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Tag Archives: mobility

The Knight, His Daughters and His Book (Part II)

Last Sunday I had the pleasure of presenting at the fantastic Imbas conference in Galway. Other commitments meant that I was unable to attend the whole thing but from all reports it was a resounding success. The paper I gave was based on my research on  medieval courtesy literature and the presence of pilgrimage in such texts; in other words, an extension of my previous post on The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry. I also included an analysis of a selection of other short exemplary tales in this paper that I will return to in a future post but for now I will provide a condensed version of the section relating to Geoffroy de La Tour-Landry thus killing two blogging birds with the one stone by providing a concluding part to the previous post The Knight and His Daughters and His Book.

Geoffrey is attentive to the role of true intentions in his book. He emphasises the importance of correct intentions when attending services or going on pilgrimage.  Chapter XXVIII gives an example of “them that usen to clatre, speke, and iangle atte the masse, in whiche thei shuld haue herde the deuyne seruice of God” (40). Geoffroy explains that a holy hermit had a chapel to which many people came on pilgrimage. They did not, however, act in the appropriate manner but talked and “jangled” together. This is again another example of the negative image of pilgrimage at this time, a social occasion where all religious aspects are forgotten or ignored. The outcome of this story, like that of the women who attend jousts and feasts is one which is intended not only to educate but also to frighten the intended audience as demons appear beside those who misbehaved during the service.

The idea of wandering without purpose or with a malicious intention such as gossip or adultery is a concern of the knight’s and, of course, the society in which he lived. A wandering woman is a liminal figure, on the peripheries of society, who was able to upset prescribed gender expectations. According to Sarah Salih, “the opposition between the good woman in the household and the bad woman in the street continues to inform medieval texts of all genres, which write gendered morality in spatial terms” (125). A wandering woman is without intent or purpose and can sometimes be construed as a threat to society, returning once again to the issue of curiositas. Their desire to travel and explore the world resulted in the theory of wandering women who “violated or threatened to violate, the spatial boundaries that defined behaviour appropriate to their gender” (Craig, 23). Therefore, it is no accident that in his book, Geoffroy places two examples of women going on pilgrimage one after another, both with very different intentions. Chapter XXXIII provides “an ensaumple of a countesse that euery day wolde here thre masses” (46). The knight emphasises the true nature and intent of this women in comparison with those who do not attend the prescribed amount of masses. Her dedication to God is reflected in her attendance of three services each day and so neither narrator nor audience feel the need to question or criticise her motives for going on pilgrimage. Going on pilgrimage is almost the cause of her missing one of her three services as her chaplain falls from his horse but God, in response to her devout nature, provides her with the opportunity to meet a saint as she continues with her journey who will say a mass for her. Geoffroy continues to emphasise the humble and sincere character of this women who immediately gives thanks to God for this miracle. She is not a false pilgrim who travels with insincere intentions but rather one who is rewarded directly from God for her devoutness. His daughters have been given the example of a true and worthy pilgrim who does not take advantage of the activity for her own worldly gains.

Chapter XXXIV, however, does not paint pilgrimage or women in such a positive light. It is “an ensaumple of a yong lady that had her herte moch on the worlde” (47). The knight explains that she is married but is in fact in love with a squire. To be with her squire she “made her husbonde to understond that she had uowed in diuerse pilgrimages”. The knight not only reverts to describing pilgrimage as an increasingly more secular activity but it is now also an outlet where the sin of adultery can be easily committed. Geoffroy ensures that the purely secular, worldly motives for this travel in the story are clearly seen. Both the squire and the young lady do not participate in the religious elements of the pilgrimage to a shrine to Our Lady but “they might haue her foly speche and communicacion togedre, in whiche they delited hem more thane to saie praieres or seuice to God, or to hav ani deucion in her pilgrimage” (47). They attend the services associated with pilgrimage but spend the entire time making signs at each other and talking. This behaviour does not escape the attention of God and he strikes down the young lady with a sickness, reflecting the attitude of society as a whole towards adulterous women. She does not leave the place of pilgrimage but begins her path to redemption there. She receives visions which are then interpreted for her by a holy man. This pious figure shares and reinforces the knight’s concern with true intent as he says:

Alle thei that gone on pilgrimage to a place for foule plesaunce more thane deucion of the place that thei go to, and couerithe thaire goinge with seuice of God, fowlithe and scornithe God and oure lady, and the place that their goo to, as ded the squire whanne he come to that place, and that he hadde more plesaunce in hym thane he hadde of the plesaunce of God, or on the pilgrimage that he hede to (50).

The young wife of this tale becomes a good woman, pious and devoted to both her husband and God after this experience and is not tempted by the corrupting force of the squire again. This lady has exemplified the fear of the free and mobile woman. She has used pilgrimage as an excuse to lie to her husband and leave the confines of her domestic duty to commit adultery and put her moral and spiritual welfare in danger. The knight does not portray pilgrimage as the corrupting influence but as the means to commit sin. Pilgrimage is corrupted by those who go without true intent and the statement which Geoffroy attaches to the end of his story serves as a warning to those who wish to go on pilgrimage:

And therefor here is an example that no body shulde go in holy pilgrimages forto fulfelle no foly, plesaunce, nor the worlde, nor flesshely delite. But thei shulde go enterly with herte to serue God; and also that it is good to praie for fader and moder, […] for thie impetrithe grace for hem that be alyue. (51).

This story, which the knight has recounted for his daughters, portrays pilgrimage as a force which can have negative effects on marriage and the family if undertaken for the wrong reasons. Pilgrimages occur outside of the safety of the domestic environs, in the liminal space outside of society’s boundaries and Geoffroy uses the diversity of pilgrimage as a literary device to emphasise the dangers and temptations of this particular space especially for women.

For anyone interested in the great postgraduate conference, Imbas and the speakers who presented this year, please click on this link http://www.nuigalway.ie/imbas/Imbas_2012/imbas2012.html

Works Cited

Craig, Leigh Ann. Wandering Women and Holy Matrons: Women As Pilgrims in the Later Middle Ages. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Print.

Salih, Sarah. “At Home; out of the House.” The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Women’s Writing. Ed. Caroline Dinshaw and David Wallace. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. N. pag. Print.

Filed under Conference, Middle English Literature, Pilgrimage

The Knight, His Daughters and His Book (Part I)

Ah yes, that time of year is upon us again. A chill in the air, leaves rustling along the path, happy new students rushing about campus with their new books and of course the feelings of absolute fear and dread that accompanies the realisation that you are now one year into your research. Now que the terror that maybe you could have done more over the year, made more groundbreaking discoveries etc. Yes, this bleak place is where I now find myself, overwhelmed by the year to come and underwhelmed by my own work in the year gone by. Maybe a quick post taken from a small section of my earliest work on family and  pilgrimage in courtesy literature will help or maybe send me further into the doubtfulness associated with the second year blues. The following piece is based on my research on The Book of the Knight of La-Tour Landry. It is a short introduction to the courtesy text and I will hopefully add two follow-up posts containing more of my findings on the text. It has its problems, but any thoughts or suggestions regarding this piece would be greatly appreciated.

Written in French in the time between 1371 and 1372 by Geoffroy de la Tour-Landry, the Livre du chevalier de la Tour-Landry was no exception to this ever-growing interest in moral, social and spiritual instruction within the family and domestic environment and bears some similarities to The Goodman of Paris. It was a popular text and more than twenty versions exist in different manuscripts. Though William Caxton translated and printed an edition of this text in 1484, which he called The Book of the Knight of the Tower, I am more interested in the anonymous Middle English translation, The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry which was completed during the reign of Henry VI. I will not, however, ignore Caxton’s text entirely but will use it as a comparison tool from time to time. The translation that is central to my research on courtesy literature, pilgrimage and the family is The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry. This is found in a manuscript in the Harleian collection, MS 1764, in the British Library and though the editor of the printed translation I am using, Thomas Wright, is writing from a nineteenth century perspective, he does identify that this particular version “displays much more freedom, and is more correct [than Caxton’s translation]”. (xiv). Even though this may be true and Caxton’s translation is overly “literal”, Wright also brings our attention to the fact that this “superior” text is from an imperfect manuscript, meaning that Caxton’s text cannot be overlooked.

Geoffry’s warnings extend to the anxiety of the patriarchal system at the time: the mobility of women. The domestic boundaries were beginning to break down during the Middle Ages with women becoming increasingly active in the public domain through the running of businesses, attending public events and of course travelling and going on pilgrimages. This, however, proved a problem for those possessing the belief that women should not leave the confines of their home without a good reason, for example to attend mass. The Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry follows this belief to a certain degree but does not explicitly say “women should never leave the home”. Geoffroy dedicates chapter XXV to “ladies who go to justs and pilgrimages”. Pilgrimage, though only mentioned in the title of this section is linked to jousts and feasting, secular activities of purely entertainment value. Pilgrimage in some respects had descended into a form of entertainment by the time Geoffroy had written his book of instruction. It had become merely another social occasion where his daughters’ names could be compromised and necessitated a warning.  He does not command his daughters to stay at home. He does, however, use examples of women possessing poor discretion at such occasions to frighten them but also gives them advice on what to do if they find themselves in a position where they have to attend social gatherings. In his translation of this text Caxton does not make any reference to pilgrimage in this chapter title. The advice provided is almost identical to that of the anonymous text but the missing reference to pilgrimage here may demonstrate how religious travel had declined in the public’s opinion in Caxton’s time.

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Filed under Medieval, Middle English Literature, Pilgrimage


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Archive for October 15th, 2008

The day in Twitter

October 15, 2008
  • 04:21 Hey, at least I don’t have to go to Stereo for another seven years! #

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It’s got a light side, a dark side, and it holds the universe together

October 15, 2008

Anyone who’s worked in a bar will tell you that standard plasters are literally no use in the event of gashing your hands open. Good to see the rest of the world’s catching up.

Duct tape bandages – Boing Boing

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Electrician service Loring Montana

Electrician service Loring Montana

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Electric Vehicles Research
Posted on November 24, 2017 by Dr Peter Harrop

Huge New Market as Cities, Buildings Go Electricity Independent

Avoid the grid! Although the national grid is the preferred source of electricity in most countries and the aspiration in others there are now powerful forces pushing the other way. So called self-healing, self-organising networks like the internet, the airport system across the world and national grids were thought to be just that - very resilient against failures from poor maintenance, terrorism and natural disasters - but network theory tells us nodes form and they are very vulnerable. Take out Heathrow and Chicago O'Hare and you largely cripple global air travel for quite some time. Take out just two major power stations in a country and you cripple electricity supply.
With an increase in extreme weather events caused by mankind, houses and businesses were grateful to have diesel gensets or solar with battery to fall back on and this has become more of the selling proposition though increasingly there are cost benefits as well. Indeed, the situation is being turned on its head with the grid being used merely as backup. 70% of people will soon be in cities with 80% in prospect by 2050, so this becomes an urban story and the focus is now how to make your own urban electricity. Further impetus comes from inadequate maintenance of many national grids due to cost and the fact that, increasingly often, it is becoming cheaper to create off grid supply instead of extending a grid to more of a sprawling city.
Needless to say, the focus is now on zero emission production of this electricity. Wrongly, the initial impression is of ugly retrofit photovoltaics on grid-connected houses and small wind turbines that are stationary most of the time. It is rare for the mightily publicised Tesla solar roofing with their Powerwall battery to give a good payback, so what is really possible to give at least some independence from the national grid or at least zero emission backup for it? Are we talking only of trivial amounts of energy like kilowatts? Is it not just a case of invisible Building Integrated Photovoltaics BIPV consisting of unaffordable options such as solar wall cladding and integral roofing viable one day and only when incorporated from the start of new designs?
No on all counts. The choice is enormous and power levels already run up to over ten megawatts per installation and there is more city electricity to be made away from urban buildings that on them. There is a huge Saudi Aramco car park in Dharan Saudi Arabia. The 10.5MW of solar car shelters shade the cars, keeping them cool and the power provides all the electricity needs of the huge office complex next to it plus charging electric cars. In cities, solar roads are half as efficient as roof top panels because of the ruggedization surface and obscuration by traffic but they will make 2-10 times the power because the parking areas, walkways and roads in a city have that much more area. Currently, just parking in a city takes at least 10% of the area of a city. Las Vegas casinos have saved a great deal of money by starting to make all their electricity from nearby solar farms they own.
The new IDTechEx Research report, Electricity Generation by Urban Infrastructure: Zero Emission 2018-2050 has a host of new infograms, forecasts, roadmaps and technology comparisons embracing activities of 241 organisations. This report is intended for urban planners, legislators, architects, electricity utilities, technology developers and users. It shows how we have entered a golden age where beautiful and sometimes invisible Building Integrated Photovoltaics BIPV is a practicality rather than an expensive dream. A host of new technologies are appearing, some invisibly retrofittable like solar window coating and glass that powers its own electrically-operated darkening for privacy and climate control. This hugely increases the addressable markets. We show how this can be on a national grid, simply using the grid as back up or fully off grid.
This report starts with a comprehensive Executive Summary and Conclusions, sufficient in itself for those in a hurry as it explains definitions, microgrids to megagrids, good and bad practice, technology preferences and futures with 12 pages of detailed forecasts at the end. After the introduction chapter putting it all in contest, there are chapters on urban wind energy including a full appraisal of Airborne Wind Energy to be first commercialised in 2018, urban photovoltaics including how we shall achieve transparency and doubling efficiency, BIPV in action then self powered multifunctional windows and glass. The seventh chapter appraises electricity generating roads, paths, fences, lamp posts and the report closes with a good look at urban blue energy. The emphasis is in on commercialisation and emerging options with real depth. Indeed, it is the first to give a twenty year roadmap of the whole picture, importantly also embracing the campus, not just the buildings, because, for example, solar paths, fences, road furniture (bus and vehicle charging shelters, signage, lamp posts) and roads must also be considered as a major part of the electricity generating package.
The emphasis is analytical not evangelical. Consequently, although we appraise the many new forms of photovoltaics from that three times as efficient to flexible and/or transparent PV for windows. We also look at complementary technologies coming along. For example, a solar road can also capture movement using piezoelectrics and vertical wind turbines down the centre of a road can harness wind from traffic. These are all development programs not just dreams but we throw in some dreams as well because this is a subject where dreams today become practicality tomorrow. Do you want to help emerging nations to prosper without pollution? Do you desire freedom from national grid problems and prices? These and other questions are answered from the point of view of what buildings and their immediate environs can contribute.
Although there are over one million small wind turbines generating electricity across the world, most are a disappointment because low level wind, particularly in the urban environment, is usually weak, very intermittent and turbulent. By contrast, on an urban island, even the largest wind turbines with integral energy storage by water make great sense. More speculatively, Airborne Wind Energy using tethered drones may usefully generate 30kW-1000kW from the top of a high rise building if someone can make it safe for passing aircraft and those on the ground. Most cities are on a river or by the sea so they and urban islands will make electricity from many promising new forms of "blue energy" under development as we describe in this report. Overall the major trends are identified as being off grid and integration.
Off grid
Many new technologies make zero emission electricity production very attractive for off grid use by individual buildings up to the city as a whole. For more on this see the IDTechEx Research report, Off-grid Zero-emission Electricity 2018-2038: New Markets, New Technology Roadmap. Other options include geothermal which is not necessarily zero emission and not usually urban.
Structural electronics is the replacement of dumb load-bearing and protective structures with ones that serve two purposes or more such as load-bearing/ protective skin (mechanical) plus electronic/ electrical. See the IDTechEx Research report, Structural Electronics 2017-2027. Integrating wind turbines into buildings has been a failure but integrating water turbines into river bridges, jetties etc is practicable. Most important is building integrated photovoltaics BIPV which is now a viable reality in many forms. Tesla says its solar roof can be the same installed cost as a regular roof. Transparent solar windows are being widely installed not just photovoltaic wall cladding. Trials of solar roads and barriers look promising. Motion harvesting roads are more of a maybe and they will be piezoelectric or electrodynamic if successful. They might be combined with solar road technology.
Only the new report, Electricity Generation by Urban Infrastructure: Zero Emission 2018-2050 critically covers the whole urban electricity generation picture focussing only on zero emission and looking forward all the way to 2050. It is a very exciting story, assessed and predicted by the many multi-lingual, PhD level analysts at IDTechEx who travel the world on your behalf. Our approach is creative, based on our industrial and academic background in this subject and best practice in other industries that can be transferred to urban infrastructure. The report is complementary to our energy harvesting, off-grid and other reports.
Learn more at the next leading event on the topic: Electric Vehicles: Everything is Changing. USA 2018 External Link on 14 - 15 Nov 2018 at Santa Clara Convention Center, CA, USA hosted by IDTechEx.
Dr Peter Harrop

Authored By: Dr Peter Harrop

Posted on: November 24th 2017


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Convenience stores in Elmira, Ontario, Canada

Many convenience stores in Elmira, Ontario are conveniently located near you. Find the nearest location! Get driving directions for every convenience store location in Elmira. Write a review to rate convenience store. Get customer phone numbers, opening hours for every convenience store in Elmira.

All convenience stores in Elmira


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Indian Ocean Times - only positive news on indian ocean

Mauritius: More than 618,000 kilos of the Mauritian pineapple exported on the French market

The Mauritian pineapples are popular on the French market. Thus, between January and September 2014, mainland France has imported 618,183 kilos of pineapple from local producers for a total cost of 44 million rupees. *
Other countries such as the Netherlands (11 million rupees), Switzerland (7.2 million rupees) and Belgium (3.2 million rupees) also import Mauritian pineapple to supply the shelves of supermarkets where their customers are always happy to savor the sweet juicy exotic fruit to perfection.

More from Indian Ocean Times :
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Thursday, March 29th 2018 - 19:20 A visit to the paradise island, ile des deux cocos

Friday, September 15th 2017 - 22:46 Mauritius at the UNWTO General Assembly


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Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics

  (Redirected from List of 2012 Summer Olympics venues)

The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics venues were mostly located in the host city of London, though some other events required facilities located elsewhere. Between the successful bid and the Olympics and Paralympics themselves, several details and venues changed.

Sporting venuesEdit

The 2012 Games used a mixture of newly built venues, existing facilities and temporary facilities, some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. In the wake of the problems that plagued the Millennium Dome, the intention was that there would be no white elephants after the games. Some of the facilities are being reused in their Olympic form, while others were constructed so that they could either be reduced in size or moved elsewhere in the UK. The plans were intended to contribute to the regeneration of Stratford in east London which is the site of the Olympic Park and of the neighbouring Lower Lea Valley.

The venues within Greater London were divided into three zones: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition to these were venues that, by necessity, are outside the boundaries of Greater London.

The IOC has a number of major blue-chip sponsors for the Olympics, who are entitled to have their name exclusively associated with the event. As a consequence, any other company that provided sponsorship was not permitted to use its name or branding during the games, which includes as part of the name of any venue. Thus, three Olympic venues were temporarily renamed for the duration of the Games:

Olympic Park ZoneEdit

The Olympic Zone encompassed all of the facilities within the 500 acres (2 km2) Olympic Park in Stratford. This park was developed on existing waste and industrial land, and is seven minutes by Olympic Javelin train from central London. The park contained in the following below:

Aerial view of the Olympic Park in April 2012
Venue Permanent/
Sports Capacity Ref.
Olympics Paralympics
Aquatics Centre Permanent Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming), Swimming, Synchronized Swimming Swimming 17,500 [1][2]
Basketball Arena Temporary Basketball, Handball (medal round) Wheelchair Rugby, Wheelchair Basketball 12,000 [2][3]
BMX Track Permanent1 Cycling (BMX) 6,000 [4]
Eton Manor Permanent Wheelchair Tennis 10,500 [2][5]
Copper Box Permanent Handball, Modern Pentathlon (fencing) Goalball 7,000 [2][6]
Velodrome Permanent1 Cycling (track) Cycling (track) 6,000 [2][7]
Riverbank Arena Temporary2 Field Hockey Football seven-a-side, Football five-a-side 16,000 [2][8]
Olympic Stadium Permanent Athletics, Ceremonies (opening/closing) Athletics, Ceremonies (opening/closing) 80,000 [2][9]
Water Polo Arena Temporary Water polo 5,000 [2][10]

1: - As part of Lee Valley VeloPark
2: - Hockey facilities moved to Eton Manor

  • The Olympic Village, with accommodation for all athletes and team officials (some 17,320 beds in total). After the games the village will become a district of the Stratford City development, a multibillion-pound development project on the former railway goods yard to the east of the Olympic Park. (Accredited technical officials — referees, umpires, etc. — are housed in hotel space in London Docklands).
  • The Olympic Press and Broadcast Centres.
  • Park Live

The original plan called for the construction of five new indoor arenas, four in the Olympic Park, and one in the River Zone (see below). In order to save money this was reduced to two. The existing venues at Earls Court and Wembley Arena were added to the plans, and various sports were shuffled around to make this possible.

The construction of the Olympic Park itself commenced in 2006, with Murphy Group awarded the contract to remove the powerlines which crossed the site and move these into a tunnel to be dug beneath the site. Civil engineering companies Morrisons and Nuttalls were appointed to undertake the demolition and land remediation works, under the project management of WS Atkins. The pace of this speeded up with the closure of the roads crossing the Olympic Park in June 2007. The construction phase of the Olympic Park was managed by CLM, a consortium comprising CH2M Hill, Laing O'Rourke and Mace. This consortium is officially titled Delivery Partner, ODA. The earliest construction of venues commenced in April 2008 with the start of the main build on the Olympic Stadium by McAlpine, with the nearby energy centre to be constructed by EDF Energy. Work on the Aquatics Centre began later the same year. During the construction phase the workforce on-site is expected to peak at 9,000 operatives.

Accidents during construction of the venues resulted in no deaths - the only time this has happened in the history of Olympic construction.[11]

River ZoneEdit

The River Zone features four main venues in the Thames Gateway area straddling the River Thames:

Venue Sports Capacity Ref.
Olympics Paralympics
ExCeL Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Table Tennis, Taekwondo, Weightlifting, Wrestling Boccia, Judo, Powerlifting, Table Tennis, Volleyball (sitting), Wheelchair Fencing from 5,000 to 10,000 [2][12]
Greenwich Park Equestrian, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running, shooting) Equestrian 23,000 (OG)
6,000 (PG)
North Greenwich Arena Basketball (final), Gymnastics (artistic, trampolining) Wheelchair basketball 20,000 (OG)
18,000 (PG)
Royal Artillery Barracks Shooting Archery, Shooting 7,500 (OG)
5,000 (PG)

In the initial plan for the River Zone, a temporary 6,000 seat capacity facility to be called North Greenwich Arena 2 was to have been built alongside the O2 to host the badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events. However, the cost led to alternatives being suggested, eventually leading to the cancellation of the arena and the transfer of its planned events to Wembley Arena instead.[16]

Central ZoneEdit

The Central Zone is formed out of all the remaining venues within Greater London. They are quite widely spread across central, west and south London:

Venue Sports Capacity Ref.
Olympics Paralympics
All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Tennis 30,000 [17]
Earls Court Exhibition Centre Volleyball (indoor) 15,000 [18]
Horse Guards Parade Volleyball (beach) 15,000 [19]
Hyde Park Swimming (marathon), Triathlon 3,000 [20]
Lord's Cricket Ground Archery 6,500 [20]
Marathon Course Athletics (marathon and race walk) Athletics (marathon) Not listed. [21]
Wembley Arena Badminton, Gymnastics (rhythmic) 6,000 [22]
Wembley Stadium Football (final) 90,000 [23]

Outside Greater LondonEdit

Five of the venues are outside Greater London:

Venue Location Sports Capacity Ref.
Olympics Paralympics
Brands Hatch Swanley, Kent Cycling (road) [24]
Dorney Lake Dorney, Buckinghamshire Canoeing (sprint), Rowing Rowing 30,000 maximum (OG)
6,000 (PG)
Hadleigh Farm Hadleigh, Essex Cycling (mountain biking) 20,000 (includes 3,000 seating) [26]
Lee Valley White Water Centre Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire Canoeing (slalom) 12,000 maximum [27]
Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy Isle of Portland, Dorset Sailing Sailing 4,600 (OG)
17,400 (PG)

Football stadiumsEdit

The earlier stages of the Olympic football competition were played at football stadia around the United Kingdom shown in the table below. As stated above, both football finals (men's and women's) were at the 90,000 seat Wembley Stadium:

Venues Location Capacity Ref.
City of Coventry Stadium Coventry, England 32,500 [30]
Hampden Park Glasgow, Scotland 52,000 [31]
Millennium Stadium Cardiff, Wales 74,600 [32]
Old Trafford Manchester, England 76,000 [33]
St James' Park Newcastle upon Tyne, England 52,409 [34]

The Olympic and Paralympic villageEdit

Difficulties experienced by developers Lend Lease[35] in raising funds for the village (the single largest project in the 2012 scheme) resulted in the scale of the village being reduced by almost 25%.[36] This was achieved predominantly by providing accommodation for London-based athletes only. Those competing in events outside London were to be housed elsewhere. Following the athletes' experiences in Beijing 2008 (and in particular through comments concerning athletes' welfare by International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge) this compromise was to be reconsidered whilst pressure built for the finance deal to be resolved.[37]

Transport and infrastructureEdit

The Olympic Javelin service

Public transport, an aspect of the bid which scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation, has seen numerous improvements, including the expansion of the East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line, and the new Olympic Javelin service. It is almost impossible to assess how many of the proposed improvements would have happened in any case. The games were won without a commitment to deliver Crossrail by 2012. This is the largest transport project proposed for London, and it was widely assumed in the early stages of the bidding process that the games could not be won without a guarantee that it would be completed before the games.

During the games, 80% of athletes are within 20 minutes of their events and 97% are within 30 minutes of their events. Together, all the planned National Rail, light rail, and underground services (excluding Crossrail) are expected to deliver around 240 trains every hour.[38] Olympic volunteers and staff picked up their uniforms and accreditation at the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre.

Changes to the original bidEdit

Regent's Park was planned to host the softball and baseball events, but the IOC chose not to run those events.

Windsor Park in Belfast, Northern Ireland, was included as a football venue in the IOC questionnaire submitted in 2004, but excluded in the final candidature file.

On 7 June 2006, a revised masterplan for the Olympic Park was announced. The most significant change was the relocation of the volleyball events from a new Olympic Arena to the existing venue of Earls Court, which is several miles to the west. The revision also involved the re-organisation of the park shuffling the Basketball, Cycling, Fencing, Tennis and Field hockey venues in addition to the Press and Broadcast Centre. This move was designed to remove the need for the relocation of 80 businesses and to provide a more coherent legacy for the sporting venues.

Another change was the relocation of the badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events to Wembley Arena in north-west London, instead of a proposed new venue near North Greenwich Arena in .[citation needed]

Two venues to be developed outside central London have been also relocated from the original bid sites. The Broxbourne canoe venue was marginally re-sited following the discovery (in October 2007) that the proposed Spitalbrook site was contaminated,[39] while in February 2008 the Weald Country Park was deemed insufficiently challenging for elite mountain biking. It was announced in August 2008 that the revised venue would be at Hadleigh Farm, also in Essex.

In August 2009, Villa Park was withdrawn from the list of venues for the football competition, due to uncertainty over Aston Villa's redevelopment plans for the stadium, and was replaced by the City of Coventry Stadium in Coventry.[40]

  1. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the Aquatics Centre Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n London 2012 daily competition schedule Archived 4 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Kent Sport Leisure and Olympics Service, Retrieved 11 January 2011
  3. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the Basketball Arena Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  4. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the BMX Track Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  5. ^ London 2012 Paralympics profile of Eton Manor Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  6. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the Copper Box Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  7. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the London Velodrome Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  8. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the Riverbank Arena Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  9. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of Olympic Stadium Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  10. ^ London 2012 Olympics profile of the Water Polo Arena Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  11. ^ "Exploring the Record-Breaking Health and Safety Performance of the 2012 Olympic Games".
  12. ^ profile of ExCeL. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  13. ^ profile of Greenwich Park. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  14. ^ profile of the North Greenwich Arena Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  15. ^ profile of the Royal Artillery Barracks Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  16. ^ Wembley Arena to host badminton & gymnastics in 2012 – BBC News, 26 May 2010
  17. ^ profile of Wimbledon (All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  18. ^ profile of Earls Court. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  19. ^ profile of the Horse Guards Parade. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  20. ^ a b profile of Hyde Park. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  21. ^ "London Landmarks To Star in Olympic Marathon Spectacular" 17 November 2004 article Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  22. ^ profile of Wembley Arena. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  23. ^ profile of Wembley Stadium. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  24. ^ London 2012 announces Brands Hatch as Paralympic Road Cycling venue. Retrieved 20 May 2011
  25. ^ profile of Dorney Lake (Eton Dorney). Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  26. ^ profile of Hadleigh Farm, Essex. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  27. ^ profile of Lee Valley White Water Centre. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  28. ^ profile of Weymouth and Portland. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  29. ^ Dorset for you – Olympic Sailing Ticket Holders. Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 21 March 2012.]
  30. ^ profile of City of Coventry Stadium. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  31. ^ profile of Hamden Park. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  32. ^ profile of Millennium Stadium. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  33. ^ profile of Old Trafford. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  34. ^ profile of St. James' Park. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  35. ^ London 2012 Games village deal seen by year-end Reuters Accessed 8 October 2008
  36. ^ London 2012 Olympic village funding to be settled by end of 2008 following reduction in scale Associated Press Released 11 July 2008
  37. ^ 2012 Games will be under budget BBC News Retrieved 31 August 2008
  38. ^ (2005). Olympics. Retrieved 27 November 2005
  39. ^ New Canoeing venue in Broxbourne confirmed for the London 2012 Olympic Games Press Release, 16 April 2008
  40. ^ "Villa Park pulled out of Olympics". BBC News. 10 August 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.

External linksEdit


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Narodowe Muzeum Morskie w Gdańsku

Current language

The museum complex on the Motława river

Shipwreck Conservation Centre

Shipwreck Conservation Centre with Studio Warehouse in Tczew, a new branch of the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk, was built in 2016. This is one of the few places in the country where you can get acquainted with the techniques of the construction of the old boats and ships, learn about the history of Polish sailing and observe the Museum's conservators at work.

Project - funds and cooperation
Shipwreck Conservation Centre project costed over 22 million zł, 85% of which came from the Norway Grants and 15% from the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. Project was realised in cooperation with two Norwegian institutions: Norwegian Maritime Museum in Oslo and Museum of Cultural History - University of Oslo.

Facility: Tczew city address
Located in the centre of Tczew, the Shipwreck Conservation Centre borders with the Vistula River Museum, an institution dedicated, among other things, to the economic exploit of the river. It's here that, after World War I, the first Maritime School was founded, and the construction of a sea port was planned. The site of the new branch only three years ago housed the museum conservation workshop. The conservators of the contemporary National Maritime Museum worked in the difficult conditions inside the buildings and temporary warehouses of the former near-factory workshops.

The building - modern and open
Shipwreck Conservation Centre combines in its form the historical, industrial context of the neighboring 19th-century buildings with the modern architecture. A new branch of the National Maritime Museum was designed by the architects from FORMA architekci Ltd., under the managment of Ms. Aleksandra Wojtczak-Duch. Skanska SA company was the investment's contractor.
The building consists of the two overlapping solids, the shape of which reflects the division into two basic parts: Conservation Workshop and Studio Warehouse, connected to each other through the communication department and a few offices.
Building was designed and constructed with due respect for the environment: appropriate materials were used, renewable energy sources utilised, i.e. the system of flexible photovoltaic cells on the roof. One of the main spaces is the studio warehouse, adjusted for touristic purposes, where the relics are displayed with help of the steel substructure with a system of electric chain hoisting winches and special lifting slings. The location follows the principle of openness, that is to say allows for the visitors to participate in the Museum's daily working routine.

Relics – treasures from the Baltic Sea
The construction elements and relics excavated from the wrecks explored by the NMM Underwater Archaeology Department, including 16-meteres keel, keelson, fragment of the board, anchor and part of the cargo from the fifteenth-century wreck, so-called "Copper Ship", are exhibited in the studio warehouse. Particularly impressive is the wall of the warehouse with a collection of dugouts, boats and kayaks from the museum collections. Displayed as well are historic yachts: "Opty" on which Leonid Teliga single-handedly circled the earth as the first Pole, "Dal", the first Polish ship to sail to the United States with Andrzej Bohomolec, Jerzy Świechowski and Jan Witkowski on board, and welded ship "Kumka IV" - a relict of the old Polish engineering ideas.
Other part of the warehouse studio is equipped with a partly glazed, sliding shelves where the smaller exhibits - pieces of the cargo and marine equipment - can be seen. With the help of mobile apps and computer workstations you can find out more about places where the relic was found as well as its history and construction.

Edukacja w CKWS

Conservation - setting the global standards
Conservation Workshop possesses the equipment essential to the process of the relics' conservation, ranging from their protection in the place of excavation to the preventive treatment. Large size hall, without any separating walls and operated by an overhead crane with a lifting capacity of 5 tons, allows for the conservation and installation of large-scale relics. Well-equipped workshops - blacksmith-locksmith and boat building-carpentry - allow for the proper reconstruction of old boats and ships and the mobile platforms expedite the monitoring and conservation of the relics hung at the exhibition.
Shipwreck Conservation Centre in Tczew has one of the best research equipment in the community. Our technology for the conservation of wet archaeological wood, a specialized bath system for conservation processes, as well as metal preservation technology - blast machine and micro blast machine for removing rust deposits on the metal relics - are top-notch facilities. X-ray laboratory and scanner, accelerating and facilitating the processing of X-ray images, are also a world-class machinery.

Education - virtually and for children
Shipwreck Conservation Centre in Tczew is also a thriving educational institution with an attractive offer for pupils and younger kids. Only here our visitors can find out how the work of underwater archaeologist looks like and learn about the exhibits’ journey from the seabed to the museum display cases. Interactive educational stations will assure an entirely unique experience.
One of the main attractions of the Shipwreck Conservation Centre, also dedicated for the educational purposes, is the augmented reality (AR) - technology used by cultural institutions all around the world. Using the app, available for mobiles with Android and iOS systems, you can watch special presentations describing i.e. the historic yachts or the side of a medieval ship, as well as conduct the conservation of the objects excavated from the shipwrecks.
The Virtual Maritime Museum, which is a set of apps that are available both for the desktops and mobile devices, can be considered a vital part of the project as well as a special platform supporting the educational activities and facilitating access to the information about the National Maritime Museum in Gdansk and its collections.

Mobile apps (Google Play)
Mobile apps (App Store)
Mobile apps (Microsoft Store)

More information about the CWKS project

Project "Shipwreck Conservation Centre with Studio Warehouse in Tczew – construction of new cultural infrastructure of the National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk" is being conducted as a part of the Conservation and Revitalization of National Heritage Programme and has been co-financed by the Norway Grants and EEA Grants from Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, as well as by Polish national funds. The total cost of the project is 22 million Polish zloty. The project is conducted due to the Polish-Norwegian cooperation with the Norwegian Maritime Museum in Oslo and the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo.

Dofinansowano ze środków
Programu Wieloletniego Kultura+


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Mamnoon-Xi discuss regional security, global issues

President Mamnoon Hussain called on his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping on the sidelines of SCO Summit in Qingdao today (Saturday).
Matters pertaining to bilateral relations between Pakistan and China came under discussion during the meeting. They also discussed regional security situation and global issues.
Mamnoon Hussain congratulated XI Jinping on his selection as Secretary General, Communist Party of China for the second time.
He also felicitated his Chinese counterpart on successful conduct of SCO Summit in China.
The President said that China Pakistan Economic Corridor is an important part of Belt and Road Project.
The Chinese President welcomed Pakistan’s representation in the Organization as a member. He also appreciated the role of Pakistan in elimination of terrorism.


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Home Improvement Magazine

Rate of the Week: Best Houston Green Electricity Plan

By Texter

Houston Green Energy

Best Green Energy Rate in Houston

In this Texas electricity provider comparison, we will track down and highlight the best greater municipalities Houston Green Energy Rates available. We narrowed down our search after reviewing numerous providers’ price disclosures (EFL). We then chose as the best environmentally friendly plan, the Green Energy 12 month contract from the utility provider Champion. This plan offers an average price per kilowatt-hour of 9.5¢ at the 2,000 kWh usage rate. What is versatile about this plan is that the rate does not go drastically up as usage plans go down. Lower usages were at an average price of 9.7¢ per kWh for a 1000 kWh plan, and 10.3¢ for 500 kWh’s. The plans renewable power content (Wind, solar, and hydroelectric dams) is at a 100%. For the consumer who‘s not only out for the cheapest electric company price around, but is also looking to significantly reduce their carbon footprint – this plan is a natural fit.

Other green plans that we looked into from several different competing companies, were a penny or so cheaper, but charged excessive early termination fees; such as $20.00 dollars for every month that is left on the consumer’s contract. Whereas, the Green Energy 12 plan charges a standard early termination fee of $150.00; this fee can be waived, though, by providing adequate proof that a valid move happened. IE: Moving out of state, etc. This was one of the most liberal early termination policies that we could find, outside of a month-to-month contract.

The other month-to-month plans that we could find were all over 10¢ per kWh at a 2,000 kWh usage level. A 1,000 kWh plan was also still high at around 9.9¢ per kilowatt-hour, and 500 kWh’s at 10.9¢ for the cheapest, no contract plan we could find. They also tended to put extra requirements on their contracts, like Tree-free billing and Auto-pay only. This made a 12-month green plan with Champion a better economical choice in the long run, especially with their liberal early termination policy.

What also impressed us about the Champion utility company was that it had a very high consumer review rating at 4.3 out of five stars. It excelled across the board in every category including price, plans, and promotions, customer service, and had a very high 4.7 overall satisfaction rating. Though just over a decade in business the company is one of the largest electric providers in the country. It serves many deregulated markets across the entire nation. Champion professes to adhere to straightforward pricing practices and to maintain a high customer service standard. This claim seemed to be substantiated by the high industry ratings and positive consumer reviews that we found.

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Destinations Magazine

This Weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

By Nessascityblog @nessascityblog

Here’s the Google Map for this weekend!

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

BATS (English speaking theater in Antwerp) hold their monthly open evening at their Little Theatre and bar on Paardenmarkt. Swing by from 8.30pm to find out about their current program or about getting involved with one of their productions.

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April
Kunst In Huis  ©Artur Eranosian

It is Slow Art Day – go and take a look at the works on show at Kunst in Huis Antwerpen, Montignystraat 18-20. Kunst In Huis (Art In The Home) acts as an art library. If you register with them you can borrow (or buy) modern artworks for affordable prices.

You can pick up the pace a bit on Saturday night from 9pm at the HAVN Church (Italielei 8) with Zurenborg Beats – sounds provided by DJs from bars around Dageraadplaats. 5 euros in before midnight.

If you are an RAFC fan you probably don’t need to be told that today the club and its entourage will be making its way through the town and to the Bosuil stadium as it marks its return to the Belgian first division after 13 years, with a victory parade. This begins at 10.45 on Grote Markt.

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April
pick up a bargain at Steegsken 6

You are spoiled for choice today if you like to rummage. Here are your second-hand market options:

Second hand clothing and fashion sale at Parkloods from 11 -6pm.

If you are in the old town, swing by Steegsken 6 for a small garage sale which is well worth a visit -throughout April, on Sundays from 11 -6pm. I picked up some nice shades and a new Converse bag there last weekend, for an absolute steal …

Fleamarket and second hand goods on Sint Jansplein from 9am, and at Kinepolis from 10am

And they are freecycling ( a ‘geefplein’) at Costa Sint Andries from 11am where the motto is ‘you give what you can; you take what you need” -bring your own unwanted goods to donate to others who can use them.

Also on Sint Jansplein -last day of the funfair.

For a quieter Sunday afternoon (2pm -6pm), you can take part in a guided walk for free through Berchem (from E.Rijckaertplein at the entrance to Berchem Station) courtesy of Natuurpunt and learn about the trees that grow in this area. Pre-registration is preferred via [email protected]

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

Hurrah!  Markt van Morgen is on Kloosterstraat again from 12 -6pm, and they are 10 years old this year. This market offers clothing, jewellery, accessories, stationery and household goods made by local creatives. There are always snacks and drinks available, and it is a great place to pick up a special card or gift that you won’t find in the high street

(pic courtesy of Markt van Morgen).

The weather is set to be dry, mild and cloudy on Friday and Saturday, but will get quite a bit warmer and sunnier on Sunday, with a possible top temp of 20 degrees.

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April
The Beast

You may have noticed a huge inflatable dinosaur on Astridplein. For three euros you can enter “The Beast” …

If you have kids aged 7-13 on their Easter break and needing to fill their days, they can do so at Speel -O-Rama for just 2 euros per day from Monday 10th April -Thursday 13 April (inclusive) 10am-4.30pm over at Kiel. There’s a swimming pool there, so make sure they take their swim things and a towel.

Don’t forget to find and follow Nessascityblog on …

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

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This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

This weekend: 7th, 8th & 9th April

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Breaking News

21 People Treated In Hospital After Attack On Russian Ex Spy

A composite file photo of Sergei Skripal (left) and his daughter Yulia

British police say at least 21 people, including officers, have been treated after exposure to the nerve agent used to attack former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter near a U.K. shopping center.

Wiltshire Police Chief Kier Pritchard on March 8 said that a number of the victims "have been through the hospital treatment process...They are having blood tests, they're having treatment in terms of support and advice."

Three of the victims remained hospitalized, a police official said, identifying them as Skripal, his daughter Yulia, and police Sergeant Nick Bailey, who responded to the incident.

Skripal, 66, and his 33-year-old daughter were listed in "critical" condition four days after they were found unconscious on a bench outside a shopping mall in Salisbury after stopping at a restaurant and pub in the southern English city.

Bailey, who was among the first on the scene, was awake and talking, but his condition remains serious, Home Secretary Amber Rudd said.

"He’s not in intensive care, but it is a serious situation," she said, declining to give any further details on the exact nature of the nerve agent used.

Officials did not immediately explain how the others might have been exposed to the substance.

Britain's chief medical officer, Sally Davies, said the general public was not necessarily at high risk, but experts said nerve agents are dangerous and extremely volatile.

A spokesman for British Prime Minister Theresa May said the poisoning was an "appalling and reckless crime.”

Rudd, meanwhile, told parliament that the use of a nerve agent on British soil was "a brazen and reckless act" but that Britons must avoid speculating on who was behind it.

"This was attempted murder in the most cruel and public way," said Rudd, Britain's top police official. "But if we are to be rigorous in this investigation, we must avoid speculation and allow the police to carry on their investigation."

Rudd said British authorities "will respond in a robust and appropriate manner once we ascertain who was responsible."

ALSO READ: Name Your Poison: Exotic Toxins Fell Kremlin Foes

"We are committed to do all we can to bring the perpetrators to justice, whoever they are and wherever they may be," she said.

A police officer who was among the first on the scene was also harmed but is now awake and talking, Rudd said earlier on March 8 on British radio, adding that his condition remains serious.

British Home Secretary Amber Rudd
British Home Secretary Amber Rudd

"He’s not in intensive care, but it is a serious situation,” she said, but declined to give any further details on the exact nature of the nerve agent used.

Skripal, a retired Russian military intelligence colonel, was one of four prisoners released by Moscow in exchange for 10 U.S. spies in 2010, as part of a swap.

Counterterrorism officers are working to find the origin and type of the nerve agent used in the attack.

ALSO READ: Toxicologist: Lab With 'Military Capability' Likely Made Poison Used On Russian Ex-Spy

The statements from the prime minister and home secretary came after Mark Rowley, head of Counterterrorism Policing, first announced on March 7 that the illnesses were being treated "as a major incident involving attempted murder, by administration of a nerve agent."

Rowley's statement ended days of uncertainty about whether the incident was an attack or an accident.

Nerve agents such as sarin are highly toxic chemicals that disrupt the nervous system and shut down bodily functions.

The substance used on March 4 was likely to be rarer than sarin or VX nerve agents, the BBC reported on March 8, citing an unnamed source.

Skripal was arrested in Moscow in December 2004 and convicted by a Moscow military court in August 2006 of "high treason in the form of espionage."

He was found guilty of passing the identities of Russian intelligence agents working undercover in Europe to Britain's Secret Intelligence Service, or MI6, in return for $100,000.

Russia’s Federal Security Service (FSB) alleged he had begun working for MI6 while serving in the army in the 1990s.

The incident in Salisbury has drawn comparisons with the 2006 death of former Russian security agent Aleksandr Litvinenko in London.

ALSO READ: Weeks Before Skripal Incident, Litvinenko's Wife Warned Of Russian Reach

A British inquiry has concluded that the Russian government was behind Litvinenko's death and that President Vladimir Putin "probably approved" the killing. Russia has denied any involvement.

Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson has warned that any involvement of a foreign government in the incident in Salisbury would not go "unpunished."

Aleksandr Litvinenko
Aleksandr Litvinenko

Johnson told Parliament on March 6 that Britain might step up sanctions against Russia if it finds that Moscow was involved. He also suggested that Britain could reconsider its participation in the soccer World Cup in Russia this summer.

The Russian Foreign Ministry has accused British politicians and journalists of using the case to drive "anti-Russian" sentiment and disrupt relations between London and Moscow.

Relatives of Skripal were quoted in the British media as saying that some of his family members died in recent years under mysterious circumstances.

They told the BBC Russian Service that the ex-spy believed that "Russian special services might come after him at any time."

Skripal's son Sergei, 44, died on a visit to Russia last year of an unknown illness, The Times newspaper reported, while The Guardian reported that Skripal's wife died from cancer shortly after her arrival in Britain in 2012.

The Times reported that Yulia Skripal lived in Britain in 2010 after her father was released in a spy swap with Russia, but she later moved back to Moscow and was working for PepsiCo Russia. She returned to Britain to visit her father last week, it said.

With reporting by Reuters, AP, and BBC