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Artifical intelligence for realtime decisions

What DXQanalyze stands for

DXQanalyze is one of the four product families of our Digital Factory. The family includes the analysis software, which records all data during the painting process as well as during the entire car body drying process. As a further member of DXQanalyze, detects irregularities in the painting quality and meticulously identifies possible causes. This allows to increase the first-run rate and thus the overall equipment effectiveness.

The software products of the Digital Factory, united under the name DXQ, are divided into four product families: DXQanalyze, DXQoperate, DXQcontrol and DXQsupport. In this article we would like to introduce you to the two analysis tools and of the DXQanalyze product family.

You may already know the analysis tool from our article "Smart paint shop with" published in March 2019.

This tool helps to collect, evaluate and visualize robot and process data. The software seamlessly records all data from the painting process and analyzes it. Based on this, a ‘digital fingerprint’ is created for each painted car body. Learn more about the use of in the painting process in our article "Smart Paint Shops with". for oven

The analysis software shown above has been extended by a new module. It can now be used for the first time in the drying process.

The software for oven is an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) solution, which simulates body heating curves in the oven in real time. This means that paint shop operators can see the current temperature profiles directly on the workpiece from the current drying process and additionally get various body-related characteristic values. This enables the conditions in the oven, which are influenced by a variety of parameters, to be traced back precisely for each individual body. Deviations from the ideal process can then be identified at an early stage, and appropriate countermeasures put in place.

How does for oven work?

The software’s algorithm calculates the heating curves at different measuring points on the body based on the current system parameters. An optical measurement inside the oven, which serves as a reference point, ensures the quality of the calculated profiles in the long term. Each body gets its own electronic workpiece data record where all the data is stored. In addition, all physically measured data from test runs is stored centrally and used to train the algorithm.

How does for oven contribute to quality improvement?

In order to guarantee a consistently high quality of the painting result, the specific heating behavior for each body type must be scrupulously observed. Up to now, the processes were adjusted based on data from the initial calibration runs during commissioning and from test runs conducted at intervals of several weeks during production. In the interim, the operator had no information about the actual heating behavior on the body. With we can now close this information gap and contribute to quality improvement.

With for oven, we place the focus on the quality of plant operation. The real-time simulation of heating curves, a clear visualization, and the central, continuous data storage greatly increase transparency for the operator. At the same time, they serve as an individual quality certificate for the entire drying process for each individual body. The tool uses the body-specific data and relates them to quality data generated during the inspection of the end product. This allows to determine which causes in the process influence the quality of the end product. for ovens also provides an important component for the Dürr tool by storing body-specific data.

Our third software of the DXQanalyze family is On the way through a paint shop, each body undergoes different complex process steps. The basic concept of is to save information from different sources via the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) specifically for each individual body in a whole-of-life record, compare this information with quality data, and statistically evaluate the data of all the vehicles produced. Its goal is to determine the normal behaviour of the plant with its process steps from the collected data sets. Artificial intelligence is used to identify patterns, compare them with quality data, and derive consequences for a targeted optimization of the first-run rate.

How does work? uses big data models to identify previously unknown interrelationships in the paint shop. The infrastructure for the digital data flows is the IIoT platform ADAMOS, which is used to collect all production, process, and quality data. The software determines subsequently the quality condition from this information and visualizes it on a dashboard for the paint shop operator. Our customers can find a quick overview of quality-related performance indicators, such as the production rate including post-processing and the second-run rate. The performance indicators are automatically associated with the recorded quality defects and evaluated on the basis of the defect cause. The paint shop operator is shown a visualization of where quality defects occur more frequently on the bodies, and in this way is helped to find production vulnerabilities.
Our software enables our customers to continuously optimize their plant and thus increase the first-run rate in the long term.

How does contribute to quality improvement? uses artificial intelligence to identify systematically occurring quality deviations and uncover their causes in the process. With the help of self-learning data models, recurring patterns in recorded quality data are determined and linked to anomalies in the production process. Up to now, defects were often only found during the visual inspection, meaning that bodies had to be reworked. In contrast, uses the historical data to determine that the defect is not sporadic but rather a systematic defect pattern and provides advance information about impending quality problems. With this tool we can considerably improve the quality management in paint shops and production plants.

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In this guide we will show the basic steps required in order to create a high quality or fixed size video file using XviD or H264 codec using StaxRip. I know there are already guides to achieve that, for instance using Handbrake or Fairuse Wizard but I feel that StaxRip deserves at least as much attention as it is a very nice GUI front end for many great video tools and provides a decent outcome.
You can download StaxRip from the link below. You will also need ffdshow so if you don't have it get it as well. Before you start you should also rip the DVD to your hard drive. Follow this guide using DVDFab HD Decrypter to do that. I suggest that you only rip the main movie in order to make the conversion using StaxRip a bit less complex.

Step 1

Guide Image 1

This is the main StaxRip window. To start we will make sure we have all required programs installed. Go at Tools -> Applications.

Guide Image 2

Open the Misc (1) folder. First of all select AviSynth and click Setup (2). Proceed with install. If you don't have Java (or are not sure), select it as well and click the Website button in order to download and install it. You should already have ffmpeg. This is all we need right now so close the applications window.

Step 2

Guide Image 3

Note that in various areas of the GUI the titles are like hyperlinks. We will click on them in order to set various settings. To begin, lets click Source in order to load the DVD files.

Guide Image 4

At the window that pops select Single Or Merge and select ALL the .vob files that you previously ripped. Click OK.

Guide Image 5

StaxRip will now demux, index and merge the .vob files so be a bit patient. When it is done, move to the next step.

Step 3

Guide Image 6

First of all, don't panic by the image above!  We will explain everything as simply as possible in a few paragraphs!

(1) This is main preset selection. You just need to remember this: For a fixed size file (for example you need your file to be 700MB) select 2pass. For fixed quality and size depending on the movie length and content select the rest of the settings. The Devices presets is just what it says, ensures your file is compatible with the device named. For this example I selected 2pass x264 Film Medium.
(2) This is the container that we will use. MKV and MP4 are obvious and well tested choices, here I selected MP4 to maximize compatibility.
(3) Clicking Config Container will allow you to add subtitle tracks. If you are interested in adding some, check the image just below for more instructions.
(4) Here you can set the target size in megabytes. Note that this text area will not appear if you don't select 2pass and the output size will the determined by your source as I explained above, as well as the quality setting you have chosen. (normal or HQ)
(5) This is the audio track you are using. Double click on it to select another one or add a second one in the white space below. Note that this will open the temp folder that StaxRip has already demuxed your DVD files in.
(6) This is the audio codec, channels and bitrate. I have selected the AAC codec here and a 5.1 configuration in order to preserve the multichannel audio. You can also select Mp3 or the Just Mux option that will retain the original DVD audio unchanged.

Guide Image 7

This is the window that allows you to add subtitle tracks. Easily just click Add and the folder where your DVD files have been demuxed will open. Add the tracks you want and click OK.

This is it! Now click Next (7) to proceed with the encoding.

Step 4

Guide Image 8

After clicking Next the Jobs window will appear. Click Start in order to start the encoding process. If you want to encode more DVDs at once just click Close and repeat the steps again to add a second job.

Guide Image 9

You can view the process in the Log. In a few minutes/hours your file will be ready!

Please note that even though StaxRip allows complex codec settings to be set (by clicking Config Codec) as well as manual Crop and filter options I don't feel they should be explained in this simple guide nor that they are necessary for a nice result. Following these steps will create a nice DVD rip for you to backup and enjoy!

As usual, please do not use the comments form below for questions or problems you may have - use the forums instead. Instead leaving as a comment about the guide itself is welcomed and encouraged!

#14 afonic-sp-1549927864 2011-06-19 23:42
Quoting Yoshi Goto:
I have a major problem[...] this to work.

try to remove it from the list of decoders at Tools -> Settings -> Demuxing.
#13 Yoshi Goto 2011-06-17 17:22
I have a major problem. The movie I have is really short, only one chapter, so has only one .vob file. I followed the tut until step 2.2. When I click the topleft button- "Single or Merge", I select the vob file I have. then, I press ok, but the 'Applications' windows comes up telling me I have to get something called 'DGIndexNV', but it is shareware and so can't be installed.... or something to that effect. So I can't do anything past that. If I close the Applications window, there's nothing for the source.... Please email me for more info. I really want this to work.
#12 afonic-sp-1549927864 2011-05-22 14:41
Have you tried to restart your PC after you rip your DVD and then load it in Staxrip?
#11 rednow 2011-05-22 04:34
the guide looks good if i could get past step 2.. i keep getting the following error:

Operation failed!

StaxRip has crashed!

Operation failed!

The process cannot access the file 'G:\!-Directory -!\Ripped_DVD\[ not_protected_m ovie_here]\Audi o_AC3_2-ch_Engl ish\VIDEO_TS\VT S_01_1 temp files\VTS_01_1. d2v' because it is being used by another process.

but um, nothing is touching this damn file...

then i get a ton of nonsense of other nonsense that doesnt help...

im on win7 64bit... does anyone know if this is a reason for this annoying error?
#10 afonic-sp-1549927864 2011-04-28 11:33
Quoting Dukeaxr:
Thanks.. The tutorial is easy to follow.
1 question,
Is videobit rate important?
What is the best video rate for HD?

yes of course it is important, it allows you to select a quality vs size setting. I use around 3000kbps for HD video.
#9 Dukeaxr 2011-04-28 00:53
Thanks.. The tutorial is easy to follow.
1 question,
Is videobit rate important?
What is the best video rate for HD?
#8 RichardH 2011-02-24 17:54
Great tutorial, thanks. It was easy to follow and got my DVD backups working.
+1 #7 afonic-sp-1549927864 2011-01-21 17:21
Quoting Bubba Smith:
Nice article. I would have liked it if you had elaborated on Step 3, and provided reasons why the options you chose were better than others. Apart from that, excellent and easy to follow tutorial.

I feel that this is out of the purpose of this article. There are more pages in this site and elsewhere that explains the pros and cons of various codecs.
#6 SeanYamada 2010-12-30 15:20
Thanks for the guide. I had been using Handbrake for a couple of years before coming across StaxRip. A bit of a curve at first, but your tutorial solved that! Thanks again.
#5 nrowland 2010-12-08 19:23
Great program and guide. Thanks!

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Manna City by Geoffrey Pierce Extract

If like me you’re always on the lookout for a haunting dystopian novel that will disturb the heck out of you, you need to check out Manna City.

Manna City is set in a post-apocalyptic wasteland in which Dane and his wife Nista, who is nine months pregnant and starving, live alone in a cave.

The isolation is slowly severing their connection with reality, and it all comes to a head when Nista claims to hear her unborn child talking to her. Dane thinks she’s gone crazy, and she thinks so too at first, but the child tells her and shows her too many things that end up coming true to pass it off as insanity. She becomes convinced that someone is coming to lead them away from the unforgiving desert – teeming with lawless killers and savage beasts – to the last bastion of civilization, a mythical land of plenty called Manna City.

The author of Manna City, Geoffrey Pierce, is a New Voices Playwright Award-winning author and currently lives in South Florida with his family. He has kindly sent an excerpt of the novel to share on Dystopic.

Here’s Geoffrey’s introduction to the excerpt:

Halvist, an escaped slave-soldier, has climbed into a deep hole in the earth where he spotted a body. He is in desperate need of food and water as he is fleeing through the barren wastes of a post-apocalyptic desert. The woman in the scene is not of sound mind and she mistakes Halvist for her son. Halvist, who suffered the trauma of losing his own mother at a very young age, decides to pretend he is the woman’s son.

You can get Manna City on Amazon. Thanks again to Geoffrey for sending over the excerpt. Enjoy!

Manna City by Geoffrey Pierce

When his eyes adjusted to the darkness, the silhouette of a body appeared, leaned back against the wall, head tilted to the side as if resting. He reached out, gently running his hands across her body, checking for food, water, a knife, anything of use. The cloth of her dress was rough – a sort of burlap material – and he thought he found a pocket, but when he stuck his hand in he found only the flesh of her leg.

He pulled at the dress and brushed his hand along the inside of her thighs – a place women were known to hide knives. But there was nothing.

A wave of heat and nausea roiled through his body. Sweat broke out on his head. He’d scavenged dead bodies before. Many of them. But this felt different.

He felt around in the sand until he found her hand. He stroked each finger, ran his index over the wrist, then up the arm. He found the bottom of her chin, traced a finger down her neck until it caught the top of her dress. She wore no jewelry, no bits of string with shiny stones or totems.

Grabbing her shoulder, he shimmied a hand between her lower back and the wall, leaned her forward and traced up her spine. Then stroked the ribs from armpits to the hips.

He leaned her back against the wall, gently patted her head, then ran his fingers carefully through the hair searching for sharpened bits of metal or bone. At the base of the skull, in the back, his fingers slid over a sticky patch.

Suddenly something grabbed his wrist.

He yelped, leaped backwards and smashed his head against the wall.

Shivers of terror ran down his spine. He swiped at his wrist as if the boney hand that had clutched him was still holding on.

“Jorsch… Jorsch…” a voice called out, raspy and hallow. “I knew you would come for me.”

He froze, held his breath, hoping he was submerged in shadow, hoping she couldn’t see him.

“Where is your father?”

Her head turned. He couldn’t see her eyes, but knew she was looking right at him.

“Where is your father?”

Halvist couldn’t speak. His mouth went dry, his body shaking. He could see, in his mind, the last image of his father.

“Does your father know where we are?” Her voice was suddenly tinged with despair.

Her silhouette leaned forward but collapsed against the wall again. She whimpered in pain, her breathing suddenly loud and labored. “He’s dead…isn’t he?”

He still didn’t move.

After a moment, she began to cry.

Halvist closed his eyes.

The cries turned to sobs. The sobs grew louder and louder. More agonizing. The sound echoing through the cave.

He closed his eyes tighter. Put his hands over his ears. But the cries of agony were just as loud inside his head. He was there again, a boy, sitting on a log, fires all around, his parents on tables in front of him.

He clawed at his cheeks trying to make the memories go away.

Finally, when he couldn’t take it any longer, he stood.

He walked into the light.

“I’m sorry,” she whimpered. “We never should have run.”

He shielded his eyes, looking up through the hole. On his tip-toes he could almost reach the grips he’d need to get out.

“Jorsch,” the woman called. “Jorsch…don’t leave me.”

Halvist looked down on her. With the light in his eyes she’d all but disappeared.

“Please…” her voice sounded more resolute now. “Don’t leave me.”

Above him, a circle of blue sky. He longed to breath the fresh air.

The cave was silent now. Her cries quieted, he couldn’t even hear her breathing. Beneath him, in the dust, the woman’s twisted foot lay motionless. He wondered if she’d suddenly died.

But a hand, thin and boney, reached into the light. “Come to your mother. Come and let me hold you one last time.”

Halvist wanted nothing more than to escape this cave. Instead, he found himself sitting against the wall beside the woman. He found her hand and took it in his own. He thought of his mother. That look on her face. He could see her now, staring back at him through the darkness, pleading with him.

He squeezed the woman’s hand and pressed it to his lips. “I’m here, mother. I won’t leave you.” And for the first time since he was eight-years-old, he cried.

Emily created Dystopic in July 2012 after requiring an outlet for her love of dystopian and apocalyptic fiction. Her debut novel 'These Unnatural Men' was published in 2018.

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Issue 50 - Autumn 2016

Published 14 November 2016

Download current TEA issue
(Adobe PDF File)

Welcome to the 50th issue of TEA! This anniversary issue marks another step in the evolution of TEA, and the EAA more broadly. Have you visited our new webpage? EAA has a brand new website, integrated with the iMIS system. One advantage of this is that TEA content will now be available online as html pages, and debate articles will be available for members to add comments and discussion. This new format, the first of several upcoming changes, will make TEA easier to read online, particularly on mobile devices. And keep an eye out for TEA's new look, which will be more efficient and have a cleaner visual appearance. TEA will also continue to be available as a pdf document, archived on the website.

This issue contains reports from the 22nd Annual Meeting in Vilnius, including the Minutes of the EAA Annual Membership Business Meeting (AMBM). We emphasize that this is an important document. We ask that members read the minutes and contact the EAA executive board and administrator with any comments, questions or concerns. The EAA works for the membership, but we need to hear your voice! In addition to the Minutes of the ABMB, there is a proposal for an EAA working party on archaeology and the EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, and ‘A Survey regarding The EAA Code of Practice for Fieldwork Training ’ from the Committee on the Teaching and Training of Archaeologists (CTTA). This latter raises a series of questions, and some troubling compliance issues, and the committee asks that EAA members respond by contacting the committee chair Raimund Karl directly, or by sending a response to be published in TEA. And, we also would like to hear your opinions about the EAA Strategic Development Plan.

During the next year, between Vilnius 2016 and Maastricht 2017, we are promoting a TEA debate theme on Open Access, data accessibility, and ownership of archaeological information. Our first essay is ‘Open Access and the EJA: some preliminary thoughts’ by EJA Deputy Editor Catherine J. Frieman. We encourage you to read this, to comment on the EAA website, and to send us your opinions and essays on this topic.

Two EAA European Archaeological Heritage Prizes were awarded at Vilnius 2016: to L’Unité d'archéologie de la ville de Saint-Denis for exemplary achievements that unite archaeological heritage management and research with local community outreach, and to Dr. Caroline Sturdy Colls for her innovative contribution to the research on Nazi-German terror in camps and in massacres. Caroline Sturdy Colls contributed to this newsletter with ‘Investigating Holocaust-Era Crimes’, an introduction to her stimulating research in our Research section. Nominations for the 2017 European Heritage Prize must be received by the EAA Secretariat at before 1 June 2017.

Now is the time to propose a session for the 23th EAA Annual Meeting in Maastricht. Session submission for EAA 2017 Maastricht is now open: the deadline is 30 November 2016.

This issue also includes reports from session and roundtables from the 22nd Annual Meeting in Vilnius, along with reports from other conferences and several announcements. Our next issue, Winter 2017, has a deadline of 15 January 2017. Send your opinions, research updates and conferences to us at

Katharina Rebay-Salisbury and Roderick B. Salisbury

In this issue

Reports from EAA Committees and Working Parties

Conference and Workshop Reports

From Our Correspondents

Posted November 18, 2016 by Sylvie Kvetinova
Last reply on November 29, 2016 by Roderick B. Salisbury
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Queen City Square, Great American Building: Cincinnati Tower

Queen City Square, Cincinnati Office Tower Development, Ohio Skyscraper Design

Queen City Square : Cincinnati Architecture

Great American Building, Ohio, USA – design by HOK, Architects

Dec 7, 2012

Great American Building Cincinnati

Great American Building – Award

Queen City Square, Great American Building: Cincinnati Tower

#4 Great American Tower, Cincinnati, USA
Points: 16
Height: 665.00 ft
Floors: 41
Architect: HOK

Great American Tower Cincinnati Building Great American Tower Cincinnati Building Queen City Square Cincinnati Building
photographs © Sam Fentress, Courtesy of HOK

This prestigious mixed-use high-rise office tower was developed by Eagle Realty Group in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, adjacent to the venerable Queen City Club.

This Class-A office tower consist of more than 40 floors, which range in size from 17,000-28,000 sq. ft. The building features a magnificent entrance lobby and winter garden with an escalator connection to a midlevel lobby and skywalk connection.

Retail amenities such as a deli restaurant, newsstand, travel agent, and others, are located off the main lobby area to serve the building’s tenants. A uniquely shaped and distinctive top caps the building and allows it to be identified by this feature alone.

The building features exterior lighting at the top and on the entire exterior facade that will highlight the building and provide a significant landmark on the Cincinnati skyline at night.

A new 1,700-car parking garage was constructed as part of the project and forms the base for the office tower.

Size: 1,557,000 sqft

Great American Tower Cincinnati Building Great American Tower Cincinnati Building Queen City Square Cincinnati
photographs © Sam Fentress, Courtesy of HOK

Queen City Square Cincinnati images / information from HOK

8 Apr 2009

Queen City Square Cincinnati

41-story Great American Building at Queen City Square will be city’s tallest tower, crowned by a distinctive tiara.

CINCINNATI – The crown jewel of Cincinnati’s skyline – the Great American Building at Queen City Square – is moving toward reality following approval by the city’s Urban Design Review Board.

Queen City Square
image from architects

Designed by HOK, the 41-story, 800,000 square-foot office tower awaits final approval from the City Council before taking shape as the city’s tallest and most iconic structure.

HOK Founding Partner Gyo Obata designed the building and its unique tiara top to serve as a distinctive landmark for Cincinnati, the “Queen City.”

“This building will redefine the Cincinnati skyline and serve as an instantly recognizable beacon to the city,” Obata said. “There isn’t another building in the world that resembles this.”
The façade of the building will include a contemporary look, constructed with glass and aluminum. The building will include numerous environmentally sustainable features and is expected to be the “greenest” office tower in downtown Cincinnati.

A 25,000-square-foot promenade, lobby and retail areas will welcome occupants and visitors inside the building, creating a spacious internal streetscape adjacent to a 1,700-space parking structure. The tower is sited on the southern portion of the site to provide unobstructed views in all four directions, including of the city, the riverfront and the HOK-designed Great American Ballpark.

The building will be developed and managed by Eagle Realty Group, a real estate investment and management subsidiary of Western & Southern Financial Group.

“This world-class, signature office building will complete our one-million-square-foot Queen City Square master-planned development,” said John F. Barrett, Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Western & Southern Financial Group. “It is the fruition of a long-term vision for Western & Southern and adds to the vitality of Cincinnati.”

American Financial Group, Inc. (AFG), the anchor tenant, will occupy 22 floors, or about two-thirds of the building. AFG will consolidate many operations of its subsidiaries, Great American Insurance Company and Great American Financial Resources, into a single location, while allowing for future growth and expansion.

Accent lighting at the upper levels of the building will illuminate the distinctive tiara, and additional lighting also will illuminate the building’s architectural massing at the corner and center of each façade. Great American’s logo, a red eagle with blue script, will be illuminated in an area beneath the tiara.

The first phase of Queen City Square – the 303 Broadway building – was completed in 2006. This HOK-designed office building includes eight floors of office space atop a 665-space parking facility.

Construction of the Great American Building at Queen City Square is anticipated to begin in mid-2008, with completion expected in 2011.

HOK is a global architectural firm that specializes in planning, design and delivery solutions for buildings and communities. Through its collaborative network of 26 offices worldwide, the firm serves diverse clients within the corporate, commercial, public and institutional markets. HOK is committed to developing resources and expertise to help lead the world toward sustainable communities and building environments. Founded in 1955, the firm’s expertise includes architecture, engineering, interiors, planning, lighting, graphics, facilities planning and assessment and construction services.

Queen City Square Cincinnati image / information from HOK

HOK Architects

Location:Queen City Square, Cincinnati, USA ‘

Ohio Architecture

Buildings by HOK in USA – Selection

Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, USA
Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research
picture from architect
Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research

Indianapolis Airport Terminal, Indiana, USA
Indianapolis Airport Terminal
photo : Sam Fentress / HOK
Indianapolis Airport Terminal

Illinois Architecture

Office Buildings

Website: Visit USA

American Commerce Centre, Philadelphia
Kohn Pedersen Fox
American Commerce Centre Pennsylvania
model : Awad Architectural Models Inc.

Comments / photos for the Queen City Square CincinnatiGreat American Building page welcome

Queen City Square Building

Website: Queen City Square Cincinnati


text:
(9) Battery Basics for Mods; the Ultimate Battery Guide

Published by Baditude in the blog Baditude's blog. Views: 271104

Last update on: 4/16/2019

If you are considering purchasing a particular 18650 battery for vaping, just remember that...

  • there are none with a true continuous amp rating over 30A.
  • there are a lot of 18650’s rated over 3000mAh but none of them can be rated over 10A and many are rated a lot lower than that.
  • there are none rated at 3000mAh with a true continuous rating over 20A.
  • there is only one with 30 amps with more than 1500 mAh capacity (Samsung 20-S)
  • battery company pulse or "max" amp ratings are useless and can't be used to compare batteries between brands or models.

There is a LOT of technical information in this blog. I have tried to simplify the information for the average reader the best that I can. Please take a few days to read over and process this information to avoid information overload.

Li-ion (lithium) batteries remain our best solution for a high current rechargeable battery for e-cigarettes. They are not a perfect solution, but they are the best currently available. They can fail dangerously if abused or misused, at times spectacularly. Proper care and treatment keeps failures to a minimum, but even with the best of intentions, an unplanned and dangerous "energetic release of energy" may still rarely occur. As vapers we must accept that risk and learn how to reduce those risks by educating ourselves on proper safe battery habits, understand battery specifications, and learn which batteries to choose for the way we choose to vape.

As e-cig mod users, we depend heavily upon batteries to be able to vape. To assist novices to choose which external (removeable) battery to use in their mod I have written this guide. Our choices in batteries are Lithium Ion batteries, the same "chemistry" often used in cell phones, laptops, cordless power tools, high end flashlights, and remote control cars. However, there are multiple classes of Lithium batteries and only one class is really idealy suitable for vaping:

  • Lithium IMR or Li-Mn (Lithium Manganese) Many companies today describe their batteries as being IMR, but in truth they are likely a "hybrid chemistry".
  • IMR/Hybrid batteries -- Newer sub-class of Li-ion batteries consisting of IMR, INR, or NCR chemistry. Currently the most common and recommended battery type)
  • protected ICR Li-Ion (Lithium Ion) -- Considered to be obsolete for vaping today.
  • LiPo (Lithium polymer) batteries are the non-replaceable internal batteries in the eGo and regulated box mods. I will not be discussing them here other than to say they are not safer chemistry, and depend upon the protection circuitry of electronic mods to even be considered relatively safe to use. We aren't afforded the opportunity to choose which battery the manufacturer puts into these devices, so I won't waste space here discussing them further.

Guide to Battery Specification Terms:
Batteries can generally be broken down by two major characteristics or specifications: capacity (mah rating) and amps (current or power handling). Understanding these two characteristics must be understood to make an educational choice between battery models.

When choosing which battery to buy we must pick which characteristic is your priority for the application that you will use it. You can't have both the highest mah and highest amps in one battery. This is due to the limits of current battery chemistry & technology. (Safety should always be your number one priority.)

Capacity or mAh Rating
- an approximation for how long a battery charge should last from 100% charge to when the battery will cut off. Roughly, 100 mAh = 1 hour usage with low drain applications like a flashlight. With the higher performance demands of most vape gear today, your estimation of how long the battery will last between charges will be lower than that.

The "best battery" is not always the one with the largest mAh rating. In most vaping applications a higher amp rating (CDR or continuous discharge rate) determines the better battery.

Amp Rating - or "continuous discharge rate" (CDR). In layman's terminology, this is the maximum current available of the cell.

Technically this is the maximum electrical current at which the battery can be discharged continuously before the battery will fail. This specification is set by the manufacturer, and is a standard measurement in the industry.

The "pulse or burst discharge rate" is not a standard measurement and varies from one manufacturer/vendor to another, making comparisons from one company to another company impossible, and therefore should never be relied upon. Be wary that an advertizer or vendor may describe their battery using a pulse rating; find out what the "continuous discharge rating" is (CDR).

The CDR isn't a suggestion.
It's the safe operating limit of the cell.

Basic rule of thumb at the moment, to get CDR amps you have to sacrifice mAh and run time. To get more mAh and run time you have to sacrifice amps and CDR. You won't find a battery which has both the highest amp rating and highest mAh capacity; that's the way it works with batteries.

:danger: Beware of dubious marketing campaigns which over-rate their battery amp ratings. These disreputable vendors and manufacturers are usually of the aftermarket or re-wrapper category. These companies attempt to confuse consumers with "max amp" specifications. Chinese brands like Efest, IMREN, MXJO, AWT and the "---- Fire" brands are the worst perpetrators of this practice. Don't fall victim to their advertising scams.

Are You Using a Rewrap (Rebranded) Battery?

Look specifically for the continuous discharge rate (CDR) in the battery specifications. Burst or pulse ratings are just that, they can do a high amperage for less than 1 second, but longer than that you begin to damage the cells. You want to choose batteries by their "continuous" rate, never for their burst. This is the danger of sub-ohming and not knowing the ins and outs of your batteries.

Any “max” or “pulse” rating is useless unless we know the length of the pulse, the time between the pulses, and the criteria used to set the rating (Voltage sag? Temperature? Run time? A combination of those?). Without knowing this, and all companies using the same pulse lengths, rest times, and criteria, we can’t use the max/pulse ratings for comparing any batteries. They are useless.

Battery Amp Ratings: Continuous vs Pulse Ratings
Battery pulse ratings are useless! | E-Cigarette Forum
There are no 18650 batteries with a genuine rating over 30A!

Technical discussion of a Purple Efest battery venting incident in a regulated mod

  • If you use standard resistance coils (1-3 ohms), either with a mechanical mod (no electronic chip) or low wattage (<20 watts) regulated mod (electronic chip), then you could choose an battery with more mAh capacity as your first priority. You won't need more than 10 amps CDR using this resistance, but you should still still use one with a minimum at least 10 amps. Generally speaking, comparing two batteries with the same CDR but different mah ratings, the battery with more mAh (capacity) will last longer per charge than one which has less mAh.

If you use sub-ohm coils (<1 ohm) in a mechanical mod, or a high wattage (>20 watts) regulated mod, then the amp specification becomes your top priority. Once you find a group of batteries with the necessary amp rating, then choose from that group the battery with the higher mAh rating. Coils under the resistance of 1.0 ohm require more amp current due to their higher amp draw. Later in this article I will explain how to determine your personal amp requirement.

Mooch's Recommended 18650-size Batteries

Samsung 18650 30Q, 3000 mah 15 amp CDR [IMG] *
Sony 18659VTC6 3000mAh 15 amp CDR [IMG] *

LG 18650HG2 3000mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]

Sony 18650VTC5, 2600 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
LG 18650HE4 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Samsung 18650-25R, 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Sanyo UR18650 NSX, 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC4, 2100 mah 23 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC5A, 2500 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]

Samsung 18650-24S, 2500 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]

Molicel 18650-P26A, 2600 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]

LG 18650 HD4 2100 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
LG 18650 HD2 2000 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]

LG18650HB6 1500mah 30 amp CDR [IMG]
LG18650HB2 1500mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]
LG18650HB4 1500mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC3 1500mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]

Samsung 18650-20S 2000mah 30 amp CDR [IMG]

Manufacturer's CDR is 15A. The Samsung 30Q datasheet (Section 7.9) mentions operation at 20A. Operation at that level can be done as long as we don’t let the battery get above 75°C, its maximum rated operating temperature. This holds true for the Sony VTC6 battery as well. These are not a high performance “power” cell, designed for high current. They are a high capacity “energy” cell designed for low to moderate power levels and long running time. At higher current levels the voltage sag and power loss in the cell are huge. Do not exceed 20A.

Mooch's Recommended 21700-size Batteries

Samsung 21700 40T 4000mAh 25 amp CDR [IMG]

Molicel 21700 4000mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG] (best all around 21700, a bit wider in diameter than other 21700's)

Samsung 21700 30T 3000 mah 35 amp CDR [IMG] (highest amp rating for a 2100)

Samsung 21700 50E2 5000 mah 10 amp CDR [IMG] (highest capacity 21700, but only 10A, must have "2" on third line of battery)

Mooch's Recommended 20700-size Batteries

Sanyo 20700 NCR2070C 3500 mah 30 amp CDR [IMG]

Sanyo 20700 20700B 4000mAh 15 amp CDR
[IMG] (best if used under 10A and under 30 watts)

Molicel INR20700A 2800mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]

Unregulated Mechanical Mods

Use the appropriate battery with an adequate amp rating specification depending upon the current draw of your coil build (*see the chart immediately below for coil amp draw vs amp rating).
* Coil amp draw from Ohm's Law calculations for Mechanical Mods:

1.0 ohm = 4.2 amp draw
0.9 ohm = 4.6 amp draw
0.8 ohm = 5.2 amp draw
0.7 ohms = 6 amp draw
0.6 ohms = 7 amp draw
0.5 ohms = 8.4 amp draw
0.4 ohms = 10.5 amp draw
0.3 ohms = 14.0 amp draw
0.2 ohms = 21.0 amp draw
0.15 ohms = 28 amp draw
0.1 ohms = 42.0 amp draw
0.0 ohms = dead short = battery goes into thermal runaway

Learn how to find your specific battery's amp rating, and how to determine the amp draw of your coil by using an Ohm's Law Calculator. Explain it to the Dumb Noob: Ohm's Law Calculations

Regulated Electronic Mods

On a regulated mod the coil resistance is essentially irrelevant. What dictates the amp draw on the battery is the wattage you set
with the processor chip. Calculating battery current draw for a regulated mod If using a high wattage regulated mod, use a 20 - 30 amp CDR IMR battery, which ever your mod's manufacturer recommends. The wattage setting that you plan to use on a regulated mod will determine the amp requirement in this application, not the atomizer resistance.

I'll repeat, with a regulated device the resistance of the coil is irrelevant. Regulated mods separate the input and output voltage, in other words they separate the battery from the atomizer. The only relevant value is the wattage, and the remaining voltage in the battery. The wattage is generated by the mod by multiplying the volts by the amps. As the voltage falls, the mod will increase the amp draw to maintain the selected wattage from the remaining voltage level.

Are you using a single, dual, or triple battery mod? In the interests of keeping things simple:

-If you use a good quality 15 amp CDR battery like the Samsung 30Q or Sony VTC6, then you are good up to 45 watts per battery; 90 watts using two; 135 watts for three batteries.

-If you use a good quality 20 amp CDR battery like the LG HG2 or Samsung 25R then you are good for 60 watts per battery. If using a 2-battery regulated mod, you're good for 120 watts as you have two batteries. If you are using a 3-battery mod, you're good for 180.

-If you use a single 25 amp CDR battery like the Sony VTC5A, then you are good for 75 watts per battery, 150 watts for two batteries, and 225 watts with three.

-If you use a single 30 amp CDR battery like the LG HB6 you are good up to 90 watts; with a pair of 30 amp CDR batteries you could safely do 180 watts.

(Total wattage doubles using 2 batteries; Triples using 3 batteries.)

Up to 45W:
Samsung 18650 30Q, 3000 mah 15 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC6 3000mAh 15 amp CDR [IMG]
Up to 60W:
LG 18650HG2 3000mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
LG 18650HE4 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Samsung 18650-25R, 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Sanyo UR18650NSX, 2500 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC5, 2600 mah 20 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC4, 2100 mah 23 amp CDR [IMG]
Up to 75W:
LG 18650 HD4 2100 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
LG 18650 HD2 2000 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
Samsung 18650-24S, 2500 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
Sony 18650VTC5A, 2500 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
Molicel 18650-P26A, 2600 mah 25 amp CDR [IMG]
Up to 90W:
LG18650HB6 1500mah 30 amp CDR [IMG]
LG18650HB2 1500mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]
LG18650HB4 1500mAh 30 amp CDR [IMG]
Samsung 18650-20S 2000mah 30 amp CDR [IMG]

High Quality, Brand Name Batteries.

Not all 18650 cells are created equal. This is where the specific manufacturers and suppliers come into play. With few exceptions, there are only four major reputable manufacturers with specifications that you can trust: Lg, Panasonic/Sanyo, Samsung, and Sony.

There are many different "makers" of batteries who purchase second/third quality cells in bulk, put their own wraps on the cells, advertise inflated specifications, and charge an arm and a leg for what is in truth a "lesser" battery. Don't fall for their hype.

I recommend buying only the batteries from the lists below by LG, Samsung, Sanyo, or Sony, paying particular attention to model numbers and their specifications. After the manufacturer and model number, the capacity is listed next and the tested amp rating is listed last.

If the battery you are currently using is not shown in Mooch's Recommended Batteries chart, its because his tests revealed that it didn't meet its advertised specifications, or became too hot during his bench testing to be considered safe.

ECF battery geru @Mooch has been doing independent battery testing since 2016. Before you purchase a particular battery, look for the results of how that battery tested in the below link:

  • Lower Quality Brand-Name Batteries. Trustfire, Ultrafire, and Surefire are a lower-tier name brand battery in terms of quality and safety. Not recommended. The same goes for AWT, Basen, Cloud Chaser, Efest, Imren, MXJO, and Vappower brands, among others. Independent tests have revealed that these have over-rated specifications from what is advertised. Most of these brands are considered "re-wraps".
What is a "Re-Wrapped" or "Aftermarket Battery"?
There are many battery companies that are not actually manufacturers, but are simply companies who rebrand other manufacturer's batteries. Meaning, they do not make their own cells and are just buying cells from other manufacturers and “rewrapping or rebranding" them with their own plastic wrapper that has their own brand name and their own logo. Also known as "aftermarket" batteries.

While Lg and Samsung/Sony/Sanyo headquarters originate from Korea and Japan respectively, most aftermarket batteries come from Chinese companies. The first thing vapors must realize is that many of these brands have nothing to lose, and can make greatly exaggerated claims regarding performance with no bad fall back. There is no authoratative organization which keeps the battery industry honest. They make a LOT of money for very little work and generally charge more than the original manufacturer because they exaggerate their specifications as a means to trick consumers that their battery is better. Don't fall for their hype.

For example ultrafire will claim 6000mah capaicty in cells that are tested to be only 1000mah. Of course the other grossly exaggerated stat is the amp rating...and to sell to vapors, many of these companies will make outrageous specification claims. We really recommend that consumers just stay away from all aftermarket batteries. Here is a list of battery brands highly suspected of being re-wraps:
  • Efest
  • MXJO
  • AW
  • AWT
  • Boost
  • Sigelei
  • Imren
  • Ultrafire
  • Trustfire
  • Orbtronic
  • EH
  • GTL
  • Robiton
  • AWT
  • EagleTac
  • AmpMax
  • Basen
  • BattEnergy
  • EnerPower
  • Fenix
  • Intl-outdoor
  • Redilast
  • Xtar
  • Generic Batteries. Not recommended. "No name" or an off brand printed on the wrapper. Seen at FastTech, Amazon & EBay at cheap prices or thrown in for free in a kit when you purchase a mod from China. These are unknown batteries of unknown quality by an unknown manufacturer, and not worth the risk using in your mod. Never assume because they were included with your mod that they are safe, or the correct battery to use. Do not harvest batteries from an old laptop computer.
  • Counterfeit Brand Name Batteries. Be cautious when shopping for batteries, particularly if not using a well known, reputable supplier who specialty is batteries.

  • If uncertain about the quality or type of a battery, don't buy or use it. Do not use over-the-counter alkaline batteries (wrong chemistry) like those from Radio Shack, etc. To insure getting authentic name brand IMR batteries, buy only from trusted e-cig/flashlight vendors such as:
  • Use the type of battery that your mod calls for.
  • Battery Chargers. Get the best charger that you can reasonably afford, again from a reputable e-cig vendor. Statistically most battery incidents occur while batteries are charging. A higher end charger will have better built-in protections.
Pila, Xtar, Nitecore, and Efest are the most recommended charger brands. Recommend batteries be charged on a flame-resistant surface: stove top, marble countertop, metal baking pan, pyrex glass dish. Do not charge batteries if you are not physically present to keep an eye on them.

Guide to Choosing a Li-ion Battery Charger

Many of today's higher-end box chargers have "intelligent" technology designed for the charger to shut down when the battery reaches full voltage (4.2 volts), however electronics can and do fail. Don't trust the safety of your home & family to a faulty electronic circuit or charging cord.

Charging external batteries in the mod via USB port

Rest batteries after charging
One commonly-reported factor in almost all the incidents we hear of where batteries failed violently while in use is that they were taken directly off the charger and then used immediately, at which point they failed.

Because of this, we think it may be a good idea to rest batteries after charging them. This advice will not be found in the usual 'reference bibles' on batteries, but we see more and different reports than others. Therefore we now advise:

Do not use batteries directly after charging them. Use a battery or batteries you previously charged, and that have rested for several hours. This is especially important if using a stacked pair for higher voltage, as statistically the risk is far higher.

(The above suggestion is based on anectdotal observation only.)
  • Always use safe battery practices and common sense with all batteries. Even the safest battery available to us can fail. IMR battery failure Most common user-error battery failures are the result of too fast of a discharge -- from the fire button inadvertantly pushed for too long, or the battery being shorted from metal objects (keys, change, etc), completing the electric circuit when carrying a battery in a pocket or purse. Use plastic Battery Cases. Do not stack batteries unless your mod was actually designed to use stacked batteries.

  • Long term storage of unused batteries should be done in a dry place at room temperature (69 degrees F) at 40% voltage. Dispose of old unused batteries at a recycling center such as Radio Shack or Hope Depot.

Routinely Check Your Battery Wraps and Insulation Rings for Damage -- Extremely Important!

The plastic insulation wraps are very fragile, so if you are not careful when installing/removing batteries from the mod/charger, that plastic can tear exposing the bare metal of the "can" or cell. That exposure of bare metal is what can create shorts to the battery. The insulation rings on the positive end of the battery also protect the can's metal surface from making contact with a metalic surface, also resulting in a short.

Batteries and charger may get warm to touch; that is relatively normal. Neither should feel hot to touch; not so hot that they become uncomfortable to hold for 30 seconds.

Are your battery wraps and insulator rings intact?

Why Repairing Batteries With Cracked Wraps Is Absolutely Essential

Battery tears

You might ask why do battery manufacturers use such a fragile wrap? Well, remember, the batteries we use for vaping were never intended to be used like we use them. They were designed to be used in battery packs for the auto industry and power tools...never intended to be removed and re-inserted frequently like we vapers do.

All of these batteries are in urgent need of repair. Do not use until repaired or replaced.

In addition, don't use a battery that has become dented from physical abuse. It can't be repaired, so dispose of it properly and purchase a replacement.

About the Battery Manufacturers's Warning to Not Use Them in E-Cigarette Devices

New vapers might believe that the 18650 batteries we use for vaping were designed with us in mind. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, manufacturers like LG, Samsung, and Sony would rather we not use their batteries in electronic cigarettes.

These batteries were exclusively designed for the auto industry and power tool industry. They were designed to be used only in battery packs. These battery packs have their own custom-designed battery management system (BMS) that ensures configurable, consistent protection at desired current, voltage, and temperature settings to ensure long battery life and to ensure their safe use.

[IMG] Battery Packs with Battery Management Systems

As vapers, we are primarily using single battery cells alone by themselves, which often means we may be using these single cells at or above their recommended specifications. This application is not the manufacturer's intended use for these cells. They were never meant to be used alone or singly. BMS's have their own safety circuitry and in some cases a temperature control circuit. This is why you may see warnings that these batteries are not for e-cigarette use.

However, these batteries are the best option that we have for high power in a smallish package. They become available for our use only when there is a surplus from warehouse depots who then offer them for sale to suppliers in the battery market trade.

If we have personal knowledge about these batteries by doing our homework, consistantly using safe battery practices, and not abusing them, then we can knowingly "accept the risks" involved and limiting the chances for error that could result in a catastrophy. Nearly all battery incidents are the result from "user error".

Mods, Batteries, & Safer Vaping

Basic to Advanced Battery Information from Battery University

PBusardo's Mod Battery Information Guide

IMR Battery Specification Comparison

A Beginner's Guide to Lithium Batteries

Are You Using a "Rewrap" Battery? Exposing The WORST Brands In ...

18650 Battery Buying Guide for Vapor Users

What does IMR mean?

Sub-Ohm Vaping: Discussion, Safety, Battery Info, Warnings

Battery Data | Deus Ex Vaporis

God of Steam's Getting Started: Battery Basics

What does a battery's C Rating mean?

Battery Specifications and Online Calculators

Exactly why 18650 battery names like VTC4, VTC5, Samsung 25R, are confusing everybody

Green Samsung 18650 25R5 vs. Blue 25R2

Best 18650 Battery (2015)?

Best 18650 Battery for 0.2 ohm?

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    This exemplary Handbook provides readers with a novel synthesis of international research, evidence-based practice and personal reflections to offer an overview of the current state of knowledge in the field of teaching geography in higher education. Chapters cover the three key transitions – into, through, and out of higher education – to present a thorough analysis of the topic. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 290.00   Web: $ 261.00
    Availability: In Stock
  9. Transnational Business Governance Interactions

    Transnational Business Governance Interactions

    Edited by Stepan Wood, Rebecca Schmidt, Errol Meidinger, Burkard Eberlein, Kenneth W. Abbott
    From agriculture to sport and from climate change to indigenous rights, transnational regulatory regimes and actors are multiplying and interacting with poorly understood effects. This interdisciplinary book investigates whether, how and by whom transnational business governance interactions (TBGIs) can be harnessed to improve the quality of transnational regulation and advance the interests of marginalized actors. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 170.00   Web: $ 153.00
    Availability: In Stock
  10. Handbook of Globalisation and Tourism

    Handbook of Globalisation and Tourism

    Edited by Dallen J. Timothy
    Globalization entails the world becoming a smaller place through political, socio-cultural and economic processes. These processes have salient implications for tourism, and tourism itself is one of the driving forces behind globalization. This book is a collection of conceptual treatises by international scholars about the dynamics and reach of globalization and its relationships with tourism. It anatomizes and deconstructs the global forces, processes and challenges that face the world of tourism. It is international in scope, encyclopedic in its conceptual depth, empirically evocative, and contemporary in its coverage. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 255.00   Web: $ 229.50
    Availability: In Stock
  11. Global Challenges, Governance, and Complexity

    Global Challenges, Governance, and Complexity

    Edited by Victor Galaz
    There is an increased interest in integrating insights from the complexity sciences to studies of governance and policy. While the issue has been debated, and the term of ‘complexity’ has multiple and sometimes contested interpretations, it is also clear the field has spurred a number of interesting theoretical and empirical efforts. The book includes key thinkers in the field, elaborates on different analytical approaches in studying governance, institutions and policy in the face of complexity, and showcases empirical applications and insights. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 155.00   Web: $ 139.50
    Availability: In Stock
  12. Individual Choice and Social Welfare: Theoretical Foundations of Political Economy

    Individual Choice and Social Welfare: Theoretical Foundations of Political Economy

    Edited by Viktor J. Vanberg
    This important research literature review discusses some of the most prominent literature in the field of individual choice and economic welfare. It analyses material exploring how economics as a scientific enterprise may inform political decision-making. The premise is explored paradigmatically through different interpretations including utility-individualism in the context of welfare economics, preference-individualism in social choice theory, and choice-individualism in constitutional economics. The review covers the foundational literature as well as contemporary pieces, which have sparked further discussion in the field. This review will be valuable to researchers and scholars alike as well as to all those gravitating towards this fascinating topic. Learn More
    2019   Paperback Price: $ 79.95   Web: $ 63.96
    Availability: In Stock
  13. Organizing Hope

    Organizing Hope

    Edited by Daniel Ericsson, Monika Kostera
    Crumbling social institutions, disintegrating structures, and a profound sense of uncertainty are the signs of our time. In this book, this contemporary crisis is explored and illuminated, providing narratives that suggest how the notion of hope can be leveraged to create powerful methods of organizing for the future. Chapters first consider theoretical and philosophical perspectives on hopeful organizing, followed by both empirical discussions about achieving change and more imaginative narratives of alternative and utopian futures, including an exploration of the differing roles of work, creativity, idealism, inclusivity and activism. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 140.00   Web: $ 126.00
    Availability: In Stock
  14. The Globalization of Russian Gas

    The Globalization of Russian Gas

    James Henderson, Arild Moe
    Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Gazprom has dominated the Russian gas industry. However, the markets in which it operates have changed dramatically, with the company increasingly being challenged at home and abroad. At this critical moment, this insightful book analyses the involvement of the Russian gas industry in the changing international gas market and the dramatic implications for Russia’s role as a global supplier of gas in the future. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 110.00   Web: $ 99.00
    Availability: In Stock
  15. The Evolution of the Theory of the Firm

    The Evolution of the Theory of the Firm

    Edited by David J. Teece, Neil M. Kay
    This innovative collection of readings analyses how the theory of the firm evolved from several core concepts and building blocks that underpin this important area of economics. The first volume presents a variety of perspectives from leading scholars in the field before introducing the basic elements of: risk and uncertainty; information and knowledge; bounded rationality and decision making; motives and incentives; resources and capabilities; and transactions. The second volume looks at how the various elements are integrated into the modern Theory of the Firm with the notion of organization coming increasingly to the fore. It focuses on norms; rules and routines; the entrepreneur; governance; hierarchies; co-operation, teams and networks; innovation and appropriability. Together with an introduction by the editors, this collection is an invaluable reference tool for all researchers and students with an interest in the modern theory of the firm, highlighting how it needs to evolve further to address the important management and policy issues of our time. Learn More
    November 2019   Hardback Price: $ 1,020.00   Web: $ 918.00
    Availability: In Stock
  16. Empirical Health Economics

    Empirical Health Economics

    Edited by Andrew M. Jones
    This important collection gathers the most influential literature in the area of empirical health economics. Health economics provides empirical evidence to aid decision-making across a broad spectrum of issues in health and health care. This evidence is often derived from econometric methods. This title brings together landmark contributions to the development and application of these methods which span the field, ranging from structural models, models for health care costs and other microeconometric approaches, including bayesian methods, longitudinal data, applications to health technology assessment, along with field experiments and policy evaluation. Prefaced by an original introduction from the editor, this collection will be of interest to economic researchers and students as well as health scholar’s wishing to explore the development of modern econometrics applied to health policy. Learn More
    November 2019   Hardback Price: $ 560.00   Web: $ 504.00
    Availability: In Stock
  17. Telework in the 21st Century

    Telework in the 21st Century

    Edited by Jon C. Messenger
    Technological developments have enabled a dramatic expansion and also an evolution of telework, broadly defined as using ICTs to perform work from outside of an employer’s premises. This volume offers a new conceptual framework explaining the evolution of telework over four decades. It reviews national experiences from Argentina, Brazil, India, Japan, the United States, and ten EU countries regarding the development of telework, its various forms and effects. It also analyses large-scale surveys and company case studies regarding the incidence of telework and its effects on working time, work-life balance, occupational health and well-being, and individual and organizational performance. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 155.00   Web: $ 139.50
    Availability: In Stock
  18. Socially Responsible International Business

    Socially Responsible International Business

    Edited by Leonidas C. Leonidou, Constantine S. Katsikeas, Saeed Samiee, Constantinos N. Leonidou
    Acting in a socially-responsible manner has become a crucial success factor for many international firms due to the highly complex, competitive, and volatile global environment in which they operate. This book will contribute new ideas, contemporary knowledge, and original research to the area of socially-responsible international business, and offers challenging directions for future research. Topic covered range from global environmental influences on acting in a socially-responsible way; foreign buyer reactions to responsible business and international market targeting to development of socially-responsible international business strategies. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 210.00   Web: $ 189.00
    Availability: In Stock
  19. Children’s Rights

    Children’s Rights

    Wouter Vandenhole, Gamze Erdem Türkelli, Sara Lembrechts
    This Commentary is a fully up-to-date, solid legal work on children’s rights. It offers a contemporary legal perspective on the inherently interdisciplinary field of children’s rights. It responds to the scarcity of legal commentaries in a landscape where several handbooks covering different disciplines have been published in recent years. It is succinct and seeks to capture the essence, yet offers a sophisticated analysis of children’s rights law and branches out into other disciplines where relevant in light of the recent legal and social developments. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 280.00   Web: $ 252.00
    Availability: In Stock
  20. Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe

    Investment Arbitration in Central and Eastern Europe

    Edited by Csongor Nagy
    Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is the testing ground for investment arbitration in Europe: the majority of the cases against EU Member States are proceedings launched against countries from the region. Despite their relevance, CEE experiences have not been analysed in a comprehensive manner. This book is the first of its kind to present an extensive collection of case law on investment arbitration within Europe. Contributors provide contextual analysis, taking political, economic and regulatory factors in to account, to create an accessible text for practitioners and scholars alike. Learn More
    2019   Hardback Price: $ 310.00   Web: $ 279.00
    Availability: In Stock


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How it works

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Book online with exclusive benefits

  • Get discounts up to 50% and start earning points towards 10€ or 25€ gift cards
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Your table will be waiting for you

  • Go to the restaurant as if you had made a phone reservation
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  • The discount will be applied to the total amount of your final bill

Ala Voliotika is a restaurant in Kallithea offering Greek traditional cuisine. It has all the characteristics of a genuine tavern in Volos. The place has a very relaxing atmosphere, with white tables, stone and old advertisements on the walls, while the menu is extensive and delicious. Try tasty appetizers and let your imagination tarvel to authentic Greek roads and Mediterranean flavors. Try grilled octopus, marinated anchovies, grilled squid. delicious cuttlefish with lemon, fresh mussels, clams and other seafood specialities. Traditional greek spiritis and drinks from Volos will perfectly accompany all flavors. Make a discount reservation at Ala Voliotika tavern through e-table.

Live musicevery Friday & Saturday from 21:30.

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6 Papazahariou St. Kallithea

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Friday - Saturday 20:00 - 01:00
Closed from Sunday to Thursday

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Traditional Tavern

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Cost per person

up to 15€

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WiFi Live music

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Open Access
E3S Web of Conferences
Volume 1, 2013
Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment
Article Number 32010
Number of page(s) 3
Section Heavy Metals in Aquatic Systems II
Published online 23 April 2013
  1. Andrews, S.; Sutherland, R. A. 2004. Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in Nuuanu watershed, Oahu, Hawaii. Sci. total Environment, v. 324, p. 173–182. [Google Scholar]
  2. CETESB, 2001. Relatório do Sistema Estuarino Santos e São Vicente. <> [Google Scholar]
  3. Figueira, R.C.L.; Tessler, M.G.; Mahiques, M.M.; Fukumoto, M.M. 2007. Is there a technique for the determination of sedimentation rates based on calcium carbonate content? A comparative study on the Southeastern Brazilian shelf. Soils and Foundations, 47: 649–656. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  4. US EPA, 1996. Method 3050B - Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils, revision 2, 12 p. [Google Scholar]
  5. US EPA, 2007. Method 6010C - Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry, revision 3, 34 p. [Google Scholar]

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

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Thanks for signing up! We hope you enjoy our newsletter, The Teller.
credit repair service

I Used a Credit Repair Service to Raise My Score: Here’s What Happened

This blog post was written by Ikea H., an Earnest loan coordinator.

I was living in an apartment in my early 30s when I decided to buy my first property. Rather than buy a single-family home, I had a more ambitious goal: I wanted to purchase a multi-unit rental property in Philadelphia.

I was captured by the idea of doing a “house hack” where you live in one of the units as an investment property and rent out the others. I wanted a triplex that would eventually have three tenants. That would also mean three sets of utility meters and triple the amount of complaints.

Many people buy a duplex or triplex, with the idea that the rental income can cover some or all of the mortgage. My plan was to get an FHA loan with a down payment of 3.5%. The requirement for buyers is that you live in the property for at least one year in order to qualify for that kind of loan.

However, my dream started to evaporate when I saw my credit report. (Hint: If you’ve never read your own credit report, it’s a good idea to do it regularly. You can learn more here.)

A few too many credit cards—some of which I had made late payments in the past—meant my credit score was lower than 650, the cutoff for “fair” credit quality. I could still qualify for an FHA loan—but not the amount I had in mind to buy the triplex. My realtor suggested I consider using a credit repair service to get my score back up as quickly as possible.

What is Credit Repair?

These companies offer services to help resolve negative items on your credit report.  Services may have a setup fee and cost around $100 per month ongoing. Everything the credit repair service does is something you can do on your own—the difference is that using a service may save you the time and headache of trying to do it on your own.

While there are reputable companies doing it, there are also many scammers. Before considering a service, it’s important to get a recommendation or do your research first. Beware of any service that makes exaggerated claims like raising your score by 100 points instantly or building a new credit file for you.

Read more: How to Build a Credit Report Mortgage Lenders Will Love

Also take a look at the Federal Trade Commission’s guidelines for repairing your own credit and what to look for in a service.

When contacting a service, ask them what you can expect to see on your report, and how many months you should expect to use the service. A good company should pull and correct your credit report across all three reporting agencies.

If you’ve signed up with the service, the company will additional required paperwork such as a copy of your photo ID, proof of your Social Security number, proofs of your current address, and a signed contract.

In my case, after I signed up for the service, I began getting updates from the credit bureaus in the mail. Some of the negative items I had racked up during my early college years had been completely deleted. Over the next several months, my credit score increased to 670, which enabled me to qualify with a higher debt-to-income for the rental property I had my eye on buying.

In the end, I passed on buying the rental property because the inspection came back with a few too many repairs that were needed.

However, I also learned that your credit report can be fixed. Credit mistakes don’t have to be permanent and you don’t necessarily have to wait the typical seven years for something to drop off your report. There are things you can do right now to make your score and your life better.

Disclaimer: This blog post provides personal finance educational information, and it is not intended to provide legal, financial, or tax advice.


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Hearing Aids

Hearing aids devices fitting for all people hearing loss enhancement,including digital hearing aids,rechargeable hearing aids,BTE hearing aid,in ear hearing aids,Ric hearing aids,bluetooth hearing aids,OTC Hearing aids,invisible hearing aids,TV hearing aids by CE FDA approved.

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Shabby 6 Multi Wire Photo Frame Wall Art

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This Shabby 6 Multi Photo Frame Wall Art is an attractive feature to your beach home.

High quality timber picture frame with frames with glass front .  Beautiful rustic hamptsons style home decorating.

Dimensions: 89 x 68 cm

Colour:  Shabby White

Improve the style of your home and decorate with our Collage Multi Photo Picture Frames Decor Wall Art. Beautiful decorative picture frames for your wall have the ability to add interest to a space in such a beachy way.

Special Order Information: This item is custom ordered and shipping time advised is an estimate. Please Contact Us on 1300 760 664 to check current availability.

Shipping & Delivery: We offer flat rate shipping - $9.95 QLD/NSW/VIC/ACT $12.95 SA $14.95 TAS $14.95 WA* $29.95 NT* Some bulky, furniture items & sculptures excluded. *All orders to remote regional locations, outback WA or NT will be at our discretion. Please see full terms.

Payment Options: We accept Visa, Mastercard, Paypal & Direct Deposit. All payments are processed using the latest SSL encryption technology.

Refund & Return Policy: Please contact us & return the item within 7 days for a exchange, credit or refund. No change of mind refunds on custom orders.

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Evacuation Checklist: Get Your Emergency Exit Plan

  • Nov 08, 2017

What time is it? It’s time to get out. When a hurricane, wildfire, or flood is imminent for your residential area, it’s time to put your evacuation procedures to test. While a lot of time officials give an advanced warning of 12-24 hours, sometimes you’ll only have a few hours or even just a half hour to get out and get moving. Not sure your family will be ready? Keep reading to get prepared.

Are You Ready to Evacuate?

Evacuating is already stressful and inconvenient. It’s even worse when you’re not ready. For example, some of my family members were not ready to evacuate their coastal home for Hurricane Irma and found themselves at a shelter with no food, no bedding, and no dry clothes. If you’re not ready to evacuate, it can be uncomfortable and even dangerous.

That’s why putting a family emergency plan together in advance of emergency situations is your best bet. Being prepared helps reduce stress, keeps family members calm, and ensures that you and your family have the best chances of survival. While professionals already know the best emergency management tips for these situations, it’s important that your family understand them as well.

Emergency Exit Plan Checklist

Get your family emergency plan together by following this evacuation checklist. We’ve broken evacuation procedures down into three areas: The emergency go bag, home preparedness, and severe weather information retrieval.

Emergency Go Bag

In the case of a weather-related disaster that requires evacuation, it’s important to be ready to move quickly. Besides the ability for severe weather conditions to both form and move quickly, it’s also important to note that shelters or surrounding hotels can fill up quickly. The faster your family moves, the better chance you have for being safe and comfortable as you ride out the storm. These bags should have enough supplies to get your family through at least 72 hours once you reach your destination.

  • Water
  • Nonperishable food
  • Prescription medicine
  • Other medicines like anti-inflammatories or allergy medicine
  • Hygienic products
  • Glasses
  • Toilet paper
  • Cash
  • Battery-powered radio
  • Clothing like socks, underwear, and layers
  • Blankets and pillows

Home Preparedness

  • Next on the checklist is preparing your home. You can’t stop Mother Nature, but you can prepared your residence to try and protect some of the things that are important to you.
  • Scan important documents so you have them in case they are destroyed
  • Put documents and family photos in plastic bags and then put those bags in the dishwasher. That should keep them safe and dry.
  • Lock all doors
  • Take any spare keys you may have hidden around the outside of your house
  • Ensure hurricane shutters are in place
  • Unplug electrical equipment except refrigerators unless there is a risk of flooding
  • If instructed to do so, turn of gas, water, and electricity before leaving
  • Leave a note telling others when you left and where you are going

Severe Weather Informational Retrieval

Congrats! You followed the checklist. Now what? It’s time to head to your designated shelter, a friend’s house, or a hotel out of the way of the incoming severe weather. Once your there, it’s important that your or the emergency management officials at the shelter are aware of the changing weather conditions. Ask officials at your shelter if they use a  real time lightning tracker to detect forms of severe weather like flooding, hail, and tornadoes. This is the best indicator of severe weather conditions.

If you lose power, don’t worry. You already have a battery powered radio ready to go. Tune into any program that includes NWS experts and heed their warnings. Do not go back to your home until you are instructed to do so. A lot of the times, people want to go back to their homes after the eye of a hurricane passes, but storm surge can still flood the area in the blink of an eye.


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• Wholesale

Wholesale & Distribution

Are you a wholesaler and interested in selling our products?

Easy-Life aquarium products are leading in many countries. Easy-Life International's success is built on Easy-Life's range of innovative high quality products developed and produced by our university-educated specialists since 1998. Our specialists have years of experience in keeping tropical aquariums and their experience combined with knowledge results often in outstanding and unique professional products like Filter Medium, ProFito or Voogle.

1e Place AGA Aquascaping Contest 2005
Filter Medium: Best Aquarium Product of the Year
ProFito: Best Aquarium Product of the Year

Thanks to the excellent reputation of Easy-Life and excellent efforts of its products, the products are now no longer only used by hobbists, but also by retailers (shop aquariums), zoos, professional maintenance firms and importers and exporters of fish and corals.

Please don't hesitate to contact us to explore possibilities for collaboration in your area.

Download our product catalog

For a complete overview of our aquarium and pond products, please download our latest product catalog here:

Easy-Life Product Catalog 2018USA PDF


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Targeted Training

Our software trainers target your specific requirements in order to tailor their training towards your company or department. Training is provided as part of the implementation process or after EasyPQQ is up and running and new staff join or existing staff are ready to use new features.

Initial training as part of the setup takes key users through the system, from the management of the document library, use of the search engine to collate content to process and team collaboration tools. All the steps from the creation of a document template to the generation of a final, branded document are covered.

Online Video Tutorials

EasyPQQ has been designed to be intuitive, and over 20 tutorial videos are available to our users within the software, covering a range of essential activities and processes. We're always adding to these to ensure as comprehensive a library of tutorials as possible.

User Group Meetings

We run user group meetings on a regular basis, to which all our clients are welcome. As well as discussing new ideas for the software (that can be included in our software roadmap), these meetings give us the opportunity to demonstrate new features first-hand and assist with any queries you or your team may have.

Improving Bids

Not only do we provide training on the EasyPQQ software, but we also provide additional training and consultancy on bid response writing

What our users say...

The storage of all previous bids. It allows us to manage the process efficiently - we can see where people are with responses and also the fact that the answers are stored in of great use to us for future submissions.


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[Editor’s note: This article is reprinted with permission of the author and the publisher. “Universal Design for Learning: Three Aces Up Our IT Sleeves” was originally published in EDUCAUSE Review on February 4, 2019.]

A very short digression about cards

To become top-ranked poker players, aspiring superstars need to develop a core group of card-playing skills that go way beyond “know when to hold ’em, know when to fold ’em.” Experts learn the various combinations of cards that rank higher or lower, as well as how rarely such combinations occur in the game. They understand how various factors influence their confidence in the cards they have been dealt—the number of players at the table, the number of cards that have already been played, how other players are betting, checking, raising, and calling. They can bluff and indicate that they have great cards when really they don’t. All of these ideas and tactics are part of playing the game at an expert level.

Another strategy that you’ve probably seen in movies about the Old West is to hide aces—the best cards—up your sleeve and hope that no one else sees you employ them to put together winning hands. Of course, that’s cheating, and it could get you beat up (or worse).

But in colleges and universities, marshaling resources from unexpected sources isn’t cheating. It’s an expert-level practice. Let’s explore how to find some aces “outside our game” and bring them into our IT work for maximum impact. I promise that almost no one will challenge you to a shootout at high noon.

Aces up our sleeves

College and university information technology (IT) leaders are often in situations analogous to our poker-playing friends. Our goals are to serve student, faculty, and institutional needs through the tools and systems that we adopt. Decisions that we make can hinder or enhance access across the curriculum and interactions among all of our users.

On the yearly EDUCAUSE list of Key Issues in Teaching and Learning, “accessibility and universal design” jumped from 12th place in 2015 to second on the list in 2018 and is 5th on the list for 2019. Most of the advice for IT leaders in this area has focused on accessibility—making sure systems and tools meet the legal requirements for serving users with disability barriers.

That approach allows us to “check the box” to meet requirements, but it seldom moves the needle on the bottom-line concerns of our presidents, provosts, and chancellors: learner persistence, retention, and satisfaction. The concept of universal design for learning, or UDL, applied from an IT perspective, gives us three “aces” that we can use to make those strong public signals and stretch limited IT resources to have an outsized positive impact for our learners and colleagues.

Related: The Bare Bones Basics of UDL: Universal Design for Learning

Ace #1: Interface design

Based on the neuroscience of learning, UDL offers learners three main benefits: multiple means of engagement, multiple means of taking in information, and multiple means of taking action. UDL goes way beyond disability-based accessibility, responding to all sorts of barriers that learners face in whatever interactions they have, not only with content but also with each other, instructors, support staff, and the wider world. Outside in-person conversations, the way that learners engage with colleges and universities is through our web sites and learning management systems (LMSs)—most often on their mobile devices.

One concrete strategy that IT leaders can implement is to adopt consistent navigation elements across systems such as web pages and the LMS. This lowers a barrier of having to learn new “look and feel” elements for each system supported by the institution.

About the Author:

Thomas J. Tobin is the conference programming chair and faculty associate in the Learning Design, Development, and Innovation department at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

Add your opinion to the discussion.