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Microsoft Fears Irreparable Harm, Changes Licensing Tune

By Matthew Broersma  |  Posted 2004-10-01 Print this article Print

Although Microsoft earlier had offered to license Windows interface information as part of a settlement with the EU, it now tells the court such a move would cause irreparable harm.

Microsoft Corp. offered to license server interface protocols as part of a proposed settlement with the European Commission, the software company said in court on Thursday—the same licensing regime that Microsoft now says would cause it irreparable harm. In hearings on Thursday and Friday at Luxembourgs European Court of First Instance (CFI), Microsoft is appealing a March European Competition Commission decision that would force the company to license Windows interface information and provide a version of Windows without its bundled media player. Microsoft is seeking to delay the commissions remedies until its broader appeal has played out, which could take three to seven years. Read more here about the European commissions ruling against Microsoft.
Microsoft admitted to CFI President Bo Vesterdorf, the judge presiding over the hearing, that it had offered to license interface information to competitors to ensure their server products could work with Windows desktops as well as Microsofts own servers. Following the breakdown of settlement talks, the commission included the licensing requirement as part of its decision in March.
For the court to delay the remedies, Microsoft must prove, among other things, that the remedies would cause harm that couldnt be repaired in the event that Microsoft is ultimately found blameless as a result of its wider appeal. The claim of irreparable harm is undermined by Microsofts earlier offer to license interface information, argued the commission on Thursday. "Microsoft effectively acknowledged that it offered more in the settlement discussions than the decision orders it to provide," said Thomas Vinje, a lawyer representing the Computer and Communications Industry Association, in the hearing. The CCIA is an "intervener," or interested party, arguing on behalf of the commission. Microsoft General Counsel Brad Smith countered that the settlement offer had been made as part of a broader package including assurances over the circumstances of licensing, the criteria for use, which markets the licenses would be granted and other concessions, according to a Microsoft spokesman present at the hearing. Those qualifications werent part of the commissions decision, Smith said. The software company is trying to prove that the interface information in question constitutes valuable intellectual property, and that the commissions decision infringes on its IP rights. The commission and its supporters argue that the information is only valuable in that its secrecy allows Microsoft to lock out competitors. Next page: A stripped-down Windows.

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Aj lee
AJ Lee
April Jeanette Mendez
  • Birthdate: 3/19/1987 (age 28)
  • Height: 5'2"
  • Weight: 115 Ib

AJ Lee is a self-professed "nerd", as she loves...

Read More »
-- WWE will tape the July 29 RAW on July 23 in Laredo, Texas. They will then tape the July 26 Smackdown on July 24 in Corpus Christi, Texas and the August 2 Smackdown on July 25 in Houston, TX. They are taping the shows in advance because of tours in Australia and South Africa the next week.

-- AJ Lee now has her own WWE Shop page.

-- Norfolk Navy Flagship has an interview with Damien Sandow to promote RAW in Richmond Virginia on June 10.

-- The Big Show has been working hurt for the last few weeks. It appears as though he has a torn labrum, which is an injury to the shoulder joint.

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192,000 jobs added in March according to official jobs report

192,000 jobs were added last month. The construction industry continues to boost the economy.
192,000 jobs were added last month. The construction industry continues to boost the economy.
Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) released the March jobs report Friday. The economy added 192,000 jobs beating predictions. This is the third consecutive month of encouraging job growth after two lack luster months at the end of last year, caused largely by severe storms. Economists had predicted about 185,000 jobs.

The better news is the BLS revised its previously reported job totals for January and February upwards indicating things were not as dismal as people thought. The January jobs number was revised up from 129,000 to 144,000, and February’s total was revised from 175,000, reported last month, to 197,000. With these revisions, employment gains in January and February were 37,000 higher than previously reported.

Since more people are back looking for jobs, the unemployment rate was unchanged at 6.7% despite the additional jobs. At the end of March, 10.5 million people are still out of work and looking for jobs. Over 2 million of those have lost their un-employment benefits last December due to the refusal of Congress to extend benefits.

There were 698,000 discouraged workers last month, fewer than last year. Discouraged workers are people who have given up looking for work. However, the number of discouraged workers has dropped slightly for the last three months as more people are optimistic that they can find work. An additional 1.5 million are out of the workforce because of school or family responsibilities.

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (involuntary part-time workers) remained at 7.4 million in March. These individuals were working part time because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find full-time work. The average work week increased by 0.2 hours in March. These numbers indicate that employers are not cutting the hours of their workforce in massive numbers because of ObamaCare as some predicted.

Despite a strong showing of private sector jobs, the federal government continues to eliminate jobs. In March, 17,500 federal workers lost their jobs including 8,500 postal workers. The federal government has been eliminating jobs for 5 years despite charges of big government. State governments also shed 2,000 jobs last month whereas local governments added 11,000 jobs to partially offset the cuts of federal and state workers.

The March numbers show a continued trend of shifting costs from the federal and state government to local governments. As Congress and state legislatures cut taxes and budgets, local governments must increase taxes and spending to fill the void.

Construction continues to be a strong sector adding 19,000 new jobs last month in spite of continued bad weather. Manufacturing lost 1,000 jobs, however employment in the production of durable goods increased offsetting losses in non-durable goods. What that means is that manufacturers see a future demand for cars, appliances, and equipment.

The leisure and hospitality industry had a great month as well adding 29,000 workers. This shows that consumers are now travelling and eating in restaurants again. Health care added nearly 20,000 jobs in March. Once again, this debunks charges that ObamaCare is killing jobs in the healthcare industry. In fact, it has increased employment in that sector for months.

The strongest sector in March was the business and professional service industry which added 57,000 employees. Retail stores rebounded in March adding 21,000 new workers.

The economy is growing, but still not as fast as needed to reduce the unemployment rate. Perhaps, Congress should focus on more on job creation, and less on taking meaningless votes to repeal ObamaCare.

If you like this article, share it, or find me on Facebook or Twitter.

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A look at the Lenovo Yoga Tablet 8

A look at the Lenovo Yoga Tablet 8
A look at the Lenovo Yoga Tablet 8

When it comes to tablets I think that things can get quite boring because there is no significant difference between tablets and smart phones, you really are not doing anything different.

There are some differences in terms of hardware specs and software but generally speaking no one is really standing out but that is not the case with the Lenovo Yoga Tablet 8, this tablet literally stands out.

The design

When I say that the Yoga 8 stands out I mean it in the literal case because it has a stand built into it.

This is something pretty unique as we have seen kick stands put in smart phones before but it is not that often that you see it put into a tablet and in my opinion, that creates a very good and usable case.

If you are ever into a video chat and you just want to have it on your desk or if you are watching a video and you just want to have it on your desk where you can look to it on the side I want to tell you that this is very comfortable to have as you don't actually have to hold the tablet.

"According to owner of Tcawireless Chris", Lenovo has some pretty smart design choices when it comes to a tablet, on the one hand, you have this cylinder along the left hand side so this holds the bulk of the weight of the device.

On the right hand side you have this scratchy plastic texture and on the left you have the kickstand which is made of a more metallic structure.

On top of the cylinder you have the power button, and the cool thing is that when you get notifications the button will light up a little bit.

Hardware & Multimedia

The tablet comes in with a standard micro USB connector, 3.5 mm headphone jack. I am also a big fan of the audio system of the device as you have two speakers on the front of the cylinder, the speakers reach a solid volume and they have Dolby Audio settings so it is not going to rival your speaker but it will be a little bit better in quality then most tablet speakers that are out there.

The cylinder is also what houses the five megapixel camera, it is not the greatest camera out there but you typically don't expect much from tablet cameras while on the front you have a 1.6 megapixel camera that is quite useful for video chats of self recordings.

The tablet comes in with a SIM slot and supports WIFI and a 64 GB microSD which is obviously very good. Internally you only get 16 or 32 GB of storage, depending on which type you buy.

Overall, the Yoga tablet is a good device but it still has some flaws such as the low resolution 8 inch display and the other problem is with the performance of the 1.2 Ghz processor Mediatek processor which is considerably slower than other processors.

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Abby Lee Miller on the celebrity kids she wants to teach; announces LA studio

Actress Abby Lee Miller attends the Teen Choice Awards 2013 at Gibson Amphitheatre on August 11, 2013 in Universal City, California.
Photo by Jason Merritt/Getty Images

Abby Lee Miller is coming to Los Angeles! In an interview with OK! Magazine, posted on Tuesday, June 24, the controversial and very outspoken dance teacher and reality TV star announced that she is opening up a dance studio in Los Angeles. She will be in Los Angeles part-time and in Pittsburgh part-time.

So since she's coming to the city of stars, are there any celebrity kids that she would like to teach? Abby excitedly said yes, immediately naming Neil Patrick Harris’ twins as her dream celebrity kids clients. Neil and his husband David Burtka are dads to 3½-year-old twins Gideon and Harper.

While some may assume that Neil would object to Abby going anywhere near his kids, given her tendency to give extremely harsh, or she would likely say honest, criticism, that's actually not the case. Abby revealed that the actor, awards show host and Broadway performer already talked to her about teaching his boy and girl.

Apparently, he has no problems with her teaching method. She said that he told her that he doesn't want to stay upstairs while she's instructing his children but wants to stay downstairs because he wants to listen to what she has to say. She added that Neil is a Broadway performer who just wanted to meet her.

While Neil Patrick Harris is apparently a big fan of Abby, the same can't be said for many of the "Dancing with the Stars" pros. After her guest judge stint on the show in early May, during which she criticized Meryl Davis' footwork during her rumba, her pro partner Maksim Chmerkovskiy bitingly said that he doesn't care what she says.

Abby Lee Miller stars in a new reality TV show titled "Abby’s Studio Rescue." The show premieres on Tuesday, June 24 on Lifetime at 9 p.m. ET.

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New study results: Food companies cut trillions of calories after 2010 pledge

Food companies cut 6.4 trillion calories in packaged foods since 2010
Food companies cut 6.4 trillion calories in packaged foods since 2010
Photo by Scott Olson/Getty Images

On January 9, 2014, Yahoo News reported on the results of a new study which shows a marked reduction in packaged food products by major food companies. In 2010, 16 companies, including Campbell Soup company, General Mills Inc., ConAgra Foods Inc., Kellogg Co., Hershey Co., PepsiCo Inc. and Coca Cola Co. pledged to cut 1 trillion calories by 2012, and 1.5 trillion calories by 2015.They have succeeded in doing so.

According to Yahoo News, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the study sponsor, said that 'between 2007 and 2012, the companies reduced their products' calories by the equivalent of around 78 calories per person per day. The total is more than four times the amount those companies had pledged to cut by next year.'

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, a non-partisan, philanthropic and research organization whose mission it is to improve the health of the nation. The Foundation utilized the services of researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to count the calories of just about every packaged food product found on grocery shelves. Researchers used the scanner data from hundreds of thousands of foods, nutrition facts panels and commercial databases to ascertain the amount of calories that companies were selling..

Director of the Health Group at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Dr. James Marks, said that, "the companies must sustain that reduction, as they have pledged to do, and other food companies should follow their lead." Dr. Marks indicated that the group is pleased with the results thus far. Although researchers have not released the complete study results, they stated yesterday that 'the companies have exceeded their own goals by a wide margin.' One aspect that has not been evaluated are the brands sold under the names of retailers. It is unclear at this time whether these off-brands have changed their calorie content.

Foods packaged in smaller sizes, reduced calorie packs, foods that are baked instead of fried and foods sold in smaller versions than the original are all easily seen and are readily available on any grocery shelf. According to Yahoo News, Dr. Marks said that he 'believes that companies' efforts to package smaller servings - 100 calorie packs of popular snacks, for example, and smaller cans of sugary drinks may have contributed to the reduction in calories. He says the main contributors most likely were the public's increasing willingness to buy healthier foods and companies responding to those consumers.'

All of the companies involved are a part of the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation, an industry coalition of food businesses that have come together to help reduce obesity. 'The foundation pledged to reduce the calories as part of an agreement with a group of nonprofit organizations and made the 2010 announcement as part of First lady Michelle Obama's Let's Move campaign to combat childhood obesity.

According to Yahoo News, Lisa Gable of the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation said that the companies achieved the goal by coming together and also competing to make new lower-calorie foods. Market studies have shown that many of the healthier foods have outperformed other products' The studies' findings, "exceeded our expectations," Gable said. "This is a very significant shift in the marketplace."

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Reno Wine Events; March 12 to March 18, 2014

This Wednesday, March 12, Whispering Vines is offering a taste of Willamette Valley, the Oregon wine region famous for its Pinot Noir. The tasting is at their Foothill location. The cost is $20

On Thursday, March 13, Whispering Vines is offering a tasting of Hundred Acre out of Napa Valley. Their wines are not inexpensive, nor are they easy to come by. There is a waiting list. So, the chance to taste their wines for $15 is a great opportunity. Both the Foothill and Mayberry locations will be pouring.

On Friday, March 14 Total Wine will be sampling Washington Wines. The tasting is free, and available from noon to 6 on both Friday and Saturday, and noon to 4 on Sunday.

On Friday, March 14th, Ben's at Lakeside is hosting a tasting of Kenwood Vineyards from 4:30 to 6:30. The cost is $5. Ben's South Virginia location is offering a varied selection for tasting from 5 to 7 pm on Friday the 14th.

Coming up on Tuesday March 18th will be the Hair of the Dog Post St. Patty's Stroll at the Southcreek Shopping Center from 4 to 7 pm. Wristbands are $20.

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Posts filed under 'Attempted Murder'

1565: Benedetto Accolti, would-be papal assassin

Add comment January 27th, 2013 Headsman

On this date in 1565, three men who schemed to assassinate Pope Pius IV were put to public death at the Capitol.

Detail (click for the full painting) of Parnassus by Raphael, the Vatican’s “Raphael Rooms”. According to Jonathan Unglaub,* this figure is the then-acclaimed, today-obscure poet Bernardo Accolti, our failed assassin’s great-uncle.

Pius was a pope of the counter-reformation; it was he who brought the Council of Trent to its conclusion.

And though generally noted for his moderation (and his enthusiasm for building), he was not above striking heads from shoulders. Upon his ascension a few years prior he had dealt harshly with the nephews of his predecessor.

Accolti hailed from a prominent Florentine noble family; his father and namesake was a scheming cardinal.

Young Benedetto, clearly, could scheme a little himself, since he roped several buddies (Italian link) into a plot to murder the pontiff. In December 1564, they presented themselves at a papal audience, but apparently got cold feet. One of their number, a Cavalier Pelliccione, ratted the lot of them out before they could muster their nerve a second time: the good cavalier might have been motivated by having possession of treasonably pre-written letters to be sent to various dignitaries upon the pope’s violent deposition.

Pelliccione accordingly skated with a pardon, but two co-conspirators were sent to the galleys for life.

Benedetto Accolti, Antonio Canossa, and Taddeo Manfredi were dragged to the Capitol on January 27 and put to the gruesome public butchery — “like cows” — of the mazzolatura.

There are several resources that claim the plot was among Catholic ultras who found Pius a little on the heretical side. This Italian encyclopedia entry attributes to the astrologically-inclined Accolti a more nutty-prophetic ambition of a “papa angelico” who would unify Christendom.

Maybe he should have just exercised a little patience. Pius IV died in December 1565.

* Jonathan Unglaub, “Bernardo Accolti, Raphael’s ‘Parnassus’ and a New Portrait by Andrea del Sarto,” The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 149, No. 1246, Art in Italy (Jan., 2007).

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Entry Filed under: 16th Century,Assassins,Attempted Murder,Capital Punishment,Death Penalty,Execution,Gruesome Methods,History,Italy,Mazzolatura,Nobility,Notable for their Victims,Papal States,Public Executions,Torture,Treason

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1600: The corpses of John and Alexander Ruthven, for the Gowrie conspiracy

2 comments November 17th, 2012 Headsman

Remember, remember, the fifth of … August?

If you didn’t get August 5 off, your jurisdiction is ignoring the Scottish parliament’s 1600 decree: “in all times and ages to come the fifth of August should be solemnly kept with prayers, preachings, and thanksgiving for the benefit, discharging all work, labour, and other occupations upon the said day.”*

They didn’t mean to keep it out of excess reverence for St. Emygdius: rather, August 5 was the date of the Gowrie conspiracy, a sketchy supposed assassination attempt on King James VI of Scotland (soon also to become King James I of England). John Ruthven, Earl of Gowrie and his brother Alexander Ruthven were both slain on the spot during that event … but not until 15 weeks later did Parliament rule that “the said bodies of the said Traitors shall be carried, upon Monday next [i.e., November 17], to the publick cross of Edinburgh: and there to be hangd, quarter’d, and drawn, in presence of the hail People: and thereafter, the heads, quarters, and carcasses, to be affix’d upon the most patent parts and places of the Burroughs of Edinburgh, Perth, Dundee and Stirling.”

Did they deserve it?

Scottish writer John Prebble considered the Gowrie conspiracy one of his realm’s best mysteries. It’s a maddeningly perplexing sequence of ambiguous (or altogether dubious) events related by interested, partisan sources.

I am murtherit!

The summary official version — and we’re skipping over such writerly red herrings as a mystery man in the turret, a still-stabled horse, and a wild fable about a pot of foreign gold — is that while staying at the Ruthven estates, James’s courtiers saw him shouting out the window, “I am murtherit! Treassoun! My Lord of Mar, help! help!”

While Lord Mar and others spent half an hour (!) trying to batter down a locked entrance to the regicidal turret, a page named John Ramsay found another staircase in, where he came upon the king and Alexander Ruthven grappling. Ramsay stabbed Ruthven about the head and neck, and Ruthven fled down Ramsay’s same staircase: there he careened headlong into more arriving royal retainers who killed him flat. Ruthven died exclaiming “Allace! I had na wyte [blame] of it!”

Meanwhile, the Lord Gowrie — quite possibly knowing nothing but that there was a commotion involving the king in his home — had rallied outside the courtyard with his own household and marched in swords drawn, passing the fresh-slain body of his little brother on the way. He must have been in an evil temper when he burst into the chamber, there to discover Ramsay and friends, and only them: the king had been locked in another room for his protection. Ramsay demanded Gowrie’s submission and the two crossed swords, with Ramsay running the elder Ruthven through, too.

(Small wonder Ramsay went on to become a royal favorite.**)

“… if it be true”

“A very wonderful story, your Majesty, if it be true,” one lord is supposed to have replied to James upon hearing this amazing tale.

Suspicion was immediately rife that this “treason” stuff was a cover for the king to take out a rival noble. The Ruthvens had often been at odds with King Jamie’s own family; John and Alexander’s own father was beheaded in 1584 for trying to kidnap the then-teenaged king, and their grandfather had helped a gang of nobles destabilize James’s mother Mary by murdering her favorite courtier David Rizzio right before her eyes. And of course, the crown would be able to seize all the “traitors'” estates, nicely flipping around a significant cash debt owed to the Ruthven clan.

Edinburgh Presbyterian ministers openly disputed the Ruthvens’ guilt, refusing to thank God for James’s “deliverance”.† James found it necessary to forcibly quash this talk, and he would insist upon the Ruthvens’ guilt all his days. But those outside the reach of Scottish royal power had looser tongues.

French nobles who had met Gowrie on the latter’s recent return from his continental studies, and Queen Elizabeth, who had received Gowrie warmly at court, openly doubted the official account: it was thought wildly at odds with the young man’s character. The nature of the interaction between the king and Alexander Ruthven prior to the intervention of John Ramsay depends upon the account of the king himself — that account, and no other. The other witnesses were dead. And the object of the plot seems unclear: sure, maybe Alexander Ruthven could have killed the king mano a mano, but then what? There was no indication at all of confederates (even Alexander’s brother reacted in confusion), nor coherent design for some next step like massacring James’s courtiers or toppling the government or even escaping. These were scheming aristocrats, not deranged lone assassins. And both James and Gowrie had behaved for all the world before this incident as if the unpleasantness with the father was water under the bridge.

“The assassination of the Gowries was the most indefensible act that has ever appeared on the pages of Scottish history,” avers mildy a 1912 volume of the Ruthven family papers. It was “a cunning conspiracy that has disgraced the historical record for more than three hundred years.”

The jury’s still out

Still, the hypothetical account of a royal anti-Gowrie conspiracy seems if anything even less satisfying than the official story. Most of the happenings besides what passed between Alexander and James were witnessed by others, so … the king falsely yelled “treason” counting on the handful of his guys staying in the Ruthvens’ own place to kill the Ruthvens instead of the other way around? Events played out so chaotically that this convenient outcome seems mere [mis]chance. What was the plan if John Ramsay hadn’t found the unlocked second entrance?

And yet some 350 witnesses were examined without turning up any concrete design, and three Ruthven retainers hanged on August 23 insisting upon their innocence of any treasonable intent.

One can go a lot of ways from here, and it’s hard to spin any one story that satisfyingly accounts for all the evidence. A scheme to kidnap (and extract policy change from) the king, rather than murder him? Alexander an unwilling pawn, forced into it by his brother? Or, as one English envoy supposed, a destructive spiral of events proceeding from a silly misunderstanding wherein a chance reference to the Ruthvens’ executed father led Alexander to defend the family a little too hotly and the king to start shouting in panic when he realized he was unarmed in the company of an excited, and much larger, man?‡

We’ll never really know. Light a candle for epistemological uncertainty next August 5.

Much help drawn from a two-parter review of the contradictory evidence in The Scottish Historical Review, nos. 121 and 122 (April and October 1957) by W.F. Arbuckle.

* August 5 was indeed “solemnly kept” during the reign of James, according to F.C. Eeles in “The English Thanksgiving Service for King James’ Delivery from the Gowrie Conspiracy” from the July 1911 Scottish Historical Review. As the title of that piece suggests, there was even a service promulgated (though never incorporated into the Book of Common Prayer), beseeching God that James “may bee kept as the apple of thine eye, and thy kindnesse and mercy may follow him all the dayes of his life, with abundance of all thy blessings both heavenly and earthly upon his Majesty, our gracious Queene, the Prince …”

The Prince in question was the future King Charles I, which might cause one to doubt the prayer’s efficacy.

** Ramsay would be supplanted in the royal sun come the 1620s, by George Villiers.

† Religion affords another potential motivation here, although perhaps only retrospectively. James was working a long-term project to reintroduce episcopacy — crown-appointed bishops — to control the loose canons of Scotch Presbyterianism. “No bishop, no king,” in the aphorism attributed him.

With the Gowrie plot as backdrop, James was able to force radical ministers and their tin-foil hats out of Edinburgh and obtain the consent of the rest to James’s own hand-picked bishops — the camel’s nose under the tent, if you like. (See Maurice Lee, Jr., “James VI and the Revival of Episcopacy in Scotland: 1596-1600,” Church History, 43 (1974).) The Ruthven family papers volume also sets great stock by the idea that a Catholic party was out to get Lord Gowrie.

‡ “by occasion of a picture (as is sayde) or otherwise, speech happening of Earle Gourie his father executed, the k. angrelie sayde he was a traitour. Whereat the youth showing a greived and expostulatorie countenance and happilie Scot-like woords, the k. seeing hymself alone and wythout weapon cryed, ‘Treason, Treason’. The Mr [i.e., Alexander Ruthven], abashed much to see the k. to apprehend yt so … putt his hand with earnest deprecations to staie the k. showing his countenance to them with out in that moode, immediatlie falling on his knees to entreat the k.” Ramsay did say that when he entered the room he saw Alexander’s head under James’s arm, which might be consistent with this supplicatory pose … especially given that accounts of the men’s respective physiques suggest Alexander should have had the clear advantage in an actual scrap.

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1866: Dmitry Karakozov

Add comment September 15th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1866 (September 3 O.S.; September 15 N.S.), Russian revolutionary Dmitry Karakozov was hanged in Peter and Paul Fortress for attempting to assassinate Tsar Alexander II.

Karakozov was a son of noble stock — the self-hating variety, obviously, and suicidally disturbed into the bargain. He supposedly hailed from a terrorism cell branding itself “Hell”, although this was bandied about by the police afterwards and conveniently supported a hunt for radicals.

Karakozov, at least, considered the state of tsarist Russia positively infernal, and on April 4, 1866, he went to scourge it — firing a shot at the monarch at St. Petersburg’s Summer Garden. He missed.

The tsar’s guards tackled him as he fled, and the unharmed Alexander walked up to the gunman and asked him, “What do you want?” He may have been genuinely bewildered: Alexander was the guy trying to liberalize Russia. Just a few years before, he had freed the serfs.

“Nothing,” Karakazov replied. “Nothing.”

A statement of implacability: no progress would be bargained with even the most progressive despot. The despotism itself must go. A manifesto addressed to “Friends-Workers” was found in his pocket underscoring the point; it read in part (translated from p. 21 of this Russian pdf):

I have decided to destroy the wicked Tsar, and to die for my beloved people…

If I accomplish this deed, I will die with the thought that in death I did something good for my dear friend, the Russian peasant.

If I do not accomplish it, then others will follow my path. Where I fail, they will succeed, and my death will be their example and inspiration.

Others would follow him, and in time successfully murder Alexander II after all.

Karakozov himself, the first Russian revolutionary to attempt regicide, didn’t seem to have revolutionary satisfaction on his mind at the end. He converted to Orthodox Christianity in prison, sought “as a Christian, of a Christian” his prospective victim’s clemency … and multiple newspaper accounts report him kneeling to kiss a cross presented to him on the scaffold by the priest. (All via Odd Man Karakozov, which argues that all this need not imply such a reversal of conscience as it might appear.)

What certainly did happen — more immediately than those copycat assassinations — was a reactionary wave of national chauvinism, whose more wretched manifestations will not be unfamiliar to the present day. The patriotic Glinka opera Ivan Susanin was staged a few days later at the Bolshoi in Moscow. According to an eyewitness account of Tchaikovsky quoted in Romanov Riches: Russian Writers and Artists Under the Tsars, this salute to a Russian peasant’s sacrifice for the Romanov dynasty went a little bit off-script.

I think the Moscow audience went beyond the bounds of sense in their outburst of enthusiasm. The opera was not really performed, for as soon as the Poles appeared onstage, the whole theater shouted, “Down with the Poles!” and so on. In the last scene of Act 4, when the Poles are supposed to kill Susanin …

… the actor playing him started fighting the chorus members who played Poles, and being very strong, knocked down several of them, while the rest of the extras, seeing that the audience approved this mockery of art, truth, and decency, fell down, and the triumphant Susanin left unharmed, brandishing his arms, to the deafening applause of the Muscovites.

If true, that is little short of fantastic.

The apparatus of state went so far as to build up a new Susanin for the occasion at hand, hyping a questionable story that a young peasant named Osip Komissarov — who was from Susanin’s own province of Kostroma — had jostled Karakozov just as he took the shot, causing it to go awry. The good-natured bumpkin was rewarded with summary ennoblement as “Komissarov-Kostromskoy” and eye-rollingly terrible poetic tributes from the likes of Vyazemsky and Nekrasov. However, Komissarov’s embarrassing stupidity and want of manners would eventually necessitate Komissarov-Kostromskoy’s being packed out of polite society to country estates on a generous pension to bankroll his ample appetite for liquor.

So Dmitry Karakozov did do something for the Russian peasant after all.

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1481: Michal Olelkowicz and Iwan Holszanski, Lithuanian princes

Add comment August 30th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1481, two Lithuanian princes were beheaded in Vilnius for plotting the assassination of the Polish-Lithuanian king.

This late 15th century was a heady time for Poland under the Jagiellon dynasty, and one of this dynasty’s going projects was keeping the adjacent realms of Poland and Lithuania linked together. In time, they would become formally joined, but at this point they were independent entities “united” only by the personal union of the Jagiellon monarch himself.

That monarch in the late 15th century was the redoubtable Casimir IV (Kazimierz IV): Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1440, King of Poland since 1447. Casimir’s family hailed from Lithuania; indeed, as that place had been last European place to Christianize, Casimir’s own father had been born a pagan.

Casimir IV’s eponymous son is St. Casimir, patron saint of both Lithuania and Poland; both actively honor his feast date of March 4.
Lithuania agonistes

Lithuania had a strong independent streak (pdf), and its boyars did not necessarily see eye to eye with the Grand Duke. Casimir was keen on centralizing Lithuania’s administration and checking the potential rivalry of the most powerful Lithuanian families, the classic seeds of crown-vs-nobility conflict the world over.

And both watched with a wary eye the growth of Muscovy under the energetic leadership of Ivan III, aka Ivan the Great.

That expanding state in the 1470s gobbled up the buffer city-state of Novgorod; Ivan III’s newly-minted honorific Tsar of all the Rus(sians) openly announced his designs on Lithuania’s own historically Slavic Ruthenian territory. “The gatherer of the Russian lands,” Ivan is known as … and Lithuania (much larger then than it is now) stood to be the gatheree.

The Great Stand on the River Ugra

Come 1480, Casimir was allied against Moscow with the Mongol Horde, the famous “Tatar yoke” that had been collecting Russian tribute for two-plus centuries. In Russian historiography this is the crucial moment when that yoke is thrown off, and the Muscovites accomplished that in part by crossing up the Lithuanians.

The Horde, having marched through Lithuanian territory, assembled on the banks of the Ugra River, opposite a waiting Muscovite army. Neither army attacked. Instead, they waited … and waited … and waited some more.

The Horde, for its part, was waiting for reinforcements from its Lithuanian ally. But those reinforcements never arrived, thanks in part to Russia’s alliance with Crimean khan Mengli Giray, who seems to have absorbed Casimir’s attention in the fall of 1480 with a vexing combination of raids into southern Lithuania and dilatory ceasefire diplomacy. Distracted by the homeland threat, Lithuania never got around to supporting the Horde … and the Horde, after freezing itself on the banks of the Ugra for a couple of months, simply marched away in frustration.

Moscow never again paid it tribute … and its Crimean ally destroyed the Great Horde utterly in 1502.

This was the context, back in Lithuania, for the attempt on Casimir’s life that would cost two princes their heads. Notwithstanding his unhelpful alliance with the Great Horde, it seems apparent that Casimir himself espoused a fundamentally western policy: the Jagiellon dynasty had branches in Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, and Casimir had more taste for meddling in these realms than dealing with Russia. One could imagine how a Lithuanian magnate out his lucrative Novgorod trade would feel like the head man didn’t really have his eye on the ball; in 1478, a Lithuanian delegation even requested that Casimir appoint a Lithuanian governor to look after the interests of the Grand Duchy. (Casimir refused.)

And these nobles were getting it at both ends, since Casimir’s state-centralization project meant that they were being cut down to size in terms of their internal political power, too.

Apparently with the support of Moscow itself (whose expansionary interest is self-evident) Iwan Holszanski and Fedor Bielski hatched a plan to murder the Grand Duke and his sons on Palm Sunday, 1481 — which was also the occasion of Fedor Bielski’s wedding. The idea was to replace him with Michal Olelkowicz (Mikhail Olelkevich), who had been Novgorod’s elected prince-ruler in the late 1460s; it’s not clear to me if Olelkowicz himself was actually in on the scheme.

Casimir, at any rate, caught wind of the plot. Legend has it that a servant decorating a room ran across the conspirators’ weapons niches and reported it; it’s alternately alleged that the assassins meant to jump Casimir while out on his favorite pastime, hunting.

However it was supposed to go down, it didn’t work. Bielski was able to flee to Moscow (ditching his newlywed bride), but left Holszanski and the coup’s prospective beneficiary Olelkowicz to suffer beheading this date upon evidence “brighter than the sun” of their treason.

This webcache page.

The Polish-Lithuanian State 1386-1795, by Daniel Stone.

Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800, by Michael Khodarkovsky.

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1768: Seven coal-heavers to crush the London port strike

Add comment July 26th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1768, a year of tremendous labor agitation in London, seven coal-heavers were hanged near the Shadwell dock.

With food prices surging,* the city’s hard-pressed urban proletariat was at peak militancy — which also lent violent energy the cause of hunted radical politician John Wilkes, who had returned from exile this year to stand for Parliament. Two principal loci of labor insurgency in 1768 were the Spitalfields weavers, whose struggle we have already observed, and the “coal heavers” — the men who did the grueling labor of offloading coal from Thames barges.

Coal-heaving was ill-paid and dangerous, and it was notoriously sensitive to fraud: workers (largely Irish: they’d been imported to hold down wages) being paid by the “sack” or the “vat” fought supervisors at riverside over just how fully loaded with coal such a sack or vat should be. Workers had their own recourse to “indirect Practises,” pilfering a few coals on the side to supplement pay up to within hailing distance of subsistence. The boss would call “theft” this grey-area practice harkening to labor traditions ancient and still-current. The rope would help him define it so.

Peter Linebaugh’s magisterial social history The London Hanged dramatically treats the fraught and violent months of the spring of 1768, when Irish workingmen were “bringing river traffic to a stand-still … [and] stopped the imperialist artery.”

Dockside taverns doubled as fraternal entities and regiments in the unfolding dock war. One John Green, keeper of a pub on New-Gravel Lane (not as scenic as the nearby Cutthroat Lane)

organized scab labour from [his] Roundabout Tavern. It was attacked in April with gunfire. A shoemaker bled to death on the pavement, a coal-heaver took a bullet in the head, ‘dropped down backwards, and never stirred’. The taverns were besieged, their furnishings destroyed. Gunfire was frequent. Green was acquitted of murder. Those testifying for him were mobbed and one witness had her jaw broken. The coal-heavers were as violent in word as in deed. ‘They would have Green’s Heart and Liver and Do for him'; ‘they would have him joint from joint'; ‘they would have his heart and liver, and cut him in pieces and hang him on his sign'; ‘they would hang him over his sign Post & cut him into Beef Stakes’.

Our seven — by name John Grainger, Daniel Clark, Richard Cornwall, Patrick Lynch, Thomas Murray, Peter Flaharty, and Nicholas McCabe — were indicted on grounds that they “with force and arms, with certain guns loaded with gunpowder and leaden bullets, feloniously, wilfully, and maliciously did shoot off at John Green.” Not quite cut into Beef Stakes, but it’ll get the job done.

Though the trials of Green, and then of Green’s assailants, were weeks apart, they concerned the very same disturbance on the night of April 20-21, when Green’s residence had been besieged by angry coal-heavers and Green with others had shot out the windows and killed at least two … but managed to hold his foes at bay during what must have been a harrowing night. Green wasn’t hurt, and gave evidence at the “shooting off” trial.

The London Irish had by 1768 an unparalleled knowledge of arms and armed struggle. They contributed to an insurrectionary impulse within the London working class. At the same time, as a consequence, the Irish had close knowledge of violent death. The intimacy of that knowledge was expressed in vivid euphemisms designed to reduce the terror of hanging. Seven coal-heavers received the ‘cramp jaw’ at the Old Bailey only after a new interpretation was placed upon the Waltham Black Act. The seven danced ‘a new jig without music’ on 26 July 1768. This particular ‘crack neck assembly’ was located in Sun Tavern fields, Shadwell … The move from Tyburn was designed to terrify the poor and working people of the river parishes. The ‘breath stopper’ was witnessed by 50,000 spectators, perhaps the largest crowd at such a scene since the hanging of the Earl of Ferrers eight years earlier. The Government anticipated disorders, if not rescue attempts, when these seven were to dance ‘tuxt de ert and de skies’. From 6 a.m. more than 600 soldiers patrolled the streets of Wapping and Shadwell. The Sheriff ordered all the constables of the Tower and Holborn divisions to assemble at the hanging site and to come armed with their staves. Thomas Turlis, the hangman, had stolen coal from a neighbour’s cellar five years earlier. But, that his work might not be interrupted, the Sheriff quickly obtained a pardon for him. He did his duty upon the coal-heavers, sent ‘a-spinning like a whirligig’. Once they had ‘peacably’ exited the world, many of the spectators may have gone for a drink as was customary:

Wid a facer we coddled our blood
For de wind id blows cold from de gibbett.

… The hanging at Sun Tavern Fields … taught a hard lesson about collective bargaining: attempts to counteract the rise in the price of provisions by improving wage rates would not be allowed. … the insurrectionary vanguard of the river proletariat was broken.

Or, as a more sanguine observer put it, after the hangings “the tumults immediately ceased, and peace and industry was happily restored.” And they all lived happily ever after.

* Bread prices doubled in 1768, leading to work stoppages, hoarding, and food riots throughout the city. Representative slogan shouted by desperate rioters: “We might as well be hanged as starve.” (George Rude, “The London ‘Mob’ of the Eighteenth Century,” The Historical Journal, Vol. II, no. 1 (1959))

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1831: Julien Sorel, in The Red and the Black

Add comment July 25th, 2012 Headsman

According to Michel Crouzet,* literary scholar of Stendhal, it was on this date in 1831 that the protagonist of said French author’s magnum opus was guillotined.

“Everything passed simply, decorously, and without affectation on his part,” is the entirety of Stendhal’s death scene for his man.

Julien Sorel, the flawed (or anti-) hero of The Red and the Black (Le Rouge et le Noir), is the intelligent son of a provincial carpenter who puts his wits to use trying to climb Restoration France’s treacherous social ladder.

Ambition, says Stendhal, is “the very essence of his existence,” much as it is for his milieu, and through Julien’s exertions — brilliant and resourceful at times; infuriatingly handicapped by social prejudice against the protagonist’s low birth at others — the author sets down one of the most psychologically forceful works in the canon.

Julien Sorel’s ambition also powers his youthful passion, and his fall: to conquer the mother of the children he tutors, and to likewise conquer the daughter of a nobleman.** This latter conquest has him a made man, married into the aristocracy and set with a plum military assignment that has Julien dreaming of Napoleon … so when the spurned former conquest denounces Julien to the father of that latter conquest as an upstart seducer cynically shagging his way into decent society, the incensed Julien hauls off and shoots that previous conquest. (As she kneels at Mass, no less.)

Is it a mere jealous fit? Even though his victim survives the attack, and forgives her lover, Julien obstinately pleads guilty, and insists on his own maximum culpability. It’s not only an individual criminal culpability, but a culpability of class aspiration.

‘I ask you for no mercy,’ Julien went on, his voice growing stronger. ‘I am under no illusion; death is in store for me; it will be a just punishment. I have been guilty of attempting the life of the woman most worthy of all respect, of all devotion. Madame de Renal had been like a mother to me. My crime is atrocious, and it was premeditated. I have, therefore, deserved death, Gentlemen of the Jury. But, even were I less guilty, I see before me men who, without pausing to consider what pity may be due to my youth, will seek to punish in me and to discourage forever that class of young men who, born in an inferior station and in a sense burdened with poverty, have the good fortune to secure a sound education, and the audacity to mingle with what the pride of rich people calls society.

‘That is my crime, Gentlemen, and it will be punished with all the more severity inasmuch as actually I am not being tried by my peers. I do not see, anywhere among the jury, a peasant who has grown rich, but only indignant bourgeois …’

The Red and the Black is available in its French original here; in English translation here; and as a free French audio book here. And here’s some literary analysis

* The date is not explicit in the text. The Red and the Black was subtitled Chronique de 1830, but several past-tense allusions to the event show that the main action takes place after the July Revolution of 1830 that toppled Charles X and raised Louis-Philippe to the throne. There is, however, a late and seemingly anachronistic allusion to Julien’s lover/victim intending to “throw herself at the feet of Charles X” to appeal for his life. Oh well: ambiguity is the novel’s stock in trade.

** These (fictional) de la Moles are very proud of being descended from the (actual) Joseph Boniface de la Mole, whose signal achievement was his April 30, 1574 beheading.

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1828: Carbonari in Ravenna

2 comments May 13th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1828, revolutionaries Luigi Zanoli, Ortolani Angiolo, Gaetano Montanari, and Gaetano Rambelli were hanged in Ravenna.*

These were members of the carbonari, charcoal-burnersan anti-clerical political secret society of the early 19th century.

Further to that body’s sanguinary campaign against papal political domination, they authored an attempted kidnapping and/or assassination of the Vatican’s Romagna enforcer, Cardinal Rivarola. Rivarola had recently issued mass condemnations against carbonari.

Which is very nice. But they didn’t get the Cardinal.

Ubiquitous 19th century papal executioner Mastro Titta conducted the executions — the 266th through 269th of his career (he’d also done Gaetano Montanari’s better-known brother Leonida three years before) — and devoted a chapter of his memoirs to the occasion. You can call the carbonari terrorists if you wish, but the Ravenna populace’s fearsomely cinematic display of solidarity with the doomed makes eloquent historical testimony on their behalf.

The execution took place on May 13 on a large square in Ravenna, occupied by the military so that nobody could not approach the gallows other than the executioners, the soldiers, and the prisoners. The windows and doors of the city and the shops were all closed and many were hung with black. Not a person was seen on the streets. Ravenna seemed transformed into a necropolis. All attempts to convert them were vigorously rejected by the prisoners, who did not want confession nor religious comforters, and protested against the accompaniment of two friars ordered by the Cardinal.** The wagon crossed streets deserted and silent, all surrounded by soldiers on foot and horseback riding at a brisk trot. Arrived at the foot of the gallows, the condemned went down with a firm step, and one by one they boldly climbed the stairs of the gallows, and before the gallows clutching their necks shouted in a voice strong and fearless:

– Viva Italia! Down with the papacy!

The execution was conducted rapidly. I departed with my aide that night under guard, because it was rumored that the conspirators wanted to skin us.

* It appears to me — although it’s not completely clear from what I’ve seen — that a fifth man, a Jewish poisoner named Abramo Isacco Forti (aka “Machino”), was also executed in this group, for collaborating with the carbonari on a different murder. He’s listed on Titta’s roster of victims without date or explanation, but specifically named in, e.g., this Italian book’s roster of death sentences handed out by that same court.

** This public-domain Italian independence martyrology attributes to the prisoners the worthy quote, “Who becomes a king and an executioner ceases to be a minister of God.”

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1956: Andreas Dimitriou and Michalis Karaolis, the first EOKA men hanged

2 comments May 10th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1956, the British hanged two members of Cyprus’s nationalist resistance underground, the EOKA

Andreas Dimitriou (left) and Michalis Karaolis.

Michalis Karaolis murdered a local constable; Andreas Dimitriou (or Demetriou) hadn’t managed to kill his target, and only injured the British intelligence agent he shot. This, however, occurred two days after the enactment of draconian emergency regulations to counteract EOKA terrorism, under which merely possessing a firearm could be a hanging offense, never mind discharging it into someone.

The two of them weren’t connected to one another save in their common support for expelling the British from the Mediterranean island and reuniting it to the Greek mainland. It was a longtime, long-frustrated Hellenic dream.

Great Britain, even while the death penalty was eroding domestically, spurned international appeals for clemency — the Greek government made history by filing the first state-vs.-state petition to the European Commission of Human Rights a few days before the execution — reckoning that its credibility as a hard line against terrorism was at stake.

In Nicosia, where the hangings took place, schools were shuttered, armed paratroopers patrolled streets barred to traffic, and newspapers operated under a censor’s requirement not to inflame the populace.

In Athens, beyond the reach of the crown, the soundness of this policy was unpleasantly confirmed. Seven deaths and hundreds of injuries resulted from the ensuing brickbats with police. (The mayor of Athens personally smashed up a tributary plaque to Queen Elizabeth II.) And in retaliation, the EOKA subsequently executed two British soldiers it had captured, Gordon Hill and Ronnie Shilton … although British skepticism over this claim required an additional statement clarifying the matter.

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1906: The would-be assassins of General Rafael Reyes

Add comment March 6th, 2012 Headsman

BOGOTA, Colombia, Tuesday, March 6. — The three men who on Feb. 10 attempted to assassinate Gen. Reyes, the President of the Republic of Colombia, were shot to-day at the spot where the attack took place.

-New York Times, March 8

Reyes had parlayed a successful military career into politics (Spanish link), and was the elected-ish but also dictatorial president of Colombia.

He had the misfortune to ascend to this illustrious post on the heels of a bitter civil war that had seen its Panama department break clean away. To Reyes’ administration would fall a variety of civil society infrastructure projects (more Spanish): constitutional reform, military modernization, a central bank, reconciliation with the Liberal party.

Marco Salgar (left) and Roberto Gonzalez, two of the failed assassins.

He couldn’t make these omelets without breaking a few eggs and his authoritarian power was challenged with at least two coup attempts and multiple assassination plots, as well as a bid by other Colombian territories to break away and join up with Panama.

But the most notorious angry-with-Reyes event was the 10th of February 1906 — also the title (Spanish again) of a book of photographs documenting the incident — when three gunmen ambushed Reyes on the outskirts of Bogota and somehow all managed to miss both the president and his daughter.

Reyes’ vengeance was extrajudicially old-school: the executions he arranged were not permitted under Colombian law at all, and by having them publicly shot at the scene of the crime, he added a downright medieval twist of lese-majeste.

Images from here. These are the three shooters mentioned by the Times, as well as a fourth accomplice.

However rough his methods, Reyes did accomplish some important reforms for his country, and he did have the grace to resign his position in 1909 under fire for financial and diplomatic mismangement. (The man’s five-year administration has its own periodization in Colombian historiography: the quinquenio.) There have been worse entries in the annals of dictatorship.

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1801: Chevalier, bomb plot scapegoat

1 comment January 11th, 2012 Headsman

On this date in 1801, a Jacobin chemist was wrongly executed for Royalists’ plot against Napoleon.

Our scene is France, the year following Napoleon’s coup of 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799 on the stodgy old Gregorian calendar). Marx’s “first time as tragedy”* saw the Corsican achieve monarch-esque power, and the months ensuing saw a plethora of plots against him.

The ranks of aggrieved potential assassins included both Jacobins, incensed at the military dictatorship, and Bourbons, incensed that it wasn’t their dictatorship — in both cases exacerbated by Napoleon’s decisive battlefield triumphs which consolidated his hold on power.

On Christmas Eve 1800, the man on horseback was a man in a carriage, careening through Paris to catch a performance of Haydn’s oratorio The Creation.

When, all of a sudden, a gigantic explosion on the Rue Saint-Nicaise attempted to un-create the First Consul. It failed, exploding after Napoleon had passed and before Josephine’s family followed, “merely” killing and maiming fifty-some miscellaneous Parisian bystanders instead.

Kablamo! The explosion of the Infernal Machine.
The Catherine Delors historical novel For the King (author’s teaser) is built around investigating the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise.

“Every one,” wrote Sir Walter Scott,

shocked with the wild atrocity of such a reckless plot, became, while they execrated the perpetrators, attached in proportion to the object of their cruelty. A disappointed conspiracy always adds strength to the government against which it is directed; and Buonaparte did not fail to push this advantage to the uttermost.

This “Infernal Machine” had actually been built by disgruntled monarchists at the instigation of intriguer Georges Cadoudal, as was swiftly discerned by Napoleon’s Minister of Police, the ruthless ex-revolutionary Joseph Fouche.

Realpolitik exigencies — Napoleon was trying (unsuccessfully) to reach political terms with the royalist faction — instead drove a rush to pin the detonation on the Jacobins.

Who, it should be said, made themselves the primary suspects by virtue of the fact that they’d also been trying to blow up Napoleon. Chevalier had been arrested a couple of months before when a bomb of his, evidently an experiment for a similar Jacobin plot, loudly blew up near Salpetriere.

Four other Jacobins followed Chevalier to death later in January (and two royalists actually involved in the bomb got the same treatment). Some 130 other prominent Jacobins (French link) were expelled on Napoleon’s say-so — no legislative consultation — to the empire’s far-flung colonies, pretty much putting the remains of the long-supine revolutionary left permanently out of the picture as a political force.

* See the 18th Brumaire; the “second time as farce” also came with its own history-repeating-itself executions.

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Czech SRO & Joint Stock Companies

We look at different types of Czech Company formations

Czech SRO & Joint Stock Companies

Published 07.11.2005
Last updated 15.02.2006

VIEWS (10341)

Written by Richard Gürlich

Even though the valid legal order takes into account a few types of business companies, in this article we will talk about the limited liability company, which is utilised most often, and we will also briefly mention the joint stock company. Other types of business companies are not utilised for the high extent of responsibility for the liabilities of the company (general commercial partnership and limited partnership), or for the high complexity (European company and European economic special-interest association).

As mentioned above, there are more than one way to become “an owner or co-owner of a business company”, namely its member or shareholder. It is possible to choose one of the following options:

1. forming of a completely new company
2. transfer of business share or shares in already formed companies (this way will be described in the following article)

1. Forming a new company

1.1. A company is formed by one or more founders. This can be both natural and juristic persons. The main task of founders is the preparation of a founding document of the company. The document must contain basic data about the company required by law, has to be written in the form of notarial record and signed by all founders of the company.

1.2. The next step is to pay up the registered capital of the company or its part according to law and relevant regulations of a founding document, and to provide other written documents that are necessary to put in a court that administers relevant Commercial Register together with petition for entry of the company into the Commercial Register.

1.3. The number of needed documents depends especially on the number of members of a founding company whether they are in the position as its members, or more precisely shareholders, statutory or other bodies of a company but also on the object of business activities of the business company or on the citizenship of persons who are to be the company´s statutory body or responsible representatives in relation to individual activities.

1.4. When founders keep all needed documents at their disposal, it is possible to file petition for entry into the Commercial Register. The company as a subject eligible to have rights and obligations comes into existence on the day when the company was registered in the Commercial Register.

1.5. We will give you the simplest case how to act when forming a new company as an example:

1a. forming a limited liability company by one founder, natural person, citizen of the Czech Republic: this person will be the only member and at the same time the executive (statutory body) of the company, the supervisory board will not be set up as one of the company´s possible bodies and for the operation of activity that is the object of business activity of the company, trading licence is not necessary, registered capital of the company will be paid up only through pecuniary deposit:

1a.1. writing the notarial record, which content shall be the full wording of the founder´s deed of the company;

1a.2 conclusion of the lease contract concerning the seat premises of a new company or obtaining a written content of the premises owner with placing the company´s seat there;

1a.3. setting-up of a bank account, in which registered capital shall be paid in the full amount;

1a.4. providing documents, which shall be put in the Commercial Register, extract from the rap sheet of the Czech Republic, affidavit and specimen signature of the executive of a company, consent of the founder with the entry into the Commercial Register, bank confirmation about paying in the registered capital and relevant confirmation of the deposit governor. The founder can be also a governor.

1a.5. filing a petition for the entry of the company into the Commercial Register, which shall be attested by at least the above mentioned documents.

As it is obvious from the above mentioned, forming a business company even in the simplest form requires preparation of a several documents, communication with notaries and if need be with other administrative authorities. It is necessary to remind you of the financial side of the whole transaction when the registered capital of the limited liability company amounts to at least 200,000. - CZK, and of the joint stock company amounts to at least 2,000,000. - CZK.

Even though we have made every effort to comprehend the whole process in this article, it is necessary to consider this as information on the basis of which you can have an idea about the realization of the whole matter. We stress this especially in relation to the fact that even a minute change in the above mentioned may call for the need of another document. The situation is even more difficult if it is a juristic or especially foreign persons who participate in the process.

On the other hand, Czech commercial registers are full of registered juristic persons, whether it is a joint stock company or limited liability company. Thus forming a business company is fairly normal.

Do you consider the above mentioned procedure so complicated that you are thinking of giving up your intention? There is no need for that.

If you buy a company that has been already formed (we will talk about this option next time), it is simpler. However, this variation is connected with certain risks resting in the fact that this company has existed for some time and is eligible to execute a business activity. But about this matter you will read more in the next article.

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Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)

Get an overview of this hotel3-star guesthouse with outdoor pool and bar/lounge

Situated in the entertainment district, this guesthouse is within 1 mi (2 km) of Bazaan Fresh Market, Patong Beach, and Bangla Night Street. Bangla Boxing Stadium and Patong Boxing Stadium are also within 15 minutes.

Property Features

This smoke-free guesthouse features an outdoor pool, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Other amenities include a snack bar/deli, coffee/tea in the lobby, and massage/treatment rooms.

Room Amenities

All 23 rooms offer free WiFi, furnished balconies, and LCD TVs with cable channels. Refrigerators, first-run movies, and free bottled water are among the other amenities available to guests.

Hotel Amenities

Hotel Amenities

Dining options at the guesthouse include a coffee shop/café and a snack bar/deli. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, the property provides a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request), a beach shuttle, and a theme park shuttle. This Patong guesthouse also offers an outdoor pool, a library, and tour/ticket assistance. Limited complimentary onsite parking is available on a first-come, first-served basis.

Absolute Guesthouse Phuket is a smoke-free property.

  • 24-hour front desk
  • Airport transportation (surcharge)
  • Arcade/game room
  • Total number of rooms - 23
  • Number of floors - 4
  • Spa treatment room(s)
  • Bar/lounge
  • Barbecue grill(s)
  • Coffee/tea in lobby
  • Coffee shop or café
  • Newspapers in lobby (surcharge)
  • Dry cleaning/laundry service
  • Express check-in
  • Express check-out
  • Ferry terminal shuttle (surcharge)
  • Shopping center shuttle (surcharge)
  • Theme park shuttle (surcharge)
  • Beach shuttle (surcharge)
  • Hair salon
  • Grocery/convenience store
  • Tours/ticket assistance
  • Free WiFi
  • Designated smoking areas
  • Airport transportation
  • Laundry facilities
  • Library
  • Multilingual staff
  • Parking (limited spaces)
  • Luggage storage
  • Free self parking
  • Beach sun loungers
  • Pool sun loungers
  • Beach towels
  • Year Built 2008
  • Area shuttle (surcharge)
  • Snack bar/deli
  • Smoke-free property
  • Number of buildings/towers - 2
  • Outdoor pool
  • Television in lobby
Show all hotel amenities

Family Friendly Amenities

  • Outdoor pool
  • Free Wi-Fi
  • Grocery/convenience store
  • Snack bar/deli
  • Laundry facilities
  • Arcade/game room
  • Refrigerator

Available in all rooms: Free WiFi

Available in some public areas: Free WiFi

Free self parking, Parking (limited spaces)

Room Amenities

  • Premium TV channels
  • Furnished balcony
  • Access via exterior corridors
  • Climate control
  • Air conditioning
  • Phone
  • Refrigerator
  • Free bottled water
  • Daily housekeeping
  • Private bathroom
  • Free toiletries
  • Bidet
  • Shower only
  • Hair dryer (on request)
  • Iron/ironing board (on request)
  • In-room safe
  • Desk
  • Cable TV service
  • Free WiFi
  • Blackout drapes/curtains
  • Rollaway/extra beds (surcharge)
  • First-run movies
  • LCD TV
Show all room amenities

Nearby Things to Do

The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.

  • Golfing nearby
  • Snorkeling nearby
  • Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
  • Rafting nearby
  • Sailing nearby
  • Scuba diving nearby
  • Water skiing nearby
  • Parasailing nearby
  • Golf lessons available nearby
  • Scooter/moped rentals on site
  • Game viewing on site
  • Safari nearby
  • Ziplining nearby
  • Boat tours nearby
Show recreation options

Spa Services

  • Massages
  • Manicures and pedicures

Hotel Policies

Check-in time starts at 2 PM

Minimum check-in age is 18

Check-out time is noon

Payment types

You need to know

Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.

Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.

Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.

Pets allowed (no fees)

No cribs (infant beds) available

No elevators

Noise-free rooms not guaranteed

Show all policies

The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
  • Airport shuttle fee: THB 700 per vehicle (roundtrip)
  • Late check-out fee: THB 600
  • Rollaway bed fee: THB 400 per night
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.

We should mention

This property offers transfers from the airport (surcharges may apply). Guests must contact the property with arrival details 48 hours prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Reservations are required for massage services. Reservations can be made by contacting the guesthouse prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.

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Search from 4 Cripple Creek Hotels

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About Kapit

Searching for cheap flights to Kapit? No travel company presents more choices than Expedia if you're looking to compare flights to Kapit. With more airlines, cheaper flights, fewer stops, and more departure and arrival times travellers should ensure they search on Expedia before any holiday to Sarawak. Expedia provides the cheapest flights to many destinations in Sarawak and you may find even greater savings if you combine your flight with a hotel stay in Kapit.

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Expedia is not only free for everyone to use but it quick and easy to use. Find the lowest flight prices guaranteed and book directly through Expedia. Browse through hundreds of cheap flight offers to find the one that suits your budget by simply inputting your travel dates. Expedia will then find the cheapest flights to Kapit for that period and let you choose your preferred time and airline. If you need additional assistance, Expedia Customer Service representatives are available from 8am - 10pm Monday to Friday, and 9am - 10pm at weekends. Our capable staff will be able to help you with any questions regarding your Kapit flight, or other booking questions that may arise. When you book flights with Expedia you can rest assured that you have booked the best flight at the lowest price.

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Situated on a lake, this ryokan is within 9 mi (15 km) of Nikko Botanical Garden, Tamozawa Imperial Villa Memorial Park, and Toshogu. Futarasan Shrine and Taiyuinbyo are also within 12 mi (20 km).

Property Features

This ryokan features a restaurant, conference rooms, and tour/ticket assistance.

Room Amenities

All guestrooms include a turndown service and televisions.

Hotel Amenities

Hotel Amenities

The ryokan offers a restaurant. Nikko Sansui features 2 spa tubs. This hot springs ryokan also offers hot springs and tour/ticket assistance.

  • Total number of rooms - 15
  • Conference space
  • Restaurant
  • Tours/ticket assistance
  • Number of spa tubs - 2
Show all hotel amenities

Room Amenities

  • Turndown service
  • Television

Where to Eat

Miharashi jaya - This restaurant specializes in Japanese cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner.

Nearby Things to Do

2 spa tubs are on site.

The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.

  • Hiking/biking trails nearby
  • Hot springs on site
Show recreation options

Spa Services

  • Hot springs/mineral springs in spa

Hotel Policies

Check-in time starts at 2 PM

Check-in time ends at 7 PM

Check-out time is 10 AM

Payment types

You need to know

Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.

Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.

Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.

Show all policies

We should mention

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare requires all international visitors to submit their passport number and nationality when registering at any lodging facility (inns, hotels, motels, etc. ). Additionally, lodging proprietors are required to photocopy passports for all registering guests and keep the photocopy on file.

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Room type

Deluxe One King Bed

Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)

Two Queen Beds (Premier Two Queen Beds)

Max Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children)

Executive Suite One King Bed

Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)

Suite One King Bed

Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)

Deluxe Suite One King Bed

Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)

One King Bed (Premier One King Bed)

Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)

Get an overview of this hotelLuxury Istanbul hotel in Sultanahmet, walk to Hagia Sophia

Located in Sultanahmet, this luxury hotel is steps from Sultanahmet Square and Hagia Sophia. Basilica Cistern and Blue Mosque are also within 10 minutes.

Hotel Features

This hotel features a restaurant, a health club, and a fitness center. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a bar/lounge, a sauna, and a rooftop terrace are onsite.

Room Amenities

All 65 rooms offer thoughtful touches like espresso makers and bathrobes, as well as comforts such as premium bedding and down comforters. 24-hour room service and WiFi are standard, as are plasma TVs with cable channels.

Hotel Amenities

Hotel Amenities

In addition to a health club, Four Seasons Hotel Istanbul at Sultanahmet features a sauna and a fitness center. The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.

Business-related amenities at this 5-star property consist of a 24-hour business center and meeting rooms. Event facilities measuring 3907 square feet (363 square meters) include conference space. This luxury hotel also offers a rooftop terrace, spa services, and a terrace. Guests can use the outdoor pool and health club at a partner hotel. Complimentary self parking is available on site.

Four Seasons Hotel Istanbul at Sultanahmet has designated areas for smoking.

  • 24-hour business center
  • 24-hour front desk
  • Bar/lounge
  • Breakfast available (surcharge)
  • Computer station
  • Concierge services
  • Conference space
  • Conference space size (feet) - 3907
  • Conference space size (meters) - 363
  • Designated smoking areas
  • Dry cleaning/laundry service
  • Express check-in
  • Express check-out
  • Fitness facilities
  • Free self parking
  • Free WiFi
  • Health club
  • Luggage storage
  • Meeting rooms 2
  • Multilingual staff
  • Number of floors - 4
  • Number of meeting rooms - 3
  • Porter/bellhop
  • Restaurant
  • Rooftop terrace
  • Safe-deposit box at front desk
  • Sauna
  • Spa services on site
  • Spa treatment room(s)
  • Terrace
  • Total number of rooms - 65
  • Wedding services
Show all hotel amenities

Family Friendly Amenities

  • Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
  • DVD player
  • Free Wi-Fi
  • Rollaway/extra beds available

Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access ( 66 TRY per day ), Wired internet access ( 66 TRY per day )

Available in some public areas: Free WiFi

Free self parking

Room Amenities

  • Bathrobes
  • Cable TV service
  • Free newspaper
  • Free cribs/infant beds
  • Daily housekeeping
  • Designer toiletries
  • Down comforter
  • DVD player
  • Espresso maker
  • Hair dryer
  • Hypo-allergenic bedding available
  • In-room safe
  • Minibar
  • Phone
  • Plasma TV
  • Premium bedding
  • Private bathroom
  • Rollaway/extra beds available
  • Room service (24 hours)
  • Separate bathtub and shower
  • Turndown service
  • Wired high-speed Internet access (surcharge)
  • WiFi (surcharge)
Show all room amenities

Where to Eat

Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge between 7 AM and 11 AM.

Seasons - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Reservations are required.

AYA - This rooftop bar serves light fare only. Open daily.

24-hour room service is available.

Show dining options

Nearby Things to Do

Recreational amenities at the hotel include a health club, a sauna, and a fitness center.

Spa Services

  • Massages

To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the “Special or Accessibility Requests" section of “Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.

  • In-room accessibility

Hotel Policies

Check-in time starts at 3 PM

Check-out time is Noon

Payment types

Children and extra beds

  • Children are welcome.
  • Kids stay free! One child under 17 years old stays free when using existing bedding.
  • Rollaway/extra beds are available.
  • Free cribs (infant beds)!

You need to know

Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.

Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.

Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.

Show all policies

The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
  • Fee for buffet breakfast: TRY 105 per person (approximately)
  • Fee for in-room wireless Internet: TRY 66 per day (rates may vary)
  • Fee for in-room high-speed Internet (wired): TRY 66 per day (rates may vary)
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.

We should mention

One child 17 years old or younger stays free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding.

Awards & Affiliations

  • Four Seasons Hotel Istanbul at Sultanahmet is listed in the 2013 Condé Nast Traveler Gold List of the world's best places to stay and the 2013 Travel + Leisure 500.

National Rating

Official Turkey Classification provided by Turkey Ministry of Tourism

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Get an overview of this hotel4-star hotel, walk to Schwerin Cathedral

Situated in Schwerin, this hotel is within a 10-minute walk of Schlosspark-Center and Schwerin Cathedral. Schwerin Castle is 0.9 mi (1.4 km) away.

Hotel Features

This hotel features a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a 24-hour business center. Additionally, WiFi in public areas, conference rooms, and dry cleaning are onsite.

Room Amenities

All 180 soundproofed rooms feature WiFi and minibars. Satellite TV, room service, and hair dryers are among the other amenities available to guests.

Hotel Amenities

Hotel Amenities

The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. This 4-star property offers access to a 24-hour business center.

High-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. Event facilities measuring 4186 square feet (389 square meters) include conference space. This business-friendly hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, complimentary newspapers in the lobby, and dry cleaning/laundry services.

  • 24-hour business center
  • 24-hour front desk
  • Bar/lounge
  • Breakfast available (surcharge)
  • Free newspapers in lobby
  • Conference space
  • Conference space size (feet) - 4186
  • Conference space size (meters) - 389
  • Dry cleaning/laundry service
  • Elevator/lift
  • Express check-in
  • Express check-out
  • Luggage storage
  • Number of buildings/towers - 1
  • Number of floors - 7
  • Number of meeting rooms - 7
  • Restaurant
  • Safe-deposit box at front desk
  • Total number of rooms - 180
  • Tours/ticket assistance
  • WiFi (surcharge)
Show all hotel amenities

Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access (9 EUR per 5 hours surcharge)

Available in some public areas: Wireless internet access (9 EUR per 5 hours surcharge)

Room Amenities

  • Climate control
  • Free cribs/infant beds
  • Desk
  • Hair dryer
  • Hypo-allergenic bedding available
  • Minibar
  • Private bathroom
  • Room service (limited hours)
  • Satellite TV service
  • Shower only
  • Soundproofed rooms
  • WiFi (surcharge)

Where to Eat

Breakfast is available for a surcharge each morning.

Onsite venue - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Open select days.

Room service (during limited hours) is available.

Show dining options

Nearby Things to Do

The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.

  • Bicycle rentals nearby

Hotel Policies

Check-in time starts at 2 PM

Check-out time is noon

Payment types

Children and extra beds

  • Children are welcome.
  • Free cribs (infant beds)!

Pets allowed

You need to know

Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.

Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.

Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.

  • No onsite parking is available.

No rollaway/extra beds available

Show all policies

The city of Schwerin imposes a city tax of 5%. Business travelers with proof of business-related travel are exempt from this tax. Guests can contact the property using the information contained in the confirmation received after booking.
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
  • Breakfast fee: EUR 13 per person (approximately)
  • Fee for in-room wireless Internet: EUR 9 (for 5 hours, rates may vary)
  • Fee for wireless Internet in public areas: EUR 9 (for 5 hours, rates may vary)
  • Pet fee: EUR 10 per pet, per night
  • Late check-out fee: EUR 40
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.

National Rating

Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 4 stars.

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Unlock Your Credit: Know Your Plastic

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Female , 16-17
Feeling lonely
why wont he just care about me like i care about him

Last Seen 23 hrs ago
Member Since Jun 03, 2013
Favorite Quote
Special day
Local Time July 3rd, 2:08 PM

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Who Isn't?

With all due respect, we are ALL unstable. It may not be every moment or every day but we all lose it over something. I remember seeing a former friend who tried to act like life was so grand and that she was above those who suffered anxiety and depression totally have a MELT DOWN. We never talked about it (of course, that would ruin her cover) but I looked at her as a little more human after that. Did it change her? No, she stayed as the over achieving, highly competitive, totally irritating Type A person.

I do not want to degrade those of use who work hard to find balance or those of us who are struggling to get there. I just think that people who think everything is ok ALL THE TIME will get *** cancer from all their repressed emotions......

Generika Generika 31-35, F 1 Response Sep 13, 2008

Your Response

AH, those horribly irritating "perfect" people. If cancer doesn't get them, a heart attack will.


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Shake Me Down

I absolutely cannot tolerate the singing of men with whiny voices.  This particular song is no exception, and is at the very top of my list of detestable songs.  I want to rip my own ears off each time I hear even a fragment of this track!  The shaky, whiny schoolgirl tone to this dude's voice is so horrendous that even my nine-year-old daughter despises and makes fun of it with a spot on imitation that is hilarious.  Go ahead and have a listen, if you can bear more than a few seconds of the torture in listening to this guy's voice......
januarygirl januarygirl 26-30, F 1 Response Jul 4, 2011

Your Response

Groovimax, I have no idea what the HELL you're talking about! I'm totally going to pretend I didn't read either of your comments. Lol.

OnewithJC, I haven't the slightest idea what the song is about, nor have I watched the video. I honestly find the dude's voice to be SO incredibly annoying that I cannot subject myself to the torment of listening to more than a couple seconds of this garbage. It's like nails on a chalkboard!

Sarahgirl, how very fortunate you are that it froze up and you were spared the ear abuse you would've endured. Lol. :)


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Marine :)

SO my marine has been gone since november he came back for 10 days at the end of january. But i only got to see him for 7 days which sucked so bad. But he comes back next week sometime i hope. We have not talked for almost 3 weeks. I miss him so much. I know he can talk but he never calls or answers when i call. He is doing training in north carloina so its not like he is to far away.
belby belby 18-21, F 1 Response Jun 11, 2010

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Wow that's such a long time without talking, how's that possible?