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Wailea Elua Village Golf Package

Wailea Elua Village Maui Golf Package

This peaceful, gated haven spanning amazing Ulua Beach offers a calm atmosphere amid manicured lawns and gardens, a quiet beachfront pool and pavilion and a golf putting green. The Wailea Beach Walk provides convenient access to 4 sandy beaches, the Shops at Wailea and the dining and spa at the adjacent Wailea Marriott or the neighboring luxury resorts. Selection of beachfront and oceanfront one and two bedroom suites offer spacious lanai with personal BBQ grills.The Wailea Elua Village spans the entire length of Ulua Beach. The Ulua fish is the most prized shoreline game fish in Hawaii because of its quick flight and tough fight. The Ulua season generally runs from May to September, when local shoreline fisherman can be seen fighting for this most sought after catch, which can weigh up to 100 pounds.

Ulua Beach is known for its excellent snorkeling, especially in the calm morning hours, where one can view a colorful playground of goatfish, flounder, eels, octopi, Hawaiian green sea turtles, and the papio and ulua. A coral reef Naturalist from the Pacific Whale Foundation is on hand at Ulua Beach from 9:00am-noon Sundays-Thursdays to provide free information and material about the reef and frequently-spotted reef animals. In the afternoons and when the surf is up, it’s the most popular beach for the experienced local body surfers.

Elua Village Golf Package

Located on spectacular Ulua Beach and the scenic Wailea Beach Walk with easy access to the restaurants and spas of the nearby Wailea Resorts / Two-story buildings with two to ten units each are situated throughout the 24-acre tropical grounds / A beachfront pool and pavilion with barbecue grills and fitness center look out over Ulua Beach which is ideal for swimming and snorkeling / Privately-owned vacation condos ranging in size from 1- to 3-bedrooms feature garden and ocean views -full kitchens -spacious living area -bedrooms with private and semi-private bathrooms -a personal lanai and washer and dryer / Additional resort amenities include a paddle tennis court and putting green. Free parking Wi-Fi internet Phone calls to US and Canada Maikai grocery discount card Resort credits for dining and spa services

Elua Village Golf Package

  • Deluxe hotel accommodations.
  • Car Rental.
  • Your choice of Maui’s Best Courses.
  • Advance guarantee tee times are reserved for you.
  • Shared use of a golf cart for 18 holes.
  • ALL LOCAL TAXES INCLUDED: Including rental car taxes and fees.

Sample Package will be customized to fit your plans.

Maui Golf Courses

You may choose any course listed to be included in your Maui Golf Package. Your final package will be adjusted to reflect your choices.

Wailea Gold Course

The most challenging of Wailea’s trio. Designed by Robert Trent Jones, Jr., it has been ranked among the country’s best new courses by Golf Magazine and Golf Digest, and one of the world’s best designed by the readers of Conde Nast Traveler. Jones flavored the Gold with elements of classic golf course design, then finished it with a rugged, natural look. Throughout the course are stark lava rock outcroppings, indigenous Hawaiian grasses, an abundance of kiawe (a relative of mesquite), and remnants of papohaku, prehistoric lava rock walls built by early Hawaiians and preserved for their historic value. The Gold’s 200 foot elevation change from top to bottom enhances the numerous ocean and mountain vistas available from virtually every hole. The course has been labeled a “thinking player’s” course because it demands strategy and careful club selection to be played well.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72; 7078 yards, Rated 73.4, Slope Rated 137

Wailea Emerald Course

Formally rated one of the best new courses by Golf Magazine and Golf Digest, as well as one of North America’s most women-friendly by Golf for Women, the Wailea Emerald is akin to a lush tropical playground. Flowers bloom in great abundance: plumeria, bird of paradise, allamanda, gazenia, bougainvillea. A true delight for any golfer. Don’t be fooled by the Emerald’s pleasant appearance. It is a superbly designed course created for pure golf enjoyment, regardless of one’s handicap. Measuring 6,825 yards from the back, the Emerald features four to six tee boxes on every hole, allowing players to tailor the course to their playing level. Notable features include a large double green shared by holes #10 and #17. Fronting the green is the only lake on the course. This is perhaps one of the Emerald’s more picturesque spots.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72; 6825 yards, Rated 71.7, Slope Rated 130

Wailea Blue Course

The first course ever built in Wailea, the stately Blue is a gracious resort course that has been ranked among America’s best resort courses by Golf Digest. In its lifetime, it has hosted such prestigious events as the LPGA Women’s Kemper Open and Japan’s Asahi-Kyosen pro/celebrity golf tournament. The Blue’s fairways offer views of the ocean and Mt. Haleakala, and some of Wailea’s stunning residential communities. It features several fountains and lakes, and an abundance of colorful hibiscus, wiliwili trees, bougainvillea and plumeria. The Blue was designed to appeal to a broad range of players. While it has challenged some of the finest professional players in the world, it also offers a measure of forgiveness in its wider fairways and large greens. Like its sister courses, the worst hazards on the blue are the visual ones: the sapphire Pacific Ocean (where one can spot humpback whales during the winter months), several offshore islands, a volcanic cinder cone known as Pu’u Olai and majestic Mount Haleakala.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72; 6758 yards, Rated 72.2, Slope Rated 129

Kapalua Plantation Course

The par 73, 7,263-yard Plantation Course, is the course of the PGA TOUR Sentry Championships each January featuring an elite field of previous year’s PGA TOUR winners. Play the course where Ernie Ells shot 32 in 2003! A treat to play at least once in your life. Boasting two world-class golf courses, the state’s largest staff of PGA professionals, some of Maui’s most spectacular views, a bevy of prestigious accolades, and a state-of-the-art Golf Academy, Kapalua is considered by many as the “golf mecca of the Pacific.” The grand scale of the course designed by Ben Crenshaw and Bill Coore unfurls across natural geographic formations and pineapple plantation fields that take your breath away.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 73; 7263 yards, Rated 74.9, Slope Rated 138

Kapalua Bay Course

There is no better placee in the world to experience golf than at Kapalua. The Kapalua Bay Course features a spectacular hole, the par-3 fifth, that is built with the tee on one side of a Pacific inlet and the green on the other. Arnold Palmer and Francis Duane designed The Bay Course. The forerunner of Kapalua’s three championship golf courses, The Bay Course is a 6,600-yard par 72 with gently rolling fairways and generous greens. The Bay Course is an excellent example of resort golf at its best.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72; 6600 yards, Rated 72.1, Slope Rated 136

Royal Kaanapali North

The Royal Kaanapali North Course is one of only two golf courses in all of Hawaii designed by Robert Trent Jones, Sr. The legendary architect took full advantage of the region’s scenic natural beauty to create a course that is distinctive, demanding and appealing. The North is typically Trent Jones Sr., with large, contoured greens that place the emphasis on putting skill. It also boasts one of the best finishing holes in the state, the par-four 18th hole that Arnold Palmer, during the Canada Cup, called one of the most challenging holes he’d played.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 71; 6994 yards, Rated 71.8, Slope Rated 129

Kaanapali Kai South

The Kaanapali Kai South Course offers sweeping views of the West Maui coast, the neighbor islands of Molokai and Lanai, and in the winter, humpback whales cavorting offshore, what golf could offer more! Arthur Jack Snyder designed 18-hole course includes a par 71 and 6,250 yards that snuggles up to the sea. Not to mention the whimsical Sugar Cane Train, whose steam locomotive, a reminder of turn-of-the-century Hawaii, chugs past on its way to the historic whaling town of Lahaina.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 71; 6555 yards, Rated 71.2, Slope Rated 126

The Dunes at Maui Lani

The Dunes at Maui Lani Golf Course is built on million-year old sand dunes located in central Maui. Its 18 holes are unique to anything in America because of the terrain upon which they are set, and the design techniques which were deployed by the course’s architect. The 6,840-yard par 72 Dunes at Maui Lani Golf Course is designed much like the courses built centuries ago in the British Isles, as its holes take full advantage of the natural, sloping island dune terrain. That is why creativity, finesse, strategy, and good shot-making are all part of the Dunes experience. In addition to good golf, The Dunes has the only lit range with grass tees in central Maui, and is home to the newly opened Dunes Restaurant; all very conveniently located in central Maui.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72; 6840 yards, Rated 73.5, Slope Rated 136

Kahili Golf Course

Formerly known as Sandalwood, The Kahili Golf Course is nestled in the foothills of the scenic West Maui Mountains, the course takes advantage of the local terrain and Hawaiian Trade Winds to create a unique golf experience. The Kahili Golf Course is conveniently located in Waikapu, a mere 10 minutes from Kahului airport and 30 minutes from the Wailea and Ka’anapali Resort Hotels. Uniquely positioned on the the slopes of the West Maui Mountains, this world-class layout affords stunning views of majestic Haleakala and the sapphire Pacific. Carved out of the foothills of the scenic West Maui Mountains. Golfers will enjoy panoramic views of the West Maui Mountains and Pacific Ocean.

Championship Tees Course Rating: 18 Holes; Par 72, 6537 yards, Rated 71.9, Slope Rated 130

Pacific Golf Adventures

(800) 672-5620

International Calls (253) 239-139

Maui golf vacation packages, Kapalua Resort Packages, Kaanapali Resort Packages, Wailea Resort Packages


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Tag Archives: swachh

The Disappearing Beaches

Swachh Beachside Story It was barely two days after Women’s Day was celebrated with great enthusiasm and with hopes expressed for a better deal for oppressed women. Then TOI came out with a prominent Page 3 story that was anything but … Continue reading

Posted in Current Events, Environment, Society, Sundays in my City, Women | Tagged , , , , , , , , , | 9 Comments

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Best place to buy dining room furniture

Best place to buy dining room furniture

Who makes the best dining room furniture?

The 6 Best Dining Room Tables of 2021 Best Extendable: Greyleigh Filkins Extendable Dining Table at Wayfair. Best Modern Farmhouse: Charlton Home Wydmire Dining Table at Wayfair. Best Rustic: Mistana Abbey Extendable Solid Wood Dining Table at Wayfair. Best Classic: Pottery Barn Lorraine Dining Table at Pottery Barn. Best Modern: Best Real Wood:

Where can I buy quality wood furniture?

Here, the best places to buy furniture , both in-store and online: Best Online: Wayfair. Best for Quick Delivery: Amazon. Best for Modern: Room & Board. Best for New Traditional: Crate & Barrel. Best for Finding Deals: Overstock. Best for Reliable Bargains: IKEA. Best Newcomer: Joybird Furniture . Best Traditional: Home Depot.

What is the best type of wood for a dining room table?

However, antique pieces are most often made of South American mahogany. Its color varies from pale to pink to reddish-brown with a straight grain. Mahogany is the best wood for furniture that is elegant and timeless, especially large pieces like dining tables .

How much does a good dining room table cost?

A simple solid top table, like the Sarah Solid Top Table, will start around $739. A luxe, high-end option like the Weston Table featured in an extra thick top, can cost anywhere from $1,500 to $2,000.

What should I look for when buying a dining room table?

Select a dining table made of sturdy stuff. Wood is tops, but don’t discount glass. Go for the tried and true: a weathered wood table . Impress your guests. For buyers on the move, choose a table that is easily transportable. Consider a designer pack-and-go dining table . Settle on a shape that will work in most rooms.

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How much should you spend on dining chairs?

A dining chair can range anywhere from $99 to upwards of $1,000 per chair . That’s a wide range and it’s hard to know how much you should spend or where to begin.

Where is the best place to buy furniture?

31 Best Online Furniture Stores to Bookmark Now Anthropologie. Etsy. West Elm. Amazon. World Market. Apt2B. Target. CB2.

Is Lazy Boy Furniture good quality?

La-Z – Boy furniture is known for their quality . They are the only company in America that tests their furniture at 2 times the industry standard.

Is Ashley Furniture Made in China?

Ashley manufactures living room, dining room, bedroom, entertainment, home office furniture and other home furnishings in the USA and internationally. Manufacturing and distribution facilities are located in Wisconsin, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Florida, Vietnam and China .

What is the most beautiful wood?

Beautiful Wood Here at Rowden Atelier furniture making school, we are extremely lucky to work with infinitely variable and immensely beautiful wood ranging from native to exotic hardwoods. Sugar Maple. British Elm. English Cherry. English Oak. Rosewood. Macassar Ebony .

How thick should a wood table top be?

2” thick slabs will generally yield a top finished to 1 ½” to 1 ¾” thick . That’s plenty for most tables . If you do want a thicker top , just be aware that the extra bulk is increasing your costs. (Note: many lumber dealers measure wood thickness in quarters of an inch.

What is the cheapest wood for furniture?

Are Ikea dining tables good?

Most of the IKEA dining tables are durable enough to provide you with years of service as well.

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How much does a solid wood table cost?

The average price of solid wood furniture can range anywhere from $299 – $5,000 depending on the size, craftsmanship, and materials.

Where should legs be placed on a dining table?

For dining tables , position your legs 16-20” from the end of the table to allow for seating someone on the end. Mark all of your mounting holes with the legs in place .

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Who cleans furniture

Who cleans furniture

How much does it cost to get a couch professionally cleaned?

Cleaning your couch or other furniture upholstery costs $164 on average with most spending between $119 and $222. Smaller furniture costs less. Chairs run $15 to $50 , and a large sectional sofa prices between $100 to $300. Washing leather furniture often costs double the price of upholstery.

Does Stanley Steemer Clean couches?

Cleaning fabric, leather, microfiber, and suede couches are no challenge for a Stanley Steemer upholstery cleaner . Call 1-800- STEEMER or schedule online for furniture and upholstery cleaning near you.

How much does Stanley steemer charge for couch cleaning?

To have a dining room chair professionally cleaned , for example, it typically costs $10-$120. Stanley Steamer [1] , which has franchises throughout the United States, charges $12 to clean a dining room chair. Larger pieces are more expensive. A sectional sofa can cost from $200-$500 to be cleaned .

Can I get my couch professionally cleaned?

In general, the same professionals who clean your carpets and drapes can also clean your couches . In addition to deep- cleaning the entire piece of furniture , sofa cleaners can spot-treat food, pet, and oil and grease stains.

What is the best sofa cleaner?

The 7 Best Upholstery Cleaners of 2021 Best Overall: Bissell SpotClean Portable Carpet Cleaner at Amazon. Best Upright: Hoover Power Scrub + PetPlus Pet Stain Solution at Amazon. Most Versatile: McCulloch Heavy-Duty Steam Cleaner with 18 Accessories at Amazon. Best Budget: Best for Pets: Best Portable: Best Natural:

What is the Stanley steemer $99 special?

Stanley Steemer 30OFF Special This special is a general one and offers a range of cleaning services with a hefty discount of 30% of the full bill. This special can be used by new and old customers alike, without any restriction and can be used throughout the year as there is no seasonality to this promo code.

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What is the best way to clean a fabric sofa?

For instance, fabric upholstery can be cleaned using a mixture of: 3/4 cup warm water. 1/4 cup vinegar. 1 tablespoon of dish soap. For synthetic upholstery, use a mixture of one cup warm water, 1/2 cup vinegar and 1/2 tablespoon of dish soap.

Do you tip Stanley steemer guys?

Do I tip the Stanley Steamer guy ? Stanley Steemer . In our business, tipping is not required or expected, but it’s always appreciated.

How much does it cost to have a carpet professionally cleaned?

The 2018 national average is $175 for carpet cleaning (single room and whole house projects). Expect to pay between $120 and $235 for typical homes – larger whole-house projects can cost between $350 to $550 or more.

Is professional couch cleaning worth it?

While upholstery cleaning may seem like an unnecessary expense, avoiding the upkeep can cost more in the long run. Specifically, this routine maintenance helps furniture last longer so that you don’t have to worry about the cost of frequent replacement.

How often should you clean your couch?

In order to maintain a healthy home, your furniture should be professionally cleaned once or twice a year. If there are animals or children in the home, you should clean your upholstery every 3-4 months.

How can I clean my sofa at home?

Spray the cleaner on the surface of the couch and buff with a soft cloth. For synthetic upholstery, mix 1/2 cup of vinegar, 1 cup of warm water,and 1/2 tablespoon of liquid dish soap or castile soap in a spray bottle. Mist the soiled area and scrub with a soft cloth till the stain is gone.

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Can you steam clean a couch?

The vapor produced by a dry- steam cleaner allows you to deodorize and sanitize your sofa without using any chemicals. The high-temperature steam also loosens and dissolves surface dirt, brightening the fabric’s colors. Leave the steam cleaner to heat up. Vacuum the sofa thoroughly to remove all loose dust and debris.

How long does it take for a couch to dry after cleaning?

8 to 12 hours

Can a microfiber couch be steam cleaned?

Steam cleaning really is the ideal way to clean a microfiber couch . First, it is best to lightly vacuum your sofa to remove any dirt, pet hair and other debris before you begin steam cleaning . Vapamore steam cleaners can clean vinyl, synthetic, and cotton upholstery with ease.

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Kids From the 1970s Had Some Adorable Ideas for the Year 1999

Illustration for article titled Kids From the 1970s Had Some Adorable Ideas for the Year 1999

Did you ever imagine what the future would be like when you were a kid? We all did. Some of us were obsessed with jetpacks and robots, while others dreamed of videophones and space travel. It was “all of the above” for two kids in Reynoldsville, Pennsylvania, who imagined what the futuristic world of 1999 would look like in 1975.

The February 14, 1975 edition of the Courier-Express newspaper in Dubois, Pennsylvania included a story by two sixth-graders, Rob Guthrie and Bob Mulhollan. The two men, Rob and Bob, would be 56 years old if they’re still alive. And their predictions are pretty damn cute.

Spelling errors, including “socker” when I’d guess they mean “soccer,” have been retained.

It is Friday, the 13th of October, in the year 1999. Robert Mulhollan is about to celebrate his 37th birthday. His good friend, Robert Guthrie calls him on the picture phone, “Let’s take a 3 day hike to the planet X”, Rob suggests to Bob. The following day was spent getting their equipment together, which included paper clothes, glass boots and four jet packs. Their diet consisted of spaghetti, venison, vanilla and chocolate milkshakes and 100 Hunkies. Al of this was compacted into 3 capsules, to be taken on daily.

Egor, their friendly robot was constructed in their family workshop and he speaks with a monster accent. It is essential that they take him with them to carry their supplies.

The first day they traveled 3,000 miles per hour. Their first rest stop was on the moon where they watched a lunar socker game between the Martians and the Lunar Robots.

Continuing on their trip, they discovered a lost robot with his electrons running out. They gave him some Egors and named the new friend Ralph. Egor was very jealous of what he felt was his competitor.

They spent that night at their destination, Planet X. A special martian pie was enjoyed for Bob’s birthday. The trip home was on a new interplanetary space route 310.

They arrived back in Reynoldsville just as their oxygen tanks were ready to run out.

They went to visit Mrs. Mulhollan where a surprise party was awaiting Bob.

Ralph the new robot was given to Mrs. Mulhollan as a gift from outer space and this suited Egor just fine.

Predictions from little kids are oftentimes silly, but they’re a unique brand of futurism. They represent a kind of unvarnished look at the hopes and fears of an era through the eyes of humans who aren’t yet completely jaded by the world. And, perhaps most importantly, they’re not selling anything.

Futurism is often tainted by obsessions with consumerism that can provide some fascinating glimpses of tomorrow. Disney gives us a beautiful and shiny future. But the goal is always to turn those dreams into a sale. With old predictions from children, we often get a future stripped of a cynical sales motive which provides the purity of just wanting a “friendly robot” that “speaks with a monster accent.”

Sadly, both Rob and Bob’s names are common enough that I haven’t tracked them down. But if you know Rob or Bob, or if you are one of them, drop me a line. We’d love to hear what you think of the year 2018:

Matt Novak is the editor of Gizmodo's Paleofuture blog

“Their diet consisted of spaghetti, venison, vanilla and chocolate milkshakes and 100 Hunkies.”

What did they mean by “Hunkies”?

I laughed at this because in Pennsylvania “hunky” is an old slur term for people whose family roots are in old Austria-Hungary. I know this because half my family are Pennsylvania hunkies. In the 1970's, this term was still in active use. I know the kids must mean some candy bar, but on my first read, it seemed like they were advocating mass cannibalism.


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• 82°

KATHIE’S KORNER — Choose to be smarter than dirt

Do you think you’re smarter than dirt? Well, just follow me in this column and you will chuckle at how much our hearts and minds are like dirt and will flourish or rot.

It’s our choice what we put in on a daily basis. If you think about it, dirt is where things are planted in a garden or a lawn, containers for your porch or deck, or anywhere you decide to plant things.

There are so many different kinds of dirt or soil depending on the region you live in. This is evident by vineyards, different types of grapes and how that affects the fruit in taste and color, and is critical for growing grapes for wine.

The ground might need nutrients or food before planting. We had a friend near our farm in Washington State who grew wonderful corn.

Her ears of corn were so heavy and bright yellow, some with at least 130 kernels on each ear!

We asked her what she did to prepare her soil before planting and she showed us her pigs that she corralled and watered in that area.

They jumped around, rooting up unwanted rocks, probably looking for “pig treasures (roots),” all the time fertilizing, causing an amazing, rich area for her rows of corn, that grew many stalks for family and friends.

She froze bags of corn that tasted like fresh vegetables, when cooked, all year long. She knew how to prepare, work it, water and harvest.

Our hearts are soil where we plant so many ideas, thoughts and, unfortunately, fears and imaginative worries, not realizing what we’re doing.

Why not be good, productive, heart-soil that will produce peaceful, forgiving and healthy actions?

We hear so many things, all day long, all of our lives, then we think about that in our brain, letting them travel the 12 inches down to our hearts as they sink in and begin to grow. I love the scripture in Mark 4 — The Parable of the Sower — where Jesus said in verse 24 to “Consider carefully what you hear…” So, let’s be picky about what we let go in our ears, amen?

Dirt grows whatever is put in it. A wooden fence post will eventually rot down in the dirt as it grows old and weary, or it could grow, networking below ground, traveling and multiplying magnificent trees and plants that come back every year.

Let’s keep our hearts open to receive, getting in the habit of freely reading and enjoying the Scriptures, seeing how to be and have eternal things that will not rot.

Choose the ones that are filled with life and abundance and be “Smarter than dirt.”

Kathie Deasy writes about religion for Port Arthur Newsmedia. She can be reached at kathiedeasy@hotmail.com.


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El harén en Occidente by Fatima Mernissi at – ISBN – ISBN – Espasa Libros, S.L. – – Softcover. Buy El harén en Occidente by Fatima Mernissi, Inés Belaustegui Trías (ISBN: ) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery. Buy El harén en Occidente by Fatema Mernissi (ISBN: ) from Amazon’s Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Dec uaren, Chris rated it really liked it Shelves: Want to Read saving…. No wonder, she concluded, there were men like Jacques who dreamt of harems filled with passive odalisques and trembled with fear whenever they were attracted to a professional woman.

This shows that men and women are slightly equal in the east unlike in the west.

The Harem and the West or rather, the representation of prejudice – MediterraneaMediterranea

A very fascinating scope on this book, a moroccan woman writing about arabian and western male sexuality with harem as a starting point. More editions of L’harem e l’Occidente:.

Inshe studied political science at the Sorbonne and at Brandeis University, where she earned her doctorate. To be beautiful, women have to appear childish and brainless. In this review, I will talk about the way Mernissi have dealt with the issue of men as an authoritarian member in the family, and the way she differentiates between Western and Eastern men.

Fátima Mernissi: “No tener petroleo es la gran suerte de la mujer marroquí

As an Islamic feminist, Mernissi was faetma concerned with Islam and women’s roles in it, analyzing the historical development of Islamic thought and its modern manifestation. We get to know immense about thousand and one nights from its emergence as an oral tradition to translation to distortion, representation and misrepresentation through multiple forms.

Genuinely this is the 2nd book that I hate the moment when I finish it cuz I just don’t want from it to have an end!!! It discusses representations in classic art, literature, and most fun! Armin Hemmerling – – Mathematical Logic Quarterly 49 1: They e, power through covering women, but westerners enjoy their women being unveiled. Lists with This Book. No trivia or quizzes yet. Leila Ahmed – – Feminist Studies 8 3: By controlling what beauty is defined as men can control what woman can and cannot be.

He agreed that we had stumbled on a major difference between our two cultures.

Taylor – – Classical Quarterly 11 Differnt Cultures, Different Harems, is the account of author Fatema Mernissi’s search mernsisi an explanation as to why there is such a divide in the Eastern and Western understanding of the harem. Her conclusions, in particular in regards to what a Western is, are interesting. Trivia About Scheherazade Goes History of Western Philosophy.

In the late s and in the s Mernissi contributed articles to periodicals and other publications on women in Morocco and women and Islam from a contemporary as well as from a historical perspective. Science Logic and Mathematics. She should be ready to move, the tale teaches, that love can engulf and imprison you … She is impressed by the wisdom of her grandmother,who has always encouraged her to leave her country,and try to learn from other cultures,she uses her Sufi heritage to help her be patient and eel to learn…… With the knowledge of other cultures we can compare ourselves to others, and came to gain better understanding of ourselves….

Ebooks For Windows El Harén En Occidente By Fatema Mernissi Djvu 8467025395

See 1 question about Scheherazade Goes West…. More editions of Women’s Rebellion and Islamic Memory:. This article has no associated abstract.

Catema ability to penetrate Shahriyar’s brain by using the power of her stories They even suffocate and distort women’s sense of self-worth by dictating a certain ideal image to fit in by giving measures of beauty that women should follow to appeal to them among which we can find: But Scheherazade’s presence in the west is silenced, and she is limited to being a pretty passive girl who does not even speak.

Tales of a Harem GirlhoodI would recommend reading Dreams first. Approximation Methods in Inductive Inference. Approximate Decidability in Euclidean Spaces.

Beginning in the late s and s, feminist artists and art historians created a Feminist art movement that overtly addresses faetma role of women in the art world and explores women in art history. She was trying to say by her stories that you are not the only man who has been betrayed In the Orient, in contrast, in countries like Morocco, men and women even now still wear traditional clothes in the evening Western clothes are identified with workwith the difference between the male and female Jellabas residing more in details and choices of color.

Women has the right to be educated more than before, and that is considered as a plus to her for that helps the society develop. Rantisi that this is not existing any more,eastern men are now obsessed with skinny blonde girls Tales of a Harem Girlhood: View all 4 comments. Tommaso Palmieri Il 1 Luglio She debunks the myth of the harem by comparing its Eastern purpose a defined space that houses women and children and separates them from men with the Western man’s projections of the harem being a pleasure house where scantily mernisso women are always available to enn their every need.


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Dragon Ball Z: Vengeance – Launch Day!

Vengeance’s launch, Regional reminders, and more – click below for the latest!

Dragon Ball Z: Vengeance is available now, and you can see the full checklist here!

Launch events are taking place across the nation – check with your local store for details.

One of many exclusive prizes available in Launch Kits!

You can also celebrate the launch of Vengeance by participating in Beckett’s box giveaway, as well as their free tournament in Texas!

In other tournament news, the next Regional takes place tomorrow at Wild Things Games in Salem, Oregon (pre-register here). Participants should be fully familiar with the Tournament Guide and CRD, and you can save time by filling out your Deck Registration Form in advance. This weekend marks the final Perfection-era event, as Vengeance becomes legal on 7/8!

The Organized Play season rolls on in July, with several upcoming events:

  • Selden, NY Regional (7/9): Pre-register here
  • Austin, TX Regional (7/9): Pre-register here
  • Charlottesville, VA Regional (7/16): Pre-register here
  • ARG Circuit Championship (7/29): Info here

For the first time, two Regionals will take place on the same day – with a brand new metagame to boot! Finally, don’t forget to register for the Gen Con Qualifier – only 100 spots remain.

It’s been a long wait, but Vengeance is finally upon us! Check back next week for a full breakdown of Oregon, as well as a look at new tournament it promos. Until then, have a safe and DBZ-filled holiday weekend!

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text: From patchwork Thu Feb 4 15:43:07 2021 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Stefan Hajnoczi X-Patchwork-Id: 12067621 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-11.8 required=3.0 tests=BAYES_00,DKIM_INVALID, DKIM_SIGNED,HEADER_FROM_DIFFERENT_DOMAINS,INCLUDES_CR_TRAILER,INCLUDES_PATCH, MAILING_LIST_MULTI,MIME_BASE64_TEXT,SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_PASS,URIBL_BLOCKED autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from ( []) by (Postfix) with ESMTP id 90A30C433E0 for ; Thu, 4 Feb 2021 15:49:06 +0000 (UTC) Received: from ( []) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2231C64DA5 for ; Thu, 4 Feb 2021 15:49:06 +0000 (UTC) DMARC-Filter: OpenDMARC Filter v1.3.2 2231C64DA5 Authentication-Results:; dmarc=fail (p=none dis=none) Authentication-Results:; spf=pass Received: from localhost ([::1]:54876 by with esmtp (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1l7gsS-0002MN-RG for; Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:49:04 -0500 Received: from ([2001:470:142:3::10]:53696) by with esmtps (TLS1.2:ECDHE_RSA_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:256) (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1l7gob-0008Hj-38 for; Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:45:06 -0500 Received: from ([]:52234) by with esmtps (TLS1.2:ECDHE_RSA_AES_256_CBC_SHA1:256) (Exim 4.90_1) (envelope-from ) id 1l7goQ-0004mk-I9 for; Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:45:02 -0500 DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed;; s=mimecast20190719; t=1612453493; h=from:from:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date:message-id:message-id: to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version:content-type:content-type: content-transfer-encoding:content-transfer-encoding: in-reply-to:in-reply-to:references:references; bh=eTpR9g24FXXI4XuSNonRJkrJvllVvTQW3t5fMH6Tt1w=; b=WDrNvmDURrMBuWADFneiG56ilU996C3l/b1BKRsGc0hsHuGtsLRFoYT2gBoRTeeDAcpxM/ aL8d4ZTd4l7LLM1YvZ4nZXNAqvTRv5nY4/CpSjLlNpzLksRzGJCmL4zxt6qQxyWAWabqv/ NQ1W1kVZkEoXaSdQv9hXvoqXr4Z1XGk= Received: from ( []) (Using TLS) by with ESMTP id us-mta-296-oTtXdoUOOCug24x89dv2ZQ-1; Thu, 04 Feb 2021 10:44:50 -0500 X-MC-Unique: oTtXdoUOOCug24x89dv2ZQ-1 Received: from ( []) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher AECDH-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 5E3FA1800D50; Thu, 4 Feb 2021 15:44:48 +0000 (UTC) Received: from localhost ( []) by (Postfix) with ESMTP id 38C165B695; Thu, 4 Feb 2021 15:44:38 +0000 (UTC) From: Stefan Hajnoczi To: Peter Maydell , Subject: [PULL v2 07/27] multi-process: add the concept description to docs/devel/qemu-multiprocess Date: Thu, 4 Feb 2021 15:43:07 +0000 Message-Id: <> In-Reply-To: <> References: <> MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.79 on Authentication-Results:; auth=pass smtp.auth=CUSA124A263 X-Mimecast-Spam-Score: 0 X-Mimecast-Originator: Received-SPF: pass client-ip=;; X-Spam_score_int: -13 X-Spam_score: -1.4 X-Spam_bar: - X-Spam_report: (-1.4 / 5.0 requ) BAYES_00=-1.9, DKIMWL_WL_HIGH=-0.351, DKIM_SIGNED=0.1, DKIM_VALID=-0.1, DKIM_VALID_AU=-0.1, DKIM_VALID_EF=-0.1, MIME_BASE64_TEXT=1.741, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_LOW=-0.7, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_H4=0.001, RCVD_IN_MSPIKE_WL=0.001, SPF_HELO_NONE=0.001, SPF_PASS=-0.001 autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no X-Spam_action: no action X-BeenThere: X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.23 Precedence: list List-Id: List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , Cc: Elena Ufimtseva , John G Johnson , Thomas Huth , Jagannathan Raman , Eduardo Habkost ,, "Michael S. Tsirkin" , "Denis V. Lunev" , =?utf-8?q?Alex_Benn=C3=A9e?= , Wainer dos Santos Moschetta , Paolo Bonzini , Stefan Hajnoczi , Igor Mammedov , =?utf-8?q?Daniel_P=2E_Berrang=C3=A9?= , Fam Zheng , =?utf-8?q?Philippe_Mathieu-Daud=C3=A9?= Errors-To: Sender: "Qemu-devel" From: John G Johnson Signed-off-by: John G Johnson Signed-off-by: Elena Ufimtseva Signed-off-by: Jagannathan Raman Reviewed-by: Stefan Hajnoczi Message-id: Signed-off-by: Stefan Hajnoczi --- MAINTAINERS | 7 + docs/devel/index.rst | 1 + docs/devel/multi-process.rst | 966 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 974 insertions(+) create mode 100644 docs/devel/multi-process.rst diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS index 00626941f1..2ff1ead4ab 100644 --- a/MAINTAINERS +++ b/MAINTAINERS @@ -3194,6 +3194,13 @@ S: Maintained F: hw/semihosting/ F: include/hw/semihosting/ +Multi-process QEMU +M: Elena Ufimtseva +M: Jagannathan Raman +M: John G Johnson +S: Maintained +F: docs/devel/multi-process.rst + Build and test automation ------------------------- Build and test automation diff --git a/docs/devel/index.rst b/docs/devel/index.rst index 98a7016a9b..22854e334d 100644 --- a/docs/devel/index.rst +++ b/docs/devel/index.rst @@ -37,3 +37,4 @@ Contents: clocks qom block-coroutine-wrapper + multi-process diff --git a/docs/devel/multi-process.rst b/docs/devel/multi-process.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..69699329d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/devel/multi-process.rst @@ -0,0 +1,966 @@ +This is the design document for multi-process QEMU. It does not +necessarily reflect the status of the current implementation, which +may lack features or be considerably different from what is described +in this document. This document is still useful as a description of +the goals and general direction of this feature. + +Please refer to the following wiki for latest details: + + +Multi-process QEMU +=================== + +QEMU is often used as the hypervisor for virtual machines running in the +Oracle cloud. Since one of the advantages of cloud computing is the +ability to run many VMs from different tenants in the same cloud +infrastructure, a guest that compromised its hypervisor could +potentially use the hypervisor's access privileges to access data it is +not authorized for. + +QEMU can be susceptible to security attacks because it is a large, +monolithic program that provides many features to the VMs it services. +Many of these features can be configured out of QEMU, but even a reduced +configuration QEMU has a large amount of code a guest can potentially +attack. Separating QEMU reduces the attack surface by aiding to +limit each component in the system to only access the resources that +it needs to perform its job. + +QEMU services +------------- + +QEMU can be broadly described as providing three main services. One is a +VM control point, where VMs can be created, migrated, re-configured, and +destroyed. A second is to emulate the CPU instructions within the VM, +often accelerated by HW virtualization features such as Intel's VT +extensions. Finally, it provides IO services to the VM by emulating HW +IO devices, such as disk and network devices. + +A multi-process QEMU +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +A multi-process QEMU involves separating QEMU services into separate +host processes. Each of these processes can be given only the privileges +it needs to provide its service, e.g., a disk service could be given +access only to the disk images it provides, and not be allowed to +access other files, or any network devices. An attacker who compromised +this service would not be able to use this exploit to access files or +devices beyond what the disk service was given access to. + +A QEMU control process would remain, but in multi-process mode, will +have no direct interfaces to the VM. During VM execution, it would still +provide the user interface to hot-plug devices or live migrate the VM. + +A first step in creating a multi-process QEMU is to separate IO services +from the main QEMU program, which would continue to provide CPU +emulation. i.e., the control process would also be the CPU emulation +process. In a later phase, CPU emulation could be separated from the +control process. + +Separating IO services +---------------------- + +Separating IO services into individual host processes is a good place to +begin for a couple of reasons. One is the sheer number of IO devices QEMU +can emulate provides a large surface of interfaces which could potentially +be exploited, and, indeed, have been a source of exploits in the past. +Another is the modular nature of QEMU device emulation code provides +interface points where the QEMU functions that perform device emulation +can be separated from the QEMU functions that manage the emulation of +guest CPU instructions. The devices emulated in the separate process are +referred to as remote devices. + +QEMU device emulation +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +QEMU uses an object oriented SW architecture for device emulation code. +Configured objects are all compiled into the QEMU binary, then objects +are instantiated by name when used by the guest VM. For example, the +code to emulate a device named "foo" is always present in QEMU, but its +instantiation code is only run when the device is included in the target +VM. (e.g., via the QEMU command line as *-device foo*) + +The object model is hierarchical, so device emulation code names its +parent object (such as "pci-device" for a PCI device) and QEMU will +instantiate a parent object before calling the device's instantiation +code. + +Current separation models +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +In order to separate the device emulation code from the CPU emulation +code, the device object code must run in a different process. There are +a couple of existing QEMU features that can run emulation code +separately from the main QEMU process. These are examined below. + +vhost user model +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Virtio guest device drivers can be connected to vhost user applications +in order to perform their IO operations. This model uses special virtio +device drivers in the guest and vhost user device objects in QEMU, but +once the QEMU vhost user code has configured the vhost user application, +mission-mode IO is performed by the application. The vhost user +application is a daemon process that can be contacted via a known UNIX +domain socket. + +vhost socket +'''''''''''' + +As mentioned above, one of the tasks of the vhost device object within +QEMU is to contact the vhost application and send it configuration +information about this device instance. As part of the configuration +process, the application can also be sent other file descriptors over +the socket, which then can be used by the vhost user application in +various ways, some of which are described below. + +vhost MMIO store acceleration +''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' + +VMs are often run using HW virtualization features via the KVM kernel +driver. This driver allows QEMU to accelerate the emulation of guest CPU +instructions by running the guest in a virtual HW mode. When the guest +executes instructions that cannot be executed by virtual HW mode, +execution returns to the KVM driver so it can inform QEMU to emulate the +instructions in SW. + +One of the events that can cause a return to QEMU is when a guest device +driver accesses an IO location. QEMU then dispatches the memory +operation to the corresponding QEMU device object. In the case of a +vhost user device, the memory operation would need to be sent over a +socket to the vhost application. This path is accelerated by the QEMU +virtio code by setting up an eventfd file descriptor that the vhost +application can directly receive MMIO store notifications from the KVM +driver, instead of needing them to be sent to the QEMU process first. + +vhost interrupt acceleration +'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' + +Another optimization used by the vhost application is the ability to +directly inject interrupts into the VM via the KVM driver, again, +bypassing the need to send the interrupt back to the QEMU process first. +The QEMU virtio setup code configures the KVM driver with an eventfd +that triggers the device interrupt in the guest when the eventfd is +written. This irqfd file descriptor is then passed to the vhost user +application program. + +vhost access to guest memory +'''''''''''''''''''''''''''' + +The vhost application is also allowed to directly access guest memory, +instead of needing to send the data as messages to QEMU. This is also +done with file descriptors sent to the vhost user application by QEMU. +These descriptors can be passed to ``mmap()`` by the vhost application +to map the guest address space into the vhost application. + +IOMMUs introduce another level of complexity, since the address given to +the guest virtio device to DMA to or from is not a guest physical +address. This case is handled by having vhost code within QEMU register +as a listener for IOMMU mapping changes. The vhost application maintains +a cache of IOMMMU translations: sending translation requests back to +QEMU on cache misses, and in turn receiving flush requests from QEMU +when mappings are purged. + +applicability to device separation +'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' + +Much of the vhost model can be re-used by separated device emulation. In +particular, the ideas of using a socket between QEMU and the device +emulation application, using a file descriptor to inject interrupts into +the VM via KVM, and allowing the application to ``mmap()`` the guest +should be re used. + +There are, however, some notable differences between how a vhost +application works and the needs of separated device emulation. The most +basic is that vhost uses custom virtio device drivers which always +trigger IO with MMIO stores. A separated device emulation model must +work with existing IO device models and guest device drivers. MMIO loads +break vhost store acceleration since they are synchronous - guest +progress cannot continue until the load has been emulated. By contrast, +stores are asynchronous, the guest can continue after the store event +has been sent to the vhost application. + +Another difference is that in the vhost user model, a single daemon can +support multiple QEMU instances. This is contrary to the security regime +desired, in which the emulation application should only be allowed to +access the files or devices the VM it's running on behalf of can access. +#### qemu-io model + +Qemu-io is a test harness used to test changes to the QEMU block backend +object code. (e.g., the code that implements disk images for disk driver +emulation) Qemu-io is not a device emulation application per se, but it +does compile the QEMU block objects into a separate binary from the main +QEMU one. This could be useful for disk device emulation, since its +emulation applications will need to include the QEMU block objects. + +New separation model based on proxy objects +------------------------------------------- + +A different model based on proxy objects in the QEMU program +communicating with remote emulation programs could provide separation +while minimizing the changes needed to the device emulation code. The +rest of this section is a discussion of how a proxy object model would +work. + +Remote emulation processes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The remote emulation process will run the QEMU object hierarchy without +modification. The device emulation objects will be also be based on the +QEMU code, because for anything but the simplest device, it would not be +a tractable to re-implement both the object model and the many device +backends that QEMU has. + +The processes will communicate with the QEMU process over UNIX domain +sockets. The processes can be executed either as standalone processes, +or be executed by QEMU. In both cases, the host backends the emulation +processes will provide are specified on its command line, as they would +be for QEMU. For example: + +:: + + disk-proc -blockdev driver=file,node-name=file0,filename=disk-file0 \ + -blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=drive0,file=file0 + +would indicate process *disk-proc* uses a qcow2 emulated disk named +*file0* as its backend. + +Emulation processes may emulate more than one guest controller. A common +configuration might be to put all controllers of the same device class +(e.g., disk, network, etc.) in a single process, so that all backends of +the same type can be managed by a single QMP monitor. + +communication with QEMU +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The first argument to the remote emulation process will be a Unix domain +socket that connects with the Proxy object. This is a required argument. + +:: + + disk-proc + +remote process QMP monitor +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Remote emulation processes can be monitored via QMP, similar to QEMU +itself. The QMP monitor socket is specified the same as for a QEMU +process: + +:: + + disk-proc -qmp unix:/tmp/disk-mon,server + +can be monitored over the UNIX socket path */tmp/disk-mon*. + +QEMU command line +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Each remote device emulated in a remote process on the host is +represented as a *-device* of type *pci-proxy-dev*. A socket +sub-option to this option specifies the Unix socket that connects +to the remote process. An *id* sub-option is required, and it should +be the same id as used in the remote process. + +:: + + qemu-system-x86_64 ... -device pci-proxy-dev,id=lsi0,socket=3 + +can be used to add a device emulated in a remote process + + +QEMU management of remote processes +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +QEMU is not aware of the type of type of the remote PCI device. It is +a pass through device as far as QEMU is concerned. + +communication with emulation process +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +primary channel +''''''''''''''' + +The primary channel (referred to as com in the code) is used to bootstrap +the remote process. It is also used to pass on device-agnostic commands +like reset. + +per-device channels +''''''''''''''''''' + +Each remote device communicates with QEMU using a dedicated communication +channel. The proxy object sets up this channel using the primary +channel during its initialization. + +QEMU device proxy objects +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +QEMU has an object model based on sub-classes inherited from the +"object" super-class. The sub-classes that are of interest here are the +"device" and "bus" sub-classes whose child sub-classes make up the +device tree of a QEMU emulated system. + +The proxy object model will use device proxy objects to replace the +device emulation code within the QEMU process. These objects will live +in the same place in the object and bus hierarchies as the objects they +replace. i.e., the proxy object for an LSI SCSI controller will be a +sub-class of the "pci-device" class, and will have the same PCI bus +parent and the same SCSI bus child objects as the LSI controller object +it replaces. + +It is worth noting that the same proxy object is used to mediate with +all types of remote PCI devices. + +object initialization +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The Proxy device objects are initialized in the exact same manner in +which any other QEMU device would be initialized. + +In addition, the Proxy objects perform the following two tasks: +- Parses the "socket" sub option and connects to the remote process +using this channel +- Uses the "id" sub-option to connect to the emulated device on the +separate process + +class\_init +''''''''''' + +The ``class_init()`` method of a proxy object will, in general behave +similarly to the object it replaces, including setting any static +properties and methods needed by the proxy. + +instance\_init / realize +'''''''''''''''''''''''' + +The ``instance_init()`` and ``realize()`` functions would only need to +perform tasks related to being a proxy, such are registering its own +MMIO handlers, or creating a child bus that other proxy devices can be +attached to later. + +Other tasks will be device-specific. For example, PCI device objects +will initialize the PCI config space in order to make a valid PCI device +tree within the QEMU process. + +address space registration +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Most devices are driven by guest device driver accesses to IO addresses +or ports. The QEMU device emulation code uses QEMU's memory region +function calls (such as ``memory_region_init_io()``) to add callback +functions that QEMU will invoke when the guest accesses the device's +areas of the IO address space. When a guest driver does access the +device, the VM will exit HW virtualization mode and return to QEMU, +which will then lookup and execute the corresponding callback function. + +A proxy object would need to mirror the memory region calls the actual +device emulator would perform in its initialization code, but with its +own callbacks. When invoked by QEMU as a result of a guest IO operation, +they will forward the operation to the device emulation process. + +PCI config space +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +PCI devices also have a configuration space that can be accessed by the +guest driver. Guest accesses to this space is not handled by the device +emulation object, but by its PCI parent object. Much of this space is +read-only, but certain registers (especially BAR and MSI-related ones) +need to be propagated to the emulation process. + +PCI parent proxy +'''''''''''''''' + +One way to propagate guest PCI config accesses is to create a +"pci-device-proxy" class that can serve as the parent of a PCI device +proxy object. This class's parent would be "pci-device" and it would +override the PCI parent's ``config_read()`` and ``config_write()`` +methods with ones that forward these operations to the emulation +program. + +interrupt receipt +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +A proxy for a device that generates interrupts will need to create a +socket to receive interrupt indications from the emulation process. An +incoming interrupt indication would then be sent up to its bus parent to +be injected into the guest. For example, a PCI device object may use +``pci_set_irq()``. + +live migration +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The proxy will register to save and restore any *vmstate* it needs over +a live migration event. The device proxy does not need to manage the +remote device's *vmstate*; that will be handled by the remote process +proxy (see below). + +QEMU remote device operation +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Generic device operations, such as DMA, will be performed by the remote +process proxy by sending messages to the remote process. + +DMA operations +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +DMA operations would be handled much like vhost applications do. One of +the initial messages sent to the emulation process is a guest memory +table. Each entry in this table consists of a file descriptor and size +that the emulation process can ``mmap()`` to directly access guest +memory, similar to ``vhost_user_set_mem_table()``. Note guest memory +must be backed by file descriptors, such as when QEMU is given the +*-mem-path* command line option. + +IOMMU operations +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +When the emulated system includes an IOMMU, the remote process proxy in +QEMU will need to create a socket for IOMMU requests from the emulation +process. It will handle those requests with an +``address_space_get_iotlb_entry()`` call. In order to handle IOMMU +unmaps, the remote process proxy will also register as a listener on the +device's DMA address space. When an IOMMU memory region is created +within the DMA address space, an IOMMU notifier for unmaps will be added +to the memory region that will forward unmaps to the emulation process +over the IOMMU socket. + +device hot-plug via QMP +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +An QMP "device\_add" command can add a device emulated by a remote +process. It will also have "rid" option to the command, just as the +*-device* command line option does. The remote process may either be one +started at QEMU startup, or be one added by the "add-process" QMP +command described above. In either case, the remote process proxy will +forward the new device's JSON description to the corresponding emulation +process. + +live migration +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The remote process proxy will also register for live migration +notifications with ``vmstate_register()``. When called to save state, +the proxy will send the remote process a secondary socket file +descriptor to save the remote process's device *vmstate* over. The +incoming byte stream length and data will be saved as the proxy's +*vmstate*. When the proxy is resumed on its new host, this *vmstate* +will be extracted, and a secondary socket file descriptor will be sent +to the new remote process through which it receives the *vmstate* in +order to restore the devices there. + +device emulation in remote process +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The parts of QEMU that the emulation program will need include the +object model; the memory emulation objects; the device emulation objects +of the targeted device, and any dependent devices; and, the device's +backends. It will also need code to setup the machine environment, +handle requests from the QEMU process, and route machine-level requests +(such as interrupts or IOMMU mappings) back to the QEMU process. + +initialization +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The process initialization sequence will follow the same sequence +followed by QEMU. It will first initialize the backend objects, then +device emulation objects. The JSON descriptions sent by the QEMU process +will drive which objects need to be created. + +- address spaces + +Before the device objects are created, the initial address spaces and +memory regions must be configured with ``memory_map_init()``. This +creates a RAM memory region object (*system\_memory*) and an IO memory +region object (*system\_io*). + +- RAM + +RAM memory region creation will follow how ``pc_memory_init()`` creates +them, but must use ``memory_region_init_ram_from_fd()`` instead of +``memory_region_allocate_system_memory()``. The file descriptors needed +will be supplied by the guest memory table from above. Those RAM regions +would then be added to the *system\_memory* memory region with +``memory_region_add_subregion()``. + +- PCI + +IO initialization will be driven by the JSON descriptions sent from the +QEMU process. For a PCI device, a PCI bus will need to be created with +``pci_root_bus_new()``, and a PCI memory region will need to be created +and added to the *system\_memory* memory region with +``memory_region_add_subregion_overlap()``. The overlap version is +required for architectures where PCI memory overlaps with RAM memory. + +MMIO handling +^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The device emulation objects will use ``memory_region_init_io()`` to +install their MMIO handlers, and ``pci_register_bar()`` to associate +those handlers with a PCI BAR, as they do within QEMU currently. + +In order to use ``address_space_rw()`` in the emulation process to +handle MMIO requests from QEMU, the PCI physical addresses must be the +same in the QEMU process and the device emulation process. In order to +accomplish that, guest BAR programming must also be forwarded from QEMU +to the emulation process. + +interrupt injection +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +When device emulation wants to inject an interrupt into the VM, the +request climbs the device's bus object hierarchy until the point where a +bus object knows how to signal the interrupt to the guest. The details +depend on the type of interrupt being raised. + +- PCI pin interrupts + +On x86 systems, there is an emulated IOAPIC object attached to the root +PCI bus object, and the root PCI object forwards interrupt requests to +it. The IOAPIC object, in turn, calls the KVM driver to inject the +corresponding interrupt into the VM. The simplest way to handle this in +an emulation process would be to setup the root PCI bus driver (via +``pci_bus_irqs()``) to send a interrupt request back to the QEMU +process, and have the device proxy object reflect it up the PCI tree +there. + +- PCI MSI/X interrupts + +PCI MSI/X interrupts are implemented in HW as DMA writes to a +CPU-specific PCI address. In QEMU on x86, a KVM APIC object receives +these DMA writes, then calls into the KVM driver to inject the interrupt +into the VM. A simple emulation process implementation would be to send +the MSI DMA address from QEMU as a message at initialization, then +install an address space handler at that address which forwards the MSI +message back to QEMU. + +DMA operations +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +When a emulation object wants to DMA into or out of guest memory, it +first must use dma\_memory\_map() to convert the DMA address to a local +virtual address. The emulation process memory region objects setup above +will be used to translate the DMA address to a local virtual address the +device emulation code can access. + +IOMMU +^^^^^ + +When an IOMMU is in use in QEMU, DMA translation uses IOMMU memory +regions to translate the DMA address to a guest physical address before +that physical address can be translated to a local virtual address. The +emulation process will need similar functionality. + +- IOTLB cache + +The emulation process will maintain a cache of recent IOMMU translations +(the IOTLB). When the translate() callback of an IOMMU memory region is +invoked, the IOTLB cache will be searched for an entry that will map the +DMA address to a guest PA. On a cache miss, a message will be sent back +to QEMU requesting the corresponding translation entry, which be both be +used to return a guest address and be added to the cache. + +- IOTLB purge + +The IOMMU emulation will also need to act on unmap requests from QEMU. +These happen when the guest IOMMU driver purges an entry from the +guest's translation table. + +live migration +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +When a remote process receives a live migration indication from QEMU, it +will set up a channel using the received file descriptor with +``qio_channel_socket_new_fd()``. This channel will be used to create a +*QEMUfile* that can be passed to ``qemu_save_device_state()`` to send +the process's device state back to QEMU. This method will be reversed on +restore - the channel will be passed to ``qemu_loadvm_state()`` to +restore the device state. + +Accelerating device emulation +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The messages that are required to be sent between QEMU and the emulation +process can add considerable latency to IO operations. The optimizations +described below attempt to ameliorate this effect by allowing the +emulation process to communicate directly with the kernel KVM driver. +The KVM file descriptors created would be passed to the emulation process +via initialization messages, much like the guest memory table is done. +#### MMIO acceleration + +Vhost user applications can receive guest virtio driver stores directly +from KVM. The issue with the eventfd mechanism used by vhost user is +that it does not pass any data with the event indication, so it cannot +handle guest loads or guest stores that carry store data. This concept +could, however, be expanded to cover more cases. + +The expanded idea would require a new type of KVM device: +*KVM\_DEV\_TYPE\_USER*. This device has two file descriptors: a master +descriptor that QEMU can use for configuration, and a slave descriptor +that the emulation process can use to receive MMIO notifications. QEMU +would create both descriptors using the KVM driver, and pass the slave +descriptor to the emulation process via an initialization message. + +data structures +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +- guest physical range + +The guest physical range structure describes the address range that a +device will respond to. It includes the base and length of the range, as +well as which bus the range resides on (e.g., on an x86machine, it can +specify whether the range refers to memory or IO addresses). + +A device can have multiple physical address ranges it responds to (e.g., +a PCI device can have multiple BARs), so the structure will also include +an enumerated identifier to specify which of the device's ranges is +being referred to. + ++--------+----------------------------+ +| Name | Description | ++========+============================+ +| addr | range base address | ++--------+----------------------------+ +| len | range length | ++--------+----------------------------+ +| bus | addr type (memory or IO) | ++--------+----------------------------+ +| id | range ID (e.g., PCI BAR) | ++--------+----------------------------+ + +- MMIO request structure + +This structure describes an MMIO operation. It includes which guest +physical range the MMIO was within, the offset within that range, the +MMIO type (e.g., load or store), and its length and data. It also +includes a sequence number that can be used to reply to the MMIO, and +the CPU that issued the MMIO. + ++----------+------------------------+ +| Name | Description | ++==========+========================+ +| rid | range MMIO is within | ++----------+------------------------+ +| offset | offset withing *rid* | ++----------+------------------------+ +| type | e.g., load or store | ++----------+------------------------+ +| len | MMIO length | ++----------+------------------------+ +| data | store data | ++----------+------------------------+ +| seq | sequence ID | ++----------+------------------------+ + +- MMIO request queues + +MMIO request queues are FIFO arrays of MMIO request structures. There +are two queues: pending queue is for MMIOs that haven't been read by the +emulation program, and the sent queue is for MMIOs that haven't been +acknowledged. The main use of the second queue is to validate MMIO +replies from the emulation program. + +- scoreboard + +Each CPU in the VM is emulated in QEMU by a separate thread, so multiple +MMIOs may be waiting to be consumed by an emulation program and multiple +threads may be waiting for MMIO replies. The scoreboard would contain a +wait queue and sequence number for the per-CPU threads, allowing them to +be individually woken when the MMIO reply is received from the emulation +program. It also tracks the number of posted MMIO stores to the device +that haven't been replied to, in order to satisfy the PCI constraint +that a load to a device will not complete until all previous stores to +that device have been completed. + +- device shadow memory + +Some MMIO loads do not have device side-effects. These MMIOs can be +completed without sending a MMIO request to the emulation program if the +emulation program shares a shadow image of the device's memory image +with the KVM driver. + +The emulation program will ask the KVM driver to allocate memory for the +shadow image, and will then use ``mmap()`` to directly access it. The +emulation program can control KVM access to the shadow image by sending +KVM an access map telling it which areas of the image have no +side-effects (and can be completed immediately), and which require a +MMIO request to the emulation program. The access map can also inform +the KVM drive which size accesses are allowed to the image. + +master descriptor +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The master descriptor is used by QEMU to configure the new KVM device. +The descriptor would be returned by the KVM driver when QEMU issues a +*KVM\_CREATE\_DEVICE* ``ioctl()`` with a *KVM\_DEV\_TYPE\_USER* type. + +KVM\_DEV\_TYPE\_USER device ops + + +The *KVM\_DEV\_TYPE\_USER* operations vector will be registered by a +``kvm_register_device_ops()`` call when the KVM system in initialized by +``kvm_init()``. These device ops are called by the KVM driver when QEMU +executes certain ``ioctl()`` operations on its KVM file descriptor. They +include: + +- create + +This routine is called when QEMU issues a *KVM\_CREATE\_DEVICE* +``ioctl()`` on its per-VM file descriptor. It will allocate and +initialize a KVM user device specific data structure, and assign the +*kvm\_device* private field to it. + +- ioctl + +This routine is invoked when QEMU issues an ``ioctl()`` on the master +descriptor. The ``ioctl()`` commands supported are defined by the KVM +device type. *KVM\_DEV\_TYPE\_USER* ones will need several commands: + +*KVM\_DEV\_USER\_SLAVE\_FD* creates the slave file descriptor that will +be passed to the device emulation program. Only one slave can be created +by each master descriptor. The file operations performed by this +descriptor are described below. + +The *KVM\_DEV\_USER\_PA\_RANGE* command configures a guest physical +address range that the slave descriptor will receive MMIO notifications +for. The range is specified by a guest physical range structure +argument. For buses that assign addresses to devices dynamically, this +command can be executed while the guest is running, such as the case +when a guest changes a device's PCI BAR registers. + +*KVM\_DEV\_USER\_PA\_RANGE* will use ``kvm_io_bus_register_dev()`` to +register *kvm\_io\_device\_ops* callbacks to be invoked when the guest +performs a MMIO operation within the range. When a range is changed, +``kvm_io_bus_unregister_dev()`` is used to remove the previous +instantiation. + +*KVM\_DEV\_USER\_TIMEOUT* will configure a timeout value that specifies +how long KVM will wait for the emulation process to respond to a MMIO +indication. + +- destroy + +This routine is called when the VM instance is destroyed. It will need +to destroy the slave descriptor; and free any memory allocated by the +driver, as well as the *kvm\_device* structure itself. + +slave descriptor +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +The slave descriptor will have its own file operations vector, which +responds to system calls on the descriptor performed by the device +emulation program. + +- read + +A read returns any pending MMIO requests from the KVM driver as MMIO +request structures. Multiple structures can be returned if there are +multiple MMIO operations pending. The MMIO requests are moved from the +pending queue to the sent queue, and if there are threads waiting for +space in the pending to add new MMIO operations, they will be woken +here. + +- write + +A write also consists of a set of MMIO requests. They are compared to +the MMIO requests in the sent queue. Matches are removed from the sent +queue, and any threads waiting for the reply are woken. If a store is +removed, then the number of posted stores in the per-CPU scoreboard is +decremented. When the number is zero, and a non side-effect load was +waiting for posted stores to complete, the load is continued. + +- ioctl + +There are several ioctl()s that can be performed on the slave +descriptor. + +A *KVM\_DEV\_USER\_SHADOW\_SIZE* ``ioctl()`` causes the KVM driver to +allocate memory for the shadow image. This memory can later be +``mmap()``\ ed by the emulation process to share the emulation's view of +device memory with the KVM driver. + +A *KVM\_DEV\_USER\_SHADOW\_CTRL* ``ioctl()`` controls access to the +shadow image. It will send the KVM driver a shadow control map, which +specifies which areas of the image can complete guest loads without +sending the load request to the emulation program. It will also specify +the size of load operations that are allowed. + +- poll + +An emulation program will use the ``poll()`` call with a *POLLIN* flag +to determine if there are MMIO requests waiting to be read. It will +return if the pending MMIO request queue is not empty. + +- mmap + +This call allows the emulation program to directly access the shadow +image allocated by the KVM driver. As device emulation updates device +memory, changes with no side-effects will be reflected in the shadow, +and the KVM driver can satisfy guest loads from the shadow image without +needing to wait for the emulation program. + +kvm\_io\_device ops +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Each KVM per-CPU thread can handle MMIO operation on behalf of the guest +VM. KVM will use the MMIO's guest physical address to search for a +matching *kvm\_io\_device* to see if the MMIO can be handled by the KVM +driver instead of exiting back to QEMU. If a match is found, the +corresponding callback will be invoked. + +- read + +This callback is invoked when the guest performs a load to the device. +Loads with side-effects must be handled synchronously, with the KVM +driver putting the QEMU thread to sleep waiting for the emulation +process reply before re-starting the guest. Loads that do not have +side-effects may be optimized by satisfying them from the shadow image, +if there are no outstanding stores to the device by this CPU. PCI memory +ordering demands that a load cannot complete before all older stores to +the same device have been completed. + +- write + +Stores can be handled asynchronously unless the pending MMIO request +queue is full. In this case, the QEMU thread must sleep waiting for +space in the queue. Stores will increment the number of posted stores in +the per-CPU scoreboard, in order to implement the PCI ordering +constraint above. + +interrupt acceleration +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +This performance optimization would work much like a vhost user +application does, where the QEMU process sets up *eventfds* that cause +the device's corresponding interrupt to be triggered by the KVM driver. +These irq file descriptors are sent to the emulation process at +initialization, and are used when the emulation code raises a device +interrupt. + +intx acceleration +''''''''''''''''' + +Traditional PCI pin interrupts are level based, so, in addition to an +irq file descriptor, a re-sampling file descriptor needs to be sent to +the emulation program. This second file descriptor allows multiple +devices sharing an irq to be notified when the interrupt has been +acknowledged by the guest, so they can re-trigger the interrupt if their +device has not de-asserted its interrupt. + +intx irq descriptor + + +The irq descriptors are created by the proxy object +``using event_notifier_init()`` to create the irq and re-sampling +*eventds*, and ``kvm_vm_ioctl(KVM_IRQFD)`` to bind them to an interrupt. +The interrupt route can be found with +``pci_device_route_intx_to_irq()``. + +intx routing changes + + +Intx routing can be changed when the guest programs the APIC the device +pin is connected to. The proxy object in QEMU will use +``pci_device_set_intx_routing_notifier()`` to be informed of any guest +changes to the route. This handler will broadly follow the VFIO +interrupt logic to change the route: de-assigning the existing irq +descriptor from its route, then assigning it the new route. (see +``vfio_intx_update()``) + +MSI/X acceleration +'''''''''''''''''' + +MSI/X interrupts are sent as DMA transactions to the host. The interrupt +data contains a vector that is programmed by the guest, A device may have +multiple MSI interrupts associated with it, so multiple irq descriptors +may need to be sent to the emulation program. + +MSI/X irq descriptor + + +This case will also follow the VFIO example. For each MSI/X interrupt, +an *eventfd* is created, a virtual interrupt is allocated by +``kvm_irqchip_add_msi_route()``, and the virtual interrupt is bound to +the eventfd with ``kvm_irqchip_add_irqfd_notifier()``. + +MSI/X config space changes + + +The guest may dynamically update several MSI-related tables in the +device's PCI config space. These include per-MSI interrupt enables and +vector data. Additionally, MSIX tables exist in device memory space, not +config space. Much like the BAR case above, the proxy object must look +at guest config space programming to keep the MSI interrupt state +consistent between QEMU and the emulation program. + +-------------- + +Disaggregated CPU emulation +--------------------------- + +After IO services have been disaggregated, a second phase would be to +separate a process to handle CPU instruction emulation from the main +QEMU control function. There are no object separation points for this +code, so the first task would be to create one. + +Host access controls +-------------------- + +Separating QEMU relies on the host OS's access restriction mechanisms to +enforce that the differing processes can only access the objects they +are entitled to. There are a couple types of mechanisms usually provided +by general purpose OSs. + +Discretionary access control +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Discretionary access control allows each user to control who can access +their files. In Linux, this type of control is usually too coarse for +QEMU separation, since it only provides three separate access controls: +one for the same user ID, the second for users IDs with the same group +ID, and the third for all other user IDs. Each device instance would +need a separate user ID to provide access control, which is likely to be +unwieldy for dynamically created VMs. + +Mandatory access control +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Mandatory access control allows the OS to add an additional set of +controls on top of discretionary access for the OS to control. It also +adds other attributes to processes and files such as types, roles, and +categories, and can establish rules for how processes and files can +interact. + +Type enforcement +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Type enforcement assigns a *type* attribute to processes and files, and +allows rules to be written on what operations a process with a given +type can perform on a file with a given type. QEMU separation could take +advantage of type enforcement by running the emulation processes with +different types, both from the main QEMU process, and from the emulation +processes of different classes of devices. + +For example, guest disk images and disk emulation processes could have +types separate from the main QEMU process and non-disk emulation +processes, and the type rules could prevent processes other than disk +emulation ones from accessing guest disk images. Similarly, network +emulation processes can have a type separate from the main QEMU process +and non-network emulation process, and only that type can access the +host tun/tap device used to provide guest networking. + +Category enforcement +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Category enforcement assigns a set of numbers within a given range to +the process or file. The process is granted access to the file if the +process's set is a superset of the file's set. This enforcement can be +used to separate multiple instances of devices in the same class. + +For example, if there are multiple disk devices provides to a guest, +each device emulation process could be provisioned with a separate +category. The different device emulation processes would not be able to +access each other's backing disk images. + +Alternatively, categories could be used in lieu of the type enforcement +scheme described above. In this scenario, different categories would be +used to prevent device emulation processes in different classes from +accessing resources assigned to other classes.


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New Zealand Ranked World’s Second Most Prosperous Country

Posted: January 3, 2019

New Zealand is the second most prosperous country in the world as per a report by The Legatum Prosperity Index 2018 while comparing with 149 other countries.

This index is formed by ‘nine pillars’ which are Education, Health & Natural environment, Economic Quality, Business Environment, Personal Freedom, Social Capital, Safety and Security & Governance.

New Zealand- One of the happiest and safest places in the world

New Zealand has managed to flourish as one of the safest, richest, and peaceful countries of the world. The Legatum Institute releases Global Prosperity Index annually where it ranks the top most prosperous countries in the world. Everything is analyzed be it economy, education, governance, security, health, and more. Out of top-performing countries such as Norway, Switzerland, Denmark & Sweden, New Zealand made the cut. Aotearoa is one of the most tolerant countries towards immigrants, as per Legatum’s report.

Jacindamania helped NZ’s global influence, the index reveals

According to an annual report, New Zealand maintains a global influence from the past 12 months. All thanks to New Zealand’s Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. New Zealand is given18th rank out of the 30 countries that yield the greatest global influence, as per a report by The Soft Power 30 Index. These rankings have been continually made since 2015. New Zealand gives all the credit to their beloved Prime Minister Ardern for her immense contribution in Government sub-index.

New Zealand ranked least-corrupt country in the world, yet again.

Transparency International releases Corruptions Perception Index where it ranks the countries on the basis of public sector corruption. New Zealand’s scores 89 out of 100, moving marginally ahead of Denmark.

All in all, New Zealand is doing pretty well as a country while it continues to give a vast amount of services to people in terms of social capital, civic participation, education, and much more.

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About Patriot Axe Throwing, Hickory, NC

HomeAbout Patriot Axe Throwing, Hickory, NC

Our veteran-owned establishment is something not to be missed.

If you know any veterans, one thing you know about us is that we want to excel at everything we do– and that includes our careers! After the military, our veteran-owned establishment was created to serve as a place of enjoyment and entertainment for people of all ages. If you haven’t been to an axe throwing center, it’s time to learn what all the hype is about here at Patriot Axe Throwing.

About Patriot Axe Throwing, Hickory, NC

Whether you want to burn off some stress or enjoy a place that really puts the “active” into an activity, we know that you will love our establishment that encompasses all there is to love about axe throwing. We wanted to give people a chance to do something interesting, exciting and certainly not run-of-the-mill here in the Hickory, North Carolina area, and we are pleased to say that the people in the area have really responded to this type of activity!

We are able to help people of all ages and stages feel comfortable with the axe throwing experience. If there is anything that our military service has taught us, it’s that people are capable of greatness. Whether you are looking for greatness or just an enjoyable night out, our qualified staff is here to help you with your first or fiftieth throwing.

We have 10 lanes available for axe throwing and are happy to provide you with a short lesson on axe throwing for our beginners out there. We know that once you have tried axe throwing, you won’t be satisfied with more mundane activities. If you would like to learn more about how to schedule a time, the costs or more information about our establishment, please give us a call today.


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logoby Scott Benson

As Chris Gasper and Karen Guregian report this morning, it was a hell of a sendoff yesterday for Troy Brown, who ended his NFL career after 15 seasons with the Patriots.

Team owner Robert Kraft said, “Troy Brown to me is the consummate Patriot.”

Head coach Bill Belichick said, “It has truly been an honor and a privilege to coach Troy.”

Brown, flanked by his wife and two boys, said, “I will always be a Patriot.”

The team announced that its nationally televised game with the Jets on November 13 will be Troy Brown Night.

Meanwhile, here at PD, we’re gathering our thoughts for a series of tributes to the man who rose from an eighth round draft pick to become one of the greatest players in the history of the franchise. I’ll be back on Sunday with some thoughts, and Chris Warner will be here on Monday to look at some of Troy’s most memorable plays. On Tuesday, Tyler Carter will be here with A Very Special Turning Point focusing on a signature Brown play, and Dan Snapp will wrap things up on Wednesday with a look at one of the most unique players it’s ever been our pleasure to watch.

We hope you’ll join us.


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Comfort Eke

‘When a lady gets to at least 25 years, she should be married’. In Nigeria, getting married seems to be an issue of concern in many families. Some want the grand wedding, exquisite clothes for aso-ebi. ‘Our family no dey carry last oh’ in their own words. Some mothers go to the extent of looking for husbands for their unmarried daughters. Aunties will be calling, just to ask if there is a man already. Some aunties go to the extent of saying it’s a spiritual problem that makes people unmarried when their mates are married. Recently I had a conversation with a woman and she said, “getting married is an achievement”.
         But it got me wondering, if marriage was an achievement, why do some married people get divorced? Why do people get married and still feel unhappy? Why do some feel unexcited about getting married? Carrying out a survey on some married women, I found out something very enlightening.

Let’s meet Rebecca, she is a very hard-working woman, skillful and humble. She didn’t complete her education because her parents couldn’t sponsor her. She decided to learn a skill so she could make money. Everything was working fine till she met the man that wanted to marry her. He was well educated, had two masters overseas. She felt the man will support her through school since he knew the importance of education. She got married but she couldn’t fulfill her dream of attaining higher education even after 16 years of marriage. She felt more caged than fulfilled as a married woman.

However, let’s hear Sandra’s story. Sandra was an ambitious woman. She went to school and got a degree in Psychology. She enjoyed her profession and felt so fulfilled as a psychologist. She ended up with a man that believed women should be housewives. He didn’t allow her to continue with her work. They had so much arguments about it and her family supported him. She felt so devastated.

The heartbreaking part was the story of Christy, She was so desperate to get married. She eventually got married to a man of her dreams, rich and handsome. Immediately she started having children, he changed.  She was beaten for even the slightest mistake. Well, she endured domestic violence until she died.

But there were a few women that got married and remained happy in their marriage. Their husband stayed faithful to them. Their husbands were very supportive of their dreams. Their husbands understood them. Even if they had misunderstandings, they usually worked things out.

With all these, can we still say ‘Getting married is an achievement?’ or ‘Having a happy marriage is an achievement’. I know there is intense pressure to get married. I understand that our friends are getting married and we feel desperate to get married. Let’s stop focusing on getting married, but on having the right partner. Marriage is for a lifetime, hence, you have to choose wisely. Not due to circumstances or benefits. I will say it’s better to define your goals, make your dreams clear, develop yourself to be woman of character and get married to someone that will support your dreams and love you for who you are. Be careful as well, so you don’t fall prey to domestic violence.

Comfort Eke is a native of Abia state, Nigeria; from a family of three. She is based in Port Harcourt, Rivers state and a student at the Department of Anatomy in the University of Port Harcourt. She is a writer, an entrepreneur and volunteer.

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A Look At Pop Culture’s Most Famous Pirates

(PCM) Every September 19th it is time to celebrate International Talk Like A Pirate Day. In honor of this parody holiday, we wanted to take a moment to honor some of pop culture’s most famous pirates and “Arrrrr..matey…perhaps you will get a bit of the ol’ inspiration!

1. Captain Hook

Captain Hook was the villain character created by author J.M. Barrie’s book “Peter Pan” in 1904. He was the captain of the Jolly Roger …