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Kiddie talk

Let’s be clear on this, there are several different classes of users in Second Life, even though each class tends to behave as if they are the only one, or at least, the one in the majority. Most people in Second Life couldn’t care less if teens are around or not, so far as they comply to ToS — meaning that they’re not actively griefing or copying content, for instance, and behave reasonably towards all other residents. That’s what we, after all, expect from everybody — teens are no exception, and shouldn’t be. Talented and creative content developers who exhibit their astonishing builds will very likely have no problem at all with teens visiting them; similarly, a live musician doesn’t care about the age of the audience (unless, well, their songs are particularly rude or with a strong sexual content — but teens buy CDs from Lady Gaga, and listen to them at home, so this argument wouldn’t hold water anyway…). In fact, the majority of what goes on in Second Life — and this is the “majority” as per fact, not per anecdotal evidence — is pretty much innocuous for all ages. So, sure, some avatars show a bit more skin than in real life — how bad is that? Disney movies “for the family” show skin, too, and they’re more than allowed.

The real issue, however, comes from one of the most powerful drives of the economy, and this is what Linden Lab is reluctant to admit: adult content sells, and keeps the economy afloat.

Now “adult content” is a vast, overarching word for a lot of activities that are done in Second Life. It’s not just about Stroker Serpentine’s million-USD-dollar enterprise selling pose balls, or the vast range of kinky outfits that are sold everywhere on the grid, although obviously these are also part of the picture. No, I would say that it’s really more about relationships between adults. They can be as simple as two avatars holding hands watching a beautiful sunset in the most peaceful, child-safe area in Second Life. Nobody wants a teen to unexpectedly drop on them and suddenly exclaim (on voice!): “Mommy, what the hell are you doing??”

That is, indeed, the crux of the question: how do you explain a relationship with a complete stranger to your kids? If you are having the same kind of interaction in MSN (even on a webcam!) on your laptop, at least you’ll know if your kid is physically around, and can take the appropriate precautions. But on Second Life, you don’t know where your kids are. They might even not be allowed to log in to SL and thus have to go to a friend’s place and log in from there… while you’re comfortably enjoying an online adult relation with a “friend”. It’s not even about cheating: that relation might be absolutely legitimate as a single mother turns to the online world in search for a partner (some statistics show that in 2010 one out of four couples will have met online first), or the other way round, of course. But you don’t want your kids to drop on you — not before you feel comfortable enough with your relationship to the point you want to tell them about it. And, so far, they had no way of intruding on your “safe zone”, because SL was adult-only.

Obviously the same might happen in real life (in fact, it happens all the time), if you’re surprised by your kid in an innocent coffee shop where you’re having a romantic chat with your prospective future partner, but don’t want to make a big announcement at home yet. Your kid suddenly entering the very same coffee shop would lead to a disaster. So, well, to avoid those, people turn to the relative safety of virtual worlds (or online chats), specially to those that are adult-only and safe.

There is, of course, the issue about cheating; there is the issue about indulging in fantasies online that you would never dream to admit to your kids. Or your friends’ kids. You certainly don’t want your neighbours’ kids to start talking about what a kinky life you have in-world, and sooner or later, your own kids will hear about it too.

It’s not really about “exposing” teenagers — specially 16 or 17-year-olds — to sexual content. I find it very hard to believe that any parent really thinks that 16-year-olds are naive, except perhaps on Amish communities (and even so, I would not believe it). Even on sexually-repressed Islamic countries like Saudi Arabia, 16/17-year-olds know all about sex, and they have figured out things for ages. Believing otherwise is, well, just fooling yourself — or just assuming a hypocritical stance.

Like some people have often said, it’s not really about pornography in Second Life. If you think that SL has a lot of porn, think again. Ironically as it might sound, I find SL has actually very little adult content compared with the Internet-at-large.

Even if you drop on Zindra, you won’t see scenes of Sodoma and Gomorra on the streets: ironically, the “hot stuff” happens (mostly) behind walls. While almost all adult websites out there, to lure customers in, will show much worse things, even before you click on the button saying “Enter if you’re 18”. And of course nothing prevents young people to click on that button: God will not suddenly be paged and drop some lightning bolt on top of the trespassing kid. While a few websites are filtered out by school and even home firewalls, and some sites take more care when handling minors, most don’t care — just jump to sites on countries that have no such qualms and you’ll get access to pretty much everything if you’re a teen really interested in online porn.

And then there are “quasi-pornographic” materials lurking on the Internet which are even harder to classify. Manga and anime can have quite sexual content, but, since they’re “just cartoons”, they’re considered “art” and usually left completely unprotected. One of my best friends in college, himself a late teen, bought graphic novels from Manara just to drool at the pictures and get excited with the stories. Milo Manara is undoubtedly one of the finest artists in Europe — but he just draws comic books. Very explicit comic books. Around here, you can buy them off the shelves, no matter what your age is, because, well, it’s art.

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5 HACCP myths you need to stop believing

There is vast amount of information out there on the do’s and don’ts of formulating your HACCP plan. Some aspects have been passed down from generation to generation, some are written in law and some are just plain old personal misunderstandings. Whatever the origin, this post will bust five (5) myths that you should not believe about HACCP.

Hazard Identification

The most common HACCP myth that I see when auditing and marking course assessments is that “You only need to identify one biological, one chemical and one physical hazard when you complete your hazard analysis”. This is simply not true. When you read the Codex HACCP requirements it is very clear that you are required to identify all potential hazards. This obligation is also stipulated in common GFSI recognized programs like BRCGS, SQF, FSSC22000.

Grouping Hazards

The next HACCP myth which is also related to identifying potential hazards is that “It is okay to group and assess hazards as one”. This is a common error made by lots of food businesses and is seen when a business groups and then assesses, the hazard category as one.

Describes the correct and incorrect way to assess food safety hazards.
The first image with red shows the incorrect way to group and assess hazards. The next image (in green) displays the correct way to document and assess specific hazards.

In fact, Codex HACCP has specifically called this out by mandating that “Hazards should be specific, e.g. metal fragments, and the source or reason for presence should be described, e.g. metal from broken blades after chopping.”

If you choose to go down the path of grouping hazards, please understand that control measures can significantly differ for hazards within a group or category. For example, both glass and metal are categorised as a ‘physical hazard’. However, the way you would control potential glass contamination from over-head lights will be very different to the way you control metal from worn or damaged utensils.

Validation and Verification

The third HACCP myth is that “Validation and Verification are the same thing“. Well guess what? No, they’re not. Validation is what you do BEFORE, and verification is what you do AFTER. I know it can be confusing and it doesn’t help that they start with the same letter.

Let me expand on this further.

Validation – is what we want to do, going to work. Is it going to achieve the outcome that we desire and require? An example of this would be, we say that we are going to cook a food to a particular temperature because we want to make sure that no harmful bacteria remain. To validate the temperature chosen, we could refer to legislation, scientific journals or other data that supports the cooking temperature we have selected will kill the harmful bacteria.

On the other hand, verification is best defined as being the things we do to see if we have actually done what we say we were going to do. So, in the above example, with the temperature to kill the harmful bacteria, we would check or verify that the food actually reached the set temperature. This would be done through testing the temperature of the food.

Flow Process Charts

The fourth HACCP myth I am going to bust today is a classic. I get asked questions about this all the time. “You must use traditional flow chart symbols when documenting your process flows“. Keep in mind we are not still in the 90’s with this one. You can document your flow process chart however you like just as long as it is a truthful pictorial representation of your actual flow chart.

My post on developing your HACCP food safety flow process charts is a great starting point to see examples and handy flow chart development tools.

Auditor CCPs

HACCP myth #5 is that “The external auditor can define your CCPs’“. This is so far from the truth it is not funny! I don’t know how many times I have been told by members of the HACCP Mentor community that the reason they have a certain CCP identified is because the auditor said that is what it needs to be. The only way that CCPs should be defined in your business is by following the principles of HACCP.

Continuous improvement opportunity

Take a moment to review your HACCP or food safety plan to see if any of the five myths mentioned apply to you. You can also share your thoughts by leaving a comment below.

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Faux Cow Munches Faux Grass On A Faux Roomba

Out in the countryside, having a cow or to two wouldn’t be a big deal. You can have a cattle shed full of them, and no one will bat an eyelid. But what if you’re living in the big city and have no need of pet dogs or cats, but a pet cow. It wouldn’t be easy getting it to ride in the elevator, and you’d have a high chance of being very, very unpopular in the neighbourhood. [Dane & Nicole], aka [8 Bits and a Byte] were undaunted though, and built the Moomba – the Cow Roomba to keep them company in their small city apartment.

The main platform is built from a few pieces of lumber and since it needs to look like a Roomba, cut in a circular shape. Locomotion comes from two DC geared motors, and a third swivel free wheel, all attached directly to the wooden frame. The motors get their 12V juice from eight “AA” batteries. The free range bovine also needs some smarts to allow it to roam at will. For this, it uses a Raspberry Pi powered by a power bank. The Pi drives a 2-channel relay board which controls the voltage applied to the two motors. Unfortunately, this prevents the Moomba from backing out if it gets stuck at a dead end. For anyone else trying to build this it should be easy enough to fix with an electronic speed controller or even by adding a second 2-channel relay board which can reverse the voltage applied to the motors. The Moomba needs to “Moo” when it feels like, so the Raspberry Pi streams a prerecorded mp3 audio clip to a pair of USB speakers.

If you see the video after the break, you’ll notice that making the Moomba sentient is a simple matter of doing “ctrl+C” and “ctrl+V” and you’re good to go. The python code is straight forward, doing one of four actions – move forward, turn left, turn right or play audio. The code picks a random number from 0 to 3, and then performs the action associated with that number. Finally, as an added bonus, the Moomba gets a lush carpet of artificial green grass and it’s free to roam the range.

At first sight, many may quip “where’s the hack” ? But simple, easy to execute projects like these are ideal for getting younglings started down the path to hacking, with adult supervision. The final result may appear frivolous, but it’ll excite young minds as they learn from watching.

Continue reading “Faux Cow Munches Faux Grass On A Faux Roomba”

Reverse-Engineering Xiaomi IoT Firmware

IoT devices rarely ever just do what they’re advertised. They’ll almost always take up more space than they need to – on top of that, their processor and memory alone should be enough to run a multitude of other tasks while not necessarily compromising the task they were built to do.

That’s partially the motivation for rooting any device, but for Xiaomi devices, it’s a bit more fun – that is to say, it’s a little bit harder when you’re reverse engineering its firmware from scratch.

Similar to his other DEF CON 26 talk on modifying ARM Cortex-M firmware, [Dennis Giese] returns with a walkthrough of how to reverse-engineer Xiaomi IoT devices. He starts off talking about the Xiaomi ecosystem and the drawbacks of reusing firmware across all the different devices connected to the same cloud network before jumping into the walkthrough for accessing the devices.

Continue reading “Reverse-Engineering Xiaomi IoT Firmware”

Wiping Your Windscreen To The Beat

Nothing spoils your mood quite like your windscreen wipers not feeling it when the beat drops. Every major car manufacturer is focused on trying to build the electric self driving vehicle for the masses, yet ignoring this very real problem. Well [Ian Charnas] is taking charge, and has successfully slaved his car’s wipers to beat of its stereo.

Starting with the basics, [Ian] first needed to control the speed of the wiper motor. This was done using a custom power supply adapted from another project. The brain of the system is a Raspberry Pi 3B+ which runs a phase locked loop algorithm to sync the music and the motor. Detecting the beat turned out to be the most difficult part of the project, and from the research [Ian] did, there is no standard solution. He ended up settling on “madmom“, a Python audio and music signal processing library, which runs a neural net to detect the beat in real time. The Raspi sends the required PWM and Enable signals to an Arduino over serial, which in turn controls the power supply. The entire system was neatly integrated in the car, with a switch in the dash that connects the motor to the new power supply on demand, to allow the wipers to still be used normally (and safely).

[Ian] filed a provisional patent application for the idea, and will be putting it on auction on eBay soon, with the hope that some major car manufacturer would be interested. For older cars, you can shove an Arduino into the stereo, or do a super cheap bluetooth upgrade. Check out the video after the break. Continue reading “Wiping Your Windscreen To The Beat”

ESP8266 Unlocks Hidden Features In Sound Bar

It’s no secret that the hardware devices we buy are often more capable than their manufacturer leads on. Features hidden behind firmware locks are a common trick, as it allows companies to sell the same piece of gear as a different model by turning off certain capabilities. Luckily for us, these types of arbitrary limitations are often easy to circumvent.

As a perfect example, [Acuario] recently discovered that the LG SJ2 sound bar has quite a few features that aren’t advertised on the box. Whether it’s due to greed or just laziness, it turns out LG isn’t using many of the capabilities offered by the ESMT AD83586B IC inside the amplifier. The chip gets its configuration via I2C, so thanks to the addition of an ESP8266, the expanded capabilities can now be easily enabled through a web interface.

[Acuario] has already found out how to turn on things like simulated surround sound, or per-channel volume controls; all functions which aren’t even exposed through the normal controls on the sound bar. But it goes deeper than that. The LG SJ2 is a 2.1 channel system, with a wireless speaker providing the right and left channels. But the AD83586B inside the subwoofer is actually capable of driving two locally connected speakers, though you obviously need to do a little rewiring.

There are still even more capabilities to unlock, though [Acuario] is currently struggling with some incomplete documentation. The datasheet says there’s support for user-defined equalizer settings, but no examples are given for how to actually do it. If anyone’s got a particular affinity for these sort of amplifier chips, now could be your time to shine.

For hackers, there’s perhaps no better example of feature-locked products than Rigol’s line of oscilloscopes. From the 2000 series of scopes in 2013 up to their higher-end MSO5000 just last year, there’s a long history of unlocking hidden features on these popular tools.

Light Emitting Logic Gates Built From Scratch

What’s the weirdest computer you can think of? This one’s weirder.

[Dr. Cockroach] figured out a way to create an inverting NOT gate from just one LED and two resistors (one being a photo-resistor). The Dr. has since built AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates, as well as a buffer, incorporating light into every logic gate.

Traditional inverters – NOT gates – are already made with diodes (typically not light-emitting), resistors (typically not light-dependent), and bipolar transistors. The challenge was to reduce the number of transistors. The schematic from the very first test shows the slight modifications [Dr. Cockroach] made to incorporate light into the logic gate using a 910 Ohm, output LED, and an LED and LDR in parallel.

The output is initially 4.5V for logic 1 and 1.5V for logic 0. Adding two 1N914 diodes and an AND gate ahead of the inverter create a two-input NAND gate. With the two diodes reversed and a 910 Ohm resistor removed, a NOR gate is created.

The next step was to build a S-R latch using the NAND gates and inverters, which holds some basic memory. From there, with some size reductions, a Master-Slave J-K Flip Flop, similarly using NAND gates and inverters, can be built. The current state of the project is a working sequencer and counter. You can even see a smooth sine wave propagating through the LED chaser, which is typically built with ICs or transistors but in this case is built simply with LEDs, LDRs, resistors, and capacitors.

The upcoming plan is to use the gates to build a processor that only uses diodes, resistors, and capacitors. While it’s probably not going to be nearly as fast as any processors we have today, it should be interesting (and educational!) to be able to visually track the flow of data from one logic gate over to the next. Continue reading “Light Emitting Logic Gates Built From Scratch”

How Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Works

A remote Ethernet device needs two things: power and Ethernet. You might think that this also means two cables, a beefy one to carry the current needed to run the thing, and thin little twisted pairs for the data. But no!

Power over Ethernet (PoE) allows you to transmit power and data over to network devices. It does this through a twisted pair Ethernet cabling, which allows a single cable to drive the two connections. The main advantage of using PoE as opposed to having separate lines for power and data is to simplify the process of installation – there’s fewer cables to keep track of and purchase. For smaller offices, the hassle of having to wire new circuits or a transformer for converted AC to DC can be annoying.

PoE can also be an advantage in cases where power is not easily accessible or where additional wiring simply is not an option. Ethernet cables are often run in the ceiling, while power runs near the floor. Furthermore, PoE is protected from overload, short circuiting, and delivers power safely. No additional power supplies are necessary since the power is supplied centrally, and scaling the power delivery becomes a lot easier.

Devices Using PoE

[via PowerOverEthernet.com]
VoIP phones are becoming increasingly prevalent as offices are opting to provide power for phones from a central supply rather than hosting smaller power supplies to supply separate phones. Smart cameras – or IP cameras – already use Ethernet to deliver video data, so using PoE simplifies the installation process. Wireless access points can be easily connected to Ethernet through a main router, which is more convenient than seeking out separate power supplies.

Other devices that use PoE include RFID readers, IPTV decoders, access control systems, and occasionally even wall clocks. If it already uses Ethernet, and it doesn’t draw too much power, it’s a good candidate for PoE.

On the supply side, given that the majority of devices that use PoE are in some form networking devices, it makes sense that the main device to provide power to a PoE system would be the Ethernet switch. Another option is to use a PoE injector, which works with non-PoE switches to ensure that the device is able to receive power from another source than the switch.

How it Works

Historically, PoE was implemented by simply hooking extra lines up to a DC power supply. Early power injectors did not provide any intelligent protocol, simply injecting power into a system. The most common method was to power a pair of wires not utilized by 100Base-TX Ethernet. This could easily destroy devices not designed to accept power, however. The IEEE 802.3 working group started their first official PoE project in 1999, titled the IEE 802.3af.

[via Fiber Optic Communication]
This standard delivered up to 13 W to a powered device, utilizing two of the four twisted pairs in Ethernet cabling. This was adequate power for VoIP phones, IP cameras, door access control units, and other devices. In 2009, the IEEE 802.3 working group released the second PoE standard, IEEE 802.3at. This added a power class that could deliver up to 25.5 W, allowing for pan and tilt cameras to use the technology.

While further standards haven’t been released, proprietary technologies have used the PoE term to describe their methods of power delivery. A new project from the IEEE 802.3 working group was the 2018 released IEEE 802.3bt standard that utilizes all four twisted pairs to deliver up to 71 W to a powered device.

But this power comes at a cost: Ethernet cables simply don’t have the conductive cross-section that power cables do, and resistive losses are higher. Because power loss in a cable is proportional to the squared current, PoE systems minimize the current by using higher voltages, from 40 V to 60 V, which is then converted down in the receiving device. Even so, PoE specs allow for 15% power loss in the cable itself. For instance, your 12 W remote device might draw 14 W at the wall, with the remaining 2 W heating up your crawlspace. The proposed 70 W IEEE 802.3bt standard can put as much as 30 W of heat into the wires.

The bigger problem is typically insufficient power. The 802.4af PoE standard maximum power output is below 15.4 W (13 W delivered), which is enough to provide power for most networking devices. For higher power consumption devices, such as network PTZ cameras, this isn’t the case.

Although maximum power supply is specified in the standards, having a supply that supplied more power is necessary will not affect the performance of the device. The device will draw as much current as necessary to operate, so there is no risk of overload, just hot wires.

So PoE isn’t without its tradeoffs. Nevertheless, there’s certainly a lot of advantages to accepting PoE for devices, and of course we welcome a world with fewer wires. It’s fantastic for routers, phones, and their friends. But when your power-hungry devices are keeping you warm at night, it’s probably time to plug them into the wall.

Hang Ten With Help From The Surf Window

Unless you live in a special, unique place like Hawaii or Costa Rica it’s unlikely you’ll be able to surf every day. It’s not easy to plan surf sessions or even surf trips to most locations because the weather conditions will need to be just right. Not only the wave height (swell) but also the wind speed and direction, tide, water and air temperature, and even amount and type of marine life present can all impact your surf session. You’ll want something which can easily tell you right away if conditions are good.

This project from [luke] is called the Surf Window shows the surf conditions at the local beach with just one glance. Made out of various pieces of wood, each part represents one of the weather conditions at the beach. A rotating seagull gives the wind direction, for example, and the wave height is represented by 3D, moving waves. All of the parts are connected with various motors and linkages to an Arduino Mega +WiFi R3 which grabs all of its information from Magicseaweed, a surf forecasting site.

The Surf Window can show the current conditions at virtually any surfable beach in the world, so if you really want to know how Jaws, Mavericks, or even Reef Road is breaking right now, you could use this to give you a more nuanced look. Don’t forget to take the correct board for the conditions!

Continue reading “Hang Ten With Help From The Surf Window”


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My favorite time to run (and it’s not when you think)

by Aug 13, 2015Training for a Half-Marathon0 comments

Hey there.

Do you have a favorite run in your week? Perhaps it’s a longer run on a Sunday morning. favorite time torunMaybe a blast around the park on Tuesday lunch time? Or a Wednesday evening group run with your favorite girls?

I’ve recently discovered a time out of my own week when I never used to run, but has now become a firm favorite. Let me share it with you.

That Friday feeling

Here it is, my new favorite time to run is:

Yes, that’s right. Friday evening! When I was younger, Friday after work meant party time. Now I’m in my 30’s, it usually means a glass of wine either with a friend or my husband.

Friday has always been one of my days off from running, it had never crossed my mind to run at that time ever!

But one week, a month or so ago, I’d been particularly slack with my running during the week. In fact I think I hadn’t been out at all. My husband said to me that Friday, “well, we haven’t done any running this week, why don’t we just go now?”

I have to admit, I wasn’t keen. But I also knew I was feeling a bit sluggish from a lazy week and knew I would feel good for it, so I broke my little “Friday is off day” rule and went for a run with him.

And loved every minute.

This was a real revelation to me. Turns out running on Friday evening is a great way to kick start the weekend, and we’ve been going out for a run every Friday ever since 🙂

Awesome benefits of running on Friday evening

It can set the tone for the weekend ahead:

A short run (30 minutes) on Friday evening energizes me and improves my mood. I go into the weekend feeling productive and positive.

favorite time to run

Ready for my Friday run 🙂

Leave the work week behind:

I always feel like a good run is as beneficial to my head as it is to my body. A Friday evening run will help you process everything that’s happened during the working week, leaving your mind clear and distraction free for the weekend.

You’ll enjoy that wine even more:

I still have my wine on a Friday night. But I enjoy it all the more for knowing I’ve been for a run first.

Just one note of caution

Make sure you keep yourself safe out there. Read my post on women’s running safety and don’t take any risks. There may well be more people out and about on a Friday evening, but they might also be more likely to be drinking and acting up, so be careful. I always make sure I take my husband and wear my favorite reflective top (see the picture, cool huh?)

So before you reach for the wine next Friday night, or before you head out for dinner with your buddies, try going for a short run. Go on, trust me. You’re gonna love it! Come back and tell me how you got on in the comments below.

Your running buddy,

half marathon girl

image 1 by Arya Ziai, CC 2.0,

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Podiatry casting @ Western U

Image 1: Student Tracie Shaw performing foot casting.

Image 2: Students Eduardo Glass and Garrett Wireman practicing a complete foot examination.

School: Western University School of Podiatric Medicine

Submitted by our photojournalist:

by Janae Pinckney.

Podiatry Casting at WesternU

Have the urge to write something? Are you motivated to publish something worth sharing? Want to give advice, helpful tips, or podiatry news to the younger generation? Visit our Authors section before submitting. Get in contact with us and one of our student journalists will reach out to you. We hope to get from people around the world that way.


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1.Introduction (Length 1.09 mins)

2.Preface: Delicate Human Cells (Length 1.34 mins)

3.Symptoms of Cell Ageing (Length 1.06 mins)

4.The Code to Cell Activation (Length 1.57 mins)

5.The Incredible Cynomorium Songaricum – “Ginseng of the Desert” (Length 2.18 mins)

6.Main Ingredients (Length 1.16 mins)

7.Intellectual Property Right (Length 2.52 mins)

8.Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) (Length 3.42 mins)

9.Conclusion (Length 0.30 mins)

Buy Ginseng & Coffee Candy Today.

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The Truth Is Quick Weight Loss Can Be Healthy Too, If You Do It Right

The Truth Is Quick Weight Loss Can Be Healthy Too, If You Do It Right

Losing weight is a dream that many of us relentlessly pursue. How many times have we tried the hundreds of options that float around on the internet, newspapers and magazines in our pursuit for a leaner, healthier figure. Unfortunately, it is rare that we actually gain such a benefit from our efforts in this direction. Many companies are only behind our money, assuring us instant results which they fail to deliver. And, who is to lose out? We are!

So, isn’t it Possible to Obtain Instant Weight Loss?

Fortunately, it is possible, as long as you choose a reliable and good product such as the ones sold in supplements like Alpha Brain. Obtaining results will also depend on your efforts and consistency in sticking to a suggested plan. If you fail to stick to the recommendations that come with the product, do not expect results. You should be strict in adhering to the recommended dosage, have the supplements at the same time every day and ensure you follow the diet that is suggested for maximum weight loss.

Unless you stick to a consistent schedule and supplement your diet with suitable exercise as well, it is not easy to obtain results.

How Instant is Instant Weight Loss?

The term instant can often be misleading. Instant doesn’t refer to overnight, or even few days. After all, you took forever to remain with the weight and figure you currently have, so you will only have to expect it will be so long before you lose all this accumulated weight. As a rule of thumb, keep your hopes up but expectations realistic once you embark on a weight loss program.

The speed with which you can see results will depend both on your drive, as well as how efficient your chosen weight loss product is in creating a difference. Make sure that you choose an approved product such as one sold in supplements like Alpha Brain, and you will not put your body through any undesirable side-effects. Look at the components that are included in the product. The more natural it is, the better it is for your body.

How do Weight Loss Supplements Actually Work?

The main idea is to enhance your loss of weight through pulling the existing fat reserves in your body to meet the energy requirements. For this, you should control the calories that you obtain from your diet. Only then will your body seek alternative sources for energy. When you cannot meet the requirements for energy from diet, and you are also putting a greater need for energy by exercising and burning up more calories than you obtain from your food, your body will turn towards the fat reserves that exist in the body. This will allow the excess fat stored in the body to be utilized for this purpose.

A good weight loss supplement should also include sufficient fibre reserves, as fibre promotes weight loss. Basically, a good weight loss product will utilize the natural activities of the human body to promote a healthy weight loss strategy whereby you will attain the weight loss your desire.


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Tips On How To Buy A Bunk Bed For Your Kids’ Bedroom

It is always a wise decision to purchase a bunk bed, especially if there are two kids present in the house, who are sharing the same room. The bunk beds are known not to take up too much space like that of a single bed. It automatically leaves the homeowner with enough space for accommodating other furniture. When purchasing these, it is necessary for the individual to ensure that he is making the correct decision.

This is because, furniture buying could be a one time affair. Also, it is important to ensure that all the features of the furniture are appropriate, since the kids do deserve the very best and the individual value worth the investment made. There are various types of select from and it can be a great option for taking the children along with the individual for choosing one for themselves.

How to Select the Right One?

Manufacturers these days have been producing bunk beds that come with additional features. This way, the individual can easily attach a stereo, computer system, a study table to the bed. In this manner, one can get sufficient amount of space remaining in the room, thereby allowing the kids to have plenty of area to move around and to get creative. It would be ideal to buy good beds that are created from wood, since they are durable and also need very less maintenance. The main thing which the individual needs to verify is if enough space is present between two beds. This would help the kid taking the bed below to sit upright without actually hitting the head on the above. Moreover, the wood based ones are quite ideal in respect to house accommodation as they add immense beauty to the room and are stylish. Generally, institutions and colleges purchase aluminum ones, as they are least expensive.

Where to Buy Them?

Manufacturers and merchants have placing their products on the net through websites. It is a wonderful way for the individual to find numerous websites that sell these types of beds and to compare the quality and price, so that the right decision can be made. Most websites boast of having different types of beds created from various kinds of materials and of different price range. The individual just needs to the category which best fits his requirements, preferences, taste and budget and view all the items that are present in it. On carefully going through the details, he can shortlist the ones and finally purchase the bed that would perfectly match the needs. The websites also would boast of displaying images of the products along with appropriate product description. This way, the individual can come to know of all the features present and buy the one that would provide maximum comfort. The person can also enjoy huge discounts while purchasing the bunk beds from the online stores, which means the money saved can be used somewhere else.

These are quite ideal for both teens and kids and help them to bond with the other and to get their very own space. For more information visit here

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The History

The Hare & Hounds (previously known as Hunters Lodge) has an exciting and lurid past. In the 17th Century, due to its isolated position it was a popular haunt for poachers and smugglers. Rumour has it that more than one murder was committed here.

The large stone situated at the front of the main building is part of Devonshire folklore. Legend says that it dances at night when it hears the bells of Sidbury church, also that it rolls down the valley to drink at the River Sid – some say to wash away the bloodstains!

The Legend

This Story is based on the legend called ‘The Witches Stone‘ or ‘The Rolling Stone of Gittisham Common‘.

It is set on Gittisham Common, which is approx. 2 miles from our school and the stone can be seen outside the Hare and Hounds pub at Putts

One foggy night, during a full moon, werewolves howled to call the witches for their special hour. This meeting was held at midnight, the witching hour. For miles around, up in the open, cloudless sky there were swarms of witches flooding towards the extraordinary, mystical stone that stood in the middle of heathland at a cross roads in East Devon. Tuna, Sweetcorn and Peanut Butter were the three head witches at the meeting. They carried staves each with lights on the end and when these lights touched together the other wacky witches cackled while they brewed the most evil potions and spells on earth.

Once they had finished brewing and chanting, Peanut Butter, Tuna and Sweetcorn poured the evil smelling potion into a hole in the top of the stone. With a loud explosion it instantly broke open and formed a thirty metre tall witch. She was the most powerful witch of all time and immediately ordered the others to kill all those people who stayed out after midnight.The witches cheered, danced and celebrated. Meanwhile, little did they know that nearby a young man was hiding behind a tree.

During the day he had been wandering across the common when it began to rain and he had decided to shelter under the branches of a huge oak tree. He was so tired that eventually he dropped off to sleep. The noise of the exploding stone stirred him from his slumbers. Unfortunately he gave his hiding place away by sneezing loudly. The witches questioned him as to what he had seen. The boy said nothing so they turned him into a witch and he was used as a slave for the head witch.

It was three o’clock and the witches took to the sky and returned to their castle. The powerful witch stayed behind and beheaded the young man and turned him into a smaller stone which was placed beside the “Witches stone.” The enormous witches stone then rolled down the hill to the River Sid where it washed itself clean of all the blood and poison and then made its way back up the hill to its resting place before dawn broke.

If you ever visit Gittisham common at 3 o’clock in the morning perhaps you will see the stone move.

Retold by Year 5 and Year 6 at Farway Primary School.

(+44) 1404 41760

Hare and Hounds
Putts Corner,
Devon EX10 0QQ
United Kingdom

To reserve a table

New email for bookings:- bookings@hareandhounds-devon.co.uk

Please wait for a confirmation email of your booking. Without a confirmation, your table will not be booked. We will be checking the emails at least once a day. If you are trying to book a table for within 48 hours or a Sunday, you will need to telephone 01404 41760 rather than email to ensure a timely response. Please let us know the date, number of people, any special requirements and a telephone number so if there are any queries, we can contact you easily.

Monday: Closed
Tuesday: Bar 5:30pm – 10:30pm | Kitchen & Carvery 5:30pm – 9pm
Wednesday-Saturday: Bar 11:30am – 10:30pm | Kitchen 12pm – 9pm | Carvery 12pm – 2:30pm & 5:30pm – 9pm
Sunday: Bar 11:30am – 6pm | Kitchen & Carvery 12pm – 5pm<

View our other pubs


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Transplant Behavioral Health Team

The Transplant Behavioral Health Team at Hartford Hospital consists of licensed clinical social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists. This team supports transplant candidates, recipients and living donors.

The transplant journey can be challenging for patients and caregivers. It is common to experience distressing emotions before and after transplant. The Transplant Behavioral Health team can help! Our services include assessment, support, coordination of care, and counseling related to the transplant or living donation. We also can assist in referrals to community behavioral health services for caregiver, transplant patients and living donors.

Our Role

Transplant Social Work

As Transplant Social Workers, our primary goal is to promote the well-being of patients & their caregivers.  We also strive to respect and promote the rights of patients and self-determination.

Transplant social workers assess factors that relate to readiness for transplantation and living donation.

The assessment includes a review of patients’:

  • Financial and Social history
  • Support system
  • Understanding of transplant process
  • Motivation for transplant
  • Self-management with medical treatment
  • Psychiatric history
  • Substance Use history
  • Location & Lodging

Transplant Social Workers can assist with:

  • Referral to community resources
  • Housing, Transportation, Immigration, Disability, and other financial concerns.
  • Safe hospital discharge planning
  • Counseling for post-transplant and living donation adjustment concerns.
  • Finding a Transplant Mentor

Transplant Psychology

As Transplant Psychologists, our primary goals are to focus on how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness, address barriers to transplant and living donation, and optimizing your health prior to surgery.

The Transplant Psychologist’s role is consultative, evaluative, and intervention-focused. The transplant psychologist will evaluate patients to determine barriers to transplant and living donation and provide recommendations on how to optimize your health prior to surgery. Transplant Psychologists also serve as a liaison for physicians and other medical staff.

Transplant Psychiatry

As Transplant Psychiatrist, our primary goals are to increase access to psychiatric services within the transplant program and treat common psychiatric disorders experienced by transplant patients and living donors.

The Transplant Psychiatrist’s role is consultative and evaluative.  The Transplant Psychiatrist will assist with short-term medication and behavioral health management to improve candidacy and manage behavioral health challenges post-transplant or living donation.

Relapse Prevention Program

To be eligible for a transplant, you will be required to make changes in your lifestyle and document the lasting impact of these changes. There are not enough donated organs for every person who could benefit from a transplant. Transplant programs, such as the Hartford Hospital Transplant Program, try to make sure that a transplant will benefit each recipient and that the organs donated by others are used responsibly.

Patients with a history of substance use disorder, whether or not this was the cause of their organ failure, must show their commitment to a healthy lifestyle by following the recommendations of the Transplant Team both before and after transplantation.

Download the Relapse Prevention Agreement

What to expect and how to prepare for your Transplant Behavioral Health appointment:

During your Behavioral Health Assessment we will review your health status, readiness for transplant and post-transplant support plan. You will also be asked questions about your employment, substance use and psychiatric history.

  • At least one support person.
  • A list of medications you are currently taking and any past psychiatric medications you have taken.
  • A list of past and present psychiatric or addiction services you have uses, including counselors, therapists and support groups.

Self-report Tools:

  • You may be provided with self-report tools to fill our before or during your appointment. These tools give us feedback on your current mood and other health symptoms.

Appointment Length:

  • First appointments typically take 60-90 minutes.
  • Follow-up appointments take 30-60 minutes.

Financial Planning

In order to be eligible for transplant at Hartford Hospital, patients are required to have adequate medical insurance coverage.  Prior to being evaluated for transplant, the transplant financial coordinators will check with your insurance provider to confirm your transplant benefits.  They will also confirm with your insurance provider whether or not the care you would receive at Hartford Hospital is covered.

During your transplant evaluation you will meet with a financial coordinator who will review with you how your insurance covers your transplant and post-transplant medications.  It is important to note that insurance coverage within the same plan can change from year to year.  Maintaining full insurance coverage is vitally important due to the ongoing costs associated with transplant.  We rely on you to notify your financial coordinator if you experience a lapse in coverage or change in insurance providers.

Things to consider:

  • If you are working at the time of transplant, it is important to talk to your employer about policies that may be in place to help alleviate the financial strain taking the necessary time off may cause.  The amount of time out of work will be determined by the medical team and take many factors into account.  Your transplant team is available to help assist with any information that may be required to obtain these benefits (FMLA, SSDI, etc.).
  • If you are receiving Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) at time of transplant you will continue to be eligible for this benefit for at least 3 years following transplant.  After this time, to continue receiving this benefit, you will need to have an alternate provider complete the documentation for a qualifying diagnosis.
  • If you are receiving assistance paying for insurance premiums through the American Kidney Fund (AKF), this coverage will be limited after transplant.  This coverage will continue through the end of the calendar year following your transplant surgery.  For example, if you undergo transplant surgery in June, your this assistance will expire the end of December the same year.  Please let your social worker or financial coordinator know if you are receiving any assistance paying for insurance prior to transplant.
  • Travel expenses to/from the transplant center should be assessed if this is required for your transplant.  Also, if your transplant center is not close to your home, lodging close to the center before and after surgery should be considered as well.
  • Parking and food costs for family may be necessary.  Parking is available for a fee at Hartford Hospital parking garages or through valet (additional fees apply for valet).
  • If you have young children, additional childcare may be needed.

Life after Transplant

For many people, getting a transplant can feel like getting another chance at life. There are many great things that come with getting a transplant, like having more time in the day and more freedom. There are also many things you should consider in your life after transplant that involve taking care of your new organ.

Getting a transplant is usually an exciting event, but because it is also a major life change, it’s normal to have all kinds of emotions afterward. If you’re experiencing feelings of anxiety, depression or guilt, please know that you are not alone; many transplant patients experience these feelings at first, for many reasons.

  • Mood changes may be a side effect of the immunosuppressant medicines you are taking.
  • You may feel stressed or anxious about your new lifestyle.
  • You may feel guilty about getting a kidney from a living or deceased donor.
  • If you have been on dialysis for a long time, you may feel guilty about leaving other dialysis patients ‘behind’ once you get your transplant.
  • Your family members may also have emotional changes as they adjust to your new lifestyle.

You do not have to deal with these feelings alone. Getting a transplant is a major life change, and it is normal to feel stressed and anxious about big life changes.

Reach out to your family and friends for support. Also, let your transplant team know about your emotional changes so they can help support you and adjust your medicines if needed.

Your transplant team can also refer you to a mental health specialist.

If you are planning on going back to work, the transplant team will advise you when it is safe to return.  You may be given limits on what you can do at work at least in the beginning (for example you should not lift objects that weigh more than 10 pounds).  If you need to find a new job, ask your social worker to connect you with a career counselor.

Keeping your transplanted organ healthy

To keep yourself healthy, and to make sure your organ works well, the following are extremely important:

  • Take your immunosuppressant and other medicines exactly how your doctor told you.
  • Know the signs of infection or possible rejection, then contact your transplant team right away if this ever happens.
  • Avoid being around people who are sick.
  • Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.
  • Eat foods low in salt, fat, and cholesterol.
  • After you are cleared by your doctor, start an exercise routine such as walking, or biking.
  • Eliminate tobacco use
  • Avoid use of alcohol, drugs and other substances that are habit forming.

Behavioral Health

As is the case with many chronic medical conditions, transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The cause may be reactivation of a preexisting mental health problems or the development of a new symptoms because of the illness process or side effects from medications.

The Transplant Behavioral Health Team can help you navigate your mental health by assessing and managing these disorders. It is very important to obtain proper behavioral health care because there is mounting evidence that suggests psychiatric disorders can affects patients health and outcomes after organ transplant.

It is important to receive treatment for depression, because these symptoms interfere with patients’ quality of life and can limit patients’ ability or motivation or adhere to their post-transplant medical regiment including taking medication, making appointments, self-monitoring, and exercise.

Patients with depression may experience:

  • Sadness
  • Irritability
  • Loss of interest in usually pleasurable activities
  • Changes in appetite
  • Changes in sleep
  • Feeling slowed down
  • Poor memory and concentration
  • Feeling worthless or guilty
  • Morbid thoughts of death or suicidal ideation

Many transplant candidates and recipients experience anxiety symptoms. Prior to surgery patients often worry about their health, if they will get a transplant, and what the outcome of surgery will be. After surgery, patients and families are anxious about complications, medication side effects, rejection, and if transplant will actually improve their quality of life. Oftentimes, patients are in denial with the potential stressors that can occur after transplant and are caught off guard with the complexity of the transplant after care.

Patients with anxiety may experience:

  • Feeling nervous, restless, or tense
  • Having a sense of impending danger, panic or doom
  • Having an increased heart rate
  • Breathing rapidly
  • Sweating
  • Trembling
  • Feeling weak or tired
  • Trouble concentration or thinking about anything other than the present worry

Anxiety symptoms may increase with:

  • The stress of an ICU stay
  • Medical complications
  • Sleep deprivation
  • Post-operative complications
  • Graft rejection and/or medication side effects

Cognitive impairment

Immediately after transplant, some patients experience cognitive impairment including difficulty concentrating, memory troubles and confusion. Oftentimes these changes are reversible or managed with continued medical care.

All transplant candidates will be evaluated for past or present addiction.  Patients with a history of substance use disorders, whether or not this was the cause of their organ failure, must show their commitment to a healthy lifestyle by following the recommendations of the Transplant Team both before and after transplantation.  There are recovery support networks and treatment programs to help you achieve this goal. The Transplant Behavioral health team will partner with you to get the care you need.

Community recovery supports:

Hartford HealthCare Behavioral Health Network:

Behavioral Health Network


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Bus Stop Improvements

Bus passengers have received some good news with the announcement that Transport for London are upgrading the “countdown” technology that gives passengers information about the waiting times and order of buses due at stops.

The new technology is expected to provide more acccurate information as well as the signs being easier to read and also showing more service and general information.

Installation is expected in the 2011/12 financial year at the stops at Hayes Station, Coney Hill Road, the Layhams Road/Addington Road junction and the Hayes Lane/Hayes Road junction.

Out And About With Bob Stewart

Yesterday saw Bob Stewart DSO, the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Beckenham, out and about in Hayes Station Approach together with Cllrs. Graham Arthur, Anne Manning and Neil Reddin (ward councillors and Conservative council candidates) and supporters. The team spoke to many people and are all looking forward to the opportunity to serve Hayes and Coney Hall over the next few years.

Bob Stewart DSO Prospective MP for Beckenham in Station Approach Hayes
Bob Stewart DSO, Prospective MP for Beckenham, talks to local shoppers in Station Approach, Hayes

Hayes Place Flats Update

Last December Cllrs. Anne Manning and Neil Reddin had a meeting, arranged by Bob Neill MP, with the Chief Officers of Affinity Sutton (Broomleigh’s parent company).

Our meeting with Keith Exford, the Chief Executive of Affinity, and Neil McCall, the Group Operations Director, was useful.  Unfortunately, it appears that plans to redevelop the site will go ahead, despite the strong case we had put. However, any proposed planning application remains on hold and the assurance that no resident will be forced to leave has been renewed and welcomed.

In the last few months some residents have already moved out and some more are in the process of seeking alternative accommodation.  Clearly any resident who wishes to take up the offer made by Broomleigh/Affinity is free to do so and it is right that they should feel free to do so without intimidation.

However, a large number of residents appear to want to stay at Hayes Place and we shall continue to seek assurances that any request to “stay put” is managed in a kindly and appropriate way. In the meantime we are seeking information and clarification regarding the timetable for any closure and redevelopment.

We will continue to liaise with Affinity/Broomleigh and keep you all updated.

The (New) New Inn

Changes are afoot at the The New Inn in Station Approach. The owners hosted a meeting with residents recently where they presented part of their plans for the business, prior to the former “Harvester” closing in March for a major refurbishment. The restaurant is to move onto the ground floor, while a function room is envisaged on the first floor. We understand that an element of “take-away” of food and drink is also proposed.

Now a licensing application has been received. The owners are seeking an extension in hours to 12:30am, as well as permission for music, dance and other activities. Also, an extension to 10am on New Year’s Day as well as permission to hold 20 events a year without notifying the police (currently 12). A regular opening time of 8am for hot beverages is also sought.

Your ward members are currently examining the proposals, some aspects of which will also require planning permission, which ought to be obtained before any licence variations are granted.

The New Inn during its "Harvester" days

New Youth Sports Facilties in Coney Hall

Plans are being drawn up for a multi-use sports court in Coney Hall Recreation Ground, next to the existing skateboard half-pipe.

The facility, which is designed for five-a-side football as well as basketball, cricket and other ball sports, will add to the facilities for young people in the ward and is being taken forward at the suggestion of the Friends of Coney Hall Recreation Ground. A planning application has been made.


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Gioia Corner 1-Seater Chair - Cream Boucle

In Stock
$1,719.99 Regular price

The Gioia 1-Seater Chair is perfect for adding some warmth and comfort to your space. It features a plush fabric to add extra softness and make you think you are sitting on a cloud!

  • Material: Boucle fabric
  • Colour: Cream/white
  • Dimensions:
    • W 96cm x D 96cm x H 68cm
    • SH 36cm
  • Details:
    • Constructed of shaped polyurethane foam with 3 distinct dense layers
    • Structure: wooden frame
    • Solid wood legs with black stain

All furniture are backed by a twelve (12) months comprehensive warranty.

We warrant all goods for a period of twelve (12) months under normal usage, to be free from defects in material and workmanship. HomeBuffet's liability under this warranty is to repair or replace (at its discretion) any part or product covered by this (or any implied) warranty free of charge. This warranty does not cover:

  • Normal wear and tear
  • Damage arising from abnormal use, abuse or negligence
  • Products which have not been maintained, or which have been modified
  • Any indirect or consequential loss

This warranty applies only to the original purchase. Proof of purchase is required. To the extent committed by law, all other warranties, express or implied, are excluded. All goods subject to warranties must be returned to us in original packaging for inspection and assessment at your cost. The warranty is valid in Canada only, and is non-transferrable. We do not offer warranty services on items shipped internationally. Warranty does not apply to commercial usage or shall be void should the original purchase change ownership. For our full warranty information, please click here.

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Very nice, spacious and comfy

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Chris F.
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text:
History of Early American Landscape Design

Difference between revisions of "Meadow"

[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/research/casva/research-projects.html A Project of the National Gallery of Art, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts ]
Line 193: Line 193:
File:0993.jpg|Unknown, Map showing the Bowery Lane area of Manhattan, c. 1760.
File:0993.jpg|Unknown, Map showing the Bowery Lane area of Manhattan, c. 1760.
File:0799.jpg|Bernard Ratzer, Plan of the city of New York, c. 1767.
File:0799.jpg|Bernard Ratzer, Plan of the city of New York, c. 1767.
File:0972.jpg|thumb|Fig. 3, Pierre Pharoux, "General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben's Mannor" [detail], c. 1793. The "60 acres of Meadow" is indicated at "j" in the four squares below the hemicycle.
File:0728.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], ''Plan of Springland'', c. 1800, in Emily T. Cooperman and Lea Carson Sherk, ''William Birch: Picturing the American Scene'' (2011), p. 206, fig. 117.
File:0728.jpg|[[William Russell Birch]], ''Plan of Springland'', c. 1800, in Emily T. Cooperman and Lea Carson Sherk, ''William Birch: Picturing the American Scene'' (2011), p. 206, fig. 117.
File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. "Meadow" is noted in the center between the woods and cornfield.
File:0601.jpg|Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. "Meadow" is noted in the center between the woods and cornfield.

Revision as of 21:49, March 1, 2017

See also: Lawn

Fig. 1, Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. "Meadow" is noted in the center between the woods and cornfield.

According to lexicographer Noah Webster (1828), meadow referred “to the low ground on the banks of rivers . . . whether grassland, pasture, tillage, or wood land,” or low-lying lands that were particularly “appropriated to the culture of grass.” Both definitions of the term “meadow” were used in the American context.

Eighteenth-century maps of New York and Boston show “salt meadows” along rivers. Like kitchen gardens or orchards, meadows played a key role in early American husbandry, and descriptive accounts of productive farms and estates often mention meadows, particularly when they gave the landscape a rich or well-cultivated appearance. Meadows ranged in size from the 12-acre meadow noted in a 1747 newspaper advertisement to the estimated 50 acres of meadow attached to an estate in Pennsylvania. In an 1807 plan of South Union, Ohio, a meadow was located in close proximity to the residences and between areas designated as woods and a cornfield [Fig. 1]. Since meadows were largely covered with grass, they could provide sustenance for cattle. Indeed, A. J. Downing, in describing the benefits of parks, frequently instructed homeowners to regard them as meadows where their cattle could graze. The cultivation of grass rendered “meadow” synonymous with “pasture,” which Webster defined as grounds covered with grass appropriated for the food of cattle, and hence these terms frequently were used interchangeably.

Fig. 2, Anonymous, Garden Plan of "Newington" in Allegheny County, Pa, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, Gardens of Colony and State (1931), vol. 1, p. 380.

Although meadows were primarily associated with agricultural production, they were often part of a consciously designed landscape, as at “Newington,” Pa. [Fig. 2]. They were also included in plans for plantations and ornamental farms (see Ferme ornée). Eighteenth-century British gardening treatises, for example, endorsed the incorporation of agricultural features into ornamental contexts: Batty Langley (1728) recommended “Little Walks by purling streams in Meadows” as “delightful Entertainments.”

In many instances, meadows accomplished the same aesthetic results as lawns, including framing desired objects or views. At the eighteenth-century estate of West-over on the James River in Virginia, for example, meadows watered by canals lined the road leading to the mansion and signaled one’s arrival to the “improved grounds” surrounding the house. According to François-Alexandre-Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld Liancourt (1799), Dr. Baron of Charleston, S.C., wanted to buy an area of flat land between his garden and the river to convert it to a meadow that could frame views of the distant prospect. Pierre Pharoux, in his plan for Baron von Steuben’s estate in Mohawk Valley, N.Y., likewise used meadows carved out of woods to ensure visual access to the prospect [Fig. 3].

Fig. 3, Pierre Pharoux, "General Map of the honorable Wm. frederic Baron of Steuben's Mannor" [detail], c. 1793. The "60 acres of Meadow" is indicated at "j" in the four squares below the hemicycle.

Meadows were closely related to parks and lawns; Downing on occasion referred to “meadow parks” and “meadow-lawns”. Nevertheless, in at least one article in the Horticulturist, he distinguished between lawns and meadows, arguing that lawns were composed of firm, close, and short grass, while coarser (and presumably taller) grasses with meadow flowers made up meadows. Moreover, lawns were often trimmed and rolled to maintain their appearance, while the primary method of maintaining meadows was to allow animals to graze.

Like lawns and bowling greens, the open grassy areas of meadows also provided space for sports and other leisure entertainments, as mentioned by a teacher in Salem, N.C., in 1817, who observed children playing round ball in the meadow of a tavern.

-- Anne L. Helmreich

  • Anonymous, 17 August 1747, describing property for sale in Somerset County, N.J. (New York Gazette)
“TO BE SOLD, A pleasant Country Seat, fitting for a Gentleman or Store-keeper . . . containing about 90 Acres, including a piece of English Meadow about 12 Acres, and more may be made, about 40 Acres being clear, the remainder Wood-Land.”

  • Kalm, Pehr, 4 October 1748, describing his journey from Philadelphia, Pa., to Wilmington, Del. (1937: 1:81–82) [1]
“I rode now through woods of several sorts of trees and now over pieces of land which had been cleared of the wood and which at present were grain fields, meadows and pastures. The farmhouses stood single, sometimes near the roads, and sometimes at a little distance from them, so that the space between the road and the houses was taken up with small cultivated tracts and meadows. . . . The fields bore partly buckwheat, which was cut, partly corn, and partly wheat.”

  • Brook, Elizabeth, 1756, describing Doughoregan Manor, seat of Charles Carroll (of Annapolis), Howard County, Md. (Maryland Historical Society, A. E. Carroll Papers)
“This place . . . is greatly improved, a fine, flourishing orchard with a variety of choice fruit, the garden inlarged and a stone wall built around it, 2 fine meadows.”

“The whole store of nature’s kind luxuriance seemed to have been exhausted on these beautiful meadows; he made me count the amazing number of cattle and horses now feeding on solid bottoms, which but a few years before had been covered with water.”

  • Shippen, Thomas Lee, 31 December 1783, describing Westover, seat of William Byrd III, on the James River, Va. (1952: n.p.) [2]
“You pass thro’ two gates, and from the second, which leads you into the improved grounds, may be seen a village of quarters as they are called for negroes. The road you get into upon opening this gate is spacious and very level bounded on either side by a handsome ditch & fence which divide the road from fine meadows whose extent is greater than the eye can reach; and on one side you see the river through trees of different sorts. These meadows well watered with canals, which communicate with each other across the road give occasion every 50 yards for a bridge; and between every two bridges are two gates one on each side the road.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 6 May 1795, describing Pottsgrove, Pa. (1800: 1:35) [3]
“The landscape is beautiful along this road, abounding with a great variety of fine views, wonderfully enlivened by the verdure of the cornfields and meadows. . . . If agriculture were better understood in these parts; if the fields were well mowed and well fenced; and if some trees had been left standing in the middle or on the borders of the meadows, the most beautiful parts of Europe could not be more pleasing.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1795–97, describing an estate in Pennsylvania (1800: 1:101) [3]
“The cultivated ground amounts in the whole to one hundred and twenty acres, fifty of which are laid out in artificial meadows, and thirty-six in orchards for apple and peach-trees. The meadows are beautiful, and the fields in good order.”

“[vol. 1] . . . A succession of New-England villages, composed of neat houses, surrounding neat school-houses and churches, adorned with gardens, meadows and orchards, and exhibiting the universally easy circumstances of the inhabitants, is, at least in my own opinon, one of the most delightful prospects, which this world can afford. . . .
“[vol. 2] New England villages . . . are built in the following manner. . . .
“The lot, on which the house stands, universally styled the home lot, is almost of course a meadow, richly cultivated, covered during the pleasant season with verdure, and containing generally a thrifty orchard. It is hardly necessary to observe, that these appendages spread a singular cheerfulness, and beauty, over a New-England village; or that they contribute largely to render the house a delightful residence.”

  • Parkinson, Richard, 1798–1800, describing Orange Hill, near Baltimore, Md. (1805: 1:163–64) [5]
“My first work on the farm was to dress the meadows; which were called fine; though the greater part of them in England would not have been thought worthy of being called meadows at all, being overrun with briars and weeds of different description. Their state indeed was such, that when I mowed them, I sometimes in making hay did not know whether it was worth putting together, or not.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1799, describing Fitterasso, estate of Dr. Baron, Charleston, S.C. (1800: 2:435–36) [3]
“This small plantation, named Fitterasso, consists of four hundred acres, and cost him four thousand two hundred and eighty dollars; it is situated on a small eminence near the river. The site for the house, for none has hitherto been built, is the most pleasant spot which could be chosen in this flat, level country, where the tedious sameness of the woods is scarcely variegated by some houses, thinly scattered, and where it is hardly possible to meet with a pleasant landscape. His garden is separated from the river by a morass, nearly drained; the whole extent of the northern bank of the river is nearly of the same description. Dr. Baron intends to purchase this intervening space, and to convert it into meadow-ground. This alteration will improve the prospect, without rendering it a charming vista.”

  • Ogden, John Cosens, 1800, describing Bethlehem, Pa. (p. 13) [6]
“The variety of walks, rows of trees, and the plenty with which the gardens and meadows were stored, displayed taste, industry and economy.”

  • Martin, William Dickinson, 1809, describing the pleasure grounds at Salem Academy, Salem, N.C. (quoted in Bynum 1979: 29) [7]
“‘Next, I visited a flower garden belonging to the female department. . . . But it is situated on a hill, the East end of which is high & abrupt. . . .
“‘From the extremity of this place descended in different directions, two rows of steps, & joined again at the bottom, of the hill, where was a beautiful spring, from which issued a brisk current, winding in a serpentine course through a handsome meadow, ’til it reached a brook about a quarter of a mile distant. This place was designed for literary repast, & evening amusement—is certainly well adapted for either or both.’”

  • Peale, Charles Willson, 1810, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield, estate of Charles Willson Peale, Germantown, Pa. (quoted in Rudnytzky 1986: 42) [8]
“I am often pleased with the solemn groves skirting my meadows in mahestic [sic] silence and cool appearance.”

Fig. 4, Charles Willson Peale, Sketches of Belfield, 1810.
  • Peale, Charles Willson, 1810, describing Belfield, estate of Charles Willson Peale, Germantown, Pa. (quoted in Miller and Ward 1991: fig. 87) [9]
“In this view imagine that you see a beautiful Meadow on the right. . . . The Common water course is on the edge of the Meadow on the right and the doted [sic] line is a ditch to which I have a flood-gate to let water on the Meadow at Pleasure.” [Fig. 4]

  • Pursh, Frederick, 1814, describing the plants of North America (p. v) [10]
“Her [America] forests produce an endless variety of useful and stately timber trees; her woods and hedges the most ornamental flowering shrubs, so much admired in our pleasure grounds; and her fields and meadows a number of exceedingly handsome and singular flowers (many of them possessing valuable medicinal virtues), different from those of other countries.”

  • Teacher at Moravian Boys School, 1817, describing Salem, N.C. (quoted in Bynum 1979: 52) [7]
“This afternoon I went with the children. . . . I took them to the tavern meadow, where they played a little round ball.”

  • du Pont, Sophie Madeleine, 21 July 1837, describing her visit to a meadow (quoted in Low and Hinsley 1987: 178) [11]
“They were making hay in the undulating meadow, which added to the picturesque effect of the scenery [sic] There is here a very convenient chaise a porteur in which I am carried, or the blackies here express it, toted, from one place to another—”

  • Lyell, Sir Charles, 22 September 1845, describing Boston, Mass. (1849: 1:30) [12]
“The extreme heat of summer does not allow of the green meadows and verdant lawns of England, but there are some well-kept gardens here—a costly luxury where the wages of labor are so high.”

Fig. 5, Anonymous, "View in the Meadow Park at Geneseo," in A. J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 3, no. 4 (October 1848): pl. opp. p. 153.
  • Downing, A. J., October 1848, describing Geneseo, seat of James S. Wadsworth, Genesee River Valley, N.Y. (Horticulturist 3: 163–65)
“The great agricultural estate of the WADSWORTH family, is the pride and centre of this precious family. That magnificent tract, of thousands of acres of the finest land, which surpasses in extent and value many principalities of the old world; those broad meadows, where herds of the finest cattle crop the richest herbage, or rest under the deep shade of giant trees. ...
“And what a prospect! The whole of that part of the valley embraced by the eye-say a thousand acres—is a park, full of the finest oaks,—and such oaks as you may have dreamed of, (if you love trees,) or, perhaps, have seen in pictures by CLAUDE LORRAINE, or our own DURAND; but not in the least like those which you meet every day in your woodland walks through the country at large. Or rather, there are thousands of such as you may have seen half a dozen examples of in your own country. . . . “No underwood, no bushes, no thickets; nothing but single specimens or groups of giant old oaks, (mingled with, here and there, an elm,) with level glades of broad meadow beneath them! An Englishman will hardly be convinced that it is not a park, planted by the skilful hand of man hundreds of years ago.
“This great meadow park is filled with herds of the finest cattle—the pride of the home—farm.” [Fig. 5]

Fig. 6, Anonymous, "Mount Fordham—the Country Seat of Lewis G. Morris, Esq.," in A. J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1, 1851): pl. opp. p. 345.
  • Downing, A. J., August 1851, “The Annual Cattle Sale at Mount Fordham,” describing Mount Fordham, seat of Lewis G. Morris, New York, N.Y. (Horticulturist 6: 372)
“Around the house at Mount Fordham, extends on all sides a kind of meadow-lawn, enclosed and divided by pretty wire fences of various patterns. This lawn is kept short by the grazing of improved dairy stock, and we were glad to see successfully practiced what we have been commending so strongly of late to our readers, as the most available point of English country places, that we saw on the other side of the Atlantic—that is the maintenance of a neat and handsome lawn about a country house, not only without the expense of mowing, but with united profit and beauty—the profit of grazing the grass and the beauty—the real pastoral beauty—of fine cattle, soft turf, and pleasant groups of trees, as the home landscape of our country places generally. By adopting this course, the hay-field aspect of many so-called gentlemen’s country-seats, would disappear, and a more complete and satisfactory lawn or park be acquired, with no loss of money, and the attainment of a higher species of keeping to one’s country home.” [Fig. 6]

  • Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening ([1728] 1982: 195–201) [13]
“General DIRECTIONS, &c....
“XIX. That in those serpentine Meanders, be placed at proper Distances, large Openings, which you surprizingly come to; and in the first are entertain’d with a pretty Fruit-Garden, or Paradice-Stocks . . . from which you are insensibly led through the pleasant Meanders of a shady delightful Plantation; first, into an oven [sic] Plain environ’d with lofty Pines . . . secondly, into a Flower-Garden . . . and from thence through small Inclosures of Corn, open Plains, or small Meadows....
“XXVIII. Distant Hills in Parks, &c. are beautiful Objects, when planted with little Woods; as also are Valleys, when intermix’d with Water, and large Plains; and a rude Coppice in the Middle of a fine Meadow, is a delightful Object.
“XXIX. Little Walks by purling streams in Meadows, and through Corn-Fields, Thickets, &c. are delightful Entertainments.”

  • Johnson, Samuel, 1755, A Dictionary of the English Language (2:n.p.) [14]
“MEAD. n.s. [meade, Sax.] Ground somewhat watery, not plowed, but covered with grass and flowers.

  • Ware, Isaac, 1756, A Complete Body of Architecture (pp. 645, 651) [15]
“A meadow and its hedge excelled all the beauty of our former gardens; because the parterre there afforded only the ill fruits of labour, and the hedge lost the very vegetable character. . ..
“Let us lead such as still prefer it [geometric flower beds] to more free dispositions, into a May meadow, full of the common weedy flowers of that healthy season, and terminated by a hawthorn hedge in bloom. ...”

  • Miller, Philip, 1759, The Gardeners Dictionary (n.p.) [16]
“Under the general title of Meadow, is commonly comprehended all Pasture land, or at least all Grass Land, which is mown for Hay; but I choose rather to distinguish such land only by this Apellation, which is so low, as to be too moist for Cattle to graze upon them in winter, being too wet to admit heavy cattle, without poaching & spoiling the Sward, and those grass lands which I shall distinguish by the title of pasture.”

  • Sheridan, Thomas, 1789, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (n.p.) [17]
MEADOW, med’-do. s. A rich pasture ground, from which hay is made.”

“MEAD, MEADOW, n. meed, med’o. [Sax. moede, moedewe; G. matte, a mat, and a meadow; Ir. madh. The sense is extended or flat depressed land. It is supposed that this word enters into the name Mediolanum, now Milan, in Italy; that is, mead-land.]
“A tract of low land. In America, the word is applied particularly to the low ground on the banks of rivers, consisting of a rich mold or an alluvial soil, whether grass land, pasture, tillage, or wood land; as the meadows on the banks of the Connecticut. The word with us does not necessarily imply wet land. This species of land is called, in the western states, bottoms, or bottom land. The word is also used for other low or flat lands, particularly lands appropriated to the culture of grass.
“The word is said to be applied in Great Britain to land somewhat watery, but covered with grass. Johnson.
Meadow means pasture or grass land, annually mown for hay; but more particularly, land too moist for cattle to graze on in winter, without spoiling the sward. Encyc. Cyc.
“[Mead is used chiefly in poetry.]”

  • Downing, A. J., November 1846, “A Chapter on Lawns” (Horticulturist 1: 204)
“After your lawn is once fairly established, there are but two secrets in keeping it perfect— frequent mowing and rolling. Without the first, it will soon degenerate into a coarse meadow; the latter will render it firmer, closer, shorter, and finer every time it is repeated.”

  • Downing, A. J., March 1851, “The Management of Large Country Places” (Horticulturist 6: 106)
“Considerable familiarity with the country-seats on the Hudson, enables us to state that for the most part, few persons keep up a fine country place. ...
“The remedy for this unsatisfactory condition of the large country places is, we think, a very simple one—that of turning a large part of their areas into park meadow, and feeding it, instead of mowing and cultivating it.
“The great and distinguishing beauty of England, as every one knows, is its parks. And yet the English parks are only very large meadows, studded with great oaks and elms—and grazed—profitably grazed, by deer, cattle and sheep.”

  1. Pehr Kalm, The America of 1750: Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America. The English Version of 1770, 2 vols (New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1937), view on Zotero.
  2. Thomas Lee Shippen, Westover Described in 1783: A Letter and Drawing Sent by Thomas Lee Shippen, Student of Law in Williamsburg, to His Parents in Philadelphia (Richmond, Va.: William Byrd Press, 1952), view on Zotero.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 François-Alexandre-Frédéric duc de La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, ed. by Brisson Dupont and Charles Ponges, trans. by H. Newman, 2nd edn, 4 vols (London: R. Philips, 1800), view on Zotero.
  4. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, 4 vols (New Haven, Conn.: Timothy Dwight, 1821), view on Zotero.
  5. Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America, 1798, 1799, and 1800: Exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture, with Its Recent Improvements, 2 vols (London: J. Harding, 1805), view on Zotero.
  6. John C. Ogden, An Excursion into Bethlehem & Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, in the Year 1799 (Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1800), view on Zotero.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Flora Ann L. Bynum, Old Salem Garden Guide (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Old Salem, 1979), view on Zotero.
  8. Kateryna A. Rudnytzky, "The Union of Landscape and Art: Peale’s Garden at Belfield" (unpublished Honors thesis, LaSalle University, 1986), view on Zotero.
  9. Lillian B. Miller et al, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: Charles Willson Peale: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735-1791. Vol. 1; Charles Willson Peale, Artist as Museum Keeper, 1791-1810. Vol 2, Pts. 1-2; The Belfield Farm Years, 1810-1820. Vol. 3; The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Vol. 5. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983–2000), view on Zotero.
  10. Frederick Pursh, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America, 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), view on Zotero.
  11. Betty-Bright Low and Jacqueline Hinsley, Sophie Du Pont, A Young Lady in America: Sketches, Diaries, & Letters, 1823-1833 (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987), view on Zotero.
  12. Sir Charles Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States of North America, 2 vols (New York: Harper, 1849), view on Zotero.
  13. Batty Langley, New Principles of Gardening, or The Laying out and Planting Parterres, Groves, Wildernesses, Labyrinths, Avenues, Parks, &c. (Originally published London: A. Bettesworth and J. Batley, etc., 1982), view on Zotero.
  14. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from the Originals and Illustrated in the Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers, 2 vols (London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, 1755), view on Zotero.
  15. Isaac Ware, A Complete Body of Architecture (London: T. Osborne and J. Shipton, 1756), view on Zotero.
  16. Philip Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary: Containing the Methods of Cultivation and Improving the Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden. As Also, the Physick Garden, Wilderness, Conservatory, and Vineyard... Interspers’d with the History of the Plants, the Characters of Each Genus and the Names of All the Particular Species, in Latin and English; and an Explanation of All the Terms Used in Botany and Gardening, Etc., 7th edn (London: Philip Miller, 1759), view on Zotero.
  17. Thomas A. Sheridan, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language, Carefully Revised and Corrected by John Andrews...., 5th edn (Philadelphia: William Young, 1789), view on Zotero.
  18. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), view on Zotero.

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