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HIPPS is applied to prevent over-pressurisation of a plant or pipeline by shutting off the source of the high pressure. The Mokveld HIPPS totals over 19000 operational years and are therefore proven-in-use for high reliability safety applications.

Electronic HIPPS safety loop
Mechanical HIPPS safety loop
4” / ASME 2500 1oo2 mechanical HIPPS on mobile gas production unit in The Netherlands
1oo2 electronic HIPPS protecting ASME 600 installation against pressure from ASME 900 pipeline
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Product summary

Application High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS)
Final element Mokveld’s axial on-off valve with integrated actuator and solenoid or mechanical initiators
Scope Sizes: 2" - 48"
Ratings: ASME 150 - 2500 or API 3000 - 10 000
Higher pressure ratings upon request
All: DIN3381 / EN14382 certified
Full closure in 2 seconds
In preference to Flare systems
Venting or relief systems
Other designations Safety shut-down systems (SSD)
Safety Instrumented System (SIS)
Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)
Over-pressure protection systems (OPPS)

Main product features

Traditional systems
In traditional systems over-pressure is dealt with through relief systems. Relief systems have obvious disadvantages such as release of (flammable and toxic) process fluids in the environment and often result in a large footprint of the installation. With increasing environmental awareness relief systems are no longer an acceptable solution. A relief system aims at removing any excess inflow, where as a HIPPS aims at stopping the inflow of excess fluids and thus avoiding over-pressure.
Advantages of HIPPS
HIPPS provides a technically sound and economically attractive solutions to protect equipment in cases where:
  • High pressures and / or flow rates are processed
  • The environment is to be protected
  • The economic viability of a development needs improvement
  • The risk profile of the plant must be reduced
What is HIPPS?
HIPPS is an instrumented safety system that is designed and built in accordance with the IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 standards. These international  standards refer to safety functions (SF) and Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) when discussing a solution to protect equipment, personnel and environment. A system that closes the source of over-pressure within 2 seconds, with at least the same reliability as a safety relief valve, is usually identified as a HIPPS.
A HIPPS is a complete functional loop consisting of:
  • The initiators that detect the high pressure. These initiators may be electronic or mechanical.
  • For electronic HIPPS, a logic solver, which processes the input from the initiators to an output to the final element.
  • The final elements, that actually perform the corrective action in the field by bringing the process to a safe state. The final element consists of a valve and actuator and possibly solenoids or mechanical initiators.
Mokveld reliability
Third parties, like the German TÜV and Atomic Energy Agency, have validated the Mokveld database of installations and the derived reliability data. Failure rates for both clean and unclean fluids are available for 2 seconds stroking time applications. Mokveld’s vast experience in fast stroking final elements totals over of 19 000 operational years (with more than 1000 valves). The Mokveld final elements are therefore proven-in-use for high reliability safety applications in natural gas and multiphase hydrocarbons.
The certified Mokveld failure rate for the final element (being the valve + actuator) for a failure to deliver a full stroke in 2 seconds for applications in untreated hydrocarbons is: λ = 2,09 x 10-4 / year. The failure rate for a single Mokveld hydraulic mechanical initiator is: λ = 1,38 x 10-3 / year. This data enables Mokveld to supply a HIPPS to suit SIL 3 or even SIL 4 with a proof test interval of 1 year or a system fully in accordance with EN 12186 or EN 14382.

The Mokveld final elements do not require additional electronic systems, like partial stroke testing devices, to meet SIL 3 with a 1 year test interval. A separate technical datasheet on this subject is available.
Two types of HIPPS
Based on our vast experience and expertise Mokveld offers two types of HIPPS
1.     Integral mechanical HIPPS, since 1974
2.     Full electronic HIPPS, since 2000
1. Integral mechanical HIPPS - using mechanical initiators
In 1974 the German DVGW certified the Mokveld final element including mechanical initiators in accordance with EN 14382 (former DIN 3381). Since that date Mokveld has field experience with safety shut-off valves (with actuator and initiator) closing within 2 seconds.
Main features of Mokveld’s integral mechanical HIPPS:
  • Integrated safety loop to IEC 61508 / EN 12186
  • Safe and simple
  • Option not requiring external energy (stand-alone HIPPS)
  • No wiring required
  • Set point accuracy < 1%
  • System to SIL 3 or 4
  • Third party validated failure data
Integral mechanical HIPPS 1oo2, pneumatic version
Unique and stand-alone
A safety system with Mokveld’s mechanical initiators is a unique system. The fully mechanical initiators are our own design and development from Mokveld and they are available for hydraulic or pneumatic actuated final elements. Mokveld’s integral mechanical HIPPS is easily identifiable in the plant, easy to operate and simple. This makes it an inherently safe system. As an option a full stand-alone system requiring no external energy is available for applications in remote areas.
Third party validated
Because Mokveld gained field data on their HIPPS (both final element and mechanical initiator) since 1974 a vast amount of reliable operational data is available. Third parties have validated this  data. Mokveld can therefore supply a fully integrated (mechanical) HIPPS for your SIL 3 or SIL 4 applications.
2. Full electronic HIPPS - with electronic pressure transmitters
When designing a HIPPS Mokveld always treats a HIPPS (and other SIS) as a complete certified functional loop and not on separate component level. Safety wise the HIPPS loop is designed in accordance with IEC 61508 and 61511. On the specification side of the final element the design is in accordance with EN 14382 (DIN 3381). The misunderstanding that ‘system’ stands for controller and that a SIS can be designed on component level, is the cause of the biggest problem in the implementation of HIPPS. The under specification of mechanical components and the acceptance of component Safety Integrity Level (SIL) certification, instead of verification of the complete loop SIL is still a pitfall.
Main features of Mokveld’s full electronic HIPPS:
  • Integrated safety loop to IEC 61508 and 61511
  • No limit on distance between transmitters and final element
  • Communication with Plant Safety System
  • Possibility of integrated monitoring
  • Hard-wired solid-state logic solver
  • High integrity manifold block for safer operation
  • System to SIL 3 or 4
 Full electronic HIPPS 2oo3, pneumatic version
Mokveld engineering assistance
Mokveld engineers can provide support in an early phase of the project. We can assist in defining suitable HIPPS architecture, fault tree analysis, determining the pressure rise in the protected volume and the required stroking times and set points of the entire system.
HIPPS are critical elements in a process loop. Malfunction or failure of a HIPPS can seriously affect plant operation, the environment and personnel. The design of a HIPPS should be based on sound technical and economical arguments and long-term perspectives. Selecting a Mokveld HIPPS with proven reliable performance will ensure a safe and reliable operation of your plant.
For more detailed information, please contact Mokveld

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December 18, 2008

New London Man Claims $1.4 Million Lotto Jackpot

Story Photo audio icon A manager for carnival operation Wade Shows is the latest Missouri Lottery-made millionaire.  Thomas Cox travels most of the year for business, but he gets to spend a couple of months each winter at his home in New London.  He was home enjoying his break when he discovered that he held the winning ticket for the Dec. 10 Lotto drawing worth $1.4 million.
"We cut these three cherry trees down over the last couple of days, and we were loading them up on a flatbed trailer," said Cox.  "My brother Ronnie calls and said that Dad called him and said there was a winning ticket worth $1.4 million sold at the Shell station where we buy our Lottery tickets."
Cox immediately stopped what he was doing and went for a printout of the winning combination.  Returning to his truck, he carefully looked over the tickets he had purchased for that drawing until he discovered a match on the last ticket.
"The very last ticket I’ve got," recalled Cox, "I start seeing the numbers, that, that, that.  Then all six of them match, and I said, ’Oh, my God, I finally won.’"

Cox, 53, is a regular Lottery player and purchased several tickets for that drawing at Abel’s Quik Stop, 409 W. First St. in New London.  He used Quick Pick to select the winning numbers:  5, 9, 21, 30, 27 and 41.

Cox chose to take the winnings in one lump-sum payment of $700,000.  After taxes are withheld, he will receive a check for $497,000.  Abel’s Quik Stop will receive a check for $14,000 for selling the winning ticket.
When asked what went through his mind when he found out he won, Cox simply answered "happiness."  He doesn’t plan on many changes to his life, but was thrilled about the win.  Cox said he planned to pay some bills and then put some money back for his children’s college.  He has three children, including a daughter who will begin college next year.
Lotto is a pari-mutuel numbers game with jackpots that start at $1 million.  Cox is the 183rd Lotto jackpot winner since the game began in 1986.

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Distilled Water vs. Tap Water and Drugs in Water

I’ve noted a couple times I generally drink distilled water rather than tap water. I don’t care much for “spring” water or similar… but my husband and kids will drink it. I prefer good ol’ nothing but distilled water.

I’ve also been asked in comments why I drink distilled water and what it tastes like. I drink it because it’s so clean. There are no extras in it. It’s pure, simple water. No minerals, no fluoride, no vitamins, nothing but water. The water is so crisp and fresh — or “flat” as this description of what distilled water is states:

“Distilled water is water which has been heated to the boiling point – 212 degrees farenheit (100 C.) The evaporated water is collected; the result is distilled water. Distillation of water produces the purest water available from a single stage of processing.

Distilling water removes nearly all impurities from water, whether biological, mineral, or chemical. In itself it does not remove 100% of VOCs like benzene and toluene whose boiling points are near that of water, but it will remove calcium, magnesium, lead, viruses, bacteria, and protozoan cysts. In fact distilling water removes metals and oxygen, which results in the “flat” taste of distilled water.”1

The health benefits or drawbacks have been debated long and hard. Some say distilled water is not good for you because it leaches the minerals from your own body. The flip side is it removes the minerals from your body which your cells have rejected, thus cleansing your body a little faster than it would on it’s own (since your body would naturally process these minerals out via urination anyway).

So what about tap water. Personal preference. I just don’t like the taste of it. I can use it to make coffee, tea or kool aid; I can cook with it.. I just can’t drink it plain. Not even at a restaurant. I just get icked out by the taste. I guess I like my water “flat”. ha!

Tonight, I was reading this article about Drugs in water affect 46 million in U.S. – This, btw, is up from the 41 million first reported in March of this year 2. We live in Dayton, Ohio – my family is surrounded by cities who have tested positive for pharmaceutical drugs in the tap water – I won’t hold my breath that our city could report no contaminations.

Some of the drugs found include a cholesterol medication, a nicotine derivative, anti-convulsant carbamazepine, a tranquilizer, mood stabilizers and a (sex) hormone (and more! You’d have to read the articles quoted for more information – but alarmingly, one quotes a find of 56 pharmaceuticals and byproducts (um… what exactly would byproducts be? 3

“Fargo’s water director, Bruce Grubb, said the concentrations of three drugs detected there were so incredibly minute — parts per trillion — that he sent them to the local health officer to figure out how to interpret the information for the community.”

And this… this just totally icks me out. Do you want to know HOW these trace amounts of drugs are making it into our tap water? Water that we give our kids?

“The drug residues detected in water supplies are generally flushed into sewers and waterways through human excretion. Many of the pharmaceuticals are known to slip through sewage and drinking water treatment plants.”4

The thing is, regardless of how minute these traced amounts are, not to even mention the combinations of drugs… in the long term, what does it do to us, to our cell growth 5, to eventual pregnancies and babies. Oh, but I see I’m not the only one wondering, as scientists have been concerned about this and are seeing issues:

“And while researchers do not yet understand the exact risks from decades of persistent exposure to random combinations of low levels of pharmaceuticals, recent studies — which have gone virtually unnoticed by the general public — have found alarming effects on human cells and wildlife.”

Will I stop drinking our tap water? Yes, probably more so now than before. However, I will probably still use it for some things. I will also keep watching news for more information regarding testing and what chemicals may be in our city’s water. I like distilled, so I’ll keep drinking it.

What about you? Do you drink your tap water? Are you concerned about the drugs which may be in your area (or maybe you live in one of the clean cities)?

  1. Distilled Water from everything2.com
  2. Pharmaceuticals lurking in U.S. drinking water
  3. Oh.. this explains drug byproducts-3rd paragraph.).
  4. MSNBC Article 8/08
  5. How meds in water could impact human cells

One Comment

  1. I am seriously concerned about what goes into our tap water, also the fact that people are given heavy doses of medication. It cannot all be absorbed by the body and must be passed through into the sewers. Small doses as you say… I have heard many times that medication such as antibiotics do not work if they have been used before on a patient. Well over a life time I would expect you may have drank someone’s else’s antibiotics (or could have). Its quite scary because in later life when you may need increased medical attention you may have become immune from drinking tap Water.

    I am a strong believer in Water Filters to filter out impurity’s from your drinking water.

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Chicken Dishes

Here you will find the classic Chicken Dishes from Momma’s Meals….enjoy my selection, I try to make my recipes fun, easy, yummy and classic all rolled into one!! Have any questions or idea’s to change up a dish. Feel free to let me know how it turned out, I’m always open to trying new things! I love my chicken.

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You’re Gross If You Think Little Kids Can ‘Flirt’

do-babies-flirtThis weekend my family and I went to a really popular outdoor shopping space here in Austin-it’s always crowded, but this weekend it seemed more crowded than particular, which I thought was strange because it was so godlessly hot outside.

In order to convince our daughter to come with us to this particular space, we usually bribe her with some kind of snack and a trip to the outdoor play area, which is conveniently located outside of the coffee shop. It’s pretty much a win-win, except for the fact that every outdoor area has the two things I like the least: other children and their parents.

This particular group of kids turned out to be pretty cool, actually. The oldest was a boy around the same age as my daughter who had a weird water bottle that misted everyone, and there was a handful of littler kids playing really nicely.

At some point my daughter decided that everyone needed to see the “twirlitude” of her skirt, and started spinning. Pretty much every other little girl followed suit, and even I, icicle-hearted woman that I am, had to admit that it was cute.

That’s when I accidentally made eye contact with one of the other moms. She asked me if my daughter was mine, I said yes, and she smiled at me.

“Watch out. That one’s a flirt!”

Now, I am very very bad at poker face. It’s why I stopped being invited to my husband’s company parties. Judging by the cramping of my upper lip muscles and the shocked look on the other lady’s face, I probably made some combination of my “Please eat shit and die” and “Dafuq are you smoking, lady?” looks. I don’t regret this. I only regret that I hadn’t vocalized these thoughts, because if you think little kids can flirt, you are gross and I need you to go away.

The fact is, I recognize a lot of myself in my daughter, and hearing this woman say this struck fear into my heart. One, because I know that if, at that age, someone had thought I was flirting with boys, I would have been mortified to the point of tears, and I suspect my daughter would feel pretty much the same way. Second, I was actually accused of flirting as a little kid, mainly for things that weren’t my fault, like growing boobs at age 9 or having the sheer audacity to have a mixed-gender group of friends. It gave me seriously mixed up ideas about my body and what kind of friends I was allowed to have.

Actually, the experience shocked me because I don’t see a lot of girls my daughter’s age being labelled “flirts”. Now, don’t get me wrong, girls have a lot of fun crap ahead of them when it comes to wearing leggings at school, picking out Halloween costumes,  and becoming responsible for their peer’s boners, but mainly, when an adult is talking about little kids flirting, they’re talking about boys.

Worse, they’re talking about infant boys.

I worked as a server for a very long time, and I can not tell you the amount of times that I’ve heard the phrase, “Aww look! He’s such a flirt!” only to find that they’re talking about a cute little baby boy smiling widely at a (female) waiter. Nothing made me want to vomit more than hearing things like that, coupled with gross onesies that say things like “I Sucked Your Wife’s Titties Last Night”. If you think I’m exaggerating, please take a gander at what passes for funny among what I assume are douchebag/douchebaguette couples when they procreate, to everyone’s combined chagrin:

I could launch into a wordy screed about why it’s wrong to do this. But I refuse to, because if I need to hold your hand to explain why an infant doesn’t need to be your billboard for unfunny frat jokes or why my daughter isn’t flirting when she innocently plays with her friends, you are probably a moron and it would be lost on you anyway.

Can’t we just call “toddler flirting” what it actually is? Kids being friendly? Do we have to couch it in the same language that sick individuals use when they attempt to excuse perving on little kids?

I don’t usually judge people based on one sentence interactions, but I will say this:

You’re gross if you think that little kids can flirt, and I bid you a horrible day.

(Image: Zurijeta/Shutterstock)

You can reach this post's author, Theresa Edwards, on twitter.
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    • Ursi

      You and me both!

      References to tiny kids that way make me massively uncomfortable. Everything from hearing that they are “flirting” (no, they don’t) to hearing comments about “oh you’ll have to fend the boys off” (sexist stale cliche). I know people don’t mean to come off that way but leaves a bad taste.

      Are we as adults so obsessed with the sexual that we have to project it onto every other human we see, even those for whom it has no meaning?

      • Tinyfaeri

        Yup. The 3 year old boy giving my 2 year old daughter a rock is just trying to be nice and make her feel welcome because she’s shy. They’re not dating for pete’s sake.

      • JJ

        Yes! Especially the “your gonna have to fend the boys off” line when referring to toddler girls and little preschool girls. No just no. Why don’t we wait till the girls are actually teenagers before we worry about dating and boys.

      • ktree

        I had a friend who would brag about how big her infant son’s testicles were. Pretty disgusting.

      • brebay

        Wow. Her parents really fucked her up.

      • brebay

        Ugh! Yeah, “dad better get his shotgun ready.” You’ll forgive me if I don’t give you a courtesy chuckle at the equally stupid notions that your daughter can’t stand up for herself and that you’re ready to blow my son’s head off for nervously walking your girl to Dairy Queen and buying her a blizzard…

      • Theresa Edwards

        THANK YOU. I have given my husband explicit instructions to not try any of these stupid jokes around our daughter.

      • SunnyD847

        I guess I just don’t think of flirting as necessarily sexual. I think of it as attention-seeking. I worked for many years in pre-schools/day cares/camps etc. and the kids generally went through a boyfriend/girlfriend phase around kindergarten. They paired up, broke up, promised to marry each other, etc. I think it was just a natural developmental phase where they were trying to make sense of their world. It all seemed to fade away in 1st and not come up again for years. Both my daughters had very intense relationships during that phase, but years later (they are in middle school now) neither has shown any interest in boys.

    • Bethany Ramos

      That onesie makes me want to die!!! And I just can’t get on board with flirting babies, NO.

      • brebay

        The sentiment and the grammar…

      • Theresa Edwards

        whyyyy did I not notice the grammar before?

      • SunnyD847

        That onesie is so icky! Also, I’ve seen one that says “My mom is a MILF.” If you replace MILF with the words it stands for, it is truly disturbing.

      • brebay

        Oh god, just did it. SO much worse.

    • Megan Zander

      I freaking love this so much. People call my 16month old boys flirts all the time. I think it’s weird bc you’re flattering yourself when you say a wee bebe is flirting with you. I wish you had actually gone on a wordy screed though, just for our enjoyment.

    • firsttimemom

      I hate these kind of remarks, too, but feel like I am taking crazy pills when I try to express these feelings. It’s as if I’m supposed to take them as a compliment!

      • JJ

        Like omg you should be so complimented that people think your four year old daughter is a flirt, tease and all the boys will be after her. Because that is the image parents want in their head of their little child, not. You should also feel so complimented that your little man is a “flirt” who smiles and does normal happy baby things because you know he is totally straight now. At least according to the people who say these kinds of “compliments”.

    • pixie

      And here I was thinking that when babies smiled there’s a good chance they just filled their diaper with a nasty surprise. I never knew they were actually flirting with me.
      Yeah, those types of comments make me super uncomfortable too. And I feel like babies who wear those onsies have fathers who wear equally dudebro shirts.

    • Jessica

      Thank you!!! I thought I was the only one who gets grossed out when the parents of a smiley baby boy would suggest he was “flirting” with me, an adult female who enjoys making silly faces at babies. Why do people try to sexualize their kids? Yick.

    • Upsilon

      Before I was pregnant this type of chatter has always come off as just a tired cliche to say when you don’t have anything real to add to the conversation, like talking about the weather. Now that I’m pregnant, I have to admit it seems weird along the lines of people who talk about their children being their valentines or their “dates.” The whole thing gets creepy in a hurry. And those onesies are insane.

    • SarahJane86

      According to Raising Girls by Gisela Preuschoff little girls do exhibit primitive flirting with their fathers. It’s like wrestling, it’s beneficial for their development, normal and they need to learn it for later (well, I guess they don’t need wrestling specifically, but developing defense and danger intuition), and like all baby animals, practice on their parents.

      It’s not what we consider flirting, that is, driven by the desire for sexual intimacy, it’s just a soft, intimate kind of play that’s designed to hold the father’s attention and sometimes there’s jealousy if that attention is divided.

      This probably boys, too but see the title of the book. There is Raising Boys by Steve Biddulph, and Raising Girls has been re-written by him, but I haven’t read them yet.

      It’s actually kind of annoying to me that you’ve written a deeply judgmental opinion article that actually has, you know, science, to go with it. And that onesie is sooooooooooooooooo not even close to what people say jokingly when they say a child is a flirt.

      PS I would never say my kids flirt, even if they are, because weirdos can’t help but equate it with sex.

      • Ursi

        Why would what you’re describing be called “flirting” then if there’s no desire for sexual intimacy? The term has overtly sexual connotations, there’s no need to even apply it to a child. The idea little girls seeking attention from fathers has anything to do with the flirting adults do is not only discomforting but rather alarmingly heterosexist.

      • SarahJane86

        Oh get over it. This reminds me sooooooooooo much of the the time I suggested calling a vagina and vagina in parenting forum got me called a pedophile.

        Just because you can’t separate what 20 year olds do in clubs from stuff the brain does is not my problem, and makes you the alarming one, actually.

      • Aimee Ogden

        There’s a big difference between using correct anatomical terms and ascribing motivations described in socially-loaded terms to small children.

      • Ursi

        What exactly is it that you are arguing for?

        Because I’m only pleading for the notion that early childhood is sacrosanct and should be removed from adult ideas of flirtation.

        I happen to know a little bit about that kind of development, I know there’s plenty of evidence that fetishes develop as young as toddlerhood and that sexual orientation locks in prior to puberty. I don’t think you’ll find a lot of debate from the scientific side on those issues. Children definitely have a range of feelings and urges that we identify as adult-appropriate.

        My point is that there is a line to be drawn with babies and toddlers and their behavior towards adults and each other. Labeling that behavior in a way that sexualizes it does not benefit anyone. Attention seeking is not flirtation simply because it is targeted towards the opposite sex. That is a notion that reinforces sexist stereotypes and does children no favors.

      • brebay

        One has nothing to do with the other. A vagina is a thing. Flirting is a subjective behavior normally used in the context of courting romantic/sexual attention. As you can see from these comments, flirting has more than one colloquial meaning. Vagina does not.

      • MamaLia138

        Yes! People think I’m weird because I told my son his penis is called *gasp* a penis. I’m not judging if you call it a pee-pee, but it is, in fact, a penis. Also, “flirt” is not a negative word unless you make it one. It’s being playful and cutesy. It’s not sexualizing. It’s a word.

      • Tinyfaeri

        Yup. One book makes “science.”

        Psychologically, it is a necessary part of development to find ways to engage others and make connections with other humans, but that’s not flirting as people typically use it. There is no romantic connection between toddlers or infants or even elementary school kids, and to insist otherwise does the babies/kids no favors. She’s not talking about learning how to get someone to smile back or engage in play or conversation, she’s talking about the insistence on saying that a child has a boyfriend, or will be a maneater someday.

      • blh

        Lol you seriously never had a crush on anyone in elementary school??

      • Tinyfaeri

        Define elementary school. 4th, 5th or 6th grade? Sure. 1st or 2nd grade? No, I did not. At least half of my friends were boys, so they were just friends to me like any girl.

      • Harriet Meadow

        I was the girl running around the playground in kindergarten and 1st grade trying to kiss all the boys because I “looooooooved” them. I also started having sexual fantasies at age 7. ::shrug::

      • Tinyfaeri

        Congratulations. Different people are different!

      • Harriet Meadow

        Exactly my point. =)

      • Harriet Meadow

        And just to clarify, I am not in any way suggesting that little kids (especially babies) really do “flirt.” I was simply responding to the question about crushes in elementary school.

      • blh

        Well I had I crushes in kindergarten and so did a lot of my friends. It’s not unusual. I also had friends that were boys.

      • Tinyfaeri

        Good for you!

      • SarahJane86

        Funny, I’m pretty sure I clarified that the author didn’t mean it in the common language sense.

        There’s actually a huge amount of information out there, and Raising Boys is actually one of the leading parenting books in the world, so there’s that.

      • Aimee Ogden

        So, just to clarify: you’re mad at the author of the article for using “flirting” in the common language sense when there’s “science” to describe the non-common-language sense according to this one book; but now when other commenters refer back to the loaded common-language term (you know, the one that people mean when they say a baby is flirting with strangers), you get annoyed that someone doesn’t want to use your definitions.

      • SarahJane86

        Kids flirt. Get over it. In the common term AND as a developmental function. I just typed in “flirting as natural behaviour” into google and got oodles of links. I picked this one because it clearly outlined healthy behaviour and was from a large government source, but there were studies as well.

        I think the article was overwhelming judgy and the creepy onesie was a way over the top way to illustrate an extremely floored point that is based almsot completely on ignorance on biology and development.

      • Aimee Ogden

        … Did you read that link? The only mention of flirting is as an abuse warning sign in children too young to be flirting.

        “These behaviours signal the need to monitor and provide extra support. …

        * persistently mimicking sexual flirting behaviour too advanced for age,
        with other children or adults”

        So, yeah. You showed us!

      • SarahJane86

        Sexual flirting? Do you know the difference between that and normal flirting? Which age group did you read, because 0 – 4 also said wanting to touch an adult’s genitals was healthy.

        Another one:

        Some of the normative sexual behaviors that pre-pubescent children will typically display are:

        Masturbation and interest in own genitals

        interest in the private body parts of others (“show me yours & I’ll
        show you mine”); an occasional peek at others’ private parts; playing

        An occasional “flashing” of one’s own genitals

        Imitating parental roles (acting like a daddy/mommy)

        Genital/reproductive discussions with same age peers & with parents; wanting to know what sex is

        *Kissing, flirting, innocent seduction behavior*

        Some use of “dirty” words and jokes

      • Aimee Ogden

        Wanting to touch a familiar adult’s genitals in the bath is NOT FLIRTING. Being curious about your body parts or those of others is NOT FLIRTING. Masturbation is NOT FLIRTING. Wanting to know what sex is or asking what it’s like to have a penis instead of a vagina is NOT FLIRTING. Sorry (not sorry) but anyone who tells a small child that they are “flirting” when they express curiosity about their bodies or the bodies of others sounds like a predator. And if you’ll recall, the original article is about babies and toddlers being called flirts and man-eaters for smiling at people, which is not under any of these links because it’s not sexualized behavior. It’s just smiling. If they were any younger, we’d say it’s just gas, but as soon as babies are old enough to have a bow clipped in their hair, some people need to start ascribing adult sexuality to them, and it’s pretty troubling.

        The NYU link you just shared also says ascribes flirting behavior as normal for *pre-pubescents*, not the toddlers this article was originally about. There’s a pretty big difference between saying a 12-year-old girl making eyes at the boys or girls at school is “flirting” and that a 2-year-old who smiles at strangers is “flirting”. 12-year-olds are exploring their own precocious sexuality; adults are projecting sexuality onto the 2-year-old (and almost certainly heterosexuality, at that).

      • brebay You know anyone can start a blog…do you know the difference between an advocacy site and an academic, peer-reviewed journal article?

      • SarahJane86

        Oh and that article also said “Expressing sexuality through sexual behaviour is natural, healthy and a
        basic aspect of being human.”

      • brebay

        Best-selling doesn’t mean most right. Case in point: Eckler.

      • brebay

        Hmmm. still only “guest votes”

      • brebay

        Weird. 14 “Guest votes” and not a single user name. You just logged out and logged back in so it registers as “guest” Everyone knows that. No way in hell 14 people up-voted this.

    • Julie

      Someone at the playground said wow your daughter is very beautiful I said thank you. They followed that up by saying she was going to be a maneater when she grows up…who says that about a 4 year old?

      • Guets

        I’ve actually heard that stuff more than the flirting stuff. I had an old coworker (who gave me heebie jeebies just in general) but he kept showing pictures of his two daughters who were 4 & 6 (and yes they were beautiful) and saying how they were going to be maneaters. All I could think about was that he was attracted to his own children. Barf.

      • Ms. Anne

        Ugh. I’ve heard that about my now 3-year-old son since he was a baby. “He’s gonna be a lady-killer when he grows up!” EW. Also, how do you know he’ll even want to date women? Ugh. Give them some time to just be kids.

      • Aimee Ogden

        Haha, I was just typing that next time someone says “what a man-eater!” to me about my daughter that I was going to say, “Or maybe a woman-eater!” and wink. Based on the kind of people in my life who say this to me, that should put them off this type of comment pretty quickly.

      • brebay

        Matt Walsh probably.

      • Lackadaisical

        That irritates me so much. People often think they are paying the kid a compliment with that one, rather than assigning a personality that they would actually view as negative to a child who is far to young to show any signs of personality as it is far too mature for that age. When people use “man eater” or “heart breaker” or “lady killer” about a grown up you assume a selfish and manipulative person, why should that be something that every child would aspire to if they grew up good looking?

    • Aimee Ogden

      THANK YOU. It drives me nuts when people describe normal infant/child behavior as “flirting”, especially since they completely ignore the same behavior if it’s performed in the presence of someone the same gender as the baby. Little boy grins at waitress -> OMG FLIRT! Little boy grins at waiter -> does not compute.

      I also think talking about small children being “flirty” feeds into the type of apologist narratives that crop up around molestation/sexual abuse cases – that 10-year-old was acting older than her age! She was flirting! She started it! Annnnnd now I want to vomit.

      • Guets

        Thats the part that gets me. Babies smile and love attention. Just because they smile at an opposite gendered person doesn’t mean they’re flirting with them. Flirting to me is a pre-dating thing generally. Babies don’t date. Just ugh.

    • Kelly

      Our 22 month old daughter is always trying to be the center of attention, like any toddler. My husband and I sometimes joke that she’s trying to sign up new members for her fan club…when I made that comment in front of my in-laws this weekend, they laughed and said that of course she wasn’t , she was obviously practicing her flirting. Ugh. Like you, I was totally speechless because why? It’s just such an inappropriate thing to say about a tiny child.

    • K.

      I guess I’m different–I’ve heard the word “flirting” referring to kids my whole life and it never really bothered me. Well, actually, it sort of caught my ear around 11ish when boys were coming on the scene, and I remember asking my dad, “What does auntie X mean about him flirting? Can he flirt?” My dad–who wears a bowtie and suspenders for real and talks about boot-camp as “a nice break from law school”–said with a kind of shrug, “Well, all children flirt.” He didn’t mean it in a cutesy way; he meant, essentially, all children learn to manipulate in order to earn favor from adults. I’ve never found a better word for the fact that children DO manipulate in various ways–not in a sexual way, but certainly in a emotional way–which is also part of growing up and learning how social relationships work.

      I can see why it makes people uncomfortable, definitely (and I am completely allergic to anyone who pretend that childhood is full of blithe innocence and children are little cherubs, so I’m REALLY not one for “cute”); I just thought that in my own life, it was a word that applied more broadly than that, so I’m putting it out there. My dad’s usage was definitely a far cry from a “I sucked on your wife’s titties” onesie. Yeesh–my dad would have probably curled up into a ball just like his socks with little animals embroidered on them had I shown up with the kid wearing something like that!

      • hbc

        I think the word you’re looking for is “manipulate”, right there in your definition. Flirting and manipulating aren’t the same thing. Or go with “wheedle” or any number of more accurate terms.

      • K.

        Yes, it’s more accurate, but it sounds weirder to my ear if people said, “Awww, look at her–she’s manipulating!”

        I’m not saying “flirting” is the best term either, but I always felt its applied meaning was broader in context of babies and children that didn’t always have a sexual connotation (I mean, I’ve heard it applied to say, boy children smiling at grown men–don’t think that the speaker meant to use the term in a sexual context then). I was just surprised that the article was so scandalized by it and by the references to pedophilia, that’s all.

      • hbc

        I agree it sounds strange, because usually the kid is just “friendly” or “outgoing” or something. But when my daughter gives someone a hug and says, “I love you, can I have some candy?”, she’s being manipulative, not flirty. Whether she does this to me, her dad, a boy, or a girl is irrelevant.

        I really dislike the term “flirting” for a couple of reasons, one of which is that a *lot* of people who use it claim it’s not sexual, but then go on to say something like, “You’ll have to watch out for the boys later” or “he’s going to be a lady-killer.” That *is* making a sexual connection with that behavior.

      • Lackadaisical

        I use the word “charm” rather than “flirt” as it is very similar but without the sexual association but seems a little less selfish and dominating than “manipulate”. I would agree that kids do learn to charm grown ups and other kids as a means to getting their way and gaining approval as they learn social interactions.

    • ktree

      OMG you hit the nail on the head. I, too, was wearing bras in the 3rd grade, and got all sorts of unwanted attention. It took until my late 20s until I could wear form-fitting clothing, I felt ashamed and embarrassed and grossed out at the thought of anyone seeing my body. Please people, don’t sexualize children. (On a similar note, don’t encourage other children to do it or joke that the child really likes the attention.)

    • blh

      Little kids totally flirt. They aren’t thinking oh hey that guys hot, I wanna do him but they’re very capable and of thinking someone is cute and tuning to get their attention
      I don’t remwbwr too much of this, but my mom tells me about this time my family was out to eat and me and my cousin thought the waiter was cute and kept acting dumb trying to get his attention and giggling when he’d look at us.

      • brebay

        It’s engaging human contact, and acceptance through eye contact. It’s what infants do. It’s not flirting.

      • blh

        I didn’t say infants I said children.

      • brebay

        I think I was reading the comment above this and just posted too far down.

    • Harriet Meadow

      I don’t know, my son smiles and beckons women and other babies over, and then grabs them and plants a huge kiss on their cheeks. So we call that particular smile (because we can tell what’s about to happen) “flirting.” I think it’s cute, in a totally light-hearted non-sexual way. I guess I never thought that “flirt” had necessarily sexual connotations. But you’re absolutely right, and I’m going to stop using this term now.

      • Guest

        He doesn’t ever kiss men? Just women and baby boys/girls?

    • Harriet Meadow

      That onesie is awful. This isn’t quite as bad, but my sister-in-law and her husband got their infant son a pacifier that said “PIMP” on it. I’m so glad we were not living in the same town at the time, because that pacifier would have been violently destroyed by me.

    • Guets

      I was just looking at a pic someone posted of their kid wearing one of the “boob man” onesies. If anyone buys me that crap I will tell them to their face that it will be used as a clean up rag.

      • waffre

        Or, “please take this back and call me when you acquire some taste.”

      • brebay

        “Oh, gee, thanks, this would have been perfect if I had given birth to a pig.”

    • RayneofCastamere

      Ugh. People just need to let kids be kids and to stop calling any friendly interaction or showing off of something they think is neat “flirting.” Kid probably doesn’t even know what flirting is, they’re just trying to be nice and/or have fun.

    • JJ

      The funniest argument I ever heard from someone was that there son clearly wasn’t gay and never would be (so they wouldn’t have to deal with the gayness) because he was a little flirt so they wouldn’t have to worry about it. Hahaha NO. Because kids don’t mimic what they see adults do which is joke and flirt around with each other. It not like kids don’t tend have open, friendly personalities and like to joke around with others of either sex, nope totally, your son playing with girls and “flirting”(what the parents think of as flirting anyway) means there 100 percent straight guaranteed.

      • ktree

        Oh, ICK. So many icks.

    • Beth

      I have two daughters, six and eight. They’re gorgeous (warning: I’m ever-so-slightly biased). People say things like “watch out, Daddy, get out your baseball bat, the boys are gonna come knocking any day now” or “they already know how to flirt”. It’s true that they are charming when they want something, and it’s deliberate. However, they do that to people of both genders, depending on what they want and who they want it from. Yes, the idea of little kids flirting is ridiculous. It’s basically the innate knowledge that you catch more flies with honey than vinegar.

      • brebay

        As a mother of boys, I really hate those comments. You’re ready to bash my son’s skull in if he thinks your daughter is pretty and asks her out? Or is it that they assume men/boys will rape girls IF they’re pretty…because that’s what rape is about…the beauty of the victim…barf. Unacceptable wither way.

      • Beth

        You know, I never thought of THAT side of things …. but you’re absolutely right, suggesting violence against boy because he likes a girl is pretty sick. It’s a wierd world out there.

    • gretta

      I AGREE!!! I have all boys and whenever a little girl tries to be friends someone will say she is flirting!!! Can’t they just want to be friends with my son???? It embarrasses the girl and my son and sometimes ruins two kids just trying to play!!

      • brebay

        Definitely. I think this is one of the reasons girls and boys stop being friends at a certain age, because everybody makes it about boyfriend/girlfriend. When actually, if we want them to have healthy relationships when they’re older, letting them be friends without labeling it would be the best thing to do!

    • PotMeetKettle

      This is…absurd. I’d venture that no healthy person describes a child as “flirting” and means “wants to bang”. Only the hypersexualized even hear that word and assume it has anything to do with sex at all, when it’s generally used to display and demand attention, maybe attraction, but in a casual and friendly way, not in a hot and bothered one. Certainly not in this context. You’ve heard the phrase “flirting with disaster”? Does not mean, “wants to bang disaster”. Calm the eff down and put some energy into speaking for children who are actually being exploited.

      • Aimee Ogden

        If you don’t think the way we talk about children shapes the way we view victims, I think you’re way off the mark. I can’t count the number of times I’ve heard of the child victim of an adult offender, “She was probably flirting”, “she acted more adult than her age”, “she dressed slutty”, etc. The language we use to describe children is linked to the way we think about and treat them, and starting to call little girls “flirts” for smiling at strangers makes it that much easier for someone to call them “flirts” when they’re taken advantage of, without it sounding as gross and horrifying as it ought to.

      • Ashley Austrew

        “Flirting with disaster” means you’re inviting disaster. By that same token, a child said to be “flirting” with an adult could be painted as inviting the attention of that adult in whatever shape or form that attention comes in. Language matters, and whether we take responsibility for it or not, the words we use perpetuate a culture of objectification and victim blaming.

      • hbc

        “I’m banging a drum” and “I’m banging a guy.” Words can have different meanings in different contexts.

        Of course, you can argue from there that “the toddler is flirting” means something different than “the adult is flirting”, but the word becomes pretty much useless if you try to divide it up that way.

      • SoWhat

        Yeah…talk about making too much of nothing. I’m pretty sure I’ve described my daughter and son both as flirting with both sexes. I never thought of it in a sexual sense, just that they were being extra friendly with a person. I see the authors point, but I never saw it, or meant it that way myself as I’m sure most people don’t.

    • Butt Trophy Recipient

      As someone unfamiliar with the concept of flirting, I think it’s odd to attribute it to young young children.

    • Sarahstired

      Possibly the best thing I have ever read. Spot on. It is so weird how people put adult concepts on these little kids. They will have pleanty of time to be adults, let them be kids and play.

    • brebay

      I hate it too. These are the same people who blame Beyonce for “sexualizing” little girls. My son’s bestie in preschool was a little girl, ERR’BODY called them boyfriend and girlfriend. I hate it when a baby smiles and morons call it flirting. Um…it’s gas. If you consider passing gas flirting, you might be a redneck. Childhood is short, quit jumping the gun!

    • Katherine Handcock

      I guess I have two different versions of flirting…to me, kids “flirt” in a non-sexual, look-at-me-I’m-awesome kind of way (like my son, who gets his babysitter’s boots for her when it’s time for her to leave) which is different from adult flirting. But I do HATE it when people take a child’s outgoing nature and turn it into some sort of “this kid will be a sexual monster” kind of thing. Blergh.

      On the other hand, my husband and I DO joke that we’re pretty sure what my son’s sexual orientation is. We could be surprised, of course, but he thinks girls (especially high school girls and young women in college) are just amazing, wondrous creatures. :-)

    • Rachel Sea

      I don’t associate flirting with sexuality. I think people of ages can flirt in perfect innocence.

    • G.E. Phillips

      I don’t reaaaaaally mind the “flirting” comments when it comes to babies, I don’t necessarily believe that the word HAS to have a totally sexual implication. However, those onesies are just gross. Big, fat NOPE to that shit. Also, in the same vein, I have several friends with infant sons who posted that ridiculous meme on Facebook about how they’re going to make their son’s future girlfriends “go way” if they don’t like them, or if they don’t act “like a lady.” Honey, your son is 8 months old. Maybe you should wait until he’s walking and talking before you teach him to become a tiny douchebag dudebro, you know?

      Douchebaguettes beget douchebags beginners. Now, say that 3 times fast.

    • SA

      I guess I have always seen little kid flirting as different from adult flirting and never really thought about it like this. And my kid has a little boy that is definitely VERY partial to her (it is hilarious), we’ve been careful to not joke about boyfriend/girlfriend stuff – but I do think there can be some level of innocent attraction between small kids.

      But I do hate labeling everything and people asking young kids about boyfriends/girlfriends….I think it puts a different perception in a kid’s mind that they might have not come to on their own, so I really do see where we should not be labeling this behavior as flirting. I think we need to let kids be kids for as long as they can.

      And that onesie is MESSED UP.

      • Guest

        There’s totally innocent attraction between certain kids. When they’re the same sex we call them “best friends.” Why do we look at it differently if they’re opposite sexes?

      • SA

        Well, in the case I am referring to, this particular little boy gushes at how pretty my daughter is and how much he loves her, all unprompted. It isn’t because of him being of the opposite sex. My kid does have a boy (different one) as her BFF, I couldn’t imagine that boy has ever pondered her beauty.

    • Ashley Austrew

      Uugghhh, yes! People ALWAYS say things like this about my daughter! She is very outgoing, and I guess she “flirts” with people, but I think couching it in those terms is weird. I say she’s being friendly or making friends or being charming. I also hate it when people tell me things like; “She’s so pretty. You are in SO. MUCH. TROUBLE. when she gets older,” or, “You’re going to have to beat the boys off with a stick.” Umm…gross. Yes, she is beautiful. Yes, you can say that. It’s fine. But all these ways of saying it that imply she’s an object to be gawked at by boys/men and has no control over it? Blegh. She’s 2. Stop it.

    • Kelly

      I don’t understand why so many of you seem to think all flirting is sexual. I’m kind of a flirty type of person, I certainly do not want to have sex with everyone I interact with. Yuck.

    • hbc

      For those who think flirting is a neutral term, given how many other people see it differently, can you please just pick a different word? Say that a kid is being an extrovert, wheedling, kissing up, being charming, attention-seeking–there are so many options that have no sexual connotation to anyone.

      And if it’s so neutral, why haven’t I ever heard anyone say something like, “Hey, good to see you, I was just flirting with your husband the other day”?

      • brebay

        Exactly. You’re going to smile and engage in a job interview too, also not “flirting.”

    • Tazlima

      The first few times I heard it, I thought “flirting” was a strange word to describe outgoing and adorable behavior from toddlers, but I just decided it was a second definition, just as there’s a big difference in the definition of “love” when applied to your spouse, your grandparents, or your favorite food.

      The thing that kind of bugs me is when people use food terminology when talking about babies (i.e. “Aww, couldn’t you just eat him up?”). It wasn’t used in my family and I still find it a little weird, but obviously I don’t think anyone actually wants to go all “Modest Proposal” on their babies.

      It’s OK for words to have more than one meaning.

    • Jayamama

      I wholeheartedly agree. One question, though.

      Both of my daughters, when they were (are) babies, would smile sweetly at someone, stick their tongue out slightly, turn their head sideways and flick an eyebrow. It’s a variation of an expression that they get from my husband’s side of the family, part of the reason I fell in love with him. I always joke to the person holding the baby that she’s “flirting with you.” However, I use it equally with both genders, usually to family members, and it’s intended as nothing sexual. It’s a different way of commenting on their charms. Does this still qualify? Do I need to find another way of saying it?

    • C.J.

      When my younger brother was a toddler my mom used to put him in a playpen on the front porch while she was working in the yard. He was really fair skinned so she wanted to keep him in the shade and he would have been too hard to keep track of since we lived on a street that was fairly busy. We lived near a high school and when the teenage girls walked by after school my brother would bat his eyelashes (literally) and smile at them. The would always stop to talk to him, he was very cute and social. I remember him being called a flirt. I don’t remember anyone saying anything about it being something sexual. Everyone just thought he was a little ham. Toddler “flirting” isn’t the same as adult flirting. My brother is almost 30 and he doesn’t go around flirting with everyone anymore but I can still see that same confidence in him and he is very much a people person. I think kids who “flirt” just have more social personalities. I also don’t think all flirting is sexual and kid “flirting” is never sexual.

    • SarahJesness

      I hated any kind of comments about romance when I was a kid. I had zero interest in guys until I was like, 13 or 14, and comments like these made me all nervous. I wasn’t into romance or guys yet and I didn’t want people to push me toward that, ya know?

    • MamaLia138

      Is it weird that I say my son flirts all the time? I never thought of it as being perverted, just cute! He loves this one little girl at school and he flirts with her, he flirts with his teacher, he flirts with little girls at stores, waitresses, etc. He’s super outgoing but he starts “acting” shy and giggling and, yes, batts his eyes. I think it’s adorable. If the word flirt bothers you, sorry.

    • C

      I absolutely hate it when people say baby boys flirt. I think it’s gross and I don’t want to think of them being attracted to anyone.


text:
Forecast predicts biggest Gulf dead zone ever

• Spring and early summer nutrient-rich freshwater from the Mississippi spawns huge algae blooms that suck the oxygen in the Gulf.

NEW ORLEANS — Scientists predict this year's "dead zone" of low-oxygen water in the northern Gulf of Mexico will be the largest in history — about the size of Lake Erie — because of more runoff from the flooded Mississippi River valley.

Each year when the nutrient-rich freshwater from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers pours into the Gulf, it spawns massive algae blooms. In turn, the algae consume the oxygen in the Gulf, creating the low oxygen conditions. Fish, shrimp and many other species must escape the dead zone or face dying.

Federal and university scientists predict this year's zone will be between 8,500 square miles and about 9,400 square miles. The actual size of the dead zone will be measured over the summer.

The largest recorded dead zone was found in 2002 when 8,400 square miles of the Gulf was found to be lacking sufficient oxygen for most marine life.

The forecasts on the size of the hypoxic zone are usually close to the mark, although hurricanes have chopped them up in the past.

Eugene Turner, an oceanographer at Louisiana State University, said the dead zone has continued to get larger since it was first noticed and measured in the 1970s. He said the dead zone is getting worse with time. The biggest contributor is the amount of fertilizer — and the nitrates and phosphates in them — that wind up in the Mississippi River each spring and get flushed out to the Gulf.

"The nitrogen is fertilizing the waters offshore," Turner said. He said little progress has been made in recent years to reduce the nutrient load into the Gulf.

The federal government and states in the Mississippi valley are attempting to reduce runoff from farms, lawns and cities, but those efforts have not curbed the problem.

This year, for instance, the U.S. Geological Survey said the nitrogen load that reached the Gulf was 35 percent higher than the average amount flushed into the Gulf each May over the past 32 years.

The Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers dumped nearly twice as much water than normal in May, officials said.

"As usual, the size of the low oxygen offshore is driven by both the freshwater and nitrogen levels in the Mississippi, so this year we have had floods and we have had more nitrate coming into the system," said Nancy Rabalais, the executive director of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium. Rabalais is a lead researcher into the dead zone.

She expected the dead zone to extend more to the west toward Texas and farther offshore than in past years.

Scientists said the large dead zone will complicate the Gulf's recovery from last year's massive oil spill. After the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded on April 20, 2010, an out-of-control well owned by BP PLC. spewed about 206 million gallons of oil — 19 times more than the Exxon Valdez spilled.

"This is an additional stressor," Rabalais said. "It's our chronic stressor."

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text:
Jean C. Penney

Jean C. Penney, age 86, of Flat Rock, Michigan passed away on Friday, March 1, 2013 in her home.

Friends may visit in the Arthur Bobcean Funeral Home, Flat Rock Chapel on Monday, March 4, 2013 from 1:00 pm to 9:00 pm. Funeral Services will be held at St. Roch Catholic Church on Tuesday, March 5, 2013 at 10:00 am. She will lie instate from 9:00 am until time of service. Father Franklin Bekoe will officiate the service. Burial will be in Michigan Memorial Park, Huron Township, Michigan.

Born on October 19, 1926 in Bronx, New York, she was the daughter of Guerrino and Elvira (DiRentis) Cicchelli. On October 19, 1946 she married James Penney in St. Gregory Catholic Church, Detroit, MI.

Jean was employed with Ford Motor Company as an Inspector for 35 years until retiring in 1990.

She was a member of St. Roch Catholic Church, Huron Valley Players and the UAW. She enjoyed traveling to New York to visit her sister, together they would spend time going to Broadway shows, Musicals and the Ballet. She loved to spend time with her grandchildren, cooking Mrs. Penney’s spaghetti and listening to jazz.

She was preceded in death by her parents, husband and brother, Dante Cicchelli.

Surviving are 3 sons, Jerry (Connie) Penney of Negaunee, Thomas (Karen) Penney of Carleton and David (Gail) Penney of Lafayette, LA; 2 daughters, Nancy (Steve) Ernest of Flat Rock and Christine (Joey) Donaldson of Brownstown; sister, Marie Santerelli of New York; 11 grandchildren and 20 great-grandchildren.

Memorials may be made to St. Roch Catholic Church or Karmanos Cancer Center @

Condolences @

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text:
Overview of the Co-op Faculty Advisor role

Cooperative Education is experiential education which consists of many activities: real-world work, academic projects assigned by the Co-op Faculty Advisor, student preparation, counseling and debriefing. These activities enhance student learning, build maturity and insight, and contribute to graduates who are prepared to function effectively in the world of work. Because co-op is an academic learning strategy, Montclair State University expects students to integrate the learning that occurs in the workplace with their formal studies: this is the vital role the faculty plays in the process.

Once a student accepts a position with an employing organization and officially registers for a co-op course, the student is assigned to a Co-op Faculty Advisor. Together, the student and the Co-op Faculty Advisor will develop a learning agreement that outlines the academic projects to be completed during the semester.  The Cooperative Education Faculty Handbook is a helpful resource for Co-op Faculty Advisors.

Certain academic departments require that their co-op students attend a series of seminars during the semester. These seminars, facilitated by the student's Co-op Faculty Advisor, are designed to foster discussion and reflection on relevant work and career-related issues.

Co-op Faculty Advisor - Roles and Responsibilities

The Co-op Faculty Advisor is responsible to

  • assist in the development of the learning agreement;
  • assess learning outcomes and communicate with the worksite supervisor;
  • facilitate discussions with students about their progress;
  • participate in problem-solving sessions when appropriate;
  • conduct seminars when required;
  • review supervisors' evaluation reports;
  • assess the learning outcomes of the co-op/internship experience;
  • award academic credit by assigning a grade.

As the primary contact with the worksite supervisor, the Co-op Faculty Advisor is also expected to:

  • maintain communication by phone, email and/or in person;
  • host fact-finding meetings when problems arise;
  • evaluate the worksite for future co-op students.

Department Co-op Coordinator - Roles and Responsibilities

The Department Co-op Coordinator is responsible for the management of the department's co-op course and serves as its advocate within his or her academic department. S/he will review the curriculum offerings of the department to find appropriate ways to include and represent cooperative education in department deliberations.

S/he will collaborate with an assigned counselor to recruit and promote co-op to both students and faculty, develop and/or refer positions that may come into the academic department, strengthen relationships with employer partners though site visits and employer sponsored events, and approve new positions that are developed by counselors or students.

When more than one faculty member is needed to advise students in a given semester, it is the responsibility of the Department Co-op Coordinator to confer with the department chair or colleagues to locate additional faculty with the appropriate expertise and interest.

This position is normally a released-time position, budgeted through the Center for Career Services and Cooperative Education when coupled with the responsibilities of a Co-op Faculty Advisor. Department Co-op Coordinators are required to attend at least one co-op faculty meeting a year.


text:
Monterey Peninsula College names Walter Tribley new president

Walter Tribley A biochemist, Tribley, 53, is expected to start on Dec. 17 at Monterey Peninsula College.
Walter Tribley A biochemist, Tribley, 53, is expected to start on Dec. 17 at Monterey Peninsula College.

Monterey Peninsula College trustees unanimously voted Wednesday to name Walter Tribley as the next superintendent/president of the college.

Tribley, vice president of instruction at Wenatchee Valley College in Washington state, was the only candidate of the four interviewed by trustees and community members earlier this month to come from outside California.

"His appointment will be completed when we reach a final agreement of the employment contract in November," Loren Steck, president of the board of trustees, said in a statement. Tribley's salary will be part of negotiations.

Five people from the MPC community visited Wenatchee Valley College this month, including trustees Charlie Brown and Marilynn Gustafson.

"We got an excellently glowing report" from the team, Steck said. "People were sorry to see him go — sorry for themselves, but happy for Dr. Tribley."

"I am extremely honored ... and I am looking forward to serving the MPC community as the next superintendent/president," Tribley said in an email.

Tribley, 53, is expected to start Dec. 17.

Tribley, a biochemist, became one of the top choices for faculty when he was interviewed at a community forum Oct. 4.

"It was close. He had a lot more of the traits that faculty wanted," said Mark Clements, president of the teachers union. "He seemed to be more open to faculty ... and had ideas faculty liked regarding instruction."

During his presentation at MPC, Tribley spoke about championing nursing and other science and technology careers at his current college and throughout his career.

Tribley also spoke about making budget cuts at his college, whose funding has declined by about 30 percent in the past few years. Cost-cutting was made through consensus, he said.

MPC could go through a similar scenario if Proposition 30 fails in the Nov. 6 election.

Clements said he was a bit concerned that Tribley comes from out of state, but it seemed like a plus that he already had experience with budget cuts and how to address them.

The board of trustees saw things the same way.

"We're going into totally uncharted territory," Steck said. "In some ways, (Tribley) is in a better position to help us regarding the budget than people from in state. In Washington, they've already dealt with this."

Doug Garrison, president of MPC since 2006, announced in February he would retire by the end of the year.

Claudia Meléndez Salinas can be reached at 753-6755 or


text: Time of Corruption by DarkPluto DarkPluto4@aol.com Chapter 15 - Avenged at Last Rating: PG-13 Author's Note: A kind of cutesy ending, but I like those. Kinda interesting to a certain degree. Please read. Chibi-Usa stared at the throne, recently occupied by her mother and so desired for by Setsuna. It was now hers. It had been a few weeks since her mother's death. Her mother fell severely ill a few days after Setsuna's death. As she lay dying on her deathbed, she called for Chibi-Usa. Chibi-Usa didn't want to see her. She couldn't stare at Setsuna's murderess. But she was forced to. Neo-Queen Serenity looked so pale, so white, so fragile. She stared at Chibi-Usa for a moment and said, "I pass the crown to you, my daughter. I bless you with the best of luck. Please, when I am gone, give Setsuna-chan the honorable funeral and honor her the way I should have when she was alive. Find the next Sailor Pluto, and this time, treat her right. Rectify my fatal mistake, Chibi-Usa. Whatever you do, don't follow the same horrible path I did. I can feel my life slipping from me. Don't mourn me. Setsuna-chan's death is being avenged?" and her voice died out. Chibi-Usa looked at the dead woman without tears in her eyes. She felt nothing. When Setsuna-chan died, she had lost her real mother. Now, all she could felt was a peace inside. Yes, Setsuna-chan's death had been avenged. Her father committed suicide a day after his wife's death. She felt a bit more sorrow than when her mother died, but it couldn't compare to the anguish she felt at Setsuna's death. Setsuna's death would scar her for life, but her father's death was only a momentary sorrow in life that would come and go. Setsuna's death would never leave her - it would haunt her eternally. At her coronation, she walked past as so many people looked pityingly at her. They expected a sad, downcast princess quaking with sorrow and fear. She shocked them all as she came forth, steely and determined. Not a trace of sorrow or tears. No, she felt nothing but confidence and peace inside. Slowly, she walked back into her room and changed. The funeral was quickly approaching. Picking out the somber black dress, tears began spilling down her cheeks. The black dress had been made by Setsuna. Nearly all her clothes were. With trembling hands, she donned the dress and prepared herself for the funeral. Accompanied by her many servants, she stepped out of the palace, the world blurry behind her veil of tears. The air was slightly chilly. They walked to the royal burial grounds, and she was seated upon the Seat of Highest Honor as she looked on. The black coffin was carried over the hole dug for Setsuna-chan. Next to that plot lay the plot where King Endymion had been buried. Slowly, it was lowered. Chibi-Usa watched, her mouth dry and her face itchy. Finally, it was resting in the hole. The dirt was piled as slowly, the coffin was shut out from the rays of the sun and locked into eternal darkness. Somewhere, in that dim, gloomy coffin, Setsuna's body lay in the silence. This wasn't fair! That grave, perpetual silence was the one thing Setsuna hated! And now, she would be trapped there forever! This shouldn't have been her fate! The funeral had ended. The guests were leaving. Her servants waited for her to stand up and leave. Chibi-Usa turned and ordered in a wooden voice, "Leave me alone here for a while. I'll be back. Go and start dinner." The servants bowed and hurriedly left. Slowly, she approached the new grave. A single tear slid down her cheek and wavered for a moment before falling on the ground. A dark spot appeared. And then, another tear followed. Soon, a small river of tears was trickling down both cheeks. Laying down on the grave and wishing strangely that she could join Setsuna, she wept. Shakily, she took her crown off. After a moment's deliberation, she placed the crown on Setsuna's grave. "Setsuna-chan, here. I give you the crown you wished so desperately for and so most certainly deserved." Standing up, she curtsied to the grave, and walked off, heading for the Gates of Time. Setsuna's house where she had once visited so frequently was run down and abandoned. The gardens once so meticulously cared for were run over by weeds, and the grass grew wild and densely. The house was covered by vines, and the inside seemed musty and inhospitable. A thick layer of dust covered everything. Just up ahead stood the ominous Gates of Time. Chibi-Usa narrowed her eyes. Taking the transformation brooch out, she raised it high and shouted, "Emporium Ultimate Moon Power!" A flash of white light, and she stood, the new Ultimate Sailor Moon. She held the brooch in front of her, and the ginzinshou began glowing. The powerful cloud of energy began forming as it raced toward the Gates of Time. There was an explosion. Chibi-Usa looked on, satisfied, as the Gates lay, razed to the ground and closed forever. 'That's my gift to you, Setsuna-chan,' she thought, as she walked away. Tomorrow, she would find the new Sailor Pluto. Tomorrow, she would find Setsuna-chan's successor who would step into her duties as a Sailor. But never would she have to guard the hateful Gates. No, never would another Sailor be condemned to Setsuna's life. She would see to it that the same mistake would never be made again, and the Hell Setsuna endured would never arise again. Setsuna had been avenged, once and for all. Author's Note: TADA. Finished in such a short time - so much shorter than I expected! How did you like it? And watch for my next fan/fic (no, it has nothing to do with Setsuna and this fan/fic?it'll be a totally different one.). Oh, well...if you hated this story, maybe you'll like the next one better (oh, and if you hated it because there wasn't enough action in this one, please, don't even bother reading my next one. It has WAY less action than even THIS one). =)


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on Mar 25, 2009 in Just Out!

PSW Kicked off with Hot News!

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Photoshop World started today and the day is already over. Where in the hell did it go? Yeah, it’s that much fun and the folks, well they are simply the best. The keynote was a lot of fun, great laughs with solid information. I’m blogging from, …. where in the heck am I? No clue, I’m in the hall somewhere. You can follow the fun on the Photoshop World website better than I since I don’t even know where I am. But I am having fun!

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I am excited to be released from my NDA and can now talk about the new Intious 4 from Wacom. This is so hot, Wacom has a whole room where you can sit down, drive it and see for yourself all that it can do for your photography. If you’re at Photoshop World, you gotta check it out!

Well, I’ve got to get off, head to the parties (someone’s gotta do it) and pile on the fun. Wanta thank all the folks who came to the Nikon Theater today and supported me!

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Home > About > News and Events > News Releases > News Releases 2001 > Irene Farrera Trio to perform at Moravian - October 17
News Release

Irene Farrera Trio to perform at Moravian - October 17

Irene Farrera Trio(Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) - Venezuelan vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter Irene Farrera will perform in concert with her Trio on Wednesday, October 17 at 8:00 p.m. at Moravian College in Foy Hall. Earlier in the day, Farrera will present a workshop at 11:30 a.m., in Peter Hall on the Priscilla Payne Hurd Campus in Historic Bethlehem.

Born in Caracas, Venezuela, Farrera grew up singing and playing the cuatro (a traditional, four-stringed guitar Immersed from early childhood in the music of her homeland, Farrera, who now resides in Eugene, Oregon., infuses a deep sense of tradition into her music, along with unmistakable Cuban and Caribbean flavors. Farrera introduces audiences to the richly diverse music of her homeland, from the Spanish influenced joropos of the Llanos to the Afro-Venezuelan drums of the coastal regions.

Farrera's newest release, "Soy de Ti" (Indigena Records) showcases her unique, percussive style and poetic songwriting. In concert, Farrera captivates audiences with the intricate drum patterns that emerge as she strums. "Latin music is about rhythm. There's lots of percussion, lots of drumming. When I sing, I hear those drums and I play them on my guitar" says Farrera.

The workshop and concert are open to the public. Admission to the workshop is $5. Admission to the concert is $10 for adults and $5 for students, seniors, and children 12 and under. The concert is sponsored by the Moravian College Music Institute. For ticket information, call 610-861-1650.


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Food Synergy: 13 Anti-Aging Power Pairs

Some foods just work better together. Add these 13 dynamic duos to your diet to rev up its disease-fighting power.

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Perfect Couples

Many of the dishes humans have eaten for generations—like rice and beans, or tomatoes drizzled with olive oil—have withstood the test of time not simply because the ingredients taste delicious together. Health experts believe we enjoy these combinations because they’re more nutritious together than they are on their own. The concept is called “food synergy,” and it explains how two foods can be greater than the sum of their parts. Here are a few of the most powerful food synergies currently known to science.

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Eggs + Cheese

The vitamin D found in egg yolks makes the calcium in dairy more available to your body—important not only for bones but heart health as well.

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Rosemary + Steak

Marinate your steak with rosemary before cooking: The herb is rich in antioxidants like rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid that help neutralize carcinogenic compounds known as heterocyclic amines (HCAs) that form when steak reaches temperatures of 325 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.

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Tomatoes + Olive Oil

Cancer- and heart disease–fighting compounds called carotenoids (the most well known of which is lycopene) are found in abundance in tomatoes. They’re fat-soluble and, as such, they’re more available to your body when you eat them with fats like olive oil or mozzarella cheese.

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Garlic + Fish

Both of these foods fight inflammation and disease, but together, they’re even more powerful: Research has shown that a combination of garlic and fish lowers LDL (bad) cholesterol more effectively than eating the foods on their own.

Photo courtesy of Dani Vincek/

Raspberries + Chocolate

Scientists have discovered that when raspberries and chocolate are paired together, their disease-fighting flavonoids (quercetin in raspberries and catechin in chocolate) are even more effective at thinning the blood and improving heart health.

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Turmeric + Black Pepper

The spice turmeric has anti-inflammatory properties—it’s being studied for its potential to fight cancer, improve liver function, lower cholesterol, and stave off Alzheimer’s disease. When you combine it with black pepper, your body absorbs a thousand times more curcumin (turmeric’s active ingredient).

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Salmon + Red Wine

Plant compounds in grapes known as polyphenols do more than promote good circulation—they also help your body absorb more of the brain-healthy omega-3s in fish.

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Oatmeal + Oranges

Phenols (a type of plant compound) in oatmeal and vitamin C in oranges both lower LDL (bad) cholesterol. When eaten together, their ability to improve cholesterol and prevent heart disease is four times greater than what they’re capable of individually.

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Lemon + Spinach

The vitamin C in lemons helps your body absorb more of the plant-based iron found in spinach, a mineral that prevents mood swings and promotes happiness.

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Red Wine + Almonds

Together, the antioxidant resveratrol in red wine and the vitamin E in almonds boost the body’s ability to thin the blood and improve the health of blood vessel linings.

Photo courtesy of Dionisvera/

Vinegar + Sushi Rice

Vinegar decreases rice’s ability to raise blood sugar levels by 20 to 40 percent.

Photo courtesy of Neveshkin Nikolay/

Beet Greens + Chickpeas

Chickpeas are a good source of vitamin B6, which helps your body absorb the magnesium found in beet greens (B6 helps facilitate the transport of magnesium across cell membranes). These nutrients work together in the body to ease the symptoms of PMS and ADHD.

Photo courtesy of Elnu/

Green Tea + Lemon

The vitamin C in lemon makes more of the catechins (a type of antioxidant) in green tea available to your body.

Photo courtesy of Africa Studio/

For more food synergies, check out The Happiness Diet by Tyler Graham and Drew Ramsey, MD

Click here to buy

Related: 16 Recipes for Happiness

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First Published Tue, 2012-02-14 17:50

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PERS requirements changing

September 8, 2013
By TOM GIAMBRONI - Staff Writer ( , Morning Journal News

LISBON - Some elected officials and part-time public employees may find they no longer qualify for 100 percent benefits when they retire because of changes in Ohio's Public Employee Retirement System.

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Storm moves through, contractors move in

July 9, 2014
By STEPHEN HUBA - Staff Writer ( , Morning Journal News

EAST LIVERPOOL - The sound of hailstones on homes has faded, but their impact is still being felt around East Liverpool and Calcutta.

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Home>The Ultimate Cheapskate's Index Portfolio

The Ultimate Cheapskate's Index Portfolio

Morningstar Articles

Wed, 2 Oct 2013

For investors looking to build a portfolio based on rock-bottom fees, here's a list of funds and ETFs that can serve as building blocks.

Related Videos

  1. Volpert: Less Risk in Intermediate-Term Bonds Than Perceived

    Vanguard's Ken Volpert cautions investors about a rise in short-term rates, and also offers his thoughts on the U.S. debt ceiling as well as Vanguard's TIPS, international-bond, and total bond market funds.

  2. Why Vanguard Was Hard to Beat in 2014

    It was tough for active managers to outpace Vanguard's low-cost index funds in 2014, and many of its active funds also outperformed.

  3. Answering ETF Concerns

    Vanguard principal and ETF strategist Joel Dickson responds to worries that increased passive investing has led to more market volatility and that ETFs cause investors to gamble with their portfolios.

  4. Vanguard Index Swap All About Cost

    The switch from MSCI to FTSE and CRSP indexes for 22 Vanguard funds is all about three things, says Vanguard principal Joel Dickson: cost, cost, cost.

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Summer 2003:
Manual is 20 year old, incredibly talented Jonas Munk, living in Odense, Denmark. Since his early teens he's been involved in making music. With a few friends he founded the rock band Paragons Of Virtue, which was later to be renamed (but not remodeled) Limp, who released their debut album "Orion" on Morr Music in early 2002. Jonas loves his life and wether he is producing with his band (for which he provides almost all compositions) or solo as Manual (with two albums - "Untill Tomorrow" and "Ascend" on Morr Music - under his belt), he is always trying to convey this fact in a very emotional way, gaining him comparisons with outfits like My Bloody Valentine, Cocteau Twins, Ride and Slowdive. With these traditions in mind the music is carefully transferred into the here and now while never losing a certain sunken quality. In July 2003 Morr Music will release the album "Into Forever", a collaboration of Manual with New York artist Icebreaker International, on ist newly founded sublabel Sound Of A Handshake.
When Jonas is not making music, he is studying philosophy, riding his skateboard or hanging around with friends. It's as simple as that and it's all good!

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The G3 Guide Pant offers all of the durability and performance that you love in a wader, but in the convenience of a pant. Another product offered by Simms that is made in the USA.

Simms' most popular wader, the G3's stand up to the toughest conditions, offering functionality and comfort that you need when chasing brown trout in Argentina or fly fishing Virginia brook trout.

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The Other Shoe

| Fri Apr. 9, 2010 2:13 PM EDT

Felix Salmon is relatively sanguine about Greece's problems:

The first option is default. If it happens, it'll happen, as Thomas says, in the form of a debt restructuring....Debt restructurings are messy and unpleasant things at the best of times, but what we're really talking about here is the sovereign equivalent of a loan modification which, if it goes according to plan, makes both the borrower and the lender better off. What we're most emphatically not talking about here is an Argentina-style default, where the country simply unilaterally stops paying any interest on its debt, and then takes years to address the issue, trying to drive the hardest bargain it can all the while.

Then there's devaluation. If Greece leaves the euro, that would allow it to devalue its currency. If it redenominated its debt from euros into drachmas, that alone would constitute a default, even without a bond exchange. But again, in the event that Greece did leave the euro, it wouldn't see its currency plunge overnight to a third of its previous value, as Argentina did.

First question: is leaving the eurozone a realistic option? Quite a while ago Barry Eichengreen persuaded me that it wasn't, and I haven't seen anything since then to change my mind.

As for default — well, maybe Greece's version will be kinder and gentler than Argentina's. And maybe that will work out. But Peter Boone and Simon Johnson are skeptical:

The default on debt would have major ramifications. The government would need to take actions to avoid a run on all the Greek banks — this would need to be coordinated with the ECB to ensure there was liquidity support. Private creditors would pull loans wherever possible from Greek entities. In short: Greece would suffer a large financial and economic collapse, and GDP would decline substantially.

This financial collapse would mean Greek debt would need to be written down substantially. We would guess that a 65% write down of face value, bringing total Greek debt to around 50-60% of a lower new GDP, would be reasonable. Such write downs roughly match the terms that Argentina received after its debt restructuring.

This draconian cut to government debt would not solve Greece’s problems. It would still need to cut budget spending in order to lower the deficit — and in the aftermath of defaults, there are generally few sympathizers. Greece could save on interest (which to data it never paid in any case), but it would not be a panacea for the budget or economy.

For what it's worth, I think I'm in the pessimistic camp. Everyone keeps waiting for the other shoe to drop in Greece, and it's hard to believe that it's not going to happen soon. As every shaky financial firm learns, there's a tipping point at which the market isn't just skeptical anymore, it's actively attacking you and working toward your demise. That point doesn't seem too far away to me, and when it happens everyone is going to go into full scale panic mode. And there's no guarantee that the fallout will be restricted to Greece.

But that's just my gut reaction, and I'm an inherent pessimist. Maybe things won't turn out as badly as I think.

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New French Book Will Become Important When It's In English

| Mon Dec. 16, 2013 4:50 PM EST

Tyler Cowen says today that "The forthcoming Thomas Piketty book will be very important."

That "will be" is sort of interesting. You see, the name of the book is Le capital au xxie siècle, and it was published three months ago. But no one is talking about it. Presumably, it will become very important—and very talked about—only next March, when Capital in the 21st Century hits the shelves.

I don't have any grand point to make. It's just interesting that fluent French is now so rarely spoken among American academics that an important French book can't even get the time of day until its English translation comes out. It makes sense that widespread conversation would have to wait, since you can't very well have that until lots of people have read the book, but you'd think there would be at least a few reviews out there along with a bit of discussion. But if there has been, I've missed it.

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Mothers Waxes-Polishes-Cleaners

SEMA News: The Automotive Aftermarket Pokes Fun at The Mothers® MINI Mishap

Mothers® Presents Shine Award to '34 Mercury Coupe “Stallion” At 2003 SEMA Show

Chevy Rumble — Car Profile: Mothers®’ Special Delivery

NOPI SPC Magazine: When Your Car Says “Wash Me,” Get Help from the Mothers® Detail Guide

Hot Rod Magazine Uncovers Power Tour 2003

Mothers®’ MINI Cooper S Hits The Streets of Willow Springs

Hot Rod Re-Visits Glen Grozich’s Twin-Turbo ’62 Chevrolet Biscayne: The “Chicayne”

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Popular Hot Rodding: Mothers® Shine Award to Troy and Billet

Popular Mechanics Editor's Choice Awards at AAIW: Mothers® Billet Polish

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The editors of Super Rod magazine know the coolness of special-edition Hot Wheels cars featuring Chip-Foose graphics. Better still, they don’t overlook the new Mothers® Premium Wax included with each of the four different miniature rides.

Read more about these cool cars (and the cool wax) from Mothers® in the June 2003 edition of Super Rod.

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Cortese training for Austin at full speed

Cortese training for Austin at full speed

Since Sandro Cortese finished seventh in Qatar nine days ago with a fracture in his left foot, the Moto2™ rider has been working hard in Germany to be ready for the upcoming Red Bull Grand Prix of The Americas.

After Cortese qualified second at Losail, missing pole by just 0.02s, he injured his left foot in a crash on his final QP lap. Despite a fractured bone, a deep cut and swelling on the foot the 2012 Moto3™ World Champion was determined to be on the grid only a day later. In the race he fought his way to eighth place and after the disqualification of Takaaki Nakagami he was classified as seventh, his best result in Moto2 to date.

Back in Germany, a hairline crack was diagnosed in the heel bone, with internal bleeding in the left foot. Initially, the 24 year-old had to rest for three days and a week later he was still on crutches, taking care of the foot as much as possible.

Cortese commented, "The stitches have come out and the foot looks good. It's just swollen a bit on the right and left side. The scar must heal now. That's why I try to walk barefoot a lot and use the crutches, in order not to relapse."

The Dynavolt Intact GP rider has been working with his fitness coach Peter Lehmann and is focussed on the forthcoming trip to the Circuit of the Americas.

"The past few days I’ve been working out a lot while seated," explained the rider. "With boxing and individual fitness training I have kept my upper body fit. You have to be creative, but Peter always comes up with new ideas. Now I’ll try to train twice a day on the bicycle, then start in the swimming pool. Swimming is especially good to protect the scar and to get the circulation going, which is good to minimize the bruising."

Cortese has another week of training and recuperation before traveling to Austin, Texas, with his team for round two.

Moto2, 2014, Sandro Cortese, Dynavolt Intact GP

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