text:
Major orthopedic surgery can be associated with dramatic blood loss, thereby requiring high-volume homologous transfusions in patients unable to benefit from blood salvage techniques. The effect of aprotinin on blood loss and transfusion requirements during orthopedic surgery for either the resection of malignancies of the removal of infected hardware was prospectively studied.

Twenty-three patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery of the hip, femur, or pelvis for sepsis or malignant tumors, all under general anesthesia, were randomly allocated to receive during operation, in a blinded manner, either aprotinin administered as a bolus of 1.106 kallikrein inactivation units (KIU) followed by an infusion of 5 x 10(5) KIU/h, or the equivalent volume of saline. The anesthesia and perioperative management, as well as the designated transfusion criteria, were standardized. The total blood loss of each patient was evaluated using intraoperative suction losses, sponge weights, and postoperative volumetric drainage. Homologous transfusion requirements were noted. Hemoglobin and hematocrit measures, as well as coagulation and fibrinolytic pathway explorations, were performed before and after surgery. Deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis was applied, and the incidence of this complication was assessed.

Twelve patients received aprotinin. Aprotinin reduced the total blood loss from a median of 5,305 ml (range, 3,000-9,770 ml) to a median of 1,783 ml (range, 1,140-4,955 ml; P < 0.05). A blood loss reduction of 56% during surgery and 68% on discharge from the postanesthesia care unit was observed. Seven units (range, 4-16) of packed erythrocytes were transfused per patient in the placebo group, and 3 (range, 2-5) were transfused in the aprotinin group (P < 0.05). In the aprotinin group, platelet counts were higher, and postoperative prothrombin times and D. Dimer values were lower. The activated partial thromboplastin time values showed no significant difference between the two groups. No side effects were observed in the aprotinin group. A deep venous thrombosis developed in one patient in the placebo group.

Aprotinin treatment during major orthopedic surgery significantly reduces both blood loss and consequent homologous blood transfusion requirements.

Orthopedic surgical procedures used to treat malignant tumors or infected hardware are associated with substantial blood loss. The resulting high transfusion requirements are often further complicated by complex acquired coagulopathies (during the intra- and postoperative periods). Furthermore, blood salvage techniques are contraindicated because of the risk related to dissemination of either tumor cells or the infection. Aprotinin treatment was first shown to decrease blood loss in patients undergoing repeated cardiac surgery, [1]primary coronary and valve replacement procedures, [2,3]and in patients with endocarditis. This benefit was then shown during procedures such as liver transplantation, [4]major vascular reconstruction, [5]and, more recently, orthopedic surgery. [6–8]Documenting the efficacy and inocuity of aprotinin use during orthopedic surgery has been delayed due to the high thromboembolic risk of these procedures.

Although the mechanism of action has not yet been clearly established, it appears that aprotinin has a protective effect on platelet function, [9]and antifibrinolytic activity via the direct inhibition of plasmin and the kinin-kallikrein system. [2,10]Aprotinin may also partially inhibit the intrinsic coagulation pathway. [2,10,11]

This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of aprotinin in decreasing the blood loss and homologous blood transfusion requirements of patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.

Materials and Methods

Once approval from our Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed patient consent were obtained, 23 patients scheduled for major orthopedic surgery of the hip or pelvis for sepsis or malignant tumors were recruited for this study.

Patients presenting one or more of the following criteria were excluded from the study: known or suspected allergy to aprotinin, preoperative renal or hepatic failure, evolutive thromboembolic disease, preoperative congenital or acquired coagulopathy suspected by clinical history or preoperative coagulation tests (platelet count, prothrombin time [PT], and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]).

Anesthesia Management

Induction was obtained using intravenous 5 mg/kg thiopental, 5 micro gram/kg fentanyl, and 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium, thereby facilitating tracheal intubation. General anesthesia was then maintained with 40% nitrous oxide in oxygen, 0.5% to 1.5% isoflurane, and 0.08 to 0.13 micro gram [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] min sup -1 fentanyl, as required to keep the systolic blood pressure between 80 and 90 mmHg. The central venous blood pressure was maintained between 2 and 6 cmH2O. All of the patients received mechanical volume-controlled ventilation.

After induction of anesthesia, the 12 patients in the aprotinin group received a bolus of 106 kallikrein inactivation units (KIU) of aprotinin during a 30-min injection period, followed by a continuous infusion of 5 x 105KIU/h throughout the duration of surgery. The 11 patients in the control group received identical volumes of saline over the same time periods. Both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist were blinded to the choice of product. The administered fluids were prepared by the hospital's central pharmacy in identical 100-ml bottles. The syringe pumps used for the administrations were then prepared by nurses not included in the study protocol.

During surgery, the measured blood and insensible fluid (4 ml [center dot] kg sup -1 [center dot] h sup -1) losses were replaced with colloids (modified fluid gelatin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch solutions) and crystalloids (lactated Ringer's solution) at equal volumes until a maximal colloid dose was reached: gelatins, 2,000 ml and hydroxyethyl starch, 33 ml/kg. Any remaining losses were replaced with lactated Ringer's solution. The systolic and mean blood pressure, esophageal temperature, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide level were monitored continuously.

Blood Samples and Data Collection

Blood samples were drawn on the day before surgery, every 2 h during surgery, on arrival in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and on postoperative days 1 and 2. The samples were used to determine the hematocrit, hemoglobin, erythrocyte and platelet counts, and the PT, aPTT, and fibrinogenemia values. The kaolin-aPTT was performed using a coagulation automate ST 888 (reagent and automate from Diagnostica Stago, Asnieres, France). The kaolin-aPTT value of the pool was 34 s. The plasma D. Dimer levels were measured on arrival in the PACU and on day 1 using the D-DI test (Dianostica Stago), a quantitative, rapid, latex agglutination slide test. The results were expressed in initial fibrinogen equivalent units, and the retained positive cut-off value was 0.5 micro gram/ml. Bleeding time, evaluated by the Ivy method (Simplate I; Organon-Technica, Turnhout, Belgium), was measured on the day before surgery and on arrival in the PACU. Systematic lactate levels were measured in the PACU. Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, urea, and creatinine were also measured before surgery, on arrival in the PACU, and on postoperative day 1.

The anesthesiologist estimated intraoperative blood loss by measuring the volumes in the suction bottles and by weighing the swabs. The transfusions performed during the study period were based only on objective blood losses, once confirmed by the laboratory set points. During the intraoperative period, systematic hourly hematocrit determinations where measured using a microcentrifugation method. The laboratory set points were determined when these rapidly determined values decreased to less than 25% and or when the anesthesiologist measured a considerable blood loss. On confirmation, one homologous packed red blood cell unit was transfused, and the laboratory set points were determined again. This process was repeated as necessary to maintain the laboratory-based hematocrit values at 25%. At the end of each surgical procedure, the surgeon gave a descriptive assessment of the intraoperative blood loss (weak, moderate, heavy, very heavy). The surgeon's subjective opinion concerning the blood loss could not, as such, influence the anesthesiologist's objective determination.

Postoperative blood loss was assessed during a 5-day period by measuring the blood in the drain bottles (at discharge from the PACU, on postoperative days 1 and 2, and from days 3 to 5). Homologous transfusions were performed if the hematocrit concentration decreased to less than 28% in any of the postoperative measures. Throughout the study period, fibrinogen was administered as 1.5 g cryoprecipitate whenever the fibrinogemia level decreased to less than 1 g/l. Similarly, two units of fresh-frozen plasma were administered if the PT values increased to more than 49 s, and one platelet unit/10 kg body weight was administered if the platelet count decreased to less than 30,000 mm3. This procedure was repeated as necessary to maintain the cited threshold values. No special blood salvage techniques were used, because they were contraindicated in this patient population. Primary deep venous thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis was initiated 6 h after surgery using continuous intravenous infusions of heparin (150 U/kg for 24 h) and maintained from postoperative days 1–7. All of the patients were examined daily for signs of lower limb DVT and underwent a systematic doppler ultrasound on postoperative day 6. Any clinical sign of DVT (swelling or increase in the diameter of the calf, pain on palpation, or localized redness) resulted in a bilateral compression color doppler ultrasound, and any positive results of doppler ultrasound was further examined by venography.

Statistical Analysis

Randomization was performed using a random number list generated by computer program (VAX/VAS version V5.3; Digital Equipment Corp., California). A 10% beta risk was retained for an anticipated 30% intergroup difference concerning blood loss and transfusion requirements. Although the study was originally designed to include 30 patients, an interim analysis indicated a highly significant reduction of blood loss in the aprotinin group. Consequently, in compliance with the recommendations of our institution's ethics committee, the study was aborted after the twenty-third patient was tested. The beta risk remained at 10% after reduction of our patient population to 23 persons because of the significant intergroup differences found in the blood loss and transfusion requirements.

The quantitative variables were compared using the nonparametric Kruskall-Wallis test due to their non-normal distribution and the small patient groups. To provide better information on the distribution of certain parameters (blood loss, transfusion volumes), their values were reported on a patient-by-patient basis. Chi-squared or Fischer's exact tests were used to compare the qualitative variables. The temporal evolution of the biological parameters was evaluated using a variance analysis. If a total time effect was significant, the different times were successively compared with the preoperative value to isolate the difference. The Bonferroni correction was then applied to avoid the statistical error induced by the multiplication of the tests. If a time group interaction was significant, the temporal evolution of the two groups was studied separately. Results are expressed as means +/- SD or medians (range). A significant threshold of P < 0.05 was retained.

The two groups were comparable regarding demographic characteristics (age, weight, height, and sex), operative time, type of surgery, and preoperative mean arterial pressure values. Table 1reports these results.

Table 1. Patient Characteristics, Perioperative Mean Arterial Pressure Values, and Operative Times

Table 1. Patient Characteristics, Perioperative Mean Arterial Pressure Values, and Operative Times
Table 1. Patient Characteristics, Perioperative Mean Arterial Pressure Values, and Operative Times

Fourteen patients underwent orthopedic surgery to remove infected hardware. Nine revisions of total hip arthroplasties were performed as single procedures, with the acetabular and femoral components of the prostheses being replaced, and five cases of femoral osteomyelitis were treated by removing the appliance and autologous bone grafts. Seven of these patients received aprotinin. Nine patients underwent surgical procedures for the resection of femoral osteosarcomas and adenocarcinoma metastases. Five of these patients received aprotinin.

The intraoperative fluid replacement consisted of 1,500 ml (range, 750–2,550 ml) colloids and 1,950 ml (range, 100–3,400 ml) crystalloids in the placebo group, and 850 ml (range, 500–1,550 ml) colloids and 1,110 ml (range, 750–2,040 ml) crystalloids in the aprotinin group (P < 0.05). In the PACU, 250 ml (range, 0–750 ml) colloids and 515 ml (range, 250–1,200 ml) crystalloids were administered in the placebo group, and 250 ml (range, 0–500 ml) colloids and 255 ml (range, 200–755 ml) crystalloids in the aprotinin group. Group A patients received a mean dose of 3.3 x 106+/- 1 x 106UIK aprotinin per patient.

The total blood loss in the aprotinin patients was 65% lower than in controls: 5,305 ml (range, 3,000–9,770 ml) compared with 1,783 ml (range, 1,140–4,955 ml; P < 0.05). Intraoperative blood losses were reduced by 56% in the aprotinin group: 2,550 ml (range, 1,650–5,400) compared with 1,145 ml (range, 430–2,240 ml). Blood loss on discharge from the PACU was reduced by 68% in the aprotinin group: 870 ml (range, 355–2,210 ml) compared with 280 (range, 70–820 ml). Table 2shows the transfusion volumes and blood losses during both the intraoperative and total study periods reported on a patient-by-patient basis. Table 2also represents a subanalysis based on the total blood losses and the homologous transfusion requirements of the four patient subgroups: those undergoing surgery for either malignancies or infected hardware, and those receiving either aprotinin or a placebo. Although less total blood loss was noted in the subgroup including septic patients receiving aprotinin treatment, no differences were statistically significant.

Table 2. Subanalysis of Perioperative Blood Loss and PRBC Transfusions Presented on a Patient-by-Patient Basis, Undergoing the Removal of Either Malignant Tumors or Infected Hardware

Table 2. Subanalysis of Perioperative Blood Loss and PRBC Transfusions Presented on a Patient-by-Patient Basis, Undergoing the Removal of Either Malignant Tumors or Infected Hardware
Table 2. Subanalysis of Perioperative Blood Loss and PRBC Transfusions Presented on a Patient-by-Patient Basis, Undergoing the Removal of Either Malignant Tumors or Infected Hardware

The decreased blood losses of the aprotinin group seem to have been clinically evident, because the bleeding intensity scores subjectively evaluated by the surgeon correlate with the treatment groups (Table 3).

Table 3. Bleeding Intensity Scores

Table 3. Bleeding Intensity Scores
Table 3. Bleeding Intensity Scores

All of the patients received blood transfusions. The aprotinin group had 67% lower intraoperative transfusion requirements than did the placebo group, and 58% less over the entire study period. The total number of packed erythrocytes transfused was 36 for the aprotinin group and 92 for the control group (P < 0.01). Table 4shows the packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelet units, and fibrinogen transfusions used. No difference existed between the groups concerning hematocrit and hemoglobin values at any time of the study (Table 5).

Table 4. Amount of Transfused Blood Products

Table 4. Amount of Transfused Blood Products
Table 4. Amount of Transfused Blood Products

Table 5. Perioperative Values of Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), aPTT, PT, Platelet Count, and Fibrinogen (Fib) throughout the Study Period

Table 5. Perioperative Values of Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), aPTT, PT, Platelet Count, and Fibrinogen (Fib) throughout the Study Period
Table 5. Perioperative Values of Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), aPTT, PT, Platelet Count, and Fibrinogen (Fib) throughout the Study Period

When compared with the preoperative values, the average platelet count of the patients in the control group decreased on discharge from the PACU and on postoperative days 1 and 2, whereas those of the aprotinin group remained stable (Table 5). There was a slight but nonsignificant preoperative intergroup difference in the values of aPTT. However, the postoperative aPTT values of both groups increase through the trial period with no significant intergroup differences. The postoperative fibrinogen values decreased with a statistically significant intergroup difference (Table 5). The PT was lower in the aprotinin group than in the control group on discharge from the PACU and on postoperative day 1 (Table 5). The aprotinin group presented significantly lower D. Dimer and bleeding time values and lower lactate levels (Table 6).

Table 6. D. Dimer, Bleeding Time, and Systemic Lactate Levels

Table 6. D. Dimer, Bleeding Time, and Systemic Lactate Levels
Table 6. D. Dimer, Bleeding Time, and Systemic Lactate Levels

No significant difference was noted between the two groups regarding the incidence of DVT. An ultrasound examination detected one DVT below the popliteal fossa in a patient in the placebo group, which was later confirmed by venography.

No side effects such as allergic reactions or hypotension were observed in association with aprotinin use. All patients presented stable renal function throughout the study (Na sup +, K sup +, urea, creatinine).

In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, aprotinin use resulted in a 65% decrease in blood loss, and in a 58% reduction in homologous transfusion requirements in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. No differences in venous hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations between the two groups were noted at any time of the study, as the intra- and postoperative transfusion criteria were the same in both groups. Further, other parameters affecting bleeding (i.e., intra- and postoperative mean arterial pressure, intraoperative end-tidal carbon dioxide level, central venous pressure, mean airway pressures, body temperature, and length of surgery) were similar in the two groups. This confirms that the lower transfusion requirements of the aprotinin-treated cohort did not result in a more significant degree of anemia. These results are consistent with those of other studies concerning orthopedic surgery [6–8]in which the authors found a 25–45% decrease in blood loss and transfusion requirements, as well as during cardiac surgery [1,2,10]and orthotopic liver transplantation. [12]The plasma half-life of aprotinin is approximately 150 min. [13]Because the pharmacologic effect of a drug lasts longer than its half-life, it is reasonable to expect aprotinin's pharmacologic effects to persist 4–8 h after the end of the aprotinin infusion. For this reason, our patient's blood losses were mainly reduced during the intraoperative and early postoperative periods.

Although use of aprotinin has been evaluated in only a few studies involving orthopedic procedures, it has been shown to be effective. Our study population was of particular relevance in the evaluation of aprotinin use because no blood salvage techniques were applicable. Further, major orthopedic surgery is known to produce more blood loss than are other orthopedic procedures. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of aprotinin has not yet been fully elucidated. There seems to be three possible sites of action. Septic state activation of coagulation primarily concerns the extrinsic pathway. [14,15]In addition, in the presence of cytokines and endotoxins known to increase capillary permeability, high quantities of tissue factor, originating from subendothelial sites, are released into the blood stream. [16,17]As such, aprotinin could play a protective role against disseminated intravascular coagulopathy via its anti-VIIa activity. [18]Complex acquired coagulopathy may occur in many surgical settings associated with infection and severe tissue damage. [19]It has also been reported in patients with metastatic bone cancer [20,21]and during major orthopedic procedures such as spinal surgery. [22]Because all of our patients had either malignant or septic conditions, the risk of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was elevated. We cannot discount an initial preoperative intergroup difference with respect to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, because the median preoperative value of aPTT was slightly increased in the placebo group. The control group's elevated postoperative aPTT values may translate a consumption of the coagulation factors (i.e., dilution, transfusion), although no significant intergroup difference was noted. The elevated postoperative aPTT values of the aprotinin group would reflect the partial inhibition of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Because kaolin was used as the aPTT activator, these findings are unlikely to be the result of an in vitro celite-aprotinin interaction, despite the postoperative heparin administration. [23]Murkin et al. [7]concluded similarly when they observed increased postoperative aPTT values in the aprotinin group, whereas the PT values of both groups were identical. The preserved PT values of the aprotinin group may be explained by the limitation of a complex acquired coagulopathy. [19]Furthermore, as reported by Dietrich et al., [24]aprotinin might have reduced the consumption of thrombin-mediated coagulation factors. Finally, aprotinin has been shown to reduce bleeding related to the administration of heparin. [25]Although both groups received the same dose of heparin, the patients receiving aprotinin may have had less heparin-related bleeding.

In our study, it is unlikely that the in vitro concentrations required to obtain effective antikallikrein activity were reached. [7]In contrast, the doses of aprotinin were probably sufficient to invoke antiplasmin activity. [26]By its circulating anti-plasmin effect, aprotinin could have inhibited plasmin formation. This inhibition would be due to the antifactor XII activity, and perhaps to some antikallikrein effect of aprotinin. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, whose levels are probably high in our patient population, seems able to promote the release of tissue plasminogen activator from the endothelial cells.* As such, the anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha properties of aprotinin could have contributed to the antifibrinolytic effect. Tissue hypoxia and the resulting maintained local fibrinolysis [19]seem to have been limited in the aprotinin group, because plasma lactic acid levels sampled in the PACU were lower than those of the control group. An identical finding concerning hip surgery was reported by Haas et al. [27]In any case, the antifibrinolytic effect obtained as a significant difference was noted between the immediate postoperative plasma D. Dimer levels of the two groups. In contrast, Janssens et al. [6]found no significant differences between the aprotinin and control groups concerning the fibrinolysis markers, although the plasma D. Dimer levels tended to diminish in the treated group. These results probably can be explained by the different surgical procedures performed in the two studies.

Primary hemostasis is the third target whereby aprotinin might act. One hypothesis involves a direct platelet-preserving property. [9]Although the platelet function was not tested in our study, bleeding time values were higher in the placebo group. Hass et al. [27]found that collagen-induced platelet aggregability and glass-bead platelet retention, both measures of surgically induced platelet activation, were significantly decreased after aprotinin administration. Aprotinin may also inhibit the plasmin-induced cleavage of GpIb, or the translocation of GpIb from the plasma membrane into the canalicular system. [28,29]The preservation of the platelet count in the aprotinin group could be the illustration of these protective effects. However, the decreased platelet count of the placebo group patients can be explained by a dilutional thrombopenia and the high number of packed red blood cell transfusions. In contrast, neither Janssens et al. [6]nor Murkin et al. [7]found a difference between the groups' platelet counts. In addition, Janssens et al. [6]found no platelet activation, because beta-thromboglobin levels and platelet aggregation tests were identical in the aprotinin and placebo groups.

No significant differences were noted between the two groups regarding either renal function or DVT formation. We used a combination of clinical follow-up and ultrasonography to detect relevant DVT. Although aprotinin may have anticoagulant properties, [24,30]it may lead to a hypercoagulable state due to the inhibition of plasmin and protein C. [31]Decreased graft patency [32,33]and thromboembolic complications [34]have been evoked in the literature. In contrast, other studies report no reduction in graft patency [35,36]and no thromboembolic complications associated with aprotinin use. Furthermore, the anticoagulant properties of aprotinin could account for the reduction in transfusion requirements [10]and stroke rate observed in clinical trials. [1]Studies concerning orthopedic surgery [6,7]do not demonstrate an increase in DVT rate, and even a trend toward a lower incidence of DVT in aprotinin-treated patients was reported by Murkin et al. [7]Only Thorpe et al. [8]described one patient in the aprotinin group in whom an arteriovenous thrombosis developed during knee replacement surgery, which required leg amputation. This elderly patient suffered from peripheral vascular disease, a condition that could account for the thrombosis.

We conclude that during major orthopedic surgery, aprotinin treatment dramatically reduces bleeding and subsequent blood transfusion requirements. The complex acquired coagulopathy frequently observed during these surgical procedures seems to be a privileged target of aprotinin. No adverse effects due to the use of aprotinin or increased incidence of DVT were observed.

*Levi M, Ten Cate H, Bauer KA, Bulle HR, Ten Cate JW, Rosenberg RD: Dose-dependent endotoxin-induced cytokine release and coagulation activation in chimpanzees. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65:793A.

Levy JH, Pifarre R, Schaff HV, Horrow J, Albus R, Speiss B, Rodengart TK, Murray J, Clark RE, Smith P, Nadel A, Bonney LS, Kleinfield R: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of aprotinin for reducing blood loss and the requirement for donor-blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 1995; 92:2236-44.
Dietrich W, Spannagl M, Jochum M, Wendt P, Schramm W, Barankay A, Sebening F, Richter JA: Influence of high dose aprotinin treatment on blood loss and coagulation paterns in patient undergoing myocardial revascularisation. Anesthesiology 1990; 73:1119-26.
Royston D: Aprotinin in open heart surgery. Background and results in patients having aortocoronary bypass grafts. Perfusion 1990; 5:63-72.
Mallet SV, Cos D, Burroughs AD, Rolles K: Aprotinin and reduction of blood loss and transfusion requirements in orthotopic liver transplantation. Lancet 1990; 336:886-7.
Thompson JF, Roath OS, Francis JL, Webster JHH, Chant ABD: Aprotinin in peripheral vascular surgery. Lancet 1990; 335:911.
Janssens M, Joris J, David JL, Lemaire R, Lamy M: High dose aprotinin reduces blood loss in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Anesthesiology 1994; 80:23-9.
Murkin JM, Shannon NA, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, Cruickshank M, Whyile G: Aprotinin decreases blood loss in patients undergoing revision or bilateral total hip arthroplasty. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:343-8.
Thorpe CM, Murphy WG, Logan M: Use of aprotinin in knee replacement surgery. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:408-10.
Van Oeveren W, Harden MP, Roozendaal KJ, Elsjman L, Wildevuur CR: Aprotinin protects platelets against the initial effect of cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99:788-97.
Royston D: High dose aprotinin therapy: a review of the first five year's experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 6:76-100.
Harke H, Gennrich T: Aprotinin-ACD-blood: Experimental studies on the effect of aprotinin on the plasmatic and thrombolytic coagulation. Anaesthetist 1980; 29:266-76.
Grosse H, Lobbes W, Frambach M, Von Broen O, Ringe B, Barthels M: The use of high-dose aprotinin in liver transplantation. The influence on fibrinolysis and blood loss. Thromb Res 1991; 63:287-97.
Janssens M, Joris J: Is aprotinin worth the risk in total hip replacement [Letter]? Anesthesiology 1994; 81:518-9.
Morrison DC, Ryan JC: Endotoxin and disease mechanisms. Annu Rev Med 1987; 38:417-32.
Taylor FB Jr, Chang A, Ruf W. Lethal E coli septic shock is prevented by blocking tissue factor with monoclonal antibody. Circ Shock 1991; 33:127-34.
Bevilacqua MP, Pober JS, Majeau GR, Fiers W, Cotran RS, Gimbrone MA: Recombinant tumor necrosis factor produces procoagulant activity in cultured human vascular endothelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:4533-47.
Conway EM, Bach R, Rosenberg RD, Konigsberg WH: Tumor necrosis factor enhances expression of tissue factor mRNA in endothelial cells. Thromb Res 1989; 53:234-41.
Chabbat J, Porte P, Tellier M, Steinbuch M: Aprotinin is a competitive inhibitor of the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex. Thromb Res 1993; 71:205-15.
Murphy WG, Davies MJ, Eduardo A: The haemostatic response to surgery and trauma. Br J Anaesth 1993; 70:205-13.
Nyska M, Klin B, Marglies JY, Fasta A, Floman Y: Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in patients with cancer undergoing operation for pathological fractures of the hip. Int Orthop 1987; 11:1679-81.
Olson SA, Humphreys WG, Allen WC: DIC complicating Ender's nailing of a pathologic fracture in prostatic carcinoma. A case report. Clin Orthop 1990; 258:242-4.
Mayer PJ, Gehlsen JA: Coagulopathies associated with major spinal surgery. Clin Orthop 1989; 245:83-8.
Wangs JS, Lin CY, Hung WT, Karp RB: Monitoring of heparin-induced anticoagulation with kaolin-activated clotting time in cardiac surgical patients treated with aprotinin. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:1080-4.
Dietrich W, Dilthey G, Spannagl M, Jochum M, Braun SL, Richter JA: Influence of high-dose aprotinin on anticoagulation, heparine requirement, and celite- and kaolin-activated clotting time in heparin-pretreated patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Anesthesiology 1995; 83:679-89.
Boldt J, Schindler E, Osmer C, Wittstock M, Stermann WA, Hempedmann G: Influence of different anticoagulation regimens on platelet function during cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73:639-44.
Levy JH, Bailey JM, Salmenpera M: Pharmacokinetics of aprotinin in preoperative cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1994; 80:1013-8.
Haas S, Ketterl R, Stemberger A, Heiss A: The effect of aprotinin on platelet function, blood coagulation and blood lactate level in total hip replacement in a double blind clinical trial. Adv Exp Red Biol 1984; 167:287-97.
Lu H, Soria C, Cramer EM, Soria J, Mallouf J, Perrot JY, Li H, Commin PL, Schumann F, Regnier O, Caen JP: Temperature dependance of plasmin-induced activation or inhibition of human platelets. Blood 1991; 77:996-1005.
Cramer EM, Lu H, Caen JP, Soria C, Berndt MC, Tenza D: Differential redistribution of platelet glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa after plasmin stimulation. Blood 1991; 77:694-9.
Quereshi A, Lamont L, Burke P, Grace P, Boucher-Hayes D: Aprotinin: the ideal anticoagulant. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992; 6:317-20.
Espana F, Estelles A, Griffin JH, Aznar J, Gilabert J: Aprotinin (Trasylol) is a competitive inhibitor of activated protein C. Throm Res 1989; 56:751-6.
Sundt TM, Kouchoukos NT, Saffitz JE, Murphy SF, Wareint TH, Stahl DJ: Renal dysfunction and intravascular coagulation with aprotinin and hypothermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55:1418-24.
Laub GW, Riebman JB, Chen C, Adkins MS, Anderson WA, Fernandez J, McGrath LB: The impact of aprotinin on coronary artery bypass graft patency. Chest 1994; 106:1370-5.
Cosgrove DM, Heric B, Lytleb W, Taylor PC, Novoa R, Golding LA, Stewart RW, McCarthy PM, Loop FD: Aprotinin therapy for reoperative myocardial revascularization: A placebo controlled study. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 54:1031-8.
Lemmer JH Jr, Stanford W, Bonney SC, Breen JF, Chomka EV, Eldredge WJ, Holt WW, Karp RB, Laub GW, Lipton MJ: Aprotinin for coronary bypass operations: efficacy, safety, and influence on early saphenous vein graft patency. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107:543-53.
Bidstrup BP, Underwood SR, Spasford RN, Streets EM: Effect of aprotinin (Trasylol) on aorto-coronary bypass graft patency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 105:147-53.


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: text/html

WARC-Type: response

text:
Topic: How to put adsense advertising messages within a post?

First of all sorry for my English. I'm from Barcelona in Spain
can you please explain me what should I do or should I modify template to put adsense ads within the first or second post of each post please?

warcinfo:
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2021-21
publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for May 2021
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-67-67-81.ec2.internal
software: Apache Nutch 1.18 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
robots: checked via crawler-commons 1.2-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)
format: WARC File Format 1.1
conformsTo: https://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/


WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: application/xhtml+xml

text:
Dios Inc.

Share this movie link to your friends. Share to support our website. We wish you have great time on our website and Enjoy Watching Guys!
Have a nice day! All The Best

Dios Inc.

A researcher's life changes when he discovers the tomb of Marduk, the creator of the concept of God.

Episode Title: Episode 1

Rating: 8.1

Duration: 60 min

Release: 2016

Episodes: 1

Season 1


text:
Working with a contractor to estimate painter's rates can be more complex than you might first consider.

Painting rates are determined by several factors, which can impact your estimate. Some of the fixed costs can be estimated pretty clearly before the job starts, while others might not be clear until the painting job is done.

The first component of a contractor's estimate is based on the cost of materials used during the painting job. Fixed costs consist of tools such as brushes, rollers and drop cloths as well as the primer, interior paints and exterior paints used to paint your rooms. Paints range in price by brand and within a brand's complete paint line. The cost depends on the chemical composition of the paint product, what it's used for and the brand itself. Some brands are more expensive than others, but just like in most things, you get what you pay for with paints. Premium paints are made with better ingredients than cheaper brands. This is true of interior paints, exterior stains and finishes, exterior paints and even primers.

Another material cost to consider is the whether you'll need your contractor to use a zero-VOC paint product. Not all paints come in zero-VOC versions, but if your job is for an area that's frequented by children or the elderly, you might want to choose a zero-VOC product. There are pros and cons of all the materials used in a painting project, and your contractor can guide you towards the best mix of products for your budget and situation.

While the material costs are relatively easy to assess before the job is begun, labor costs can vary widely. The contractor on your job will quote you an hourly rate before work gets started on your job; however, what can't be known ahead of time is how long your job will take. The contractor can estimate painter's rates based on past jobs. For instance, a contractor can determine how long it takes to prime and paint a surface, but jobs can take an unlikely turn if damage is found that needs to be fixed while scraping or stripping the original paint.

As you plan your job, it's best include at least 10 percent higher labor costs in your budget to allow for changes in the painter's rates. This way, you'll be ready to pay for repairs and damages that might appear. Use QualitySmith to help you find the right contractor in your local area.


text:
Stay in the Zone, Turn H20 to Cognac

Village Psychic put together all of Zered’s footage from the objectively bad skatepark next to the B.Q.E. They call it “Bad Park.” Zered calls it “Shit Park.” Queue up Z’s quote from when the park first opened: “Yeah, it’s terrible…but I’ll still skate it all the time.”

Ok, let’s get all the remaining 2020 Year-in-Review content out of the way now, lest we ever need to discuss it again. (More as a courtesy to all the people #creating #content, not for nostalgia’s sake.)

“Just cuz it’s obvious don’t make it wrong.” Boil the Ocean wrapped its annual countdown of the year’s ten best parts (+ a bonus track of ten more.)

Our friends at the Milan-based Skate Muzik podcast have a new NTS Radio episode that runs down some skate video #musicsupervision highlights from last year. That “Joy Road” song from Will Miles’ “Lambrusco” edit goes. Surprised the song Alicia Keys made about Max Palmer didn’t make it on there tbh.

Skate Newswire ran down its Top 10 videos and Anthony Pappalardo the Writer wrote a comprehensive recap of the year in skateboard media for Parade.

Bust Crew uploaded a raw files log of all the footy released from their extended family last year.

Angel Fonseca and the Papi Brand crew dropped a new part filmed over the course of the past year, where they apparently had a lot of luck with the bust at those ledges outside the Q on the Upper East Side ;)

Gangcorp’s Duron Simons has a new part that’s heavy on the ledges. That half cab back nosegrind shuv was 10/10.

Got a standalone upload of Kyota’s Homies 2 part:

Just finding out now that the Deluxe site has been posting …more custom content lately? Love that. They have an interview with Davonte Jolly about creating Godspeed, the skateboard video event of the holiday season ♥

During that week when everyone was complaining about Whole Lotta Red (which MF DOOM got shouted out on…), an esteemed colleague said, “People never learn their lesson. Music grows on you. In a week, they’ll all be editing Insta edits to it.” Have no idea if these dudes had any issue with WLR, but they *did* already edit to it. (Not Insta though.) “Don’t Smoke That Wood in Here 2” is a Jersey-based video from Lottery Boiz. Shout out to Branded Skateshop x2.

Most travelers’ Milan edits are Centrale-heavy, but Vague has a new one out that branches out a bit, at least for the first half ;) Features Harry Lintell, Barney Page, Charlie Munro and Jacopo Carozzi.

Quote of the Week
Inquisitive Gentleman: “Why do you have a Discover card?”
E.J: “Because I get points at restaurants with it. But no restaurants take it.”

“On Doomsday, ever since the womb, til I’m back where my brother went, that’s what my tomb will say.” ♥ Sounds a bit different now. Rest in Peace. (Yes, this is his best album.)

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


text:
Triple Kink

The new Blue Couch edit is their best one yet — a lot of which is just filmed in the vicinity of the 125th Street Fairway? Never realized those inch-high curbs at Grants Tomb were a doppelgänger for the London ones Tom Knox, Mike Arnold and them always skate.

Krux has a new edit with Arin, Marbie, Cooper, Kristin Ebeling, Ryan Lay, and others hitting Blue Park, Alligator, and all the spots under the Kosciuszko.

The Creed Video” is filmed around New York, Richmond and Charlotte. These sort of homie videos have a special charm ♥ Sincerely smiled at the turnaround after the 5-0 180.

Keep Reading »

Can’t Pull Up With No Two Seats We Too Deep

Huf via 2000 via Mike O’Meally on the photo via Science Versus Life on the scan

“Everyone deserves a chance to show their heart.” Aaron Wiggs was the most recent guest on Lee Smith’s Mission Statement podcast, discussing the BLM sidewalk sale at McGolrick Park, losing family to coronavirus, and more heavy topics (there’s laughs too though.) An inspirational listen, and an affirmation that we’re all capable of making a difference ♥

Steve Mastorelli has a sick new edit out featuring a bunch of New Jersey dudes, a stubborn hubba ledge, a 10/10 frontside 180 nosegrind the helicopter way, etc.

Keep Reading »

Ain’t No Sunshine

Scan stolen from Chromeball, obvs.

“In a sense, Jeff Grosso’s contributions to the world aren’t singular but part of an entire point of view — one that could reflect how ridiculous life is while also hugging what he viewed as important tightly in secret. That’s an art. The ability to make things like skateboarding that feel so disposable yet life-changing — tricks that last seconds, yet feel immortal.” — A Loveletter to Jeff Grosso.

Keep Reading »


text:
Stock Quote

UPDATE 2-Australia economy to get a $56 bln coronavirus protection injection

* Tasmania orders mainland arrivals to quarantine (Recasts and updates throughout with RBA and government funding injections)
Data & News supplied by
Stock quotes supplied by Barchart
Quotes delayed at least 20 minutes.
By accessing this page, you agree to the following
Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions.


text:
Pitaya Lemonade Terrasoul

The product is out of stock
0 View
  • Gross weight: 210 g
  • Manufacturer: Terrasoul
  • Warehouse: USA

We ship international! International shipping charges will be calculated during checkout. More about delivery

The delicate flavor of ripe, vibrant pitaya fruit pairs beautifully with electrolyte-rich, subtly sweet lemonade. Visually stunning, it is the definition of "pretty in pink". Whether enjoyed as a refreshing addition to your workout routine or shaken and sipped as a high-vibe mocktail, there is nothing quite as fun to drink as our Pitaya lemonade.

Delightfully Delicious & Rejuvenating

With a hydrating and alkalizing boost of lemon juice and coconut water this dragon fruit blend taste like a refreshing pink lemonade.

Workout Recovery with Pitaya & Ginger Root

Dragon fruit is low in calories and rich in antioxidants and may strengthen your immune system. Ginger is known for its stomach soothing, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Adaptogen Schisandra Extract

A powerful аntіоxіdаnt thаt аѕѕіѕtѕ wіth mental сlаrіtу аnd may increase уоur bоdу’ѕ level оf dеtоxіfуіng еnzуmеs.

Ingredients: Organic Lemon Juice Powder, Organic Freeze-Dried Coconut Water, Organic Freeze-Dried Pitaya (Dragon Fruit), Organic Coconut Sugar, Organic Ginger Powder, Organic Schisandra Extract, Organic Reb A Stevia Extract

Allergy Info: Contains Tree Nut (Coconut)

Storage Info: Refrigeration not required. Store in a cool, dark, dry place.

We have made every effort to display as accurately as possible the images and descriptions of our products that appear at the store. However, suppliers and manufacturers may change certain characteristics or packing materials or their designs at anytime without notice, at the sole discretion of them.

About the manufacturer

Founded in Texas by husband and wife team Dennis and Amy Botts in 2013, Terrasoul began as a family mission to create and inspire health in others. With a passion for living and eating well, the couple sought out the best and most nutrient-dense ingredients to feed their family. Through cooking, organic gardening and consistently aiming to instill the message at home that living and eating well are one in the same - health became their journey.

Each ingredient is used and loved by our employees, friends and family, and integrity of the product is of the utmost importance. We do not just rely on the industry standard manufacture certificate of analysis. We independently test each imported ingredient at our laboratory for heavy metals, organic purity and biological contamination. We are SQF Level 2 Certified with an excellent rating and hold organic, kosher, and Non-GMO Project verified certifications.

We operate Terrasoul Superfoods on a fair trade model and seek to offer opportunities to everyone connected with our supply chain. By engaging directly with farmers cooperatives and their partner manufacturers, we are able to offer efficient distribution and access to the U.S. organic consumer, while providing new and rewarding economic opportunities to farmers and indigenous communities. The higher prices they receive for organic superfoods, over normal commodity crops, significantly increases the income opportunities for these agricultural communities.

7 months ago
I did not like the taste. The taste is very peculiar, and it takes some getting used to. For such money, I think it’s too expensive.
How much is it?
How much is it?

We select only the best offers in terms of price/quality ratio, giving preferences to niche companies or large manufacturers with an impeccable reputation. The prices indicated do not cover the shipping costs. We make frequent discounts and promotional sales – stay tuned!

How to order?
How to order?

You simply pick items from our selection, add them to cart, and place an order. We take care of the rest! Your order is automatically put together, carefully packed, and delivered without any hassle. Please note that products from Europe are delivered only to Russia.

The cost of delivery is only $ 6.39 per 1 kg. You can choose delivery by courier or to the nearest self-pickup point. You will be able to see the exact delivery cost when placing your order – we will calculate it automatically. In addition, Qwintry.Store often offers free delivery if you order above a certain amount!


text:
Kafka's Canada at 15: The secret trials of Mohamed Harkat

Please chip in to support more articles like this. Support rabble.ca for as little as $5 per month!

Mohamed Harkat at the Supreme Court of Canada. Photo: International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group/Facebook

While International Human Rights Day (December 10) is an opportunity for politicians to issue self-regarding boilerplate statements about respect, dignity and freedom, for one Ottawa couple, it always arrives with a nauseating sense of irony.

It was on December 10, 2002, when Sophie Harkat received a call at work that her husband, Mohamed (Moe), had been arrested on a secret hearing security certificate. He was being held in solitary confinement as an alleged threat to state security -- without charge, without bail, and without being provided any tangible reasons why. As Kafka began his famous dystopian novel The Trial: "Someone must have been telling lies about Joseph K., for without having done anything wrong he was arrested one fine morning."

That was certainly the case for Moe Harkat, an Algerian refugee who was indefinitely detained based on the word of a secret informant who failed a lie detector test, and who was never subjected to examination either in an open court or a closed session. Another secret informant in the case had a particularly lustful motivation to keep coming up with allegations, because he had been carrying on an affair with an agent of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), the scandal-plagued agency that cooks up the unsubstantiated allegations in secret trial cases.

The onus in a security certificate case is on the named individual to prove that they are not the state security threat CSIS makes them out to be. How does one prove a negative when the heart of the case is heard in your absence? Whenever a lawyer trying to tackle the case asks questions, the government's witnesses, if any are produced, can claim that answering them would endanger national security. It's all done with the Federal Court of Canada's shameful judicial seal of approval, one that has condemned dozens of individuals since it began providing legal cover to the star chamber process in 1991.

Two-tier justice

Even worse, the security certificate represents the lower rung of a two-tier justice that employs the lowest standards available, while anything not normally admissible in a court of law can be used in these cases (which means one is no longer in a court of law). It only applies to refugees and permanent residents, and ultimately can result in deportation to a country where the scarlet letter of "security threat" means an immediate booking in the nearest torture centre.

The process under which Harkat was arrested on Human Rights Day in 2002 was finally declared unconstitutional in 2007, but not before he spent a harrowing 3.5 years behind bars, including at the infamous Guantanamo North facility especially built for secret trial detainees on the grounds of Kingston's Millhaven Penitentiary.

But "release" to house arrest did not end the misery faced by the Harkats, who then had to deal with the strictest house arrest conditions in Canadian history, with the installation of surveillance cameras at their house, a GPS tracking module strapped to Moe's leg, endless rounds of permission-seeking to go into the backyard or to get groceries into the house, spy agency clearance required for any friends and supporters who wished to visit, vindictive raids on their apartment that sometimes caught one of them in the shower, and a lengthy litany of other humiliating conditions that would have produced an unimaginable level of stress in the best of marriages.

For Sophie, it meant having to become a jail guard in her own home. As a surety, she could never leave Moe out of her sight. If he wanted to fire up the barbecue, he would not go onto the back porch without Sophie going out first and monitoring his exit into the fresh air. If the couple were out on an approved visit to a shopping centre and one of them had to use the bathroom, the "never out of sight" responsibility placed on Sophie meant some socially awkward positioning at public conveniences. Anyone who wished to visit the Harkats at home had to be security-cleared by the government, which socially isolated them. The things most of us take for granted — cell phones, mail privacy, a home computer with internet access -- became the subject of protracted court proceedings that opened up every last detail of their private lives.

Racist 'Super Muslim' myth

The degrading conditions were based on the racist notion of Super Muslim: that Moe, like his fellow detainees, was so desperate to communicate with terrorists or do something awful that he had to be monitored every second of every day, despite the fact that no allegation has ever been made that he has even considered being involved in an act of violence. Things that happen in the normal course of a day for most of us -- driving through a yellow light or speeding up to pass someone on the roadway, for example -- are attributed nefarious purposes and labeled "counter-surveillance techniques" by the cunning detainee and his wife.

In 2008, the Harper government, with the full and cooperative support of the Liberals, replaced the unconstitutional secret trial law with a slightly revised version that continued to violate every fundamental right known to humankind. Scores of civil society groups and individuals protested that the window-dressing provision -- adding security-cleared special advocates who could ask some questions and see some of the secret case -- would leave the detainee no closer to knowing the core of the case against them. All of the Muslim detainees -- known collectively as The Secret Trial Five -- had new security certificates issued against them, and the cases proceeded anew.

But even with some of Canada's top lawyers on the special advocate roster, Moe was no closer to having someone cross-examine his secret and clearly unreliable informants, because the judge in his case, the recently retired Simon Noel, refused to allow it. Even though the special advocates were security cleared and could not violate their oath of secrecy (upon pain of 14 years in prison), Noel did not trust them to question the secret informants in the Harkat case. Instead, Noel took it upon himself to take the lying informants at their word and, when Harkat's public testimony did not square with the dishonest informants, Noel chose to believe the bald, unsubstantiated, and dishonest statements of those who would never be properly questioned about what they alleged.

And so, on Human Rights Day, December 10, 2010, a date no doubt picked for the extra sting it would evoke, Noel released his decision upholding the new secret certificate against Harkat. Despite having earlier found that the CSIS malfeasance referenced above had made it "necessary to repair the damage done to the administration of justice and to re-establish a climate of trust and confidence in this proceeding," Noel chose not to condemn CSIS in his decision, holding all of his fire for Harkat.

At a press conference that morning, Harkat stated he felt as if he were "dying inside," and Sophie declared, "this is a punch in the guts that will leave marks for a very long time." Holding aloft the thick judicial ruling, Sophie said "this document is a load of bull."  Anyone familiar with the case could easily have come to the same conclusion. Noel's decision read like a personal attack coloured by a thinly veiled Islamophobia: if Harkat's testimony in certain circumstances was consistent, he must have concocted a story; if he was inconsistent (not unusual for someone experiencing PTSD), he must be a liar. In such a manner Harkat was deemed to be untruthful as opposed to merely human.

Harkat's case eventually made it to the Supreme Court in 2013. One day of hearings was held in public, with the other in some secret bunker somewhere in the national capital region in the absence of Harkat and his lawyers. It was a shameful day in the top court's history, but one which was inevitable in the development of the parallel secret trial system in which we are asked to trust what goes on behind closed doors.

Secrets at the Supreme Court

When the Supreme Court upheld Harkat's certificate in a poorly written, illogical ruling in 2014, it opened the door to the next phase of his Kafkaesque odyssey: proceedings began to deport him to torture in Algeria. Unfortunately, a change in government did not bring about a change in policy. Indeed, then opposition Liberal leader Justin Trudeau praised the Supreme Court decision, and while he more recently declared in that solemn, tear duct-opening manner he likes to employ that "No one, ever, deserves to be tortured," his government is twisting itself into a pretzel to try and produce the logic that will justify deporting Harkat to the dungeons of Algeria.

Despite all of this, the Harkats have remained together as a couple, occasionally enjoying a lessening of the brutal house arrest conditions and trying to develop a life outside of state control. But doing so has been difficult. Their plans to have a family have been scuttled thanks to the stress of the security certificate regime. When they finally did try to start a family, Sophie had a miscarriage.  Moe suffers from chronic depression and PTSD. They live a precarious low-income life, with Sophie working as a crossing guard and Moe as a part-time janitor.

Opportunities to find better work for Moe have been rejected because of his list of conditions. Because he is not allowed to use the internet outside of his home, he cannot work as a cashier or stock receiver at a box store. Because he is not allowed to use a cell phone that is not strictly monitored by the Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and he is not allowed to leave Ottawa without advance notice, he had to turn down a well-paying job with benefits as a courier driver.

Even approved leisure time is humiliating. A trip to a cottage in Quebec is met with armed, bullet-proof wearing border agents waiting outside their home in eerie-looking, tinted-window vehicles. Because Moe has to call in every day he is away from a landline, he has had to drive into town to find the nearest pay phone -- which are harder to access in a cellular age -- and call the agent who is sitting in a car right outside of the cottage (earning, needless to say, a pile of overtime pay).

The Harkats question why the CBSA continues to follow them to family birthdays and funerals. After all, the role of a court-approved surety is to monitor the individual who has been released on conditions. The CBSA behavior is a clear sign that they do not trust the Harkats, even though the court seems to, and even though the last security assessment of Moe, produced by CSIS, ranked his threat-level as low. The Harkats say many of their neighbours are new immigrants, and when they see the CBSA officers outside the Harkat home, they are fearful of becoming friends because it looks like police officers are constantly at their abode.

Despite these overwhelming challenges, the couple is well-loved by their extended family, friends, and some neighbours, especially the little kids who line up outside of their door when they want their bikes fixed by the avuncular Moe.

But beneath their warm smiles and community spirit, the toll it has taken on them has been significant. The clinical director of the Integrated Forensic Program at the Royal Ottawa Health Group -- who happens to be one of this country's leading mental health specialists -- recently produced a report on Moe based on 112 evaluation sessions going back to 2009, as well as additional interviews dating back to 2005. It is a heartbreaking account of the human cost of state surveillance and repression.

"Mr. Harkat has a history of chronic depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress related to having been incarcerated on a Security Certificate in maximum security for 43 months, including one year in solitary confinement followed by many years of living under very strict bail conditions and facing deportation to Algeria, where he believes he will be arrested, tortured and at risk of death," the report declares.

"There are times when Mr. Harkat has experienced recurrent visions on a virtually daily basis over several months of being arrested, incarcerated, deported and tortured. Sometimes he has visions of being shot by CBSA due to a misunderstanding, minor misstep or accidental violation of his bail conditions. Often, he has been troubled by insomnia and recurrent nightmares with the same themes as his daytime visions. Energy has been chronically low and concentration impaired such that reading is limited to no more than five minutes at a time. Appetite is chronically poor to a point where he has to force himself to eat even one meal a day."

The report also notes that Harkat remains frustrated all these years later at his state of legal limbo, one in which he has never been charged with, much less convicted of, a crime. It states: "Particularly he is frustrated around secret sources of information being used against him, including of an informant who failed a lie detector test. He has been frustrated that phone-tap evidence was used against him even though the recordings were destroyed and only summaries of the transcripts presented, including of conversations that he was supposedly involved with for which the details are not remotely familiar to him."

Harkat is also left befuddled because he is accused of association with an individual, Ibn Khattab, who, in another security certificate case, was declared not to have been a security theat. But Judge Noel, based on the exact same evidence that allowed another judge to declare Khattab was not a threat, decided otherwise, adding guilt-by-association to Harkat, who says he never met Khattab.

The health risks of limbo

Despite this maddening cascade of Kafkaesque obfuscation, the report finds that "Harkat has continued to express a belief in Canadian democracy and the judicial system in spite of his complaints about the flaws of the government's case against him and the unfairness of the process. My experience is that ironically Mr. Harkat's level of confidence in Canadian democracy and judicial system surpasses that of most Canadian-born citizens."

The report goes on to find that Harkat has "a complete absence of psychopathic traits" and scored at the low end of risk on a wide battery of tests designed to test for rigidity of thought or propensity to violence.

"It cannot be overemphasized how stressful Mr. Harkat's present situation is, and how the present situation is anything but benign," the reported concluded.

The Harkats were back in court in mid-November to try and relax their conditions, which continue to cause major health issues. As the mental health evaluation noted, "The risk of continuing with the present situation is further permanent neurobiological changes that will be more refractory to treatment and recovery the longer they continue. This risk is not only to his mental health, but his physical health as well. Chronic stress is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events (heart attacks and strokes), and suppressed immunity, including susceptibility to infections and cancer. There are also costs to his wife and family, financial costs, including to the Canadian taxpayer, and loss of Mr. Harkat's potential contributions through work."

The hearings were typical of those that have marked the public portion of the secret trials over the past two decades. Government lawyers, who are playing with all the cards, complained that they were somehow at a disadvantage. They produced witnesses from government surveillance agencies that were incompetent at best. Indeed, when CBSA manager Michel Renaud, in charge of Harkat's surveillance, was asked if had ever seen pictures of or knew anything about a series of individuals with whom Harkat is not allowed to associate, he replied that he had not. Harkat's lawyer, Barbara Jackman, then asked how it was that CBSA agents can do their job if they don't know anything about the alleged threat they are supposed to be preventing. Renaud shrugged and said such matters were not his bailiwick, but could be referred to the group's national security section.

Renaud was also asked if he had ever read any of the Federal Court decisions on Harkat's case or the threat assessments produced by CSIS (the last was in 2009, and though based completely on dated allegations from the 1990s, found that the alleged risk he posed was at the low end of the scale). Renaud again said no. How then, Jackman asked, could the CBSA say it was containing an alleged threat if it had no clue what the alleged threat was?  The question, he replied again, should be referred to the group's national security section.

As the Harkats await word from the judge, they are also hoping to hear back from Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale. They applied for Moe to stay in Canada as a permanent resident by asking Goodale to find that Moe's living here would not be contrary to Canada's national interest. Over 700 letters of support were attached to that application. Finally, they are awaiting word from Trudeau's immigration bureaucracy, which is currently considering submissions on whether Harkat should be deported to torture. Just another week in Kafka's Canada.

Photo: International Civil Liberties Monitoring Group/Facebook

Like this article? Please chip in to keep stories like these coming.

Related Items

Thank you for reading this story…

More people are reading rabble.ca than ever and unlike many news organizations, we have never put up a paywall – at rabble we’ve always believed in making our reporting and analysis free to all, while striving to make it sustainable as well. Media isn’t free to produce. rabble’s total budget is likely less than what big corporate media spend on photocopying (we kid you not!) and we do not have any major foundation, sponsor or angel investor. Our main supporters are people and organizations -- like you. This is why we need your help. You are what keep us sustainable.

rabble.ca has staked its existence on you. We live or die on community support -- your support! We get hundreds of thousands of visitors and we believe in them. We believe in you. We believe people will put in what they can for the greater good. We call that sustainable.

So what is the easy answer for us? Depend on a community of visitors who care passionately about media that amplifies the voices of people struggling for change and justice. It really is that simple. When the people who visit rabble care enough to contribute a bit then it works for everyone.

And so we’re asking you if you could make a donation, right now, to help us carry forward on our mission. Make a donation today.

We welcome your comments! rabble.ca embraces a pro-human rights, pro-feminist, anti-racist, queer-positive, anti-imperialist and pro-labour stance, and encourages discussions which develop progressive thought. Our full comment policy can be found here. Learn more about Disqus on rabble.ca and your privacy here. Please keep in mind:

  • Tell the truth and avoid rumours.
  • Add context and background.
  • Report typos and logical fallacies.
  • Be respectful.
  • Respect copyright - link to articles.
  • Stay focused. Bring in-depth commentary to our discussion forum, babble.

  • Use oppressive/offensive language.
  • Libel or defame.
  • Bully or troll.
  • Post spam.
  • Engage trolls. Flag suspect activity instead.


text:
Robert Edison Fulton, Jr. – Inventor and Adventurer

16 12 2011

In one of my typical research side-trips, I came across this fellow, Robert Fulton, Jr. I originally was going to post about his novel surface-to-air extraction system (below), but I quickly found that Fulton himself was quite an interesting guy; an adventurous type, he rode a motorcycle around the world based on a glib comment (from him) at a dinner party:

At a dinner party at his friends’ house, a young woman asked him if he would be sailing home soon.

He answered: “No, I am going around the world on a motorcycle.” Robert Fulton would say for the rest of his life that he had no idea why he said such a thing.

He rode a Douglas motorcycle, fitted with extra gas tanks, lots of luggage (for water and supplies), and “common automobile tires” to enable him to find spares and make repairs more easily abroad. He travelled from England through France, Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Greece. Eventually he ended up in Damascus and rode through the Syrian desert to Baghdad.

He rode sixteen kilometers on the road out of Damascus. Then he saw a sign showing the way toward Baghdad. It was here that the road ended. In front of him was the great desert. Robert Fulton was alone for most of the trip. He worried about his motorcycle. If the engine failed, he could die of lack of water before anyone could find him. He could fall off and break a leg or arm. The severe heat could kill him. But the motorcycle did not fail him. He survived the fierce heat. He arrived safely in Baghdad.

(Quote courtesy of: http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/a-23-2009-01-13-voa1-83141307.html )

He ended up going through Afghanistan, India, Vietnam, China, Malaysia and Japan, took a ship to San Francisco, and rode cross-country to New York. Now that’s quite a trip even today, with modern motorcycles and equipment (and support infrastructure along the way, modern roads, etc.). Imagine that kind of trip in 1932!

His grandfather was ran stagecoach passages through the Old West, in the post-Civil War days, which ended up becoming the Greyhound Bus Lines, later when his uncle took over the business.

He died in 2004 at age 95. Here’s a great interview the NY Times did with him in March of 2000.

Fulton surface-to-air recovery system –STARS

During the Cold War, the U.S. military and CIA decided they needed a way to retrieve people and cargo from the ground, using an airplane, without actually landing the aircraft. Basically, they anticipated a need to retrieve people (like spies) from the ground who are out of helicopter range (which can obviously remain airborne with no horizontal velocity, and don’t require an airstrip to land).

Beginning in the early 1950’s, Robert Fulton devised this extraction system – what was later termed STARS for Surface-to-Air Recovery System.

Basically, on the ground the person (or cargo) wears a harness, attached by a long rope to a weather balloon. The balloon is set adrift, and an airplane with a special rig on the nose, wings and cargo compartment flies into the rope (beneath the balloon), and snags the person or cargo on the ground. The person being lifted gets a “swift kick in the pants” as I read somewhere, as they become airborne and begin “flying” behind the aircraft, which then uses a winch to reel them in. Sounds terrifying if you ask me!

See it in action below.

MC-130 pickup:

Cargo pickup:

It was even featured in a James Bond movie, Thunderball, at the end:


text:
PublicationNewspaper Article What does development mean for the stateless?

August 17, 2019
Publication Type:
Newspaper Article

Currently, there are upwards of one million Rohingya refugees living in Cox’s Bazar. For all the talk of moving the Rohingya elsewhere, such as Bashan Char Island, or repatriating them to Myanmar, it is almost certain that they will remain where they are for an indefinite period of time.

History has shown that the average age of a refugee camp is 12 years. Like most other refugee camp situations, this one will likely last for at least another decade.

Many NGOs and aid agencies that are working on Rohingya issues realize that this is not temporary, and are starting to take a longer-term view of the camps. The shift from emergency relief to development has begun, underscoring the fact that the refugee crisis has huge long-term implications for how development operates beyond state citizenship.

The Rohingya crisis is a useful case study to understand how refugees are slowly being brought into the traditional development framework. The scope of facilities and programs set up by the International Organization for Migration (IOM), UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), and the hundreds of NGOs working in the camps over the past year is remarkable.

They have built camps from the ground up and organized them into zones with basic roads and latrines, tubewells, health facilities, and community centers. However, the separate institutions that are in place to deal with longer-term development and emergency relief are not aligned in their goals. This affects the extent of aid given, the type of facilities that are built, and of course the economic and political rights and social support that the Rohingya have.

A strong indication of the shift toward development in the Rohingya camps is the recent investment from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB), of $480 million and $100 million respectively. Traditionally, these two institutions have invested in long-term development projects and supported governments in capacity building. In the past few years, they have created a relief fund for emergency situations exactly like the Rohingya crisis.

One of the investments from the World Bank and ADB is in renewable energy in the Rohingya camps. The investment in energy access shows a gradual shift toward longer-term, or at least medium-term, planning in the camps. Compared to international aid funding in every other sector—water and sanitation, health, shelters, etc.—energy had no allocated funding at the beginning of the Rohingya influx.

This is largely because energy is not seen as essential to emergency relief, which is arguably an outdated view from the aid industry, as energy access is linked to more positive health effects and gender safety and equality. Now with the World Bank and ADB’s investment plan, there is a portion allocated to set up some solar mini-grids in 2019, as well as constructing more solar lamps and distributing solar lanterns.

Historically, there has not been a systematic approach to energy supply in conflict settings because they are thought to be shorter term. Most of the energy is supplied ad hoc by individual NGOs or international aid agencies, usually through diesel generators. The move toward renewable energy shows increasing interest in long-term development because it is inherently sustainable and simple to use. A solar mini-grid offers a cleaner and more consistent alternative to diesel generators, and can potentially be used to anchor local mini-grids if the refugee camps are present in the longer term.

Out of all the Rohingya camps, it is striking that the only one that is connected to the national electricity grid, and thus situated for longer term, is a camp in Teknaf, where some Rohingya have been around for many years and have essentially assimilated into the surrounding community. Perhaps the thought here is that there is “value added” if the Rohingya contribute economically, so it makes sense to invest in electricity lines. However, this situation is exceedingly rare, as the vast majority of Rohingya cannot move freely outside the camps and thus are unable to be economically independent

Historically, there has not been a systematic approach to energy supply in conflict settings because they are thought to be shorter term.

While the notion of development is important for improving livelihoods, the development itself must be done differently for the stateless. Traditional forms of economic development do not work for stateless people who have no means to gain employment. Though there are some cash-for-work programs and recreation facilities set up by aid agencies, the vast majority of Rohingya have nothing to do during the day; their routines are often set around food and aid distribution schedules. They are recovering from unimaginable trauma. The camps will only continue to grow: Rohingya are still crossing the border, though at much lower rates, and there are projected to be 50,000 babies born this year. No amount of aid distribution or traditional notions of development will fix these facts of life for the Rohingya.

Part of the difficulty in streamlining development efforts is the institutional power structure of the camps. Since the exodus began in August 2017, the Bangladesh government has not officially labeled the Rohingya as “refugees.” Without this label, UNHCR could not head the emergency relief operations in the camps, as they normally would when refugees are involved. Thus, IOM took over camp operations. Within a few months, UNHCR was allowed to work in the camps and it started co-leading operations with IOM. The two humanitarian stakeholders now oversee relief operations in about 10 sectors and work alongside the government’s response to the crisis, which includes different government agencies and the Bangladesh army. This web of agencies does not have mutually exclusive goals, but since they do not normally collaborate in this way it has been challenging to settle on long-term goals.

Another challenge is that there is no direct guiding principle globally for how to integrate stateless people, let alone how to develop communities with them in mind. One of the main guiding principles for long-term sustainability planning is the UN Sustainable Development Goals, a set of 17 goals that aim to end poverty with strategies that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including education, health, and environmental protection. None of the goals explicitly address development for stateless persons.

International NGOs and the UN could adopt a more explicitly rights-based approach to development, especially as more refugee crises and mass migrations are projected to occur in the future. This approach would combine different existing concepts of international development, such as capacity building, human rights, participation, and sustainability. The goal would be to empower the group that cannot exercise full rights and to strengthen the capacity of institutions and governments obligated to fill these rights. However, the main criticism against the rights-based approach is that it merely incorporates the language of human rights with development, but does not change the programs being implemented. In order for change to take place, governments must be willing to accept refugees and migrants, and hold other countries accountable for the processes that lead to refugees in the first place. Many governments that receive refugees, whether willingly or not, are not capable of developing long-term communities for the refugees in their own country.

There are currently about six million people in protracted displacement situations globally, and even more migrants, who are not officially given economic and political rights by the state. Crises like this will only continue to happen at varying scales, whether through ethnic cleansing, environmental disaster, economic crisis, or something else. The UN, development agencies, NGOs, and some governments are only just beginning to rethink how we prioritize refugees and migrants and integrate them into existing development frameworks. There will be many lessons to learn from the Rohingya crisis for years to come. A likely one will be how to conceptualize development for those that have been systematically “othered” and persecuted.

Samira Siddique is a PhD student in the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley

Main Menu

Energy & Resources Group
310 Barrows Hall
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720-3050
Phone: (510) 642-1640
Fax: (510) 642-1085

  • Open the Main Menu
  • People at RAEL

  • Open the Main Menu


text:
Brettonwood Estate – Salt Rock

Raging Rapids installed two waterslides, our RR800 enclosed (28m) and RR 800 open slide (21m) the pumps and start platform/ Deck. The slides are used by the residents and guests of Brettonwood Estate and commissioned in 2018. We are currently in the process of designing the second phase to compliment these water slides. Watch this space.

Contact Us Today About Building Your Waterpark


text:
The Best Car Engine Kit Products of 2021

116,215 reviews analysed
Rank Product Name Score
1st Image 9% OFF
ONEST 11 Pieces Auto Detailing Brush Set for Cleaning Weels, Interior, Exterior, Leather, Including
9 SCORE View Product
2nd Image SUBANG 11 Pieces Car Cleaner Brush Set Including Detail Brush (Set of 6),3 pcs Wire Brush and 2 pcs
8.8 SCORE View Product
3rd Image Chemical Guys TVD_109 - Silk Shine Sprayable Dry-to-The-Touch Dressing for Tires, Trim, Vinyl, Plast
By Chemical Guys
8.6 SCORE View Product
4th 1st Image BANVIE PKE Car Alarm System with Remote Engine Start and Push to Engine Start Stop Button and Passiv
8.4 SCORE View Product
5th Image Detailing Brush Set- Car Duster Cleaning Dirt- 6 Different Sizes Premium Natural Boar Hair Mixed Fib
8.2 SCORE View Product
6th Image JANYUN 13 Pcs Auto Detailing Brush Set for Cleaning Car Motorcycle Automotive Cleaning Wheels, Dashb
8 SCORE View Product
7th Image 39% OFF
CarGuys Super Cleaner - Effective All Purpose Cleaner - Best for Leather Vinyl Carpet Upholstery Pla
By CarGuys
7.8 SCORE View Product
8th Image 39% OFF
CarGuys Plastic Restorer - The Ultimate Solution for Bringing Rubber, Vinyl and Plastic Back to Life
By CarGuys
7.6 SCORE View Product
9th Image Bafx Products - Wireless Bluetooth OBD2 / OBDII Diagnostic Car Scanner & Reader Tool for Android Dev
By Bafx Products
7.4 SCORE View Product
10th Image 6% OFF
ThisWorx for TWC-01 Car Vacuum - corded
By ThisWorx for
7.2 SCORE View Product

"Amazon, Amazon Prime, the Amazon logo and Amazon Prime logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates". AS AN AMAZON ASSOCIATE, WE EARN AFFILIATE COMMISSIONS FROM QUALIFYING PURCHASES.

Apart Best Car Engine Kit Products To Buy, Readers Also Shopped for

Our Promise to Readers

We keep receiving tons of questions of readers who are going to buy Car Engine Kit Products, eg:

  • What is the best Car Engine Kit Products for 2019, for 2018 or even 2017 (old models)?
  • What is the best Car Engine Kit Products to buy?
  • What is the best Car Engine Kit Products to buy for a Beginner?
  • or even What is the best affordable (best budget, best cheap or even best expensive!!!) Car Engine Kit Products?…

All of these above questions make you crazy whenever coming up with them. We know your feelings because we used to be in this weird situation when searching for Car Engine Kit Products.

Before deciding to buy any Car Engine Kit Products, make sure you research and read carefully the buying guide somewhere else from trusted sources. We will not repeat it here to save your time.

You will know how you should choose Car Engine Kit Products and What you should consider when buying the Car Engine Kit Products and Where to Buy or Purchase the Car Engine Kit Products. Just consider our rankings above as a suggestion. The final choice is yours.

That’s why we use Big Data and AI to solve the issue. We use our own invented, special algorithms to generate lists of the best brands and give them our own Scores to rank them from 1st to 10th.

You could see the top 10 Car Engine Kit Products of 2019 above. The lists of best products are updated regularly, so you can be sure that the information provided is up-to-date.

You may read more about us to know what we have achieved so far. Don’t hesitate to contact us if something’s wrong or mislead information about Car Engine Kit Products.

Raise5.com is reader-supported. When you buy through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission.

Last updated on Nov-16,2019 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API


text:
SEO Tools For Generating Free Traffic to Your Site

SEO tools to help website owners to climb higher in web search results. This enables optimize Web content against the most frequently searched keywords by examining keyword content for keyword density, backlinks, and many other considerations. A keyword analysis is a critical step in achieving high Search Engine Optimization (SEO). It identifies which keywords and key phrases are the best keywords to optimize your Web pages for the targeted audience.

SEO tools

The popularity of SEO tools among online marketers has skyrocketed in recent years. Many tools are available for free on the internet. Still, most of these cannot achieve a high ranking result as they are developed by SEO amateurs and not web admins who have a thorough understanding of how search engines work. Most marketing strategies are designed to use the most popular search engines such as Google, Yahoo, or Bing. The idea behind many Internet marketing strategies is to get organic traffic to the website, drive up the Page Rank (PR) and increase the site’s listing on SERPs. This requires expertise in both Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and link-building techniques.

The process of getting higher rankings with the search engines involves several components, including Search Engine Optimization techniques to boost ranking and traffic, paid inclusions in search engines for top ranking keywords or phrases, and backlinks to the Web page through articles, blogs, and directories. Keyword analysis tools can show the demand for the targeted keywords by browsing or searching online. Backlinks can be obtained from partner sites that provide links without advertising. Other free tools provide a basic outline of search terms and phrases that online marketers can use to target their niche market.

One of the most widely used SEO tools is the Google Keyword Tool. This tool presents keyword suggestions based on the entered text, together with related keyword ideas. The “Related Word” segment shows suggested keyword combinations. Other related keywords related to the text searched are also provided in the “Related Keywords” section.

Another popular tool is the Google AdWords Keyword & AdSense Expert Advisor. The advisor provides detailed information about search traffic, the average cost per click (CPC), bid prices, and click-through rate. The AdSense keyword planner creates automatic searches based on the entered text and associated keywords. This advanced keyword and content matching tool for Google AdSense uses various factors to generate relevant ads for a web page. The program also includes an application that generates optimized ads using the Google AdWords keyword planner and Google AdSense keyword suggestion tool.

Backlinks are essential for successful advertisements because they increase the ranking of the website by the search engine. To keep the ranking high, site speed and load time are important. Free tools such as Google Analytics, Google Webmaster Tools, and Yahoo Webmaster Tools provide free website measurement and analysis. Another essential tool for your online business is Google Analytics. This free tool can measure the performance of your website and can be customized to provide comprehensive overviews of your web pages. These tools can show you what pages are performing well and where there is most demand.

An indispensable online marketing and advertising tool are Google’s AdWords Keyword Research Tool. Google AdWords Keyword Research Tool helps marketers determine which keywords are highly competitive and which keywords are more likely to be profitable. This detailed information is essential in helping marketers decide on the right targeted keywords for their campaigns. This free tool gives the keywords and ads that are performing well, to learn more about the techniques used by successful marketers go to

The importance of keyword research is vital to a successful internet marketing campaign. Using the keyword tools and ad ideas from AdWords Keyword Research Tool, web marketers will know which keywords will rank high on Google and Yahoo Search Engines and which will perform badly. Once a site ranks high for a specific keyword, it is important to stick with that rank or pay for ads to target that same keyword. With a little research and knowledge, it is easy to dominate the organic search results with a well-managed website.


text:
Skincare and Pregnancy

Thanks to a close friend’s suggestion, one of the first purchases I made after the news of being pregnant was the book Expecting 411This fantastic quick reference book, written by two women physicians, a pediatrician and a OB/GYN, covers it all!  After skimming most of the chapters, but carefully avoiding the “Labor Day” section (after all I had 9 months) I came across the do’s and don’ts of skincare products.  One main ingredient to avoid is Vitamin A, which has many names, i.e. retinol, retinol acetate, and 3-dehydroretinol.  So, after reading the tiny labels on my skincare products, I needed to go shopping!

Things to consider when purchasing skincare products- the ingredients (No Vitamin A) and the manufacturer.  For me, it’s important to ensure the product is both vegan and cruelty-free.  Sadly, these two things do not always go hand in hand, so a little investigating is required.  If the product is sold in mainland China, it MUST be tested on animals, and therefore not an option for me.  The symbols to look for are

PETA’s Beauty without Bunnies offers an excellent database and remains my go-to for screening skincare products.

NCF_2_final_2048xWarning- Not all companies have made it on the PETA database.  My favorite facial moisturizer by French Girl, is both vegan and cruelty-free, but was not found in the database.

What is your favorite vegan & cruelty-free skincare product?

Click this affiliate link to purchase French Girl Organics – Organic / Vegan Neroli Creme Fraiche Facial Moisturizer (1 oz)


text:
Drew Chadwick Net Worth

How much is Drew Chadwick’s net worth? Drew Chadwick is a 25 years old rapper from Port Angeles, United States with estimated net worth of $675 thousand. He is best known for his song “3000 Miles”, released in 2013. His discography includes Nothing to Lose (2013). Here is all you need to know about Drew Chadwick’s wealth.

Who is Drew Chadwick and what is his net worth?

Drew Chadwick Net Worth: $675 Thousand/strong>
In Euro: €576 thousand
In British Pound: £510 thousand

Real name: Drew Chadwick
Age: 1th of October 1992 aka 25 years old.
Place of Birth (City/State/Country): Port Angeles, Washington, D.C., USA
Musical genre: Hip hop music.
Started in music professionally: 2007
Record companies: Columbia Records.
Music group: Emblem3.

Here’s a list of some Drew Chadwick’s top songs…

  • I See Fire
  • Say Something
  • Something Else
  • Ho Hey
  • Sweetest Thing

Video ‘Curious’ got the biggest number of views on Youtube during the rapper’s career, exactly more than 705K.

Similar Artists’ Net Worth Comparison

– Max Schneider has an estimated net worth of 1 million dollars
– Keaton Stromberg’s net worth has accumulated to approximately 600 thousand dollars.
– Wesley Stromberg has assets reportedly of $650K.


text:
Review: RUN TO GROUND (Rocky Mountain K-9 Unit) by Katie Ruggle

RUN TO GROUND (Rocky Mountain K-9 Unit Series, Book 1) by Katie Ruggle

Publication Date: June 6, 2017

Genre: Contemporary Romance/ Romantic Suspense

IMG_8721He lost his mentor.

He lost his K9 partner.

He almost lost his will to live.

But when a ruthless killer targets a woman on the run, Theo and his new K9 companion will do whatever it takes to survive—and save the woman neither can live without.

Grieving the death of his partner, Theo Bosco has no room in his life for distractions. Though his instincts scream that he should avoid Juliet ‘Jules’ Jackson, he can’t seem to stay away. It doesn’t help that Theo’s new K9 companion has fallen head over paws with Jules’s rambunctious family.

Or that when he’s with her, Theo finally knows peace.

When Jules rescued her siblings, whisking them away to the safety of the beautifully rugged Colorado Rockies, she never expected to catch the eye—or the heart—of a cop. Yet as Jules struggles to fight her growing attraction to the brooding K9 officer, another threat lurks much closer to home…

And this time, there’s no escape.

Donna 5 Stars

I loved this first installment of her new series. It has all the thrills and goosebumps that we expect from Katie Ruggle. The beginning had a little back-and-forth timeline thing, that I couldn’t decide if I liked or not. Gladly, I quickly got over that and sunk deep in the story. Jules acted so realistically to everything going on around her, while brooding Theo found himself pulled into her life. Although realists would insist that more needs to be done for her siblings, it is a work of fiction and fun to read. I cannot wait for the next book!

*Review copy provided by NetGalley in exchange for an honest review.

Buy Links

Kindle | Amazon PBK

Also check out Katie Ruggle’s Search and Rescue series!

Search and Rescue Series – Amazon Series Link:
On His Watch (novella) ➢
Hold Your Breath ➢ Review 5 Stars |
Fan the Flames ➢ Review 5 Stars
Gone too Deep ➢ Review 5 Stars
In Safe Hands ➢ Review 5 Stars

About the Author
imageWhen she’s not writing, Katie Ruggle rides horses, shoots guns, and travels to warm places where she can SCUBA dive. Graduating from the Police Academy, Katie received her ice-rescue certification and can attest that the reservoirs in the Colorado mountains really are that cold. While she still misses her off-grid, solar- and wind-powered house in the Rocky Mountains, she now lives in Rochester, Minnesota near her family.

Author Links: Website | Facebook | Twitter

11 thoughts on “Review: RUN TO GROUND (Rocky Mountain K-9 Unit) by Katie Ruggle

  1. Her books always look so good. I have a few of them but haven’t yet tried them. I really should. Visiting from Romancing the Readers Blog for #GetSocial17

Leave a Reply to krazaykris Cancel reply

Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Logo

You are commenting using your account. Log Out /  Change )

Google photo

You are commenting using your Google account. Log Out /  Change )

Twitter picture

You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out /  Change )

Facebook photo

You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out /  Change )

Connecting to %s


text:
Price Range: From to

Compare Listings

3 Bed TownHouse for sale in Alcobaça, Portugal

  • Description
  • Address
  • Details
  • Features

Modern 3 floor townhouse featuring 3 bedrooms (2 ensuites), bathrooms, 2 living areas, games room, and a fully equipped kitchen. Plenty of natural light with the wide windows that take advantage of the spectacular view. Property is located in a prime area close to the beach and all necessities and services,  green spaces, markets, hospital, schools, and public transport.

  • City: Alcobaça
  • State/county: Silver Coast
  • Neighborhood: Alfeizerão
  • Country: Portugal, Portuguese Republic

Updated on March 25, 2020 at 6:46 am

  • Property ID: OB598
  • Price: €850,000
  • Property Size: 497 m²
  • Land Area: 1700 m²
  • Bedrooms: 3
  • Bathrooms: 5
  • Property Type: TownHouse
  • Property Status: For Sale

Contact info

Leah Mathieson
Leah Mathieson

Enquire about this property


text:
Over The Edge

JULY 17, 2021

Hilton San Diego Bayfront Hotel

Challenge Yourself. Transform lives.

This summer, join Reality Changers for something totally different! Over the Edge is a one-of-a-kind event where attendees rappel down the side of a 30-story building.

Space is limited and rappel spots are available on a first-come, first-serve basis to registrants who raise at least $1,000. Funds raised will support first-generation youth on their college journeys.

More Information

incredible views

Over The Edge will take place at the Hilton San Diego Bayfront, in downtown San Diego.

This stunning 30-story hotel is located right on the San Diego Bay. Rappellers will have gorgeous views of the ocean, Coronado Island, Downtown San Diego, and Point Loma! Nearby sites include Petco Park, the USS Midway, Seaport Village, the brand new San Diego Symphony Shell, the Gaslamp Quarter,  Coronado North Island Naval Station, and much more.

The ultimate socially distanced event

More than 1,000 Over The Edge events have been safely held in North America since 2008. Safety measures include: a trained and certified safety staff, social distancing signage and guidance, available face masks, hand sanitizer, and gloves, and gear sanitization between uses. This event will adhere to all local and national COVID-19 regulations. Click here to read more about specific safety precautions.,

Frequently asked questions

No, but minors must have their waiver signed by a consenting parent or guardian and adhere to minimum weight restrictions.

Yes, participants must be between 100-300 pounds to safely fit into the harness equipment.

Yes! You will have the opportunity to practice before you go Over the Edge. This training and practice session will help you get used to the harness, rappel device and technique for descending the building!

Yes, when you reach your $1,000 fundraising minimum, we will give you a time period (within an hour) in which your rappel will take place. Fundraisers who raise $3,000 or more can choose their preferred rappel time.

Yes, in order to be able to go Over the Edge you must donate or raise at least $1,000. Your registration fee counts towards that goal.

Fundraising teams are a great way to band together and raise money with your coworkers, organization, or friends! You can create or join a fundraising team when you sign up or reach out to Reality Changers to create one later on. Each member of a fundraising team must register and create their own individual page.

Please note: Individuals who plan to fundraise as part of a team but do not plan on rappelling DO NOT have to meet the $1,000 fundraising minimum. Teams that work together to meet the $1,000 fundraising minimum may nominate one member to rappel.

 When you sign up to participate in Over The Edge, you will have the option to register as an individual, join a team, or create a team. Most people will register as an individual. You can create a team if you have other friends that would like to join you or a group that wants to work together to raise funds (for example, a workplace, alumni group, or service organization). You can always create a team later if you decide to get a group together.

Resources for Fundraisers

Become a Sponsor

This unique and exciting event is sure to attract media coverage and generate buzz! By becoming an Over The Edge sponsor, you can:

  • Connect your brand to education and community involvement
  • Reach a diverse, engaged audience of 18,000 Reality Changers supporters
  • Facilitate staff bonding with team fundraising challenges and rappelling opportunities for employees
  • Help local students achieve their college dreams

Contact Dawn Wensel, Director of Development for more information about sponsorship opportunities.
Phone: 619-516-2220
Email: Dawn@RealityChangers.org

Online Contests

Join our Fundraiser Facebook Group to enter our online contests, like fundraising BINGO. You can win goodies like restaurant gift cards, gym memberships, and more! You must be logged in to Facebook and registered for Over The Edge in order to request access to this group.

Level Up

Every dollar you raise helps students and families. Go beyond the $1,000 minimum to earn fabulous prizes and provide more support for Reality Changers programs.

  • $1,000 raised – Rappel and T-shirt
  • $2,000 raised – Reality Changers Ballcap, rappel, & T-shirt
  • $3,000 raised – Reserve your preferred rappel time (first come, first served), ballcap, rappel, & T-shirt
  • Highest fundraiser – Additional rappel spot for a friend, reserve your rappel time, ballcap, rappel, & T-shirt

Contact Us

Have questions about Over The Edge? Please fill out the form below and we will follow up with you shortly.


text:
No Transaction Fees

Personal Fundraising Advisor

Funds safe

Gifting (Conditional & Unconditional)

No taxes

Free Homebuyer Education & Counseling

How It Works

Home Buying Made Simple with HomeFundIt:

  • Home Buyer signs up using their Facebook or email address.
  • Home Buyer completes the online application to get prequaliﬁed. This way, the buyer has a better idea of how much they can aﬀord, and how much their down payment will need to be.
  • Home Buyer has the option to write a brief story about their campaign and upload pictures and video. A Fundraising Advisor contacts the Home Buyer, reviews campaign strategy, and assists with the sign up for free home buyer education.
  • The Fundraising Advisor acts as a continuing liaison between the Realtor, the Loan Oﬃcer and the Home Buyer to provide the quickest and smoothest home buying experience.
  • When the Home Buyer has ﬁnished collecting funds, they can apply it to the purchase of a home immediately.