once they presented equivalent corrosion resistance in the chloride medium. When the potential extension in which the metal remains in the passive state is considered, the results lead to the assumption that the three materials have the same behavior.

Titanium alloys containing aluminum and niobium were arc-melted, hot worked at 950oC, and a characterization was carried out. The microstructure analysis revealed that an a+b structure was obtained at room temperature. Samples in the as-cast condition, which were rapidly cooled from the b phase field, presented a basket-weave lamellar structure of the a-phase. After hot working, the samples presented a finer structure of broken a grains. The use of different amounts of niobium, ranging from 5 to 9wt% led to different levels of volume fraction of the b phase at room temperature. An increase in the amount of niobium caused an increase in the amount of the b phase. Evaluation of the electrochemical performance resulted in a conclusion that the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has a corrosion behavior as good as the Ti-6Al-4V alloy behavior. Based upon the results obtained, it can be affirmed that the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy is a potential alloy candidate for replacing the traditional Ti-6Al-4V alloy in orthopedic implants.

This research was supported by CNPq, FAEP-UNICAMP and FAPESP.

Aragon, P.J.; Hulbert, S.F., Corrosion of Ti-6Al-4V in Simulated Body Fluids and Bovine Plasma, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 6, p. 155 (1972).         [ Links ]

Bard, A.J.; Parsons, R.; Jordan, J., Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions. Marcel Decker ed., New York (1988).         [ Links ]

Betner, D.R.; Bradwell, R.G.; Malone, R.F.; Newcomer, R.E.; Ruckle, D.L.; Redden, T.K.; Shaw, J.J.; Tobin, A.; Wilson, D.; Wood, R.A.; Zanoni, R.; Zoeller, H.W. and Benjamin, D., Metals Handbook, 9th ed., ASM, Metals Park OH, Vol. 3 (1985).         [ Links ]

Callister Jr., W.D., Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction, 3rd ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York (1994).         [ Links ]

Flower, H.M., Microstructural Development in Relation to Hot Working of Titanium Alloys, Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 6, p. 1082 (1990).         [ Links ]

Gatti, J.A.B., Estudo do Comportamento de Anodos Insolúveis no Processo de Eletrodeposição de estanho sobre chapas de aço carbono. Master’s thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica. Universidade Estadual de Campinas (1991).         [ Links ]

Ito, A.; Okazaki, Y.; Tateishi, T. and Ito, Y., In Vitro Biocompatibility, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Ti-Zr-Nb-Ta-Pd and Ti-Sn-Nb-Ta-Pd Alloys, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 29, p. 893 (1995).         [ Links ]

Ivasishin, O.M. and Markovsky, P.E., Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys with Rapid Heat Treatment, Journal of Metals, Vol. 48, p. 48 (1996).         [ Links ]

Niinomi, M. and Kobayashi, T., Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A213, p. 16 (1996).         [ Links ]

Okazaki, Y.; Ito, Y.; Ito, A. and Tateishi, T., Effect of Alloying Elements on Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys for Medical Implants, Materials Transactions, JIM, Vol. 34, p. 1217 (1993).         [ Links ]

Okazaki, Y.; Ito, Y. and Tateishi, T., Effects of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Fatigue Strength in Physiological Saline Solution of New Titanium Alloys for Medical Implants, Materials Transactions, JIM, Vol. 37, p. 843 (1996).         [ Links ]

Okazaki, Y.; Ito, Y.; Kyo, K. and Tateishi, T., Corrosion Resistance and Corrosion Fatigue Strength of New Titanium Alloys for Medical Implants without V and Al, Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. A213, p. 138 (1996).         [ Links ]

Polmear, I.J., Light Alloys, Metallurgy of the Light Metals, 3rd ed., Arnold Publishers, London (1995).         [ Links ]

Porter, D.A. and Easterling, K.E., Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys, 2nd ed., Chapman & Hall, London (1995).         [ Links ]

Rosa, S.; Vivanco, M.J.F. and Bertazzoli, R., Proceedings of the 12th Brazilian Congress of Engineering and Materials Science (CBECIMAT), Vol. 2, p. 668, (1996).         [ Links ]

Semlitsch, M.; Staub, F. and Weber, H., Titanium-Aluminium-Niobium Alloy Development for Biocompatible, High-strength Surgical Implants. Biomed. Technik, Vol. 30, p.334 (1985).         [ Links ]

Semlitsch, M.F., Titanium Alloys for Hip Joint Replacements, Clinical Materials, Vol. 2, p. 1 (1987).         [ Links ]

Semlitsch, M.F.; Weber, H.; Streicher, R.M. and Schön, R., Joint Replacement Components Made of Hot-forged and Surface-treated Ti-6Al-7Nb, Biomaterials, Vol. 13, p. 781 (1992).         [ Links ]

Stubbington, C.A. and Bowen, A.W., Improvements in the Fatigue Strength of Ti-6Al-4V Through Microstructure Control, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 9, p. 941 (1974).         [ Links ]

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SDSC Researchers Present Tutorials on Data Grid Management Systems and BIRN at ACM SIGMOD

Published 06/24/2003

SDSC researchers in the Data and Knowledge Systems (DAKS) program presented a tutorial on "Data Grid Management Systems" at this year's annual Association of Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Management of Data (ACM SIGMOD) conference, held in San Diego in June. Arcot Rajasekar, director of SDSC's DAKS Data Grids Technologies group, and researcher Arun Jagatheesan gave the tutorial.

Data Grid Management Systems (DGMSs) provide services that enable multiple organizations to manage inter-organizational data and resources. As the next generation of data handling systems, data grids are being built to manage petabytes of inter-organizational data distributed across many sites. Created by the cooperation of autonomous organizations, data grids require the coordination of both local and global policies, which is accomplished by the use of a global logical name space that spans all storage resources and digital entities.

Amarnath Gupta, director of the DAKS Advanced Query Processing Lab, and colleagues presented a demo on "BIRN-M: A Semantic Mediator for Solving Real-World Neuroscience Problems." BIRN-M is part of the NIH-funded Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN) collaboration, which is developing a multi-institution information management system for the Neurosciences in order to gain a deeper understanding of neurological disorders.

Because each institution specializes in a different subdiscipline and produces a database of its experimental or computationally derived data, a mediator module performs semantic integration over the databases to enable neuroscientists to perform analyses that could not be done from any single institution's data. The BIRN system architecture is a wrapper-mediator system, and the demonstration featured the entire operational system, including a variety of clients; a variety of remote neuroscience data sources; the query rewriting module; semantic registration; and capability-based translation.

Another data grid technologies tutorial is planned for VLDB 2003, the 29th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, which will be held in Berlin in September. More information about the VLDB is at SIGMOD and VLDB are major international conferences for database researchers.


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Green Queue

This project examines the scalability of a set of techniques related to Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling (DVFS) on HPC systems. The goal is to reduce the energy consumption of scientific applications through an application-aware analysis and runtime framework, Green Queue, which supports making CPU clock frequency changes in response to intra-node and inter-node observations about application behavior.

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