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Two Minute Read

I Have A Mental Illness (Well, sort of)

A watercolor by Randy Elrod

I read books every day. It’s a sickness. I’ve tried therapy but I’m afraid it’s untreatable. It may be hard to believe, but for fifty-six of my sixty-one years, I have rarely if ever missed a day.

Over these past five decades, a reading cycle has emerged. I read for sheer pleasure in bed at least thirty minutes before falling asleep. For me, a well-written work of fiction acts like serotonin. In the morning I read non-fiction for at least fifteen minutes. Lately, it has been a cycle of Pulitzer-prize winners, recommendations from friends, and tomes by the existentialists and the transcendentalists.

I once tried reading non-fiction in the evenings hoping the thoughts would subliminally influence my dreams and enhance my creativity—but instead, the books stimulated my mind and kept me awake. I would end up reading for hours—a few times all night.

However, good fiction soothes my being and gently rocks me to sleep and often I find myself euphorically dreaming of the exotic locations and colorful characters.

The past week or so I’ve found myself in a rare but glorious place. Both the evening fiction (“Rules of Civility” by Amor Towles) and the morning non-fiction (“How To Change Your Mind” by Michael Pollan) are two of the most extraordinary books I’ve read. And I have devoured thousands of books in my lifetime.

Here is a favorite quote from each book.

“When I think of the last few years, I’ve been hounded by regrets for what’s already happened and fears for what might. By nostalgia for what I’ve lost and desire for what I don’t have. All this wanting and not wanting. It’s worn me out. For once, I’m going to try the present on for size.” —Rules of Civility

“Huston Smith, the scholar of religion, once described a spiritually ‘realized being’ as simply a person with ‘an acute sense of the astonishing mystery of everything.'” —How To Change Your Mind

This disease is expensive and I’m very grateful for the Dunedin Library and their amazing selection of Kindle-friendly books. This service (available to all) is saving me hundreds of dollars annually. It’s like a prescription drug for free.

And so today these books ravage my mind amidst the magical world that Towles has created in 1920’s Manhattan and the present-day life-altering research of Pollan. My companions are imagined characters such as Katey Kontent, Tinker Grey, and Wallace Wolcott accompanied by real-life world changers such as Timothy Leary, Aldous Huxley, and Al Hubbard.

Ironically both books captivate, entertain, and tell beautiful yet unique stories about consciousness, dying, addiction, depression, and transcendence.

Coincidentally, last night and this morning I finished both books. Their words were like honey—sweet to the soul, medicine for the mind, salve for the spirit, and healthy for the body.

I wonder what uncharted worlds await me tonight?

*****The watercolor is called “Through The Pages.” It features actual pages from an edition of Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina” and my depiction of the protagonist.

By randy

Encouraging people to find out who they are so they can live their lives fully.

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Small business DDoS attacks

DDoS attacks: a big problem for small business

Heard of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks? They’ve been considered a common threat for larger enterprise for a while, taking websites offline and paralysing e-commerce. Now there’s increasing evidence that DDoS attacks are targeting small businesses.

Spotting a DDoS attack is harder than you’d think

DDoS attacks attempt to crash websites by overwhelming them with fake requests and traffic from hundreds, or thousands, of sources. The network of multiple infected devices on different networks is known as a ‘botnet’.

As your website floods with requests, it might cause it to slow down or crash altogether. Successful DDoS attacks take websites offline – and that could mean lost revenue, breached data, and reputational damage to your business. The first signs of an attack are usually dismissed by unsuspecting small businesses. A slower website might not seem like anything to worry about.

Why DDoS attacks are focusing on small business

Don’t be fooled into thinking DDoS attackers aren’t interested in small business websites; they are. SMEs tend to have smaller IT budgets than big corporates. They often have few or no dedicated staff keeping an eye on cybersecurity. They may also have lax security practices – which could mean a slowing or offline website isn’t spotted immediately.

Many small businesses are part of a bigger supply chain, which could mean they’re the gateway in for a larger security breach. This method of attack is surprisingly common. You might have read about US retailer Target breaching the credit card and contact information of up to 110 million people after attackers gained access through a smaller air conditioning partner.

Then there’s lack of awareness. Many SMEs simply haven’t heard about DDoS attacks – or know that a web application firewall (WAF) could help to protect them.

How to protect your SME from a DDoS attack

Small businesses need a game plan for identifying and dealing with cyber-attacks. That includes DDoS attacks that might, at first, look like common website usability problems. It could include:

  1. Using a web application firewall (WAF), which blocks suspicious traffic and prevents DDoS attacks from accessing your servers. Customising its configuration could provide specific protection for your business. For instance, if you only do business in Europe, you could block all non-European traffic, or blacklist traffic from markets known for instigating attacks.
  2. Get cyber aware. Arm your team with the latest on cyber threats, so they know what to look out for, and what to do in an attack. A random spike in traffic – even if only for five minutes – could be a sign of a DDoS attack in progress. We offer cyber awareness training delivered as an e-learning programme, designed to help your team make the right decisions when it counts. Think of it as your human firewall.
  3. Bringing an IT partner on board. We work with London’s small businesses to help keep them protected from the latest threats, so they can do what they do best. It’s like having a whole team of cyber security experts at your fingertips, for a lot less than hiring a dedicated in-house IT department. As a managed service provider, it’s our job to monitor unusual activity on your networks, and have an awareness of how attacks are evolving. Let us take cyber security off your plate.

DDoS attacks can have a catastrophic effect on small businesses. You can help keep your SME secure by implementing some of these security changes. We’re here to help you do it. Contact us to talk about protecting your business.

© Ratcliff IT 2019. All Rights Reserved.

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My new book and where have I been all this time.

I know,
it's been a while since you've heard me or someone else talk about this blog.
I've had many things going on in my life, I just turned 19 in June, with this so many things happened.
I graduated high school, that was the most exiting thing yet the saddest of my life, as expected after the exams I've never heard anything from my classmates, that was something I knew it was going to happen but I really hoped it didn't.
In Italy we have graduation exams (if you're interested on knowing more about school in Italy read this article) , if you don't pass them you can't graduate, and I had my last one on July, after that I had to start studying for my medical school admission test, which... I din't pass.
In Italy there are 68.000 people trying for just 10.000 spots, and I failed it.
I had a lot of thinking to do, like what am I supposed to do with my life now?
I figured that I want to become a doctor, I really want this, so I'll start studying again and I'll do it next year.

It has been a difficult period of my life but now I'm ready for a fresh start.
I am a lot more motivated to start writing on this blog again and I thought about two series.
As you may know #NanoWriMo2019 is on it's way, I've never tried to write a hole novel in one month but this year I'll be joining NanoWriMo and I have a little series about #preptober to make, I want to tell you guys how I will be preparing for NanoWriMo as a beginner and I'll tell you all my secrets on how I outline my books and what do I do to prepare for writing.
Know more about it on Instagram.
And the second series is about my new book which is in English and it's a motivational book, the title is hold on and I wanted to tell you some personal stories on why I started writing it, I mainly have three events that I want to tell you, three events that made me change completely.
If you're already interested on my book you can find it here, there are some issues on the formatting but this is mainly a book that you should have on paperback since it's interactive, you'll have space to write a lot of your motivational quotes, you'll be able to attach your pictures, yes, this book contains image, I'm still working on finding the best way to format it for the paperback version.
If you are thinking about buying it right now, email me here the proof that you bought it and as soon as it will be out I'll provide you the formatted version and the first 5 to email me will have the paperback for free, this will last until December 31st.
Book reviews are coming soon, If you are following me for those. :)

I hope that you guys will stick up with me on my new journey, if you still want to be in contact with me follow me on my social medias.
I hope that you'll understand why I haven't been active and see you on my new post.

Buy my books here (some of the links may be affiliates, even if I don't make a cent out of them they could help me in growing my blog):
The last beat (italian):
Your book of shadows (english.):
Hold on, get this if you feel like giving up:
Open your free bank account with N26 for free here. (The standard version doesn't coast anything, I've had it for two years and that's were I get all my Amazon revenue, if you want to know more about it read this.)
If you use my code ikramr7110 you get to have 10€ free when you spend 15 from the card (not sponsored, if you get the card you will have your own code to send to your friends, and to be transparent if you use mine I will get a small commission that I can invest in my blog.) when you sing up you just need to put the code and you will receive 10€ after your 15€ spent and I will get a commission out of it, :) if you download the app you can do this too.

Follow me on social media, I always ask you for some opinions on what you want to read:
Youtube: (I am trying to set up a channel for those of you who don't like to read the blog but prefer watching, don't worry, the blog will be active anyways, subscribe if you want, I will start making videos as soon as I get the right camera and microphone.)

Just another thing before you go.
All I would ask you just if you want, feel free to even close this article if you don't want to hear anymore is a small donation, as you could know having a blog is not free, I have to pay for the domain, I have to pay for your books and I will have to pay for the images that I would use for your covers, which is totally fine, if it wasn't I wouldn't think about doing it, I know I said that I have the bonus from the government but it won't last for ever, it's just for books and I have university to pay for.
This is not compulsory obviously and you don't have to do it in any means if you don't feel like it or if you feel like you are wasting your money, but if you enjoy my blog and you love everything that I am doing to help authors you can help me too with a small donation to my Paypal account which I will leave here:
Klaren O'Connor
You can use the email, that's fine too, but the most important thing is that you don't have to do it if you don't feel like it or if you don't want to, I will still help as much as I can for as long as I can afford it. :)

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In Italy the government gives every person who turns 18 a bonus of 500€ to spend on book. Since I want to improve my English and to help people I have thought about buying self published authors and traditional published novels but of new writers to help them be recognized and promote their work if it is good.  All you need to do is write to me an email at telling me about your book, what is the story and all you want and follow me on Twitter or/and Instagram (3.1k followers) I will select 5 books a month to buy and review, if your book is too good to be true it will be suggested to my blogger friends and it will get a permanent spot under all my articles with a direct link to buy it.  At the beginning of the month I will announce on the blog who the winners are and I will announce when to expect the review.
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By the way, this article is not sponsored, the bank doesn't even know that I exist, I was thinking about making different articles, and this one popped up in my mind.  Anyways, I have the free version of N26 the transparent one, I'll leave you the site so you can check it because I don't feel comfortable in putting my card here: N26 site, this card is …

Aggiornamenti 2019

Ciao a tutti, come state? E' da un po' che non scrivo sul blog ed il motivo è che mi sono voluta prendere una pausa per via della scuola, della stanchezza e anche per via del fatto che non ho per niente letto in questo periodo, non ero proprio nel mood, semplicemente non mi voglio forzare a scrivere, il blog per me è una passione e non un lavoro, se non me la sento di pubblicare un articolo non lo faccio, non voglio forzarmi. Comunque, ho alcuni aggiornamenti su cui ho potuto meditare in questo periodo di assenza. Innanzitutto ho pensato ad alcune serie che possono uscire. La prima, quella a cui tengo di più è la serie sulla scrittura che sarà pubblicata ogni lunedì, con questa serie vi informerò di come procede il mio processo di scrittura ed editing di entrambi i miei libri che penso di pubblicare fra poco, ho deciso di autopubblicarmi per una serie di motivi che vi spiegherò in un apposito articolo che uscirà in uno dei lunedì dedicati alla scrittura, la serie si chiamerà …


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Crockpot Chicken Corn Chowder

submitted by texaskadi on Aug-17-14
(this recipe is good for lunch/dinner)
servings: 8

Notes: This recipe makes a big batch of chowder making it perfect for having leftovers the next day. It also freezes well if you want to stick some in the freezer for a meal later in the week. Since it’s just the two of us, we have frozen the chowder up to a month, and it’s still reheats to a nice, creamy chowder.

Crock Pot Chicken Corn Chowder
Yield: approx. 6 quarts
3 C homemade cream of celery/mushroom or 2 (10.5 oz) cans reduced-sodium, reduced-fat cream of celery/mushroom condensed soups
2 C reduced-sodium chicken broth
2 1/2 C frozen corn, thawed
2 (14 oz) cans cream-style corn
1 1/2 lbs cooked chicken, shredded
1 1/2 C diced potatoes with skin on
1 1/2 C carrots, shredded
1/2 C onion, chopped
3 cloves garlic, minced
1/4 C fresh parsley, chopped
1 (13 oz) can evaporated milk
reduced-fat cheddar cheese, for garnish
salt and pepper to taste
In a 6 quart crock pot, stir together soups and broth until blended. Add in corn, chicken, potatoes, carrots, onion, and garlic. Stir until well-combined.
Cover and cook on low for 5-6 hours (or high 3-4 hours) or until vegetables are tender. During the last 10 minutes of cooking, stir in parsley and evaporated milk.
Serve with shredded cheese.

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‘Prescribing Influences in Mental Health’ by Heather Ashton

Talk given at the Adverse Psychiatric Side Effects Conference, April, 2008.

‘C Heather ASHTON DM FRCP, Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Newcastle University, worked in the drug and poisons information unit at Newcastle Royal Infirmary for 15 years. An expert on the effects of prescription drugs on the mind.

Professor Ashton’s manual for benzodiazepine withdrawal is available worldwide at no financial benefit for the author but of great emotional and personal benefit to many thousands of people who have accessed this detailed manual. The manual is available on benzo.org.uk and many other web sites.

Read More ➔

‘Benzodiazepines treat anxiety, cause long-term problems’ by Markian Hawryluk

dt.common.streams.StreamServer.clsThis article appeared in The Bulletin in Central Oregon.

Meant for short-term relief, these medications are prescribed repeatedly.

Over three decades, Marjorie Carmen had helped her husband, Milton, through many of his health issues. From heart surgery to cancer to a hip replacement, they had survived each of them.

But in 2007, as her husband slowly descended into dementia, it scared her. It was not so much the fear of him dying or leaving her alone. It was the angst over what the Yale-educated, highly successful real estate developer with his New England upbringing and sensibilities would have to endure, unable to fend for himself – the sheer indignity of dementia.

Read More ➔

‘My Story of Benzo Withdrawal and Activism’ by Barry Haslam

Barry-SueLatest from Mad in America is the story of a remarkable activist.

‘My story starts in 1976. I had a nervous breakdown whilst studying for my Accountancy Technician examination (which i passed with distinction). Plus I was holding down 2 jobs and bringing up a young family. My daughters where then aged 5 and 7.

I was then prescribed a series of benzodiazepine/anti depressant drugs for 5 years. This information was gleaned from my medical records (from 1976 until 1986) at a later date, as I have COMPLETE MEMORY LOSS, no memory at all, for that time.

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Barry Haslam – Addiction to Prescription Drugs

“Not only is it a national scandal, it is a political problem. And it needs a political solution. In fact, I’d go even further and say, it needs an independent public inquiry. We’ve had 50 years of prescribing these drugs which have addicted literally millions, certainly one and a half millions currently [in UK – DC] and they’ve injured, disabled, they’ve killed people…”

Here is a real courageous man, someone who has highlighted the problem of prescription drug addiction and tried to help people for years. You are a true hero, Barry! And you too, Sue!!

‘In conjunction with the imminent launch of our new service which we will be delivering in the new year, ‘ADS-Haslam Clinics for Prescribed Addiction’, we interviewed Barry Haslam, our partner and leading expert on the effects of prescription drugs.

During the interview Barry talks about his struggle with addiction to prescribed medicines and the devastating effects it’s had on himself and those around him. We also hear the story from a carers point of view from Barry’s wife Sue and collectively their resolve to make this national scandal understood.’


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Blog and Articles

The Mistake Businesses Make with Their Website Photography

Tyler Small | Wednesday, October 09, 2013 | Comments 0 | Permalink

One of the things that businesses overlook when creating a website is a lack of good photography. Typically, what people do when they set up a website is they go to a stock photo website, such as or and they grab a few images here and there that kind of generally have to do with "business". Usually, they get the smiling customer support woman wearing the headset while sitting at a computer, or they'll go for the guy in a suit walking across the street while on a cell phone.

Read More »


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Stacey Halls Book Tour Comes to Colchester

We are very excited about her new novel, THE FOUNDLING

Two women, bound by a child, and a secret that will change everything . . .

London, 1754. Six years after leaving her illegitimate daughter Clara at London’s Foundling Hospital, Bess Bright returns to reclaim the child she has never known. Dreading the worst,
that Clara has died in care, she is astonished when she is told she has already
claimed her.

Her life is turned upside down as she tries to find out who has taken her little girl – and why. Less than a mile from Bess’s lodgings in the city, in a quiet, gloomy townhouse on
the edge of London, a young widow has not left the house in a decade. When her
close friend – an ambitious young doctor at the Foundling Hospital – persuades
her to hire a nursemaid for her daughter, she is hesitant to welcome someone
new into her home and her life.

But her past is threatening to catch up with her and tear her carefully constructed world apart. From the bestselling author of The Familiars comes this captivating story of mothers and daughters, class and power, and love against the greatest of odds . .

‘Pacy, highly atmospheric and tantalisingly gripping from the very first page. With rich storytelling and a compelling narrative, The Foundling is subtle, satisfying and intensely moving’.  Laura Carlin, author of The Wicked Cometh’

A compelling tale of love and hope from the vivid streets of Georgian London’ Sonia Velton, author of Blackberry & Wild Rose

‘If you loved The Familiars, then you won’t be disappointed by The Foundling.

A gripping and moving read’
Libby Page, bestselling author of The Lido

This is a free event but we ask that you reserve a ticket as seating is limited.


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About Us

RED Stamp is the premiere provider of specialty automation equipment for innovative distribution and manufacturing companies. The clear industry leader in delivering and supporting excise tax stamping systems, automated case cutting machinery, and unique material handling solutions.

Established in 1998, Redstamp has become the trusted industry partner in the development and manufacturing of specialty automation equipment proven to improve the businesses and lives of progressive distribution and manufacturing companies across the United States and in Canada.

The industry leader in excise tax stamping solutions, case cutting machinery, and customer support,  with Reliable, Efficient, Durable equipment making a difference everyday in more than 300 facilities.

RED Stamp has received many awards and recognition such as the 35th fastest growing business in America from Entrepreneur Magazine, and Top 100 Manufacturing Companies in America from INC. Magazine.

REDSTAMP is a member of the following organizations:

American-Wholesale-Marketers-Association   WAD-Logo    MDVA-Logo    AWDA LogoAGA-Logo


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Chris A Bluett1, Bruce D Wightman2

1 Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Mair and Doveton Sts, Ballarat, Victoria, 3350 Australia,
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, PO Box 103, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia

A potential method of growing canola in the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia, where farmers have been unable to adopt the crop because of winter waterlogging, is described. The effects of the method, known as Controlled Traffic Raised Bed Cropping, and the likely impact on canola production if it is widely adopted in the high rainfall zone, are discussed.

KEYWORDS Waterlogging, Drainage, Controlled traffic, Soil structure, Yield, Production

In Victoria, canola is grown mainly in the regions known as the Wimmera, (annual rainfall 375 – 450 mm), the North-central and North-eastern Regions (typically in districts with 500 mm annual rainfall) and the southern part of the Mallee, (down to annual rainfall 350 mm). In these regions canola crops are generally sown in May and harvested in November.

This paper discusses the development of a canola industry in the high rainfall South-west Region of Victoria and similar high rainfall areas in south-eastern Australia. Mean annual rainfall in SW Victoria ranges from 500 to 800 mm, with much of the region receiving over 600 mm. Crops of canola can be sown in April and are harvested in December.

The Western Plains, one of the largest basaltic plains in the world (Blainey, 1984) occupies a large part of the region. On this plain and in other districts of South-west Victoria, very high yields of canola can currently only be produced in fields that are unusually free draining, or where annual rainfall is below 550 mm. In most of the region, canola production is prevented by severe winter waterlogging caused by the high, winter dominant rainfall, the duplex soils with poorly permeable clay subsoils (Conley, 1984) and the fact that the drainage of the whole area is not well developed (Joyce, 1984).

Because waterlogging often destroys crops or lowers yields, grazing, particularly wool production, has dominated the agriculture of the Western Plains for well over a century. This dependence on grazing enterprises creates wealth when wool and meat prices are high but causes severe economic problems when they are low. A period of low beef and wool prices in the 1990s led to renewed interest in crops, and to the attempt to alleviate waterlogging that is described below.

The region has a high, but largely unrealised, potential to grow cereal, pulse and oilseed crops. This is illustrated by a comparison of the yields of the winning crops from the canola competition run from 1990 to 1996 with the SW Victorian regional average.

Table 1. Meadow Lea Canola Awards South-west Victoria winning crops.

Location of winning crop

SW Victoria, average canola yield t/ha.

Lake Bolac *

Lake Bolac

Lethbridge *

Lake Bolac

Lake Bolac *

Lake Bolac *

* Victorian State Winner

The potential to grow canola if waterlogging can be prevented is further illustrated by the trend towards higher yields over that time. The average yield of the 1990-92 winning crops was 2.72 t/ha, for the whole seven years 3.3 t/ha and for the last three years 1994-96 it was 3.87 t/ha.

In South-west Victoria, draining agricultural land to grow crops has not been common. Although grazing farmers have often tried to switch to crop growing when grazing returns have been low, poor results caused mainly by waterlogging have led to rapid changes back to traditional grazing enterprises when prices recover. This has not encouraged research into pipe and mole drainage, and its high cost and doubtful effectiveness has meant there has been little adoption of the technique.

Drainage work in the 1990s

In 1995 a group of high rainfall grazing farmers seeking greater investment in high rainfall cropping research formed an organisation called Southern Farming Systems (SFS), with the aim of developing new high rainfall mixed farming systems. They were supported by agronomists working for the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE), Victoria. It was not long before realisation of the potential economic and social benefits of a profitable high rainfall grains industry led to support for SFS from government and industry.

Recognising that waterlogging is the major constraint to cropping in the high rainfall areas, SFS began immediately to concentrate on finding solutions to the problem by reviewing a number of possible drainage methods.

Pipe and mole drainage was considered but, while it is common in many countries in the world, installation costs up to $A1200 per hectare and is not affordable for most farmers in Victoria. Forming the land into “wide raised beds”, 20 – 30 m wide, which some Victorian farmers have tried in the past, was another possible method.

A third method considered was to form whole fields into “narrow raised beds” between 1.5 and 2.0 metres from centre to centre, a method already used for vegetable and flower production and for irrigated crops. This system allows most or all of the machinery wheels to run in the furrows between the beds, so the method also prevents soil structure damage by compaction.

Broad acre cropping on permanent raised beds was developed, principally at The Institute for Sustainable Irrigated Agriculture at Tatura, Victoria, Australia, as an irrigation method. Irrigation water runs down the furrows and wets the soil through to the centre of the bed. Agronomists working with Southern Farming Systems thought the technique might also be useful to remove excess water from fields and to prevent the soil surface from becoming inundated.

In 1995 SFS commenced the set up of a drainage demonstration, on a site that was very prone to waterlogging, to show what might be possible if that constraint could be removed. The area was surrounded by a surface drain to prevent water running onto it and a single 0.5 hectare block of the three methods described above was installed, along with an undrained control area.

The site was sown to canola in May 1996. The winter was wet enough to test the drainage systems, with 303 mm of rain falling between May and October. For much of that time, water flowed freely from the pipes and furrows of the drainage systems while parts of the undrained area remained under water for several weeks. Canola plant growth was good on the narrow beds and on the pipe and mole drained area, poor on the undrained control and on the wide beds growth varied from good on the crowns to poor in the furrows.

The tap root growth of the plants provided the most striking difference between the systems. Plants from the undrained area had short, fibrous root systems, which when pulled out, always had mud adhering to them. Plants from the pipe and mole drained block had better root development, but still pulled up muddy. On the wide raised beds, there were again big differences between the crowns, slopes and furrows of the beds. However, on the narrow raised beds, long canola tap roots, white and free of soil, could be pulled easily from the tops of the beds at all times during the growing season.

Grain yield assessment showed all three drainage blocks yielding approximately 3.5 t/ha while yield on the undrained area was approximately 2.2 t/ha. On the wide raised beds, yield was high on the crowns, reducing on the slopes down to very poor yield in the drains. Also, the canola ripened earlier on the slopes than on the crowns, so choosing windrowing (swathing) time was difficult.

In 1997 malting barley was direct drilled into the same beds and in 1998 winter wheat. Both seasons had exceptionally dry winters and springs but some waterlogging occurred in 1997 after spring storms. Malting barley yields were high on raised beds in 1997 but the winter wheat on beds in 1998 did not yield as well as the other drainage methods. This was due probably to seed placement and crop establishment difficulties on the beds, and the fact that after two dry seasons the beds may have dried out more than areas cropped on the flat.

There are indications that in the second and subsequent years the soil structure on raised beds starts to improve. Measurements on the drainage demonstration site indicate improvements on the beds in penetrometer reading, bulk density and water infiltration rate. This is consistent with long term observations and measurements on many soil types in SE Australia that show the deleterious effects on soil structure of both waterlogging and compaction. The soil on top of the raised beds does not appear to become waterlogged or compacted. Sheep, which can cause compaction when grazing stubbles, are generally kept off the beds between harvest and sowing.

Farmer adoption of raised bed cropping

After that first successful year Southern Farming Systems decided to concentrate on the narrow raised bed cropping system, using bed widths of 1.7 m or 2.0 m centre to centre, because of its apparent potential to reduce waterlogging damage to crops and to improve soil structure by controlling traffic. Installation costs for the method were calculated to range from $A100 - $A300 per hectare, and this was likely to be affordable, on a broad acre scale, for high rainfall farmers.

The system was becoming known as Controlled Traffic Raised Bed Cropping and in 1997 a group of 8 SFS members agreed to each install an area of about 40 hectares of raised beds on their farms, and a total of 300 hectares, mostly canola, were cropped by the method. Winter in 1997 was much drier than average but several sites received heavy spring rainstorms and the crop damage evident on surrounding paddocks seemed not to occur on the beds.

Despite the dry winter, enthusiasm remained high and, following the 1997 harvest, interest in the system spread to other high rainfall areas of SE Australia. Bed forming machines were developed and constructed, seed drills were modified, and several contractors began forming and sowing beds for farmers. In the 1998 season an estimated 5000 hectares of raised bed crops were grown in South-eastern Australia. The winter was again dry in most of Victoria, but some high rainfall districts experienced wet conditions and the raised beds appeared to improve crop growth and yield.

Interest continued to increase and farmers from all the high rainfall parts of Australia began to visit Southern Farming Systems to learn about Controlled Traffic Raised Bed Cropping. Many more bed forming machines were built and in the autumn of 1999 an estimated 30,000 hectares of raised beds were sown to crops in high rainfall regions of SE Australia. Research and development work on the technique is being conducted in parallel by a group in Western Australia and adoption is also increasing in that state. Scientists and farmers from both sides of the continent have visited each other and regularly exchange information.

Raised bed cropping research

An extensive program of research on the agronomic aspects and environmental effects of raised bed cropping has recently commenced across Australia. It is likely that optimum technology for growing high rainfall crops on raised beds will be different from that required for conventional crops. Plant spatial arrangement, crop nutrition and integrated pest and disease management all require investigation to determine the best techniques for obtaining consistent high yields.

Another important focus for research is the environmental side of raised bed cropping. It is essential this new farming system be environmentally sound and sustainable. Effects on water flows from fields, effects on ground water recharge and also possible movement of nutrients out of the field or into the groundwater are being measured in detail. Soil erosion control is also a major focus of this research.

Machinery development is another important research area. Although the technique started by using commonly available equipment that required only minor modifications, specialist machines for forming and sowing beds are now being developed. Machines capable of accurately applying plant nutrients to the tops of beds but not to the furrows are also under development. These are required to avoid economic and environmentally damaging nutrient losses.

Continued success of raised bed cropping where grain growing is currently not an important enterprise will have profound effects on grain production in Australia. Evidence from Australia and the world shows that, in the absence of waterlogging and with sound agronomic practices, yields of high rainfall crops can be much higher than those from low rainfall regions. Average yields of 5.5 t/ha of wheat, 3.5 t/ha of canola and 5.0 t/ha of malting barley are believed to be readily achievable.

When yields are at the level of the winning canola award crops, canola is the most profitable crop in high rainfall SE Australia. While this remains the case, farmers will grow canola on their farms to the maximum extent that good crop rotation practices allow.

It has been estimated that there are 2.5 million hectares of waterlogging prone grazing land in South-eastern Australia, which could be used for grain growing if raised bed cropping is proved to alleviate the waterlogging. If a high proportion of this land were converted to mixed farming there could be at least 1 million hectares of extra crop grown each year. At a one year in four canola rotation this would be 250,000 hectares of extra canola per year.

If the average yield is 3.0 t/ha the extra production of canola would be 750,000 tonnes, worth about $A250 million in direct farm income. There is also the income from the other grain crops in the rotation. Research is being conducted into techniques that may allow high value horticultural crops such as potatoes and vegetables to be grown on the beds in rotation with grain crops. Catching run off water in dams and using it to irrigate summer crops is also under investigation.

The direct and flow on economic and social benefits of this are hard to calculate but they are likely to be high enough to ensure that the opportunity is taken up within these regions. There are already instances of city based investment funds being used in SW Victoria to develop farms for raised bed cropping, and if this continues it could affect the value of high rainfall arable farming land.

Both farmers and investors will try to grow crops by using optimum technology, to maximise returns, and this will increase the need for research into improved high rainfall crop agronomy. This may further raise average crops yields and increase production. Pressure will increase on farmers and researchers to ensure that crops are grown in an environmentally sustainable way, and a close watch will be kept for any environmental effects of the land use changes.

The marketing implications of the expanded production also need to be considered. It may be desirable to increase research to enable high rainfall regions to produce grains of different type, quality and end use to those grown in lower rainfall parts of Australia. This would expand the markets for Australian produce and reduce competition between regions in the marketplace.

It therefore seems likely that, if this new technology continues to show promise, and if adoption continues to increase at the current rate, a continual expansion of research effort will be required into the agronomic technology, the environmental sustainability and the economic implications of high rainfall cropping in Australia.

1. Blayney (1984); Conley (1984); Joyce (1984). In: The Western Plains, a Natural and Social History. Ed. D Conley & C Dennis, Pub. The Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 1984

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text:
"To expect the unexpected shows a thoroughly modern intellect." - Oscar Wilde

Monday, 30 October 2017

With Great Power comes Great Responsibility

With the latest Marvel movie about to hit the screens on 3rd Nov'17, I am being personally tutored to understand the background stories and specific super powers of the various characters in the movie. I love super-hero fantasy movies as much as the person next to me, save my mom who doesn't understand what the whole fuss is about! I was so aggravated at having to explain to her that the man on screen could burn holes with his vision, fly and lift loads the size of the earth while kissing his girl. And yes, yes that's a DC movies hero, I know! Hmm, when I know all this why are my kids hell-bent on tutoring me? Just so that I don't nag them while watching the movie about, who's this, why is his hair short, didn't he have an evil brother, why are they friends now, what's his power exactly....!! Yes, life has come a full circle, I am now a certified, pesky, under-informed parent myself.

Hmmph! Little do those brats know of the in-house super-power! Arghh, no I don't mean the dad! Well, he does have this incredible power - To go into REM sleep state in less than 2 seconds. But no, I am talking of a much more technologically advanced!

Raised eyebrows, disbelieving smile, a snigger, oh yes, I can imagine you're doing all of that. But what can I say, it just happens to be the truth.

Curious are you?
Well, might as well be out with it, this post is after all meant to uncover the new challenge to Gal Gadot and any other Guy Gods!
So, wait for it, I have this amazing, Power of Technology Manipulation and Disruption (PTMD)! Wow or what? You no comprenez? Okay lesser mortals, it is the power to disrupt electronic/electromagnetic signals.

I've been doing it unknowingly for years, blaming it on everything from freakish coincidences to plain sabotage. But with age comes wisdom (duh!), so I eventually caught on. What exactly does this power do, you wonder? Well in lay terms, I can tamper with electronic gadgets anywhere within a radius of 5-10 feet of me. Currently, my powers are limited to disabling devices/ gadgets but I am sure there will be a yang to every yin, and it is just a matter of time before this super-mom hones and fine-tunes her power to desired results. Imagine with a swish of my hand, all gadgets come to life, purring in a contented hum...instead of dying on me!

I fondly recollect how it all started; with simple feats of the tubelight fusing out when I switched it on, the hot plate getting short circuited, the doorbell falling off when I rang. Aww, the wonder years! Over the years, I have bamboozled desktops, laptops into crashing irrevocably, camera memory cards getting corrupted, mobile phones losing battery charge faster than you can take a leak, the entire house fusebox breaking down....and so on.

It is hard not to brag, but since I've started the ball rolling, let me proceed. I believe my powers have now expanded sufficiently to operate remotely. I can jam TV channels! Yes, it is true! I just need the intent. I just need to relax, settle down to view a program, and unconsciously enjoy it. Voila, the channel just blacks out. All other channels will work perfectly, save for the channel I  want to view. Mind you, this is not a one time event! I have achieved this consistently over several channels, service providers through so many years now! Ahh, the travails of having super-powers, of having to sacrifice watching and enjoying movies with the family!

Speaking of family, a burden I hold to my chest is the fact that I haven't come out about my secret with them. You know how it is, Spiderman, Superman, Batman, all these chaps keep their super-hero lives a secret from family, to protect them. Well, I am keeping the secret from my family to save....myself from their wrath! After all, it doesn't hold you in good stead to reveal that you are the reason the laptop crashes so often along with the long line of gadgets that keep falling sick, sometimes fatally so! When any such calamity strikes, we all wisely nod our heads in resignation and say, "We are fated to bad luck with all gadgets!"

Much as I fancy sporting a fancy, non-latex-custom-made-for-Indian-sizes, super hero costume and flaunting my powers, I am damned by their very disruptive nature. Who wants a circuit breakdown or a TV blackout when a super hero walks in?
No matter, I just need to channelize the powers the other way around. Ermm, maybe I am a prospective villain, after all villains do have super-powers too, the negative kind! But I don't wanna get bashed up and locked away in phantom zones or mirror dimensions for eternity, do I? No sir!
I am aware of my powers and for the universal good, they shall lie buried - The secret of a wannabe super-woman - Electro-Magneto-Neutralizer Super Momma!

On a parting note, I'll never scorn or shoo away a black cat, I know how she feels, to be wielding the yin part of a super-power!

 Image source: Flickeringmyth


text:
Redefining Value in Manufacturing

Redefining Value in Manufacturing

Core Management Insight

July 12, 2018 at 12:30 PM ET

Join us as RIC Director, Dr. Nabil Nasr introduces us to the latest and most insightful report yet on remanufacturing!

Re-defining Value – The Manufacturing Revolution. Remanufacturing, Refurbishment, Repair and Direct Reuse in the Circular Economy introduces the new, overarching term, Value-Retention Processes (VRP) describing manufacturing processes that retain value within a circular system (versus linear system) - and details the superior benefits of Remanufacturing.

This report reinforces VRP benefits including cutting industrial waste between 80 and 99 percent; greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 79 to 99 percent; and strengthening existing markets and as well as assisting in identification of new market segments.

Presenter Profile

Dr. Nabil Nasr’s research interests include remanufacturing, circular economy, life cycle engineering, cleaner production and sustainable product development. He founded RIT’s Center for Remanufacturing and Resource Recovery, a leading source of applied research in remanufacturing technologies. He is also CEO of the REMADE Institute, a national coalition working together on new clean energy initiatives and serves as a member of the International Resource Panel of the United Nations Environment Programme. He has been an expert delegate with the U.S. Government in international forums such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, United Nations, World Trade Organization, and OECD.


text:
Berkely Nucleonics Academy

Folded and Loaded Antennas
April 1953 QST Article

April 1953 QST

April 1953 QST Cover - RF CafeTable of Contents

Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles from ARRL's QST, published December 1915 - present. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.

Here is a fairly major treatise on folded and loaded antennas that appeared in a 1953 issue of QST magazine, with "Suggestions for Mobile and Restricted-Space Radiators." It is not for the faint of heart or anyone with mathphobia. Integral calculus is part of the presentation, although an understanding of calculus is not required to get the gist of the article. Equations for calculating the antenna configuration radiation resistances are given for the 3λ/4-wave folded dipole, the λ/8-wave folded monopole, the bottom-, center- and top-loaded λ/8-wave monopole, the bottom-loaded λ/16-wave monopole, and the λ/4-wave monopole folded twice, to name a few.

Folded and Loaded Antennas

Suggestions for Mobile and Restricted-Space Radiators

By William B. Wrigley,* W4UCW

Current and voltage distribution on half-wavelength antennas - RF Cafe

Fig. 1 - Current and voltage distribution on half-, one-, and one and one-half wavelength antennas, fed at the center.

Variation of reactance and resistance at input terminals - RF Cafe

Fig. 2 - Variation of reactance and resistance at input terminals of center-fed antennas as the total length is varied.

Current fed full-wave antenna - RF Cafe

Fig. 3 - The current fed full-wave antenna (A) and its development into a folded dipole.

Using a simplified method of calculation, the author develops values for the radiation resistance of various folded and loaded forms of short antennas. Several interesting possibilities for small radiating systems are discussed.

While we are all quite familiar with the half-wave folded dipole, its radiation pattern, input or radiation impedance, and application to amateur installations, it seems that there are many more folded configurations which are not well known and which may prove quite surprising in their usefulness. Most of us are also reasonably familiar with the basic methods of loading mobile antennas, but we may be surprised at what a few simple calculations can tell us about the effects of various methods of loading.

First let us consider the basic half-wave thin dipole1 with a theoretical balanced center-feed impedance of about 72 ohms. Fig. 1A shows such an antenna with its current distribution (dashed line) and charge distribution (solid line). While these distributions are not exactly sinusoidal as shown, the assumption that they are so introduces negligible error in impedance and field-pattern calculations, and at the same time reduces these calculations from formidable complexity to fairly simple operations. Now Fig. 1B shows what happens if we attempt to operate this antenna at the second harmonic. We now have a condition of antiresonance. The input resistance is much higher and the reactance variation with frequency is much greater than in the original resonant case at the fundamental frequency. Fig. 10 shows the current distribution at the third harmonic, where we once again have a reasonably broad resonant condition. Fig. 2 shows qualitatively this same information as resistance and reactance plotted against antenna length in wavelengths.

We might conclude from all this that, at least in the symmetrical case, an antenna will be reasonably broad-band only at frequencies where the length is an odd number of half-wavelengths or such that the feed point is at a current maximum.

Why can we not simply move the feed point to a current maximum in the second-harmonic case of Fig. 1B? We can, in fact, but then things change somewhat since the now-continuous center cannot support a discontinuity in charge. So we get distributions as shown in Fig.  3A, somewhat unbalanced, as would be expected. Since the charge polarity is now the same at both ends, however, we can fold the left current loop over the driven loop as shown in Fig. 3B and obtain the familiar folded dipole of Fig. 3C, which is, of course, quite symmetrical. The impedance of this folded arrangement can be found by considering it as merely an impedance transformer between the feeder line and free space. The far-field intensity normal to the axis of the antenna is proportional to the total current added up along both wires and, since we now have exactly double the current producing the far field, as compared to that in either wire alone (in particular the one being fed), we must have double the far-field pattern strength. However, the transmission line furnishes power that is exactly the same as in a simple dipole, hence the input or radiation resistance must be directly proportional to the square of the total far-field intensity as compared to that of the fed wire only (W = E2 / R). In this case 22 = 4 and 4 x 72 is 288 ohms, which is the approximate theoretical radiation resistance of a thin folded half-wave dipole. It is well known that the reactance-frequency variation of the antenna is, in this particular case, partially cancelled out by the opposite variation of the two transmission line stubs in series seen from the feed point such that the folded dipole has, in fact, broader bandwidth than the single thin dipole.

Other Folded and Loaded Systems

Since this folding operation has proved so attractive, let us now investigate the possibility of folding the configuration of Fig. 1A. Because of the mobile antenna application we shall consider half the antenna of Fig. 1A against a ground plane and fed with a coaxial cable as shown in Fig. 4A. We can fold the antenna as in Fig. 4B and obtain the eighth-wave folded monopole of Fig. 4C? Since the opposite ends of the original dipole were at opposite charge polarity (Fig. 1A), we must leave these ends unconnected upon folding; or, in the ground plane case, the folded-over section must not be allowed to contact the ground plane. For radiation purposes, the current in the folded section is opposite in direction to that of the unfolded half and one must be subtracted from the other, resulting in the radiation current distribution shown in Fig. 4D.

Now in the folded dipole case we found the impedance by adding (mathematically integrating) the current distribution along the wire to obtain a figure proportional to far-field strength.

Actually, these figures of proportionality are only valid comparisons of two antennas if the far-field patterns or current distributions are identical. However, in all the cases we shall consider here, there will be only one combined radiating current loop and hence only one far-field pattern lobe. These lobes will not be exactly the same shape, but to assume them so is a reasonable approximation as evidenced by the fact that the far-field radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole with sinusoidal current distribution is only slightly more directive (78 degrees between half-power points) than that of a minutely short dipole with uniform current distribution (90 degrees between half-power points).

As shown by the calculations in the Appendix, the approximate radiation impedance of the folded eighth-wave monopole of Fig. 4D is 6.2 ohms. A similar analysis of a bottom-loaded eighth-wave monopole, Fig. 4E, shows that its radiation resistance also is 6.2 ohms, which is the same as for the folded case! This identity holds for a quarter-wave monopole which is folded into any even number of elements as compared to a bottom-loaded single element of the same actual height.

Fig. 4F shows the current distribution of a top-loaded eighth-wave monopole.3 The approximate radiation resistance, as shown in the Appendix, is 18 ohms. For the center-loaded eighth-wave monopole of Fig. 4G the approximate method of calculation still applies and leads to a theoretical radiation resistance of 11.5 ohms.

Folded Mobiles

Coaxial-fed quarter wave antenna and ground plane - RF Cafe

Effect of antenna folding - RF Cafe

Center-loaded eighth wave - RF Cafe

Fig. 4- Coaxial-fed quarter wave antenna and ground plane (A); effect of folding (B, C and D); bottom-loaded eighth-wave (E), top-loaded eighth-wave (F), and center-loaded eighth wave (G).

Fig. 4D could be interpreted as a 20-meter mobile antenna made up of two adjacent eight-foot whips. One significant advantage of this arrangement is that there is no loading-coil loss to contend with. A further advantage is in the realization that a shorted stub of appropriate length (λ/4 at 20 meters) connected to the mounting point of the folded or second whip will be an open circuit at 20 meters and a closed circuit at 10 meters. At 10 meters the system becomes a quarter-wave folded monopole (half a folded dipole) with an input impedance of a little over 100 ohms, while at 20 meters, with no mechanical change, it becomes an eighth-wave folded monopole with an impedance of about 5 ohms. (Five ohms is probably closer than the theoretical 6.2 ohms since mobile quarter-wave whips look more like 30 than 36 ohms. They are not "thin.") The rather severe difference in impedance between the fundamental and second-harmonic case can be taken care of by feeding the pair of whips with another quarter-wavelength of cable at 20 meters. Being a half-wave at 10 meters, this would give a load impedance at the transmitter of somewhat over 100 ohms at 10 meters and Zo2 / 5 ohms at 20 meters, where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the cable used. This double whip 10-20 system will be slightly more selective, however, than either of the plain folded monopoles, since the reactance deviation with frequency of the shorted stub is opposite in sign from that required to counteract the reactance deviation of the antenna.

If a 40-meter quarter-wave monopole were folded down to eight-foot height there would be four sections. The resulting impedance, which again is the same as that of a bottom-loaded sixteenth-wave monopole, is 1.2 ohms (see Appendix). An 80-meter arrangement would take eight whips and would have an impedance of approximately 0.3 ohm. However, these latter two extensions of the folding process do not immediately appear very attractive. To complete our discussion of folded and loaded monopoles we should include the radiation resistances of 40- and 80-meter loaded antennas. Table I shows all of these figures calculated by the far-field factor method and based on a nominal quarter-wave monopole impedance of 30 ohms, more realistic than the theoretical "thin" monopole value of 36 ohms.

It is interesting to investigate the impedances of short monopoles with optimum current distributions. This requires loading at both top and bottom so as to center the current loop on the antenna as shown in Fig. 5. The values of radiation resistance for 40 and 80 meters are also included in Table I.

A top- and bottom-loaded (current loop centered) 10-meter quarter-wave monopole has the very attractive impedance of 120 ohms, calculated by this method. The ground current losses in it would be considerably less than the losses in the unloaded case for the same radiated power.

Approximate radiation resistance of various loaded and folded monopole antennas - RF Cafe

Table I - Approximate radiation resistance of various loaded and folded monopole antennas based on a quarter-wave value of 30 ohms

op- and bottom-loaded eighth-wave coax-fed antenna - RF Cafe

Fig. 5 - Top- and bottom-loaded eighth-wave coax-fed antenna with ground plane.

Quarter-wave antenna with ground plane - RF Cafe

Folded to one-eighth-wave height - RF Cafe

Fig. 6 - Quarter-wave antenna with ground plane (A); same folded to height of one-eighth wave (B); three-wire folded quarter-wave monopole and ground plane (C); same folded to one-eighth-wave height, with dimensions for 1.85 Mc. (D). The approximate radiation resistance for the last case is 9 X 5.7 = 51 ohms.

Center-fed antenna one and one-half wavelength long - RF Cafe

Fig. 7 - Center-fed antenna one and one-half wavelength long (A) folded into a three-quarter-wave folded dipole (B and C).

Shorted stub to act as an automatic switch for various bands - RF Cafe

Fig. 8 - An antenna system for 7, 14 and 21 Mc., using a shorted stub to act as an automatic switch for various bands.

40-meter beam arrangement - RF Cafe

Fig. 9 - A possible 40-meter beam arrangement using quarter-wave folded elements.

We can now draw some very definite conclusions regarding the merits of various loading schemes. Since the principal loss in a vertical radiator (outside of the loading-coil loss) is due to ground currents, the efficiency rapidly decreases with decreasing radiation resistance. For constant radiated power, the current must be greater for smaller values of radiation resistance. Greater current means greater loss and consequent reduction in efficiency; therefore, the power loss in a center-loaded eighth-wave monopole is more than that of a top-loaded equivalent antenna and the loss in the bottom-loaded case is more than that of the center-loaded case. A combination of both top and bottom loading, however, gives a radiation impedance which in some cases reduces the loss to an exceptionally low value compared to that of the bottom-only loaded, folded, or unloaded case. Sufficient top loading is usually impractical, however, particularly in the case of very short monopoles.

The main conclusion we can draw from all these calculations is that short antennas (monopoles less than one-tenth wavelength) have uncomfortably low radiation resistances and practically nothing can be done to improve their efficiencies to a reasonable value, except possibly by using a multiwire system to raise the impedance as described earlier. On the other hand, the efficiencies of longer (quarter- or eighth-wave) monopoles may be increased considerably by proper loading, or folding. A practical example is the 160-meter folded eighth-wavelength three-wire monopole shown in Fig. 6B. Adding a third wire to the folded quarter-wave monopole, Fig. 6C, raises the resistance to about 300 ohms, and when this antenna is folded over as shown in Fig. 6D, the radiation resistance becomes about 50 ohms, a good match for coaxial cable. Suggested dimensions for 1850 kc. are given in the sketch.

3λ/4 Folded Dipole

Now, since we have pretty well folded and loaded Fig. 1A, let us investigate the results of folding Fig. 1C. This process and the resulting current distribution is shown in Fig. 7 where the center line represents a ground plane for the vertical analogue of the system. Calculation leads to an impedance for this three-quarter wave folded dipole of about 420 ohms. J. D. Kraus 5, 6 (W8JK) has measured one of these to be about 450 ohms. The new 21-Mc. band makes this arrangement quite useful as can be seen in the following scheme:

Suppose we start with the 20-meter folded dipole of Fig. 8A and open-circuit the top dipole opposite the feed point. We now have a quarter-wave folded dipole at 40 meters, the vertical analogue of which we have already discussed. The impedance of this dipole at 40 meters should be about 12 ohms. A λ/4 length of Twin-Lead at 40 meters would then transform this to Zo2/12 at the transmitter. A shorted λ/4 stub connected to the open ends of the dipole as shown in Fig. 8B would provide an open circuit at 40 meters, a short circuit (λ/2) at 20 meters, and open again (3λ/4) at 15 meters. At 20 meters we have our original half-wave folded dipole and at 15 meters we have our 3λ/4 folded dipole. In this last case the now 3λ/4 feed line transforms the impedance to Zo2/420 at the transmitter. Of course, the shorted stub may be folded up in some convenient way so as not to consume all the space indicated in Fig.8B.

The radiation patterns of the antenna are practically identical at all three frequencies.

Other Possibilities

No doubt there are many more folded arrangements which may prove attractive, such as the possibility of a 40-meter close-spaced beam made up of quarter-wave folded dipoles. Now, due to the coupling of the parasitic elements, the impedance of the driven element would be considerably lower than the 10 to 12 ohms of a folded quarter-wave dipole in free space. This may be raised to a more reasonable value, however, by feeding at the current node (voltage feed) rather than at the current loop.2 The driven element would then look just like a 20-meter folded half-wave dipole, but the current distribution would be as shown in Fig. 9A and the entire array would look something like Fig. 9B. A T-match or a "Q"-section at the feed point may provide an even better driving-point impedance. The approximate over-all lengths of the elements, before folding, may be determined from the curves for 20-meter elements given in The Radio Amateur's Handbook or in the ARRL Antenna Book, simply by dividing the frequency scale in half and doubling the length scale.

With some compromise in element spacing this array may even be operated as a combination 40-20-15 beam by the use of small lumped networks in the parasitic elements in place of the rotationally cumbersome stubs of Fig. 8B. In case you would like to try this latter arrangement, Fig. 10A shows the impedance vs. frequency characteristic required and Fig. 10B shows a suitable network to accomplish this. The parameter K allows for variation in the over-all impedance level, but should be chosen so as to make C1 a conveniently small capacitor and include the capacity between the two ends of the element. Since harmonic antennas are not, in general, exact multiples of length, all the network elements may require some adjustment after final assembly to approach resonance on all three bands.

 - RF Cafe

Fig. 10 - Impedance variations in the frequency range of interest (A) and a lumped-circuit equivalent of the stub shown in Fig. 8. Component values can be calculated from the following formulas, where f is in megacycles:

C1 = K μμfd.

C2 = 2.4K μμfd.

L1 4220/Kf2 μh.

L2 = 1.67 L1 μh.

The factor K may be chosen to make the inductances and capacitances come out to convenient or constructionally-feasible values.

Appendix A

λ/8 Folded Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance (Fig. 4C)

To find the radiation impedance of the eighth-wave folded monopole we must find the far-field figure of proportionality normal to the axis of the antenna by subtracting the integrated current of the folded-over half from the integrated current of the unfolded half. The total length is

λ/4 or π/4 radians so

λ/8 Folded Monopole Radiation Resistance Equation - RF Cafe

= 0.707 - 0 - 1.00 +0.707 = 0.414.

This is the far-field proportionality constant whose square must be compared with that of a known antenna to give the impedance. The known standard is, of course, the thin quarter-wave monopole whose figure is

1/4-wave monopole Radiation Resistance - RF Cafe

and whose theoretical input impedance is about 36 ohms.

Therefore, the approximate radiation impedance of the thin folded eighth-wave monopole is

approximate radiation impedance of the thin folded eighth-wave monopole - RF Cafe

Bottom-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance (Fig. 4E)

The current distribution on a bottom-loaded eighth-wave monopole, Fig. 4E, is identical with the top half of the quarter-wave monopole which we folded over in the previous case, since the loading coil merely replaces the missing half. We can calculate the radiation resistance of the remaining half as follows:

Bottom-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Radiation Resistance Equation - RF Cafe

1.00 - 0.707 = 0.293.

This far-field figure, however, concerns the impedance referred to a current maximum point and since we are feeding at the π/4 or 45-degree point we must divide by the square of the cosine of 45 degrees (constant power impedance is inversely proportional to the square of the current). So finally we get

Bottom-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance - RF Cafe

Top-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance (Fig. 4F)

The approximate radiation resistance can be calculated from the cosine integral from 0 to π/4 which gives a far-field factor of 0.707.

Top-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Radiation Resistance Equation - RF Cafe

Center-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance (Fig. 4G)

For the center-loaded case the calculation is a little more complicated. but our approximate method still applies. The far-field factor includes two additive components, the first of which comes from the bottom section of the antenna and is merely the cosine integral from 0 to π/8. The loading coil effectively replaces the missing center half of the antenna so that the current distribution along the top section is essentially the cosine curve from 3π/8 to π/2. Since the current is continuous through the coil, however, this second integral must be multiplied by the ratio of the cosines of π/8 and 3π/8. The approximate theoretical radiation resistance of a center-loaded eighth-wave monopole is then

Center-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Radiation Resistance Formula - RF Cafe

= 36 (0.566)2 = 11.5 ohms.

Bottom-Loaded λ/16 Monopole or λ/4 Monopole Folded Twice Antenna Radiation Resistance

The cosine integral is broken down into four equal parts between 0 and π/2 or 90 degrees. Two alternate parts are added and the other two are subtracted. The resulting impedance, which is the same as that of a bottom-loaded sixteenth-wavelength monopole, is

Bottom-Loaded λ/16 Monopole or λ/4 Monopole Radiation Resistance - RF Cafe

λ/32 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance

(Eight integrals)

λ/32 Monopole Radiation Resistance - RF Cafe

Top- and Bottom-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance (Fig. 5)

In this case the far-field factor is twice the cosine integral from 0 to π/8. In calculating the impedance, however, we must divide by the square of the cosine of π/8 or 22.5 degrees, since we are feeding at a point 22.5 degrees from the current loop. This is similar to the case considered in equation (5). Therefore,

Top- and Bottom-Loaded λ/8 Monopole Antenna Radiation Resistance - RF Cafe

= 30 (0.830)2 = 21 ohms.

3λ/4 Folded Dipole (Fig. 7C)

The far-field factor for this case is found by calculating the difference between the cosine integral from 0 to 3π/4 and the integral from 3π/4 to 3π/2. This figure is 2.414 and from this the impedance of the folded 3/4-wave dipole comes out to be about 420 ohms.

* Asst. Prof. Research, Georgia Institute of Technology.

1 Editor's Note: As some readers may not he familiar with the terms used here, the following may be helpful:

A "thin" antenna is one having a very large ratio of length to conductor diameter, approaching infinitely-small diameter; practically, a wire antenna at low frequencies is "thin" but a 10-meter beam element is fairly "thick." The thickness affects the resonant length, radiation resistance, and sharpness of tuning.

"Antiresonance" is the same as parallel resonance; in the antenna case, it is the condition that exists when a resonant antenna is viewed at a voltage loop.

"Charge" and "charge distribution" are equivalent to "voltage" and "voltage distribution."

The" far field" is the radiation field at a large distance from the antenna - so far that the waves may be considered to be plane waves, and, of course, far beyond the region where the induction field is of any consequence.

A "monopole" is one-half of a dipole; e.g., a grounded antenna or one in which a ground plane is substituted for actual ground.

2 Lindenblad, "Television Transmitting Antenna for Empire State Building." RCA Review, 3, p. 400, April, 1939.

3 Terman, Radio Enoineers' Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1943, par. 11, sec. 11.

4 Jordan, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, Prentice Hall, Inc., New York, 1950, pp. 510-517.

5 Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1950; particularly Chapter 5 and par. 13 of Chapter 14.

6 Kraus, "Multiwire Dipole Antennas," Electronics, 13, pp. 26-27, Jan., 1940.

Posted April 19, 2016

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    Kirt Blattenberger,

RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling 2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer. The Internet was still largely an unknown entity at the time and not much was available in the form of WYSIWYG ...

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Posts Tagged ‘promotion’

Rhythm Core Alpha 2 at LA County Science Fair Interactive Exhibits this Friday, March 27th 10am-5pm!

Thursday, March 27th, 2014

We’ll be demoing Rhythm Core Alpha 2 at the LA County Science Fair’s Interactive Exhibits at the Pasadena Convention Center in Pasadena California this Friday, March 27th, from 10am to 5pm.
Besides there being an awesome science fair and maker show with lots of exhibits, we’ll be running folks through the basics on how to make your own song, and even getting into some of the more advanced features if the audience can take it. It should be awesome fun!

Showing Rhythm Core Alpha at OC Mini Maker Faire this Weekend

Thursday, July 12th, 2012

We’ll be in Orange County this weekend, showing off Rhythm Core Alpha at the Orange County Mini Maker Faire at UC Irvine.

Press for Rhythm Core Alpha!

Friday, January 21st, 2011

Matrix Synth on BlogSpot and, Steelberry Clones (stereoklang), MenaGamer, Southern Fried Gamer and Rebel Gaming have printed our press release!

Nintendo Life covered us early on!

SynthTopia has our back!

GameSpot and EveNews have added the European screenshots.

GamersHell gets the newn out!

Laptop Rockers knows the score!

Did I miss your site! Send me the link to your coverage and I’ll print it here!

Rhythm Core Alpha launches in Europe and Australia on Friday, January 21st!

Wednesday, January 5th, 2011

Nintendo of Europe has sent the following message:
“It is a pleasure for us to inform you that we will release Rhythm Core Alpha on Friday, January 21st.”

We can now break our silence on the new features for Europe!
- Recording of Solo and Block Screen Keyboard into Tracks.
- Recording of Block and Key changes into Pattern
- Powerful multi-waveform vibrato!
- Greatly enhanced pattern editing.

New videos will be up soon!

Rhythm Core Alpha will be at MagFest in Alexandria, VA!

Monday, January 3rd, 2011

I’ll be at MagFest in Alexandria, VA demoing Rhythm Core Alpha on January 13-16th, 2011. MagFest is the Music and Games festival, and includes performances by many great artists, including The Minibosses, The ProtoMen, Year 200X, The OneUps, The Megas, Armcannon, This Place is Haunted, WizWars, Zen Albatross, and many, many more. More information on MagFest at .

Marketing Materials for Rhythm Core Alpha’s EU release are GO!

Wednesday, December 15th, 2010

Sent the marketing materials off to Nintendo of Europe. When the product is approved by NCL, we’ll be ready to appear in the European and Australian DSiWare shop!

Want to show at MagFest, but can’t seem to get in touch with them…

Monday, November 29th, 2010

I can’t seem to get any response to my queries about showing Rhythm Core Alpha at MagFest. Anybody got any ideas on how to reach them

Had a wonderful time at Conjecture in San Diego!

Monday, October 4th, 2010

Back from Conjecture in San Diego… thanks to everybody who came out for our presentation! As a result of our popular showing, we have been asked to present at Anime Conji in March 2011!

Sales are up a little last week!

Monday, September 20th, 2010

There was a slight improvement in sales last week! I wonder which of the ten things we did actually improved sales?

To all of you new folks who bought Rhythm Core Alpha, thank you! Please enjoy making music with Rhythm Core Alpha, I can’t wait to hear your songs!

New Video UP! Screen capture video shows HOW TO DO IT!

Thursday, September 16th, 2010

I just put up a new video of Rhythm Core Alpha in action! Please check it out in the VIDEO section, as well as on YouTube, Vimeo, and soon on Veoh as well!

This video not only shows off what Rhythm Core Alpha can do, starting from NOTHING and quickly building an entire song, but it also shows how to do it, with lots of captions explaining how to put it all together.

Strangely, this is the first video I’ve been able to put up that is actually a screen capture of the product in action. That is because the screen capture hardware is very expensive, and I did not like the look of video recorded from a camera. So I spent a lot of time coding a way to capture screen playback from a real DSi. It even draws in the stylus and the buttons, so that you can really see what is going on.

Please note that the sparkly graphics in the background are (obviously) not part of the product… I just wanted to fill the space so that it would look good on Nintendo Channel.

Please let me know if you like the video! As always, I’m waiting to hear your music, too!… suddenly very popular!

Tuesday, September 14th, 2010

Wow! Somebody discovered our little map site at and we got over 10,000 views. Why didn’t I have a Rhythm Core Alpha ad on that page? Well, there is now!


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RightNation.US: The WORST month of my Life--with a capital "L"! - RightNation.US

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Well. well. well. Everything was just spiffy when I last wrote--my kidneys were pretty shot, but still worked a little, I still felt fine (it's amazing what you can get used to), and most people, that I've worked with for 23 years, didn't even know anything was wrong!

Well, that changed on Aug. 20th. That was a Friday. On that Monday, I really didn't feel well so I stayed home from work, and for me that means there is some physical reason (urping, etc.) that I can't go. But I came back the rest of the week. But Friday night, I barely made it home from work and I went to bed. Really, I was nauseated all week. I've never felt like this in my life. Finally, it was so bad that I called 911 Friday night and sent to the ER. I explained my history and they took all the blood tests that they needed, but they didn't show anything (yet). They said maybe it was this virus that was going around here. Monday morning, I stayed home, but sent my husband to work. He'd asked me if I wanted to go to the ER again. I said no, that I just want to sleep it off.

As soon as the door slammed, I thought,"That was stupid. I need to go to the ER!" Luckily, he'd surrounded the bed with phones, and cells, and the laptop, so I called 911.

And that was aggravating! The gal who answered said, "911. Can I help you?" Fine. But I was so weak and sick I could barely talk and only in short breaths. "This is...Cherylyn K...I need..." And she would interrupt me! "What are you talking about? Are you having an emergency?" I started again,"I am...sick. I need an ambu...." "Repeat that! Is this an emergency?" I finally gathered up ALL my strength and yelled (or thought I did), "Listen to me! Quit interrupting me! I'm sick and I know you have my address! Get somebody over here!" So finally she verified my address and the EMT's were here in just a minute because they are two blocks away. But my dog was going nuts. I'm on the floor, which isn't typical, I'm screaming into the phone, what's up with that? Then there was this pounding on the door and loud voices outside. Poor Riley! They said they didn't want to come in with a wild dog loose. Luckily, I had installed glass-paneled doors on our living room so I shoved Riley in there and trapped him in. I told the EMT's it was OK, and they came in and scraped me up off the ground onto a gurney and took me away. Poor Riley! As far as he knew, three giant guys broke into our house, grabbed me, locked him up and took me away! But it was all good, we told him later.

Anyway, the upshot of all this was that that dye that they used for the heart stent had indeed knocked my kidneys out--it just took a week instead of a day. So that answers the question about whether I'll need dialysis. I hadn't eaten or drunk for a week (!) before, so I was really dehydrated. Hey, this is all new to me--I thought it was like having the flu, off your feed a little bit. Then I had to have an emergency dialysis port put into my shoulder. It's basically where they put a spigot on an artery and on a vein in order to give you dialysis. It's sort of an open wound that they change the dressing on after every dialysis. But I never really see it (or look at it), so it's OK. Hey, I have to have it.

I am learning A LOT about "The World of Dialysis" that I had never (and I think most people never) considered before. But everyone is very friendly and good at it and efficient. The worst part about this whole thing is the great difficulty in showering! It's always a two-person operation--at least to make it far easier--and I still have to be very careful. I had my surgery this Monday to install the port for the peritoneal dialysis that I'm going to switch to in about a month, after I heal up. That was a pretty miserable day. Let me tell you, the first thing I thought afterwards was, anybody who voluntarily gets a tummy-tuck is insane. They had to pierce the abdominal wall and ANY use of stomach muscles hurt like heck. Coughing was the worst! So now I have two areas that I have to protect to take a shower. Ugh!

The part that is really worrying me is the fatigue I feel. I am so exhausted all the time. Although I get to listen to John Gibson, then Laura Ingraham and the Rush while I dialyse! But the gals at the center say that that is normal, that my body got used to having to work with all the poison in it, and now it's having to get used to working without all the poison in it. They say in a few weeks I should be feeling really good, as far as dialysis goes. And when I switch over to the PD (peritoneal dialysis), I will be doing it myself, at home, everyday, so I should feel really good. There's a guy who runs marathons who is on PD, so maybe.

And I have been told that ALL of this, they are considering TEMPORARY, given that I'm going for a transplant. Right now, frankly, that one of the things that keeps me "up" a little. I am not thinking beyond the transplant, because there is no point. But, believe me, I am glad this month is over, and it turned out OK.

11 Comments On This Entry

Oh man, I can sympathize with you. My roommate in Atlanta was dying from AIDS. I had to take him to his dialysis twice a week and the way it made him feel afterwards was so much better. Hang in there. You can make it. You MUST think past the transplant, to the life you'll have then.
Thanks, that's actually hopeful!
Wow, what a horrible thing to go through! Hope you feel better soon. :welldone:
I hope the dialysis starts making you feel better soon. :welldone:
You all will be the first (well, maybe the second!) to know!
I had a portacath during chemotherapy and it healed up and looks fine now. (So yours will too, after you get your new kidneys.) I loved it. Get some EMLA cream--that deadens the pain when they have to "plug you in."

My doctors didn't tell me about EMLA cream. A woman who had once had a portacath did. And let me say, if I had to do it again I'd want a portacath AND I'd use the cream.

Hopefully you'll do fine this "worst week' will just be a memory.
Check--EMLA cream!
Offering PRAYERS of comfort!!!!!! Your strength is an inspiration!

Sending prayers your way, CherylnK! :welldone: I'm happy you're okay and hope you're feeling better. :)

You've gone through much and still are, but you've proven yourself to be a strong lady, so keep your chin up and try to stay positive. :)

CherylnK, I just now saw this. I'm so sorry for all you are having to go through. You are definitely in my prayers and I'm praying you get a transplant soon and it works perfectly.

I'm not sure if you need it or not but wanted to mention it just in case that you qualify for Medicare now that you've started dialysis. If you start your home dialysis within 3 months of your first date of dialysis, you are entitled to Medicare on the first day of the month in which you first date of dialysis occurred. If you do not start home dialysis until after those first 3 months, then you qualify for Medicare on the first day of the 4th month.

Also, if you have other insurance other than individual insurance as opposed to group insurance through an employer or COBRA, Medicare would pay secondary to your other insurance for the first 30 months after your Medicare entitlement date. Though of course, Medicare is not as good at paying for your medical bills as most other insurance so I would advise keeping your other insurance as long as you can.

Sorry for the tangent. I just wanted to make you aware of your options.

I've heard people say that when they get a transplant that they feel better than they've felt in a long time including the time period before you started dialysis. I pray it will be the same for you. :)
Thanks, Ilja! Actually, the dialysis center has a social worker (i.e., insurance person) tht is going to talk tome about just those issues. Aparently, they want you to go on Medicare for three years, no matter what your age (even if you're 17 or something) because if you haven't gone on Medicare before, then when you're really retirement age, Medicare won't pay for the medication that you've been using! It's all very complicated! I'm sure I'll find out even more so.
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The Progression of Sunset Over Park Presidio

Down feathers of cirrus clouds
   curl in the evening-blue sky
      crossed with black power lines.

Behind the cypress and eucalyptus,
   the blood-orange sun melts into the Pacific,
      spilling its juice into the clouds.

 Cold evening rises from the roots
   of blue eucalyptus stands
      as a mist of moist earth and menthol.

 The forest flattens into hazed-over purple.
   Coastal redwoods become autumn-blooming heather:
      a spiky silhouette against the fading sky.

 When the first headlights flash through the trees,
   snaking down the forested hills,
      the old sun’s blood still pulses in the last clouds.

First published in Residual Heat under my pseudonym Aga Black.


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A Guide to The Best Sleep Gadgets

sleep gadgets

There are loads of gadgets out there nowadays to help you get a better night’s rest and feel great. Here are some of the very best.

Smart Nora

Smart Nora is able to detect and to counteract your snoring before it wakes up your roommate. You can mount it on a wall or on the headboard of your bed. When the device detects an imminent nasal vibration, it triggers a silent pump that inflates and deflates a pouch under the pillow. This gentle movement will nudge the snorer to find a better sleeping position. Like this, the device promotes normal breathing and neutralizes snoring attempts.

Zeeq Smart Pillow

Most sleep gadgets feature an activity tracking device you have to wear on your wrist. Zeeq is the exception. Thanks to its smart sensors, you don’t need to do anything else than rest your head upon it. Throughout the entire duration of your sleep, Zeeq monitors your personal data such as how much you tossed and turned, how long you slept deeply, and how loud you snored. If you find it hard to fall asleep in the first place, Zeeq can stream lullabies from a special Spotify playlist through its speakers.

If you’re looking for a great modern mattress to help you recharge, then the Simmons BeautyRest could be the perfect mattress for you and comes in at a variety of price points. It’s made from quality materials and is unbeatable for the price according to reviews.

sleep gadgets

Fitbit Alta HR

Fitbit Alta HR is a slim wristband that can do more than simply counting your steps. Thanks it its in-built heart-rate monitor, it can detect the main stages of your sleep, in order for you to see how much time you’ve spent in REM, light sleep or awake throughout your night.

S+ By ResMed Personal Sleep Solution

Everything you need to do is to place the S+ personal sleep monitor on your withstand, pair it with your smartphone via Bluetooth, and go to sleep as usual. The smart sensors of this gadget will do the rest. They will monitor your breathing and your body movements, the noise, the ambient light intensity changes, and the temperature in your bedroom. As soon as you wake up, you’ll get a report card and a sleep score, as well as customized suggestions to help you sleep better.

LectroFan High Fidelity White Noise Machine

This sleep aid features some powerful auditory sedatives such as white, brown, and pink noise to help you fall asleep faster. These sounds aren’t cyclic, so you won’t have to hear the same tunes over and over again, every five minutes or so. The device features a ceiling-facing speaker which is powerful enough to fill your bedroom with these soothing sounds.

Matrix Mattress

The Matrix mattress features ballistocardiography sensors that were originally designed for medical use only. This enables it to track the variations of your heart-rate, the movement of your body, the stress levels, the breathing patterns, and even the sleep cycles. Its smart alarm will wake you up during the light sleep phase, so that you can feel refreshed and ready to take on a new day. Furthermore, the device can track two separate individuals, thanks to its sensors that are located on both sides of the bed.

sleep gadgets

Mosche Sunrise Alarm Clock

This digital clock will wake you up with the help of a halo of light that imitates natural sunrise. It starts to brighten half an hour before your wake-up time, so that you can gradually shift from sleep to alertness. If this doesn’t wake you up, the alarm clock will play various sounds or start the in-built FM radio.

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Eyelash Extensions Among Middle Eastern Women

Why would any realtor want to have mink fur eyelash manufacturer extensions done to herself? Well a realtor named Mastaneh Ekhtebar appears to have obtained such lash extensions, in an admission that is somewhat shocking in the conservative Middle East. She is pictured in a local advertisement was published in the Tehran International Weekly Magazine.Rmnlo

regular mink fur lashes
mink fur eyelash manufacturer

The other pictures in that ad point out the reason why Mastaneh apparently decided to have her mink fur eyelash manufacturer extended. That ad shows pictures of elegant rooms, rooms that would seem to be in a Beverly Hills home. That makes sense, since the Tehran magazine is distributed to Persian businesses in Los Angeles County.

The same magazine also contains an ad about a place where young women can learn more about mink fur eyelash manufacturer extensions. That place is the Academy of Barbering Arts, an institution with a Cosmetology Program. The student in such a program could be expected to learn a great deal about the extensions for eyelashes.

Such a student would probably learn that each extension is made with a synthetic fabric. Such a student might also get a chance to practice the application of such extensions. That student would need to practice patience, as he or she applied the extensions, one mink fur eyelash manufacturer at a time.

One further ad in the same publication offers a hint to anyone who wants to make money by applying eyelash extensions. The professional who placed that ad, Parsa Mahehi, MD, did not use the word “extensions” in his ad.

Dr. Mahehi seems to be conscious of the fact that no small number of Persian women have very beautiful eyelashes. He does not want to offend any reader, by suggesting that her eyelashes are not “up to par.”

regular mink fur lashes
mink fur eyelash manufacturer

Perhaps that is why Dr. Mahehi has placed an ad with a declaration that a visitor to his office can find “Latisse mink fur eyelash manufacturer enhancer available.” The reader is left to wonder how (or if) an enhancer differs from an extension.

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