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This is the fifth year InfoWorld, Penn State University Center for EA, and Forrester have run the annual Enterprise Architecture Awards. When I compare the winners of five years ago – all excellent EA programs, with this year’s winners and the runner-ups, all I can say is ‘Wow – EA is really advancing’.

I am pleased to announce the winners of the 2014 Enterprise Architecture Awards.  This year, we have six winning programs – all of which demonstrate leading edge thinking on how they engage with their business, how they provide value, and how they help their business achieve its strategic goals. Here are the winners, selected by a panel of leading EA practitioners drawn previous years’ winners and other excellent programs.  (For a more extensive write-up, see the InfoWorld report)

Allstate Insurance

Driving Innovation with Enterprise Architecture

The best way to succeed in Property and Casualty insurance in the US market is to create innovative products and services for unique customer segments, each with a customized customer value proposition. This is the need that Doug Safford, Vice President and Chief Architect pivoted his EA program towards.

Allstate expanded the standard EA practice to include Innovation Execution as a program.  Innovation Execution builds on classic EA deliverables such as roadmaps and scalable designs by providing prototypes, market tests for new ideas, and enablement of the high risk portions of large complex systems.  By engaging with both the business leaders with ideas, and IT groups supporting them, this program accelerates innovation goals by:

  • Building something ‘more real, more quickly,’  – bringing business ideas through our systems development life-cycle more quickly;
  • Uncovering potential roadblocks very early thereby minimizing project risks;
  • Providing the IT development teams with working and proven prototypes to reference; and
  • Ensuring migrations to production are streamlined without sacrificing quality and engineering rigor.

The result of this new EA mission:  Stakeholders see a new partner in Enterprise Architecture based on the Innovation Execution practice, one that not only supports their IT development teams, but also can assist in making their strategic goals and plans a reality in significantly less time.

Igor Gershfang, Sr Director Emerging Technology Solutions at Walgreens noted this: “EA is elevated to help drive innovation agenda and is given resources, leadership and operational responsibilities to incubate. This is great.”

Australia Post

Our Customers and our Digital Future

Since 2011, digital disruption has accelerated downturns in Australia Post’s  traditional letters and retail business, while creating growth opportunities in areas such as parcels, eCommerce and government services.  This has required them to undergo a fundamental transformation and create products/services that are compelling for customers in the digital age – becoming more customer-centric, digitizing products and services and enabling digital channels as customers switch from physical to digital.

The EA practice, led by Tien Ti Mak, Chief Technology Officer, in turn, has re-organized itself with the following strategic objectives:

  • Driving customer-centric thinking across the technology organization and the enterprise as a whole.  They champion customer-centric  tools and methods, integrate customer experience management principles with business and technology architecture, and rolled out training on these techniques to hundreds of people in Australia Post.
  • Enabling business growth by guiding projects to create solutions that better address what their customers need / want.  They engaged directly with Australia Post’s  customers  to understand their needs, created architecture blueprints for key domains (e.g. customer, product) with strong traceability to both business and customer outcomes and then drove technology strategy and solutions accordingly. These blueprints have driven their largest ever capital investments (circa $2B).

Today, EA’s value, as evidenced by feedback from senior business executives, is well recognized for its contributions to enable business growth and customer experience uplifts, as well as its impact on technology cost, speed and sustainability.

Gary VonderHaar & Vijay Bhuvanagiri  from 2013 winner MasterCard commented: “Great end to end architecture process, ties customer experience, business architecture and technical architecture, trained people outside of EA, and really stretches the boundaries of EA”

Dell's Strategic Imperative: Shifting from Hardware to Solutions

Dell’s overarching business driver is shifting from being a transaction-based PC vendor to an end-to-end solution provider while meeting aggressive growth and market share target objectives.  Under the new model, Dell may combine software with servers, cloud services, and professional services for installation. Consequently, almost every aspect of their key IT systems needed to change to support the new business strategy.

Dell created an executive steering team, including senior-most business unit and functional leaders called the Business Architecture Team (BAT).   The BAT reports directly to members of the founder’s leadership team, and is responsible for understanding the strategy, transformation planning and strategic realization of the entire Dell business. EA adopted a phased approach to strategic planning and partners closely with the BAT to recommend architecture strategy and solve challenges once for the entire company, giving them a strong voice in strategic decisions and prioritization.

The Dell EA program has brought architectural clarity that has earned the respect and confidence of other internal stakeholders in the planning process. By following-through to outcome realization, EA provides a clear implementation plan to sequentially close all of the gaps associated with each enabler. EA's planning and architecture knowledge, along with executive support (via the BAT), uniquely positions EA to lead strategic outcome realization.

Jason Graf said this about Dell’s program: “I really like their Customer centric focus, engagement with most senior leaders in the organization, and measureable direct benefit to customers.”

Dubai Customs

Business Capability Management

Dubai Customs has set a goal to transform from a traditional customs house into a world class customs organization in a shortest possible period of time. Attaining such aggressive goal necessitates having a planning methodology that is comprehensive and highly effective to help the organization increase delivery capability and reveal potential profitable business opportunities.

Hussam Mohammed, director of Dubai Customs House’s EA program, implemented an approach called Business Capability Management.  This approach to enterprise strategy and architecture focuses on four aspects: People, Process, Technology and Information. These aspects aid the adoption of a more flexible business by planning capability development in advance with a key emphasis on stakeholders being able to make better informed decisions. The practice assists the organization in determining its business and architectural strategy including the creation of a roadmap for initiatives in business transformation and practice modernization and development in accordance with the strategic goals and objectives. Hussam Mohammed’s team enabled stakeholders to access and view all organizational information through an innovative solution called Enterprise Connected View (ECV) which houses organization information ranging from strategic to technical information. The ECV has become a single-source of truth for all organization information

Business Capability Management, and the EA program, are helping Dubai Customs establish its place as the leading Customs administration in the region and a leader across the globe.

David Parrott, Chief Architecture Officer at Thomson Reuters and pervious years judge, commented: “Great metrics, really brings the impact of their program alive!”

Molina Healthcare

Re-chartering EA for business outcomes

Molina Healthcare had an established EA practice, but saw the need to evolve the EA unit from a version 1.0 technology-centric, top down, policing type of operation to one focused on business outcomes with the agility to move forward in lockstep with partners to ensure strategic goals are realized. Re-chartering EA for business outcomes involved sweeping changes. A key requirement was the need to support an overarching governance initiative, which stresses the importance of technology reuse, while providing greater assurance that Molina Healthcare was making the best decisions based on sound business information drawn from across the enterprise.

Molina’s EA team, headed by Cary Brown, Director of EA, responded with a strategy that simplified its own service offering, narrowed its focus, and fundamentally redefined how it needed to fit within the organization. As part of its re-chartering efforts, EA also reorganized services around two primary groupings of Enterprise Architecture offerings: strategic services (focused on future state planning, roadmapping, governance and standard setting) and tactical services (focused on new technology evaluation, solution design and facilitation).

Collectively these re-chartering efforts have resulted in a streamlined, partner approach.  By partnering with stakeholders in each business area EA is now ensuring:

  • Decisions made in one initiative benefit for the first time from an enterprise-wide perspective;
  • The company no longer invests in “one-off” parochial technology solutions that favor a particular business unit or project;
  • All initiatives, including ad-hoc IT efforts, have clearly stated objectives and end with a positive outcome or transparent decision be it a new capability or some new business function that improves quality or removal of barriers to healthcare services.

Of this submission, Eric Meredith, VP Architecture Governance at PNC Financial, said: “What was most intriguing was that they began by applying EA principles to the EA practice, i.e. applied EA principles to themselves to identify challenges in their own EA strategy. Brilliant and Gutsy. “

State Farm Insurance Companies

Delivering Remarkable Customer Experience with Enterprise Architecture

State Farm has a business strategy driving growth by being more customer-centric in its offerings and service.  This strategy is fueled by Digital Technology including Mobile and Social, customer desires to interact with State Farm at their convenience using a method of their choice, and the goal to provide remarkable customer service as a way to differentiate from competitors.

State Farm’s Enterprise Architecture program helps craft, clarify, plan, architect and execute the business strategy and deliver practical business outcomes aligned with business strategy. EA is jointly led by business and IT executives and operates in a hub and spoke model to effectively engage with stakeholders. EA's hub team takes primary responsibility of direction setting activities like strategic architecture, blueprints, standards and tooling. EA spoke teams are directly embedded in business capability areas comprised of business and IT teams.

They developed a new discipline they call Experience Architecture – a business discipline focused on incorporating outside perspectives and leveraging approaches such as journey mapping, experience visualizations, customer segmentation/personas, focusing on mobile first considerations, and customer scenarios/jobs.  Experience Architecture builds on strong business and IT architecture disciplines.   The result is the customer experience perspectives are brought into strategic business efforts for all current, target and transitional states.

Igor Gershfang, Sr Director Emerging Technology Solutions at Walgreens said of State Farm’s program: “While "customer" related strategies and corresponding enablement naturally falls into the responsibilities of Enterprise Architecture – expanding scope of EA to include CEX is new and stands out.”


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NORTH GALLERY at THREE RIVERS - An oil painting by Heidi Malott measuring 5"x 7", Framed.

Copyright does not transfer with purchase. Artist maintains ownership and rights to reproductions and images. ©2021, all rights reserved.

"The Porch on Calhoun" by Heidi Malott

  • For local pickup or delivery of artwork purchased from our Members Gallery collection, arrangements will be by our Gallery Coordinator. Please look for an email from FWAGGallery@gmail.com

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But drug courts save money…

On Behalf of | Sep 19, 2015 | Felonies

Drugs have been seen as a problem in American society for a long time. The salacious “Reefer Madness” and other antidrug propaganda pieces worked on the premise of scaring people away from using a drug, out of fear of becoming drug-crazed maniacs.

Of course, for all their negative effects, the unrealistic characterizations tended to undercut the force of the message. In many cases involving drug addiction, the real question is what can be done to end the addiction and allow a person to live drug-free, productive life.

What does not work is incarceration. Fifty years of the so-called war on drugs have had little impact on reducing drug dependency in the U.S., but have filled the prisons and helped to foster an increasingly militarized police force.

As states like Iowa have struggled to cope with the expense of large prison populations, innovations like “drug courts” have been developed. These specialized courts are designed to provide real solutions to the drug problem, such as helping offenders obtain schooling and jobs.

Here’s the problem; the legislature looking for ways to cut the budget and drug courts are an easy target, as some complain that they are not sufficiently punitive. The wrongheadedness of this is astounding.

The choice for the Iowa legislature is spending the money with drug courts and helping individuals become reintegrated into society,  which would save money within the criminal justice system and lower prison costs.

Or, it can insist on the old, failed, punitive incarceration model, which costs $33,000 per year per inmate and virtually ensures when the inmates are released with their addiction unresolved and without the skills or tools to succeed, they will quickly return.

Don’t bet on the legislature to make the right choice, as you may need that money to pay the higher taxes they will need to cover their increased prison costs.

Source: desmoinesregister.com, “Editorial: Lawmakers must fund drug courts statewide,” August 28, 2015


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Gift vouchers

Welcome to the Founder’s Arms

Found yourself looking for a pub that’s bang in the heart of Central London & serves up delicious, seasonal British fare & phenomenal beers and wines? Look no further!

Located on the South Bank of the River Thames & nestled between the Tate Modern & London Blackfriars; the Founder’s is the perfect spot for brunch, lunch & dinner, or just a cheeky few tipples in the bar.

With ideal transport links, we’re the perfect meeting place for catch ups with friends or meetings with colleagues travelling from different parts of the city; Waterloo, Blackfriars and Southwark stations are all a short walk away.

Whether you want to dig into our Christmas feast, fancy some festive sharers or a space for office party drinks, the Founder’s Arms is the place to be this December. So, dust off your Christmas jumpers, douse yourself in glitter and book your Christmas party with us!

Join us for a 3-course festive feast, and let us help you spread that Christmas cheer!

Together for Christmas

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Christmas on the Southbank

The smell of mulled wine and giant turkey can only mean one thing – Santa is on his way! This Christmas we’ll be pulling all the stops to make it extra special so whether it’s a festive sit down meal for you and your team, a family get together on a weekend or simply a couple of afterwork drinks – we have it all covered.

Winter Warmers

Cold season means warm comfort food, mulled wine, boozy hot chocolates and festive non-alcoholic alternatives. Lucky for you, we have it all in spades!

Dining on South Bank

With floor to ceiling windows boasting stunning views across the River Thames overlooking St.Paul’s; what better place is there to dine than with us at the Founder’s Arms?
Head Chef Béla can cater for both small, intimate gatherings & large functions and parties, for up to 45 people. Offering both a la carte & set menus, using locally sourced British produce, we know we have something that’ll tickle your taste buds.

Today's weather Whatever the weather, join us for a beer, spritz or cocktail by the river...

Looking to indulge in some celebratory meal and drinks?
Whether it’s a birthday party, engagement ‘do’ or if you’re simply looking to enjoy some well earned post-work drinks and bar snacks, we have a spot for you!
Looking for a place to warm up with a substantial meal and mulled wine in hand? Look no further! Help yourself to a table and take in that incredible view.
Our resident bar superstars will be sure to keep you watered (or wined!) and the party in full swing.

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Fantastic night on the South Bank. Great location with lovely view. Good transport links and wide range of drink and food options! Staff were great all evening too! Thanks for having us!

Very decent ales

London City view par excellence – and with very decent ales and grub.

Staff are lovely

Really enjoyable evening because of a great dining experience. Staff are lovely, restaurant serves delightful freshly cooked food. Overall a great memorable experience. Many thanks. A+

Great wine list

A wonderful venue and a great wine list. Not only that, the staff kindly took my booking request and chose a wonderful table for me. Thank you for making a special occasion even better!

Amazing food

My favourite pub in London! Stunning view, amazing food and friendly staff.

House Rules

Children welcome throughout the day from 10am-9pm (Monday-Friday) & 9am-8pm (Saturday & Sunday). Pooches are welcome on our terrace but not inside.


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What To Look For In Ashwagandha To Ensure It’s Sustainable

Ashwagandha is a source of income across India, and you’ll want to make sure that the farmers who cultivated yours were paid fairly and treated with respect. As Armbrecht notes, a product can’t be truly sustainable if it harms these communities.

“It makes no sense to me if I’m buying a product for my health but the people who grew it were exposed to chemicals that have been shown to harm their health,” she says. This means that it shouldn’t be grown with harsh pesticides, which can have real impacts on worker safety. If a product is certified Fairtrade—which is very rare in the herb industry—all the better. At the very least, ashwagandha purveyors should be transparent about where their farms are, how they are run, and how often they visit them.

Armbrecht notes that beyond being better for human livelihood, this can lead to a higher-quality product, as workers will be less likely to cut corners if they are truly respected and taken care of.

Source link

#Ashwagandha #Ensure #Sustainable

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How To Fill The Gaps In Your Health Routine (It’s Easier Than You Think)


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Free Gillette Venus Giveaway

Surprise!! We have a Venus Embrace giveaway starting NOW. Click on the link for your chance at one of 5,000 Venus Embrace razors.

Goddess-Worthy Giveaways
Trust is a cornerstone of our corporate mission, and the success of our business depends on it. P&G is committed to maintaining your trust by protecting personal information we collect about you, our consumers.

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text: Comments on: How to Get Your Dream Body And Keep it – The 6-Week Body Makeover for a Flat Belly, Toned Arms & Killer Legs by Kim Alles Free and reduced rate kindle ebooks tracker/crawler that tracks Kindle eBooks on daily basis. Books here are £0.00 or under £0.99. Authors & Publishers are requested to promote their kindle ebooks for a Nominal fee. Sat, 22 Nov 2014 13:06:20 +0000 hourly 1


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Commercial Photography
Commercial Photography
Commercial Photography Locations > Minnesota > Montevideo

Montevideo Commercial Photography

One location offers Commercial Photography in Montevideo, MN.

Need a professional photographer in Montevideo? Along with taking expert photos, these Montevideo locations may also offer photography classes, image processing, photo finishing (photo development), and photo studio services. To view their list of their commercial photography services, a map of the geographical location, and contact info including phone number and website URL, pick a specific business below.

Christa Landmark Photography


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Sun, 15 Mar | Blackbutt

Introduction To Resin Art Shellharbour

Create your own unique artwork by casting a wooden tray in resin!
Registration is Closed
Introduction To Resin Art Shellharbour

Time & Location

15 Mar 2020, 10:30 am – 12:30 pm
Blackbutt, Blackbutt NSW 2529, Australia

About the Event

It's glossy and gorgeous! Join me in learning how to create your own beautiful resin artwork!

Resin is a two part compound that hardens to a clear glossy finish. You can add paints, pigments, dyes, pastes and inks to the resin to create stunning original art.

This workshop is perfect for beginners or those who have experience in other types of fluid art like Paint Painting or Alcohol Inks.

What you'll get

In this to 2 hour workshop I will demonstrate how to mix inks and pastes into the resin to create unique effects and how to manipulate the effects (and pop any pesky air bubbles) with a heat gun. You'll create your own beautiful artwork on a wooden tray.

All supplies provided

As this art form needs to be kept still and covered whilst curing, your tray will be ready for pick up once fully cured (48hrs). The workshop includes all materials including the tray.

This workshop is strictly limited to 8 participants to ensure individual attention.

You must be 18 years or older to participate in this workshop. I do not recommend this workshop to pregnant women as chemicals in the form of resins are used.

Please bring

You are welcome to bring light refreshments. Do not dress to impress, please wear old clothes.

Please ensure you read Workshop Terms & Conditions before enrolling.

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Mich. Supreme Court upholds law on teacher pensions

Paul Egan
Detroit Free Press

Justice Stephen Markman

LANSING – The Michigan Supreme Court, rejecting arguments from unions, has upheld a 2012 state law requiring teachers and other school employees to put more of their pay toward their pension plans or face cuts to benefits such as post-retirement health care.

The 6-0 ruling upheld a January 2014 ruling by the Michigan Court of Appeals and an earlier ruling by an Ingham County Circuit Court judge. Only the court's newest member, Justice Richard Bernstein, did not participate in the decision.

"We hold that the act does not violate any provision of either the Michigan constitution or the United States Constitution," wrote Justice Stephen Markman.

The law, backed by Gov. Rick Snyder and the Republican-controlled Legislature, was intended to cut an estimated $45-billion unfunded liability in the Michigan Public School Employees Retirement System by more than $15 billion.

Under the law, school employees hired before 1990 — who were paying nothing toward retirement — must contribute 4% of their pay or have their benefits cut. Those hired from 1990 to June 2010 must pay 7% to keep their pensions intact. Previously, they paid 3% to 6.4%.

Those hired since the middle of 2010 are in a 401(k)-type pension plan and aren't affected by the law.

In 2012 lawmakers also ended employer-provided health care for new hires, and instead gave them a match of up to 2% in their 401(k), plus a lump sum upon retirement to pay for health insurance. Current retirees must pay at least 20% of their medical premiums.

The American Federation of Teachers and the Michigan Education Association unions argued the law impaired contracts and amounted to uncompensated takings of pension benefits.

But both the Michigan Supreme Court and the appeals court said the law doesn't violate a Michigan constitutional provision protecting earned pension benefits, because only future benefits are affected. Also, unlike an earlier law that mandated 3% contributions toward health care, the 2012 law provides an opt-out provision, the court said.

Markman said the court is "not oblivious to the fact" many teachers consider the changes "unfair and unsatisfactory." But he said "decisions concerning the allocation of public resources will often leave some parties disappointed," and changes should be pursued through the Legislature, not the courts.

The courts earlier struck down a 2010 law which required teachers to put 3% of their pay toward retirement costs but included no opt-out provision.

Contact Paul Egan: 517-372-8660 or pegan@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter @paulegan4.


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Witnesses don't want to testify��

Why R Kelly was found not guilty: The right to a fair trial

The allegations against R Kelly have been widely accepted as facts based on people's belief that he allegedly married Aaliyah when she was 15. Unfortunately Aaliyah is no longer here to defend herself, but the facts surrounding these stories just don't add up.

Imagine slowly but surely working your way back to the top, despite being plagued by a history of unfounded slanderous allegations led by your former disgruntled employees.
It would appear from the beginning of Kelly's career up until now, each manager he had screwed him over. From Demetrius Smith stealing from him to a variation of UCC filings against him, Kelly has had his hands full dealing with living the celebrity life while dealing with ongoing betrayals.
It is clear Kelly didn't have many in his corner looking out for his best interest. From the outside looking in, he seemed to have been viewed as the golden goose.

His ex-wife, though she was around even when Aaliyah was making music with Kelly, would like us to believe she has clean hands in her story.
Maybe in her mind, it would be more accepted to be a victim rather than an "enabler" as they like to call others who did exactly as they did- enjoyed the life until things didn't go in their favor.

Even his family was used to turn against him and make false allegations to slander his image.

Extortion in plain site

After a quick search, it would appear since the early 90s, people have been using shady business tactics to embezzle money from the artist.

Despite his short comings, Smith was allowed to began working for Kelly again after running off with money he won for a show.

The story tends to vary yet the outcome remains the same. A plan was concocted in which it was said R. Kelly must marry Aaliyah. According to Smith's original statements, it was Derrel McDavid who stated this had to happen.

It's unclear who "leaked" the fake certificate to vibe magazine or what really happened. It is obvious; however, the certificates presented as so called proof of the marriage are fraudulent.

Certification printed in Vibe Magazine.. (Fake)
Sample Real Chicago Certification

Following the scandal, Aaliyah's father began managing his daughter even though Hankerson is in complete control of her estate.
Strange how some cared about Aaliyah but only viewed her as a "property asset"..
It's very well possible someone threw Demetrius Smith under the bus for their own motives; however, Hankerson is very well known for mishandling his artists funds and shady business practices.

One thing that is clear, Demetrius Smith was fired after the Aaliyah scandal in 1995. Smith was managing Tiffany Hawkins at the time, so it shouldn't be far fetched to believe the story she has relayed, has been about Smith not Kelly. It was Smith who started the whole rotation of supplying girls for disgraced attorney Susan Loggans to use to reach a settlement with R. Kelly's team.

Not only did Hawkins violate her alleged settlement agreement by participating in the Surviving R Kelly docu-series, she also recruited a new face in the story.

The alleged witnesses' story is just as suspect as the accusers, considering many have said Aaliyah always had her family around, so to believe someone saw her on Kelly's tour bus is very unlikely.

Strange that Hawkins was allowed to give this outdated story on Lifetime's national platform, but for them to wait until the very end to caption that the baby she spoke of wasn't R. Kelly's. No follow up questions, no explanation of how she could have been so devastated by this alleged relationship yet end up pregnant during the same time period is absolutely absurd.
Imagine being taken advantage of by the people you trust to take care of business for you, knowing that you have a learning disability. Unfortunately in the black communities, mental disabilities are often dismissed, while those suffering in silence try to maintain without asking for help.

According to Demetrius Smith, he reached out to the record label to inform them he believed Kelly had a problem, even though he also states he never saw him act inappropriately with a minor. According to lyrics written by Kelly in the controversial song "I Admit", he states that he unknowingly signed away his publishing at the beginning of his career while expressing wanting ownership of his masters. Isn't it ironic how celebrities have this common issue and most end up in a tragic accident leaving the record labels to gain greatly.

How does it make sense to feature a biased series full of unfounded allegations by questionable witnesses, while supporting a person with the same allegations.

Stay tuned......

LisaHunt said...

Carey Kelly is a terrible rapper. He cannot accept that and blames Robert for not hooking him up, but there ain't nothing TO hook up. Even if Robert had tried to get him meetings- which would have shamed his name as a professional- nobody would have signed Carey. I also notice Carey has that "addict" mindset: look what YOU MADE me do. Maybe if Carey hadn't stolen from his brother, he'd have kept his job with him. I will give Carey some benefit of the doubt, or rather have some sympathy for him because of his childhood, but drugs/alcohol stopped him from emotionally maturing and instead of "blaming" the person who raped and molested him as a child for his issues, he chooses to blame his brother. I understand that though. I hope his alleged current stint in rehab will help him to heal spiritually and emotionally. It's not easy, but it can be done. Prayers to you Carey.

LisaHunt said...

I dont doubt that the marriage certificate is fake, but I wonder did you verify that with the county? I'm just curious.

Unknown said...

Its just to much to this story everybody was out for kellys money the so called victims the friends the family this is si cruel to treat and steal and hurt a person, just why was kelly a target when he has a good heart just why,god going to help kelly and be will be so glad when this is all over, we as fans love kelly and we want whats best for him..

Unknown said...

why are they bring up his frist wife shes not here to defend herself they need to leave kelly alone they been trying for years to bring this man down leave him alone let him go he did no dam wrong the ppl around him did wrong go get them and lock them up, this man didn't do all of this he want his master and Sony got mad and went to dig these folks up to lie on kelly, you know God dont like ugly the man was abuse got stolen from lie on cheated on and all,all they need to do is free kelly they hv nothing on this man

R Kelly loves his children

Guilty until proven innocent

Media Manipulation

Azriel Clary lies exposed

Where is R Kelly's money part 1

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Diptyque Philosykos Edp 75 Ml
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Diptyque Philosykos - Eau de Parfum, 75 ml

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The memory of a Greek summer at Mount Pelion where, to get to the sea, there was a natural grove of wild sun-soaked fig trees to cross through. Philosykos is an ode to the entire fig tree: the green freshness of the leaves, the milky flavour of the figs, underpinned by the woody density of the tree.

Top notes;Fig, Fig Leaf

Middle notes;Coconut, Green Notes

Base notes;Cedar, Fig Tree, Woody Notes

0.52 kg
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Kochi Metro Rail jobs for Director Projects in Kochi. Last Date to apply: 15 Jun 2021

Director Projects
Kochi Metro Rail
Last Date 15 Jun 2021
This Job is Expired

Kochi Metro Rail - Job Details

Date of posting: 01 Jun 21
KMRL/HR/2021-22/01, Dated (26.05.2021)

Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL) a 50:50 Joint Venture of Government of India and Government of Kerala incorporated for the implementation of the Kochi Metro Rail project in Kochi and for its operation & Maintenance intends to appoint the following official:

1. Post Name: Director (Projects)

2. Date of vacancy : 18.06.2021

3,. Pay Scale of the Post : Rs.180000 - 340000 (IDA) and other allowances/ perks/ privilege.

4. Duration of Appointment : The appointment will be on a contract basis for a period of 5 years, or up to the date of superannuation, whichever is earlier.

5. Job description and responsibilities:

i. The incumbent shall be a member of the Board of Directors of KMRL and will report to the Managing Director of the Company.

ii. He/she will be responsible for all consultancy services, construction activities, planning, scheduling, monitoring and controlling of preliminary and final designs, tendering, contract administration, supervision of construction and commissioning etc.

iii. He/she will also be responsible for project monitoring, interface management, quality assurance and safety, cost control, land acquisition, rehabilitation of project affected persons/ business, utility and traffic diversions etc. required for construction works. He/she shall also be responsible for planning the extension of the metro system.

6. Qualification: The applicant should have a degree in Civil Engineering from an institution of repute

7. Experience: Essential :

(a) A proven track record of twenty five (25) years of Group “A”/ Executive Services in Railway Construction, Construction in Metro , Construction of large infrastructure projects related to Railway/Metro.
(b) Should have a minimum of five (5) years experience in planning, design & architecture and construction of large scale multi-disciplinary Railway projects, preferably in urban situations such as Metro/MRTS including experience in land acquisition and rehabilitation and resettlement of project affected persons.
(c) Should have extensive experience in preparation of bid documents, bidding process and its finalization/ contract management and project management of important engineering structures such as bridges and tunnels.
(d) Should have experience and knowledge of coordinating and interfacing with Railway or Metro related disciplines such as track laying works, signaling, communication, electrification and rolling stock etc.
(e) Should be well versed with safety norms and NB/IR codes.

8. Desirable :

(a) Experience in National/ International Metro projects.
(b) Experience in viaduct construction.
(c) Experience and knowledge of complying with project related requirements of international funding institutions.
(d) Experience in dealing with environment management plan, litigation, dispute settlement etc.

9. Eligible pay scale ( to be reckoned as on 18.06.2021):

a. Public Sector Executives in the pay scale of Rs. 120000 – 280000 (Revised),or, Rs.51300-73000 (Pre-revised IDA),or, higher. OR Officers working in level 14 of the 7th CPC or Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) (with Grade Pay of Rs.10000 in Pay Band 4 of CDA of Rs. 37400-67000 (Prerevised),or, higher.

b. The minimum length of service required in the eligible scale shall be two years as on 18.06.2021.

Age Limit:
Minimum (years): 45, Maximum (years) – w.r.t the date of superannuation for the post of Director in KMRL, i.e., 60 years. Age of superannuation : 60 years

Job Summary

Job Type : Full Time
Job Role : HR / Admin
Hiring Process : Face to Face Interview
Who can apply : Freshers
State : Kerala
Country : India
The Kochi Metro Rail Project is the long cherished dream of citizens of Kochi city. The project is envisaged to increase citizens’ mobility that will in turn boost the economic growth as well as increase quality of life for the citizens by providing them an alternate mode of public transport to access jobs, business, education, livelihood, entertainment and other social activities.
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History: The 1974 Jersey Jam

Super ProInspired by the historical first ever Freestyle for Pairs competition that Ken Westerfield and Jim Kenner put on at the Canadian Open, Dan Roddick hosted the first annual Jersey Jam on Columbus Day weekend, October, 12th and 13th, 1974, which featured a singles format judged freestyle event. The event was held in Johnson Park, New Brunswick NJ

The Saturday of that weekend was devoted to disc golf, and Sunday was focused on the singles format freestyle event in which each participant was to receive a given number of throws from a designated thrower. The judging system was the same sort of basic ranking scale that was introduced and used for the Canadian Open Freestyle event that previous August. The Super Pro Frisbee disc had made its debut by then, and was used by the majority of the competitors.

Included in the field were John Kirkland from Boston, and Victor Malafronte from the Berkeley BFG. From Chicago came John Connelly, Tom Cleworth and Jose Montalvo. John Sappington and Scott Dickson came from Ann Arbor Michigan. Kerry Kollmar and Mark Danna swooped in from New York City. Peter Bloeme, making his Frisbee competition debut, came along with Mark and Kerry. Irv Kalb, Jimmy Scala, Stork, Bob “Flash” Kingsley, Gary Seubert, and Dave “Buddha” Meyers comprised the local New Jersey contingent. Jim Palmeri and Doug Corea drove down from Rochester, NY.

As Jim Palmeri recalls, the participants of the Jam woke up that Sunday morning to the most perfect October weather you could imagine; blue sky, 70 degrees, and just a whisper of a steady breeze. The fall leaves were turning color and gently wafting down around us from the trees of Johnson Park. If only there was a video of the setting to show everyone how ideal the conditions were. They were truly perfect for the memorable event that unfolded that day.

The refinements in multiple tipping control and smoothness of catch and re-throw that developed since the epic jamming that took place at the American Flying Disc Open two months earlier were phenomenal. As each of the competitors took their turn, it seemed that the crowd had to be thinking “Wow, how can anyone top this!”  Some of the competitors did indeed come up with something extra. When John Kirkland got up there and displayed his stuff with all the bravado he is noted for, it seemed that it was all over as far as who the winner was going to be. But then Scott Dickson followed with a drop-less routine as clean as you could be for the times. He peaked with a beautifully executed finger-tip that sent the disc over his head and straight down behind him, then flicked his foot backwards just at the right moment and popped the disc straight back up with his heel, executed a leaping half turn into the air and caught the disc between his legs. From the throw to final catch the disc did not wobble a millimeter. From today’s standards that may not sound like much. But on October 13th, 1974, especially when his Frisbee of preference was the smaller, faster “Pro Model” guts disc, it was absolutely phenomenal. It seemed unlikely that anyone would top Scott’s routine.

But then Stork took the field, his designated thrower was Irv Kalb, perhaps the best thrower on the planet at that time, delivering Stork exactly what he needed for a very well planned out and choreographed set of throws. His first couple of throws went as expected. They consisted of a tip or two of control, closed by a basic behind the head or behind the back catch. Well executed and very clean, but no Scott Dickson beaters. Dan then gave Irv a signal, and Irv delivered a mighty air bounce with as much spin as humanly possible. Stork reached up with a thimble-covered finger, made contact with the spinning disc on the underside of its rim, changed its attitude upward a bit, and then flicked it away from him into the wind. He chased after it, striking the disc on the rim with his hand when he got to it, causing the disc to glide away from him. Stork sprinted after the disc, and again propelled the disc away. He repeated this sequence of rim strikes a couple more times, and then after the final whack, he did a high graceful hurdler style leap, catching the disc between his legs at peak height. No one had ever seen such a sequence of moves!  He had kept it a secret because he wanted to showcase it at the Jersey Jam for effect, and boy did it have effect! Everyone was just blown away! Stork continued his routine by treating us to a couple more sets of the rim striking sequence before closing with an introduction to the constorktion type of catches for which he was to become known for during the early freestyle era. The competitors make the judgment that Stork’s routine was the best, and declared him the winner of the first-ever freestyle event to be held in the USA.

In historical perspective, Stork was the first person to ever use a thimble on his finger during a routine, using it effectively to set the disc up for his particular moves. However, he got the idea from observing Jose Montalvo at the ’74 Canadian open using a “Molina stick” to set up an incoming disc for just the right attitude to do neat behind the back and between the legs catches. Dan figured that he would take it a step further and incorporate a new move that he had seen Kerry Kollmar do earlier in the year at Rochester. The use of the thimble was key because at that time no one could consistently get the disc positioned for propelling it forward with repeated strikes to its outer rim as Dan demonstrated in his Jersey Jam routine. Kerry, who initially had invented the move, had called it “side tapping,” but Stork was unaware of that name when he first learned the move from Kerry, and had dubbed it “air brushing” when describing Kerry’s invention in subsequent discussions about freestyle. The term “Air Brushing” was first seen in print in a Flying Disc World newsletter article, and that name stuck ever after.

The impact that the Jersey Jam competition had on the players was a significant catalyst to the already rapidly growing interest in freestyle competition, and set the stage for what was to come.

During this fall 1974 period of time, John Kirkland and Victor Malafronte getting hired to do the pregame entertainment program for the 1974-1975 Harlem Globetrotter nationwide basketball game exhibition series further set the stage for the development of freestyle. Ed Headrick invited the core group of competitors at the Jersey Jam to a reception for John and Victor at Radio City Music Hall in New York City that Saturday evening of the Jersey Jam weekend to announce the big news about the guys getting hired for the gig. Throughout the entire 1974-1975 basketball season, thousands of people from coast to coast were exposed to an exciting freestyle exhibition for the very first time, and who knows how many of the spectators went home and tried fancy Frisbee throwing for themselves after seeing John and Victor do their magnificent exhibition.

Last Article | Next Article

Thanks to the Freestyle Players Association (FPA) for sharing this information with FrisbeeGuru.com.

The entire document is stored on FreestyleDisc.org, as is the FPA’s Hall of Fame.

Bookmark the permalink.


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Impact Factor 5.640 | CiteScore 7.3
More on impact ›

Front. Microbiol., 11 March 2021 |

Age Matters: Community Assembly in the Pig Fecal Microbiome in the First Month of Life

  • 1German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research iDiv (Halle/Jena/Leipzig), Leipzig, Germany
  • 2Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
  • 3Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
  • 4Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Despite the wealth of research into strategies for microbiome modulation, studies of microbiome management in pig hosts have found mixed results. A refined understanding of the patterns of microbiome assembly during the host’s early life, when management strategies are most commonly applied, is necessary for the development of successful management practices. Here, we study the development of the pig gut microbial community in a monitoring experiment, sampling the microbiome of pigs in a commercial farm intensively during the first month of life. We found that the community’s taxonomic richness increased linearly with host age. Furthermore, rapid changes across communities occurred in stages, and non-linear patterns in relative abundance were commonly observed among dominant taxa across host age, consistent with primary succession. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the patterns of microbiome assembly during host development, and identify successional stages as windows of opportunity for future research.

Recent advances in high throughput sequencing technologies have revealed that complex microbial communities are ubiquitous, and play an important role in the hosts they inhabit (Shreiner et al., 2015; van de Guchte et al., 2018). The assembly of gut microbial communities is essential to the development of all animals, from fish (Zhang et al., 2018; Lokesh et al., 2019), to primates, including humans (McKenney et al., 2015; Guittar et al., 2019). Altered patterns of community assembly in young hosts has been associated with dysbiosis (Neuman et al., 2018) and increased susceptibility to disease (Arruda et al., 2013). Conversely, microbiome management strategies are often most successful when applied in the earlier stages of community assembly in host microbiomes (Lin et al., 2018; Wan et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019).

Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are important agricultural resources and animal models, and understanding how their gut microbiome develops after birth is of central importance to microbiome management strategies, which to date have found mixed success (Canibe et al., 2019). The gut microbiomes of pigs undergo extensive shifts between birth and weaning, a “developmental window” of approximately 1 month (Thompson et al., 2008) during which the host microbiome is more susceptible to external influences, including the environment (Tsai et al., 2018), host diet (Salcedo et al., 2016), and management strategies. During lactation, the pig gut microbiome increases in diversity and the microbial community changes rapidly (Frese et al., 2015).

In early life, host microbiomes are likely more dynamic due to the ongoing development of the host’s immune system, as well as due to priority effects. Priority effects occur when during the colonization of an environment, the order in which taxa arrive determines how taxa affect one another, thereby having a disproportionate influence on later community assembly (Sprockett et al., 2018). In the pig microbiome, stepwise changes in community composition have been previously demonstrated (Kim et al., 2011; Frese et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2019), however, during the first days of development, animal microbiomes can exhibit drastic changes within a daily scale (i.e., in chickens; Jurburg et al., 2019), and to date the daily fluctuations in the microbiome of newborn pigs has not been studied.

To improve the success of future microbiome management strategies, a refined understanding of the patterns of community assembly in the gut microbiome of developing pigs is necessary. Here, we sampled the fecal microbiomes of pigs at a range of ages, from birth to before weaning in order to describe community assembly in the pig gut microbiome. In line with previous findings, we hypothesized (1) that taxonomic richness (at the amplicon sequence variant, or ASV level) would increase linearly with host age, (2) that the microbiomes in hosts of the same age would exhibit similar composition, (3) that across host age, shifts in the gut microbiome would occur in stages, and (4) that the relative abundances of individual taxa would exhibit non-linear dynamics with host age, with some taxa dominating the community at certain stages and then disappearing from the microbiome.

Materials and Methods

Sample Collection

Samples were obtained from a Dutch farm during a single farrowing cycle in September 2018, under standard farm conditions (Supplementary Material 1). Sixty piglets farrowed from 12 sows were randomly selected for sampling out of a cohort of approximately 65 sows. Each piglet was sampled once at a single time point, and for each time point, piglets from different sows were sampled to avoid litter-based biases (Supplementary Data). All sows were previously administered Erysipelotrichia vaccines according to routine management procedures. The piglets included 29 female and 31 male individuals; 28 were of Great Yorkshire breed, and 32 were a crossbreed between Great Yorkshire and Dutch Landrace (Supplementary Data). During the sampling period, piglets were housed in a single pig barn within individual farrowing pens (250 × 165 cm). The pens had an iron-grid flooring, and an area with a heat lamp. Throughout the duration of the experiment, the piglets were lactating exclusively, and sows were supplied with standard lactation feed and water ad libitum (Supplementary Material 1).

On days 1–7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after farrowing, rectal swabs were collected from five piglets from different litters using dry swabs (Tubed Sterile Dryswab, MWE, United Kingdom). Samples were stored individually (−20°C) immediately after collection for further analyses.

DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing

Prior to DNA extraction, each swab was immersed in 0.5 ml of PBS buffer for 15 min, and the solution was centrifuged for 5 min at 13,000 rpm. 1 ml of pellet was used for DNA extraction with the Qiagen QIAamp Fast DNA stool mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with an extra bead-beating step, and eluted in 50 μl. Extracts were checked on a 2200 Tapestation (Agilent Technologies Santa Clara, CA, United States).

Bacterial community composition in the developing pigs’ feces was assessed by sequencing the V3–4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene as in Jurburg et al. (2019). This section was first amplified by 25 cycles of PCR using the primers CVI_V3-forw CCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG and CVI_V4-rev GGACTACHVGGGTWTCT. PCR products were checked on a 2200 Tapestation, and sequencing was performed using paired-end 300 bp sequencing on a MiSeq sequencer (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, United States). Negative controls were used in each round of amplification to confirm the sterility of reagents, and a mock community bacterial community was included in the sequencing run as a control.

Sequence Processing and Statistical Analyses

Sequence processing and statistical analyses were performed in R 3.4.3 (R Core Team, 2014). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing reads were quality filtered, primer/adapter trimmed, error-corrected, dereplicated, chimera-checked, and merged using the dada2 package (v.1.4.0, Callahan et al., 2016) using standard parameters (trimLeft = 10; TruncLength = 240,210); reads were assigned with the SILVA v.132 classifier (Quast et al., 2012). Statistical analyses were performed with the phyloseq (McMurdie and Holmes, 2013) and vegan (Oksanen et al., 2007) R packages. The sequenced samples had a range of 3,321–13,550 reads per sample, and all samples were standardized to 3,221 reads per sample prior to analyses (rarefy_even_depth, seed = 1). The final dataset contained 193,260 reads and 1,813 different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Sequences are deposited in NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject accession number PRJNA594837.

Prior to linear regressions, the normality of richness data was confirmed with Shapiro–Wilk tests (p > 0.05). Taxonomic richness was calculated as the number of different ASVs per sample, and changes in richness over host age were fitted with a linear regression. One outlier sample from day 21 was excluded from this analysis following the assessment of q-q plots. The relative abundances of taxa at each age are reported throughout the study as mean±sd. Changes in community structure in the aging host microbiome (β-diversity), were assessed with a principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis dissimilarities between samples at the ASV level. Clusters of samples with similar community compositions were first identified by performing Ward’s clustering of the Bray–Curtis distance matrix, and confirmed by performing adonis tests on the clusters. The influence of time as a categorical variable was quantified with a redundancy analysis, or RDA, using the rda function. The amount of turnover in community composition between two time points was measured as the pairwise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity between those two time points, and Wilcoxon tests were used to evaluate differences in turnover between non-consecutive host age comparisons, to ensure the independence of comparisons. To focus on taxa which exhibited large, consistent shifts over the period studied, we first selected genera for which an ANOVA of the effect of age on relative abundances was significant (p < 0.001), then standardized them according to their relative abundance patterns across ages as previously recommended (Shade et al., 2013), clustered using Euclidean distances and Ward’s method, and displayed in a heatmap.

Taxonomic Richness in the Developing Microbiome

Taxonomic richness in the piglet fecal microbiome increased logarithmically with age, from an average of 48.4 ± 15 ASVs on day-old piglets to 168.4 ± 20 ASVs in 35 day old pigs (Figure 1). Notably, richness nearly doubled between piglets sampled one and 2 days after birth to 92.6 ± 34 ASVs, and continued to increase with host age more gradually thereafter (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Taxonomic richness in the fecal microbiomes of pigs across age. Taxonomic richness is calculated as the total number of observed ASVs per sample. Gray line is a linear regression line. The derived formula, R2 and significance value are displayed above. One outlier from day 21 was excluded from the regression, and is shown in gray.

During the period studied, the fecal microbiome exhibited major compositional changes with host age as well (Figure 2). In 1 day old pigs, the microbiome was dominated by Firmicutes (42.1 ± 11.1% of the community), specifically to the genera Clostridium sensu stricto (20.0 ± 5.8%) and Streptococcus (8.1 ± 6.7%), and Proteobacteria (48.9 ± 16.9%), predominantly from the genus Escherichia/Shigella (44.8 ± 17.3). In 35 day old hosts, Firmicutes were still dominant (56.5 ± 5.4%), but more diverse, with Lactobacillus (8.4 ± 6.4%) and Faecalibacterium (5.1 ± 4%) exhibiting high relative abundances. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased to 5 ± 2.2 for the entire phylum in 35 day old pigs. In contrast, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased from 2.1 ± 3.2% on 1 day old pigs to 31.5 ± 2.9% in 35 day old pigs, and at this time was dominated by Rikenellaceae (8.4 ± 3.2%) and Muribaculaceae (5.5 ± 2.7%, Figure 2 and Supplementary Figure 2).

Figure 2. Core dynamic genera in the fecal microbiomes of pigs of different ages. The responses of 42 genera which exhibited consistent, significant changes over the period studied are displayed. For each taxon, the intensity of the blue color represents the proportion of total observations of that taxon across the whole dataset (Shade et al., 2013). These genera represent 54.2 ± 12.7% of the community, on average. Relative abundances were standardized by time, per genus, and genera were clustered according to the resulting temporal response patterns using Ward’s distance. Intensity of the blue color indicates the relative abundance of each taxon at each age group. Replicate samples are shown as columns within each age group. The lowest available classification of each genus is listed on the right, and phylum membership is indicated by the color bar on the right.

Surprisingly, several dominant taxa exhibited non-linear patterns with host age, increasing and decreasing in relative abundance across the 35 days of study (Figure 2). In particular, the phylum Fusobacteria (represented almost entirely by the genus Fusobacterium) was dominant in hosts between 2 and 4 days old (13.9 ± 6.5% of the community), but exhibited much lower relative abundances in pigs of all other ages (3.4 ± 4.1% of the community for all other samples). Similarly, the genus Lachnoclostridium (Firmicutes) exhibited higher relative abundances in hosts between 2 and 28 days old (6.3 ± 5.1% of the community), and were much lower in hosts that were 1 or 35 days old (0.1 ± 0.4%). Furthermore, we observed several taxa which were not dominant in the community, but occurred in all the animals of specific ages. In 1 day old hosts, Actinobacillus and Staphylococcus were present in all samples, but only represented 0.08 ± 0.5 and 0.1 ± 0.4 % of the community, respectively.

Community Structure and Community Turnover

Time explained 21.83% of the variance in community composition (RDA, p = 0.01). No effect of host breed, sex, or litter on the composition of the fecal microbiomes was found (Supplementary Table 1), and were thus excluded from further statistical models. Across the period studied, the microbial community underwent sequential shifts, with the fecal microbiome increasingly diverging from its original (i.e., 1 day old pigs) conformation with host age (Figure 3, top). Clustering analysis revealed four clusters of samples, which were driven by host age (Figure 3, bottom). Clusters were significantly different from each other (adonis; R2 = 0.089, p = 0.001; Figure 3), and were dominated by samples from 1-day, 2–4-day, 5–21-day, and 28–35-day-old hosts.

Figure 3. Sequential shifts in the community structure of the fecal microbiomes of pigs after birth. A PCoA plot of Bray–Curtis distances between samples (top). Large circles represent the centroid of all samples belonging to pigs of the same age, and small circles indicate individual samples. Clustering of samples was confirmed with adonis (p = 0.001) and clusters are outlined with dotted lines. Ward’s clustering of Bray–Curtis distances (bottom). Clusters are indicated by branch color.

To assess turnover in the host’s fecal microbiome through aging, we looked at the pairwise dissimilarity in community composition between consecutive ages at both daily (days 1–7) and weekly (weeks 1–5) intervals. During the first week of the experiment, turnover was temporally stable (p > 0.05 for all Wilcoxon tests, Figure 4, left). At a weekly interval, however, turnover changed with host age (p < 0.01 for all Wilcoxon tests), exhibiting the highest mean turnover between 1 and 7 days of age and the lowest turnover between 7 and 14 days of age, increasing gradually thereafter (Figure 4, right).

Figure 4. Turnover in community structure during primary succession. Pairwise Bray–Curtis distances in community structure between samples taken on consecutive days (top) or consecutive weeks (bottom). Differences in turnover between non-consecutive comparisons were assessed with Wilcoxon tests, and the p-values for each comparison are indicated. Comparisons for which p > 0.05 are labeled ns, or non-significant.

Host health, growth, behavior, and the resident bacterial community are tightly linked (Theriot and Young, 2015; Neuman et al., 2018; Guevarra et al., 2019). Animal microbiomes are most susceptible to change during the host’s early life (Thompson et al., 2008). However, the microbiome of young hosts develops in concert with the host’s physiology, and the assembly of the microbiome over time is rarely integrated into extant management strategies (Canibe et al., 2019; Guevarra et al., 2019). Here, we sampled the fecal microbiomes of pigs during the first month of life at a range of ages in order to (1) determine whether the microbiome increases in taxonomic complexity with host age, (2) determine whether shifts in microbiome composition after birth are consistent across animals, (3) resolve the timing of these shifts, and (4) identify the dominant taxa at each stage. We used the fecal microbiome as a proxy for the successional dynamics in the gastrointestinal tract of the pigs (Frese et al., 2015; Mach et al., 2015).

Patterns of Microbial Diversity in the Developing Pig Microbiome

We found that the fecal microbiomes of piglets undergo extensive changes during the first 48 h after birth. Microbial community diversity was nearly twice as high in 2-day old pigs as in 1-day old pigs. However, relative to 2 day old pigs, the diversity in 3 day old pigs was only 8.4% higher, on average. The rapid growth in microbial diversity in the pig microbiome has been previously documented (Kim et al., 2011; Frese et al., 2015), however, our findings show that most of this increase is logarithmic and happens during the first 2 days. Similar patterns have been found for the chicken microbiome after hatching (Jurburg et al., 2019; Kers et al., 2019).

Successional Stages in the Developing Pig Gut Microbiome

We found clear successional stages in the developing gut microbiome. Turnover in the community was highest during the first week of sampling, and decreased thereafter. This gradual stabilization of the microbial community has been previously observed in pigs, as well as in other animals (Thompson et al., 2008; Videnska et al., 2014; Costea et al., 2017; Zou et al., 2020), however, this is the first study to employ a daily sampling during the first week of life. Every sample was taken from a different animal, in order to exclude the disproportionate influence of specific individuals, and to better capture between-animal variability. Nevertheless, we detected consistent changes in community composition and community diversity across animals, with host age. These changes were independent of the sow or farrowing pen, suggesting that they resulted from the host’s development. Future studies to determine the universality of these successional patterns are necessary.

We focused on development before weaning, which is often targeted for management (Thompson et al., 2008). We therefore also excluded the influence of the dietary switch on the microbiome, but it is likely that weaning would have strongly affected the pig’s gastrointestinal microbiome thereafter (Lallès et al., 2007; Frese et al., 2015; Mach et al., 2015; Ke et al., 2019). We identified four stages: Stage 1 (day 1), Stage 2 (days 2–4), Stage 3 (days 5–21), and Stage 4 (days 28–35). Our sampling focused on ages of highest expected variation. The statistically significant clustering of samples from hosts of 5–21 days of age into a single group suggests that the stages we detected were not biased by this sampling scheme.

Shifts between stages were associated with the gradual appearance of certain taxa: the shift between Stage 1 and Stage 2 was characterized by a decrease in the relative abundance of the populations of Clostridium sensu stricto and Escherichia/Shigella, and the increase in the relative abundances of Fusobacterium, Lachnospiraceae, Lachnoclostridum, and Lactobacillus, as well as members of the phylum Bacteroides. Interestingly, the increased prevalence of Fusobacterium has been associated with colorectal cancer (Kelly et al., 2018), malnutrition (Alou et al., 2019), and impaired immune recovery in humans (Lee et al., 2018), and dysbiosis in suckling pigs (Huang et al., 2019). In our study, however, Fusobacterium gradually decreased with host age in the absence of treatment, and was no longer dominant in 21-day-old hosts. Conversely, Lachnospiraceae has been associated with the suppression of Clostridium difficile infections (Reeves et al., 2012).

The shift between Stage 2 and Stage 3 was characterized by the decrease in Fusobacterium and Clostridium sensu stricto, the transient further increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and the appearance of Rikenellaceae, and Treponema. These three taxa have been observed to increase in response to feed supplements or prebiotics (Dicksved et al., 2015; Fan et al., 2017; Roselli et al., 2017). Finally, the shift between Stage 3 and Stage 4 was characterized by the dominance of generally beneficial gut microbes Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillus, and Rikenellaceae, as well as increases in several members of the family Ruminococcaceae.

The sampling of pigs at daily age intervals provided deeper insights into the successional patterns exhibited by the fecal microbiome of piglets, from birth to weaning. Our results highlight the need to consider temporal dynamics into microbiome management frameworks. We observed non-linear dynamics in several taxa including Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Parabacteroides, and Eisenbergiella, which have been associated with gut dysbiosis (Wang et al., 2012; Bao et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2019). By the end of the experiment, however, these taxa’s relative abundances had dramatically decreased or become undetectable. Previous studies have similarly found Fusobacterium in pigs to decrease in relative abundance naturally after 25 days (Ke et al., 2019). Without sufficient temporal samples, these non-linear patterns may be perceived as linear increases or decreases, or may be missed entirely. During periods of dominance, these taxa reached abundances above 1% of the community for several or all of the animals, suggesting that their role in the succession is important and may play a role on the outcome of management regimes.

Leveraging Successional Dynamics as Windows of Opportunity for Management

The experimental setup employed in this study (i.e., sampling different animals in each age group) reveals, first, that successional dynamics occur similarly across animals of a single farming system, regardless of the identity of the parent or the immediate environment (i.e., farrowing pen). This suggests that management applied at a single time point will target the microbiomes of all animals at the same successional stage, at least within a single farming system. Further studies across more diverse farming systems are necessary to determine the generalizability of these successional stages. Secondly, each successional stage is characterized by the dominance of a specific taxon or group of taxa. This highlights the need to integrate knowledge of successional dynamics into the development of microbiome management frameworks, and consider which successional stage is the target for modification through management. Because specific taxa are present at each stage, the success of management is likely time-dependent. Thirdly, bacterial taxa which have been associated with negative physiological outcomes are present in healthy hosts at different developmental stages, adding further nuance to research into the development of microbiome management strategies.

Our study underscores the need to explicitly consider time as a key factor modulating the outcome of microbiome management strategies We propose that successional stages identified here may serve as windows of opportunity for management (Figure 5). Managing the microbiomes of organisms at the same successional stage will likely yield less variable and more reliable outcomes. In contrast, targeting different successional stages for management will likely result in different outcomes, some of which may be more desirable, providing avenues for improving microbiome management practices. Future research should focus on determining the universality of the successional stages presented here, and on measuring the differential effect of applying management to each developmental window.

Figure 5. Proposed framework for evaluating windows of opportunity for management in developing animals. In a first step, the successional dynamics in the developing animal are assessed over time, to determine the timing of successional stages (left). Microbial communities in each successional stage are represented as a circle, and each shape represents a different microbial taxon. Newly dominant taxa for each stage are highlighted in gray. In a second step management is applied at each successional stage, followed by a period of recovery, and monitoring of the resulting long-term microbiome (right). To assign value or desirability to each outcome and the best timing for management, the animal’s health, and productivity (e.g., feed conversion efficiency) can be measured.

Data Availability Statement

The sequence data are publicly available through the Sequence Read Archive, BioProject accession number PRJNA594837. Additional metadata is available in the Supplementary Material. Codes used in this study are available at

Ethics Statement

Directive 2010/63/EU Art. 3 and the Animal Welfare Body of Wageningen University and Research did not require the study to be reviewed or approved by an ethics committee, because each animal was swabbed a single time, causing minimal discomfort. Written informed consent was obtained from the owners for the participation of their animals in this study.

Author Contributions

SJ designed the experiment, performed data analyses, and wrote the manuscript. AB and SJ secured funding for the project. AB was involved in project management, sequencing, and manuscript editing. Both authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

This work was supported by an internal WBVR R&D grant, a grant by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (WOT-01-003-085 and KB-37-003-013), and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, the German Research Foundation (DFG FZT 118 202548816).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

We would like to thank N. Stockhofe for help with the experimental setup, F. Harders and S. Vastenhouw for assisting with sample processing, and S. Tem for the discussions.

Supplementary Material

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at:

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Keywords: pig, primary succession, fecal microbiome, community assembly, 16S rRNA gene

Citation: Jurburg SD and Bossers A (2021) Age Matters: Community Assembly in the Pig Fecal Microbiome in the First Month of Life. Front. Microbiol. 12:564408. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.564408

Received: 04 June 2020; Accepted: 22 February 2021;
Published: 11 March 2021.

Edited by:

Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Reviewed by:

Héctor Argüello, University of Córdoba, Spain
Gwen Falony, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Belgium

Copyright © 2021 Jurburg and Bossers. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Stephanie D. Jurburg,


text:
Educational Games

We´re four weeks off the end of the academic year. Finally. Which is still something like ten percent of the teaching days, but the rhythm of Argentina´s academic year means that by this point no-one cares if anyone learns anything or not. I´m fine with that. I´m turning into the opposite of a pushy parent as far as formal education is concerned, returning to my woofty born-in-the-seventies roots of starting from kids’ interests and needs.

Joni is in his last month of primary school. He is looking forward to the summer holidays. I am looking forward to never stepping into that particular establishment ever again. In fairness, Joni has done fine there. But he´s also the kind of kid who would do OK anywhere – no behaviour issues, no academic difficulties, work done, folders up to date, gets on with everybody; a perfect sausage churned out from a sausage factory. Maybe that´s fine, maybe that´s their function, I just have an idea that a good school might offer something more. The thing that particularly draws my attention is that since we changed Danny to a different school, there isn´t a single member of staff willing to meet my eye, let alone talk to me, which has been more than a little uncomfortable for the last two years while Joni has still been there and I have still had to attend parents meetings etc, and heaven forbid that any staff might ask if Danny is still alive or how he´s doing, even though several parents still do. I find it infantile. I have tried to rise above it, but it´s wearing and I´m glad we´re nearly done.

Danny is also looking forward to school being over. Really he´d like to leave altogether, a mere decade or so before time! This year in 3rd grade he still mostly has short days, from 8 till 12, apart from Tuesdays and Thursdays which look more like the English system, from 8, with a lunch break and classes finishing at 2. Next year in 4th grade and above, he will go from 8 till 2 every day. The other day I told him, remember you need to go in for lunch and we´ll collect you at 2, and he said “No way, how many more times am I going to have to do this?” so I reminded him that next year he will have to do it every day. And he cried real tears “When will this torture ever be over…?” He doesn´t really hate school any more since he changed schools, but he´d be happy not to have to do it. And it hasn´t been a great year for him, it hasn´t been a disaster, but last year was his best year ever and this one has been mediocre by comparison. We´re hoping he might get a different teacher next year, he’s in a mixed 3rd-4th grade class this year, and we´re hoping he doesn´t just pass to the 4th grade half of the same class with the same teacher. She a nice enough person, but she’s never got the measure of Danny, and he requires a lot of creative thinking to get the best out of him, which is what his teacher had going for her last year, and this one hasn´t been a relationship made in heaven.

Meanwhile, thinking forward, we´ve finalised Joni’s secondary school place a couple of weeks ago. After lots of chopping and changing, we basically let Joni decide, given that it´s he who will have to put up with it every day. He made a short list of three, the agricultural school, the technical school, and finally he settled on the “proa” (say pro-a) which is a modern experimental style of school being trialled here.  We went along to the introductory meeting and he and we really liked the look of what they are trying to do which is way more funky and creative than anything we´ve seen in Argentina so far, with lots of project work based on student led initiatives.  Apparently the rest of the city thought the same, which may be an indication of the need to modernise the rest of Argentina´s creaking education system, as there were literally four people chasing every place.

In order to wittle the numbers down, they held an obligatory workshop for parents, which I attended, and an obligatory workshop for prospective students so Joni went along. There they split them up into groups and gave them taster sessions in Maths, English and programming. The secretary told me that she was sitting in on Joni’s english class, where the teacher asked a bunch of questions and Joni didn’t put his hand up, so probably the teacher thought he didn’t know anything so she gave him a piece of paper to read, which he did. The secretary said “I saw that teacher’s face…” Then the teacher said “I like your accent, are you studying English?” And Joni said no. Which is true but… evil child!! Finally, they did a names in the bucket draw for all those who had turned up to the two workshops, which while unsophisticated is probably fairer than the UK system at least from when I was last involved, where oversubscribed schools cherry picked middle class families according to the parents´ability to write an essay on the form (do they still do that?)  Anyway we were very fortunate that his name came up. And apparently the English teacher has forgiven him – they met in the corridor after the draw and she congratulated him on getting in and said she was looking forward to seeing him (exacting her revenge?) next year.

So that’s the round up of formal education. On the informal side, on Saturday we put our big paddling pool up on the patio for the summer and the younger element spent the weekend testing it out while it was filling:

Now it needs filtering and chorinating regularly to keep it going till February. And Joni took part in his first horse jumping event:

Proving that school isn’t always the most important place for learning things – heck, who needs quadratic equations if you can save your life in water, and gallop a horse over a pole without falling off?

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