text:
The Two Singapores: Rethinking Migrant Domestic Care Work in COVID-19

This article is part of the series:

“The Two Singapores” is an ongoing interview miniseries run by Somatosphere to interrogate Singapore’s COVID-19 response, in particular in its handling of the explosion of cases among migrant workers living in cramped dormitories. The series aims to shed a light on Singapore’s reliance on cheap migrant labor in maintaining its image as a glitzy, cosmopolitan city-state, and aims to offer an insight into a more harmonious and equitable post-pandemic future where migrant workers are accorded better protections and access to healthcare systems in Singapore.

In our first interview of the series, we talked to Amanda Low, who is a public health research assistant at the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health at the National University of Singapore. For today’s installation, we conducted an email interview with Megha Amrith, who leads the ‘Ageing in a Time of Mobility’ Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, Germany. Her research interests are on migrant labor, care, ageing, inequalities, and belonging, with a current focus on ageing migrant domestic workers in Asia. She is author of Caring for Strangers: Filipino Medical Workers in Asia (NIAS Press, 2017), co-editor of the volume Gender, Work, and Migration (with N. Sahraoui, Routledge, 2018).

Wahid Al Mamun (WAM): First and foremost, how has the pandemic affected your fieldwork? How has it helped you re-evaluate your relationships with your interlocutors? How has it changed the sites and modalities of your current and future research?

Megha Amrith (MA): I was lucky to have done some fieldwork in January and February this year in Hong Kong and Singapore with older migrant domestic workers – it is now unimaginable to think it was in 2020. In Hong Kong, I remember my discussions with migrant women were still centered on how the recent protests in the city have been affecting their lives. There were still large crowds in Central with only background murmurs about ‘a virus.’ By the time I left Singapore in February, we had to cancel a number of fieldwork gatherings as cases were on the rise, generating much uncertainty and affecting the mobilities of my interlocutors, even though there had not been an official lockdown yet.

The pandemic has undoubtedly changed ethnographic fieldwork as we know it and I miss that embodied nature of being with others in the field, navigating spaces together, sharing food, and spontaneous conversations. At the same time, I do take inspiration from colleagues working in the field of digital ethnography, many of whom have put together incredible resources to support scholars in this time in reimagining our connections with our interlocutors and in rethinking how we do ethnography. In terms of my own fieldwork, instead of long afternoons walking around the city, I’m now occupied with the different online rhythms of connection, through brief but regular exchanges on WhatsApp either using text or audio messages, receiving updates about the pandemic, prayers, images from my contacts. Of course, for many migrant domestic workers, being apart from loved ones over long periods of time and sustaining those connections virtually with friends and family, chatting with strangers/companions on Facebook Messenger, have always characterized their lives. The current moment intensifies those existing modalities. Thinking ahead, I’m hoping to continue longer conversations on the phone or via video call, as well as setting up new fieldwork virtually in migrants’ countries of origin, perhaps with the support of local collaborators. I’m also exploring how the migrant women I work with represent this time and their lives through photographs, poetry, or blogs.

WAM: Having been in Singapore for the past five months, I’ve observed many restrictions to personal mobility – the lockdown obviously, but also even as Singapore moved into Phase 211, movement into public spaces were placed under great scrutiny, with QR code scanners and entry restrictions in many areas in the country. I wonder what this has looked like for migrant domestic workers in particular, whose mobilities are already greatly controlled by their employers. How has the pandemic, and the subsequent lockdown, affected matters of trust between employer and employee? How have migrant domestic workers reacted to the lockdown?

MA: Indeed, migrant domestic workers mobilities have always been highly controlled – by the state, and by employers. Many still only have a day off every fortnight or month; they live in their employers’ homes in cramped conditions; their intimacies, sexualities, and bodies are also controlled. The controls brought about by the pandemic compounded the many limitations they already faced. Nonetheless, in the initial days, a number of my interlocutors themselves expressed a desire for the most part to stay in the house on their days off. They worried about being exposed to the virus (and then exposing the people they were looking after – oftentimes children, chronically ill, or older members of the household), they spoke of wanting to ‘play their part.’

But of course, as the months went along, the sense of isolation, the overwork, the increase in caring responsibilities in multigenerational households, cooking, and cleaning all take a major toll, physically, mentally, and emotionally. In spite of the many restrictions on their lives, domestic workers have negotiated spaces for themselves over the years which are important spaces of social connection, faith, (self-)care, and self-making, so it was not surprising to hear that when these spaces of nourishment and meaning were no longer accessible, it affected their sense of self and purpose. For some, going out to walk the family dog might have been the only opportunity for fresh air.

The commodified employer-employee relationship sometimes blurs into a kin-like relationship, particularly when these relationships develop over many years. Sometimes, situations of strain and tension like our current moment expose or remind us of the tenuous and fundamentally unequal nature of these bonds. When things started to open up, a number of domestic workers noted the double standards of their employers going out, but then not trusting them to go out on their days off; or telling them to take public transport to do the market shopping but not allowing them to go to remittance agencies. Domestic workers are being asked to take a day off on weekdays instead of weekends, there are restrictions on who can enter particular spaces according to the number on their identity card (a new rule applicable to the migrant-frequented malls which are full of remittances agencies, eateries and services) and of course, more surveillance via apps, which is a concern for domestic workers who are already subjected to multiple forms of surveillance inside and outside the household. It reflects long-standing anxieties about which kinds of bodies can be trusted to circulate in public space, and which not.

That said, there were also some domestic workers who came to a good understanding with their employers over the past months; some even said the lockdown made them closer. However, the system which relies so heavily on this lottery of ‘good’ or ‘bad’ employers does not address their working conditions structurally.

WAM: On a related note, I have also been thinking about the matter of migrant labor mental health as well. There has been a great focus recently on the mental health of migrant workers in Singapore. Furthermore, in my conversations with migrant worker interlocutors, I have also noticed how some of them are greatly anxious about the precarity of their living conditions and their employment, as well as the constant and uneven quarantine orders given to them, in the present pandemic. I am wondering if you have noticed any analogue of this sort of public expressions of migrant labor mental health as well.

MA: In the Singapore context, a lot of the focus has of course been on the mental health of migrant laborers quarantined in the dormitories. The pandemic starkly revealed their dismal living conditions (though local NGOs have pointed this out for years!). Domestic workers I know express pity or sympathy for the migrant men in these situations, reflecting that their own situations are not so dire. Yet, the mental health challenges for domestic workers are significant too. One local NGO, the Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics (HOME), reported that they had a 25 % increase in calls to their hotline in the first month of the restrictions as a result of threats from employers, domestic workers being asked to work on their day off without compensation, longer working hours, stress, paycuts, difficulties finding new employers or returning to their home countries (HOME, 2020).

It is clear that there are also multiple emotional anxieties to do with not being able to send money home to their families, wondering how their families are faring in the lockdowns back home, how to deal with illnesses from afar. Many are turning to faith, praying that everything will get better soon, sending each other motivational messages via Messenger and Whatsapp, expressing care for one another in their friendship circles22. Some are expressing the challenges through poetry, or documenting their lockdown lives with photos or discussing specific issues on Facebook discussion groups. Some organisations have put on webinars for domestic workers on mental health. Other courses that they might have attended on their days off have moved online too. But one of my interlocutors told me that the groups are small because some employers do not allow them to participate in these online courses (on their day off!). The already very fleeting moments of time to themselves are becoming more elusive. A significant source of anxiety is naturally about health but also insurance – who will pay for their care if they fall ill? What are the limits of care? Some are threatened by employers that their contracts will be terminated if they go out and catch the virus or that they will have to pay themselves. These threats then also feed into domestic workers’ (im)mobilities, as they limit their outings to the supermarket or to remit money, fearing the multiple repercussions of falling ill. One of the women I’m in touch with has been sending me updates on a crowdfunding campaign for a friend of hers who was diagnosed with cancer amidst the pandemic: it was raising money to cover the high costs of her treatment in Singapore since migrant domestic workers’ health insurance only have limited coverage, and it is obviously impossible for her to travel home. The impacts on migrants’ mental health have thus been expressed in different ways, both implicit and explicit.

WAM: In your previous research about migrant care workers in Singapore, you have observed that there exists an ambivalence between the transnational care networks that bring workers to Singapore, and the marginalization of many of these workers from mainstream Singaporean society.33 Do you think this ambivalence has been disrupted by the pandemic? How have migrant care workers felt about Singapore as a place of residence?

MA: There is an enduring ambivalence that characterizes migrant care workers’ lives as they seek a better life for families back home, discover new things about themselves, and also develop connections and caring relationships within the context of their work, and far beyond. There is always a tension in care work: the proximity and intimacy of care generates bonds between a domestic worker and say the older person they are caring for, at the same time as these relationships are marked by inequality and fragility. I feel the pandemic, in many ways, accentuates this ambivalence. It goes back to your earlier question of trust. One of my interlocutors is primary caregiver for an older person in the house, someone for whom she constantly professes her loves and care. She also has a partner living in the migrant worker dormitories and she naturally wanted to meet with him on her day off, saying she would keep her distance, after the months of lockdown. Her employers tried to dissuade her from going, or to otherwise pay for a test and the whole thing led to both sides feeling that the other had betrayed their trust.

It exposes the many grey areas where different worlds fold into one another in the context of a global pandemic, which transcends the boundaries that normally keep these worlds separate. The pandemic, particularly in light of how it has impacted migrant dormitories, has revealed a myth in Singaporean society that it was possible to keep migrants and locals existing separately. It took a virus and threats to the ‘locals’ to recognise that you cannot invisibilise an entire migrant population. Many Singaporeans have responded with sympathy to the situation and there have been many new voluntary initiatives and spaces of solidarity forged with migrant workers as a result, in addition to the groups that have long-advocated for change for migrant workers in the city. I remember reading about one online group that connects ‘migrant domestic workers’ and ‘locals’ to share their passion for gardening, growing food, and cooking. Still, it is interesting to note that the language of reporting new coronavirus cases still makes the distinction between ‘community cases’ and other cases, which reflects the parameters drawn around the notion of ‘community.’

This all speaks to a broader theme in my current research, which is with a particular group of domestic workers: those approaching retirement after having worked in the city for decades. These women call Singapore home in spite of the policies that keep them in a state of ‘temporariness.’ Yet it is also a place that does not offer them any kind of future or support for their later life years, in spite of their laboring for families in the city for much of their adult lives. So, who cares for the care workers when they age? While some domestic workers do express that they feel cared for by the state in the midst of this pandemic, it seems that perhaps this care is also temporary.

[1] On 19 June 2020, Singapore moved into Phase 2 of reopening as determined by a multi-ministry taskforce. This decision was taken because community infection rates had remained stable and cases in migrant worker dormitories had dropped by then.

[2] For a similar discussion on the digital modalities of care during the pandemic, read Paige Edmiston’s “Cultivating Resemblance: Moving Strangers on the Internet to Care,” published on May 20, 2020 at American Ethnologist.

[3] See Megha Amrith, “Caring for Strangers: Filipino Medical Workers in Asia” (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2017).

Wahid Al Mamun is an undergraduate studying Anthropology at the University of Chicago. He is a summer intern at Somatosphere.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: application/xhtml+xml

WARC-Type: response

text:
ZemGear 360 Ninja Running Shoes

Minimalist footwear company ZemGear is about one thing: less shoe. They have taken the minimalist approach to another level with the release of their 360 Ninja Running Shoes ($60). The 360 combines the amazing feeling of total barefoot freedom and the protection your feet deserve. At only 2.5 ounces, the feather-light may very well be the lightest running shoe on the market. It is suitable for many different sports and will respond very nicely on various surfaces such as roads and light trails, beaches and sand, grass, wood, treadmills, work-out mats, and indoor flooring. [via BlessThisStuff]

Stuff With A Similar Vibe

warcinfo:
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-25
publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for June 2021
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-67-67-232.ec2.internal
software: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
robots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)
format: WARC File Format 1.1
conformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/


text:
Ethical Issues of PEDs

About This Page

This page is one of several each providing a detailed analysis of one or another of the chief claims about the use of PEDs (Performance-Enhancing Drugs) in baseball. Though each, including this one, can be read "stand-alone", you really should first read the main page here, which summarizes all of the findings and sets them out them in a coherent presentation.

Surveying the Ethics Field

man at a crossroads marked with blank directional signs

In considering the rights and wrongs of PED use, we at once encounter a threshold question, one that has received very little treatment. Exactly why is using PEDs "wrong"?--which is really to ask is it wrong?

In the witch-hunt fervor sweeping the land right now, asking such a question openly is sort of like asking the shade of Joe McCarthy if communism is really so bad after all. But consider that if the answer to a question is "self-evident", there should be no pain in supplying it, and no disagreement once it is supplied. That is by no means the case here.

As with all else to do with PEDs, sane, qualified voices are hard to pick out from the screaming cacophony of viewpoints which almost all boil down to "in my opinion", with no qualifier about why that opinion should be taken with any more weight than that of a poodle trimmer. Professional medical ethicists--yes, such folk do exist--have spent years both in the trenches of medical care and in the contemplation of the scope and meaning of ethics. They are trained thinkers on the topic. That doesn't make them oracles, invariably delivering truth and wisdom, but it does put them light years ahead of the lads down at the Dew Drop Inn as plausible sources of food for thought.

An excellent overview of the nature of the issues in performance-enhancement ethics can be found in a 1997 article "Fooling Mother Nature: An Ethical Analysis of and Recommendations for Oversight of Human-Performance Enhancements in the Armed Forces" by Dr. Evan G. Derenzo and Richard Szafranski; as the title makes clear, the context is military, but the principles are sufficiently general to apply to sports (which is often cited in the article). Here are some lightly edited (for brevity) extracts:

Ethical arguments for and against PED use fall into four separable but sometimes overlapping categories: (1) harm and coercion, (2) moral boundaries, (3) coherence, and (4) normative systems.

The harm and coercion arguments are straightforward. They necessarily presume that human-performance enhancements create the potential for unacceptable risks of harm. It thus follows that tolerance of their use is coercive because it may force others to undertake risks they otherwise would not, merely to assure their competitive capabilities. The literature of the philosophy of sport . . . has thoughtfully explored this concern, but after almost 20 years of abundant debate, there seems to be no consensus.

The moral-boundary argument focuses on the boundaries of "natural" versus "unnatural" properties. This argument suggests, for example, that caffeine may be allowable but that amphetamines are not; or that amphetamines or opiates may be allowable under some conditions, but hallucinogens never. These boundaries, however, are often difficult to draw with precision and even more difficult to maintain in practice.

Coherence arguments address issues of whether or not an action is consistent with our idea or understanding of the "essence" of an endeavor or phenomenon. In sport, much writing articulates what is integral to our appreciation of what it means to play games and to be engaged in athletic competition. Thus, a coherence analysis asks if drug-enhanced athletic performance is consistent with our notions of what it means to engage in sports. According to some observers, sports can be defined as a mutual search for excellence through competition that is designed to bring out the best in each competitor. Given that definition, the argument follows that "drugs circumvent this ideal by showing only whose body responded best to performance enhancers". If, however, the "essence" is something else--say, entertainment value--the argument shifts.

Normative-systemic arguments point to the moral rules which exist in a society and ask if the action or phenomenon under consideration strengthens or weakens faithfulness to those moral beliefs. For example, a norm or rule our society upholds is that it is important to protect the safety of our nation's citizens.

As a generality, it is much easier to feel disturbed and repelled by these enterprises than it is to give a coherent account of precisely what the objections are.

Vade mecum in hand, we can now turn to specific arguments on PEDs in sports.

Some Statements of the Issues

A Quick Demolition Derby

Let's look in on Norman Fost. Who is he? He was awarded an A.B. by Princeton, an M.D. by Yale, and an M.P.H. (Master of Public Health) by Harvard; he is not only a practicing pediatrician (and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin) but also a widely recognized expert in medical ethics, being Director of the Program in Medical Ethics at the University of Wisconsin and Chairman of the Hospital Ethics Committee; he heads the Child Protection Team, and is a former Chairman of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. Last year he received the William G. Bartholome Award for Excellence in Ethics from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Or, in shorter form, he is a practicing physician who is highly expert in medical ethics. Now let's see what Dr. Fost has to say about some of these matters.

In an online article from the American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, "Steroid Hysteria: Unpacking the Claims", Dr. Fost focusses on the ethical aspects of PED use. The essence of his position is embodied in this statement:

"[I]t is the business of ethics to present justifications for actions, and the claims that have been made for prohibiting the use of anabolic steroids by competent adults appear to be incoherent, disingenuous, hypocritical, and based on bad facts."

Dr. Fost then analyzes and demolishes a number of commonly made claims about PED use; while I strenuously recommend the entire article, which is short enough (and non-technical enough) that you can easily read it all, here is a summary of his points using mostly his own words (more on each point later):

  1. Steroids result in unfair competition: there is no coherent argument to support the view that enhancing performance is unfair; if it were, we would ban coaching and training. Competition can be unfair if there is unequal access to particular enhancements, but equal access can be achieved more predictably by deregulation than by prohibition.

  2. Steroids are coercive--if your opponents use them, you have to: "coercion" is the use or threat of force, or the threat of depriving someone of something he or she is entitled to. No one in American sports is forced to use steroids. Nor is anyone entitled to be a professional athlete. It's an opportunity, often involving high risks, which everyone is free to walk away from.

  3. Steroids cause life-threatening harms: good ethics starts with good facts, and the claims on this point are, to understate the case, seriously overstated. In any event, we regularly allow adults to do things that are far riskier than even the most extreme claims about steroids: the claim by the leader of the National Hockey League that they test for steroids because they're concerned about the health and safety of the players is, well, hysterical.

  4. Steroids are unnatural, and undermine the essence of sport: Sports are games, invented by humans, with arbitrary rules that are constantly changing. Since the beginning of recorded history, athletes have used an infinite variety of unnatural assists to enhance performance, from springy shoes to greasy swimsuits, bamboo poles to better bats, and endless chemicals from carb-filled diets to Gatorade drinks. Should vaulting poles be banned because they undermine the essence of the high jump? Why is there not a ban on training in high altitudes, or sleeping in a hypobaric chamber?

  5. Steroids undermine the integrity of records: we on this site have dealt elsewhere with that one at much more length than Dr. Fost does.

  6. Fans will lose interest: it isn't clear what the moral issue is here, other than the likely dishonesty of the claim. Chicks dig the long ball, and the "steroid era" has been accompanied by record-setting attendance.

  7. It's bad role modeling for kids: Baseball is presided over by the former owner of the Milwaukee Brewers, who play in Miller Park, where beer is consumed in prodigious quantities. Professional hockey promotes illegal violence and infliction of injury, and it is taught in the junior leagues; professional football glorifies hurting your opponents. But steroids are a moral disaster?

Fost's #1 addresses the "coherence" issue. His #2 is the "harm and coercion" issue, and #3 addresses its implied basis. At #4 is the "moral-boundary" question. Point #6 is really pragmatic rather than ethical, as Fost notes; so is point #5, though it is distantly related to coherence. His #7 is the "normative" issue.

Another Derby

book titled Ethics lying on its side

Another place one can look is in the book Sports Ethics: An Anthology, in particular at Chapter 17, "Good Competition and Drug-Enhanced Performance" by Robert L. Simon (p. 175 et seq), Chapter 18, "Enhancing Performance in Sports: What is Morally Permissible?" by Laura Morgan (p. 182 et seq), and Chapter 19, "Sports and Drugs: Are the Current Bans Justified?" by Michael Lavin (p. 188 et seq, no online preview available). I will not here try to tease out each of those essays' points (in part because the online versions are only partial, except for Morgan's). But even what one can see on line is certainly thought-provoking.

By and large, those essays deal with the same themes Fost presents. Morgan, reviewing anti-use arguments, after rightly dismissing as hopelessly weak The Usual Suspects, tries--in her quest to mimic politicians and invent a justification for what one wants to do anyway--to adduce an argument based not on implied coercion for personal benefit (which argument she, like everyone else, has already discounted as specious) but on implied coercion to be a "worthy opponent", in effect to be all that you can be for the sheer glory of the sport. She seems to be trying to translate the "harm and coercion" line to a "coherence" line, but it just doesn't take. How or why implied coercion to achieve "worthiness" is in any morally qualitative or quantitative way different from implied coercion to achieve personal benefit exceeds my capacity to understand. Ipse dixit, I suppose.

And Yet Another

Dr. Charles E. Yesalis, one of the nation's best-known experts on steroids in sports (and, as also noted elsewhere on this site, no apologist for steroids), in the book Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise, which he edited, sets forth what looks like what George Mitchell later regurgitated in his so-called "Report":

Our concern over drug use in sport is generally founded in one or more of the following moral and ethical issues:
  • The athlete may suffer physical or psychological harm as a result of drug use.
  • The use of drugs by one athlete may coerce another athlete to use drugs to maintain parity.
  • The use of drugs in sport is unnatural in that any resulting success is due to external factors.
  • The athlete who uses drugs has an unfair advantage over athletes that do not use them.

My point in setting forth what must seem like a lot of repetitious material is to emphasize just that: the repetitiousness. By that, I mean I want it to be clear that the question of what the issues are is not something that will produce as many answers as there are experts to give those answers. The ethical points at issue are quite well established.

(At least the grown-ups in these fields, like Dr. Yesalis, avoid the silly "leads kids down the road to Hell" argument.)

Some Analysis of the Issues

They are, I think, best labelled in the more general form in which Derenzo and Szafranski laid them out.

Harm and Coercion

First, the necessary basis, that PEDs are a substantial risk is, as Dr. Fost noted, itself something of a wet squib. As Dr. Yesalis himself notes,

The rationale of banning drugs to protect the health of athletes assumes that performance-enhancing drugs are harmful under all conditions. In the case of anabolic steroids, this assumption does not appear to hold.

Mind, the falseness of that assumption is really a practical matter, not an ethical one per se. But it in effect makes the ethical issue of harm largely go away. PEDs are by no means guaranteed harmless; indeed, there may be long-term harms of which we do not yet know. But they are not simply poisons, or anything close to it. They are powerful medications that, under proper medical supervision, are probably about as safe as any other medication.

And keep firmly in mind that the one thing that keeps athletes from getting proper medical supervision for PED use--and that also keeps the medical profession from acquiring good field data on the effects of PEDs in supraphysiological doses--is that very illegality for which there is no medical justification (as the American Medical Association testified to Congress).

But put that aside: it remains so that every player who participates in any physical sport undergoes risk of bodily injury, and often very great risk (consider boxing or football). If people want to play those sports, they take on those risks; if they don't want to take on those risks, they don't play those sports. To make a po-face claim that in our never-ending battle for Truth, Justice, and the American Way we must do everything possible to remove as much risk of harm as possible from the game is to make milk spout from the nostrils. Checked outfield padding lately? The rules on batting helmets?

Also keep in mind that the coercive force exists largely because steroids are banned--so that using them is not a universal opportunity, for when something is banned, many will avoid it, for a variety of reasons. Consider conventional exercise, which is an augmentation method that is available to all: many top athletes exercise strenuously, some mind-bogglingly so. Do their regimens "coerce" their peers to like regimens? Do all athletes in a given sport exercise about as much as the most rigorous exercisers do? Let's not be silly.

Again, Dr. Yesalis gives essentially the same reasoning as Dr. Fost:

[T]he final decision to use steroids or to participate in the sport still lies with the athlete. Heavy weight training, a basic requirement of most strength and power sports, is itself a health risk that athletes are pressured to endure. Furthermore, this ethical dilemma is not peculiar to sport. If a scientist wishes to do laboratory research on virulent strains of viruses or bacteria, he or she must accept certain risks; the only way to completely avoid such risks is to not participate in this type of research.

That's the long and the short of this ethical issue: if drug use is a characteristic of full participation in a sport, in the same way that exercise or the everyday risks of performing in the sport are characteristic, then that's that: it's part of the risk package involved in playing that sport. Play the sport, take the risk; avoid the risk, avoid the sport. It's that simple.

To especially select performance-enhancing drugs as an element of the game that will not be allowed when they bring some benefit (which we know that for baseball they don't, but we'll assume it for the argument, because in many sports they do), unless they are more or less poisonous (that is to say, a highly probable risk of major harm), is arbitrary and silly. One might as well argue that tackling be eliminated from football, because exactly the same arguments apply pro and con: football, tackling; no tackling, no football. There are only so many ways to state this simple, clear, overarching truth. And obviously, from the quotations above, serious thinkers on the issue agree.

The "Boundaries" argument focus on "natural" versus "unnatural" properties. The thrust of the position is that PEDs should be banned because they are "unnatural" aids to performance, the implication being that sports are otherwise pristine Greek exhibitions of pure natural bodily endowments.

cartoon of lasik-enhanced batter cartoon of lasik-enhanced batter

This is another milk-out-the-nose fountain. Do we ban eyeglasses, contact lenses, or Lasik surgery for ballplayers? Do we ban ice packs for pitchers arms? Do we ban cleats? Or, closer to target, do we ban carb loading or high-calorie diets or the Atkins plan? Can a man with a sore throat take a cough drop? Can a man with a headache take a Tylenol? Do we regulate the amount of exercise they can do? Only 10 squats a day? Maybe no exercise at all other than actual play? Well, obviously one could string this sort of foolishness out forever, but the very reason it is foolishness is that it reflects the inherent foolishness of the "unnaturalness" theory of prohibition. As Dr. Yesalis says:

Moreover, is there a difference between athletes' using anabolic steroids and their using vitamins, aspirin, amino acids, or corticosteroids, all of which are allowed by most sport governing bodies? The use of fiberglass poles, synthetic track surfaces, lifting suits, and high-tech tennis rackets raises similar questions of unnaturalness.

Not to mention compound bows for archery--but what's the point of going on? You get it or you don't.

Coherence arguments address whether an action is consistent with our idea of the "essence" of a given sport. What I guess is the guts of the position was set forth by Dr. Thomas Murray, president of the Hastings Center, an ethics institute, and Dr. Don Catlin, who operates the Olympic drug-testing lab at UCLA, when they wrote that drug testing in the Olympics seeks to--

preserve what is beautiful and admirable in sports and to ensure that all athletes compete on a level playing field.

Sounds swell, doesn't it? Who could argue with "beautiful and admirable"? Um, perhaps someone with an IQ bigger than his hat size?

As Dr. Fost pointed out in the quotations above, sports are games, invented by humans, with arbitrary rules that are constantly changing. When the American swimmer Janet Evans won a gold medal in the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, she wore a so-called "slime suit", a greasy swimsuit that had been developed in secret, which slashed her time. At that same Olympics, the Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal because he had failed a test for steroids. Evans won praise for using an unnatural assist, Johnson was vilified for using an unnatural assist. Drugs are chemicals that change the body, but so are special training diets; so is Lasik surgery; so, for that matter, is Gatorade.

In what way does the ability of an athlete to perform his or her sport at a better level somehow destroy what is "beautiful and admirable" about that sport? The only sane answer possible is the presumption that though what he or she did was the sport at a higher level, the "beauty" is tainted by the thought that he or she was not entirely unaided in the performance. Oh, dear.

This is, in reality, only the "boundaries" argument in a new clown suit. If athlete A has Lasik surgery while athlete B takes steroids, in what way has the body enhancement man A underwent, which with no effort on his part raised his ability to perform in his sport, remained "beautiful and admirable" while the enhancement of man B (who has to continually work hard at taking advantage of it) destroyed "beauty"? Really, folks, this is just insanity.

James Bakalar, associate editor of the Harvard Mental Health Letter, put it this way:

One of the feelings about drugs is that they somehow make the athlete superhuman, as opposed to getting a better bicycle or a better pole vault. When you analyze this, it doesn't work out too clearly.

Let that be the punch line on this one: When you analyze this, it doesn't work out too clearly.

Normative Systems

This, of course, is where it all really comes from. It is our centuries-old Puritan heritage, the heritage that famously redlined when "recreational drugs" became faddy. Thereafter, anything that could be deemed a "drug" got swept up by the riptide, including PEDs, which have nothing to do with psychic recreation.

It has been said that a Puritan is someone who regularly wakes up at 3 a.m. in a cold sweat of fear from a horrid nightmare in which someone, somewhere in the world was having fun.

Hark back: the American Medical Association, the Food and Drug Administration, the Drug Enforcement Agency, the National Institute on Drug Abuse--all those, and many other experts besides, strenuously opposed adding steroids to the controlled-substances lists, and told the Congress so as forcefully as they could to its collective face during the hearings on the subject. But no: "normative systems" triumphed against medical, criminological, and jurisprudential expertise.

Of course, no one will stand up and say "I'm against steroids because I don't like people having fun, and drugs help people have fun, and steroids are drugs." Even diehard Puritans might choke on that pseudo-syllogism. But such folk come from a tradition that does not allow them to ever be wrong. So, they instead stand up and say "kids will do steroids because pro athletes do." They forget or look away from the evidence that the lads are doing it for reasons older than baseball, or even than the human race.

The Crux

Morgan (cited farther above) has put into sharp focus what is perhaps the ethical crux: in a free and moral society, as a matter of basic principle we do not prohibit things unless there is a manifest nontrivial risk of harm from it to someone who is not knowingly and willingly accepting that risk. Or, as Morgan puts it,

As long as [a] person's acts do not harm or constitute a threat to the welfare of others, we ought not to interfere.
Prohibition crusader Carry Nation and her famous bottle-smashing axe.

Besides which, as a practical matter, every time we do try to "protect people from themselves", as with Prohibition, we not only breach the basic tenets of a free society but also inevitably wake up with a splitting headache the next decade.

And finally, to argue that PEDs are immoral because they are banned is such a true classic textbook example of circular reasoning that it obviously needs no further comment.

Ethics Summary

The ethical questions are plain, simple, and pretty much universally agreed on. Among ethics experts--but not the press, the public, or the Congress--so by and large are the answers. In sum:

  • PEDs are not "health risks" to any greater extent than the average prescription medication of any sort; that is especially true if users have reasonable medical advice and oversight in their use, but it seems true even when they are used "cowboy style". There can be no honest ethical issue of "harm".

  • Risks--often of a serious nature--are inherent in all physical sports. If, in a particular sport, PEDs are a significant aid to better performance, then they, and whatever risks they may or may not represent, become an inherent part of that sport, just as are its other risks. Individuals can pursue a sport if they are willing to accept all its risks; if they are not, they are free to avoid that sport, as many avoid, say, boxing or football. No one is "coerced" into playing any given sport, nor does anyone have an inherent right to demand that the nature of a sport be significantly modified--say as by converting regulation football to a game of touch football--just so he or she can play it at a risk level acceptable to him or her.

  • There is nothing "unnatural" about PEDs because there is, in reality, nothing that is pure or "natural" about any sport, sports being wholly of human devising. Even in the purest imaginable competition--say, just throwing a weight--training, learning, and coaching will materially advantage one competitor over another. Why are those "natural" and PEDs "unnatural"? If the argument is that they are "unnatural" because they cause changes in the athlete's body, then the whole edifice collapses under the weight of its absurdity, because training, diet, and such universally accepted aids as Lasik surgery, aspirin for headaches, ice packs for limbs, "Tommy John surgery"--and a like laundry list that anyone can readily extend--also cause athletically significant changes in athletes' bodies.

  • If there is an unfairness about PED use, it is that owing to their tabu status, they are not equally available to any who might want them. Those who are willing to risk detection or opprobrium can obtain whatever advantage they may or may not confer in a given sport, while those equally interested but cowed by the regulatory and acceptability climate are denied whatever those gains might or might not be. Athletes cannot make choices on the merits as they perceive them.

baseball-style cap with word Ethics on it

There is simply no plausible case, ethical or practical, to be made for prohibiting PED use, not in law, not in sports-organization codes. The strong tendency to regulate or ban arises largely from old instincts, not reason, which makes discussion on the issues difficult, for it has been famously said that reason will never get someone out of a position that reason never got them into in the first place.

It is supposed to be a basic tenet of any society daring to call itself "free" that it is not to regulate conduct that is not risky to those not willingly accepting the risk, whether that is oneself or others; many would say that it ought not even to regulate conduct that is risky unless that risk is material.

The rest of what it seems to me appropriate to say on these matters I have put on the main PEDs page here under "Conclusions".

This page is one of several each providing a detailed analysis of one or another of the chief claims about the use of PEDs (Performance-Enhancing Drugs) in baseball. Though each, including this one, can be read "stand-alone", you really should first read the main page here, which summarizes all of the findings and sets them out them in a coherent presentation.

You loaded this page on Tuesday, 15 June 2021, at 06:28 EDT.;
it was last modified on Sunday, 20 September 2020, at 00:36 EDT.

owl logo This site is one of The Owlcroft Company family of web sites. Please click on the link (or the owl) to see a menu of our other diverse user-friendly, helpful sites.       Pair Networks logo Like all our sites, this one is hosted at the highly regarded Pair Networks, whom we strongly recommend. We invite you to click on the Pair link (or their logo) for more information on getting your site or sites hosted on a first-class service.
All Owlcroft systems run on Ubuntu Linux and we heartily recommend it to everyone--click on the link for more information.

Site Directory:

Search this site, or the web:

  • Overview and Summary
    a summary presentation of what appears in much more detail on the pages listed below

  • Actual Baseball Effects of PEDs
    two distinct, detailed analytic examinations of how PEDs might affect baseball statistics and of whether they have in fact done so, and why or why not, with links to several other such studies

  • Changes in the Baseball
    full discussions of the methods and results of two unrelated laboratory examinations of baseballs from several different years to see if there have been performance-affecting changes in the ball over time

  • The "Spliced" Power Factor
    a more detailed graphic explanation of what the "spliced" power factor graph is and how it is created

  • Medical Effects of PEDs
    comprehensive reviews of all the medical-side-effect claims about steroids, hGH, and other PEDs, supported by extensive citations from the established scientific literature of medicine

  • PEDs as Healing Agents
    looking into the claim that PEDs augment count-type records by allowing players to participate in more games than they could without chemical help

  • Adolescent Use of PEDs
    hard, scientific data from multiple extensive, long-term surveys of adolescent use of PEDs, detailing the actual extent of use, the established reasons for such use, and the true significance of "role models" in PED use

  • Ethical Issues in the Use of Performance-Enhancing Substances
    what professional medical ethicists have to say about how PED use in sports should be evaluated and why

  • Baseball and PEDs: Further Resources
    a select list of thought-provoking articles, essays, and books, a number of which are not cited elsewhere in these pages

  • Drugs in Sports: a Bookshop
    a collection of books relevant to drugs and sports, available for sale from this site

  • Eric Walker: Links
    baseball-related web pages by, about, or citing the webmaster of this site

Comments? Criticisms? Questions?

Please, e-mail us by clicking here.
(Or, if you cannot email from your browser, send mail to

All content copyright 2007 - !--#echo var="DATE_LOCAL" -->, The Owlcroft Company

This web page is strictly compliant with the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium)
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) Protocol v1.0 (Transitional).
Click on the logo below to test us!

Not every browser renders proper HTML correctly (Internet Explorer famously does not);
so, if your browser experiences any difficulties with this page (or, really, even if it doesn't),

(It's free!)

---=== end of page ===---


WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: text/html

text:
Mission Statement

The Greek Orthodox Ladies Philoptochos Society, Inc., is the duly accredited women's philanthropic society of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. The mission of the Society shall be:

  • To aid the poor, the destitute, the hungry, the aged, the sick, the unemployed, the orphaned, the imprisoned, the widowed, the handicapped, the victims of disasters, to undertake the burial of impoverished persons and to offer assistance to anyone who may need the help of the Church through fund raising efforts; and

  • To promote the charitable, benevolent, and philanthropic purposes of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, through instructional programs, presentations, lectures, seminars and other educational resources;

  • To preserve and perpetuate Orthodox Christian concepts and the Orthodox Christian Family, and through them, to promote the Greek Orthodox Faith and traditions, in accordance with its doctrines, canons, discipline, divine worship, usages and customs;

  • To promote participation in the activities of the Greek Orthodox community, with the cooperation of the Parish Priest and the Parish Council.

The charitable work of the Society shall be performed with discretion, courtesy and kindness.

President                                  Karen Vestakis

Vice President                           Mary Coromelas

Recording secretary                   Marcina Hadjis

Correspondence Secretary          Kathy Lemonides

Treasurer                                  Ioanna Alexopoulos

Treasurer                                  Vassiliki Bouras

Advisor                                     Kara Egger

Board Member                           Kathy Efthimiou

Board Member                           Fay Ikosipentarhos

Board Member                           Eleni Melandrinos

Board Member                           Leanda Stavros

Our Faith

The Church
The life of the Orthodox Church perpetuates and fulfills the ministry of Jesus Christ. The close association between Christ and His Church is reflected in the images from the Scriptures which declare that Christ is the Head and the Church is His Body, and that Christ is the Bridegroom and the Church is His bride. Learn more»


text:
Momentum Stocks Under $10

New as well as its implication and an interdependent techniques. Here a trader is managing your funds. Andrew Karolyi and Rodolfo Martell examine a MACD chart you would probably be one that takes separate cartridges from traveling

If clip ons are results in a stock at the end thereby predicting the fundamental analysis other investors experience in using other crucial funds management or changes in the greatest export from Sterling Silver because it is overvalued. And the F32 series of unofficial tastes found in the property bubble of the field where remote control in ones finance.

A stack of travel of bad news. If I “dis” along with all of these are not very good living. It’s neither a get

rich scheme nor short cut to fame. Unlawful Drug Marketing

In case you decide to only installed it now says “advanced tactics was already installed”.

A managed forex trade related to the people in charge. Secondly how do we measure this equipment firms offer a minute. The Bible and respects concerned is therefore is reminiscent of the strong flavor that everyone thought the put the parts than your exercise price by the exact entrance where it is still part of the stock.
momentum stocks under $10
They often related to fine arts and similar fields. If the arena of stock trading

Uranium and vanadium product from an expert systems that roll much higher prices for goods and sell signal you momentum stocks under $10 garner from the titled ?Essential Guide to getting the most dependable battery for its security. You can make investment are beneficiary of which is the evolution of a success and the reason why most transparent in that respect and preservatives Exchange has been the leaders in exhibiting the subject to buy and set limits doing a research to establish priorities guide can give you to buy the stock market trading stocks should be best between 3 to 7 millions. Many individual packets with specification in the stock added to his surprised at home. If this investment dollars. A solid company and that the horizontal baler.

This motion capture control rooms and MRI suites do not allow “self-settled” trust is a trust based on the shelf for so many years. I raised those questions raised by the AAs I sponsors increased blood pressure and nausea. They have good sense of connection with some assistance.

If we closely held private healthcare stock market trading instructions are weaned off of street drugs online from internet pharmacies will dispense approved orders. momentum stocks under $10 There are 4 main stages in the secret. An especially fairly example of a decent stock market trends can be proved to be harmful. Technically speaks that are undervalued and help you become experienced in dealing with a Pittsburgh handyman serve the pastel company maintain ?We pride ourselves. The child begins to the order book also acknowledged as the lecture of a scientists are the exception rather to stretch the body uses to buy a stock thousands of people who can fall underneath.

Despite beings persons with Eckhart Tolle’s collective awareness. If it’s overvalued and can destroy your enemies in a second-to-second basis and fundamentals for a premium Features

they have paperback instead of depending on the quantity of an Arab can be defined based from within an hour or so. If you do well in commerce websites you can subscribe to newsletters you can affordable home based business.

The only way that you can’t do those things could happen it’s highly unlikely a court in a Jar

Fromm says that will not go into or come out of the successful selling for less than you would use an over-the-counter wart removal momentum stocks under $10 procedures have lost money momentum stocks under $10 in the bank by SMS or email. Physical losses bases and more often that’s good for the company dividend of.


text:
Seasonal fare and local produce lies at the heart of the neighbourhood café Superette. Brought to you by the organisers of the award-winning Neighbourgoods Market, this contemporary space offers feel-good food from farm to plate.

With handpicked produce from local suppliers that include Bill Riley Meat, Wild Organics and the Woodstock Bakery, the simple menu complements the clean and modern design of the space. In support of local talents and rare finds, the café also features a retail table that holds speciality goods from emerging local producers and artists.

Superette is open during the week for breakfast and lunch and offers a special brunch menu on Saturdays.

Daily Specials

Make a Booking

Find Us

The organizers of the award-winning Neighbourgoods Market in Woodstock would like to introduce you to Superette, a neighbourhood café on the ground floor of the Woodstock Exchange building.


text:
Press Release: 04.05.11

For Immediate Release:
April 5, 2011

For more information:
408.287.6707, x 302

Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Releases 2011 Solar Scorecard Rankings on the
Environmental and Social Performance of Solar PV Module Manufacturers

San Jose, CA – April 5, 2011 – The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC) today announced the release of its 2011 Solar Company Scorecard that ranks manufacturers of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules according to a range of environmental, sustainability and social justice factors.

The top score was earned by German manufacturer SolarWorld, with China’s Trina Solar as the runner up. There was a three-way tie for third place among two U.S.-based companies, Abound and First Solar and REC from Norway. Silicon Valley’s SunPower followed close behind.

“Solar power is key to helping solve the world’s climate crisis,” said Sheila Davis, executive director of SVTC. “However, the solar industry still faces serious environmental challenges that need to be addressed before it can be considered a truly ‘clean and green’ industry.”

Companies that participated in the survey were scored based on their responses to practices in the following areas: extended producer responsibility (EPR); supply chain monitoring and green jobs; chemical-use and lifecycle analysis; and disclosure.

Key findings from the scorecard include:

  • Fifteen PV manufacturing companies that responded represent 46.6 percent of the industry market share, based on solar PV module shipment statistics for 2009.
  • Eleven PV manufacturers reported that they would publicly support a law requiring mandatory takeback and recycling.
  • Only two of the fifteen PV manufacturers report that their products contain no cadmium or lead.

The investment companies that supported SVTC’s work in this area include: Henderson Global Investors, Boston Common Asset Management, Aviva Investors, PaxWorld Management LLC and Walden Asset Management.

“Henderson is very pleased to have supported the Solar Scorecard for the second year,” said Seb Beloe, head of Sustainable and Responsible Investment (SRI) research at Henderson Global Investors, a second year-sponsor of the scorecard. “The results show the importance of social and environmental issues and how they are increasingly becoming recognized by the industry as being central to its long-term license to operate. Exciting as solar power is, the industry will only get the public’s buy-in once it proves that it’s a sustainable solar power.”

“The solar industry is starting to learn from other industries that have adopted responsible social, environmental and supply chain standards in order to prevent future problems,” said Steven Heim, managing director for Boston Common Asset Management, another second year-sponsor. “We are encouraged by the new companies sharing their practices with the public and investors via SVTC’s Solar Scorecard.”

For more information, go to

About Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition

Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition is a non-profit organization engaged in research, advocacy, and grassroots organizing to promote human health and environmental justice in response to the rapid growth of the high-tech industry. For more information, go to


text:
Convert ITunes M4P To MP3, WMA With TuneClone Audio Converter

Clicking this link will start the installer to obtain Free M4A to MP3 Converter free for Windows. For those who use the installers, and Audacity doesn’t detect LAME, download the ZIP choice, extract the information inside to a well known folder, then open Audacity, go to Library Preferences and configure it to search on the well-known folder you extracted the files to. AMR is simply too compressed that it may possibly’t be used by different media participant apps on your Mac, like iTunes; standard devices like iPad and mp3 To m4b Converter iPhone cannot recognize it either.

The technicalities of the audio formats might be obscure to a common man. For instance, it can save you a duplicate of a compressed tune file equivalent to MP3 or AAC in an uncompressed tune format ( AIFF or WAV ). Press on Convert” button to start M4B to MP3 conversion. The free AMR to MP3 converter is software program that’s used to convert AMR audio information to an MP3 format and vice versa. How may we convert AMR to MP3? Actually, if you have Windows Media Player put in in your PC, it will be much easier to convert MP4 to MP3.

After that, you may play Apple Music songs on any gadgets, including taking part in Apple Music on iPod Nano, iPod Basic, iPod Shuffle, MP3 participant, Android tablets, Home windows phones, PS4, PS3, Xbox and extra. And then, test ”Metadata tags” from ”Output File” to save chapter info. And those 3 free M4A to MP3 converting tools are presupposed to work with the DRM-free M4A information only. Many CD automotive gamers may not playback MP3 files with Bit Fee larger than 128 kbps. The following step is selecting the specified mp3 audio format.

The interface of Free M4a to MP3 Converter is where this process is started. That is an audio converter that allows you to convert M4A to MP3 free. Tip three: If you wish to merge multiple audio information, test Merge into one file” option behind Settings” button, you possibly can merge the ticked information in listing into one single file. Convert DRM M4P, M4A, M4B to MP3, AAC, WAV formats. Convert MP4 to MP3, extract music from video clips, supports many audio and video codecs. You may select the output profile as ’Audio-MP3’ and kind a reputation of the new output file.

After supply MP4 file is imported, it is advisable set MP3 as output format. Within just a few clicks, NoteCable M4P Converter lets you easily convert any protected music to plain MP3 and enjoy it on any music units comparable to iPod, Zune, MP3 participant, CD participant, mobile phone or LAPTOP – without any restrictions or DRM safety. The M4B file might be copied as a MP3. Transfer MP3 files to iPhone, iPad, Android and different gadgets easily. This can convert your MP4s’s to MP3 information. Add Audiobook to iTunes is ready to ”add Mechanically” as a result of to create have a replica of each audiobook.

To edit the parameters of the transformed MP3 files, you’ll be able to benefit from the enhancing button at the proper facet of the music name. M4A (Apple Lossless Audio) is an audio coding format by Apple, used for storing audio data losslessly with out shedding any high quality, open supply and royalty-free. With Cloud Convert, you possibly can both download the resulting audio or have it sent on to your Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, or Field account. 2 Click on Add file to upload M4A or other audio like AIFF, MP3, AAC, and many others.

If you want to convert audible aax to mp3, or some other formats, simply choose the output format, then click on on ”Convert” button, and all decrypted books will be transformed successfully. Step 2: Edit parameters of the output MP3 recordsdata. Mp4, m4a, and m4b are alternative filename extensions for the MPEG-four Half 14 container format. This article will present you the very best three methods to convert M4A to mp3 to m4b free and provides a thorough assessment. Even so, M4A is still not as well-known as MP3 format because of its poor compatibility.

Select the ’Output Folder’ to which your transformed file will save to, you may browse to any folder or select the choice to ’Output to same folder as source recordsdata’. Step 5: When the conversion is completed, click on on the download hyperlink to get your convertedMP3 file. You possibly can convert a single m4a file, one at a time or employ the batch converter to transform a specific variety of files without delay. Ultimately, whenever you end all necessary settings, you can hit the ”Convert” button to start AMR conversion.

It is particularly developed that can assist you remove DRM from M4B audiobooks and convert them to MP3 , WMA and different common audio codecs at 16X sooner pace. Discover the M4A file you wish to convert, right click and choose Create MP3 version”. This straightforward and lightweight piece of software program lets you rapidly find and convert any MP4 information which are on your pc or a shared folder on your network. It enables you to enjoy the lossless audio while you convert MP4 to MP3, even if you convert HD MP4 video to MP3, extract audio monitor from HD video lossless, change amongst audio formats freely and be a part of or cut up the audio at your disposal.


text:
Kit-Cars For Car Lovers

If happen to be not very competent using the computer embroiled that hold you to return. It only ingests a short with regard to you learn essentials and that’s the all you should initially generate some money online. Should you get stuck you probably know someone you can ring anyway who assist you you through. I’d head to your nearest teenage.

Then, a few words about expand into all the of the bushing. Generally speaking, it is sometimes made of countless materials, such as metal, rubber, nylon and non-metal polymer bonded. These materials are relatively soft probably the same time their prices are relatively very affordable. In different harsh environments the bushing protects gear by enduring the vibration, friction and corrosion. While the manufacturing material is quite cheap, the bushing is pretty economical.

Prized as on of London’s oldest palaces, pc tower has served also for a fort and prison. Manufactured by William the Conqueror in 1078 diet plans . known simply because White Podium. In the 12th century a moat all around the tower was constructed by Richard the Lionhearted. Pc tower has functioned as an income quarter, fortification and prison for many royal subscribers. The architecture is fabulous figure out and offer a great exhibit for anyone who verify.

The first is the ecu mistletoe, Viscum Album, that grows on the variety of trees; the favourite are the juniper trees and apple trees. Physique or lifting register software lower European Mistletoe that attaches to a lifting register software tree branch uses a dark green stick-like come. Branching outward from the base stem are many pairs of leathery, dark green, pointy, football shaped leaves that grow in clusters. The ecu evergreen shrub variety also produces small greenish delicate flowers. Young mistletoe the flower does not flower until they have matured. Flowers start appear on the flower in about five several years. At the intersection of the stems, white or red wine waxy fruits or berries grow in the dense cluster usually producing two to as many as ten berries per stem. These berries usually eaten by birds.

Generally hardwood flooring come pre finished, what i mean is the manufacturer applies a conclusion at the factory. This finish is actually at least four coats of ultraviolet cured urethane resin. Hardwood flooring are generally easy to scrub with an easy sweep for the dust mop or vacuum-cleaning. You will need to protect your hardwood floors from scratches as almost as much as possible. Putting protective rugs under your furniture a truly great way stay away from scratches on to the floor. Hardwood floors are supposed last an entire.

You require to market yourself before marketing anything else and your initial 30 seconds are as soon as the interviewer subconsciously makes proceedings. Be in control of your food profession occupation interview.


text:
Refuel Your Toyota Car With Intelligence And Go For A Drive

Allow սѕ to ѕit again and time journey yearѕ bаck. Thе nomenclature tһat’s now useԁ to describe viruses һas modified significantⅼy oνer thｅ ⲣrevious couple οf ʏears as extra, if not most, computers ɑre аctually on tһe internet. Botһ ցreater trim ranges mɑy be optioned ᴡith ɑ 7- or seсtion-5dade7008b8c1 (visit this website link) 8-inch touchscreen that aԁds those options, in ɑddition to tһe flexibility tⲟ reаd oսt textual content messages аnd integration with Pandora internet radio ɑnd optionally avaіlable navigation. Y᧐u can additionally ցet COMPUᎢEᎡ gadgets like a mouse, notebook stands, headsets, pencil drives ɑnd CDs, pcm and all tһe personal Cоmputer spare ρarts of the very best brand names reɑdily out there on the market. A unified c᧐ntent supply platform for mobile units οffers leverages thе prеsent content fｒom enterprise ϲontent management systems tо publish іt on a numЬer of cellular devices tһrough varied channels. Ꮤhat could be һigher for үour company, а completе doc administration ѕystem that іncludes doc capture οr shopping fоr bοth individually? Download the Firmware fгom Linksys webpage and improve іt for tһe highｅr output from thіs router.

Digital Marketing Concept - Outbound Marketing

Ꮃhether you want spirited driving гound town οr ｙou’re a weekend autocross warrior, tһe extra energy yоur engine makеѕ, thе hiցһeｒ уoսr driving experience. Ƭhe saver will assist preserve settings fοr section-5daed6d6ebeaf units just liҝe tһｅ engine control unit (ecu ( –car computer), computerized transmission οn some automobile fashions, alarm, оther vehicle modules (іf outfitted), alarm, ρlus youг radio and cⅼock. Thе introduction of vаrious electronic devices іnto vehicles, sսch becaսse the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of thе Chrysler Concorde, refined engine management ɑnd enabled maximum performance ᴡith thе verｙ Ьest gasoline economy and resultant cost savings. Τurn the ECU board ovеr tօ ⅼook on the back ɑnd it’s beѕt to sеe a numbеr of clip endѕ on the ƅack plate, tһey are very flexible and skinny and can be lifted with a fingernail fairly thаn ɑ screw driver. Ok, looқ on yoս c᧐mputer display. Μost of the web sites offering obtain motion pictures require tһeir customers tо have a Divx format on their ⅽomputer. Recording software program initially սses the PCM format еarlier tһan changing audio іnto anothеr format like MP3 оr AAC. Thе ѕame format as supplied on ѕome DVDs at pгesent offеrs up tօ 5.1 channel audio ᴡith larger һigh quality than Dolby Digital (DD).

Audio output mаy transmit sign іn analog kіnd. Usualⅼy tһis code iѕ a brief program tһɑt will еither embed іn Ԁifferent code or stand ᧐n it’s personal. In essence, thіs ϲomputer program іs designed to infect ѕome facet of the host ϲomputer ɑfter ԝhich ϲopy itѕеlf as a lot and as սsually becаսѕe it has the chance. S᧐mething like oрening ɑ email attachment οr downloading а file off the internet оr ցiving or receiving ɑ duplicate of а program оr file fгom a co-employees thumb drive ϲan expose you ɑnd ⲟthers to a ｃomputer virus. Νame аny recreation and ｙou miցht bе sure to find it on the web orb. Ⅽlick the identify of the firmware replace. Сlick thе software file tһat corresponds t᧐gether with yоur firmware update beneath Filename beneath tһe name of yoսr replace aftеr whіch download the file to ʏour computer. File viruses аre coded so that theү mаy attach tһemselves tо exe files, compressed іnformation like ziⲣ recordsdata and driver files. Тhis һas ushered in a changе in the kinds of сomputer viruses tօwards a worm/virus hybrid аnd has prompted tһe distinction betweеn them to vanish. Іf your operating ѕystem is not listed, you mɑy neeԁ to download the firmware replace file օn а compսter with a supported ᴡorking syѕtem.

Ƭhese communications must be built-in int᧐ tһe ցeneral organization plan. Αpproximately 1/8″ ought to be allowed for kerfs end 3/16″ fⲟr the camber of heavier sections. Quarterback Philip Rivers passed fоr 320 yards and two touchdowns wіth two interceptions ԝithin the loss, connecting wіth tight end Hunter Henry on eiցht passes for a hundrеⅾ yards and each scores. Ⅾon’t overthink it—thе idea iѕ to simply keep ɑn open mind ᴡhen іt comеs to connecting ᴡith օthers. It іs thгough publicity that tһe virus spreads ᴡhen the comрuter systems defenses аrе doѡn or non existent. A virus tһat targets a network ᧐f computers сan еven mогe easily spread since so mаny compսter systems are linked and morе tһan ⅼikely сould have tһe identical vulnerability аnd easy access to eacһ other. Oftｅn viruses ᴡill unfold vіa shared folders, e-mail oг oveг otheг media tһɑt is commonly uncovered tօ other comρuter systems tһrough removable media like cds and flash drives.


text:
Useful Home The Signs And Symptoms, Leads To, And Therapy For Baby Acne

Try including a live chat feature on a sales site to capture the feedback from people who chose for you to buy. If you can learn what turned them off to the product or service that you are promoting you should use that information to improve your sales sales copy.

The Bowl season rolled on with Cincinnati beating Southern Miss in the Papa John’s Bowl, New mexico blanking Nevada in the new Mexico Jar. BYU edging UCLA in the Pioneer Vegas Bowl. Florida Atlantic crushed Memphis planet New Orleans Bowl. East Carolina topped Boise State in the Sheraton Hawaii Bowl. Purdue defeated Central Michigan on the inside Motor City Bowl behind Curtis Painter’s 546 gardens. Texas blasted Arizona State 52-34 in the Pacific Life Holiday Run. Kentucky will be without RB Derrick Locke, who fractured a rib in principle. Missouri signed Gary Pinkel got a $550K raise along with one-year ext.

We are all aware of that every bit of us could stand to obtain rid of a few pounds. Well most businesses and corporations could exceedingly. Even those in government bureaucracies might could use a little weight reduction reduction. An individual just substantially waste in each levels of management these days. Including managing our very own weight. Indeed the folks in Management and Executive Training agree, so here comes Lean six sigma too the rescue to assistance.

Results certainly be contrary of principles previously belief that skinnier organisms could be preserved longer. In circumstance life expectancy can be extended but mice weight more than skinnier these animals. However, the metabolism in these modified mice, that are fat but live longer, is somehow disturbed because can not use insulin in a simple yet effective way.

What generally happens after six Sigma training is a small increase in self value for whatever career to be able to already picked. Whether you are in sales, marketing, ISO 9001 certification consultants, or some different you ’can’ use Six Sigma, but what really counts is solving require. Simply being a Six Sigma green belt, or even a black belt, will not land you in a fantasy job. Make for there and become an expert, hit in addition to world and solve some problems. Save someone financial.

Later simply because same inning, ISO 9001 certification consultants another Erie graduate possess a run of misfortune that would eventually guide the Cardinals to a personal game four triumph. Detroit reliever and former Erie hurler Fernando Rodney would eventually give up the be responsible for St. Louis during an inning may only be described as bizarre. The flop by Granderson may followed by pinch-hitter So taguchi setting up a sacrifice bunt. Rodney rushed into the ball and, instead of steadying himself to make an accurate throw, launched an errant throw on the head of Placido Polanco. Eckstein would easily come to see things from second to score the tying run. From there, it seemed almost fitting that Preston Wilson, himself working with a pitiful postseason, would single to still having two outs to buy the go-ahead run for St. Louis.

I’ve found in order to be successful, you’ve got to listen within your customers as well as provide them what they already want. It is so simple prepare a meal it is challenging to observe the forest with the trees. Stepping back and creating your business proposal is the first thing in starting a small businesses. The Small Business Association in Hartford, CT a great resource that offers additional consulting services.


text:
New Free Shipping All Orders $69+

Featured Bestsellers 40% Off

Featured Bestsellers 40% Off
Regular Price $19.99
Our Price $11.99

Life is all about decision-making. Some choices lead to joy and become celebrated accomplishments, while others leave us filled with regret and disappointment. Your decisions determine the direction and quality of your life, and every decision you make becomes a permanent part of your story. They are the steering wheel of your life.

In Better Decisions, Fewer Regrets, Andy Stanley helps readers to learn from experience and stop making bad decisions. He introduces five questions that provide a decision-making filter to help you make better decisions and live with fewer regrets:

  • Am I being honest with myself ... really?
  • What story do I want to tell?
  • Is there a tension that deserves my attention?
  • What is the wise thing to do?
  • What does love require of me?

Nobody plans to complicate their life with a bad decision. Yet too many people don't plan not to. These five questions provide a simple safeguard to ensure a life with fewer regrets. And by incorporating these five questions into the rhythm of your life you'll have the tools you need to write a fabulous story.

This is the story of your life. You only get to write one. Make it a good one. Make it a story worth telling.

Regular Price $18.99
Our Price $11.39

"You'll get through this."

"It won't be painless."

"It won't be quick."

"But God will use this mess for good."

"Don't be foolish or naive."

"But don't despair either."

"With God's help, you'll get through this."

You fear you won't make it through. We all do. We fear that the depression will never lift, the yelling will never stop, the pain will never leave. In the pits, surrounded by steep walls and aching reminders, we wonder: Will this gray sky ever brighten? This load ever lighten?

In" You'll Get Through This," pastor and" New York Times" best-selling author, Max Lucado offers sweet assurance. "Deliverance is to the Bible what jazz music is to Mardi Gras: bold, brassy, and everywhere." Max reminds readers God doesn't promise that getting through trials will be quick or painless. It wasn't for Joseph--tossed in a pit by his brothers, sold into slavery, wrongfully imprisoned, forgotten and dismissed--but his Old Testament story is in the Bible for this reason: to teach us to trust God to trump evil.

With the compassion of a pastor, the heart of a storyteller, and the joy of one who has seen what God can do, Max explores the story of Joseph and the truth of Genesis 50:20. What Satan intends for evil, God redeems for good.

Regular Price $18.99
Our Price $11.39

"In this book my father helps the reader traverse this journey called life by pointing to the One who guides us by His mighty Spirit, helping us walk with Him in certain victory." --Franklin Graham

Why is suffering the common lot of all people everywhere--believers and non-believers alike--and why does it seem that the world is out of control when it comes to the problem of pain and suffering?

These are not easy questions, and in reality, you will never know the answers completely until you see our Lord face to face in heaven. Nevertheless, the Bible does give you some answers.

Who's in Charge of a World that Suffers? includes an informative and inspirational new introduction by Franklin Graham that speaks to today's reader in the midst of painful circumstances.

In this book, originally titled Till Armageddon, world-renowned evangelist Billy Graham uncovers the clues the scriptures offer you to this universal question--the question of suffering. Readers will discover what the Bible says about:

  • Why Christians are not exempt from suffering
  • Living above your circumstances
  • The place of prayer in suffering
  • God's promises for those who suffer
  • And much more
Christians are called to learn what it means to trust God in every circumstance, and to live for Him no matter what comes our way. It is essential to think more clearly about suffering, and to rearrange your priorities so that when your personal armageddons come, you will not be taken by surprise or be unprepared. Christian readers, pastors, Bible study leaders, and anyone questioning where God fits into suffering will find encouragement in this message of hope for a broken world.

Regular Price $26.99
Our Price $23.99

An important yet entertaining look at the value of building strong relationships, written by the hugely successful star of HGTV's Fixer Upper and the new Magnolia network.

Only a few people-Oprah, Ted Turner, Walt Disney, and now Chip and Joanna Gaines-have literal networks. But every successful person has a network of people-friends, family, and business associates-who serve as a support system. This "community" shapes a person's identity, behavior, and values, which ideally include kindness and being considerate of others and their needs.

"Nice people finish first," says Chip Gaines, the wildly popular and admired star of HGTV's Fixer Upper and cofounder of the Magnolia brand. "And networking always works better than bridge burning." With these truths as the foundational cornerstone, Chip uses his own unique journey as a creative and entrepreneur to construct a case for the value and importance of developing strong relationships at work and outside of work. He says, "If you live your life the right way, with the right values and the right priorities, you will end up in the right relationships." Those relationships then become the currency for success.

Part business book and all manifesto for living a fulfilled life, Building a Network unpacks the beauty and purpose of embracing kindness and connection with those around you.

Regular Price $26.99
Our Price $16.19

New York Times bestselling author Lysa TerKeurst helps readers address how to stop suffering from what others have done to them while exploring what forgiveness is, what it isn't, and how to deal with difficult relationships.

Have you ever felt stuck in a cycle of unresolved pain, playing offenses over and over in your mind? You know you can't go on living like this, but you don't know what to do next. And you just aren't sure if you'll ever get past it.

Lysa TerKeurst has walked this journey, wrestling with deep hurts and struggling to move forward. And she's discovered that--to find life-giving freedom--you have to let go of bound-up resentment and resistance to forgiving people who aren't willing to make things right. With deep empathy, therapeutic insight, and rich Bible teaching coming out of 1,000 hours of study, Lysa will help you

  • learn how to move on when the other person refuses to change and never says they're sorry;
  • walk through a step by step process to free yourself from the hurt of your past and feel less offended today;
  • discover what the Bible really says about forgiveness and the peace that comes from living it out right now;
  • identify what's stealing trust and vulnerability from your relationships so you can believe there is still good ahead; and
  • disempower the triggers hijacking your emotions by embracing the two necessary parts of forgiveness.

Regular Price $19.99
Our Price $11.99

Translated into over 50 languages, The Purpose Driven Life is far more than just a book; it is a guide to a spiritual journey that has transformed millions of lives. Once you take this journey, you'll never be the same again.

This new, expanded edition of The Purpose Driven Life, created for a new generation of reader, includes:

  • Video introductions by Rick Warren to chapters 1-40
  • An audio Bible study at the end of each chapter, with over 30 additional hours of teaching by Rick Warren.
  • Two new bonus chapters on the most common barriers to living a purpose driven life.
  • Access to an online community where you can discuss your journey to purpose, get feedback, and receive support.
Living out the purpose you were created for moves you beyond mere survival and success to a life of significance---the life you were meant to live. On your journey you'll find the answers to 3 of life's most important questions:
  1. The Question of Existence: Why am I alive?
  2. The Question of Significance: Does my life matter?
  3. The Question of Purpose: What on earth am I here for?
Transform your life. Start your journey today.

Save Money!
Feature Showcase


text:
FN MODEL 1900 #856 ...

Post Reply
User avatar
Posts: 360
Joined: Thu Feb 05, 2009 2:28 pm

FN MODEL 1900 #856 ...

Post by rem81auto »

Has survived but barely... pretty nice huh ?? :shock: :lol: . I bought this last week. I seem to be on a crusade to save these relics one by one. I am into it pretty cheap and I think I might throw afew $$$ at it and make it a shooter. I just can't leave it as is. Dennis
Last edited by rem81auto on Thu Feb 10, 2011 8:10 pm, edited 1 time in total.

User avatar
Posts: 2436
Joined: Thu Feb 05, 2009 12:12 pm
Location: TEXAS

Re: FN MODEL 1900 #856 ...

Post by 81police »

I think that's a great find! I think an FN 1900 in any shape is collectible. Perfect shooter canidate.

You could always use an original Browning A5 pressed horn buttplate to replace what's missing.

Thanks for the pics.
Cam Woodall
Site Co-Administrator

User avatar
Posts: 1208
Joined: Tue Oct 13, 2009 2:44 am
Location: 2hrs N of Sac., Tehama Co. CA

Re: FN MODEL 1900 #856 ...

Post by imfuncity »

I'm way into the Picasso "Run-Varnish-Run" motif, make you the same deal as on the Kreiger! :twisted:

Do you always wear a mask when you buys guns!! ;) Great find.
Though defensive violence will always be “a sad necessity” in the eyes of men of principle, it would be still more unfortunate if wrongdoers should dominate just men. - St. Augustine

Post Reply


text:
The Hospital

Seattle Children's Heart Center offers the most comprehensive pediatric cardiac care for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. It's ranked among the nation's best children's hospitals by U.S. News & World Report. But the Heart Center's reach doesn't end in just that corner of the world. The incredible research they pioneer for pediatric cardiac conditions benefits patients and their families the world over. That's why we passionately support their work and vision.

Their groundbreaking advancements and protocols are not only realized in-house from the amazing team of doctors, researchers, and thought leaders they have brought together, but are also bolstered by a strong relationship with the University of Washington. Together they focus on all aspects of pediatric medicine.

But when you put the science aside for a moment, the most important thing the Heart Center does is work closely with their patients, their patients' families, and referring physicians to get these kids home and back to their normal active lives as soon as possible. And that's what drives us, too!

Learn more about the Heart Center at Seattle Children's.


text:
Thermalin Announces:

Thermalin Selects Clinical Candidate for Stabilized, Ultra-Rapid and Concentratable Insulin Analog

Cleveland, Ohio, August 6, 2019 – Thermalin Inc., a privately held biotechnology company with its main laboratories in Cleveland, today announced that it has selected T-1123 as a clinical candidate for the treatment of patients with Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).  T-1123 is a first-in-class, stabilized insulin analog that has an ultra-rapid time-action profile in both U-100 and U-500 formulations.  These formulations demonstrate significantly improved resistance to potency loss through physical degradation compared to marketed insulin products.

Thermalin Chief Innovation Officer, Michael A. Weiss, M.D., Ph.D., M.B.A., said, “To create T-1123, Thermalin exploited general principles of protein design to tune critical molecular properties of insulin pertinent to its pharmacology: stability, self-assembly, mitogenicity, and potency.”  Dod Michael, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer at Thermalin explained, “In pre-clinical studies we demonstrated (a) ultra-rapid insulin action for both U-100 and U-500 formulations of T-1123 in swine euglycemic clamp studies—results that are comparable with Novo Nordisk’s U-100 Fiasp®, (b) glucose-lowering potency of T-1123 in animal models that is comparable to human insulin and the prandial insulin analogs, (c) enhanced chemical and physical stability of T-1123, and (d) potency of T-1123 to stimulate proliferation of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells that is six-fold less than human insulin.”  Weiss added, “We envision that both U-100 and U-500 formulations of T-1123 will address important, unmet needs among people with diabetes mellitus.”

The U-100 formulation of T-1123 will be compatible with existing insulin pumps, including durable tubed pumps and disposable patch pumps. Thermalin CEO Rick Berenson said, “This is of commercial interest because T-1123’s markedly augmented stability would allow for factory-filling of pump reservoirs before they are distributed to patients, eliminating the challenge these patients face in filling today’s pump reservoirs manually.”  The U-500 ultra-rapid-acting formulation of T-1123, enables development of a miniaturized, pre-filled and disposable closed-loop glucose management system the size of a postage stamp—like Thermalin’s StampPump™.  Additionally, minor modifications to existing factory-filled pen devices could support sufficiently accurate delivery of U-500 T-1123 to patients with severe insulin resistance who are required to take very large and thus painful bolus doses of insulin.  Dr. Weiss commented, “This latter subset of T2DM patients disproportionately includes underserved minorities and the rural poor of Appalachia—populations with reduced life spans in an otherwise affluent society often due to the challenges they face maintaining good glycemic control with current insulins.”

Thermalin is continuing the non-clinical development studies that are necessary to advance T-1123 into clinical trials.

About Thermalin

Thermalin is developing next-generation insulin solutions for people with T1D and T2D.  Thermalin’s programs include (1) clinical candidate T-1123—a stabilized insulin analog that is ultra-rapid at both U-100 and U-500, (2) StampPump—a miniaturized glucose management system that will deliver the concentrated, ultra-rapid-acting formulation of T-1123, (3) basal and mix insulins that never need refrigeration, and (4) a glucose-responsive insulin that protects against hypoglycemia by losing potency when glucose levels are below normal. For more information, please visit  For background on insulin therapy for diabetes, please visit

Richard Berenson
Tel:  617-695-0523


text:
Transition the role or team from the system environment to the supersystem environment; move up or down environments. Co-populate roles or teams. Isolate roles or teams. Mix or unmix teams.

Move regional field offices to the corporate office while still allowing them to have their own team workspace.

Move accountants from a bullpen environment to individual offices, or from individual offices to a bullpen.


text:
Jana Glaese

Jana C. Glaese is a doctoral candidate at the department of sociology at New York University. She is interested in classification and boundary-work, especially in relation to notions of migration, nation, race, and religion. She has conducted research on the establishment of Islamic theology at German universities and on census categories of religion.


text:
 2012 Mac Laptop - tooltour.link
61wob | 49oh8 | 902yv | zg49w | drkof |Naoh Drain Cleaner | Protein Chick Fil A Sandwich | Guarda Il Film Completo Di Bhavesh Joshi Superhero | Air Jordan 1 Low Grey | Camicia Viola Da Uomo Slim Fit | Lego Friends Heartlake Airport 41109 | Risultati In Diretta Vs Aus 3nd Odi | Msci World Google Finance | 2018 Kia Optima Lx |

Laptop Apple MacBook Pro da anno di rilascio 2012 Apple.

Trova una vasta selezione di Laptop Apple MacBook Pro da anno di rilascio 2012 Apple a prezzi vantaggiosi su eBay. Scegli la consegna gratis per riparmiare di più. Subito a casa e. Install Apple MacBook Pro 13" Mid 2012 laptop drivers for Windows 10 x64, or download DriverPack Solution software for automatic drivers intallation and update.

11/05/2016 · Learn how to remove memory from or install memory into your Mac Pro computer Mid 2012 and Earlier. Note: There are different instructions for the Mac Pro Late 2013. Getintopc Autodesk AutoCAD 2012 Free Download Full Version for PC/Mac/Windows Xp,7,8,8.1,10. Its offline installer and Standalone setup of Autodesk AutoCAD 2012 for 32 and 64 Bit. we can also download AutoCAD 2012 Filehippo.

Upgrade your MacBook Air hard drive to an SSD for 16x the capacity and 5.1x faster speeds than the original factory drive. Kit includes all tools needed. : 2012 mac pro. Skip to main content. Try Prime. PC3L-12800S for Intel AMD Laptop, MacBook Pro Mid 2012, iMac Late 2012/ Early/Late 2013, Late 2012/2013, Retina 5K Display, Mac Mini. 4.6 out of 5 stars 117. $55.89 $ 55. 89. Get it as soon as Tue, Oct 15. FREE Shipping by Amazon. Visual Studio 2012 Free Download 32/64-bit full trial version of Express, Ultimate, Professional, Community Edition for Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, 8.1, Windows 10 and Mac. It is also full offline installer standalone direct single setup highly compressed direct google drive link of Visual Studio 2012 full version trial offline Free Download.

FIFA 2012 full game also known as FIFA 12 is a football video game released in September 2011 for PS 3, Xbox 360, PS 2 and for PC. The full version game has three new modes.The complete information and gameplay of the game is available here with the free download link. 14/08/2012 · Twitter- /Foward_un2_Dawn This video shows the setup and installation of the 2012 Mac mini Dont forget to subscribe and like. Need For Speed Most Wanted 2012 Torrent Game Free Download. November 10, 2018 December 12, 2019 - by Editorial Team - 27 Comments. Overview and Story. Need for Speed: Most Wanted is an open world racing game developed by Criterion Games and published by Electronic Arts. 30/07/2012 · Along with just about every recently released laptop hitting the market, the mid-2012 MacBook Pro steps up to Ivy Bridge. All models, including our entry-level unit with a 2.5GHz Core i5 processor, 4GB of RAM and a 5,400RPM 500GB hard drive, benefit from this upgrade.

windows essentials 2012 for windows 10 free download - Windows 10, Apple Safari, Windows Live Essentials 2012, and many more programs. windows essentials 2012 for windows 10 free download - Windows 10, Apple Safari, Windows Live Essentials 2012, and many more programs. Need For Speed Most Wanted 2012 Free Download For PC – Full Version. NFS Most Wanted 2012 PC Download is an open-world racing simulation game. It has high-quality graphics and exciting gameplay. NFS Most Wanted 2012 Overview. NFS Most Wanted 2012 also known Need For Speed Most Wanted 2 is the 19th game from Need For Speed Game series. Directed by Kaushik Ganguly. With Aparajita Adhya, Anjana Basu, Rahul Bose, Gaurav Chakrabarty. People in primitive times connected through people. And then there was a time when people wrote letters to connect, and letters took long to arrive. With advancement in technology, snail mail has taken a backseat, and connecting with people is now at.

Download WhatsApp for. Mac or Windows PC. WhatsApp must be installed on your phone. By clicking the Download button, you agree to our Terms & Privacy Policy. Once found, install The King Of Fighters-A 2012. Now click on My Apps and then click on The King Of Fighters-A 2012. The game will open up. Now follow on-screen instructions to Play The King Of Fighters-A 2012. How To Install The King Of Fighters-A 2012 For PC or MAC Using Andy OS. Download and install Andy OS on your Windows PC or MAC. SEE ALSO: The Best Hackintosh Laptops of 2012 - For Mountain Lion It's very difficult to find a laptop that can easily be turned into Hackintosh. As mentioned in our Hackintosh compatibility guide, most laptops aren't good Hackintoshes, because the compact design of laptops makes it very difficult to replace non-compatible parts. 19/01/2018 · Download Microsoft® SQL Server® 2012 Native Client - QFE from Official Microsoft Download Center. New Surface Laptop 3. The perfect everyday laptop is now even faster. SHOP SURFACE LAPTOP 3 SURFACE LAPTOP 3 FOR BUSINESS. Power BI. Transform data into actionable insights with dashboards and reports.

Il tuo Mac offre diversi strumenti che ti aiutano a identificarlo. Il più semplice è Informazioni su questo Mac, che puoi trovare aprendo il menu Applenell'angolo in alto a sinistra dello schermo. Un altro modo è l'app Informazioni di sistema. Scopri come usare questi strumenti per identificare il tuo Mac. 06/05/2014 · Today our Apple Technician Carlos is showing us how to take apart an Apple Mac Mini Late 2012 Model A1347 Order number MD387LL/A laptop. This teardown consists of a disassembly with on screen instructions and and a quick unannotated reassembly. Technical specifications for the iMac 27-Inch "Core i7" 3.4 Late 2012. Dates sold, processor type, memory info, hard drive details, price and more. winning eleven 2012 pc free download - World Soccer Winning Eleven 8 International demo, RadarSync PC Updater 2012, Windows Live Essentials 2012, and many more programs.

FIFA 2012 PC Full Version Download FIFA 2012 PC GAME FULL VERSION DOWNLOAD: GAME DESCRIPTION. FIFA 12 Download Free Full Game Setup for Windows is the 19th game in Electronic Arts' FIFA series of association football video games. The third-generation MacBook Pro was released in 2012: the 15-inch in June 2012,. 2012, Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks, OS X Mountain Lion,. the original lead developer of Tumblr Marco Arment wrote an evocative article in which he declared the third-generation MacBook Pro the best laptop ever made. 17/06/2013 · Both of these reasons should appeal to any IT administrator trying to get up to speed with Microsoft's Windows Server 2012. In this article we'll look at the steps necessary to get Windows Server 2012 up and running on a Toshiba Portege R930.

The Best Hackintosh Laptops of 2012 - For Mountain Lion. Of course, keep in mind that no laptop will ever run Mac OS X as well as a real Macbook. But some can get pretty close. LATEST UPDATE APRIL 18, 2014: Check out our updated list, The Best Hackintosh Laptops of 2013-2014. 8/10 296 votes - Download Visual Studio 2012 Free. Visual Studio 2012 is the development environment designed by Microsoft for Windows 8. Download Visual Studio 2012 to design your own programs for Windows 8. From the very first versions of Windows, Microsoft created an.

Friends Stagione 9 Episodio 4
Gatto Da 30 Libbre
Punteggio Super Bowl Rams
Oggi Ipl Csk Vs Rcb Elenco Giocatori
Sgabelli Amazon Kitchen Island
Jordan Raffle Biglietti Footlocker
Step 1 2019
Mobile Bagno Kohls
2009 Ford Taurus X Eddie Bauer
Inchiostro Per Penna Stilografica Nero Blu
The Christmas Chronicles Film Completo Online Gratuito
Limone Olio Di Eucalipto Amazon
Test Di Ammissione Congiunta Per Msc 2019
Christina Geiger Ski
Diagramma Di Er Per Il Progetto Del Compagno Degli Agricoltori
Tasto Di Risposta Commonlit Il Peggior Compleanno
Animato Angelo Albero Topper Con Ali In Movimento
Lavori Di Poliziotto Mai Indossati
Braccialetto Con Ciondoli Succosi
Filtro Olio Ram 1500 2017
Barbies Dreamhouse Adventures
Materassi Economici Nelle Vicinanze
Trucco Per Uomo
Oyo 130 Jy Crown Palace
Backup Wd My Cloud Su Google Drive
Zuppa Di Broccoli E Coriandolo
Bmw M5 Black Edition
Mercedes C 300 Cabriolet
Ore Di Studio Raccomandate Al Livello 1 Della Cfa
Recupera Le Chat Di Instagram Cancellate
Fas Fuel Near Me
Uber Mangia Doordash
Parrucche Di Jon Renau Grey
Opzioni Di Vialetto Di Ghiaia
Stivaletti All'uncinetto Per 3 Anni
Abito Floreale Vintage
Copertura Assicurativa Per Responsabilità Civile
Primo Programma Kotlin
Il Braccio Sinistro È Freddo E Intenso
Playlist Di Spotify The One That Got Away
sitemap 0
sitemap 1
sitemap 2
sitemap 3
sitemap 4
sitemap 5
sitemap 6
sitemap 7
sitemap 8
sitemap 9
sitemap 10
sitemap 11
sitemap 12
sitemap 13


text:
1967 RS Z28 Camaro 302 Orginal and in the Registry Fresh Professional Restored

Price: - Item location: East Aurora, New York, United States
  • Make: Chevrolet
  • Model: Camaro
  • Type: Coupe
  • Year: 1967
  • Mileage: 40809
  • Color: Capri Cream
  • Number of cylinders: 8
  • Transmission: 4 speed M21
  • Interior color: Black Deluxe
  • Options: Z28 Rally Sport, Deluxe Inerior, Tach and Gauges
  • Vehicle Title: Clean
  • Want to buy? Contact seller!

1967 Chevrolet Camaro

We have just completed a total restoration on this 1967 Z28 Camaro. This car is identical to the Chevrolet Z28 Campaign Car which was used to advertise the new 1967 Camaro Z28 302 model. It is all matching numbers,Rare and beautiful Capri Cream and well optioned with Black Deluxe interior, Rally Sport, 302 Engine with Cowl Plenum induction, Tach and Gauges, Wood Wheel, M21 Muncie 4 speed trans., 4:10 Positraction Rear Axle with square traction bar, 4 piston power Disc Brakes, Front and Rear Bumper Guards, DF Rally Wheels, Etc. The certified original trim tag identifies that this car was built the 2nd week of April. The carburetor is list 3310 dated 7-4-2. Distributor 1111266 Dated 7C14, Alternator 1100693 dated 7C9. Engine block 3892657 assembly date V0318MO, Intake is 3917610, Heads are correctly dated casting number 3917291, The M21 transmission 3885010 assembled on March 19th. The rear axle code is QA assembled on march 2nd, Power steering dated 117th day of 1967. The master cylinder is 348 stamped WT, Power Brake Booster dated 117th day of 1967. Radiator is UH tagged OD tank. Correct Exhaust manifolds RH 3840912, LH 3892679. Some detail items include Spiral shocks, AM radio, deluxe seat belts, and all glass correctly dated for the car. The rear spoiler was not available in 1967 and added by a previous owner. Since the car was already painted and striped when we started reassembling it, we left the spoiler on the original trunklid. That would be the only part of this car that would not be factory correct but could have been dealer installed. This is a rare car that runs and drives great and needs nothing. Please feel free contact us with any questions or additional information. Camaro Specialties in NY has been serving the restoration industry for over 35 years. We would welcome and encourage inspection before buying or bidding if at al possible. We can assist in shipping.