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What can cause you to suffer a mice infestation?

All animals need food, shelter and warmth to survive and breed. Even small amounts of split food can provide plenty of food availability for mice, especially as most human food is high in sugar and fats. Given a mouse only weighs around 10 grams, it doesn’t need much in the way of split food or refuse to live and raise a family. Dog and cat food is nearly always left on the floor all day and night where it is easily accessed by foraging rodents.

Much like our food, it is high in proteins and vitamins and therefore is ideal for supporting rodent infestations. Pet birds can encourage an infestation, the canary & millet seeds used to feed them are ideal mice food, they usually come in soft packaging that is easily gnawed through and mice can fit through the bars to all bird cages.

Pet guinea pigs and rabbits etc. are also contributing factors to an infestation for the same reasons, ideal food source and mice can get into the cages/hutches etc. The boom in cash ‘n’ carry stores has caused an increase in the number of households who stockpile large sacks of rice, cereal boxes, biscuits, crisps, dog biscuits etc. to take advantage of the cheaper prices. The soft packaging allows these stockpiled foodstuffs to be easily accessed by foraging rodents and quite often the infestation will go un-noticed for weeks due to the slow turnover of ‘stock’. Given each mouse can rear an 8 strong litter within 6 weeks and continue doing so every 6 weeks, a problem can arise very quickly indeed.

Mice are part of the ‘Rodent family’ – this means their 2 front teeth constantly grow. To keep these teeth in check, they have to constantly gnaw to wear them down. This means mice can gnaw through floorboards, door frames, plastic pipes, and electrical cables and even lightweight aluminium. This provides a problem for the pest controller as any proofing works are often bypassed by the mice gnawing through the proofing product or simply gnawing another access hole next to the area proofed. Mice have evolved over millions of years to be exceptionally good at squeezing through small gaps.

Mother Nature has taught them that their survival depends on it, as it allows them to evade predators, access foods and gain shelter. Their tiny skulls, pointed faces and flexible bodies allow them to squeeze through holes and gaps as small as 5 mm (essentially what you can push a biro through). This combined with their gnawing ability, makes proofing for mice incredibly difficult. Mice are also honed athletes, they can jump up to a metre and run up a vertical brick wall. As Pest controllers we are continually astonished at their ability and determination to access an area that provides them with food, shelter and warmth.

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History of Political Economy 36.1 (2004) 131-161

[Access article in PDF]

The Death Penalty as Monetary Policy:
The Practice and Punishment of Monetary Crime, 1690–1830

Carl Wennerlind

In the 1690s during the financial revolution, clipping and counterfeiting emerged as serious threats to England's commercial base and its bid to become a global power. The damaging impact of clipping and counterfeiting prompted John Locke ([1696] 1991a, 472) to declare that money manipulations have "contributed more to Sink us, than all the Force of our Enemies could do." Counterfeiting challenged the general confidence in the exchangeability of money and consequently damaged the capacity of money to mediate exchange relations. Since the social fabric was increasingly constituted as a set of exchange relations, an assault on money was therefore considered an attack on the entire social form. This led to calls for a stricter penal code and an increased application of the death penalty to eliminate the "counterfeiting plague." The state responded quickly, rewriting the laws regarding clipping and counterfeiting of coins, as well as passing new capital statutes regarding the counterfeiting of Bank of England notes. The seriousness of the situation was further underscored by the Treasury's decision to put Isaac Newton in charge of the detection and prosecution of the money manipulators—a [End Page 131] task he performed with great vigor and success.1

Considering the sense of urgency expressed in the pamphlet debates during the 1690s and the swiftness whereby the legal changes were made, we may infer that capital punishment was perceived as a crucially important instrument for the solidification of the currency. In fact, when we trace how the death penalty was applied to new forms of money manipulations during the eighteenth century, we are forced to recognize that the death penalty continued to play a rather central role throughout the formative stages of the modern monetary system. As such, this article challenges the notion, subscribed to by many economists, that the state's role was limited to issuing money and adjusting the quantity in circulation. Indeed, the historical record forces us to expand the list of policy tools used by the state to administer the modern monetary mechanism to include the execution of those found guilty of tampering with the currency.

This article begins by sketching the historical context of the economic turmoil in England during the 1690s. This is followed by a discussion of the 1695 currency crisis, an analysis of the pamphlet debates regarding the causes and solutions of the crisis, and an outline of the legal changes made to purge England of its currency criminals. Here, Isaac Newton's role at the mint as the chief prosecutor of the clippers and counterfeiters is detailed. Thereafter follows an analysis of the newly emerging paper-money system and the laws erected against counterfeiting public and private bank bills. Finally, the laws against tampering with silver, gold, and paper money are compared to the rather anomalous laws governing copper coins.

Historical Context of the 1695 Monetary Crisis

The financial revolution (1690–1730) developed as part of another pivotal moment in English history, the Glorious Revolution. Alongside the religious controversy, the most central issue in the Glorious Revolution was the balance of power between Parliament and the Crown—a struggle carried out over the control of the state's fiscal apparatus. While the Stuarts had enjoyed the power to arbitrarily expropriate wealth—as was exemplified during the 1672 Stop of the Exchequer—the Declaration of Rights, signed by William III before he assumed the throne, significantly [End Page 132] curtailed the monarch's right to tax and spend at will (North and Weingast 1989). Contrary to his two predecessors, Charles II and James II, who were allocated generous purses to pursue their military campaigns, William was only guaranteed a small sum of money, "insufficient to cover even the normal expenses of government" (Carruthers 1996, 40). This ensured that he would have to hold frequent Parliaments to ask for money, which secured Parliament's influence over the Crown. This, however...

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» » Gorilla Zoe - Lost (Radio Version)

Gorilla Zoe - Lost (Radio Version) Album

1Lost (Radio Version)

CategoryArtistTitle (Format)LabelCategoryCountryYear
0-517560Gorilla Zoe Lost (12", Single)Block Entertainment, Bad Boy South0-517560US2008
noneGorilla Zoe Feat. Lil Wayne Gorilla Zoe Feat. Lil Wayne - Lost (CDr, Promo)Bad Boy South, Block EntertainmentnoneUS2009
0 75678 96619 4Gorilla Zoe Lost (12")Bad Boy Entertainment0 75678 96619 4US2009

Текст песни: Walking around looking for a way But no one tells me which way to go Im caught up in a world A Labyrinth, a Zoe - Lost New Version. No messages yet. Similar songs. Gorilla Zoe - Lost New Version Without Lil Wayne. Gorilla Zoe - Lost. Gorilla Zoe - Lost Dirty. Gorilla Zoe - Lost Clean. Gorilla Zoe - Lost Instrumental. Gorilla Zoe - Gorilla Zoe ft. Gucci Mane - Brand New. Gorilla Zoe - Lost Starkey remix. Gorilla Zoe - Gorilla Zoe-Intro. Update Required To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your Flash plugin. Lost is a song by American hip hop recording artist Gorilla Zoe, released October 28, 2008 as the lead single from his second studio album Don't Feed Da Animals 2009. The song leaked in May 2008 entitled Losin' My Mind, featuring a verse from fellow American rapper Lil Wayne. It is notable that, specifically with the Lil Wayne version, both songs use the auto-tune effect. Gorilla Zoe - Hood Figga Official Music Video - Продолжительность: 3:45 Bad Boy Entertainment 2 400 847. 50 видео Воспроизвести все Микс Gorilla Zoe - Lost Official Music Video Zoe: Hood Nigga, Gotta Go Ham, WHY и другие песни. Artist: Gorilla Zoe, Song: Lost Explicit Album Version, Duration: 4:47, File type: mp3. Gorilla Zoe feat. Gucci Mane, OJ Da Juiceman HelluvaLife feat Gucci Mane & OJ da Juiceman. download 3:23. Gorilla Zoe Work Hard. download 3:42. Listen free to Gorilla Zoe Lost Lost Explicit Album Version, Lost Instrumental and more. 4 tracks 19:08. Artist: Gorilla Zoe. Album: Cool Hip Hop, 2019. This audio is in no way owned by me, and is property of WMG Music and Gorilla Zoe . Has been played on. United States 1. HitzConnect Radio. Canada 1. Flow 103. Now playing . Текст песни: We took the foes off the Chevy and we sat it those sixes Sixes Lipstick on them rims got them rims blowin' kisses Kisses. Radio Fly. 20 tracks20

Gorilla Zoe - Lost (Radio Version) Album
Gorilla Zoe
Lost (Radio Version)
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The Most popular sheet music, piano notes & chords Online

In Stock 4.9900 USD

Sail Away
The Oak Ridge Boys | Easy Guitar Tab Sheet Music

  • 3 page(s)
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  • Interactive viewer: playback & transpose*

    Digital Score

    Easily Download The Oak Ridge Boys Printable PDF piano music notes, guitar tabs for  Easy Guitar Tab. Transpose or transcribe this score in no time - Learn how to play song progression.

    More Sheet Music Details

    Page(s): 3
  •   SKU: 75198
    Genre: Country
  •   Scoring: Easy Guitar Tab
    More notes from The Oak Ridge Boys »
    More arrangements of 'Sail Away' »
    Release Date: 06/25/2010
  •   Last updated: 11/06/2020

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    Additional Information

    Genre Country
    Arrangement Easy Guitar Tab
    Arrangement Code EGTB
    Last Updated Nov 6, 2020
    Release date Jun 25, 2010
    Number of pages 3
    Price $4.99
    5 star
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    This composition is beautifuly arranged for Easy Guitar Tab includes 3 page(s). It is performed by The Oak Ridge Boys. The style of the score is 'Country'. Catalog SKU number of the notation is 75198. The Oak Ridge Boys Sail Away
    This score was first released on Friday 25th June, 2010 and was last updated on Friday 6th November, 2020. The arrangement code for the composition is EGTB. Minimum required purchase quantity for these notes is 1.
    * Please check if transposition is possible before your complete your purchase. Watch video here.
    This week we are giving away Michael Buble 'It's a Wonderful Day' score completely free. After you complete your order, you will receive an order confirmation e-mail where a download link will be presented for you to obtain the notes.
    In order to transpose click the "notes" icon at the bottom of the viewer. If transposition is available, then various semitones transposition options will appear. If not, the notes icon will remain grayed. Most of our scores are traponsosable, but not all of them so we strongly advise that you check this prior to making your online purchase. You can do this by checking the bottom of the viewer where a "notes" icon is presented. If it is completely white simply click on it and the following options will appear: Original, 1 Semitione, 2 Semitnoes, 3 Semitones, -1 Semitone, -2 Semitones, -3 Semitones. This means if the composers started the song in original key of the score is C, 1 Semitone means transposition into C#. If you selected -1 Semitone for score originally in C, transposition into B would be made. If your desired notes are transposable, you will be able to transpose them after purchase. Be careful to transpose first then print (or save as PDF). When this song was released on 06/25/2010.
    * Where transpose of Sail Away sheet music available (not all our notes can be transposed) & prior to print. Please check "notes" icon for transpose options. If the icon is greyed then these notes can not be transposed.
    ** Single print order can either print or save as PDF.
    *** Selected by our editorial team.


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Varsity color guard’s season

Kurtis Spann

Varsity Color Guard

Madalyn Cottrell, MVC Staff Writer

Last week, the Mt. Vernon Varsity Winter Guard competed in Terre Haute. They have placed fifth at every competition they have competed in so far, and intend to keep pushing forward. So far, the guard has been performing a very successful season.

The show’s theme is a twist on being trapped within one’s mind, similar to that of a birdcage. Their costumes are black and fitted, and the sleeves are decorated with feathers to further add to the darker elements of the show.

Auditions for the team occured in December, and since then, these students have been driving through rehearsals in order to produce a successful show.

Jacob Casler, 10, advocates for his teams success. “I think it’s really fun,” he said, “Things have been interesting, but we have been getting a lot better.”

But, being on a team does have it’s lower moments.

“There are definitely a lot of complications,” said Casler. “But, we work really well together and love doing what we do.”

Finals are about a month and a half away for the Varsity Guard, and they take the stage this Saturday at Mt. Vernon High School.


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A colorful pink, yellow and blue digital illustration of building-like shapes as seen from above.
Math, STEM
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How do game designers create movement and action in their scenes?

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Grades 9-12

How do we protect the things and people we care about from collisions?

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Digital Marketing

Digital Marketing Course

Digital Marketing course offer by arena animation helps to speed-launch your career! Learn to promote your businesses or websites online , manage digital campaigns, analyse data, and grow revenues for companies & brands by using various techniques like SEO,social media marketing,google analytics,google adwords etc. According to TRAI, the number of Internet subscribers in India is growing every day. India’s digital advertising spends will reach 25,800 crores by 2020*. To manage these ad campaigns, companies need thousands of trained professionals. Prepare for these jobs with Arena’s Digital Marketing Professional course.

Digital marketing Course Highlights

  • Access to Creosouls: Share your creative portfolio with the world, get feedback from experts, find job opportunities and get hired.
  • Instant student loan facility to fund your studies at Arena, with real time loan eligibility check & instant approval confirmation.
  • Training to generate leads, aggregate audiences on social media, and attract customers & drive sales
  • Skills to devise digital marketing campaigns using tools like AdWords, mobile marketing, YouTube marketing and Web Analytics
  • 100% job placement assistance**
  • Access to Onlinevarsity: Arena’s exclusive web portal that adds to your classroom learning experience

Career options

  • Digital Marketing Executive
  • Digital Sales Executive
  • SEO Executive
  • Content Marketing Executive
  • SEM Executive
  • Social Media Analyst
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10+2 (Any stream)
undergraduates / graduates

Loan Facility

Career Support

  • 100% job placement assistance
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Semester 1
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Semester 1

  • Marketing Basics
  • Internet Advertising with Search Network
  • Search Optimization Techniques
  • Creative Display Ad Solutions
  • Marketing using Email -1
  • Mobile Marketing in Practice
  • Introduction to Analytics
  • Digital Marketing Portfolio

You will get Certificate in Digital Marketing on completion of semester 1.
Semester 2

  • Powerful Internet Advertising with Search Network
  • Understanding Social Media Marketing
  • Optimizing Social Media Marketing
  • Content Marketing
  • Affiliate Marketing
  • Inbound Marketing
  • Marketing using Email -2
  • Lead Nurturing for Digital Marketing
  • Legal Ecommerce
  • Using Web Technology for Digital Marketing
  • Analytics for Marketing
  • Advanced Digital Marketing Portfolio

You will get Certificate in Advanced Digital Marketing on completion of semester 2.
On completing both the semesters, you get a Certificate in Digital Marketing Professional.


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October 22, 2011

Please say hello to Veggie Kids
Residing in the San Francisco Bay Area, Sarah Creighton is the founder of Veggie Kids, a company dedicated to the health and nutrition of children and families, which offers hundreds of tried and tested vegan recipes focusing on healthy, whole ingredients. This former fashion designer turned self-made chef is currently raising her three boys to be vegan. You’ll often find her in the kitchen whipping up some new creations with little helpers by her side!

Sarah recently authored a children’s book titled “The Boy Who Loved Broccoli” with her artist father as the illustrator. This humorous fictional story is meant to encourage kids of all ages to eat their veggies! Because you never know when you’ll need your broccoli super powers…
You can have your own copy of The Boy Who Loved Broccoli to read to your little ones. To win, here are some things you can do:

1. Leave a comment on this post telling me about your favorite vegetable.
2. Blog, tweet, or facebook about this giveaway and leave each separate links here.
Now, if you do all of the things mentioned above, you might even be able to up your chances by getting your name in 4 times! Fantastic, right? Even if you are overseas, please feel welcomed to join in on the fun!
The giveaway will end at 8am PST on Wednesday, October 26th. Good luck! Many thanks to Veggie Kids!!!

veggie kids blog

veggie kids book

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Czech Republic Weather

Spring Weather
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Summer Weather in the Czech Republic

Dusk around 9:30 p.m. in June, 10 p.m. in July, 9 p.m. in August

Summer in the Czech Republic typically covers the period from June through mid-September. Czech summers are usually mild (20-27°C/70-80°F) and somewhat humid, with the highest temperatures climbing to 30-35°C/85-95°F (occasionally higher) for short periods. Such heat waves can be expected in July and August. Sudden showers and thunderstorms are common, so bring an umbrella or be prepared to dash for cover.

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July 6
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Tag Archives: socialist party

Madrid Primaries: Tomás or Trini?

and now for May 2011Half a dozen people stand outside the PSOE office in Chueca when it is starting to rain lightly. Would they all be standing in line to cast their vote for the primaries? THAT would be news. But no, they just stand outside chatting because inside the chairman of the voting committee has made it very clear that silence needs to be observed during the primaries of the PSOE in preparation of the local elections in 2011. This is serious business.

When I arrive the narrow street is being blocked by a small car. An elderly couple gets out, assisted by some party members. If you have trouble getting to the polling station on your own account, you can call in assistance and you will be picked up by a (red – of course) car. The ritual repeats itself a few times in the hours I am there. Every vote counts in preparation for the important elections for next year and for the attempt to change the current and traditional PP rule for both mayor and president of the Comunidad.

My friend – a fanatic volunteer and passionate PSOE member, monitoring the primaries on behalf of candidate Tómas Gómez – takes me to the bar next door and presents me to some of his colleagues. Why Tomás? Because he is a guy who actively consults neighborhoods and people (he was the highly successful mayor of Parla in the past), acts upon those outcomes and is not afraid not to follow official party lines. Trinidad Gómes –now the minister for health- on the other hand, IS the party. She says what PSOE says. Oh, and did we mention that Tomás was born in The Netherlands? I am not sure if this makes the man particularly suitable for the job, but it is nice to know anyway.

It becomes clear that the political part of these primaries takes place in the bar next door and on the street, not in the actual polling station. Slowly the bar becomes packed with older socialist party legends, middle aged members with wild hair and need of a gin tonic at 17:00, a whole array of gay supporters and us. There is only one topic: Tomás or Trini? It will be a very close call, listening to these people.

Madrid only has 18.000 registered members, but this seemingly internal party matter is broadly represented in the national press. This is not just the decision on a candidate for local elections, but also a reflection of party organization – so far the PSOE has managed to handle this in a very clean way-, on the overall strategy that will be taken for the future –Tomás’ insurgence in barrios or Trinidad’s more traditional style- on a possible end to a long PP reign: with just a bit of luck, the omnipresent Esperanza Aguirre will have to apply for a different job. The voters are in the spotlight on this grey and rainy Sunday, despite being so few. With the help of the socialist taxi, 75% of members will eventually make the trip to the ballot box.

A few hours later everything is over: the polling station I visited has chosen for Tomás but it was a close finish: 52,15% against 47,84% for Trini. Overall results are similar: 51,66% against 47%. Next appointment: May 2011.

In May 2011 elections will be held for the city and the Comunidad de Madrid. How can you cast your vote next May? If you are a citizen of the EU and you live in Madrid, make sure you are correctly registered in the central register (Padron Municipal de Habitantes). It is not difficult, but do it as soon as you can. Around the end of October or during November you will then receive a notification by mail that will inform you of the upcoming elections and asks if you want to participate. Sign the piece of paper and return it by mail. In the beginning of May, you will then receive your ballot, again by mail. On the day of the elections, go to your corresponding polling station and cast your vote.


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New MW Header
 June 22, 2013
Marty Wolf Keynote: CISIS 2013 in Dalian, China
The China IT Syndrome
On June 20th, Marty Wolf presented at the China International Software and Information Service Forum & Entrepreneurs' Summit (CISIS) 2013, the lead forum of CISIS Fair. In front of an audience of senior government officials from China and Asia Pacific countries, Marty addressed how Chinese IT companies can grow enterprise value and gain a deeper foothold as providers of IT services to enterprises across the globe.

Though Chinese companies have a long way to go, Wolf believes they have strong potential to drive enterprise value by adding IT Services capabilities. IT Services is currently creating more enterprise value than reselling products.

So, what's the key takeaway for Chinese IT Companies?

Cross-border transactions are the fastest and cheapest way to gain a strong foothold in the U.S.  There is immediate acquisition of talent, intellectual property, and global customers.  Why? Because cross-border transactions can...

  1. Deliver immediate positive financial impact through acquiring a platform company

  2. Leverage lower-cost outsourcing teams by obtaining complementary service offerings

  3. Build customer relationships and sales capacity to cross-sell new products and services

  4. Establish geographic footprints in strategic U.S. markets

  5. Generate cost synergies by consolidation with a current U.S. presence

  6. Gain capabilities in infrastructure, management, systems and technology further expanding U.S. presence

However, for Chinese companies making deals work is harder than for other non-U.S. companies.  That is the syndrome -- or as we deemed it -- the China IT Syndrome.

Marty Wolf being interviewed by the Dalian Finance & Economics Channel at CISIS

The fastest path to enterprise value -- acquisition of U.S. IT companies -- is an especially difficult task for Chinese companies.  The reason?

The cultural fit of two companies is as important as the mechanics of a deal. Creating value across two distinct cultures is an art, not a science.

To get a deal to work requires the following:

  1. Intimate knowledge
    of the Chinese markets and the niche U.S. market players
  2. A dedicated team that understands both cultures. It's critical to have employees on both sides who are bilingual in Mandarin and English
  3. A focused work plan to properly pace each phase of the transaction assuring that parties remain interested without destroying value
  4. Extensive experience in U.S. M&A transactions by the China team
    to help determine the price, and understand the customs and practices
  5. Finesse in negotiations: Both sides need to obtain the best value without discouraging potential targets
  6. Understanding of structuring transactions through a variety of flexible vehicles

Most of all, a successful deal requires proactive, aggressive involvement with due diligence, financing, tax considerations, disclosure obligations, regulatory hurdles, corporate governance, securities law and antitrust issues.

In a word, it's complex.

When you add cultural differences, deals are even more complex.  But they can -- and will -- get done.

Why?  Because despite The China IT Syndrome, the upside is great in creating enterprise value when you can offer better, faster, cheaper services to enterprise companies across the globe.

The China International Software and Information Service Fair (CISIS) is the only national level software fair approved by the State Council of P. R. China. It is sponsored by Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, Liaoning Provincial People's Government, organized by Dalian Municipal People's Government and China Association of Trade in Service, and China International Software and Information Service Centre is the secretariat. As the annual global software event, CISIS was successfully held for 8 sessions and gained high degree of recognition and concern from domestic and foreign governments, enterprises, R & D institutions and the media, thus become the largest software exhibition with the highest level and best response.

To learn more about martinwolf, contact Matthew Putzulu at

About martinwolf

     San Ramon Office
             San Francisco, CA                                                Bangalore, India

With offices in San Francisco and Bangalore, India, martinwolf is a leading middle market M&A Advisory focused on companies with services-based business models. Since 1997, our team has completed more than 115 transactions in six countries. We are a five-year member of the Merrill Lynch PS Referral Network, and were selected as ICICI Bank's (India's leading private bank) exclusive strategic partner for acquiring U.S. IT companies. martinwolf is a member of FINRA and SIPC. For more information, visit

martinwolf 2013

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About the time we can make the ends meet, somebody moves the ends.

-Herbert Hoover

Meet the Firm

Marty Tight

Founder and President
Marty Wolf has spoken at CISIS both in 2012
and in 2013.


text:
Episcopal Church
of the Resurrection
1433 NW R.D. Mize Road
Blue Springs, Missouri  64015
(816) 228-4220

Weekly E-mail

Thursday, February 4, 2021

Fifth Sunday after the Epiphany
One service only at 10:30 am (live streamed)
The Rev. Doug Johnson, Guest Celebrant

Resurrection will host in-person services this Sunday.
COVID precautions will be observed with a face mask required.
Annual Meeting held last Sunday
Annual Meeting
The Annual Meeting was held on Sunday, January 31.

Congratulations to Diane Gerlach, Joe Owen and Jan Pahlas, who will join the Vestry immediately, and replace retiring members John Biggs, Arla Simpson, and Elaine Marshall (who filled the remainder of Jim Whitaker's term.)  Bill Carle was named Senior Warden by Fr. Lynch, replacing John Biggs.

Many thanks to all for your service to the Church!

William F. Lynch Jr. (Bill), brother of our Rector, Fr. David Lynch+, passed into God's loving care on January 21, 2021.  One of three siblings born to William F. Lynch Sr. and Olive Jean Lynch of Flint MI, Bill follows both his parents and older brother James Oliver Lynch in death.  Bill is also preceded in death by his wife Sharon of 39 years. Those remaining in his legacy are his younger William Lynch_ Jr. brother, David Lynch of Lee's Summit, MO. and his daughter Anna Jean Lynch and grandchildren, William, Daniel, David and Thomas.  Bill celebrated his life with his wife who had two children, Grant and Roxanne Osterman, with grandchildren Tyra, Taylor, Bristine and Victoria, James and Vince respectively.  Bill graduated from Flint Northern High School and completed 2 years of college at Flint Junior College.  He worked for General Motors for 43 years. With his family, he enjoyed camping and fishing and other outdoor activities.  Bill was a gun enthusiast and enjoyed large game hunting.  Bill and Sharon spent most of their retirement days traveling to Florida and taking time to experience several cruises. He enjoyed motorcycles and sports cars and enjoyed working on them. Bill was a kind and generous person and always willing to help someone who needed the assistance he could provide. Both people of God, Bill came to his faith with Sharon. May his soul and all the departed rest in peace.

David G. Johnson, age 72, of Jefferson City, MO, brother of Father Doug Johnson+, passed away on February, 2, 2021.  He is survived by his wife Janie; his siblings, five children, grandchildren, great-grandchild Knox; and extended family.

In lieu of flowers, memorial donations can be made to Grace Episcopal Church in Jefferson City or Compassus Hospice and Palliative Care.

Congratulations to Fr. David and Debbie on the purchase of their new home in Lee's Summit.  The Lynch's new address is 608 SW Benjamin Place; Lee's Summit, MO  64081.

Bible Study Bible study will now restart on Wednesday, February 10, at 1:00 pm both at church and via ZOOM due to Fr. David being absent this week due to the death of his brother.. We look forward to this fellowship as we continue to observe COVID guidelines and gather via electronic means.

Meeting ID: 976 6873 2072     Passcode: 794043

As we approach the season of Lent, we will plan on how to celebrate Ash Wednesday and the offerings during Holy Week. With support from the Diocese, We hope to have ideas and resources to make our experiences meaningful in this time of pandemic. More information to come in the following weeks.

  • Upon entry, ushers will ask if you have any symptoms of illness including fever, chills, coughing and any history of recent illness. It is very important that you DO NOT attend church if you feel ill or know that you have been exposed to COVID or any other serious illness.
  • Ushers will check your name against a directory roster and newcomers and visitors will be asked to provide their names and phone numbers upon entry. There will be no guest book or prayer sheet to sign.
  • Masks will be required at all times while in the church building.
  • Hand sanitizer, facial tissue and some masks will be provided.
  • Seating will be in every other pew and social distancing at least 6 feet apart. Families may sit together.
  • Congregational singing will not be allowed.  There will be no hymnals in the pews for use.
  • Prayer books will be provided and will be located in the back pews. After the service, prayer books should be placed in the big basket located in the narthex when leaving.
  • Communion of both kinds will be available in individual chalices and distributed by the priest.  Please discard these used chalice packets in the trash when leaving.
Altar Flowers sign-up
Altar Flowers
If you would like to contribute to the beauty of our worship space this new year by contributing altar flowers, please e-mail Elaine Gilligan with the Sunday date(s) you would like to give flowers and any dedication, honor, or memory you would like included.

Giving a flower donation for the Glory of God is always appropriate.  You can also sign-up in the Narthex.
Monday Matters - RenewalWorks
Monday Matters Column dated  February 1, 2021

We have not loved you with our whole heart...-from the Confession
The Rev. Jay Sidebotham _
Purity of heart is to will one thing.  -Soren Kierkegaard
Philippians 3:10-14
I want to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the sharing of his sufferings by becoming like him in his death, if somehow I may attain the resurrection from the dead. Not that I have already obtained this or have already reached the goal; but I press on to make it my own, because Christ Jesus has made me his own. Beloved I do not consider that I have made it my own but this one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, I press on toward the goal for the prize of the heavenly call of God in Christ Jesus.
Psalm 139:1-6
O Lord, you have searched me and known me.
You know when I sit down and when I rise up; you discern my thoughts from far away.
You search out my path and my lying down, and are acquainted with all my ways.
Even before a word is on my tongue, O Lord, you know it completely.
You hem me in, behind and before, and lay your hand upon me.
Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is so high that I cannot attain it.

Create in me a clean heart

I've been blessed over the years, in service in churches, to follow clergy who provided great foundation for work I felt called to do. Even after they left, they continued to be my teachers. There was always the challenge of big shoes to fill, but always a gift to follow folks who knew what they were doing. At the church where I served in the diocese of Chicago, I followed two folks who went on to be bishops (bless their hearts). Two fine people. Two faithful priests. Two gifted leaders.

George Councell went on to be Bishop of New Jersey. He left a great legacy, including this wonderful line applied when he was raising money for a new neighboring Hispanic community. He told the congregation; "The good news is we have the money. The bad news is, it's still in your pockets." He knew the tensions we all live with, God and mammon tugging at us. I've used that line shamelessly. Feel free to borrow it if you need it.

Alan Gates followed George, and went on to become Bishop of Massachusetts. He left this bit of teaching, passed on by many in the congregation. He repeatedly told groups: "I never met a motive that wasn't mixed." I've used that shamelessly as well, not only in official capacity but in reflection on my own spiritual journey.

I thought of mixed motive when I recently read Psalm 51, which we'll hear in a couple weeks as part of the Ash Wednesday liturgy. The verse that struck me and prompted me to remember Alan Gates' line comes from that psalm: Create in me a clean heart and renew a right spirit within me.

That psalm is by tradition attributed to King David, simultaneously faithful king and sketchy creep. He's not alone in scripture in that complex portrait. Abraham and Sarah, parents of faith, had shining moments of faithfulness but also engaged in duplicitous motives less than pure. St. Paul wrote letters speaking of his own embrace of grace. But if you read between the lines, it's hard not to get the impression that he thought he was something kind of special. Jesus spoke to Pharisees and said: "This people honors me with their lips, but their hearts are far from me." For me, one of the most stirring biblical examples of this dynamic is the nameless man described in the gospels (see Mark 9) whose son is in need of Jesus' healing power. Jesus asks if the man believes. The man responds: "Lord I believe. Help my unbelief." Ever feel like that?

In the history of the church, Augustine (famous for his ambivalent prayer: Give me chastity but not yet.) spoke of the church as corpus per mixtum. Wheat and weeds living side by side. That may be true of the church. That may be true of our hearts. Maybe that's what Martin Luther had in mind when he said that we are saints and sinners at the same time. You get the picture. So what do we do about it?

Contending with mixed motives, we begin by admitting they are there, as if we could pretend otherwise.

Then we decide that purity of heart is a worthwhile objective. It's entirely possible we are happy to live with the ambivalence. My own heart is a smorgasbord of motives, love and resentment and retribution and people-pleasing and assorted visions of success.

Recognizing all that, a movement toward purity of heart (a work in progress) is captured in the call to love God with all of our being and to love neighbor as self. While there's not a day in my life that I do that fully, my prayer is that I can move in the direction, with aspiration for love as my sole guide.

So we ask for a clean heart. We can't do this on our own. A movement toward purity of heart is something God does in us. If it ever happens, it will indeed be a miracle, a grace. If it ever happens, maybe that will be heaven. Maybe this week, you can take a step in that direction.

Jesus said in the Sermon on the Mount: Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
Helpful links


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a. How would you prepare for the following situation?

(Scenario) At this moment, you are sitting at home working on your homework. Suddenly, the National Weather Bureau sends an alert across your cell phone—a tornado is headed your way. You have 15 minutes before touchdown in your neighborhood. What is your plan?

b. How prepared are you in the event of a disaster? Describe your level of disaster preparedness using specific examples.

c. Reflect on how prepared you were before this class and compare it with how prepared you are now.

Last Updated on February 11, 2019 by EssayPro


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Obesity and Insulin

Insulin is needed to allow the cells in a body to absorb sugars as glucose.
That also includes fat cells.When your other cells don’t need the sugars for fuel, it has to put the excess sugars some place.
Your blood levels have to be maintained.
•If you give your body a bit more energy than it burns every day, a portion of the excess energy is stored as body fat, and thus you gain weight slowly
•If you give your body a bit less energy than it burns every day, it will tap into fat stores to get the additional energy it needs, and thus you lose weight slowly

It takes time to make insulin If you are taking in more sugars,carbs than your body can manufacture then you need to supplement your insulin.
This condition is called diabetes. In order for your body to make insulin it needs 51 amino acids to make one insulin hormone.
This is where nutrition comes in to play, you have to have enough (nutrition) amino acids to make the the amino chains.

Insulin is a hormone. Your thyroid also secrets hormones which use amino acids (nutrition). If you live on empty calories (No nutrition) you would think that your thyroid would slow down or not produce and so it does.

Why hCG Is The Weight Loss Cure?

hCG is being called the weight loss cure because it is an obesity weight loss cure.

hCG is believed to help reset the hypothalamus by sending signals to begin breaking down and using abnormally high body fat as a primary fuel source.

These signals are believed to be sent when the body is experiencing a reduced and low calorie diet.

These signals also believed send a message out to conserve and maintain lean body mass i.e. muscle mass.

Without hCG to assist you during a low calorie diet, your body will begin to deplete muscle.

This results in lowering your resting metabolic rate “RMR.”

why hcg works
why hcg works

This means that if you lose muscle you also lose metabolism. For each pound of muscle that your body loses, you also lose about 50 calories in metabolism.

hCG stops this cycle by tricking your body into believing it is getting the calories it needs. Basically, that means the 21 day diet and what is hCG.

How? It replaces ingested calorie values with stored fat calories. This creates exceptional benefits including fat loss results and amazing body transformations.

What Is HCG

What is HCG
What is HCG

What Is HCG

What is hCG? is a common question. hCG is scientifically defined as Human Chorionic Gonadotropin.

It is a natural accruing protein hormone that develops in the placenta during the first trimester of pregnancy shortly after conception.

This protein hormone is recognized as a peptide. Peptides are a class of hormone that is secreted into the blood stream and aide in endocrine functions in living animals.

HCG Diet

Ed and Jennifer McNair lose 110 pounds using HCG diet. This segment documents how they lost the weight. After the first round, Jennifer lost 50 pounds, going from a size 14 to a size 4. Ed dropped 60 pounds, going from 280 to 220 pounds. HCG reduced the hunger cravings and Ed called it a “Miracle”.

HCG, HCG Diet, Fat Loss, HCG Drops

HCG Diet Drops – Sublingual HCG for Fat Burning, Weight Loss & Body Shaping – Burn Up To 2 Pounds Of Fat A Day – Burn Fat Without Exercising – Diet With No Hunger Pains – Keep The Weight Off Long Term – Help Reset Your Metabolism – Mold And Reshape Your Bod – The diet is based on the Simeons HCG protocol for weight loss. This protocol is designed to take advantage of the body’s natural hormonal system of regulating fat stores in your body, and stimulating it to release the stores of dense, long-term brown fat from the problem areas on your body. These are fat stores that would normally only be released during severe starvation or during pregnancy. This method of weight loss was developed by Dr. ATW Simeons, MD, a British doctor who spent most of his career in India and Italy

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Card Tutorials, Mailing Cards & Making Envelopes, Paper Pumpkin, Video Tutorials

July 2020 Paper Pumpkin Postcard Alternative

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July 2020 Paper Pumpkin How to make and mail postcards + Template

Today I will show you how to make your own postcards with the July 2020 Paper Pumpkin Summer Nights. I will even show you how to mail postcards with a postcard backing you can address and write a message on!

How to make your own postcards

The July 2020 Paper Pumpkin Summer Nights come with precut postcards that are almost ready to go. The only thing they need is the postcard style back. So I had my sweetie make us some. I will tell you exactly how to print, cut, and attach them and get your postcard ready to mail to that special person.

Postcards Video Tutorial

I have created a video tutorial for the postcards, or you can scroll down and read the instructions.

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Creating the Postcards

  • I chose to use one of the precut postcards from the Paper Pumpkin Kit. Then I cut 2 of the card fronts from the July 2020 Add-on to 5-3/8 X 4-1/8.
  • Print the PDF (below) on a regular piece of Whisper White Cardstock. I had no issue running this through my printer.
  • Then cut the sheet of cardstock (landscape style) at 5-1/2. This will give you 2 sheets with 2 postcards on each. Again, placing the pieces landscape style, cut at 4-1/4. Now you have 4 postcard backs.
  • For the postcard in the Paper Pumpkin Kit, trim one of the postcard backs to 3-15/16 X 5-3/16. You may need to round the corners with your snips once you glue it to the back of the postcard.
  • For the postcards made from the card fronts in the addon trim the postcard backs to 5-3/8 X 4-1/8.
July 2020 Paper Pumpkin How to make and mail postcards + Template

Designing the Postcards

  • The designs are pretty straightforward. If you have the July 2020 Paper Pumpkin Summer Nights kits you already have a lot of that you need.
  • Use palm trees from the Timeless Tropical Cling Stamps on one of the postcards. Stamp it in black, then cut the bottom of the card with the die from the Freezin’ Friends Dies (Available Aug 4th) to create some dimension. I found it ended up looking like a mound of sand and gave the postcard more interest. Then emboss the sentiment of choice and the stars in Glittered Silver Embossing Powder by Stampin’ Up! (retired).
  • Now add a firefly.
July 2020 Paper Pumpkin How to make and mail postcards + Template
  • The postcard with the Ferris wheel was very easy. This is the one that comes pre-cut on your kit. Add the elements from the kit then emboss a sentiment and the shooting stars stamp.
  • Again, I chose to use the Glittered Silver Embossing Powder by Stampin’ Up! but I find it didn’t show up on the lighter background. If you use the same postcard background I did, I recommend using the gold embossing powder I will talk about in a moment.
  • For the last postcard I created, I also cut a card front from the July 2020 Addon the same size as the one above. Using the branch stamp from the Tasteful Touches Stamps I stamped it twice in versamark ink to extend the branch further into the postcard.
  • Chose the sentiment you would like on the postcard and emboss that it in the matching gold glitter embossing powder.
  • Glue down your fireflies and lanterns. You can draw little upside-down teardrops to resemble the string the lanterns hang from.
July 2020 Paper Pumpkin How to make and mail postcards + Template

Embossing Details & Mixtures

  • No Glittered Silver Embossing Powder? You can get a similar effect combining Silver & White Embossing Powder with some Dazzling Diamonds Glitter (retired). Or any other glitter of choice.
  • I recommend combining 2 parts white, to one part glitter with a half part of silver. If your glitter had a lot of silver in it omit the half part silver embossing powder.
  • For the gold embossing, I mixed 2 parts of Gold Stampin’ Emboss Powder with 1 part of the long-ago retired Gold Glitz by Stampin’ Up! You can use any gold glitter you like.

Laminating your postcards

  • The Amazon Basics Laminating Pouches are very easy to use. They are sealed on the top portrait side. The will open at the bottom. Place 4 postcards evenly into the pouch then run through a laminator. I use the Scotch Thermal Laminator.
  • TIP: You may find it easier to cut your laminating pouch in half and run 2 postcards through at a time. This will allow you to hold them easier so they don’t shift around when placing in your laminator.
  • Once laminated (I always run mine through twice for good measure) trim the laminated pouch so that approx 1/4 inch remains all the way around your postcard. Do not trim it too closely or you risk having the laminated pouch open around your postcard.
July 2020 Paper Pumpkin How to make and mail postcards + Template

Addressing & Mailing your Postcards

  • Be sure to write on the postcard back BEFORE you laminate it. Add your message and address. There is enough space to add a stamped image or small item, like a firefly to the back of the postcard. Then laminate your postcard
  • IMPORTANT: Do NOT place the stamp inside the laminating pouch. The stamp must go on the outside on top of the lamination. If a stamp is deemed “non-cancelable” your postal service will not process the item to be mailed. The stamp must appear on top so that the postal machine can print on it.

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President Trump and several members of his staff held another briefing on Coronavirus today. Several topics were covered including the lack of medical supplies for hospitals across the country.

Vice President Mike Pence also announced that he and his wife will be tested after a staff member in his office tested positive.

The Senate continues to work on a stimulus package to get help to businesses and individuals. The pricetag is expected to top $2 trillion dollars and will likely include cash payments to many Americans. Those checks could go out as soon as April 6th.

The latest numbers show there have been more than 19,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United States and 260 people have died.


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Attribute 20 Guests
Attribute 12 Bathrooms
Attribute 10 Bedrooms
Attribute Aleomandra

The “VIP” Mayo is located close to Mykonos Town, overlooking the island of Delos and with the most amazing sunset view.

One of the best VIP villas in Mykonos, it is for those who make no compromises when it comes to luxury. Its spacious and comfortable bedrooms with great views will make your vacation unforgettable. The furniture and traditional elements are a clever mix of modern Cycladic architecture with a spice of ethnic design.

Outdoors, the large swimming pool overlooks the infinite horizon. The amazing Jacuzzi, located at the pool level is a piece of art. You are surrounded by gorgeous spots where you can relax or just chill with friends.

Read More

Villa Services

Daily maid service

Pool freshening

Change of linen daily

Pool towels

Towels change daily

Luggage assistance

Villa pre-stocking

Welcome basket

Upon Request

Chef for Lunch/Dinner

Laundry service

Transportation services

Security Guard

Massage – Spa

Yoga – Pilates

Personal Trainer

Policies & Requirements

House rules

  • No smoking inside
  • No parties without our notice
  • No pets

Minimum Booking 5 Days

Additional rules

  • All credit card holders must be aged 20 years and older at check-in.
  • A Passport and a valid credit card will be required at your check-in.
  • Should you require an extra maid service, please advise us at the time of booking.


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Review: Blood for Blood by Ryan Graudin

26864835Blood for Blood (Wolf by Wolf #2) by Ryan Graudin
Buddy Read with Summer @ XingSings
Publication Date:
October 6th 2016 by Orion Children’s Books
Rating: 4 Star
Genre: Young Adult, Fantasy, Historical
Find: Goodreads | Amazon
There would be blood.
Blood for blood.
Blood to pay.
An entire world of it.

For the resistance in 1950s Germany, the war may be over, but the fight has just begun.

Death camp survivor Yael, who has the power to skinshift, is on the run: the world has just seen her shoot and kill Hitler. But the truth of what happened is far more complicated, and its consequences are deadly. Yael and her unlikely comrades dive into enemy territory to try to turn the tide against the New Order, and there is no alternative but to see their mission through to the end, whatever the cost.

But dark secrets reveal dark truths, and one question hangs over them all: how far can you go for the ones you love?

This gripping, thought-provoking sequel to Wolf by Wolf will grab readers by the throat with its cinematic writing, fast-paced action, and relentless twists.

An exhilarating, addictive and emotional conclusion to what has become a favourite series. Blood for Blood picks up exactly where we left off, with Yael on the run and a series of events set in motion as a consequence. No one is safe and with more secrets set to be unraveled, this world is upended into warfare and chaos.

A lot can be said about the events of the book but it’s hard to do so without spoiling. However, the moments that made this book so impactful were due to the character insight in their fight for survival and demand for truth and justice. The theme of identity was at the heart of Wolf by Wolf and this theme is carried through into Blood for Blood. Yael’s skin shifting abilities and the torturous way she acquired them meant stripping away her identity. Shifting from one person to another helped ensure her survival but left a deep hole in her life and identity as she slipped one mask for another. In this book, Yael’s sense of self starts to take hold but to do that she has to face the ghosts of her past so she can embrace the possibility of a future. Her journey is remarkable and her strength is inspiring and incredibly moving.

Perhaps the most surprising development came from Luka Lowe. His cocky yet charming demeanor made him a likeable character in Wolf by Wolf, but his heart and compassion made it impossible to not love him in Blood for Blood. His decision to assist Yael at the beginning of this novel was driven by the need to survive. His decision to stay with her was one fuelled by emotions. As a character, his growth was beautifully developed and throughout the book we see Luka let go of the need to live up to the expectations of others and become his own man. His compassion and ability to see the real horrors of this world and the need to change it was exemplary. This is a man that can admit his fault in choosing to ignore the realities of this world. He uses his previous ignorance and compassion for those that suffered such horrors as a means of ensuring a change in this world, no matter what the cost. His devotion to Yael was also a high point for this book as both of them break down the barriers that shielded them from embracing the feelings and longing they held in securing a brighter future for themselves and each other. They were a team from beginning to end and the connection they had was unbreakable.

The realities and horror of war are a constant presence in this book and it is through Felix that we get to see how desperation and fear can lead people to do the unthinkable. The direction his character took was saddening and frustrating. His choices led to some heartbreaking consequences but the beauty of his characterisation is that you understand why he ultimately made those choices, no matter how painful they may be. Adele didn’t have much of a presence in this book but she was the character I genuinely disliked. Her words and actions were that of a girl who deemed herself a victim of the actions of those who suffered at the hands of the real monster.

This book was phenomenal. It’s was beautifully crafted and the character insights and their complexities were incredibly developed. As a story this had everything you could possibly want, but on an emotional level, this book was incredibly brutal and heartbreaking. A certain event left such a bitter taste in my mouth and it’s one I’ve struggled to accept due to the absolute injustice of it all. It’s an event you’ll either love or hate and personally I felt that a different consequence could have been just as, if not more impactful.

Regardless of the emotions I felt regarding this event, Blood for Blood is a satisfying conclusion to an addictive series. The characters remain to be the heart of the series and through them we get an insight into the complexity and struggle of those trying to survive in a war-torn society.

To sum up:

7 thoughts on “Review: Blood for Blood by Ryan Graudin

  1. I got a little teary eyed when I read your paragraph (or tribute?) about Luka. T_T

    “A certain event left such a bitter taste in my mouth and it’s one I’ve struggled to accept due to the absolute injustice of it all. It’s an event you’ll either love or hate and personally I felt that a different consequence could have been just as, if not more impactful.”
    AND THAT GIF. Ugh, I am so not over this book yet. My heart aches too much every time I revisit it.

    Also, if you’re feeling for another WWII book sometime, check out Between Shades of Gray. I recently just finished and it is so amazing. I literally read it in one sitting and cried tons. Unlike, with this one (>.<), there's an somewhat uplifting ending. 😉

    Liked by 1 person

    1. I will never get over Luka. He completely stole my heart. ❤ His fate was such a horrible, horrible moment and I'm still so bitter about the fact that he never got a proper send off. My heart hurts to even think about it

      Is that the one by Ruta Sepetys? If so I am so getting my hands on that especially since I loved Salt to the Sea, which is another epic WWII book. The fact that there's an uplifting ending makes me very happy.

    1. I am so happy that this book delivered, despite the fact that I’m still super bitter about Luka’s fate. He deserved the world. But, regardless of that, everything else was exactly as I hoped it would be.

  2. Great review! It was such a beautiful book and I think it had one of the most phenomenal closing statements of all time. I kind of saw the Luka thing coming, but it was still like a knife to the heart and I just hoped it wouldn’t happen.
    I posted my review just yesterday and let me tell you, I did not talk much about the content but rather turned it into a German lesson hahaha

    Liked by 1 person

    1. I knew someone was going to get the cut but I couldn’t stand it when it was him. We didn’t need another martyr and I’m forever bitter that he didn’t get a funeral or something as a last farewell. 😥
      I remember you talking about the use of the German language so I’m excited to see what your lesson has in store for this installment haha.

      Liked by 1 person

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Daily Tao / 316 – Rest

The year’s end is coming;
I feel great contentment.
Completion means rest.
Rest means renewal.
Renewal means new beginnings.

Perseverance is a great virtue, but perseverance cannot be cultivated without endings. Perseverance does not mean an endless engagement is Sisyphean tasks. It means beginnings, middles, and ends, and then starting over again. We are nearing the end of our year, but we could not contemplate this ending without having gone through the completions of all the days and months that have come before.

It’s good to look toward the end of things. Not only does it provide perspective, but it also provides the stepping-stone to our next endeavor. When things end, it should ideally mean the attainment of our goals. We should start everything with a definite goal in mind; otherwise our lives will lack purpose. Once we attain our goals, we should be glad and rest. We need the time for our psyches to absorb the significance of our acts. With rest comes renewal, and with renewal we can build the force of our characters and thereby stand stronger for our futures.

In the countryside farmers frequently nap in their carts of hay as their mules automatically take them back home. They know how to make achievements and rest at the same time!

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SKU: na Availability: not in Stock

Dying Light

Award-winning game in the nomination “The best character” of 2016, developed by top game developers. Gears of War release is the most anticipated event of this year. Empowered by the latest technologies, it became faster and more realistic.

Thrilling, fascinating and breathtaking game from Grimm Studio will keep your attention during the whole time you play this game. New characters, new locations and new levels will not leave you indifferent. Enjoy this exciting game from Grimm!

  • new 1080p skin of the characters
  • matches Xbox 360
  • rich and realistic animation
  • equipped with additional weapons

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The Mysterious River Sharks of the World

With their gaping maws full of jagged, sharp teeth, sharks are some of the most feared creatures of the water.  However, most people see these frightening creatures as being strictly confined to the oceans. Don’t go to the beach and no sharks, right? However, despite all that you may think you know about sharks, it may surprise you that there are several species that can be found in fresh water. Many people may already be aware of the disturbing tendency for bull sharks to tolerate and even thrive in freshwater environments, but fewer people know that there are actually whole species of sharks that have evolved to live exclusively in freshwater rivers. These are the enigmatic, very little understood, exceedingly rare river sharks.

Most of the river shark species found so far are known only from freshwater specimens and it is thought that they are either fully freshwater creatures or possibly euryhaline, meaning they are able to tolerate a broad range of salinity levels. Most of the known species of river shark are of the family Carcharhinidae, and all but one comprise their own genus, Glyphis. They are most closely related to whaler sharks of the genus Carcharhinus, with which they share the same overall morphology, including a short, broad snout, that is shorter than the mouth is wide, widely spaced nostrils, small, dark eyes, and broad serrated upper teeth. They are robustly built, with a high back that swoops down to the broad, rounded snout.

Whaler shark, a close relative of the river sharks

Whaler shark, a close relative of the river sharks

Although there are of course physical differences between them, one trait that all river sharks share is their extreme rarity. These are among the rarest of sharks, indeed among the rarest of animals, period. Many species of river shark are known only from a few specimens and one is known only from a single holotype. They are so rare that virtually nothing is known of their behavior and ecology other than that they inhabit fresh water.

Here we will look at what little we know about each of the known species of fresh water river sharks and learn about these rare, miraculous creatures.

The Ganges River shark

Perhaps the one river shark that some might be familiar with is the Ganges River shark (Glyphis gangeticus), which inhabits the Hooghley and Ganges river systems of India. The species is known exclusively from specimens captured in fresh water and there have been none found in marine or brackish environments.

The Ganges River Shark shares its habitat with bull sharks, which are known to frequent the same river systems. Indeed Ganges River sharks were once thought to be merely bull sharks, but there are some key morphological differences that differentiate the two into separate species. Whereas the upper teeth of the Ganges River shark are broad, triangular, and serrated just as with those of Bull sharks, the lower teeth are narrower and longer, with spear-like tips. This suggests that the Ganges River shark is more totally devoted to a diet of fish, rather than the more varied diet of Bull sharks. In addition, the Ganges River shark has the unusual feature of eyes that tilt upward in their socket at an angle, which means they probably locate prey by staying near the bottom and spotting the silhouette of their quarry above whereas bull sharks have eyes that are angled laterally or downward and likely catch most of their prey on the bottom. These differences could mean that since the two species eat different food and catch prey at different levels of the water column, Ganges River sharks and bull sharks likely don’t compete too much for food in habitats where they occur together.

The Ganges River shark

The Ganges River shark

Unlike other species of river shark, the Ganges River shark has the distinction of having gathered somewhat of a reputation for being a man-eater as there have been reports of Indians bathing in the Ganges River being attacked or killed by sharks. Although it is certainly feasible that a Ganges River shark might mistake the shape of a human for other prey and bite, it is unlikely that most attacks are the result of this species and it is probable that the culprits in these cases are bull sharks rather than Ganges River sharks. Bull sharks are known to be very aggressive man-eaters, and have a more adventurous appetite than the Ganges River shark with its smaller, less formidable teeth and piscivorous lifestyle. It is thought by biologists that most, if not all such attacks on humans reported along the Ganges River are probably carried out by bull sharks.

Until the 1990s, the Ganges River shark was known only from three museum specimens collected in the 19th century. In 1996, after nearly a decade of actively searching for living specimens, a few more Ganges River sharks were captured and studied. These few specimens are all we have to go on and thus the Ganges River shark remains mostly an enigma. The species is considered to be extremely rare, and is listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is unfortunate that the rare Ganges River shark has such a menacing reputation among locals, since even the death of a single specimen at the hands of vindictive fishermen is a great loss of potential data on this largely mysterious species.

The Northern River Shark

The Northern River shark (Glyphis garricki), is a large species of river shark that may reach up to 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) and possibly up to 3m (10 feet) in length that inhabits remote tidal rivers of Australia’s Northern territory, northern Queensland, and Papua New Guinea, where the very first specimens were originally found.

The Northern River shark is thought to mostly frequent brackish, low salinity waterways and make regular ventures into fresh water. The shark’s favored habitat is known for its turbid, murky water and low visibility, and thus it possesses unusually small eyes. To make up for its poor vision, the Northern river shark has a higher than normal concentration of ampullae of Lorenzini, which are special receptor organs that can detect the electrical fields of living creatures and help the shark locate prey in poor to zero visibility conditions. Northern river sharks are thought to be piscivorous, as their teeth are rather narrow for their overall size and geared towards smaller prey such as small, bony fish.

Northern river shark

Northern river shark

The Northern river shark was first discovered in 1986 and, like other river sharks, is very rare. It is only known from around 30 specimens collected over the years from a mere handful of scattered river systems, and estimates have suggested that possibly only around 250 mature individuals exist in the wild. Due to its rarity, the Northern river shark has been listed as a critically endangered species by the IUCN Red List. It is thought to be particularly vulnerable to damming and other water programs, which have become more common in the shark’s known habitats. In addition, the sharks are vulnerable to haphazard and illegal net fishing for other species in the areas they are known to inhabit. Typically fishermen will catch the sharks by accident, kill them, and toss them overboard. Although recovery projects have been proposed and implemented, the threat of habitat degradation and illegal fishing to the Northern river shark is considered to be so grave that the species may become extinct before we ever learn much more about it.

The Borneo River Shark

The Borneo river shark (Glyphis fowlerae) is a small species that is thought to reach lengths of about 78 cm (31 inches). As the name suggests, they are found in Borneo, specifically in the Kinabatangan River.

The Borneo river shark is one of the rarest of the river shark species, and indeed possibly the rarest of any kind of shark. The species was long known from only a single specimen. In total, only 13 specimens of this species have ever been caught, all from fresh water, and the species was only finally described by science in 2010. The habitat of the Borneo river shark is believed to be extremely small, and thought to comprise just one stretch of the river near a small village.

The Borneo river shark

The Borneo river shark

In 2010 and 2011, soon after the species was formally described, an expedition was sent to try and find more of these elusive sharks, yet the results were not promising. Not only did the expedition fail to find a single specimen of the shark after an exhaustive search, but local fishermen claimed that the sharks hadn’t been seen or caught in the river in years. As such, there is the very real possibility that the Borneo river shark is already extinct. Although there have been efforts to preserve the species undertaken by conservation groups such as the Tropical Research and Conservation Centre, sadly it may very well be too little too late.

The Speartooth Shark

The speartooth shark (Glyphis glyphis), also known as the Bizant river shark or Queensland river shark, is native to river systems of northern Australia and New Guinea. It is so named for its unique teeth, which are only serrated near the tips in the lower jaw and are shaped like little spear tips, most likely for impaling and holding onto small, bony fish or other prey. It is a fairly large shark thought to reach lengths of around 2.5–3 m (8.2–10 ft). The shark is thought to mostly inhabit fresh water or brackish tropical rivers with fast currents and muddy bottoms. Visibility in this environment is extremely poor and it is thought that the speartooth shark’s eyesight is poor.

Speartooth shark

Speartooth shark

The shark was first discovered as a museum specimen of a juvenile female and described in the early 19th century. This remained the only specimen for the species until 1982, when similar sharks were captured in the Bizant River of Australia. These Bizant river sharks were not considered to be the same species as speartooth sharks at first, and were classified as a different species known simply as Glyphis species A. It was only recently confirmed that the Bizant River sharks are synonymous with speartooth sharks by researchers Leonard Compagno, William White, and Peter Last.

This species is only known from a few juvenile specimens and no adults have been caught, which makes it difficult to accurately discern the speartooth shark’s true size, behavior, or even its preferred habitat when fully grown. It is thought to be very rare and critically endangered.

The Irrawaddy River Shark

Certainly the rarest and most mysterious of the river sharks is the Irrawaddy river shark (Glyphis siamensis) of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. The species is known from only a single specimen caught in the 19th century near the mangrove covered mouth of the Irrawaddy River near Rangoon. The specimen was a juvenile that measured 60cm (24 inches) long. Using the growth rate of similar sharks as a basis, it is estimated that the shark would have an adult length of around 1–3 m (3–10 ft).

The Irrawaddy River at sunset.

The Irrawaddy River at sunset.

The existence of only a single holotype specimen has created much controversy over the years as to the shark’s true classification.  It was originally described as Carcharias siamensis by the Austrian ichthyologist Franz Steindachner, but this was challenged in later years. Many ichthyologists argued that the original specimen was merely an abnormal or deformed bull shark rather than a separate species, but shark systematist Leonard J.V. Compagno classified it as its own species within Glyphis in 2005. The shark has thus come to be known as Glyphis siamensis, but there is still some uncertainty and debate as to how it should be classified.

Heavy fishing and habitat degradation have occurred in the area where the lone specimen was caught, and not a single additional specimen has been found in nearly a hundred years, despite several concerted attempts to locate it. It seems that, as with the Borneo river shark, there is a high likelihood that the Irrawaddy river shark is extinct.

The river sharks represent a fascinating group of animals that we know next to nothing about. All of the species here are known from only a handful of specimens and are only very rarely caught or observed in the wild, making it exceedingly difficult to study them or gain any insight into their feeding habits, reproductive characteristics, lifestyles, or even how many of them there truly are.

One thing that is known is that there are not many of these mysterious fresh water sharks left, and their habitats are being degraded at an astonishing rate. Sharks in particular are sensitive to such pressures, as they are known for their small litter sizes, long gestation, and slow growth and rate of maturity, which all means that even small amounts of overfishing, pollution, or other habitat degradation can have devastating effects on their populations. The river sharks are likely no different, with the added complication that they are so confined to limited, smaller, more specialized habitats. Many of the tropical rivers or estuaries in which these river sharks are found are prone to pollution, rampant overfishing, and other human interference such as the building of dams, the clearing of mangroves, or the redirection of water flow.

The river sharks are in trouble, with some of these species likely already extinct. It is somewhat sad to think that these majestic creatures which prowl the freshwater rivers of the world without anyone even knowing they are there may disappear forever before anyone ever finds out. Without serious conservation efforts, the river sharks will die out and their mysteries will die with them.

Brent Swancer is an author and crypto expert living in Japan. Biology, nature, and cryptozoology still remain Brent Swancer’s first intellectual loves. He's written articles for MU and Daily Grail and has been a guest on Coast to Coast AM and Binnal of America.
You can follow Brent on and


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Looking For an Apocalypse May Help Us Find Extraterrestrials

If an apocalypse is a good sign of extraterrestrial life, does that mean Earth is inhabited by space aliens? That’s a good question with debatable answers that can only be addressed by civilizations on other planets looking at us. At least, that’s the case if you buy the argument presented by a leading astrobiologist who thinks an apocalypse would either be an unusually visible event form afar or a reason for an advanced civilization to send out visibly loud distress signals. This may sound like an alternative opening for the Superman saga, but it’s a real proposal in Scientific American by Caleb Scharf, the head of astrobiology at Columbia University, and it’s worth considering.

“For example, the trigger for that trauma might be when species approaches a particular level of planetary dominance. With their civilization reaching a tipping point of scale that is far more likely to produce detectable technosignatures for distant astronomers—whether as infrared excesses from waste energy or a flood of peculiar atmospheric compounds from polluting industrial processes.”

Is Scharf speculating what alien starwatchers are seeing from a small planet orbiting an average star in a spiral galaxy? He doesn’t say, but that’s one scenario he paints that could catch the eye of Earth astronomers or future space travelers looking for intelligent life. Of course, assuming we’re also an intelligent species, it should be apparent that a planet glowing from an apocalyptic event may not be the best place to visit for a while. On the other hand …

“Apart from passive technosignatures, like rapid climate change, the launch of interplanetary or interstellar spacecraft could, if beamed-light propulsion is utilized, produce potent signals detectable elsewhere in the cosmos. Communications with a growing population of exploration vehicles and settlements within a planetary system, or with probes launched to other stars, could also create a noisy beacon for other species to detect. Even efforts to terraform other worlds (and of course this is stretching the realm of possibilities a little), would present a rather shocking event to advanced alien observers steadily tracking the properties of a system.”

Scharf says a bright or loud signal may not be a bad sign but a busy signal (throwback reference for those who remember landlines) showing the advanced activities of a civilization. Communications is certainly something that could be a life-on-Earth signal we emanate, along with rocket or missile launches. So could large fires (we’re doing that), solar panels (that too) or intentional signals to other planets (we’re noisier than we thought). Are we sending an unintentional signal or an early apocalyptic one to others? This has already raised concerns with the increase in SETI projects. Conversely, if we see a signal, should that be the focus of future space missions?

“There is a catch though, and it relates to the well-worn ideas of the Fermi paradox. By the time a species is compelled into doing any of these things, and even before its planetary environment is pushed to a Klaxon-like tipping point, perhaps it simply fails. There is no Hail Mary, there isn’t even a noticeable last gasp, instead it all just shuts down.”

Just like on Krypton when Jor-El had just enough time to launch Kal-El/Superman before the planet was destroyed, these signaling ETs may be too late – if not now, probably by the time we not-so-advanced beings figure out a way to travel across light years. Perhaps that’s a warning – the technology that enables space travel is also destructive, and human nature has shown a decided trend towards the latter. Is that an Earth trait or one common to all similar life forms? Scharf offers a ray of hope:

“Even if they’re experiencing their own apocalypse, we would learn critical things about the properties of a great filter; that there might be time yet to slither past it, and that at least we still have a way to go.”

Slither? Forget looking for an apocalypse someplace else … is he implying something about a certain shape-shifting alien species on Earth surviving a human-created apocalypse?

Paul Seaburn is the editor at Mysterious Universe and its most prolific writer. He’s written for TV shows such as "The Tonight Show", "Politically Incorrect" and an award-winning children’s program. He's been published in “The New York Times" and "Huffington Post” and has co-authored numerous collections of trivia, puzzles and humor. His “What in the World!” podcast is a fun look at the latest weird and paranormal news, strange sports stories and odd trivia. Paul likes to add a bit of humor to each MU post he crafts. After all, the mysterious doesn't always have to be serious.
You can follow Paul on and


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The “Wegan” Pizza Flyer

For months now, we’ve been arriving at home to find weekly flyers from a local mom & pop pizza joint hanging from our front door nob. The restaurant touts a wide array of veggie toppings, as well as the usual “meat” lovers’ selections and sides. Everything from ribs and chicken wings, to salads, “wegan” cheese and cheesecake. Definitely not a health conscious establishment, but a pizza place whose coupon you might stuff into the back of an “everything” drawer in the kitchen in case you get a late night fiending for some cheap cheese-less vegan pizza. And that’s where they sat… for months… about 12 of them. Until out of the blue, I thought “What in the heck is Wegan Cheese??!” “Could it possible be??… No, there’s just no way.”

A quick google of “wegan” didn’t reveal anything other than “Did you mean vegan?” So I had my husband call the restaurant, and sure enough… they meant VEGAN! You know, there are lots of people in the world who aren’t familiar with the link between our diet and the well being of the planet, nor do they know how to spell this so-called “strange” lifestyle called “vegan.” But heck! We’ve come a long way from a chunk of plain white tofu with a plate of beans and rice! Just a three minute drive, and voila, we were indulging in scrumptious cruelty-free pizza at a very unlikely place… because, times are a changin’ =) Have hope, my friends!

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Internet Wedding brides is not really a huge new phenomenon. In fact , net dating has been around for quite some time at this point and it is getting popular everyday. It could sound like another concept for you, but if you may have not yet attempted the service, you are missing several things. Unlike standard dating, at the time you usually are not introduced while using other person face to face, internet dating can provide you with a chance to meet a person coming from across the globe. Though it is not practical to truly understand someone’s persona through a personal conversation, you can always try a handful of online matchmaking techniques for finding a better idea.

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What are quality of life measurements measuring?

Matthew F. Muldoon, Steven D. Barger, Janine D. Flory, Stephen B. Manuck

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

342 Scopus citations

It is now widely acknowledged that the personal burden of illness cannot be described fully by measures of disease status such as size of infarction, tumour load, and forced expiratory volume. Psychosocial factors such as pain, apprehension, restricted mobility and other functional impairments, difficulty fulfilling personal and family responsibilities, financial burden, and diminished cognition must also be encompassed. The area of research that has resulted from this recognition is termed âhealth related quality of life.â It moves beyond direct manifestations of illness to study the patient's personal morbidityâthat is, the various effects that illnesses and treatments have on daily life and life satisfaction. Although quality of life assessment was almost unknown 15 years ago, it has rapidly become an integral variable of outcome in clinical research; over 1000 new articles each year are indexed under âquality of life.â Although the importance of quality of life is broadly acknowledged, scepticism and confusion remain about how quality of life should be measured and its usefulness in medical research. These responses may reflect important conceptual and methodological limitations of the current concept of quality of life. We offer a simple framework that describes the core elements of quality of life related to health and use this to evaluate quality of life measurement as it is currently conducted. Summary points Measures of disease status alone are insufficient to describe the burden of illness; quality of life factors such as pain, apprehension, depressed mood, and functional impairment must also be considered Two operational definitions of quality of life are identifiedâobjective functioning and subjective wellbeing Assessments of objective functioning and subjective wellbeing convey different information, they also present different problems in relation to validation Assessment of functioning derived from questionnaires must be validated against measures of directly observed behavioural performance Subjective appraisal of wellbeing may be influenced substantially by psychological factors unrelated to health or to changes over time in patients ' criteria for appraising wellbeing Whether and how quality of life researchers respond to these obstacles and deficiencies will probably determine the quality of their work in the future.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)542
Number of pages1
Issue number7130
StatePublished - Feb 14 1998
Externally publishedYes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Medicine(all)

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