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grand piano

The acoustic piano is a musical instrument that makes sound through the mechanical movement of a keyboard, hammers and strings. It is used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment. The piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal. Read more at Wikipedia.org

History of piano building in Canada.

The Piano Time Line: A Chronological History

Types of Pianos

Piano Glossary

The Piano Glossary includes terms used by knowledgeable piano tuners and rebuilders. Sources: Forte Piano Company, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

How to Buy a Piano

Location for a Piano

Grey Market "Wet" Pianos

History of the Piano

  • Square Grand Pianos For nearly 150 years, Square Grand Pianos were the Piano of choice in both America and Europe

Find the Serial Number of a Piano

Once you find the make and serial number of a piano, you will be able to find the year the piano was made.

How Old is Your Piano?

  • How Old is Your Piano? from bluebookofpianos.com. The age of your piano is determined by the serial number. You can find the serial number on the inside of your piano on the iron frame near the top of the strings and tuning pins.
  • How Old is Your Piano? from Antique Piano Shop. "The most accurate way to determine the age of your instrument is by its brand name and serial number. There are a handful of historical publications that are used in the industry to cross reference brand names with serial numbers in order to target dates of manufacture."
  • Pierce Piano Atlas was first published in 1947 and is now in its 12th edition. Each new edition is authoritatively expanded and updated to include new information on current manufacturers as well as additions to the history of manufacturers long out of business. More than 12,000 names are listed, providing ready reference to serial numbers, dates of manufacture, factory locations, a brief history of many manufacturers and other pertinent information.

Recommended Piano Dealers

The following are recommended piano dealers in the Toronto GTA.

  • Merriam Music located at 2359 Bristol Circle, Oakville ON phone: 905-829-2020 Piano brands sold include Google Map

Piano Dealers

The following are piano dealers in the Toronto GTA. Use at your own risk.

  • Best Piano located at 495 Champagne Dr., Toronto, Ontario, M3J 2C6 phone: 647-247-8944 Piano brands sold include Google Map.

  • Grand Touch Piano Restoration Dwight Pile operates Grand Touch Piano Restoration in Elora, Ontario N0B 1S0. phone: 519-831-6635 He sales some used painos. Is the primary rebuilding facility for Yamaha Music Canada.

  • Music Gallery located at 1800 Appleby Line, Burlington, ON L7L 6A1 Piano brands sold include Cable Nelson and Yamaha. phone: 905-639-4465 Google Map

  • MusicM located at 7035 Maxwell Rd, Mississauga, ON L5S 1R5 phone: 416-558-1088 Piano brands sold include Google Map

  • Ontario Pianos located at 1292 Eglinton Ave East, Mississauga, ON L4W 1K8 phone: 905-625-1616 or1-855-625-1616 Piano brands sold include Google Map

Burlington, ON L7L 6B5 phone: 1-888-742-6681 Piano brands sold include Young Chang, Niemeyer, Hobart M. Cable, Sherlock Manning and used Yamaha, Kawai and Samick.

  • The Piano Studio located at 69 Davis Drive, Newmarket ON L3Y 2M9 phone: 905 895 1844. Sells Roland and Yamaha digital pianos.

Piano Brands

There are many brands of pianos made in the world today. Some piano companies have gone out of business after many years. Larry Fine has a list of piano brands. "In the end each piano has to be judged on its own merits, but a well known manufacturer is a good place to start. One primary reason for putting a great deal of skill and effort in restoring a piano is that the technology of pianos has not in any significant way evolved since the turn-of-the-century. Many older pianos have irreplaceable cabinetwork, which can make them much more attractive instrument for restoration. Unfortunately pianos in general have not enjoyed the appreciation in value of other antiques and collectibles. The decision to restore a family piano should be made in most Instances not because the piano may go up in value, but because the piano when properly restored it can be enjoyed for many years to come. " - Robert Lowrey's Piano Experts, Toronto, Ontario

  • Baldwin built in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA since 1857. The Baldwin Piano Company is the largest US-based manufacturer of keyboard instruments, most notably pianos. It is now a subsidiary of the Gibson Guitar Corporation. The founder Dwight Hamilton Baldwin started the company in 1857. When Baldwin died 1899 he left his estate to fund Christian missionary causes.

  • Bechstein built in Berlin, Germany. "C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik AG (FWB: BEP) (also known as Bechstein) is a German manufacturer of pianos, highly regarded for their concert grand pianos as well as upright pianos. Carl Bechstein founded the company in 1853. Artcase pianos were commissioned by interior designers for royal palaces and fancy mansions. Artists and craftsmen were hired by C. Bechstein to make special pianos decorated with gold, hand-carved details, and hand-painted art on the piano case. The Beatles used a Bechstein concert grand piano for recording Hey Jude and the White Album tracks Dear Prudence, Honey Pie, Savoy Truffle and Martha My Dear, I Want You (She's So Heavy) for the album Abbey Road, all at Trident Studios.Elton John recorded "Your Song" and many other tracks on a handmade Bechstein concert-sized instrument that was over one hundred years old at Trident Studios in London. Oscar Peterson played and owned a Bechstein throughout much of his career. (Wikipedia.
    How old is my Bechstein Piano?

  • Bell Piano and Organ Co. was established by by Robert and William Bell in 1864 in Guelph, Ontario The Bell piano had a distinctive full sound. Pianos produced in the period from 1900 to 1920 were as good as the best uprights made anywhere in the world. Strung with heavier gauge strings than most pianos of equivalent size, the builders added a very heavy frame to take the extra tension exerted by the heavier strings. The grand pianos that were produced were mediocre. Due to the rural nature of Canadian society in early part of the Twentieth Century the market for grand pianos was quite small. The firm also produced pianos and organs under the brand names of 'Diploma' and 'Guelph'. Bell built a full line of pianos and reed organs until the turn-of-the-century era. By the first part of the 20th Century, the firm had all but discontinued organ manufacturing and added player pianos to their product line. Around 1928, the firm was sold to John S. Dowling of Brantford, Ontario. In 1934, Lesage Pianos Ltd of Quebec acquired the rights to the Bell name. They produced pianos under the Bell brand in the 1960’s and 70’s. Sources: Thomas Lawrie, History of Bell Pianos by Thomson Lawrie in the Canadian Encyclopedia and The Antique Piano Shop.

  • Bosendorfer built in Vienna, Austria "Each Bösendorfer grand piano is the product of not only over a whole year’s work but also expertise passed down from generation to generation since the company was founded in 1828. Our focus is on highest quality. This applies to the materials as well as for the competence of our highly trained piano makers." A Bosendorfer requires a year to be made and is virtually entirely made by hand. The Bosendorfer company is now owned by Yamaha (Forbes, 2007, BusinessWeek.com, 2008). More from Larry fine at PianoBuyer.com.

  • Boston is a mid-price ranged piano designed by Steinway & Sons. They are manufactured in the Kawai piano factory in Hamamatsu, Japan. These pianos are manufactured with Steinway's wider tail design and patented Octagrip pinblock. Steinway allows only its authorized Steinway dealers to carry Boston and Essex pianos.[

  • Brodmann Joseph Brodmann pianos are made in Austria or in China from entirely German components overseen by Austrian craftsmen. Ignaz Bösendorfer studied in the workshop of Joseph Brodmann from the age of 19 years, where he finished his apprenticeship. In 1828 Ignaz Bösendorfer the most famous of all Austrian piano builders took control of the Joseph Brodmann piano workshops which was then considered to be the most innovative and modern piano factory in Europe. "Joseph Brodmann was best known for his development work on piano soundboards. He is credited with greatly improving the necessary stiffness of the soundboard, so needed to withstand the increased string tensions demanded by the pianists of the day and therefore preventing the soundboard from tearing or splitting."

  • Essex piano is designed by Steinway & Sons. They only allow its authorized Steinway dealers to carry Boston and Essex pianos. Essex are entry-range market and are cheaper than Steinway and Boston pianos. Essex are made at the Pearl River piano factory in Guangzhou, China. Essex pianos incorporate some of the features of Steinway pianos too like a wider tail design, an all-wood action with Steinway geometry with rosette-shaped hammer flanges, and reinforced hammers with metal fasteners. read more from Piano Buyer.

  • Estonia The Estonia Piano Factory was founded in 1950 by Ernst Hiis in Tallinn, Estonia. "The bass strings manufactured by our factory and the accompanying structural solutions give the piano its sound characteristics. In order to acquire the necessary depth for romantic music, the body of a Estonia piano is thick and made from strong and rigid wood. The rigid body keeps the energy in the soundboard. The varied thickness in the soundboard design, the correct soundboard crown, and the accurate placement of the bridge - all of these are a part of the secrets of the Estonia sound." They use the Renner actions, "chosen for their high performance by professional pianists. Louis Renner GMBH & Company, founded in 1882 in Stuttgart, Germany, makes their actions according to our specifications."

  • Heintzman & Co. Ltd. Piano manufacturing and retailing business was based in Toronto 1866-1978 and relocated in Hanover, Ont, 1978-1986 under the amended name Heintzman Ltd. It was founded by Theodore August Heintzman (b Theodor August Heintzmann, Berlin, 19 May 1817, naturalized Canadian 1886, d Toronto 25 Jul 1899 (see Plot 1, Lot 10 Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto) who had been apprenticed to the piano-building trade about 1831. Henry E. Steinway came to the USA in the same year. It is not likely that Heintzman spent all his Berlin years in the piano trade, for various biographical sketches refer to him as a machinist, an instrument-maker, and a cabinet-maker, and one source even claims that he drew the patterns for the first locomotive built in his native city. See the Patent no. 2915 "Improvements on Piano-Fortes," Theodore A. Heintzman Filing year 1873. By 1890, the firm was one of Toronto's largest manufacturing concerns, employing more than 200 craftsmen and producing 1000 pianos per year. There were 18 branch stores and 13 distributors, from coast to coast, and the export trade was significant. Two competing companies were acquired when their heads retired in 1927: that of Theodore August's nephew Gerhard Heintzman, and the Nordheimer Piano & Music Company.
    In January 1981 Heintzman Ltd was sold by the family to Sklar-Peppler Inc. of Hanover, Ontario, and was operated by Sklar-Peppler as a subsidiary under the Heintzman Ltd name; it redesigned, rescaled and re-engineered both upright and grand pianos, and by 1985 750 uprights and 40-50 grands were produced annually. In 1986 The Music Stand, an Oakville-based franchise music retail chain, purchased from Sklar-Peppler (who retained the Hanover factory.property) the patents and trademarks of Heintzman Ltd., as well as the remaining inventory, which it marketed. However in 1990 a Federal Court judge ruled that it could not place the Heintzman nameplate on pianos built in South Korea and the USA, which it imported for sale in Canada."- Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. More info from Thomas Lawrie Piano Technician. More info from Wikipedia. See Heintzman & Co. Ltd. History and original Heintzman & Co. Ltd. advertisements from The Antique Piano Shop in Friendsville, Tennessee. How old is my Heintzman & Co. Ltd. Piano piano?

  • Heintzman Piano Company purchased the original drawings, scale designs and production equipment from the estate of Heintzman & Co. Ltd. Piano. The factory was established in Beijing, China in August 1989. Heintzman Piano Company is a totally independent joint-venture company owned by Chinese and Canadian shareholders.

  • W. Hoffmann are made by C. Bechstein Europe Ltd. (former Bohemia Piano Ltd.), Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. In the early 1990s, Bechstein acquired the names and factories of Euterpe, W. Hoffmann, and Zimmermann. Pianos with these names are currently being sold in Europe, but only W. Hoffmann is sold in North America.

  • Kohler and Campbell are manufactured in Indonesia by Samick (SMC). Originally, Charles Kohler and John Calvin Campbell joined forces in New York in 1896 to create the Kohler & Campbell Industries, Inc.

  • Knabe is made in Korea "after collaboration with famed European manufacturer Bechstein, they represent the highest standard in all of Asia". Today, the WM. Knabe is the premium piano for Samick Music Corporation. Originally, was founded by Wilhelm (William) Knabe who was born in Kreuzburg, Germany in 1803. Knabe learned the art of cabinet and piano making through apprenticeships, dedication and hard work. Then he immigrated to Baltimore, Maryland, USA and built high-quality grands, uprights, and squares. A WM. Knabe piano was used for the official opening of Carnegie Hall in 1891. In 1926, Knabe was chosen to be the official piano of the New York Metropolitan Opera.

  • Mason & Hamlin Founded in 1854 in Boston, Massachusetts, they first worked on a new instrument called an organ harmonium. named after Henry Mason, a pianist and son of Lowell Mason (considered as the "Father of American church music"), and Emmons Hamlin, an inventor and mechanic. In 1930, due to economic problems, Mason & Hamlin became a part of the Aeolian American Piano Company. They started manufacturing Mason & Hamlin pianos in 1945 at East Rochester, New York, the location of the Aeolian American plant. The company changed ownership several times, filing for bankruptcy in 1995. A year later, Gary and Kirk Burgett, brothers and owners of PianoDisc, bought the company. The Burgetts now own and run the Mason & Hamlin piano company. Gary Burgett is a music educator and pianist while Kirk is a technician and piano rebuilder. Source: masonhamlin.com

  • Mason & Risch was established in 1871 in Toronto by the former A. & S. Nordheimer accountant Thomas G. Mason, with Vincent M. Risch and Octavius Newcombe. From 1871 to 1877 it imported and sold music and instruments. Risch supervised piano tuning and repairs. The first piano was built in 1877. A year later the Mason-Risch-Newcombe partnership was dissolved, and Mason & Risch continued their business association, developing a cross-country retail chain (which later included the distribution of records and talking machines) and making extensive sales abroad. In appreciation for the piano, Liszt sent Mason & Risch a life-size portrait of himself in 1881. By 1900 the company had built some 20,000 pianos; by 1950, over 65,000.
    Their motto "Great Is The Privilege Of Achievement" reflected the craftsmanship of the company. The upright pianos that Mason & Risch produced from the turn of the century into the 1920’s stand as a fine examples of the best of the piano makers art. The pianos of this era featured fine cabinetry. Many of their uprights had full agraffes right up to the last note in the treble section. This is a feature that is normally only found in grand pianos and they are usually only found in the mid section of the piano.
    Some of the Mason & Risch grand pianos made in the first half of the Twentieth Century were fine musical instruments and are good candidates for rebuilding. In 1948 Mason & Risch was sold to Winter & Co. a division of the American giant, Aeolian Mfg. USA but continued to manufacture pianos in Toronto under the Mason & Risch name. The cross-Canada retail network was terminated with the closing in 1949 of the Vancouver outlet, but that same year Mason & Risch (Winter & Co) bought Sterling Action & Keys Co of Brantford, Ont. In 1959 the Winter family purchased the controlling interest in the US Aeolian Corp and set up Aeolian of Canada, a holding company for Mason & Risch. In 1969 Mason & Risch purchased the George Dansereau & Sons Lumber Mill in Grenville, Que. In 1971 the Sterling Action & Keys Co was closed, and in 1968 the Toronto factory was moved to new premises in Scarborough, from which it continued to manufacture Mason & Risch uprights until the early 1980s. After 1950, however, all grand and player pianos were manufactured in the USA and exported (to Canada and elsewhere) by Aeolian. Quality fell sharply by the mid 1950’s under the new management . By the 1970’s they had slipped to the point of producing pianos that were more pieces of furniture than musical instruments. By the time they ceased operations in the 1980’s there were few in the piano business that were sorry to see them go, especially piano technicians.
    Mason & Risch also produced pianos under - Canadian Piano Company, Cameo, Cecilian, Chopin, Classic, Eaton, Gerhard, Ennis, Haddon Hall, Henry F Miller, Henry Herbert, Harmonic, Homer, Kreisler, New Scale Williams, Mozart, Schubert, Steinbach and Sterling. They also distributed Hallet & Davis, Harrington, Kranch & Bach, Mehlin & Son, Preston and Wadsworth. Sources: The Canadian Encyclopedia -Historica-Dominion and Ontario Pianos Inc. and Thomson Lawrie Piano Technician.

  • May Berlin is manufactured in China according to Schimmel specifications and standards. The company says it sends soundboard wood and hammer felt for grand pianos to the factory in China. When completed, the pianos are inspected in the factory by a top Schimmel technician who travels to China every few weeks.

  • Nordheimer Piano & Music Company Limted "began in Kingston, Ontario, when brothers Abraham and Samuel Nordheimer opened a piano dealership in 1842. A few years later they moved to Toronto, and quickly became one of the Dominion’s top dealers of sheet music world-class pianos. Starting in 1858, Nordheimer was Canada’s official seller of Steinway pianos, and the two remained associated with each into the 20th Century. In the late 1880s Nordheimer began manufacturing their own pianos. By 1910 Nordheimer manufactured 11,000 pianos in Canada to 21,500 by 1912 When Samuel Nordhiemer died in 1912 his estate was worth 1.5 million dollars. In 1927 Heintzman purchase the company and produced Nordheimers until the mid 1960'a. Heintzman's top pianos were produced under the "Heintzman & Company" brand, with the "Gerhard Heintzman" brand being next, then the "Nordheimer" brand. Brands that were produced for them, and sold with a "From Heintzman & Company" decal were Gerhard, Weber, Stevenson. Their Junction factory remained in use, however, manufacturing pianos under the Nordheimer name for Heintzman and Co., another prominent Toronto-based piano manufacturer. Sources disagree as to when Heintzman ceased the Nordheimer line, with the latest date given being 1960. It is believed that a total of 27,846 Nordheimer pianos were produced, the bulk of them at the Junction factory. " Source: breakingprojects.com and thecanadianencyclopedia.com

  • Perzina Gebr. Perzina has been making pianos since July 1, 1871 in Lenzen, Germany

  • Pramberger Joseph Pramberger founded the company. Today Pramberger is made by Samick Musical Instrument Mfg. Co. Ltd., Inchon, South Korea; and Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.

  • Samick was founded in 1958 as a distributor of Baldwin pianos. Pianos produced by Samick with the Samick and Kohler & Campbell labels are distributed by Samick's wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, Samick Music Corporation. Hyundai and Maeari pianos are purchased directly from the Samick factory in Korea by Hyundai and distributed by North American Music. D.H. Baldwin pianos are purchased from the Samick factory in Korea by Baldwin Piano & Organ and sold through Baldwin dealers. Samick also makes Otto Altenburg pianos for a piano dealer of the same name in Elizabeth, NJ; Bernhard Steiner pianos for a dealership of that name in Dallas, TX; Grinnell Bros. pianos for Hammell Music, a Detroit‑ area piano dealer; and Schultz & Sons pianos for a dealer of that name in New York City. Source: bluebookofpianos.com.
    How old is my Samik Piano?

  • Sauter Johann Grimm, the founder of the company, learned the trade of piano making from Johann Andreas Streicher in Vienna, who built Beethoven´s instruments. The Sauter piano firm was founded in 1819 by Johann Grimm, stepfather to Carl Sauter I, and has been owned and managed by members of the Sauter family for six generations, currently by Ulrich Sauter. The factory produces about 800 vertical pianos and 120 grand pianos a year in its factory in the extreme south of Germany, at the foot of the Alps. Structural and acoustical parts are made of high-quality woods, including solid Bavarian spruce soundboards and beech pinblocks. Actions are made by Renner, and Sauter makes its own keys. Sauter pianos are especially known for the variety of finishes and styles in which they are available, many with intricate detail and inlay work. It is common to find such rare woods as yew, burl walnut, pyramid mahogany, and genuine ebony in the cabinets of Sauter pianos, as well as special engravings, which can be customized to any customer's desires. Source: pianobuyer.com
    How old is your Sauter piano?

  • Schimmel is Germany's largest piano maker and the best selling German brand. Wilhelm Schimmel established his own workshop in Leipzig and produced his first piano at early 1885. In 1927, his son Wilhelm Arno Schimmel took over the management of the company and relocated the site to Braunschweig (Brunswick). Schimmel uses 300 year-old mountain spruce for their soundboards: Schimmel is the official piano of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra's Music Director, Peter Oundjian.
    How old is my Schimmel Piano?

  • Sherlock-Manning was last Canadian piano company to go out of business (circa 1991). The pianos were built in Goderich, Ontario, then London, Ontario. A new owner began manufacturing the pianos in Japan and selling them from Oakville. Read more from Thomson Lawrie Piano Technician.

  • [Starr Piano Company] was established in Richmond, Indiana in 1872. The pianos were manufactured under the labels of Cumberland, Duchess, Gennett, Krell, Minum, Tayser, Royal, Pullman, Remington, Richmond, Coronado, Schmoller & Mueller and Starr.

  • Story & Clark were originally made in USA since 1857. Today they are made by Samick Musical Instrument Mfg. Co. Ltd., in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. Story & Clark pianos and player piano now comes standard with PNOscan, a state-of-the-art MIDI optical sensor strip invisibly installed under the keys, as well as discretely placed USB and MIDI ports. Story & Clark pianos give you the ability to connect with new MIDI devices, personal computers and the Internet and take advantage of new technology as it develops. QRS was founded in 1900 by Melville Clark (of Story & Clark piano fame) who developed the player piano as we know it today. QRS supplied music rolls to the player piano market, with production peaking in 1927. In 1986, QRS began focusing on new technologies, and in 1989 released its first digital retrofit player piano kit under the Pianomation™ name.

  • Vogel is made by German manufacturer Schimmel in Kalisz, Poland.

  • Yamaha built in Japan. Yamaha began circa 1900 when a young entrepreneur named Torakusu Yamaha set out to craft a high-quality reed organ. Before long, the company he founded had not only gone on to manufacture Japan's first piano, it had also gained recognition abroad: In 1904, a Yamaha piano and organ were awarded an Honorary Grand Prize at the St. Louis World's Fair.
    How old is my Yamaha Piano?

  • Young Chang is a Korean manufacturer of pianos and industrial wood working machinery, headquartered in Incheon, South Korea. Young Chang also currently holds 50% of the Korean piano market. It produces and markets the Bergmann, Weber and Pramberger models, and used to manufacture the Essex line for Steinway & Sons. Report from bluebookofpianos.com. The Wikipedia entry.

Piano Examples

This 5" 2' G-452 Wurlitzer piano was made by Young Chang in 1989. The serial number is 2056462. For a number of years, Young Chang made Wurlitzer brand verticals and grands in Korea which were marketed in the United States by Baldwin Piano & Organ. The Wurlitzer brand pianos were reportedly identical in construction to their Young Chang brand counterparts. The Wurlitzer electric piano was used on these songs.

Piano Tuning

Piano Regulation

Regulation is the adjustment of the mechanical parts that make up the action, keyboard, and trapwork, to compensate for wear in the cloth, and dimensional changes in the wooden parts. Regulation ensures that a piano is capable of producing a uniform touch, fast repetition, and wide dynamic range. With over thirty-five points of adjustment per note in a grand piano and twenty-five in an upright, regulation is a skilled job that takes a considerable amount of time to complete.
A need for regulation may show its ways for many ways. Inability to execute fast passages or legato touch may mean your piano needs regulating, rather than that you need to practice more, and bubbling or blocking hammers can destroy the tone of any instrument. An unregulated piano will not only perform poorly, but may have a shorter life span. Unnecessary and uneven wear develops as parts become misaligned and those that meant to push start to punch; and hammers break if they are unable to escape the pianist's finger pressure before they hit the string. Source: Forte Piano Company, Detroit, Michigan, USA

Caring for a Piano

Read your piano manufacturer’s manual and follow all advice. Have a piano technician check over, voice and tune your piano.

The cabinet can be cleaned with a damp T-shirt. Use plain water. Ask your technician how to polish your piano. A piano that is not tuned and played will lose value. A piano that is tuned faithfully and played regularly will sound better and retain more value as an instrument.

Cleaning the soundboard is best done with a vacuum cleaner hose held *just above the strings* on a grand piano. Don’t touch anything with the hose. The back of an upright can be carefully vacuumed with a brush attachment. Small dry paint brushes can be used in conjunction with vacuuming in the corners if your technician has given you some training. Please have the technician remove foreign objects from your piano. The bottom of an upright is where the dust settles.

Controlling moisture is the main thing. Installing a humidifier system with a "humistat" can be of great help. These contraptions fit inside the piano and maintain a constant level of around 40% relative humidity by adding or subtracting moisture as required. Source: Master Piano Technicians

One great favor you can do for your piano is climate control. Whether by room or whole house, stable temperature and humidity will help keep a piano in good shape. Source: Pete Summers Piano Tuning

"Tuning means correcting the pitch of every note by retightening the strings. Each piano string is normally stretched to a pressure of about 90 kilograms (198pounds). Eventually, though, it will stretch further with use and lose some of its tension, causing the piano to lose its correct pitch. The strings need to be tuned a minimum of twice a year to restore them to their proper tension.

Adjustment involves the entire piano action, keyboard and pedal movements. Proper adjustment is especially important for grand pianos. Whether the piano will perform properly or not depends on how accurately the adjustment is made." Source: * Yamaha Canada.

"The second most important thing you can do for your piano after tuning, is to control the humidity in the environment that the piano is being kept in. There isn’t a piano made that will stay in tune if it is exposed to dramatic swings in humidity. The parts of a piano are made of metal, felt and wood. The cast iron plate and steel strings are not greatly affected by high humidity or extreme dryness. But the felt and wood components will swell with rising humidity or shrink when the air dries out." Source: Thomson Lawrie Piano Technician.

Piano Repair

  • Piano Forums from pianoworld.com. Ask questions of piano users, dealers and repair technicians.
  • PianoSupplies.com sells piano parts, benches, moving equipment, tuning tools, metronomes, cleaners and more.
  • André Bolduc of Pianos Bolduc uses Canadian and Quebec white spruce to make soundboards and Canadian maple pinblocks. Among its clientele are such prestigious names as FAZIOLI of Italy, SAUTER of Germany, BALDWIN and MASON & HAMLIN of the United States, as well as PRAMBERGER and HEINTZMAN.
  • [http://www.grandtouchpiano.com/ Grand Touch Piano Restoration} in Elora, Ontario

Recommended Piano Technicians

  • Erin, Hillsburgh: Lee Tocher Piano 519-855-4984

Piano Movers

Always select a professional piano mover to move your piano. Do NOT use a regular household mover.

Piano Lessons Online

  • PianoLessons.com is a free resource for pianists that are interested in expanding their musical abilities.
  • Wikipiano was launched in September 2008 with the aim of indexing as many piano scores as possible. It also aims to be an archive with free music lessons and piano recordings, covering any style, at various levels of difficulty. Source: <http://wikipiano.wikidot.com>
  • Piano Lessons by PianoTricks.com by Christopher Schlegel has free online piano lessons with online sheet music, mp3 example sound files and video demonstrations.
  • Piano Chord Creator from pianoworld.com
  • Piano Chords from lessonrating.com
  • Piano Scales from lessonrating.com
  • Left Hand Piano from lessonrating.com. Shows left hand boogie bass and left hand walking bass

Piano Training Courses

  • Learn & Master Piano is designed primarily for adults. You will begin playing popular songs right away and then develop your skills using a simple step-by-step progression.
  • "Piano System: How to Play Piano by Ear" by Nate Bosch. Includes DVDs with instruction and examples.
  • "Piano Adventures®" Nancy and Randall Faber have combined their backgrounds as composer and performer to become leading supporters of the piano teacher and student. The husband and wife team has authored over 200 publications, including the bestselling PreTime® to BigTime® Piano Supplementary Library and the acclaimed method Piano Adventures®.
  • Pianoforall uses a unique combination of Keyboard Diagrams, Musical Notation, Audio and Video so that you learn by a process of ‘Visual Association’.
  • Piano Wizard is a game that incorporates music before theory method that is inline with the way we naturally learn.
  • Rocket Piano helps you to read music, how to improvize, how to play Jazz and Gospel, and how to play with the magic and "feel" of a professional.
  • Hear and Play piano lessons by ear from Jermaine Griggs.
  • Simply Music developed by Neil Moore an Australian for piano and keyboard program. The program is used by music teachers. They also publish a Learn-at-Home DVD series for beginning students.

Piano Music and Method Books

  • Prima Music web site is designed especially for the music teaching community, and features an extensive collection of lesson and supplemental books, sheet music, and teaching aids. Based in Brooks, GA, U.S.A.
  • PianoSpot.com provides a variety of sheet music and music books, all for piano, as well as an extensive collection of reference books and accessory items.
  • How to Start Your Own Piano Teaching Studio by John M. Zeigler.


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© Jan 2011 Volume 14 Issue 1, ECIME 2010 Special Issue, Editor: Miguel de Castro Neto, pp1 - 166

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The Global Commerce Initiative (GCI) established the Global Upstream Supply Initiative (GUSI) in order to provide a standard framework for consumer goods manufacturers and their suppliers of ingredients, raw materials and packaging to better integrate across a number of supply chain processes. Without Internal Data Alignment, for example, Global Data Synchronization (GDS) will definitely not improve business performance and will, in fact, magnify the negative impact of poor quality data. What’s more, collaborative initiatives such as those included in Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) will not be economically deployable on a wide scale without the consistently accurate and available information that will result from an Internal Data Alignment program. GDS is based on a global network of data pools, or electronic catalogues, which are all inter‑operable and compliant with the same business requirements and standards. Interoperability means that a manufacturer can publish a product and partner data on one single Data Pool without having to worry about the fact that customers may select different Data Pools to access the data. Integrated Suppliers is a concept for improving the part of supply chain between manufacturers and the tiers of suppliers of ingredients, raw materials and packaging. By sharing information both parties are able to exercise judgment on costs, quantities and timing of deliveries and productions in order to stream line the production flow and to move to a collaborative relationship. GUSI underlined the long term policy on the use of Standards as a key success factor to achieve upstream e‑supply integration. Before exchanging information, partners must agree on product identification. This is a part of the data alignment step defined by GUSI. The UIM (Upstream Integration Model) offers common business processes and data interchanges to support interoperability between manufacturers and suppliers.

Keywords: Global Standards, Information Alignment, Consumer Goods, GLN, Global Location Numbering, GTIN, Global Trade Items Numbering, GDS, Global Data Synchronization, Integrated Suppliers, UIM, Upstream Integration Model, GUSI, Global Upstream Supply Initiative

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Journal Issue

Volume 14 Issue 1, ECIME 2010 Special Issue / Jan 2011  pp1‑166

Editor: Miguel de Castro Neto

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miguel_neto Dr Miguel de Castro Neto is presently Associate Dean at the Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão de Informação of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ISEGI‑UNL), where he is Invited Assistant Professor. He is editor of the Journal of Information Technology in Agriculture (JITAg), member of the Editorial Advisory Board of Online Information Review journal, and Scientific Advisor of the Revista Brasileira de Agroinformática.  Miguel de Castro Neto holds a PhD in Agronomic Engineering (Universidade Técnica de Lisboa) in the field of Internet‑based agricultural information systems, a Masters degree in Agricultural Economics (Universidade de Évora), a Masters degree extension in Statistics and Information Management (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) and a degree in Agricultural Engineering (Universidade de Évora).His research interests include Business Intelligence, Knowledge management and Social Computing.

This special edition of the EJISE includes thirteen selected papers presented at the 4th European Conference on Information Management and Evaluation ‑ ECIME 2010 which were considered the most important contributions to the advances in the information systems evaluation field of study.

The conference was held at Instituto Superior de Estatística e Gestão from the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ISEGI‑UNL), Lisbon, Portugal, and the broad topics proposed to be addressed by ECIME 2010 included: evaluation topics; management topics; e‑Government topics; new technologies, innovation and infrastructures; development topics; ethics and philosophy topics; and general topics.

These topics where covered by the presentation in the conference of 47 Papers, 4  PhD Research Papers, and 4 Work in Progress with participants coming from 25 different countries splitted in the following streams: Managing Information; Evaluation of Records and Documents; Business Intelligence; ICT issues as they specifically affect SMEs; Logistics, Supply Chain and Process Improvement; Performance assessment and measurement; Web Tools; Health Information Systems; Evaluation Issues; Health Information Systems Issues; Quality and Service Level; and IS professionals.

The 13 ECIME 2010 selected papers for publishing in this EJISE special issue cover a very wide range of interesting and up to date research areas giving us important insights and new perspectives in future developments in the field and I hope it can became an important contribution to the dynamics in the information systems evaluation research area.

Keywords: action research, adopter categories, adoption, adoption determinants, alliances, architectural principles, BAN, business architecture, business value, CDSS, COBIT, community, computing, consumer goods, decision-making, diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory, digital divide, disadvantaged networks, early warning scorecard, eCommerce, enterprise architecture, evidence-based protocols, factors, GDS (Global Data Synchronization), geobrowser, georeference, GIS (Geographical Information System), GLN (Global Location Numbering), global standards, GoogleEarth, GTIN (Global Trade Items Numbering), GUSI (Global Upstream Supply Initiative), health informatics and body area networks, health information management, hospital information systems, information alignment, information management, information quality, information quality, information systems, information systems architecture, information technology, institutional theory, integrated suppliers, interorganizational systems (IOSs), interpretiv

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HackDig : Dig high-quality web security articles for hacker

Spammers Accelerate Dyre Distribution

2014-12-12 23:00

ThreatTrack Security Labs researchers continue to monitor the evolution Dyre (aka Dyreza), the banking-credential-stealing Trojan that appears to be quickly filling the gap left by the takedown of GameOver Zeus.

We reported earlier on how Dyre has been associated with malicious spam utilizing the Upatre downloader, and our researchers also cited how Dyre’s list of global banking targets continues to grow – expanding beyond traditional financial institutions to target online bitcoin wallets.

Over the last few weeks, the cybercriminals behind Dyre have continued to refine their delivery tactics, and the Trojan is now capable of helping to spread itself and other malware. Our researchers have observed that systems infected with Dyre are not only at risk of the malware stealing log-in credentials, but it may also receive commands to download and install additional spammers – including the Cutwail/Pushdo botnet – to more broadly propagate Dyre. Pushdo is responsible for a large portion of Upatre spam, and the botnet is actively distributing Dyre and other malware, including the data-encrypting ransomware CryptoWall.

Other recent additions to the Dyre code include:

  • The implementation of a Domain Generating Algorithm (DGA) to quickly cycle through fresh URLs to avoid detection
  • The use of peer-to-peer Invisible Internet Project (I2P) protocol for clandestine communications, presumably between infected machines and their Command and Control server masters
  • A newly expanded list of targeted banking institution servers. Click here for a complete list of targets.

It is also worth noting that GameOver Zeus (before the government takedown) was downloading Pushdo/Kegotip/ransomware and facilitating its own spread very similar to how Dyre is behaving now.

Click here for a dynamic malware analysis of a recent Dyre sample.

Spammers Set To Maximumspam email

The bad guys are pulling out all the stops when it comes to distributing their malicious spam. Everything from fraudulent PayPal security alerts to a Top Gun-inspired tale about a Norwegian fighter pilot crossing paths with a Russian MiG to a fake survey purporting to ask recipients their opinions on the controversial events in Ferguson, Missouri, have all been employed to trick recipients into clicking links and opening infected attachments.

We recently observed Dyre downloading three spammers. The first, is Pushdo, which runs its own spammer modules. The second and third are a standalone spammers, one of which hijacks the victim’s Microsoft Outlook application to send personal emails with attachments harboring Upatre. The third spammer (see images and email text below from a small sampling) is generating a separate campaign and is increasing in frequency over the last several weeks. All this signals that Dyre is poised to become a more pervasive threat and increasingly active in malicious spam campaigns.

CNN Norwegian Russian MiG Spam

 Subject: Video shows Norwegian fighter pilot’s

Video shows Norwegian fighter pilot’s close call with Russian MiG

(CNN) — It was a routine call for the Norwegian fighter pilot participating in NATO’s Quick Reaction Alert mission, high in the sky off Norway’s coast.

He was tasked with investigating and identifying an aircraft that had entered the mission’s patrol area in international airspace northwest of Norway.

Fluffy clouds dotted the piercing blue atmosphere, and it looked like it would be a non-eventful mission, until something gray darted in front of the Norwegian pilot’s F-16 — a Russian MiG fighter, according to the Norwegian Defence Ministry. FULL STORY [1]

            * comment on CNN stories and blogs
            * submit and comment on iReport assignments
            * receive breaking news e-mail alerts
            * receive e-mail newsletters

 Thank you,

Ferguson Tyranny of Police Spam

 Subject: Tyranny of the police

Our company make a survey research about horrible situation in Ferguson, state MS.

Please, follow the link above, vote and do not pass by!!!

 Click here <$url$>

Melinda Goens Paralegal
D 214.838.2522

American Express Spam

Subject: Security Concern on Your American Express Account

Security Concern on Your American Express Account

Dear Customer:

We are writing to you because we need to speak with you REGARDING A SECURITY CONCERN on your account. Our records indicate that you recently used your American Express card on November 24, 2014.

For your security, new charges on the accounts listed above may be declined. If applicable, you should advise any Additional Card Member(s) on your account that their new charges may also be declined.

To secure your account , please click log on to : http://americanexpress.com [1]

Your prompt response regarding this matter is appreciated.

American Express Identity Protection Team

paypal spam Dyre Upatre

Subject: Update your PayPal account

Dear valued PayPal=C2=AE member*:

Due to concerns, for the safety and integrity of the paypal account we have issued this warning message.

It has come to our attention that your PayPal=C2=AE account information nee=ds to be updated as part of our continuing commitment to protect your account and to reduce the instance of fraud on our website. If you could please take 5-10 minutes out of your online experience and update your personal records you will not run into any future problems with the online service.

However, failure to update your records will result in account suspension.

Please update your records on or before June 30, 2005.

Once you have updated your account records your paypal account service will not be interrupted and will continue as normal.

To update your PayPal=C2=AE records click on the following link:

*Click here* <$url$>

Thank You.

HSBC Spam Dyre Upatre

Subject: Payment Advice – Advice Ref:[GB$number5$] / CHAPS credits

Please download document from dropbox, payment advice is issued at the request of our customer. The advice is for your reference only.

Download link:

Yours faithfully,
Global Payments and Cash Management

NetDocuments Spam

 Subject: Employee Documents – Internal Use

DOCUMENT NOTIFICATION, Powered by NetDocuments

DOCUMENT NAME: Employee Documents

Documents are encrypted in transit and store in a secure repository

Subject: Voice Message #$number9$

Voice message

Sent date: $date$

Subject: Voice Message #$number9$

Voice redirected message

Sent: $date$

fax message

 Subject: Fax message

Fax Message [Caller-ID: 1-407-$number2$-$number3$]

You have received a 3 page fax at $date$.

* The reference number for this fax is chd_did11-1$number8$7-1$number9$-$number2$.

View this fax using your PDF reader.
Thank you for using the MyFax service!

adp Dyre Nov 2014

Subject: ADP Past Due Invoice

Your ADP past due invoice is ready for review at ADP Online Invoice Management.

If you have any questions regarding this invoice, please contact your ADP service team at the number provided on the invoice for assistance.

Please note that your bank account will be debited within one banking business day for the amount(s) shown on the invoice.

Review your ADP past due invoice here.

Important: Please do not respond to this message. It comes from an unattended mailbox.

VIPRE detects Dyre as Win32!MalwareDrop and the spammers as Trojan.Win32.Spammer (fs).

The MD5s for the spammer responsible for the campaign above, include:

Defend Yourself Against Dyre

Ensure your antivirus and endpoint security is up-to-date, and deploy a robust email security solution to protect your organization from malicious spam. IT admins should continue to educate their users about email-borne threats and stress that despite them being at work, they shouldn’t click links and open attachments without regard for security. For help, reference Users Beware: 10 Security Tips to Share with Your Users.

Consumers should always be cautious about what they click, and if there is any doubt about a warning, special offer or request for private information, contact the bank, retailer or service provider directly by phone to confirm.

Credit: Matthew Mesa, Malware Researcher, ThreatTrack Security Labs

Update: The American Express ploy is a phishing campaign very similar to what has been reported at TechHelpList.

The post Spammers Accelerate Dyre Distribution appeared first on ThreatTrack Security Labs Blog.

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National Fair

On December 11-13, 2015 the Exhibition Palace "Sergi Koshgi" in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan presented the National Fair of the Republic of Belarus. The Fair was organized in the framework of the visit of the President of the Republic of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko to Turkmenistan on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of Turkmenistan's Neutrality. The exhibition has presented products of 117 Belarusian companies, and a special place among them was taken by the exposition of Glassworks "Neman ". Guests and residents of Turkmenistan were presented glassware and crystalware popular today in the Turkmen market. Along with visiting of the Fair NEMAN products were available for sale.

OJSC "Glassworks" Neman "warmly thanks the organizers of the Fair for a comfortable business environment for further intensification of trade and economic cooperation between our countries.

We are also grateful to Turkmen-Belarus Trade House for worthy presentation of our products in Turkmenistan and for the help in promotion and maintaining of the image of Glassworks "Neman" in the market of Turkmenistan.

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Program Registration Hotel Reservation Download Material Submission
Welcome Message

Despite the current downturn in China's NEV market and a lot of debate over the future electrification roadmaps, China's national strategy for NEV development will not waver.

In September 2019, Chinese government issued an amendment to the Dual Credit (CAFC + NEV credit) method for public opinion, which sets a stricter requirement for NEV energy consumption and will help increase the value of NEV credit scores, aimed to further promote high quality and rapid growth of NEVs. At the same time, the amendment puts forward a low fuel consumption vehicle concept to encourage the coordinated development of energy saving vehicles and NEVs.

To meet regulatory and market requirements, currently transmission and drivetrain technology developments are focused on efficiency, power density and cost improvement, as well as powertrain diversification for different markets segmented by region, age and income, etc. Achieving such technological advances depends largely on innovations in components and subsystems, system topologies, system integration and optimization, modularization, platforming, as well as development methods and tools, etc.

The potential for the innovations is unlimited, but the challenges are unprecedented. China has become one of the most dynamic countries for innovations with strong support of policies, capital and market. The key to successful innovations also lies in gathering the wisdom of the whole industry, and strengthening open cooperation and supply chain integration.

TMC is China’s biggest conference and expo for international technology exchange and networking in transmission and drivetrain areas. The 12th TM symposium China (TMC2020) will take place in Beijing in April 22-23, 2020 (starting from the 2nd press day of Beijing auto show). While continuing to introduce transmission upgrading technologies, this event will mainly discuss electrified transmission and drivetrain technologies suitable for Chinese market as mentioned above.

The scope of topics is as follows:

Regulations and market changes and their impact on drivetrains

Transmissions(TMs) improving PT efficiency and new TM concepts

High-efficiency and low-cost hybrid TMs and drives (48V/HEV/PHEV/REEV)

BEV multi-speed TMs, high-speed and highly integrated drives

Comparison of eAWD configurations and new eAWD concepts

Modular and scalable electrified drives (HEV, BEV)

High-efficiency/ power density e-motors and high-efficiency and low-cost inverters

Component, lubrication, cooling, material and processing technologies

Development & testing for NVH improvement, control strategy, system integration optimization, WLTP and drive control for autonomous driving, etc.

TMC2020 is expected to assemble about 50 speeches, 60 exhibitors and 900 professional participants. We will selectively send abstracts of innovative technologies to our audience email database and WeChat groups before the event, and invite core media to intensively report the innovative technologies and hot issue discussions.

Looking forward to your active participation in speech, exhibition and sponsorship with cutting-edge technologies and high-quality presentations.

Sincerely yours

China SAE / Hans Auto Consultant

October, 2019

2019 Platinum Sponsors
2019 Gold Sponsors
2019 Silver Sponsors


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Endometriosis News Weekly Digest

Açaí Palm Extract May Be Promising Therapeutic Agent for Endometriosis

Nov 18, 2016 09:58 am | Özge Özkaya, PhD

Açaí palm extractAçaí palm extract can effectively suppress the establishment and growth of endometriosis according to a study conducted in rats. The authors of the article “Euterpe oleracea Extract (Açaí) Is a Promising Novel Pharmacological Therapeutic Treatment for Experimental Endometriosis”, which was published in the scientific journal PLOS One concluded that the extract could be a promising new pharmacological agent for the treatment of endometriosis.


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Jeb Bush calls for global Islamic State strategy that 'takes them out'
Reuters, , Wednesday 18 Feb 2015

Jeb Bush, a possible Republican contender in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, said on Wednesday the U.S. strategy toward Islamic State militants should be one that "takes them out."

"There's no talking about this. That's just not going to work for terrorism," said the former Florida governor. He said the strategy needs to be global and coordinated with other powers in the region.


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Bill Gates guns for Google: Microsoft bid for Yahoo!

Beckett, Charlie (2008) Bill Gates guns for Google: Microsoft bid for Yahoo! POLIS: journalism and society at the LSE (01 Feb 2008). Website.

Download (22kB) | Preview

The breaking news that Microsoft is seeking to take over struggling online search company Yahoo! is a clear sign of where the Internet business is going.

Item Type: Online resource (Website)
Official URL:
Additional Information: © 2008 The Author(s); Online
Divisions: Media and Communications
Subjects: H Social Sciences > HB Economic Theory
J Political Science > JK Political institutions (United States)
T Technology > T Technology (General)
Sets: Departments > Media and Communications
Research centres and groups > POLIS
Date Deposited: 24 May 2017 09:30
Last Modified: 19 Nov 2019 23:12

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Abuadhmah, Najlaa Abdullah (2010) Two Novel E-Visas Verification Schemes Based On Public Key Infrastructure (Pki) And Identity Based Encryption (Ibe). Masters thesis, USM.

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