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History of Early American Landscape Design

[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/research/casva/research-projects.html A Project of the National Gallery of Art, Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts ]

See also: Lawn

Fig. 1, Anonymous, A plan of the section of land on which the Believers live in the state of Ohio, Nov. 7, 1807. "Meadow" is noted in the center between the woods and cornfield.

According to lexicographer Noah Webster (1828), meadow referred “to the low ground on the banks of rivers . . . whether grassland, pasture, tillage, or wood land,” or low-lying lands that were particularly “appropriated to the culture of grass.” Both definitions of the term “meadow” were used in the American context.

Eighteenth-century maps of New York and Boston show “salt meadows” along rivers. Like kitchen gardens or orchards, meadows played a key role in early American husbandry, and descriptive accounts of productive farms and estates often mention meadows, particularly when they gave the landscape a rich or well-cultivated appearance. Meadows ranged in size from the 12-acre meadow noted in a 1747 newspaper advertisement to the estimated 50 acres of meadow attached to an estate in Pennsylvania. In an 1807 plan of South Union, Ohio, a meadow was located in close proximity to the residences and between areas designated as woods and a cornfield [Fig. 1]. Since meadows were largely covered with grass, they could provide sustenance for cattle. Indeed, A. J. Downing, in describing the benefits of parks, frequently instructed homeowners to regard them as meadows where their cattle could graze. The cultivation of grass rendered “meadow” synonymous with “pasture,” which Webster defined as grounds covered with grass appropriated for the food of cattle, and hence these terms frequently were used interchangeably.

Anonymous, Garden Plan of "Newington" in Allegheny County, Pa, 1823, in Alice B. Lockwood, Gardens of Colony and State (1931), vol. 1, p. 380.

Although meadows were primarily associated with agricultural production, they were often part of a consciously designed landscape, as at “Newington,” Pa. [Fig. 2]. They were also included in plans for plantations and ornamental farms (see Ferme ornée). Eighteenth-century British gardening treatises, for example, endorsed the incorporation of agricultural features into ornamental contexts: Batty Langley (1728) recommended “Little Walks by purling streams in Meadows” as “delightful Entertainments.”

In many instances, meadows accomplished the same aesthetic results as lawns, including framing desired objects or views. At the eighteenth-century estate of West-over on the James River in Virginia, for example, meadows watered by canals lined the road leading to the mansion and signaled one’s arrival to the “improved grounds” surrounding the house. According to François-Alexandre-Frédéric duc de la Rochefoucauld Liancourt (1799), Dr. Baron of Charleston, S.C., wanted to buy an area of flat land between his garden and the river to convert it to a meadow that could frame views of the distant prospect. Pierre Pharoux, in his plan for Baron von Steuben’s estate in Mohawk Valley, N.Y., likewise used meadows carved out of woods to ensure visual access to the prospect [Fig. 3].

Meadows were closely related to parks and lawns; Downing on occasion referred to “meadow parks” and “meadow-lawns”. Nevertheless, in at least one article in the Horticulturist, he distinguished between lawns and meadows, arguing that lawns were composed of firm, close, and short grass, while coarser (and presumably taller) grasses with meadow flowers made up meadows. Moreover, lawns were often trimmed and rolled to maintain their appearance, while the primary method of maintaining meadows was to allow animals to graze.

Like lawns and bowling greens, the open grassy areas of meadows also provided space for sports and other leisure entertainments, as mentioned by a teacher in Salem, N.C., in 1817, who observed children playing round ball in the meadow of a tavern.

-- Anne L. Helmreich

  • Anonymous, 17 August 1747, describing property for sale in Somerset County, N.J. (New York Gazette)
“TO BE SOLD, A pleasant Country Seat, fitting for a Gentleman or Store-keeper . . . containing about 90 Acres, including a piece of English Meadow about 12 Acres, and more may be made, about 40 Acres being clear, the remainder Wood-Land.”

  • Kalm, Pehr, 4 October 1748, describing his journey from Philadelphia, Pa., to Wilmington, Del. (1937: 1:81–82) [1]
“I rode now through woods of several sorts of trees and now over pieces of land which had been cleared of the wood and which at present were grain fields, meadows and pastures. The farmhouses stood single, sometimes near the roads, and sometimes at a little distance from them, so that the space between the road and the houses was taken up with small cultivated tracts and meadows. . . . The fields bore partly buckwheat, which was cut, partly corn, and partly wheat.”

  • Brook, Elizabeth, 1756, describing Doughoregan Manor, seat of Charles Carroll (of Annapolis), Howard County, Md. (Maryland Historical Society, A. E. Carroll Papers)
“This place . . . is greatly improved, a fine, flourishing orchard with a variety of choice fruit, the garden inlarged and a stone wall built around it, 2 fine meadows.”

“The whole store of nature’s kind luxuriance seemed to have been exhausted on these beautiful meadows; he made me count the amazing number of cattle and horses now feeding on solid bottoms, which but a few years before had been covered with water.”

  • Shippen, Thomas Lee, 31 December 1783, describing Westover, seat of William Byrd III, on the James River, Va. (1952: n.p.) [2]
“You pass thro’ two gates, and from the second, which leads you into the improved grounds, may be seen a village of quarters as they are called for negroes. The road you get into upon opening this gate is spacious and very level bounded on either side by a handsome ditch & fence which divide the road from fine meadows whose extent is greater than the eye can reach; and on one side you see the river through trees of different sorts. These meadows well watered with canals, which communicate with each other across the road give occasion every 50 yards for a bridge; and between every two bridges are two gates one on each side the road.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 6 May 1795, describing Pottsgrove, Pa. (1800: 1:35) [3]
“The landscape is beautiful along this road, abounding with a great variety of fine views, wonderfully enlivened by the verdure of the cornfields and meadows. . . . If agriculture were better understood in these parts; if the fields were well mowed and well fenced; and if some trees had been left standing in the middle or on the borders of the meadows, the most beautiful parts of Europe could not be more pleasing.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1795–97, describing an estate in Pennsylvania (1800: 1:101) [3]
“The cultivated ground amounts in the whole to one hundred and twenty acres, fifty of which are laid out in artificial meadows, and thirty-six in orchards for apple and peach-trees. The meadows are beautiful, and the fields in good order.”

“[vol. 1] . . . A succession of New-England villages, composed of neat houses, surrounding neat school-houses and churches, adorned with gardens, meadows and orchards, and exhibiting the universally easy circumstances of the inhabitants, is, at least in my own opinon, one of the most delightful prospects, which this world can afford. . . .
“[vol. 2] New England villages . . . are built in the following manner. . . .
“The lot, on which the house stands, universally styled the home lot, is almost of course a meadow, richly cultivated, covered during the pleasant season with verdure, and containing generally a thrifty orchard. It is hardly necessary to observe, that these appendages spread a singular cheerfulness, and beauty, over a New-England village; or that they contribute largely to render the house a delightful residence.”

  • Parkinson, Richard, 1798–1800, describing Orange Hill, near Baltimore, Md. (1805: 1:163–64) [5]
“My first work on the farm was to dress the meadows; which were called fine; though the greater part of them in England would not have been thought worthy of being called meadows at all, being overrun with briars and weeds of different description. Their state indeed was such, that when I mowed them, I sometimes in making hay did not know whether it was worth putting together, or not.”

  • La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, François Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 1799, describing Fitterasso, estate of Dr. Baron, Charleston, S.C. (1800: 2:435–36) [3]
“This small plantation, named Fitterasso, consists of four hundred acres, and cost him four thousand two hundred and eighty dollars; it is situated on a small eminence near the river. The site for the house, for none has hitherto been built, is the most pleasant spot which could be chosen in this flat, level country, where the tedious sameness of the woods is scarcely variegated by some houses, thinly scattered, and where it is hardly possible to meet with a pleasant landscape. His garden is separated from the river by a morass, nearly drained; the whole extent of the northern bank of the river is nearly of the same description. Dr. Baron intends to purchase this intervening space, and to convert it into meadow-ground. This alteration will improve the prospect, without rendering it a charming vista.”

  • Ogden, John Cosens, 1800, describing Bethlehem, Pa. (p. 13) [6]
“The variety of walks, rows of trees, and the plenty with which the gardens and meadows were stored, displayed taste, industry and economy.”

  • Martin, William Dickinson, 1809, describing the pleasure grounds at Salem Academy, Salem, N.C. (quoted in Bynum 1979: 29) [7]
“‘Next, I visited a flower garden belonging to the female department. . . . But it is situated on a hill, the East end of which is high & abrupt. . . .
“‘From the extremity of this place descended in different directions, two rows of steps, & joined again at the bottom, of the hill, where was a beautiful spring, from which issued a brisk current, winding in a serpentine course through a handsome meadow, ’til it reached a brook about a quarter of a mile distant. This place was designed for literary repast, & evening amusement—is certainly well adapted for either or both.’”

  • Peale, Charles Willson, 1810, in a letter to his son, Rembrandt Peale, describing Belfield, estate of Charles Willson Peale, Germantown, Pa. (quoted in Rudnytzky 1986: 42) [8]
“I am often pleased with the solemn groves skirting my meadows in mahestic [sic] silence and cool appearance.”

Fig. 4, Charles Willson Peale, Sketches of Belfield, 1810.
  • Peale, Charles Willson, 1810, describing Belfield, estate of Charles Willson Peale, Germantown, Pa. (quoted in Miller and Ward 1991: fig. 87) [9]
“In this view imagine that you see a beautiful Meadow on the right. . . . The Common water course is on the edge of the Meadow on the right and the doted [sic] line is a ditch to which I have a flood-gate to let water on the Meadow at Pleasure.” [Fig. 4]

  • Pursh, Frederick, 1814, describing the plants of North America (p. v) [10]
“Her [America] forests produce an endless variety of useful and stately timber trees; her woods and hedges the most ornamental flowering shrubs, so much admired in our pleasure grounds; and her fields and meadows a number of exceedingly handsome and singular flowers (many of them possessing valuable medicinal virtues), different from those of other countries.”

  • Teacher at Moravian Boys School, 1817, describing Salem, N.C. (quoted in Bynum 1979: 52) [7]
“This afternoon I went with the children. . . . I took them to the tavern meadow, where they played a little round ball.”

  • du Pont, Sophie Madeleine, 21 July 1837, describing her visit to a meadow (quoted in Low and Hinsley 1987: 178) [11]
“They were making hay in the undulating meadow, which added to the picturesque effect of the scenery [sic] There is here a very convenient chaise a porteur in which I am carried, or the blackies here express it, toted, from one place to another—”

  • Lyell, Sir Charles, 22 September 1845, describing Boston, Mass. (1849: 1:30) [12]
“The extreme heat of summer does not allow of the green meadows and verdant lawns of England, but there are some well-kept gardens here—a costly luxury where the wages of labor are so high.”

Fig. 5, Anonymous, "View in the Meadow Park at Geneseo," in A. J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 3, no. 4 (October 1848): pl. opp. p. 153.
  • Downing, A. J., October 1848, describing Geneseo, seat of James S. Wadsworth, Genesee River Valley, N.Y. (Horticulturist 3: 163–65)
“The great agricultural estate of the WADSWORTH family, is the pride and centre of this precious family. That magnificent tract, of thousands of acres of the finest land, which surpasses in extent and value many principalities of the old world; those broad meadows, where herds of the finest cattle crop the richest herbage, or rest under the deep shade of giant trees. ...
“And what a prospect! The whole of that part of the valley embraced by the eye-say a thousand acres—is a park, full of the finest oaks,—and such oaks as you may have dreamed of, (if you love trees,) or, perhaps, have seen in pictures by CLAUDE LORRAINE, or our own DURAND; but not in the least like those which you meet every day in your woodland walks through the country at large. Or rather, there are thousands of such as you may have seen half a dozen examples of in your own country. . . . “No underwood, no bushes, no thickets; nothing but single specimens or groups of giant old oaks, (mingled with, here and there, an elm,) with level glades of broad meadow beneath them! An Englishman will hardly be convinced that it is not a park, planted by the skilful hand of man hundreds of years ago.
“This great meadow park is filled with herds of the finest cattle—the pride of the home—farm.” [Fig. 5]

Fig. 6, Anonymous, "Mount Fordham—the Country Seat of Lewis G. Morris, Esq.," in A. J. Downing, ed., Horticulturist 6, no. 8 (Aug. 1, 1851): pl. opp. p. 345.
  • Downing, A. J., August 1851, “The Annual Cattle Sale at Mount Fordham,” describing Mount Fordham, seat of Lewis G. Morris, New York, N.Y. (Horticulturist 6: 372)
“Around the house at Mount Fordham, extends on all sides a kind of meadow-lawn, enclosed and divided by pretty wire fences of various patterns. This lawn is kept short by the grazing of improved dairy stock, and we were glad to see successfully practiced what we have been commending so strongly of late to our readers, as the most available point of English country places, that we saw on the other side of the Atlantic—that is the maintenance of a neat and handsome lawn about a country house, not only without the expense of mowing, but with united profit and beauty—the profit of grazing the grass and the beauty—the real pastoral beauty—of fine cattle, soft turf, and pleasant groups of trees, as the home landscape of our country places generally. By adopting this course, the hay-field aspect of many so-called gentlemen’s country-seats, would disappear, and a more complete and satisfactory lawn or park be acquired, with no loss of money, and the attainment of a higher species of keeping to one’s country home.” [Fig. 6]

  • Langley, Batty, 1728, New Principles of Gardening ([1728] 1982: 195–201) [13]
“General DIRECTIONS, &c....
“XIX. That in those serpentine Meanders, be placed at proper Distances, large Openings, which you surprizingly come to; and in the first are entertain’d with a pretty Fruit-Garden, or Paradice-Stocks . . . from which you are insensibly led through the pleasant Meanders of a shady delightful Plantation; first, into an oven [sic] Plain environ’d with lofty Pines . . . secondly, into a Flower-Garden . . . and from thence through small Inclosures of Corn, open Plains, or small Meadows....
“XXVIII. Distant Hills in Parks, &c. are beautiful Objects, when planted with little Woods; as also are Valleys, when intermix’d with Water, and large Plains; and a rude Coppice in the Middle of a fine Meadow, is a delightful Object.
“XXIX. Little Walks by purling streams in Meadows, and through Corn-Fields, Thickets, &c. are delightful Entertainments.”

  • Johnson, Samuel, 1755, A Dictionary of the English Language (2:n.p.) [14]
“MEAD. n.s. [meade, Sax.] Ground somewhat watery, not plowed, but covered with grass and flowers.

  • Ware, Isaac, 1756, A Complete Body of Architecture (pp. 645, 651) [15]
“A meadow and its hedge excelled all the beauty of our former gardens; because the parterre there afforded only the ill fruits of labour, and the hedge lost the very vegetable character. . ..
“Let us lead such as still prefer it [geometric flower beds] to more free dispositions, into a May meadow, full of the common weedy flowers of that healthy season, and terminated by a hawthorn hedge in bloom. ...”

  • Miller, Philip, 1759, The Gardeners Dictionary (n.p.) [16]
“Under the general title of Meadow, is commonly comprehended all Pasture land, or at least all Grass Land, which is mown for Hay; but I choose rather to distinguish such land only by this Apellation, which is so low, as to be too moist for Cattle to graze upon them in winter, being too wet to admit heavy cattle, without poaching & spoiling the Sward, and those grass lands which I shall distinguish by the title of pasture.”

  • Sheridan, Thomas, 1789, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (n.p.) [17]
MEADOW, med’-do. s. A rich pasture ground, from which hay is made.”

“MEAD, MEADOW, n. meed, med’o. [Sax. moede, moedewe; G. matte, a mat, and a meadow; Ir. madh. The sense is extended or flat depressed land. It is supposed that this word enters into the name Mediolanum, now Milan, in Italy; that is, mead-land.]
“A tract of low land. In America, the word is applied particularly to the low ground on the banks of rivers, consisting of a rich mold or an alluvial soil, whether grass land, pasture, tillage, or wood land; as the meadows on the banks of the Connecticut. The word with us does not necessarily imply wet land. This species of land is called, in the western states, bottoms, or bottom land. The word is also used for other low or flat lands, particularly lands appropriated to the culture of grass.
“The word is said to be applied in Great Britain to land somewhat watery, but covered with grass. Johnson.
Meadow means pasture or grass land, annually mown for hay; but more particularly, land too moist for cattle to graze on in winter, without spoiling the sward. Encyc. Cyc.
“[Mead is used chiefly in poetry.]”

  • Downing, A. J., November 1846, “A Chapter on Lawns” (Horticulturist 1: 204)
“After your lawn is once fairly established, there are but two secrets in keeping it perfect— frequent mowing and rolling. Without the first, it will soon degenerate into a coarse meadow; the latter will render it firmer, closer, shorter, and finer every time it is repeated.”

  • Downing, A. J., March 1851, “The Management of Large Country Places” (Horticulturist 6: 106)
“Considerable familiarity with the country-seats on the Hudson, enables us to state that for the most part, few persons keep up a fine country place. ...
“The remedy for this unsatisfactory condition of the large country places is, we think, a very simple one—that of turning a large part of their areas into park meadow, and feeding it, instead of mowing and cultivating it.
“The great and distinguishing beauty of England, as every one knows, is its parks. And yet the English parks are only very large meadows, studded with great oaks and elms—and grazed—profitably grazed, by deer, cattle and sheep.”

  1. Pehr Kalm, The America of 1750: Peter Kalm’s Travels in North America. The English Version of 1770, 2 vols (New York: Wilson-Erickson, 1937), view on Zotero.
  2. Thomas Lee Shippen, Westover Described in 1783: A Letter and Drawing Sent by Thomas Lee Shippen, Student of Law in Williamsburg, to His Parents in Philadelphia (Richmond, Va.: William Byrd Press, 1952), view on Zotero.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 François-Alexandre-Frédéric duc de La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, ed. by Brisson Dupont and Charles Ponges, trans. by H. Newman, 2nd edn, 4 vols (London: R. Philips, 1800), view on Zotero.
  4. Timothy Dwight, Travels in New England and New York, 4 vols (New Haven, Conn.: Timothy Dwight, 1821), view on Zotero.
  5. Richard Parkinson, A Tour in America, 1798, 1799, and 1800: Exhibiting Sketches of Society and Manners, and a Particular Account of the American System of Agriculture, with Its Recent Improvements, 2 vols (London: J. Harding, 1805), view on Zotero.
  6. John C. Ogden, An Excursion into Bethlehem & Nazareth, in Pennsylvania, in the Year 1799 (Philadelphia: Charles Cist, 1800), view on Zotero.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Flora Ann L. Bynum, Old Salem Garden Guide (Winston-Salem, N.C.: Old Salem, 1979), view on Zotero.
  8. Kateryna A. Rudnytzky, "The Union of Landscape and Art: Peale’s Garden at Belfield" (unpublished Honors thesis, LaSalle University, 1986), view on Zotero.
  9. Lillian B. Miller et al, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family: Charles Willson Peale: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735-1791. Vol. 1; Charles Willson Peale, Artist as Museum Keeper, 1791-1810. Vol 2, Pts. 1-2; The Belfield Farm Years, 1810-1820. Vol. 3; The Autobiography of Charles Willson Peale. Vol. 5. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1983–2000), view on Zotero.
  10. Frederick Pursh, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; Or, a Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America, 2 vols (London: White, Cochrane, & Co., 1814), view on Zotero.
  11. Betty-Bright Low and Jacqueline Hinsley, Sophie Du Pont, A Young Lady in America: Sketches, Diaries, & Letters, 1823-1833 (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987), view on Zotero.
  12. Sir Charles Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States of North America, 2 vols (New York: Harper, 1849), view on Zotero.
  13. Batty Langley, New Principles of Gardening, or The Laying out and Planting Parterres, Groves, Wildernesses, Labyrinths, Avenues, Parks, &c. (Originally published London: A. Bettesworth and J. Batley, etc., 1982), view on Zotero.
  14. Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from the Originals and Illustrated in the Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers, 2 vols (London: W. Strahan for J. and P. Knapton, 1755), view on Zotero.
  15. Isaac Ware, A Complete Body of Architecture (London: T. Osborne and J. Shipton, 1756), view on Zotero.
  16. Philip Miller, The Gardeners Dictionary: Containing the Methods of Cultivation and Improving the Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden. As Also, the Physick Garden, Wilderness, Conservatory, and Vineyard... Interspers’d with the History of the Plants, the Characters of Each Genus and the Names of All the Particular Species, in Latin and English; and an Explanation of All the Terms Used in Botany and Gardening, Etc., 7th edn (London: Philip Miller, 1759), view on Zotero.
  17. Thomas A. Sheridan, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language, Carefully Revised and Corrected by John Andrews...., 5th edn (Philadelphia: William Young, 1789), view on Zotero.
  18. Noah Webster, An American Dictionary of the English Language, 2 vols (New York: S. Converse, 1828), view on Zotero.

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History of Early American Landscape Design contributors, "Meadow," History of Early American Landscape Design, , https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php?title=Meadow&oldid=26373 (accessed September 28, 2021).

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Black Eye (Ecchymosis)

What is a black eye?

A black eye (ecchymosis) often happens from some type of injury to the area around the eye. The injury causes the tissue around the eye to become bruised. Your child's healthcare provider will examine the eye closely. The provider will check to see if there is damage to the eye itself or to the bones around the eye.

What is the treatment for a black eye?

Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age, and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is.

Most black eyes heal fully and don't cause any damage to the eye. Treatment may include:

  • Cold compresses or an ice pack wrapped in cloth placed over the eye for 15 minutes every hour for the first 24 hours. To make an ice pack, put ice cubes in a plastic bag that seals at the top. Wrap the bag in a clean, thin towel or cloth. Never put ice or an ice pack directly on the skin.

  • Warm compresses to the eye after the first 24 hours

  • Keep using compresses until the swelling stops

  • Keep your child's head raised to help decrease the amount of swelling

It's important to know that the swelling and bruise may appear to spread and go down the cheek or to the other eye. This is normal. Talk with your child's healthcare provider if the bruising and swelling doesn't go away on its own. Call your provider right away if your child develops new symptoms such as a headache or confusion.

Online Medical Reviewer: Chris Haupert MD
Online Medical Reviewer: Marianne Fraser MSN RN
Online Medical Reviewer: Raymond Kent Turley BSN MSN RN
Date Last Reviewed: 10/1/2020
© 2000-2021 The StayWell Company, LLC. All rights reserved. This information is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. Always follow your healthcare professional's instructions.

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What Is Oligofructose?

Oligofructose is a subgroup of the fiber known as Inulin. It is also known as fructooligosaccharide. Oligofructose is an insoluble fiber that is not digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract so we do not get any calories from it. Because it is still intact when it reaches the last region of your digestive tract, it is able to feed the host of microbes that live in your colon and large intestines.

Human Microbiome

Single celled, living organisms are ubiquitous. They are so common that for every human cell of your body, there are 10 microbial cells living in and on you. Scientists are beginning to understand the vast benefit that microbes play in our health and disease. The Human Microbiome Project is currently analyzing the genome of microbes from five places on the human body: nasal passages, oral cavities, skin, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract. Some microbes are unique to an individual, leading researchers to believe that each person has a distinctive microbial finger print.

Probiotics are organisms that set up residence in our small and large intestines. They are collectively known as gut flora. These tiny living cells have many benefits in your body, including the alleviation of gas, bloating, diarrhea and constipation. If the balance between beneficial and harmful microbes gets imbalanced, you could get sick. Many new studies are beginning to show how the gut flora impacts skin health, mood, disease states, obesity and more. The composition of gut flora is affected by many factors; antibiotic use, stress, chemical exposure and more. It is imperative to good health to maintain a healthy balance of probiotics.

Because probiotics are living organisms that breed and multiply, they require food. Prebiotics are food for probiotic organisms. Inulin and oligofrutose are prebiotics. The human digestive tract cannot break them down or absorb them, but the bifidobacterium in the colon and large intestine gobble them up. Prebiotics support digestive health in many ways. Not only do prebiotics allow bifidobacterium colonies to multiply, the act of ingesting the prebiotic also lowers the pH of the colon and supplies the body with short-chain fatty acids that the intestinal cells use for energy. A healthy intestinal lining is imperative to overall health. This fiber is also a bulking agent, which helps to keep matter moving through the bowel.

Sources of Prebiotics

Oligofructose is a fiber and can be found naturally in a number of foods: onions, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory root, leeks, garlic, oats, barley and rye. This fiber is sweet in flavor and is used in a number of sugar-free foods. It is about half as sweet as table sugar and it can be taken in supplement form as a powder or a pill. Many probiotics supplements also contain prebiotics. Because it is not broken down in the stomach or small intestine, it does not contribute to total intake of calories.


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Monday, March 27, 2017

Tea Time

Hello! It's Alyson here from Create with Alyson and it's Tea Time this week at Heart 2 Heart. Have you ever wanted to just relax with a friend and have a hot cup of tea? It is often the perfect touch to a long, hard day or just to share with friends or family. How about sitting by the fire with a cup of tea, or perhaps just watching TV with the cat or dog cuddled up beside you. A cup of tea often seems to make everything just a little bit better, doesn't it?

Well, here at Heart 2 Heart, we want you to share your cup of tea with us! Of course you don't have to use the Close To My Heart March stamp of the month, Tea-rrific, to participate in this final March challenge.  It is a great choice, however!

Here is what the design team wishes to share with you.

Be sure your project contains at least some Close To My Heart products. If it isn't obvious, list the products in your description.
You have until the end of March to enter this or any of the March challenges. Make sure you mention Heart 2 Heart in your post.

Happy Creating!

Monday, March 20, 2017

Background (random) Stamping

Hello and welcome to Monday where we at the Heart 2 Heart design team have another fun challenge for you. This week the challenge is to use a background that you have stamped, this can also be known as random stamping. There are no other requirements other than at least one part of your card needs to have a Close to my Heart product on it. So lets get our fingers all inked up (I mean stamps!) and start creating some awesome backgrounds for some great projects.

To help get you inspired, here is what our wonderful design team has come up with.

Angela White

Brandi R - crzy4scrapbooking

Jennifer Kelly

Melissa Robinson

Suzanne Reynolds

We are so looking forward to seeing what projects you will create with your own unique background. Please link up below. (link will be added shortly)

Thanks for playing along....the Heart 2 Heart (H2H) challenge team!

Wednesday, March 15, 2017

FEBRUARY - Addicts, Darlings and Sweethearts

We loved seeing all of your amazing creations
Thanks for sharing with us and being part of our challenges

We usually begin with our H2H Perfect Attendance recipients but unfortunately again in February we did not have any. Remember you can go back to any theme in March and still enter a project up to the last day of the month and earn this badge. New H2H Themes announced every Monday and can usually be combined with other challenges...let's see how many of you will become an Addict.

Missed the 1st March Challenge, click HERE.
2nd Challenge, click HERE

Darlings...be sure to display your H2H blog badge proudly!

OUR FEBRUARY SWEETHEART is the talented...

Vickie O'Dell

March - Addicts, Darlings and Sweethearts
will be announced by the 15th

If you missed the 1st March challenge, click HERE
still time to create, submit and earn
the Perfect Attendance "Addict" Award

Monday, March 13, 2017

It is tool time!

Hello, Crafty Friends!  It's TOOL TIME at Heart 2 Heart this week!

This is Laurie from Crafty Sisters Creations and I am happy to announce the challenge this week--use TOOLS to create your projects.  Think embossing folders, Thin Cuts, or any of the other wonderful Close To My Heart tools that make crafting so much fun!

Check out the design team projects below--aren't they awesome?  Do they give you some ideas to try on your own projects?

Now it's time to get out your own crafting toolbox and get to work!  Be sure to share your creations with us so everyone can be inspired.  We LOVE it when you share!

No automatic alt text available.

Image may contain: plant

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Image may contain: stripes

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You have until the end of March to link up your projects.  We can't wait to see what you create!

Monday, March 6, 2017

Time to Dream "Dreamin' Big"

 Thank You to all the inspirational crafters who joined us last month!

Please join us for the our new challenges in March.

This is Sue Reynolds from Iluvscrapping2, honored to host the Emerald Team for the first theme challenge of March "Time to Dream".   One of CTMH Paper Packs is Dreamin' Big with great choices of design papers.  If you can dream it...you can do it.  Follow your dreams, Think and Dream Big, and what about that Dream Bucket List.   You do NOT have to use the Dreamin' Big collection for this challenge, but of course you certainly may.

Check out the Design Team's inspirations for this week's challenge.

We hope our Design Team projects have given you inspiration to create.  We look forward to your participation...you have until the end of the March to link up.  Now it's your "Time to Dream" and create and share your interpretation of this week's theme.

JANUARY WINNERS:  Please go to the next Post because we have named the January Winners...sorry for the delay but you don't want to miss it.  We will have the February Winners on the 15th of this month...so please check back.

Sunday, March 5, 2017

January Winners!

Wow, where has the time gone…already into March and wishing you all a belated Valentine’s Day. And now we are coming up to St. Patrick's Day, and 2017 is off to a great start!  We have loved seeing all of your amazing creations!!! Thanks for sharing with us and being part of our challenges!

As always, we usually begin with our H2H Perfect Attendance recipients but in January unfortunately we did not have one. Let’s make a deal…our goal will be to have the winners announced by the 15th of each month, and your goal is to help us with Perfect Attendance monthly for the rest of 2017.  Got a deal?

Our January Darlings are...

Be sure to display your H2H blog badge proudly!

Our January Sweetheart is the talented Shalana Glass!

Winners for February will be announced
on the 15th...I made a deal.

Are you Ready to Make a Deal?
Join us at least once this month!

2016 Addicts, please come back
there's always room for New Addicts.

We can't wait to see what 2017 brings!
Thanks for joining us!


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Print Notes
Favorite 3095 Fenno Drive Edwards, CO 81632 | Cordillera - The Ranch
  • 5 Beds
  • 5 Full, 1 Half Baths
  • 5,914 +/- Sqft

  • Property Type
    Residential – Single Family Residence
  • Subdivision
    Cordillera F17 - Red Draw 2 Hld Aspens
  • Listing Date
  • MLS#
  • Year Built
  • County
  • Area
    Cordillera - The Ranch
  • Lot Size
    1.41 Acres (61,420 SqFt)
  • Parking

Property Description

Conveniently situated in the heart of Cordillera Ranch community this home offers Colorado lifestyle of privacy and space. With a main floor primary bedroom, this 5-bedroom 5.5 bath spacious mountain residence features vaulted ceilings, well-appointed kitchen with an outdoor deck which flows from the kitchen to the primary bedroom retreat. A large family room downstairs is perfectly designed for entertaining or simply relaxing. An artfully designed caretaker residence situated above the garage offers privacy for guests within the home with separate entrance. Discreetly nestled in the tall timbers of the adjoining Cordillera Forest and open space to ensure privacy. This property is minutes to the heart of the community amenities of Cordillera Ranch, including the Trailhead pool in the summertime the Timberhearth restaurant or the Mountain Golf Course for golf in the Summer or for cross country skiing on the groomed trails in the winter.

Presented By

Heather Lemon - Slifer Smith & Frampton Real Estate
Heather Lemon

I'm Interested

  • Golf Course
  • Mountain(s)
  • Trees/Woods
Neighborhood Features
  • Clubhouse
  • Pool

Building Levels
Unit Entry Level
Deed Restricted
Interior Features
  • Fireplace - Gas
  • Sauna
Available Amenities
  • Clubhouse
  • Fitness Center
  • Tennis Court(s)
Available Utilities
  • Electricity Available
  • Natural Gas Available
  • Phone Available
  • Satellite
  • Sewer Available
  • Trash
  • Water Available
  • Natural Gas
  • Radiant
  • Dryer
  • Washer

Financial Information

Current Tax Amount
Current Tax Year
Transfer Tax
Association Fee
Association Fee Frequency

About Cordillera

Within one community, there are perhaps more amenities than anywhere else in the Eagle Valley. If Vail and Beaver Creek weren’t 25 minutes and 15 minutes away, respectively, residents wouldn’t have many reasons to leave Cordillera.   Cordillera offers three 18-hole golf courses — at 7,200, 8,200 and 9,200 feet in elevation — community pools, tennis and pickleball courts, a 10-hole Par 3 golf course, stocked fishing ponds, and gorgeous hiking and biking trails. An equestrian center and working ranches keep the area’s ranching heritage in the spotlight, while snowshoeing and cross-country skiing warm things up during winter months.   This single-family home community offers enclave residences from 3,000 to 5,000 square feet, as well as custom homes of all sizes. Vacant land ranges from 1 to 35-acre parcels, with pricing that arguably offers some of the valley’s biggest bang for your buck.   Prices range from $800,000 for an enclave, single-family home to $6 million for a large home with acreage. Vacant lots start around $75,000, while the sweet spot for available homes is roughly $1.5 million to $2.5 million.   There are 7,200 acres bordering U.S. Forest Service lands, as well as 3,000 acres of open space. Active wildlife corridors mean you’ll share space with deer, elk, fox, redtail hawks, owls and more, and the location up and away from Interstate 70 brings peacefully quiet seclusion.   Buyers looking for privacy and quiet views who also appreciate outdoor recreation can find the perfect balance in Cordillera — away from the hustle and bustle but close enough to easily get into Vail and Beaver Creek. The Trailhead family facility offers an outdoor pool, jacuzzis, slide pools, a playground and day camp.   Two restaurants offer delicious dining options for those times when you just don’t want to head into town. With countless amenities, expansive views, wide open spaces and beautiful homes, it’s easy to understand why many residents might never feel like leaving.

Area Market Data

How’s the Market?

We get asked this question a lot. Below is a tool that gives you the ability to see what the market is like in your community. Find out what homes like your own are selling for right in your back yard. Simply enter in your address, choose the proximity of the search and find out market data for other homes that are selling near you.

While we'll provide you with plenty of information, this is a snapshot of your market data and there are real people behind the high-tech and automated tools. If you would like more detailed information or help in understanding the results we are here to help.

Until then, enjoy the tools!

The data relating to the real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange program of the Vail Multi-List Service, Inc.

Copyright © 2021 Vail Multi List, Inc. (VMLS). The information displayed herein was derived from sources believed to be accurate, but has not been verified by VMLS. Buyers are cautioned to verify all information to their own satisfaction. This information is exclusively for viewers’ personal, non- commercial use. Any republication or reproduction of the information herein without the express permission of the VMLS is strictly prohibited.

Listing courtesy of Slifer Smith & Frampton - Avon


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Bill D’Elia, Chris D’Elia’s Dad: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know

Bill DElia 1

Getty/Frederick M. Brown Bill D'Elia is a television producer and director, whose son Chris has been accused of sexual misconduct by several women.

Bill D’Elia is the father of stand-up comedian and Netflix star Chris D’Elia. Chris was on Tuesday accused of a number of sexual offenses, including “grooming” underage girls. Bill D’Elia is a prolific television director and producer, with credits including shows like How to Get Away with Murder, The Good Doctor, Ally McBeal and Grey’s Anatomy.

Arizona State graduate Simone Rossi Tweeted on Tuesday alleging Chris “groomed” her online when she was 16. Rossi claimed that the only reason she wasn’t “molested” by D’Elia is that she ended up getting a boyfriend her own age. A slew of accusations from other young women followed Rossi’s.

Bill D’Elia has remained silent thus far on the accusations against his son.

There have been no reports of law enforcement action taken as of yet, and Chris denied the accusations in a Wednesday interview with TMZ while admitting to behaving improperly in the past.

Here’s what you need to know about Bill D’Elia, Chris D’Elia’s father.

1. He Is a Queens, New York, Native & Has Been Involved in Some of The Most Influential & Popular Television Programs of All Time

Getty/Joe ScarniciBill D’Elia and the cast and creators of Ally McBeal accept the Groundbreaking Award during the TV Land Awards in 2015.

Bill D’Elia grew up in an Italian neighborhood in Queens, according to a William Paterson University profile. He wanted to be in television or the movies since childhood and later graduated from Ithaca College with a degree in television and film, then William Paterson with a master’s in communications.

In the early 1990s, D’Elia broke into television by directing episodes of Doogie Howser, M.D., and Law & Order. He went on to direct multiple episodes of 1990s hits like Northern Exposure, Lois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman and Beverly Hills 90210, according to his IMDB page.

2. In The Mid-1990s His Career Would Take Off, With 8 Emmy Nominations for Work on Shows Like Ally McBeal & Boston Legal

Creative CommonsAlly McBeal opening titles

In 1995, D’Elia began working with famed television producer David E. Kelley, directing almost 20 episodes of Chicago Hope, and taking some of his credits as executive producer. He went on to have writing and producing hands in Ally McBeal, The Practice, How to Get Away with Murder and Grand Hotel.

In 2014, he inducted Kelley into the Television Academy Hall of Fame.

Bill D’Elia was nominated for his first Emmy in 1996 for his work on Chicago Hope, according to IMDB. He would later be nominated for the writing on Ally McBeal, Outstanding Drama Series for Boston Legal and more, for a total of eight nominations.

He was most recently nominated for Best Directing for a Drama Series on Boston Legal in 2009.

3. He Is An Outspoken Critic of Donald Trump & Supporter of Gun Control on Social Media

Bill D’Elia is an outspoken liberal on social media. He regularly posts anti-gun violence messages and images and statements in favor of Black Lives Matter and attacking President Donald Trump.

This month, he re-tweeted a screenshot of an archived New York Times report from 1927 indicating that the president’s father, Fred Trump, was arrested at a Ku Klux Klan rally.

And last September, D’Elia Tweeted that President Trump and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell had “blood on their hands” due to gun violence in the country.

4. He Founded an Anti-Gun Violence Campaign In 2016 Aimed At Electing Candidates In Favor of Gun Control

Getty/Stephen ShugermanBill D’Elia, center, at a Brady Center to Prevent Violence benefit in 2004.

D’Elia felt strongly enough about gun violence and the need for stricter national gun laws that he founded a campaign in 2016 called Make Us Safer. The website for Make Us Safer is down, and the campaign does not appear active anymore.

However, an archived version of the original website can be found here.

D’Elia said on the original website that an episode of Chicago Hope he produced was part of Make Us Safer’s genesis. After the gun control-related episode aired, he received a phone call from Jim Brady. The aide to President Ronald Reagan who was paralyzed by a bullet during an assassination attempt on Reagan’s life and later had a gun control bill named after him due to his lobbying efforts thanked D’Elia for the episode.

“And I began a pursuit to help change the gun laws in this country,” D’Elia wrote. Years later, after becoming discouraged, D’Elia said, he began to “think nationally.”

“It’s an issue our entire Congress is deciding,” he wrote. “Why don’t we look at those races nationwide and donate our money to influence the elections that will eventually lead to real change on the gun issue?”

5. He’s Been Married To Interior Decorator Ellie D’Elia for Almost 50 Years, Has Another Son In Show Business And Recently Sold His Vacation Home For $3.3 Million

D’Elia married his wife, Ellie, in 1972, according to her Facebook page. Ellie used to be a successful interior decorator, D’Elia said in the William Paterson profile, also discussing his first son Chris, and Matthew, who was studying film at NYU at the time. Matthew is now a director and producer, with the film American Animal to his credit.

“I’m the head of a show business family, and my life is exactly as I want,” D’Elia said.

Two years ago, D’Elia and his wife sold their iconic vacation home in Seal Beach, California, the Los Angeles Times reported. The home stands out from others in its gated community because of its “Cape Cod cottage style” — a remodel D’Elia oversaw, the outlet reported.

It sold for $3.275 million, according to the Times. The 2,375 square-foot home was built in 1952 and owned by the D’Elias for almost 20 years, the Orange County Register reported.

READ NEXT: Danny Masterson and Wife Bijou Phillips ‘in Shock’

Read More
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Willkommen zur deutschen Version von WordPress. Dies ist der erste Beitrag. Du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder löschen. Und dann starte mit dem Schreiben!

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Rational® Performance Test Server overview

The IBM® Rational® Performance Test Server has many features and a complex architecture.

Features in brief

Rational® Integration Tester is a rich, scripting-free environment for developing automatic tests for SOA and all messaging technology projects.

Rational® Performance Test Server extends this functionality to enable users to:

  • Orchestrate® a large number of events across multiple computers.
  • Change the load generated by those multiple computers automatically.
  • Capture key performance indicators from the execution of these tests.
  • Capture key performance indicators from other items of infrastructure impacted by the tests.
  • Examine the results using powerful flexible charting.
  • Compare current results with past results from the same test.
  • Compare any results with any other result from other tests.
  • Embed these charts in reports.
  • Save the charts for sharing with colleagues.
  • Solving real world problems

A variety of real problems can be solved with the performance testing features included in Rational® Performance Test Server, including:

Soak Tests Running a repetitive test over and over, monitoring CPU and memory utilization of the processes exercised by the test.
Load Tests Changing the load on the system to establish how it behaves under different load conditions.
Stress Tests Taking the load on the system to extreme levels, and ensuring that it does not develop any untoward side effects.

Deploy system statistics probes to monitor key components of the infrastructure, in particular the CPU and memory utilization of individual processes, and of any computers upon which the system under test depends.

Soak tests

Soak tests can generate a lot of information because they run for a long time. Longer summary intervals will avoid filling the database with an unnecessary level of detail. Increased intervals on probe configurations can be used for the same reason.

The Constant Growth load profile can be used with a zero increment to provide a constant load. If a varying load is required, use the Externally Defined load profile together with a test data set.

Load tests

Load tests subject the system to realistic loads (current and anticipated). It is important to subject the system to realistic loads (for example, a pension system might have 10,000 users around the world, but all users are unlikely to access the system at the same time). Conversely, a concert ticket system might be idle most of the time, but for a few hours (when tickets first go on sale) the number of users could far exceed even the total number of tickets available. This last example may be considered a stress test.

An Externally Defined load profile offers the best opportunity for controlling the load presented to the system over time.

Stress tests

Stress tests help ensure that the system fails gracefully under extreme loads and does not develop any unrequired side effects (for example, memory leaks, excessive time-outs, and so on).

Note the following about network connectivity and deployment:

  • A Rational® Integration Tester Agent must be installed on every computer that runs a probe or a test engine instance to manage these processes (that is, launching them when required and shutting them down when they are no longer needed).
  • Every computer that runs an agent must be able to connect to the database.
  • The performance test controller computer must be able to contact the database and the agents.
  • Computers used within a test will need to have their clocks synchronized, this can be achieved using NTP.
  • Results database

The results database is essential because it stores all of the historical data for Rational® Performance Test Server. The connection is JDBC-based, requiring a single user ID with its own schema, and all results are permanently stored for later analysis. For more information about supported databases and how they are created, refer to Configuring the project results database.

Performance test controller

This is Rational® Integration Tester running to control the execution of performance tests including local and remote agents and probes. A special licence is required in order for Rational® Integration Tester to act in this way, otherwise it will function as Rational® Integration Tester with no performance functionality.

The controller may be run by means of the Rational® Integration Tester GUI, or it may be run on the command-line.

Rational® Integration Tester

Rational® Performance Test Server includes all of the same functionality as Rational® Integration Tester, with the addition of performance testing. This means that Rational® Performance Test Server can be used to create functional tests that are executed as part of a performance test. Additionally, an external Rational® Integration Tester installation may be used to create test projects that are used in performance tests using Rational® Performance Test Server.

Rational® Integration Tester Agent

A Rational® Integration Tester Agent is a Java process that is used by the Performance Test Controller to start test engines and probes. An agent may be installed on the local computer or on a remote server. Communication between the agent and other components uses the HTTP protocol.

Test engine

A test engine is an instance of the Rational® Integration Tester engine, started by an agent, that is executing a test. Test results are stored directly into the results database by means of a JDBC connection. Multiple test engines can be configured to run from a single agent, which allows for multiple distributed tests to be executed concurrently using a single agent.

A probe is a Java program that captures performance data that is external to the Rational® Performance Test Server environment. Probes run during performance tests to measure the impact of functional and load tests on the IT infrastructure. For example, a Rational® Integration Tester test sends high volumes of message traffic to a messaging or web server. A probe would be used to collect statistics on the receiving servers and processes. This data can then be analyzed along with messaging data to assess how well the infrastructure can cope with the load. More than one probe may be run from a single agent process.

Probes write their results, as a set of counters, directly to the results database by means of a JDBC connection.

For more information about probes, refer to Deploying probes.


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Edit your Cover or Profile Image

You can edit your cover or profile image at any time  by hovering over your profile picture or by clicking the Edit Profile icon  located in the upper right hand corner of your profile.

  1. Hover or select Edit Images
  2. Select Cover Image or Profile Image
  3. Choose from a selection of cover images we offer or Upload your own image by clicking on Upload my own image
  4. If you are changing your current Cover Image or Profile image, you will also be able to choose a previous one.

Things to Note

  • The best image size for cover images is 2048x940 with the focal point of the image being the center 1490x940
  • Minimum size for cover images is 800x600 pixels
  • All cover images are public facing so choose an image that best represents you and does not violate our Terms of Service.

Click here to learn more about how uploading images to Myspace


WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: application/rss+xml

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Answers to: Is it okay to use pictures from Wikimedia Commons to help me map?
Is it okay to use pictures from Wikimedia Commons to help me map (as in see how many floors a building has, etc.)? If so, what about Wikipedia and Wikidata (At the bottom of the main page of Wikidata, it says that the mainspace data is Creative Commons CC0 License)?
enTue, 28 Apr 2015 17:34:58 +0100Answer by aseerel4c26
TL;DR (… but you should): I think that extracting info like building level count, height estimates from someone else's photos is okay to be used in OSM without a restriction, unless you take this photo from a georeferenced collection of photos like Google StreetView. As far as I know this is no easy topic.

I will try to give an overview from only a legal POV, and of course IANAL:

All fully public domain data/works ("public domain", "CC0", WTFPL, …) should be no problem to use.

More restrictive licenses there are harder. First, is the information you are going to derive from the "pictures" protected somehow and, second, is the license of the protected data compatible with the CT? See  . Somehow this is discussed too at can-i-use-google-streetview-to-help-create-maps.

If we assume that the extracted information is protected then I guess only "pictures" under a non-share-alike license have a chance to be used for OSM because the share alike would mean that you need to publish the full OSM data under the same license which you cannot. For those licenses which only have an attribution requirement the question is: can we fulfil this requirement. Some people seem to think that we can fulfil this requirement by listing the sources on  (you find many CC-BY sources there) plus possibly in the changeset comments. In fact, I personally doubt this really is a sufficient attribution for several reasons. See  and can-i-use-or-trace-from-cc-by-data-under-the-new-contributor-terms regarding CC-BY sources.

If we assume that the extracted information is not protected then you could just use them. I think that if you extract information like "how many levels does this pictured (on a photo) building have?" then this fact is usually … not protected by copyright (even if it would be from a text instead of a photo). Maybe unless a user or a group of users collected photos to create a building height database … okay, maybe they did by grouping their photos into the Wikimedia Commons categories like "buildings by height"? Then we could think of this as a database – with no free license. Be aware that geocoding information on Wikipedia articles or Wikimedia Commons pictures might be derived from sources like google maps (instead of a own GPS measurement). Yes, I am aware that this thoughts may be exaggerated.

For all sources, attribution is a nice thing to do. … but obviously not on the "Attribution" wiki page which would get very very long then.

For all sources, a bit care is useful because the displayed license could simply be inserted by another wiki user, the uploader could not be the author (meaning that the uploader is not entitled to issue a license for the work). One case would be e.g. photos of maps (which were made by other people).

Maybe @SimonPoole from the LWG can shed more light here (see  which is about data – not photos – use).

From a data quality POV the there would be several other questions which should not be a part of this question here, I just wanted to mention it. Mentioning the source of your data is good anyway to enable other mappers to verify and understand your changes.
aseerel4c26Tue, 28 Apr 2015 17:34:58 +0100


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Orders and Positions. How to manage your trades

(For a quick and easy-to-understand video, check out our ‘How to place an Order' video tutorial on YouTube.)

How to place Orders

There are several ways to place an order:

  • From the 'Watchlist' Widget Click the 'Trade' button for the currency you wish to trade in the Watchlist widget. This will bring up the 'New Order' form where you can select the parameters of your trade.

  • From the 'Chart' widget

    a) In the top left corner of the Chart widget you can click the red Sell or green Buy buttons to place an order. An order form will pop up, where you can choose the side of a trade, order type, quantity and price.

    b) When clicking the right mouse button in the chart field, a trade selection tool will appear, giving you the choice to place a Buy or Sell order. Next, an order entry tool will appear. Trading from the chart is perfect for placing limit orders away from the market.

  • From the Dashboard Widget Click the red Sell or green Buy buttons to place an order. This widget is very convenient when quick entry into the market is top priority

When placing an order with any of the methods mentioned above, a 'New Order' window will pop up:

In the 'New order' window, select your desired order parameters: - Order Type (See 'Order Types' for detailed info about order types) - Amount of the currency you wish to trade - Side of the order (Buy/Sell) - Stop Loss/Take Profit protection orders - Margin impact reflects the estimated amount of margin that will be used when executing this order

Margin Impact reflects the amount of your personal margin required to open the selected order + Unrealized P/L (based on the bid-ask spread) at the estimated moment of order execution.

After editing your order, make sure to double check your selected order parameters and Margin Impact. Click 'Send Order' to place your order.

How to modify or cancel Orders

The Orders Widget reflects all details about your active orders and allows you to manage these orders. Right-click on an order to open the drop-down menu with the following options:

  • Replace - modify and change your order parameters

  • Cancel order - cancel the selected order

How to modify or close Positions

The Positions Widget reflects all details about your open positions, such as Fill price and size, Unrealized P/L, etc.

Double-click on a position to open the Modify position window, or right-click on it to open the drop-down menu with the following options:

  • Modify position - set Stop Loss and/or Take Profit protection orders

  • Close Position - close a position entirely or partially

  • Close By Position - net out two opposite positions in the same instrument

When attempting to close a position partially, make sure that Regular trading mode is enabled

Partially close a Position

To close a position partially, first, make sure that One-click trading is DISABLED(!), to prevent the position from being accidentally closed fully. Next,right-click the desired position, and click Close Position in the pop-up menu:

In the 'Close position' window, type in the amount you wish to close in the 'Amount to Close' field (as shown in the screenshot below). Click the 'Close position' button to confirm partially closing the position:

Net out Opposite Positions / Close By Position

If you have two opposite open positions ('Bought' and 'Sold') in the same instrument, you can net them out to one position by using the 'Close By Position' option.

To close a position with an opposite one, right-click on the position. If there are other positions that can be used to close it, the menu option 'Close by position' will be available Choose it to open the 'Close by position' window.

Choose an opposite position to apply to the original one, from the list of positions available for the operation, as shown in the picture above. Confirm netting out the positions by clicking the 'Close by' button.

Once the operation has been confirmed, the smaller position will be closed entirely, and the larger position's size will be reduced by the size of the smaller position.

'Close by position' operation does not incur trade fees.

Trade activity log (Messages widget)

The Messages widget reflects logs of all recently placed, cancelled, rejected, modified or executed orders, as well as margin call and position liquidation notifications and system messages:

Information reflected in the Messages widget will remain available for several days and may be cleared during webserver restarts or resets due to regular maintenance operations.


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1oz Jar - Bubba Kush CBD Flower

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This is a 1oz Jar of Bubba Kush CBD Flower. Bubba Kush is an indica strain that has gained notoriety for its heavy tranquilizing effects. Sweet hashish flavors with subtle notes of chocolate and coffee come through on the exhale, delighting the palate as powerful relaxation takes over. From head to toe, muscles ease with heaviness as dreamy euphoria blankets the mind, crushing stress while bringing happy moods. CBD 17% and THC 0.1%.

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Who doesn't love having a dog? The attention they give you is second to none. The friendship they provide is stronger than most. That's why you have to pay your dog back and make sure that you are doing everything you can for him. Here are some suggestion

Being a dog owner can be very costly. You will have to spend between $700 and $1000 a year to cover food and medical expenses. A sick dog could cost you tens of thousands! Look into doggie health insurance!

Your dog speaks to you, but it is through non-verbal cues. German Shepherd Dog Puppy is to learn to listen carefully so you understand the message. If your dog seems hesitant when meeting another person or dog, do not force them to interact. If you do, someone may get hurt. So pay attention to your dog's demeanor and make your judgement from these cues.

Take your grown dog to the vet at least once a year. The vet will check to see if the dog's vaccines up to date. In addition, the vet will check the dog's teeth and vital signs. If any major health or behavioral issues come up between annual checkups, you should see the vet earlier.

If your dog is still getting used to the grooming process, only work with him or her in short bursts. Groom for about five minutes and then stop and move on to another activity. Eventually, start adding on two or three minutes to your total grooming time until your pet is able to handle a full session.

Be careful if you're searching for a new dog on Craigslist or other classified ads. Many people exaggerate the truth in order to unload problems or challenging training issues and you could end up with an impossible situation on your hands. Only talk to people who are verifiable through vet records and demonstrate positive handling experience.

Never give your dog milk! It's not necessary for his body and he doesn't have the proper enzymes to digest it anyway. Feeding your dog cow's milk can lead to chronic diarrhea and leave him with an upset stomach, among other health problems. Stick with plain old water for a healthy and hydrated dog.

If you are struggling to get your pet to behave during a grooming session, apply positive reinforcement. With your words and your tone, praise your dog for anything little thing that he or she does well during the time you are working with him. Give him a treat when you are finished, so he begins to associate grooming with something good. You should turn your dog's behavior around in no time!

When you are trimming your dog's nails, keep a close eye on the tips of the nails. Once you see a pale oval on the tip, stop clipping. This is a sign that you are close to the vein. If you go too far, apply a little bit of styptic powder to it to help stop the bleeding.

Know your dog's behavior and body rhythms well, to keep him at his healthiest. Medical issues often present themselves in slight nuances early on and if you know your dog, you'll see them. Pay attention to input and output, sleep duration, energy levels and so forth to keep on top of important issues that affect his health.

Not every dog is capable of going to the dog park. Some dogs will not do well around other dogs that they do not know. Get to know how your dog does around friends' or neighbors' dogs before you attempt to take him to the park. This way, you will know if he will be aggressive towards other dogs.

Groom your dog frequently. Keep them clean and reduce the amount of hair they shed by brushing them frequently. When the weather warms up, start checking them for ticks and fleas daily. Dogs generally require a few baths a year. Before you give your dog a bath, make sure to cut or comb out mats and tangles. Rinse their coat thoroughly to avoid dirt sticking to any soap residue.

After reading this article, hopefully you now have some ideas in mind to ensure that your dog gets the care he deserves. He certainly deserves it, as he gives you plenty of attention and love. Make sure you put these tips into action, so that your dog can get the benefits.
05.02.2021 13:50:44

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Or visit this link or this one


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Dylan Smith

Dylan Smith - Attorney

Phone: 214.749.6813

I was born and raised in Colleyville, Texas. I attended Oklahoma State University (Go Pokes) and Texas Tech University School of Law (Wreck ‘Em). While in law school, I worked for the United States Attorney’s Office and completed my Master of Business Administration. I am a die-hard DFW sports fan who you can usually find screaming at the top of my lungs at the AAC in my spare time.

Practice Areas

General Litigation, Premises Liability, Products Liability, Construction, Commercial Litigation, Personal Injury, and Professional Liability.

Representative Experience

• Represented individual and corporate clients in litigation stemming from various causes of action, including premises liability, products liability, construction defects, automobile and trucking accidents, breach of contract, Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, negligent misrepresentation, professional liability, and other causes of action.
• Experience taking and defending depositions, attending hearings, mediating cases, and reaching favorable settlements for my clients.
• Experience engaging, retaining, and working with experts and obtaining experts’ reports.
• Developed a practice of maintaining close communication with clients and adjusters throughout all stages of a lawsuit and ensuring my clients are always aware of the status of each lawsuit.

  • Texas Tech University School of Law
    o JD, 2016, cum laude
  • Texas Tech – Rawls College of Business
    o MBA, 2016, cum laude
  • Oklahoma State University
    o BS in Business Management, 2013, summa cum laude

Bar Admissions

  • State Bar of Texas, 2016

Professional Affiliations

  • Dallas Bar Association

Presentations and Publications

  • State Departments of Transportation and Cybersecurity: Fund Now or Risk Dire
    Consequences – The Transportation Lawyer, December 2018.


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S.T.A.L.K.E.R. world

As a player you are free to explore the entire world of the Zone. No physical restrictions. No time limits. You will become a Stalker - a cross between a mercenary and treasure seeker, who is also seen as a plunderer, a scavenger, a loner and, as food. Your task is to locate and retrieve artifacts from anywhere within the Zone.
It's a bit like picking red hot embers out of an infernal oven. And that's the easy part.

Once you've found a few artifacts, you have to find a dealer who you can trade with.

A) They're not on the High Street.
B) They don't belong to any bona fide business association.
C) They'd just as soon cut your throat as cut a deal.

Assuming you can negotiate with them, you'll walk away with some cash.
Now you can buy weapons, ammo, protective suits and other essential stuff which will enable you to complete more onerous tasks in more inaccessible areas.

Though you work mostly alone, you can, through your behaviour, gain mutual benefits from other Stalkers. You can meet and exchange information or trade goods. But, behave like a badass and retribution will be swift.

All your actions have consequences and will impact on the world around you. Not only that, this world exists whether you are there or not. Time passes, the weather is notoriously changeable, anomalies assault the landscape, players and characters interact and feed off each other.
Things are never as you left them, or, how they seem.

The longer you survive, the more you learn about the ways of the Zone. You develop your skills and improve your reputation, you also find out how not to die of starvation. With luck and intelligence you may gain the respect of other Stalkers.

However, that still leaves the military, the mutants and the unfathomable upheavals of the blowouts to contend with.

Good luck. Or do we mean Goodbye?


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Garages near me

EV-friendly garages in the UK

Our members have been vetted for the right tools and qualifications, and receive ongoing training and unlimited technical support from us.

Not all of our members do all types of work on all makes and models, so please discuss your requirements with your chosen garage. If you you're outside the UK, please view our international map.


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Handling his mother’s estate

I have never blogged before, so my first question to Wendy was “How long does it have to be?”  “At least 600 words,” she said. A little like writing a paper I suppose. Wendy asked me to be the guest blogger this week because I handled my mother’s estate when she died in 2009. I don’t recall everything, but will give you a general description of my experience.

Mom was 90 when she died. She lived a long and meaningful life, widowed at age 50, left with my brother in college and me in high school. She really did remarkably well to get through all the struggles she must have had. She was a case worker for DSS so I really don’t know how we made it financially but somehow she figured it all out. Looking back, I wasn’t the easiest teenager to raise, caught up in my own insecurities that go along with being 16, now fatherless, and trying to figure out how to navigate all the feelings and issues I had back then.

Margaret Bell

As the years passed, Mom moved to a retirement home, living independently for a number of years, then moving to assisted living, and then dementia care until two weeks before her death at a local nursing home. She lived in the same town as I did so I wound up handling most of her affairs as the years passed. My brother and I were always in sync as far as care and support, and I kept him fully informed of all I was doing. I think it’s important that family members are aware of and prepared for how an estate will be handled.

Her estate was straightforward. All of the documents were in place, including her will, and her will was very clear that my brother and I were to “share and share alike.” Of course, there are often family mementos that don’t necessarily have monetary value but have a great deal of sentimental value. Fortunately, my brother and I had no issues to resolve, and Mom had already given each of us some things that she wanted us to have. I had been handling her business affairs for several years and was fully aware of all of her assets, bank accounts, etc.

While everything was in order, there was still a process to go through to settle the estate. But before that there is dealing with grief while making funeral arrangements. Being from the small town of Chesterfield, South Carolina, I called Phillip Caulder, a longtime friend, at Miller-Rivers-Caulder Funeral Home and set that process in motion. Mom was to be buried a few days later, delayed a little because my daughter was recovering from surgery.

You find yourself dealing with business and sadness at the same time and that can be challenging. Experts advise to have as much as possible arranged in advance so that basic decisions are already made (coffin, level of service, etc.). It’s tempting to make those decisions emotionally in the days immediately following loss. Paying for the funeral wasn’t an issue. I don’t recall how we paid for the funeral. I think that the funeral home let us pay once we got the estate account open, but that’s very fuzzy. We may have paid and got reimbursed by the estate.

At some point shortly after her death, I visited the Greenwood County Probate office. I had the will and the death certificate along with other authorizations that I didn’t really need. Since everything was straightforward, we quickly received the necessary authorization to go to the bank and transfer funds as needed. I believe I received about 6 copies of the authorization so that I could use as needed. In addition to the banks, investment accounts and other assets needed similar authorization.

It was a fairly routine process. We had to advertise for any claims against her estate. We had one claim – from an ambulance transport company. We provided detailed financial information and received the approval to settle. All assets have to be valued, including valuations of real estate and any other non-monetary assets. A local attorney prepared a deed of distribution on real estate owned by Mom and it went to my brother and me. I had to visit financial institutions where she had accounts and get that distributed as well. At that point it was just a matter of my brother and I dividing it in half. Actually, he got 1 cent more than me!

Estate Planning

Overall, I thought the process went smoothly. The probate office was very helpful and the funeral home handled everything extremely well. I don’t recall exactly how long the process took but I don’t think it was overly long. The main thing is to be prepared in advance and know where all the assets are.

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Play is not just for kids!

I had Physical Therapy today. There is the ever-present lower back/leg pain, and then my neck and shoulder started tightening up as well. So Physical Therapy has been good, teaching me strengthening exercises to stabilize some of my weaker muscles. My therapist was proud of my progress today on neck strength and movement. Now weContinue reading “Play is not just for kids!”

WORDS That Inspire

I started a blog last year about selecting a WORD for the coming year. It was wintertime, shorter days, and a period when I generally spend more time in reflection. I didn’t finish the blog post, but I did share an exercise for selecting a WORD for the year, and at our Virtual Hey, BoomerContinue reading “WORDS That Inspire”

New Experiences

New experiences can be revitalizing. We get into routines. When we are still working, our weekends may be a little bit different than our weekdays, but they generally still follow a pattern. When we go out, we generally go to restaurants we are familiar with. We get our groceries at the same store. We getContinue reading “New Experiences”

Four Ways to Channel Anger into something Positive

When I posted my blog last week about frustration with anti-vaxers, I was asked the question, “How do we channel anger into something positive?” The news is filled with statistics about the Delta variant. ICU’s full, health care workers completely burned out, more children getting sicker. We see terrible pictures showing the effects of climateContinue reading “Four Ways to Channel Anger into something Positive”

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About the Hey, Boomer! Blog

Hi, I’m Wendy Green. I have spent a lifetime of reinvention. I know what my purpose is, my reason to get up every morning. It is to provide inspiration and encouragement to Boomers and Beyond to believe that living your best life is possible, even as we age!

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HI-AWARE is one of the four consortia of the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA). It conducts research and pilot interventions, capacity building and policy engagement on climate resilience and adaptation in the mountains and flood plains of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins.

Its overall goal is to contribute to increasing the climate resilience and adaptive capacities of the poor and vulnerable women, men, and children living in these river basins, by using the findings from research and pilot intervention outcomes to influence policy and practice that will improve their livelihoods.

HI-AWARE is implementing three Work Packages—Knowledge Generation, Research into Use, and Strengthening Expertise—in 12 sites in the Indus, Upper Ganga, Gandaki and Teesta river basins. The sites are located in Hunza, the Soan River basin, Mona and Sargodha in Pakistan; Garhwal and between Rishikesh and Roorkee in India; Langtang and Nuwakot in Nepal; and the Gandaki floodplain in Nepal; and West and North Sikkim; Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Gangtok; and Jalpaiguri district in India. There is also one site in Niphamari district in Bangladesh.

In addition to conducting research on water, energy, food security, human health, water-induced hazards—such as floods, landslides and droughts—and extreme weather events, HI-AWARE is also in the process of testing adaptation measures in observatory labs in these sites and designing adaptation pathways for out-scaling and up-scaling.


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Albuquerque personal injury attorney

Albuquerque personal injury attorney Not every Albuquerque personal injury attorney has your best interest as their focus when representing your case. If you're injured, out of work, and in need of quality legal representation, reach out to Higgins Law to learn about your rights and take control over your future. We'll hold the guilty party responsible for your injuries.

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Immigration Attorney San Antonio
The Echavarria Law Firm - South Texas Legal Group
709 E Quincy St
San Antonio TX 78215 US
+1 210-320-5633
If you plan to come into the US legally, an immigration attorney in San Antonio can be extremely helpful. Go through the right channels and call South Texas Legal Group to determine whether you're eligible to enter US soil. Living and working in the US are privileges reserved for immigrants who are patient and hard-working. The Echavarria Law Firm - South Texas Legal Group

Motorcycle Accident Lawyer Chicago
After a bike wreck, it can be confusing knowing who to call or how to start sorting out the aftermath of the accident. If you need legal advice from a motorcycle accident lawyer in Chicago, reach out to Budin Law Offices for sound advice. Our attorneys will fight for a fair compensation for your injuries.

Car Accident Lawyer North Miami Beach
A to Z Injury Law, PLLC
9370 SW 72 Street Suite A-255
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You have numerous options when choosing a car accident lawyer in North Miami Beach. Make sure the legal team you hire has your best interest as their focus rather than their own bottom line. Call A to Z Injury Law when you need help sorting out the details after an auto accident- we're here to help all the way. A to Z Injury Law, PLLC


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Getting Ready To Launch!

Why the hell am I opening a food business during a pandemic??!?!?!!  It's simple...I have been cooking, baking and barbecuing since I was five years old. I find it incredibly cathartic.  And, funnily enough, after watching friends and family fawn over my meals, BBQ and desserts, my wife has been driving me crazy to do this for years.  So last Thanksgiving, she literally threw together a graphic for me to sell pound cakes and sent them out to her friends...not really telling me what she was up to.

As each order of Original, Almond and Lemon Pound Cake was delivered, the testimonials kept pouring in...and so did the re-orders.  Thankfully at that time, based on the graphic, it was clear that this was seasonal.  But that gave me pause to wonder if this was a sustainable business, regardless of COVID-19's impact on the economy and the all-consuming public's taste buds.  After speaking with a few people who ordered the pound cakes, and have eaten my food over the years, it was clear I just couldn't fight this any longer.

So now that I had decided to embark on this journey, I began looking through would-be competitors, actual retail locations' products, etc.  Of course there are TONS of bakeries and food businesses around New York City, and in every town and city across the nation.  So I had to think through what could possibly differentiate my food business from all of the others.  Then an old episode of FRIENDS came on ("The One With Ross' Sandwich") and it hit me like a ton of Ross' sandwich, it was made with love and a throwback to various dishes and products that so many used to cherish; just like my pound cake.  So I started putting together recipes I've created over the years and researching old dishes that have been popular around the globe.  Next thing I know, I am spending hundreds of hours testing recipes I had developed throughout my life, making slight adjustments to ingredients, baking times and more.

I made the mistake of telling some people that I was doing this and then the special requests started pouring in...whether it was one of my dear Irish friends asking for a Banoffee Pie (VERY Irish dessert in a graham cracker crust with banana, dolce de leche, and whipped cream) or an American friend asking for some of the brownies I made for her years ago, I knew I had stumbled onto something.  Maybe in the beginning it should be about classic baked goods and flavor profiles we haven't seen in a while.  Maybe it should be about changing some things up a bit to elevate the flavor on a pedestrian dessert.  So I decided to do both!  As an example, I know I worked on updating my brownie recipe for weeks, creating 27 different batches until it was JUST the way I wanted it to be...THE creamiest, fudgiest, melt in your mouth brownie anyone had ever tasted.  Apparently I did it as my tester pool of 10 souls went absolutely crazy over it.  The same for my chocolate chip cookies...I wanted them to taste more like the classic cookie I ate as a child, so I started looking at ingredient lists from the 60's and 70's for cookies.  After the 15th batch, I hit the nail on the head!  Then I started developing fun and different recipes on classic dishes like spaghetti and meatballs...creating an Asian-inspired version called Teriyaki Spaghetti & Meatballs.

My point is simple...I love food and cooking.  I also love providing experiences for people.  So why not marry the two???  Now let's get this sweet journey going together, and have some fun!!

Oh, and before I forget, for the first six months, we will be focused strictly on baked goods and desserts.  Then we will be launching actual dishes and meals for delivery too!  So sit tight and get ready for one helluva delicious rollercoaster ride!