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EM 9256    Published October 2019

Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of hop. If not managed appropriately, powdery mildew can lead to complete loss of marketable crops. Disease management is difficult and often incomplete in susceptible varieties. This is because, in part, no single tactic is adequate. Successful management requires an integrated set of practices — from cultural, biological and chemical tactics to the planting of resistant varieties. These best management practices can help growers minimize damage from the disease.

Before planting

  • Select the least susceptible variety available

Powdery mildew susceptibility varies widely among hop varieties, ranging from entirely resistant to extremely susceptible. Planting resistant or less susceptible varieties is the most efficient means of managing powdery mildew. When markets allow, choose varieties that are least susceptible to the disease (Table 1). In general, most hop varieties are more susceptible to powdery mildew when grown in western Oregon than when grown in south-central Washington.

Table 1.Powdery mildew susceptibility in a range of hop varieties

Limited or no fungicides required

Moderately susceptible

Typically <4 fungicide applications/year

Typically 4–8 fungicide applications/year

Highly susceptible

>8 applications/year

Crystal Centennial Cascade Apollo
Comet Fuggle Cashmere Columbus/Tomahawk/Zeus
Lotus Mt. Hood Nugget
Pahto Newport Simcoe

Susceptibility and fungicide inputs depend on prevailing weather conditions and which race of the fungus is present. For example, Apollo, Mt. Hood and Nugget are resistant to many races of the powdery mildew fungus and require fungicides only when virulent races of the pathogen are present. However, the powdery mildew fungus can develop new races, eventually overcoming resistance in the host. Susceptibility also varies with climate. Varieties in the moderately susceptible and susceptible categories often require more intensive management in cooler climates such as the Willamette Valley of Oregon, as opposed to warmer climates such as the Yakima Valley in Washington.

  • Ensure that planting material is free of powdery mildew

The powdery mildew fungus spreads easily on planting material. Genetic evidence indicates that the powdery mildew fungus spread across the U.S. in association with infected planting material. If plants are produced in a nursery or greenhouse, verify that the planting material is free of powdery mildew. Conduct a close visual inspection or a grow-out to confirm disease-free status (Figure 1).

Cultural measures after planting

Cultural practices after planting are the foundation of disease management. These practices help to delay disease development and create an environment less conducive to the disease, reducing the rate of disease spread.

  • Thoroughly prune yards in spring

In the western U.S., the powdery mildew fungus must survive the winter on living host tissue, which is provided by crown buds. In spring, thorough mechanical pruning is the most effective means of reducing overwintering inoculum of the pathogen (Table 2). Two pruning operations are often necessary to ensure all green tissue is removed thoroughly. For instance, it is more effective to follow a mechanical pruning with a later chemical desiccation of remaining shoots. Consider variety, plant age and weather when pruning to avoid injuring the plants.

Table 2. Association of pruning method and pruning thoroughness on occurrence of powdery mildew flag shoots in Oregon hop yards

Total yards Yards with flag shoots Yards without flag shoots Flag shoot prevalence (%)
Pruning method
Chemical/unpruned 360 22 338 6.1
Mechanical 129 1 128 0.8
Pruning thoroughness
Poor or moderate 283 23 250 8.1
Excellent 206 4 202 1.9
  • Prune as late as possible in spring

In addition to thorough pruning, pruning as late as possible in spring can reduce the severity of powdery mildew. How late pruning can occur depends on variety, plant vigor and other factors (Figure 2).

  • Reduce canopy density

Powdery mildew is favors dense canopies, shade, rapid growth rate of the plant, moderate temperatures (50–85°F) and high humidity. Reduce canopy density where possible by training few shoots per plant, ensuring adequate spacing of plants and strings, and avoiding excessive fertility.

  • Moderate nitrogen rates

Late-season powdery mildew on leaves and cones is associated with the amount of nitrogen applied (Figure 3). Reduce nitrogen rates as low as feasible for yield goals; avoid nitrogen applications after bloom. For well-managed crops, less than 200 pounds per acre of nitrogen generally is adequate for maximizing yield and cone quality.

  • Remove midseason basal foliage

When powdery mildew is present, removing basal foliage at least twice during the late spring and summer months reduces the severity of powdery mildew, especially on cones. Scout basal foliage regrowth late in the season for signs of disease.

  • Manage weeds, cover crops and irrigation to reduce humidity

Powdery mildew favors high humidity and moderate temperatures. Manage other vegetation in the yard to promote air flow and reduce humidity where possible. Excessive irrigation also favors powdery mildew. Matching irrigation to plant demand can help to reduce disease levels.

  • Promote root health

There is a general correlation between root health, late-season water stress and the impact of powdery mildew on cones. Areas of hop yards with rocky soil or other factors that limit root development tend to be most severely impacted when powdery mildew occurs on cones. That is because diseased cones mature more rapidly than healthy cones. Cultural practices that promote a larger root system can help to delay this accelerated maturation of cones. Irrigating for longer periods does not compensate for poor root health.

Chemical controls

In susceptible varieties, it is usually necessary to apply fungicides in regions where disease pressure is high. Find an updated list of registered fungicides at pnwhandbooks.org/plantdisease. An online risk index can help you determine disease hazard levels (see uspest.org/risk/models). Note that fungicides alone are not enough to manage the disease in the absence of cultural practices or other control measures.

  • Ensure timely fungicide application

The efficacy of fungicide programs depends on disease pressure. The timing of the first fungicide application is critical to keeping disease levels low. In high disease-risk situations, this corresponds to when disease is present on less than 1% of plants.

  • Incorporate products with contact activity in fungicide programs

Most synthetic fungicides have limited or no postinfection (kick-back) activity. Using fungicides with postinfection activity can enhance disease control. Examples of fungicides with postinfection activity include horticultural oils, bicarbonates and, to a lesser extent, sulfur.

  • Apply the right fungicide at the right time

Using the most effective fungicides during bloom and the early stages of cone elongation can significantly enhance control of powdery mildew on hop cones at harvest. Fungicides containing quinoxyfen (Quintec), fluopyram (Luna products), and flutriafol (TopGuard Specialty Crops) have been shown to be most effective during this period (Figure 4). You’ll need short intervals of the most effective fungicides for maximal disease control. Fungicides applied after mid-August can reduce disease levels on cones and improve cone color, but these improvements tend to be marginal. The timing of the last fungicide application depends on disease pressure, variety susceptibility and harvest date.

  • Consider other fungicide factors

Postharvest fungicide applications for powdery mildew generally are not recommended in established yards in the western U.S. Information is not available on the benefit of fungicides applied after harvest in first-year plantings or where the sexual stage of the fungus (forming chasmothecia) occurs.

  • Ensure thorough application coverage

It is exceedingly difficult to obtain adequate spray coverage on hop (Figure 5). Measure actual spray coverage using dyes and water-sensitive paper at various heights in the canopy and in the interior of plants. Where permitted, include a surfactant to improve coverage.Always apply fungicides at rates specified on the product label.

Other considerations

  • Scout, sample and monitor for disease

Disease outbreaks are more easily managed when discovered early. Monitor powdery mildew levels throughout the growing season to ensure timely and appropriate application of various disease management strategies. Disease scouting is critical for identifying problems with fungicide applications, such as spray coverage issues or disease control failures due to fungicide resistance. Sampling should ideally be conducted weekly. Carefully examine at least 100 to 200 plants in a hop yard. Spread out sampling over the entire yard, but specifically target known problem areas.

Table 3.Seasonal calendar of management considerations for powdery mildew

The timeframe shown here is approximate. The necessity of any given practice depends on variety, disease pressure and other factors.

Off-season March April May June July Aug Sept
Before planting
Variety selection x
Plant population/spacing x
Ensure planting material
is disease-free
x x x x
Cultural practices
Scouting/monitoring x x x x x x x x x x
Thorough spring pruning;
adjust timing
x x x x x
Training density x x x
Reduce nitrogen fertilization
as much as feasible
x x x x x x
Remove basal foliage x x x x x
Manage cover crops/weeds x x x x x x x x
Avoid excessive irrigation x x x x x x x x
Chemical controls
First fungicide application x x
Incorporate fungicides
with contact activity
x x x x x x x x
Incorporate copper
into downy mildew program
x x x x
General period for use
of sulfur fungicides
x x x x
Use of drip-applied fungicides x x x
Use of foliar-applied fungicides with excellent residual and
post-infection activity
x x
Use of most efficacious fungicides on cones x x
Apply fungicides up to
preharvest interval for maximum disease control
x x
Quantity coverage; adjust sprayer for maximum coverage x x x x x x x x x x
Other considerations
Communicate disease levels x x x x x x x x x x
Monitor dry matter to time harvest x x

  • Communicate disease risks to neighbors

The powdery mildew fungus can travel long distances — multiple miles — as airborne spores. Knowing where the disease is present in the region helps growers gauge the hazard of infection due to inoculum originating from other yards or farms. Disease spread is mostly localized to a few miles in spring. Later in the summer, it can disperse over longer distances.

  • Harvest in a timely manner

Cone dehydration and maturation accelerate in the presence of powdery mildew. In varieties such as Galena and Zeus, monitor dry matter early and harvest before dry matter exceeds approximately 25.5% to maintain cone color and minimize crop losses during picking (Figure 6).

Gent, D.H., G.G. Grove, M.E. Nelson, S.N. Wolfenbarger and J.L. Woods. 2014. Crop damage caused by powdery mildew on hop and its relationship to late season management. Plant Pathology

Gent, D. H., C. Probst, M.E. Nelson, G.G. Grove, S.T. Massie and M.C. Twomey. 2016. Interaction of basal foliage removal and late season fungicide applications in management of hop powdery mildew. Plant Disease

Gent, D.H., W.F. Mahaffee, W.W. Turechek, C.M. Ocamb, M.C. Twomey, J.L. Woods and C. Probst. 2019. Risk factors for bud perennation of Podosphaera macularis on hop. Phytopathology

Nelson, M.E., D.H. Gent and G.G. Grove. 2015. Meta-analysis reveals a critical period for management of powdery mildew on hop cones. Plant Disease

Probst, C., M.E. Nelson, G.G. Grove, M.C. Twomey and D.H. Gent. 2016. Hop powdery mildew control through alteration of spring pruning practices. Plant Disease

Twomey, M.C., S.N. Wolfenbarger, J.L. Woods and D.H. Gent. 2015. Development of partial ontogenic resistance to powdery mildew in hop cones. PloS ONE

Wolfenbarger, S., S.T. Massie, E.B. Eck, G.G. Grove, M.E. Nelson, C. Probst, M.C. Twomey and D.H. Gent. 2016. Distribution and characterization of Podosphaera macularis virulent on hop cultivars possessing R6-based resistance to powdery mildew. Plant Disease 100(6):1212-1221.

© 2019 Oregon State University.


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Ten big ones

by Evanovich, Janet.

Format: Large Print 2004
Availability: Available at 9 Libraries 9 of 11 copies
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For tens of millions of fans summer means Stephanie Plum...here, from #1 bestselling author Janet Evanovich, is the latest blockbusterTake an exit off the Jersey Turnpike to the irresistible world of Stephanie Plum, America's favorite bounty hunter, where she gets into more trouble than ever. This time, she faces a notorious gang in Trenton who wants her dead. Morelli warns that she's in too deep, and Stephanie more than agrees. But the gang won't let her bow out. With Ranger missing in action, Stephanie has to go into hiding-and stumbles on to the secret location of Ranger's "bat cave." Is it the perfect place to disappear? Or will she get into more trouble than she knows by delving into his private world? The tenth Stephanie Plum novel is filled with Evanovich's trademark high stakes, high adventure, high wit, and sly comedy.
Published Reviews
Booklist Review: "Although the strain of keeping her formula fresh and funny shows a bit in this latest adventure of New Jersey's most unusual bond enforcement agent, Stephanie Plum, there's still enough to entertain readers hooked on the wacky, wildly popular series. Plenty of familiar characters and running gags are here: Lula and Grandma Mazur are as comical as ever, and Stephanie still can't hang on to handcuffs and cars or decide between the two men in her life--sexy cop Joe Morelli and scary Ranger, who is hot, hot, hot. This time, though, the tale starts quickly (Stephanie pegs a convenience-store robber as a member of a vicious Trenton gang, then becomes a target on a hit list) but seems swamped by more than the usual absurdities. Fortunately, a dynamite finish--unexpected and very funny--saves the day for both Stef and her fans. Also on the plus side this time are some extraordinary new, hope-to-see-again additions to the roster, particularly the cross-dressing rocker Sweet Sally. Not the high mark of an outstanding series, then, but still good fun for the legions of devotees. --Stephanie Zvirin Copyright 2004 Booklist"
From Booklist, Copyright (c) American Library Association. Used with permission.
Publisher's Weekly Review: ""I think of myself more as an entertainer than as a writer," Evanovich says in a bonus interview at the end of this audiobook, and indeed, her latest offering (following To The Nines) will leave listeners with little doubt that she is a master of screwball comedy. At the start of this adventure, bumbling New Jersey bounty hunter Stephanie Plum and her sassy sidekick, Lula, witness a gang member known as the Red Devil rob a convenience store and attempt to bomb it with a Molotov cocktail, which hits Stephanie's car instead. Stephanie gets a good look at the Red Devil, making her a key witness and a target for a nasty gang called the Slayers. Her sometime boyfriend, vice cop Joe Morelli, insists she stay home and out of danger, but Stephanie would rather be bringing in two-bit criminals than lying low. Narrator King steps neatly into Stephanie's shoes, her agile voice conveying not only Stephanie's fear and frustration, but her plaintive, why-does-this-always-happen-to-me attitude. King also nails the manly, mysterious voice of gorgeous bounty hunter Ranger, Stephanie's sometime superhero. Although the high-pitched voice King gives Stephanie's adventure-loving grandmother may grate on some listeners nerves, her vocal stylings are generally as superb as Evanovich's zany characterizations. Simultaneous release with the St. Martin's hardcover (Forecasts, June 7). (June) (c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved"
(c) Copyright PWxyz, LLC. All rights reserved
Additional Information
Series Stephanie Plum series
Features Stephanie Plum, a bounty hunter in Trenton, New Jersey
#1 - One for the money
#2 - Two for the dough
#3 - Three to get deadly
#4 - Four to score
#5 - High five
#6 - Hot six
#7 - Seven up
#8 - Hard eight
#9 - To the nines
#10 - Ten big ones
#11 - Eleven on top
#12 - Twelve sharp
#13 - Lean mean thirteen
#14 - Fearless fourteen
#15 - Finger lickin' fifteen
#16 - Sizzling sixteen
#17 - Smokin' seventeen
#18 - Explosive eighteen
#19 - Notorious nineteen
#20 - Takedown twenty
#21 - Top secret twenty-one
#22 - Tricky twenty-two
#23 - Turbo twenty-three
#24 - Hardcore twenty-four
#25 - Look alive twenty-five
#26 - Twisted twenty-six
#27 - Fortune and glory
#28 - Game on
Subjects Plum, Stephanie -- (Fictitious character) -- Fiction.
Women detectives -- New Jersey -- Fiction.
Murder for hire -- Fiction.
Bounty hunters -- Fiction.
Witnesses -- Fiction.
Large type books.
Trenton (N.J.) -- Fiction.
Publisher New York :Random House Large Print,2004
Language English
Description 421 pages (large print) ; 25 cm
ISBN 0375432035
Other Classic View

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text:
“Dianne and I want to thank you and your team, particularly yourself and Gordana, for all your work over the past 10 years on our Waiheke project. It has now successfully come to an end and we would like to express our deep appreciation for your sustained professionalism and work ethic which, frankly, puts most of the other trades and professions on our job to shame. You certainly have a great culture in your organisation and I am sure it will keep you well and truly busy for a long time to come.

If you are ever on the island and need a break, please come by, we will take care of you.”

Chris & Dianne


text:
Why does my cat chew on wood???

More importantly, how can I prevent it in the future?

If these questions are at the top of your mind, keep reading.

Below, we’ll talk all about this strange cat behavior, what it means, and how to stop it.

FYI, this post contains affiliate links. If you make a purchase through these links, we earn a small commission at no extra charge to you.

Why Does My Cat Chew On Wood?

Cat chewing on a stick with text why do cats chew on wood

Is your cat chewing on wood furniture, wood art, cardboard boxes, and other wooden items?

Cats do a lot of strange things out of curiosity. But once they start chewing on wood and other inedible objects, don’t shrug it off.

They could be suffering from a medical condition, and the chewing will only make it worse.

What medical condition causes cats to chew on wood?

Chances are, he/she could be suffering from PICA.

PICA is a condition that makes cats chew on non-food items such as wool, metal, wood, and even electric cords.

PICA is often associated with medical issues such as obsessive compulsive disorder, dental issues, or a mineral deficiency in their meals.

Let’s look at the condition in a bit more detail, then we’ll talk prevention tips.

FYI, this post contains affiliate links to recommended products. We earn a commission if you buy through them.

What is PICA? (+ 5 Potential Causes)

As stated above, PICA is a condition where cats crave items with no nutritional value.

Some of the most common things cats will chew include household furniture, cords, wool, plants, and metal.

Below are some of the main causes of PICA in cats.

1. Genetics

PICA is believed to be a genetic condition for some cats.

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That’s why the Birman and the Siamese cats seem to be more affected than other cat breeds.

Crossbreeding with these cat breeds transfers these traits to other cat breeds.

2. Dental disease

Cats suffering from dental issues such as tooth resorption, periodontitis, or gum disease may develop a chewing habit to ease the pain and discomfort.

Maintaining good dental health with feline toothbrushes and cat-friendly toothpaste can go a long way in preventing these diseases.

3. Compulsive disorder

This disorder causes cats to engage in behaviors that don’t serve any purpose repetitively.

A chewing obsession is one of them.

Others include over-grooming, tail-chasing, or twitchy skin syndrome.

4. Behavioral disorder

A bored cat may develop a furniture obsession.

And cats can get bored for several reasons, including being left by their owner, introduction to a new environment, a lack of physical exercise, or even depression.

If your cat has a behavioral disorder, a qualified cat behaviorist can suggest behavior modification recommendations to help the cat quit the furniture obsession.

5. Mineral deficiency

Cats should get all the necessary nutrients, or most of them, from their meals.

If their food lacks a particular nutrient/mineral, they’ll try to find it in other non-food objects.

Ensure the cat food you’re feeding him/her has all the nutrients according to his/her lifestyle.

For instance, a cat with lots of energy will need more iron compared to a sedentary cat.

If they can’t get all nutrients from the food, consider feeding them supplements, like Missing Link.

Other Medical conditions

If your cat is suffering from the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), diabetes, or feline leukemia, he/she may develop a chewing habit.

It’s advisable to take your cat to the vet to rule out any of these medical conditions.

PICA Challenges

Why does my cat chew on wood? How do I stop this strange behavior? Read on for the answers to both cat questions and more.

As you can imagine, eating nonedible objects can cause some major problems for your cat.

Let’s look at some specific to his wood-eating habit.

When the small pieces of wood get stuck in a cat’s paw, they could cause splinters.

These are not just painful, they can also become infected if not treated as soon as possible.

Life-threatening Intestinal Obstructions

But when ingested, the wood can cause life-threatening intestinal obstructions.

These could result in tissue death or death of some parts of the intestine wall.

Some symptoms of this obstruction include;

  • Vomiting
  •  Lowered body temperature
  •  Lethargy
  • Diarrhea.
  • A lack of appetite
  • Abdominal pain

Furniture is also treated with chemicals that could be harmful to your cat.

Check: Why Does My Cat Chew on Metal?

How Do I Get My Cat To Stop Chewing On Wood?

Why does my cat chew on wood? How do I stop this strange behavior? Read on for the answers to both cat questions and more.

Below are some practical tips on treating your cat’s wood obsession.

#1 Introduce acceptable items for chewing

Petstages Catnip and Dental Health Cat Toys

To keep your cat’s mind off of chewing on wood, introduce acceptable items or items that are safe for them.

These may include cat-safe chicken or turkey jerky.

If they are suffering from any dental issues, introduce dental chew toys.

A good example is the Petstages dental health toy designed to minimize a kitten’s teething pain.

And it’s even sprayed with catnip to keep the kitty entertained. You can also spray catnip on other safe chewing toys.

But ensure the chewy toys don’t have any other spice.

#2 Environmental Enrichment for Cats

tall cat tree

Creating an enriched environment for your cats includes allowing them to practice their usual natural habits such as playing around, chewing, and scratching when indoors.

You can do this by creating ample space for them to move around, adequate food and water, and ways for them to stay active.

For instance, you can create lots of shelves and place them in different areas in the house.

And then place some of the cat’s favorite items on these shelves. Tall cat trees are also excellent ways to keep the cat busy.

YOFUN smart interactive toy

To give your cat something to do, introduce interactive toys such as tract toys or the YOFUN smart interactive toy.

It’s a simple ball with a red light that you place on the floor. And since cats love tracking moving objects, this toy will keep them busy for a while.

You can also purchase puzzle boxes and place the interactive toys in them.

It would be best if you found toys the cat can’t chew.

#3 Consistent Schedule

cat feeder

Engage your cat in a consistent schedule of meals and playtime.

You can purchase timed feeding stations that will feed the cat based on how you’ve scheduled them.

Instead of large meals spaced out in several hours, try smaller meals after a few hours.

Play with your cat for a few minutes every day. You can play interactive games or just cuddle with them.

Cats on a schedule know what to look forward to and when, so they’re less inclined to stress-chew objects they shouldn’t.

#4 Clicker Training

Clicker training is often used in training dogs, but it still works for cats.

You use a handheld clicking device and click and offer a treat every time your cat does what she’s trained to do.

Your cat will associate not chewing on wood with a treat, and eventually, they’ll quit the habit.

#5 Spraying the Wooden Structures

Bitter Apple spray is one of the safest and most effective ways of preventing your cat from chewing on wood.

It has a displeasing taste, which the cats don’t like. But it’s not always effective since some cats may develop a liking for the flavoring.

If that’s the case, try using hot sauce. It’s a little cruel for some people, but it works great in repelling cats.

Now you know why your cat chews on wood and what you and what you can do to prevent it.

Please, take my first bit of advice and make that call to your vet a top priority.

Only after you’ve ruled out other problems can you really focus on stopping this strange behavior.

cat chewing on wood

Does your cat chew on wood? Have you tried any of these tips? Share your experiences below.

Barry Stingmore
Barry Stingmore

Barry Stingmore is a British content creator living in Fuerteventura, Spain. An animal lover at heart, he shares his home with a dog and four rescue cats.

Barry works with the island’s animal charities to help manage and care for feral and abandoned animals. Alongside fieldwork, he works to support the charities with fundraising and raising awareness.

Last update on 2021-06-14 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API


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CBSA resources

Comment l’analyse des coûts dissipe les mythes sur l’assainissement à base de conteneurs (PDF 1.6Mb) – French translation of EY’s How cost analysis dispels myths about container-based sanitation (see CBS resources below)

Container-based sanitation guide to implementation (1st edition), CBSA, 2020

UNC poster presentation: Calculating the climate change mitigation potential of container-based sanitation systems, Lauren H. Trondsen and Kory Russel, CBSA, 2020

Policy brief: Supporting the shift to climate positive sanitation, CBSA, 2020

Taking Container-Based Sanitation to scale: opportunities and challenges, Russel K., K. Hughes, M. Roach, D. Auerbach, A. Foote, S. Kramer, & R. Briceño, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2019

An integrated approach to the SDGs: acknowledging the interrelation between sanitation and climate change, CBSA, 2019

Global leaders in household CBS services: a comparative analysis, CBSA, 2018

CBS resources

Why it’s time to get behind container-based sanitation, Jessie Coates and Dan Gray, EY

Evaluating the potential of container-based sanitation, World Bank, 2019

The world can’t wait for sewers: advancing container-based sanitation businesses as a viable answer to the global sanitation crisis, EY (Ernst & Young) and WSUP (Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor), 2017

Evaluating the viability of container-based sanitation in low- income settlements, Dewhurst, Richard & Furlong, Claire & Tripathi, Sabitri & Templeton, Michael & Scott, Rebecca, Waterlines, 2019

Waste-to-Value Sanitation in Kakuma Refugee Camp, UNHCR, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Sanivation, 2020

Piloting ecological sanitation (EcoSan) in the emergency context of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, after the 2010 earthquake, A. Kilbride, S. Kramer, and N.Preneta, WEDC Conference, 2013

A cross-sectional survey to assess household sanitation practices associated with uptake of “Clean Team” serviced home toilets in Kumasi, Ghana, Greenland, K., de-Witt Huberts, J., Wright, R., Hawkes, L., Ekor, C., and Biran, A., Environ. Urban, 2016

Container-based Toilets with Solid Fuel Briquettes as a Reuse Product – Best Practice Guidelines for Refugee Camps. Kenya, Sanivation, UNHCR, 2018

Exploring exposure risk and safe management of container- based sanitation systems: a case study from Kenya, Mackinnon, E., Campos, L. C., Sawant, N., Ciric, L., Parikh, P., and Bohnert, K. Waterlines, 2018

Realizing the circular economy for sanitation: assessing enabling conditions and barriers to the commercialization of human excreta derived fertilizer in Haiti and Kenya, Moya, Berta, Ruben Sakrabani, and Alison Parker Sustainability, 2019

Sanitation practices and perceptions in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya: comparing the status quo with a novel service-based approach, Nyoka, R., Foote, A. D., Woods, E., Lokey, H., O’Reilly, C. E., Magumba, F., et al., PLoS ONE, 2017

Opportunities and limits to market-driven sanitation services: evidence from urban informal settlements in East Africa, O’Keefe, M., Lüthi, C., Tumwebaze, I. K., and Tobias, R., Environ. Urban, 2015

Thermophilic co- composting of human wastes in Haiti, Preneta, N., Kramer, S., Magloire, B., and Noel, J.-M., Water Sanit. Hyg. Dev., 2013

User perceptions of and willingness to pay for household container-based sanitation services: experience from Cap Haitien, Haiti, K. Russel, S. Tilmans, S. Kramer, R. Sklar, D. Tillias, and J. Davis, Environment and Urbanization, 2015

Greenhouse gas fluxes from human waste management pathways in Haiti, Ryals, R., McNicol, G., Porder, S., and Kramer, S., Clean. Prod., 2019

Pit latrines or container-based toilets? A cost–benefit analysis comparing two approaches to improving sanitation access in urban areas of Haiti, Sklar, R., and C. Faustin, Priorise: Copenhagen Consensus Center, 2017

Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien, Haiti, Tilmans, S., Russel, K., Sklar, R., Page, L., Kramer, S., and Davis, J., Environ. Urban., 2015

The SOIL guide to ecological sanitation. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), SOIL, Sherburne NY, USA, 2011

Other key resources

Core questions on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene for household surveys: 2018 update, JMP, 2018 (includes CBS as improved sanitation in table 3 on p12)

Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017. Special focus on inequalities, JMP, 2019 (includes CBS as improved sanitation in table A-1 on p82)

Guidelines on sanitation and health, WHO, 2018 (includes CBS in Fact Sheet 8: Urine-diverting dry toilet and container-based sanitation with off-site treatment of all contents in the annex on p181)

Preventing diarrhoea through better water, sanitation and hygiene – exposures and impacts in low- and middle-income countries, WHO, 2014.

Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: a call to action, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Emory University, The University of Leeds, WaterAid, Plan International, and the World Bank, 2017

Citywide Inclusive Sanitation: A public service approach for reaching the urban sanitation SDGs, Schrecongost, Alyse, et al., Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2020

Citywide Inclusive Sanitation – business as unusual: shifting the paradigm by shifting minds, Gambrill, Martin, Rebecca J. Gilsdorf, and Nandita Kotwal, Frontiers in Environmental, 2020

Back-end users: the unrecognized stakeholders in demand-driven sanitation, Murray, Ashley & Ray, Isha., Journal of Planning Education and Research – J PLAN EDUC RES, 2010


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online payday loans for maryland The Cumberland County Library Commission Board meeting is scheduled for Tuesday, January 27th payday loan guaranteed at 4:00PM. This meeting will be held in easy fasr cash loans the library's NJ room. The meeting will be held in compliance with the Open Public Meetings Act 0f 1975, Chapter 231, P.L. 1975 colorado payday loans online.


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ChatChat - Claudia Cragg

Apr 11, 2013

CLICK 'Pod' icon (above left) to listen to the interview
Mary Luana Williams, author of the newly published  'Lost Daughter', Jane Fonda's adopted daughter speaks here for KGNU with Claudia Cragg. Williams grew up with the Black Panther movement in Oakland, CA. In her early teens she was raped by a pseudo 'theatrical agent' and subsequently adopted by Fonda taking her out of Oakland and the Panther community.
She now works extensively with foundations for 'Lost Boys' in Morocco, the Sudan and Tanzania, in many ways working the same principles she learned from her mother. This conversation does not focus at all on 'celebrity issues', but instead on politics, race and gender and also on Ms. Fonda's gamut of political passions. Ms. Williams has also been making strenuous attempts to re-connect her life through time spent with her extended birth family most of whom have remained in Oakland.


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Scientists Discovered Being uneasy Link Around Problem Playing games Together with Motion picture Activity Swag Bins

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SEO Cleanup: pay day loans Algorithm 2.0 le established a brand new search up-date to focus on greatly s

In June 2013 Bing established a brand new search upgrade to focus on greatly spammed search inquiries such as for instance pornography and payday advances. Browsing, spam web sites try to game their option to the top the search engine rankings making use of practices that frequently violate GoogleвЂ™s directions. Such web web internet sites are especially commonplace for payday advances key words with healthier economic benefits being offered for many in a position to manipulate their method to the ranking that is top.

Last yearsвЂ™ up-date had been a veritable success for Bing with the majority of spam taken from the pay day loans search engine results in a single quick move. Into the months after the algorithm modification any periodic spam outcomes that began to rank had been quickly handled. The rapidity of spam treatment through the payday advances search engine search engine pages (SERPs) resulted in the theory that Bing had been monitoring the SERPs and manually getting rid of any spam whilst simultaneously taking care of an algorithm enhance.

In recent months spam outcomes started initially to creep right right right straight back into the payday loans SERPs that are google. Some spam web web web sites also ranked into the top ten outcomes for many weeks at the same time. The specific situation ended up being just starting to get free from hand; in the 14th might eight of this top twenty outcomes for the search question вЂpayday loansвЂ™ were spam results:

The possible lack of direct action that is manual Bing and a fluctuation in ranks over present months caused numerous within the Search Engine Optimization industry to correctly speculate Bing will be rolling away an algorithm enhance specifically to focus on spammy questions.

Below is just a snapshot of Mozcast within the last thirty days. The Mozcast device steps the algorithm heat via alterations in GoogleвЂ™s ratings and obviously highlights the ranking that is extreme in ranks.

A week ago, nearly per year considering that the payday that is first enhance, Bing announced an algorithm improvement to particularly target spammy search inquiries; lots of people have actually dubbed this revision the вЂPayday Loans Algorithm 2.0вЂ™.

The update that is latest demonstrates there was little question that Bing will ultimately meet up with spammers. But only one week following the latest change and the # 1 rated web site for the keyword вЂpayday loansвЂ™ has already been a spam outcome:

What exactly type of strategies are these spammers deploying to game the various search engines?

This will be when a niche site is showing various content to human being users than is proven to the various search engines or whenever a niche site redirects users to some other web web web web page than Bing is able to see. Cloaking is really a violation of recommendations since it provides users with various outcomes than they expected.

Whenever a web page is hacked it is quite typical for hackers to make use of cloaking. This makes it harder for the website owner to identify.

Doorway Pages

Doorway pages are pages written to rank in te se’s for a phrase that is particular then funnel users to some other location

This plan is presently getting used by, no. 1 in Bing for вЂpayday loansвЂ™. If perhaps you were to navigate to this URL youвЂ™d be presented because of the web page below this is certainly optimised for pay day loans:

When youвЂ™ve clicked through, the Address sneakily redirects for this Address These are typically plainly showing one pair of content to Bing while redirecting users to a different web web web page.

Leveraging Expired Domain Names

Usually domains that have existing authority expire and turn accessible to buy. Since these internet web sites currently have authority and therefore are trusted within the optical eyes regarding the the search engines spammers have the ability to leverage this authority encourage them to rank in te se’s for desired key words as opposed to develop a websites authority from scratch. Expired domain names can easily be bought to buy at web internet web web sites such as for example and

In the event that you visit you can view that this expired domain is being ready to attempt to target the pay day loan SERPs by leveraging the current authority your website has. The meta name obviously shows the website will be flipped to eventually вЂKitty Payday LoansвЂ™ (see below).

Hacked Sites/ Hacked Content

Hackers tend to be in a position to gain access to a website through protection weaknesses. When gaining use of a web site they usually are in a position to include content to current pages. Such pages in many cases are supposed to manipulate the search engines and quite often the content that is added concealed from users and website owners through cloaking

They may be able frequently be distinguished by content this is certainly entirely unimportant through the domain title. For instance In July year that is last:// Was 7th that is ranking for loans; it had clearly been hacked and hidden contented inserted into the web site to greatly help it rank in serach engines for this keyword. At some later date the hacker would look redirect this then web web web page.

Leveraging Google+ Accounts

Spammers have used fake Bing Plus accounts to greatly help build rely upon GoogleвЂ™s eyes by manipulating Bing Authorship. This enables them to have an image of an individual close to their search outcome which often makes all the internet site more genuine. Not just that but it addittionally escalates the amount of people whom click right through to this search outcome.

A couple of months ago connected their web site up to a bing+ account because of the true title of вЂWinifred BeaneвЂ™. This is one way it starred in the search engine results:

It was clearly affiliated with if you online payday loans Oregon clicked through to the Google+ profile:

The spammers have afterwards managed to move on and now redirects to which displays content for Kitty pay day loans.

Outlined listed below are are just some of the strategies spammers are employing to game the various search engines. They are usually utilized in combination for optimum deception and such strategies are evolving and getting more advanced on a regular basis. Although these spam techniques are really easy to spot with all the nude eye it’s more difficult to recognize and exclude them algorithmically; while GoogleвЂ™s algorithm is indeed determined by links spammers can be in a position to leverage brand new and expired domains in conjunction with Bing bombing to game the search engine results. On the basis of the fact it took only 1 week for spam to reappear into the loans that are payday i might speculate it will likely be a while before these techniques become obselete.

Read more concerning the concealed hazards behind GoogleвЂ™s Payday Loan serp’s.


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When Target comes to town: How a big-box retailer changed Davis, Calif.

When Target proposed opening a 137,000 square foot store in Davis, California, some residents worried their city’s culture and economy was headed for disaster. It was to be the first-ever “big-box” retailer in a city known for its very strict planning guidelines that had kept such stores out of the community.

Tuesday, June 2, 2015
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Tips – Composition and Different Sized Flowers

I’m going to be writing a 5 part series on Flower Photography.

I hope you enjoy this series for flowers. If you want to check out other Tips from Cee.

This week’s tips and tricks will be all about composing a floral macro. This post will be full of photos of flowers that I have taken at with different perspective for you to study.  I have four different categories for types of flowers.

  • Medium sized:  Flowers between 3 and 6 inches in diameter are roses, some dahlias, mums, peonies, lilies, tulips, daffodils, passion flowers, some cactus flowers, camellias, ranunculus, zinnia, daisy, gerbera, water lilies, etc.
  • Large sized or multi-bloom:  Flower that are usually bigger than 7 inches or more most sunflowers, hydrangeas, rhododendrons, dinner plate sized dahlias, giant hyacinths, bigger, alliums, foxgloves, wisteria, etc.
  • Small sized:  Smaller than 3″ in diameter are grape hyacinths, most wildflowers, dandelion, snow drops, dutch irises, small daisies, and dutch irises, carnations, pansies, violas, daisies, primroses, crocus, smaller tulips, etc.
  • Irregular shaped:  columbine, bearded iris, lupine, bird of paradise, lilies, gladiolus, delphiniums, bleeding heart string, etc.
  • Bushes, Tree Blossoms and Berries: Fairly self explanatory. I also put azaleas in this category. Rhododendrons I add to the Large Sized Category.

Before I get started on my categories.  Always make sure your camera is set on the highest resolution.  This allows you to crop and still have good resolution.  Especially if you want to see the fine details of macro photography.  When taking your photo, always add in a little more of the flower or background, so you have room to crop and adjust the center point.

Another important thing to keep in mind, try not to place the center of the flower directly in the middle.  It gives you a flatter and boring photograph.  Change up your angle and perspective.

Medium Sized Blooms

Medium sized flowers are the easiest to photograph.  They are basically round and have a defined center.  You can usually get the entire flower in the frame of your photograph.  Remember with close ups and macros you don’t necessarily need the entire bloom in your photo. People eye will automatically fill in the missing parts.

In the photo below I have a full daisy with a bee on it. The flower and bee are basically in the center of the photo. It’s an okay photo and fairly close up since you can see the details of the bee. One thing when i was new to floral photography, I didn’t zoom in real close. This gives me a change to crop the photo differently without losing the content I want.

In the photo below, I cropped the photo from above and moved the bee to the left part of the photo. I think it really makes this daisy pop. If you know rule of thirds, this is a perfect example. I will teach rule of thirds in another Tips from Cee.

I could crop this much of the photo, because I always take my photos in high resolution. So play around with different types of cropping and see how you can change the look and feel of your photo. It will help you develop for your eye for you angles you prefer.

Large Sized or Multi-Bloom

Large Sized or Multi-Bloom

To give you an idea of larger sized blooms the photo below is of a dahlia I took just for fun.

For this next dahlia which is another 10 inch bloom, I actually have a flower and a bud.  I purposely showed the side of this bloom to show the depth of the flower.

This sunflower with its petals must was easily over a foot in diameter.  I only took a portion of it, because your mind’s eye will finish filling in the rest of the flower.

The multi-blooms are fun to capture.  I think of hydrangeas and rhododendrons first because there are plenty in my part of the world to photograph.  They have wonderful circular shape when captured as a whole bloom.  Once again the right third of the photo is basically negative space.

Smaller Sized Blooms

For smaller blooms you can always get more than one flower in your photo.  Try to take photos in clusters of three or five flowers at a time. For some reason odd numbers are more pleasing to the eye.

This primrose photo has 5 blooms with one overlapping which added some dimension to the photo. The raindrops also add texture.

Here are some photos with various numbers of small flowers.

Irregular Shaped Flowers

These have become my favorite to photograph because they are challenging.  They come in a variety of sizes and shapes.  One thing that really needs to be noted is the background noise.  If you are at all like me, I concentrate on getting a good angle on the flower, I forget to see what the background is doing.

I will show you a photo of a bearded iris (on the left side). You can really see from the angle I took the photo, the background walkway is not even. I changed my angle on the iris and was able to get closer a much more attractive photo (on the right side). You can click on any image to view a larger image.

When you are first starting to shoot a new type of flower, always make sure you take lots of photos from different angles. You never know what works or not.

Here are a couple photos of a delphiniums that I have captured over the years. The photo on the left show about half of the long flower and the photo on the right shows just one flower in the cluster. Both are close ups and very different.

In this next photo, I have a gladiolus. I photographed most of the flower and to create some interest, I also show some of the long leaves that grow with it.

Bushes, Tree Blossoms and Berries

Most blooms that fall into this category are in clusters or several little flowers grouped together. If you are taking berries, clusters of berries taken close up can show wonderful textures and shapes. I will show you a slideshow with several examples for you to enjoy.

Next time I will cover different lenses and talk about bokeh a little bit. Bokeh is the visual quality of the out-of-focus areas of a photographic image, especially as rendered by a particular lens.

I’ve gathered a list of challenges and their hosts.  So if you know a challenge host, please direct them to my blog.  Feel free to contact me anytime.  I hope everyone will be able to use my lists.

Qi (energy) hugs

45 replies »

    • I will do one on Aperture one day. That is basically what I use, since I’m more concerned on what I want in clear focus vs bokeh. There is so much I want to say about photography, but yes that is one thing I want to cover.

      Liked by 2 people

  1. This is an interesting read with lots of good tips. You made me smile with the background being crooked. I so often get that. My favourite picture is the pink dogwood – I love the patterns the swirly blue sky makes and they seem to reflect the shape of the petals. I’d love to know how you persuade the flowers to keep still. 🙂

  2. oh Cee some superb tips in this, and two I always forget – a) take the picture a bit wider so you can crop after, and b) many angles when it is a new flower. So often I get back after a long walk in the hills and find myself having words with myself because i forgot those two things!!

  3. I love these tips, Cee The flowers on the piano were a cute variation. The iris is my favorite. It just takes a second to crop, and it often makes a much better picture. Showing two together for the purpose of showing depth explains why I do it. For me, it’s just pleasing to the eye. I’m linking this to my Sunday Stills post as a bookmark and to let people know that you’ve got some great online posts on tips. 🙂

My blog is my way of communication these days, comments are greatly appreciated. Thanks for stopping by to visit.

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Hilary Duff Dreams Of Having A Son

Hilary Duff Working OutNewly pregnant Hilary Duff says she dreams of having a son.

“Every time I dream about it, I dream that it’s a boy,” Hilary said.

However, it doesn’t mean she would be disappointed if she had a baby girl.

“It doesn’t mean that I’d rather have a boy — it’s just a weird thing.

According to Duff, her and husband Mike Comrie are excited and are looking forward to meeting their future baby.

“We are really excited to see what it looks like, see a little mix of ourselves, expanding our family — we just love kids.

Duff also believe Comrie will be a good father.

“If there’s one thing Mike will be good at it, it’s being a father. He’s so good with kids. When we got married, I inherited six nieces and nephews. They have a lot of kids in their family, and it’s a lot of fun. He’s so good with them!”

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Andy Cohen Tried To Donate Plasma To Help The Fight Against COVID-19 -- Turned Away Because He Is Gay!

Andy Cohen Tried To Donate Plasma To Help The Fight Against COVID-19 -- Turned Away Because He Is Gay!
Credit: Source: Bravo

Bravo head honcho Andy Cohen, who believes he contracted the coronavirus by helping out an elderly neighbor with errands, recently tried to help even more with the fight against the pandemic. However, he was turned away because of his sexuality.

It's common knowledge that donating blood is discriminatory towards the LGBTQIA community. There are many requirements on when and if you're able to donate blood based on your sexuality.

However, you'd think that guidelines would be relaxed during a global pandemic where researchers are desperately trying to learn more about a disease that has never been faced before.

Andy took time from Watch What Happens Live to share the story of what happened when he tried to donate his plasma.

'After recovering from coronavirus, I wanted to see if there was something that I could do to help people who were infected. I signed up for a program for COVID-19 survivors where you could donate plasma, which is rich in antibodies to those still battling the virus. I am ineligible to donate blood because I’m a gay man.'

He went on to explain the reason he was given.

'[Current guidelines] require gay men to abstain from sex for three months, whether they’re in a monogamous relationship or not, before giving blood — though no such blanket restrictions exist for people of other sexual orientations. This virus is ravaging our planet. The FDA says there is an urgent need for plasma from survivors. All donated blood is screened for HIV. And a rapid HIV test can be done in 20 minutes or less. So why the three-month rule? Why are members of my community being excluded from helping out when so many people are sick and dying?'

In fact, before the rules were changed to three months on April 2, the previous time for abstaining from male to male sex was 12 months.

Since society has long had the technology to detect viruses and other diseases in blood in a quick manner, there should not be such an outrageous rule.

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Weekly Photo Challenge: Mine

The prompt for this week was too easy.  You wanna see mine?  Here they are — most of them, anyway.  These are my cemetery books.

They’re jammed in the shelves really tightly, but that’s not all of them.  Some are on my to-read shelf in the bedroom.  Lisa Cook’s Consecrated Ground is too big to fit on any shelf, so it’s propped up nearby.  There are a couple of the shelf in my office, waiting for me to write their reviews.  And that doesn’t include my wish list at Amazon, which grows faster than it shrinks…

My favorite cemetery book changes, but I’ll always adore Highgate Cemetery: Victorian Valhalla, which started me on the cemetery path.  I consult Famous and Curious Cemeteries and Tom Weil’s The Cemetery Book every week.  I peruse American Resting Place and The Last Great Necessity whenever I write about burial grounds in this country. Some books are touchstones.

So all this makes me curious:  do you have an absolute favorite cemetery book?  Is there one you turn to again and again, either because it’s so fascinating that you always learn something new or because the photos are so lovely that you find looking at it so inspiring or restful?

What is your favorite cemetery book?

About Loren Rhoads

I'm co-author of a series about a succubus and her angel. Angelus Rose, the final book, came out in February 2020. I am the editor of Tales for the Camp Fire: An Anthology Benefiting Wildfire Relief. I'm also author of 199 Cemeteries to See Before You Die and Wish You Were Here: Adventures in Cemetery Travel--and a space opera trilogy.
This entry was posted in Cemetery poll, Photo Challenges and tagged , , , . Bookmark the permalink.

16 Responses to Weekly Photo Challenge: Mine

  1. I do not have a favorite cemetery book. But I want one now. Suggestions?

  2. Jo says:

    This is an impressive amount of books! I don’t have too many, but I really relied on Maine’s Coastal Cemeteries by Karen Batigani when I was in Maine both times —- I’ve got penciled-in notes in my copy (actually, two copies – on the second trip, we forgot our copy and had to purchase another one once we got to Maine).

    • Loren Rhoads says:

      That sounds like me an Permanent Californians. I keep buying copies every time I find one used and giving it away to whoever’s visiting at the time.

      • Jayson Jordan says:

        I cannot say I was aware of this ‘Saving Graces’ title, but it does sound worth the extra effort to get ahold of a copy. Thank you for the suggestion!

        You are very welcome, and quite deserving of the praise. I’m trying to curtail purchases at the moment, but shall certainly keep them in mind, thank you kindly!

  3. Jayson Jordan says:

    When it comes to cemetery books, I was going to mention ‘Beautiful Death: The Art of the Cemetery’, but I see you already mentioned it. However, the photos are quite divine in this book, so it was worth mentioning it again. Another book that I find extremely fascinating when it comes to historical depth is ‘The Victorian Celebration of Death’ by James Stevens Curl. Granted it is perhaps not a straight-forward ‘cemetery book’, but certainly in relation to the subject.

    By the by, I really enjoyed that wondrous magazine ‘Morbid Curiosity’, but unfortunately I only came upon it by its last issue.

  4. Albin says:

    Unfortunately, all of the cemetery books I love most are all in Turkish and difficult to find in the US. But as far as content, arrangement and wealth of photographic/illustrative materials goes; a slim volume by Nidayi Sevim titled “Medeniyetimizin Sessiz Tanıkları: Eyüp Sultan’da Osmanlı Mezar Taşları ve Mezar Kültürümüz” [roughly: “Our Civilization’s Silent Witnesses: Ottoman Gravestones in the Eyüp Sultan Cemetery and our Burial Culture”] Istanbul: Abidiye Yayınları, 2007. A neat little book on the Ottoman burial practices one finds at the age-old burial ground near the end of the Golden Horn in Istanbul.

    • Loren Rhoads says:

      Thanks for all of that information! I don’t know as much as I should about grave monuments beyond American and Western European cultural traditions. Hopefully I can track something down in English about Turkey. I am planning to go to Istanbul for my birthday next year. I want to explore Istanbul’s grave traditions, but I’m not sure where to start. Can you advise me?

      • transennae says:

        Sure… I can provide you with some of the maps/materials I generated for the little talk I did on Istanbul Cemeteries at the AGS Conference late-night session this past June. Unfortunately, as far a books on the subject go, there isn’t a lot in print on cemeteries [mezalıklar] in general — either in English or Turkish. As one might expect, a major portion of what IS out there deals specifically with archaeological aspects of Ottoman-period burial sites (“antiquities” being such an important topic for municipal and national authorities). One really great book — as a general reference — which is in English is Edhem Eldem’s _Death in Istanbul: Death and Rituals in Ottoman-Islamic Culture_ (Istanbul: Ottoman Bank Archives and Research Center, 2005).

      • Loren Rhoads says:

        That sounds like a great place to start. I’ll track the book down. Thank you for your help.

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Affordable Security Solutions

Affordable Security in New Jersey (2021)

Affordable Security Solutions in New Jersey When one hears the words “security system”, our minds automatically jump to how expensive it may be. We obsess over all the fancy gadgets that are involved in installing a security system. You may not be sure where...

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Call Now for a FREE Onsite Evaluation! 732-333-0227


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You are a Media Company

Chat #78 – SEO v. SEM

This is talk Number 12 in a series that will become the You are a media company course. This is the first of the 4 that I will speak about the SEO and why it’s important. Last chat, the blog and why it’s important. This chat, I will focus on the difference between SEO & SEM.
Definition of SEO: Search engine optimization (SEO) is the practice of increasing the quantity and quality of traffic to your website through organic search engine result (according to MOZ).
Definition of SEM: Search engine marketing (SEM) is a type of internet-based marketing associated with the researching, submitting and positioning of a website within search engines to achieve maximum visibility and increase your share of paid and/or organic traffic referrals from search engines.SEM involves things such as search engine optimization (SEO), keyword research, competitive analysis, paid listings and other search engine services that will increase search traffic to your site. (according to Webopedia).
SEM (Search Engine Marketing) is the process of gaining website traffic by purchasing ads on search engines. (according to Search Engine Land)
Things to try to keep in mind about SEO & SEM – furthering the definition of SEO & SEM
  1. Google is in the business of returning a good result so they take into account factors such as domain name, social interaction, on page like title tag, meta description, content on the page, trust of the domain, page speed, etc.) There are 100s of factors are taken into account.
  2. Google is the leader in search results. Keep in mind YouTube is second. However Yahoo and Bing are also search engines
  3. SEO is organic and generally SEM is defined ad paid advertising e.g. Google Adwords which was recently renamed to Google Ads.
  4. Generally there are 3 ways to show up on the first page. The organic always shows up, Ads if there was payment and maps if there’s potentially local listing. There’s other variables that might show up but this is the traditional layout.
  5. SEO is like a library organizing the internet.
  6. SEO is not something you pay for. It is organic, you pay an agency to help you rank.
Please be sure to sign up for the course when it goes live at

Gresham Harkless Jr.

Gresham Harkless is a Media Consultant for Blue 16 Media and the Blogger-in-Chief for CEO Blog Nation. CEO Blog Nation is a community of blogs for entrepreneurs and business owners. Started in much the same way as most small businesses, CEO Blog Nation captures the essence of entrepreneurship by allowing entrepreneurs and business owners to have a voice. CEO Blog Nation provides news, information, events and even startup business tips for entrepreneurs, startups and business owners to succeed.

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9 Lessons Learned:

The Benefits of Going to the Best Wellness Retreat Center

When it comes to focusing on wellness, it is always very important for you to ensure that you have been able to put in all the necessary effort. Today, there are going to be a number of options in relation to this. Of the biggest options that is available today will be to go to the specific retreat centers that are going to give you some of the unique experiences. It is a very good company today that is going to give you an opportunity to get this today. Basically, you should be interested in going to the company because of the benefit of getting different types of options. They are going to help you to focus on your wellness. When this is only supposed to be one of the things that you focus on especially because it is able to help you to have a better life. You focus on your wellness, there are very many things that are going to change. When you go to the wellness to treat that is now available for you, you definitely be able to get some very high-quality sessions. They are going to focus on helping you to be more healthy because that is important for every person. They will also be very focused on providing you with some of the best sessions that you can be able to have with some of the best experts when it comes to wellness matters.

One of the things that they’re going to do is to give you an opportunity to get high-quality emotional healing sessions where you are able to get very good emotional healing. Emotional healing is going to be important because it is going to be critical for you to some very good balance in your life. When it comes to emotional healing, is companies are going to do a very good job. You also want to go to them because they are able to provide you with healing body treatments that are going to be important for you as well. When it comes to healing body treatments, the company is definitely able to provide you with exactly what you want. The company is definitely going to ensure that you have been able to get spiritual healing sessions as well. The purpose of the spiritual healing sessions will be to ensure that you’re going to have some sense wasn’t direction. Health and wellness sessions are also going to be provided. They are going to be very important especially because they are going to provide you with everything that you really need. Apart from that, the company is going to give you an opportunity to get different types of wisdom into different aspects that may be interesting to you. Working with the company is going to provide you with some unique experiences and that is only supposed to be the main goal that you’re going to work them for. They also provide you with high quality wellness retreat centers that will be affordable.

The Essentials of – Revisited

The 10 Most Unanswered Questions about


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Gaps in corporate accountability need greater attention, civil society groups say

A coalition of civil society groups, including CESR, is calling for stronger international protection against corporate human rights abuses. The call comes as the mandate of the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General on human rights and business, John Ruggie, is ending in June.

In a statement, the groups called on governments to uphold their duty to protect human rights, and for companies to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, to advance the protection of human rights in relation to business activity.

The groups are concerned that a new report on business and human rights currently being finalized for the UN will not go far enough to help those most vulnerable.

While welcoming the work done by the Special Representative to develop a framework of principles reflecting the human rights responsibilities of businesses and states, the groups called on the UN Human Rights Council to take more effective steps to address the major obstacles to corporate accountability which continue to deny victims access to justice and redress. These include creating a new UN mechanism to examine how these principles are applied in practice and developing stronger international standards which address the current gaps in legal protection.

The process towards the adoption of a normative human rights framework applicable to companies has been slow and controversial. At the end of 2010, John Ruggie, the UN Special Representative on business and human rights, invited comments on a set of draft guiding principles addressing the respective human rights responsibilities of states and companies.

The latest statement expressing concern was signed by 55 organizations, including CESR.


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Gianluigi Buffon biography

Are you searching to know about the Italian professional greatest footballer Gianluigi Buffon biography? Do you want to know his childhood, early life, parents, siblings’, personal, physical, career, and wedding life info, height, weight, age, or his wife’s name? If you want to know about him, this post is for you. You can know from here about, Gianluigi Buffon’s biography, childhood, early life, parents, siblings’, personal, physical, career, and wedding life info, age, height, weight, net worth, jersey number, father, mother, wife, children, best friends, marital status, religion, hobbies, favorites, and more about him.

Who is Gianluigi Buffon

Full name Gianluigi “Gigi” Buffon but commonly known as Gianluigi Buffon. He is an Italian professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for the Italy national football team from 1997 to 2018. This Italian stopper made his international career for the Italy national team on 29 October 1997 in the competitions of 1998 FIFA World Cup Qualification play-off against Russia as an injury replacement for Gianluca Pagliuca.

This brilliant footballer is known for his clean sheets, hardworking, and techniques and worldwide regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the world. Representing Italy, he won the FIFA World Cup in 2006 against France and he helped his team to reach the final of the UEFA Championship in 2012. Not only that, this Italian greatest goalkeeper won the UEFA European Under-21 Championship in 1996 against Spain and won the Mediterranean Games in 1997.

Currently, this Italian football star plays for the greatest Italian football club or Serie A club Juventus FC. Although he started his youth and professional career for the Italian professional football club Parma but most of the time, he played for Juventus FC. This Italian footballer also played for the French professional football club PSG. Buffon is the first goalkeeper to win Serie A Footballer of the Year. I addition, this talented goalkeeper was named by the world’s greatest footballer and legendary footballer Pele in the FIFA 100 list of the world’s greatest living players in 2004.

Childhood / Early Life/ parents/ Siblings

This Italian legendary footballer was born into a sport-loving family on 28 January 1978 in Carrara, Tuscany, Italy. His father’s name is Adriano Buffon and his mother’s name is Maria Stella. His dad Adriano Buffon was a weightlifter and his mother was a discus thrower. He has two sisters Veronica and Guendalina both were professional volleyball players and they played for the Italy national volleyball team. He has an uncle Dante Masocco who was a professional Basketball player. The greatest Italian former goalkeeper Lorenzo Buffon is also a cousin of Gianluigi’s grandfather. This football star started his youth career for the Italian football club Parma in 1991. He started his career as a midfielder like David de Gea. In the next, he changed his position midfielder to the goalkeeper because his idol Thomas N`Kono inspired him very much.

Gianluigi Buffon personal, physical, career, and wedding life info

Full NameGianluigi “Gigi” Buffon
Celebrated nameGianluigi Buffon
Nickname (s)Gigi, Superman
Birth Date28 January 1978
Birth PlaceCarrara, Tuscany, Italy
ReligionRoman Catholic
Age in 202143 Years
FatherAdriano Buffon
MotherMaria Stella
Sister (s)Veronica (Former professional volleyball player)
Guendalina (Former professional volleyball player)
Brother (s)Not Available
UncleDante Masocco (Former professional Basketball player)
SchoolCanalletto di La Spezia football school
College / UniversityNot Available
Educational QualificationsNot Available
Zodiac SignAquarius
Mailing AddressNot Available
Phone NumberNot Available
Height1.92 m
192 cm
Weight92 kg
Eye ColorBlue
Hair ColorDark
OccupationProfessional football player
Playing PositionGoalkeeper
Current Club TeamJuventus FC
Current National TeamRetired in 2018
Jersey Number#1/ Italy / Goalkeeper
#77 / Juventus / Goalkeeper
Youth Career Debut (Club)In 1991 for Parma
Professional Career debut (Club)In 1995 for Parma
U-16 Team DebutIn 1993 for Italy U16
U-17 Team DebutIn 1995 for Italy U17
U-18 Team DebutIn 1994 for Italy U18
U-19 Team DebutNot Available
U-20 Team DebutNot Available
U-21 Team DebutIn 1995 for Italy U21
U-23 Team DebutIn 1997 for Italy U23
International Debut / Senior Team DebutIn 1997 for Italy national team
Sex OrientationStraight
Girlfriend (s) / AffairsAlena Seredova (Czech model 2011-2014)
Ilaria DAmico (Italian sports pundit, journalist, and television host 2014 – present)
Marital StatusMarried
Wife /SpouseAlena Seredova (Czech model 2011-2014)
Ilaria DAmico (Italian sports pundit, journalist, and television host 2014 – present)
Marriage Date / YearIn 2011 (Alena Seredova)
In 2014 (Ilaria DAmico)
Children (s)David Lee Buffon (Son)
Leopoldo Mattia Buffon (Son)
Louis Thomas Buffon (Daughter)
Salary1.5 million Euro
Net Worth$21 million
Best Friend (s)Francesco Totti, Gennaro Gattuso, Paolo Maldini, Zlatan Ibrahimovic
HobbiesPlaying football,
Listening to music,
SmokingNot Available
Drinking AlcoholYes
Social MediaFacebook, Instagram, Twitter
WikipediaGianluigi Buffon Wikipedia

Gianluigi Buffon Favorites

Favorite foodsItalian food,
Fast foods
Favorite DrinksWine, Fruit Juice
Favorite SportsFootball / Soccer
Favorite TeamJuventus FC
Favorite FootballersThomas N`Kono
Favorite MusicianNot Available
Favorite ActorNot Available
Favorite FlowerRose
Favorite Time of the DayMorning and Evening
Favorite WebsitesTwitter

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Rebirth is Necessary

Country: UK, Language: English, 10 mins

  • Director: Jenn Nkiru
  • Writer: Jenn Nkiru

CGiii Comment

A wee something to make you think!

Brilliantly pieced together.

Black Star: Rebirth Is Necessary - NOWNESS from NOWNESS on Vimeo.

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The(ir) Blurb...

Rebirth Is Necessary is a film which explores the magic and dynamism of Blackness in a realm where time and space are altered. The now, the past and the future are rethought and reordered to create something soulful and mind bendingly visceral. Unfolding through the gaze of Jenn Nkiru, it is an audio - visual feast which pulls on broad yet unique sound and visual references to push the story forward. The soundtrack features music and sounds from James Baldwin, Sun Ra, Chance The Rapper, Donnie Trumpet and The Social Experiment, Rotary Connection, Pharaoh Sanders and Shafiq Husayn. It also includes quotes and moments from Alice Coltrane, Audre Lorde, Kwame Nkrumah, Sun Ra and James Baldwin.

Cast & Characters

Bella Sontez


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Don’t let your ice cream melt while you are counting somebody else’ sprinkles.

True love is like vanilla ice cream. There may come many eclectic flavors, but there shall be only one classic. This event has two parts: an ice cream match-up online, followed by an IRL ice cream meet and connect at a gourmet ice cream parlor.

Venue: Rockefeller Center

303 Greenwich St Map


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Jump!@I’ve always thought that one of the great things about windsurfing is that the learning curve goes on nearly forever. Not the kind of sport where you plateau after three seasons. Here’s my take on that:

1981: Browbeaten into taking longboard lessons by some co-workers. Three evenings of falling off the board, climbing back on, and falling off again. Fourth and final lesson, and…..things click. Actual sailing! Follow instructor back to shop and purchase first board, a Dufour Wing!

1982: Fun ensues, but can’t really make it work in high winds. Pivoting daggerboard and harness recommended and purchased, and they work! Suddenly kinda sorta planing to exhaustion in high(er) winds!

1983: F2 Strato purchased with retractable daggerboard which allows full-on planing for the first time, as well as the elusive foot-steering via real foot straps. Jibes are a blast, but no real full-planing “power jibes” with a near-twelve foot board.

1984: Waterstart? Sounds like make believe. Swell!Two hours of struggling and being blown slowly across a lake, and it actually starts to work (some of the time)!

Early 1985: Sailboard 295 purchased. First “short” board — thanks to Open Ocean’s Brian Hinde for the awesome design! Now we’re talking. Planing jibes. One evening of breakthrough jibing in an offshore wind on Lake Superior. Twenty knots and glass smooth water. No better way to get the hang of jibing.

August 1985 – 88: Move to Gorge. Get knackered. Meet so many great people. Slowly get the hang of things. Break SO MUCH stuff (1985!). Swim in SO MANY times. Buy glass board — wow. Start riding swells. Learn to duck jibe. Learn to jibe ON a swell. Do two jibes on a swell! Start learning to jump AND TO LAND!

Never look back. Still here trying to tear and turn it up 31 years later!!!!


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Suicide Emergency Declared On Pine Ridge Reservation

 Oglala Sioux Tribe President Julian Bear Runner last week followed the example of several of his predecessors and declared a state of emergency for the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation because of increases in suicides and suicide threats.

     The declaration points out that there has been 177 suicide attempts so far this year with 9 successful suicides by individuals between the ages of 14 and 32.

      The Great Plains Tribal Chairmen’s Health Board says data from 2009 to 2018 shows suicide rates for Native Americans in South Dakota are 2.7 times higher than for whites.

       Health Board community behavioral health director Tosa Two Heart says the coronavirus pandemic has created “a lot more stress” made worse by the isolation that comes with lockdowns and social distancing, leading to more struggles with behavioral health for many individuals.

        The Chairmen’s Health Board and the Oyate Health Center will conduct a suicide awareness and prevention campaign next month in conjunction with several online, phone, and community initiatives and programs to reduce the rate of suicide for Native American

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Elegant Holy Trinity Hawaiian Wedding

Kawehiokalani & Tyler’s Hawaiian Wedding Kawehiokalani and Tyler’s jewel-tone Hawaiian wedding was a treat for all the senses. Elegant, entertaining and exciting. From their beautiful wedding ceremony at Holy Cross Catholic Church to their luxurious reception at Holy Trinity Reception Center. The amazing team with Runway Events created the couple’s dream wedding while Captured By Elle Photo


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Gerd Leonhard

CEO Of The Futures Agency Who Was Named As One Of The Top 10 Futurist Keynote Speakers In The World

How to hire Gerd Leonhard

Contact the Champions Speakers agency to provisionally enquire about Gerd Leonhard for your event today. Simply call a booking agent on 0207 1010 553 or email us at [email protected] for more information.

** We do not accept requests for autographs, signed merchandise, fan mail, birthday messages or any other non-commercial contact with the speakers or acts. Each speaker on the website may not have necessarily worked with Champions in the past but are known to perform such engagements within the industry.

Gerd's official speaking topics are listed below.

  • From transformation to humanisation
  • Technology and humanity: the next decade
  • The digital transformation of business and society
  • The 10 megashifts: transforming your organisation
  • Artificial intelligence - what's real?
  • Digital ethics / the ethics of technology
  • Practical wisdom: foresight and action
  • The future of work
  • Understanding the future: game-changers and megashifts
  • How to do the future, today

Take a look at what people had to say about Gerd, when he appeared at their corporate events:

“Gerd made a great contribution and was a pleasure to work with on our FODM event. His session was a fantastic addition to the programme and a great success." - Kelly, Econsultancy (London).

“Gerd was the opening keynote speaker at our social media and content marketing event and made a huge impact to all 400 listeners. People discussed and quoted him throughout the day and in many blog posts afterwards. We organisers were all very happy about this." - Sanna, PING Helsinki Event.

“Gerd provided amazing collaboration and partnership during our recent futurist-focused client event in Southern California… Our client was thrilled and the attendees took away a great wealth of information that will surely help them increase revenues and surpass their competitors using the technology-focused information provided during his presentation.” - Ron, IfOnly.


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You know that people are hungry for what you have to offer and you know that they are searching online for it. The problem is you can’t find them and they can’t find you. It’s like you’re both in a very dark room with lots of other people in it making lots of noise and everyone has a blindfold on. And while you know that each other is there you don’t know what to do to find each other. If only there were some signal you could give or a noise you could make that could bring you together…

Well how to generate web traffic is essentially the same problem. How to get your potential customers or clients is the same as trying to get someone in a crowded, dark room with a blindfold on to find you.

There are many ‘signals’ you can use to help people find you in that dark room. Some are paid signals and some are darknet links free. So I have made a list of 10 things you can do relatively quickly to get people coming to your site.

1. Make sure the words on your landing page are the same as the words someone has typed in to find someone like you, also make sure you aren’t competing with lots of other sites with exactly the same words!
2. Open a Social Networking account (Facebook, Twitter, Linked In or You Tube) target those in the niches you are trying to attract, then send posts there with links back to your site
3. Articles – this is one of my favourite ways to send good quality traffic. Write a short (300 word) article and post it up on If you don’t like writing go to and get someone else to do it for you
4. Maybe you like creating short videos – create one then use to get it out there – but remember to tag it with the right keywords
5. Try a press release at PRweb – this will generate web traffic
6. ‘Ping’ your latest blog post at – this sends out your message right across the internet for servers to pick up
7. We’ve already mentioned Social Networking – but only the non-paid aspect. Try an ad on Facebook or Linked In
8. Submit your site to the top directories like or These are considered high authority by Google so will help you to get up the search results pages
9. Among my all-time favourite ways to drive quality traffic is Google’s Pay-per-click system ‘AdWords’. This is a paid solution but you will get a better return on your investment with this than virtually any other form of advertising.
10. Don’t forget good old ‘word of mouth’ – any networking event or potential client you meet should get your business card with your website address on it.
11. Bonus tip – As you may be aware, traffic comes from having the right keywords and many of the above techniques rely on the relevance and power of your keywords. But the right keywords for your business may not be the ones you think they are. Don’t just choose keywords that have tons of search because these are likely to have tons of competition. So pick keywords without too much competition. Go to Googles’ keywordtoolexternal and this will show you how to do this.

Now I know that not everyone is in a position to take action on all of these techniques. So just try one or two and get started. If you are familiar with some of them and are already using them, then try one of the others.