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My Hero

Hey all you Navy girlfriends, fiances, wives, boyfriends, husbands, etc!!!!!! Come on over to My Sailor.My Hero on Facebook!

We are a group for any and all Navy s/os and family members! We love sharing stories and pictures, answering advice questions, playing games and doing giveaways. Our next giveaway will be an AMAZING gift from a very talented crafter! Come help us reach 3000 fans and take part in this great opportunity! :)
caitc91 caitc91 18-21, F Dec 9, 2012

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I Am A Crossdresser, And Love To Wear Makeup

I am a genuine, mature, bisexual, feminine transvestite, and have been crossdressing for many years- since my early teens. I like to dress fully- complete with wig, makeup, perfume, accessories and high heels- the full works!
Whilst En Femme I adopt a feminine personality, and enjoy taking on a feminine role and identity. I undergo a complete transformation of mind and body- I become Carole!
I am proud to be part of the transgendered community, and am happy to show my face in my pictures. My images are fully dressed, and I do not post pornographic images, and have no wish to do so.
I love to cast off my masculine persona, along with my male attire, release the woman within me, and whole-heartedly adopt a feminine personality and identity as Carole Anne. I feel very comfortable, relaxed and confident in my role as Carole in a way that I never feel in my masculine persona.
I regard myself as a transvestite rather than a transsexual, as I have no wish to permanently alter my body.
I just enjoy being Carole, and I strive to be an confident, poised, elegant, feminine lady.
I may not be female in body, but I am a Woman in spirit- What I like to call a Virtual Woman. Not quite the real thing- but a woman in essence!
I like to present myself as a woman- and be treated as such!

Best Wishes, Carole Anne.

PaintedLadyTV PaintedLadyTV 56-60, M 2 Responses Mar 8, 2011

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.... and you should Carole, your beautiful. Never mind the cruelness of opinions, just be you and continue allowing the girl from within to capture the attention of admirers. <br />
Best Wishes, Nikki ^^

you remind me of a character from a movie..

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Who holds the most number of gold medals in Olympic history?

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Michael Fred Phelps (born June 30, 1985) is an American swimmer and 14-time Olympic gold medalist (the most by any Olympian), who currently holds seven world records in swimming. He holds the record for the most gold medals won at a single Olympics; a total of eight, surpassing Mark Spitz, also a swimmer. Overall, Phelps has won 16 Olympic medals: six gold and two bronze at Athens in 2004, and eight gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. In winning these medals, he has twice equaled Soviet gymnast Alexander Dityatin's record of eight medals (of any type) at a single Olympics (Dityatin: Moscow 1980; Phelps: Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008). Out of his eight gold medals from Beijing, five were won in individual events, tying the record for individual gold medals at a single Games originally set by Eric Heiden in the 1980 Winter Olympics and equaled by Vitaly Scherbo at the 1992 Summer Games. Phelps ranks second in total career Olympic medals, after Soviet gymnast Larissa Latynina, ... more
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University of Minnesota Extension
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Extension > Garden > Yard and Garden > Wildlife > Rabbits and trees and shrubs

Rabbits and trees and shrubs

Jennifer Menken, Bell Museum of Natural History

Jeff Hahn, Univ. of Minnesota

Rabbits are one of the most commonly seen mammals in the urban environment. In Minnesota our most common rabbit is the Eastern cottontail, Sylvilagus floridans.

Michelle Grabowski, Univ. of Minnesota

Rabbit damage on tree trunk

These herbivores will spend much of their time eating grasses and other herbs but they will also chew on the bark of trees and shrubs and eat the buds of shrubs in the winter and spring. If left unprotected rabbits will sometimes eat the bark from around the base of a tree or shrub. This is called "girdling" and can kill the plant.

Michelle Grabowski, Univ. of Minnesota

Rabbit damage on branch

Rabbit damage can be identified by looking at branches low to the ground. A rabbit's teeth will cut through the branches at clean 45-degree angle. Often there are branch clippings on the ground. Bark damage is recognized by side-by-side teeth marks in the wood usually a 1/2 inch or more across (smaller is more likely voles). In general this damage is less than 18 inches off the ground. Occasionally damage may be higher if there was a heavy snow fall and the rabbit could walk on the surface of the snow. Rabbits have a preference for trees with "sweet," thin bark (such as fruit trees and maples) but will try almost any tree in a severe winter, or if populations are high. Other signs include tracks and small, round, pea-sized droppings.

Jennifer Menken, Univ. of Minnesota

Rabbit fence"

Cottontail rabbits are not rodents. Instead they are members of a group of animals called lagomorphs. In general they prefer a habitat that has an abundance of brushy cover and mixed plants for food. Rabbits tend to live in a very small area for most of their lives. As adults they can reach a size of about 15-19 inches and 2-4 pounds. Cottontail rabbits produce 3-4 litters of young each spring and summer. The female makes a shallow grassy nest, which she fills with belly fur. The young stay in the nest for about 2-3 weeks.

The best thing to protect trees and shrubs is a rabbit exclusion fence or cylinder. Fences can be placed around patches of plants that need to be protected. The fence should be made of 1 inch galvanized steel mesh or hardware cloth 18 to 24 inches high. The stakes don't need to be permanently set, but the mesh should reach the ground or be buried several inches deep to prevent the rabbits from digging underneath.

A similar structure placed in a cylinder form around the base can help to protect individual trees. There should be adequate space on the inside of the cylinder to allow for stakes and to prevent rabbits from reaching through to the tree. There are pre-made plastic tree cylinders that can be used on seedlings. Be careful when using these in the winter, as the cold can make the plastic brittle.

Taste deterrents, such as soap, and hot chili spray, can also be used as a short-term solution during the winter months. Follow all label instructions before using.

Management strategies

In some cases careful landscaping can reduce the number of rabbits in an area. Removing as much cover as possible, such as trimming shrubs up from the ground and removing woodpiles, reduces hiding spaces.

Sometimes trapping can temporarily reduce the numbers of rabbits, until rabbits from surrounding areas move in. In general most urban and suburban areas are ideal habitat for rabbits: plenty of food, cover and few predators. In the long run, exclusion is the best way to protect trees and shrubs.

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Exceptional, July - December 2014

Against the grain

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Tobias Lütke says the internet is the great equalizer, giving small producers and retail giants the same opportunities to connect with consumers. So why is Shopify’s CEO taking this energetic e-commerce company into the world of bricks and mortar?

It may be Canada’s first internet company since the dot-com crash to reach a billion-dollar valuation, but e-commerce platform Shopify still has the atmosphere of a fresh and dynamic start-up. That’s exactly how co-founder and CEO Tobias Lütke likes it.

“We’ve kept all the things that make start-ups great,” he says. “We’re trying to build the largest start-up ever without becoming a big company. … Being a start-up has nothing to do with the numbers; it’s that everyone who works there has the chance to do everything and have an impact.”

Running counter to the typical corporate mold, or even a typical career path, is true to form for Lütke. He began programming in his native Germany at 13 and dropped out of school at 17 to take advantage of an apprenticeship training model with local software companies.

His passion for snowboarding propelled him to vacation in British Columbia, where he met his future wife. He moved to Canada to be with her and continued to work remotely for his German employer.

When that company went under a year later, Lütke felt burned out and in need of a change. He parlayed his passion for snowboarding into an online retail store called Snowdevil, which he co-founded with friend Scott Lake in 2004.

But, frustrated and dissatisfied with the e-commerce platforms available at the time, Lütke fell back on his programming skills. He took advantage of what was then a new and little-known open-source web application framework — Ruby on Rails — to build a custom e-commerce platform for Snowdevil.

Two years later, it was obvious to Lütke and Lake that this platform had the potential to become a business all its own. Lütke continued to tinker with it and brought in fellow German Daniel Weinand to serve as Creative Director, while Lake handled the operational side as the first CEO. Shopify was born.

Shopify’s user-friendly platform allows retailers of all sizes to create and operate customized e-commerce sites easily and affordably, complete with secure shopping carts that process credit card payments from around the world.

“When Shopify came on the market, I think it was the first time that someone who actually ran an online store was involved in the creation of software to run online stores,” says Lütke. “We had this real focus on simplifying [e-commerce] to make this software accessible to a range of people.”

Eye-catching proposition

Shopify’s winning formula hasn’t gone unnoticed. In the past four years, the company has raised US$122m in venture capital, and in April 2014, it reached a major milestone: 100,000 retailers around the world now use its platform.

The internet, Lütke says, has become the great equalizer, freeing small or new businesses from the heavy overheads typical of traditional brick-and-mortar storefronts.

“Welcome to the rest of human history,” he says. “Everything that can be started on the internet will be started there and go from there…Today, a business that’s barely six months old may have six different sales channels.”

It’s been a heady ride since 2006, with Shopify weathering the growing pains that come with rapid success. Making e-commerce easy and accessible to everyone became Lütke’s passion, but Lake had more diverse interests and stepped away from the business to pursue other opportunities in 2008.

That’s when the role of CEO came to rest on Lütke’s shoulders. It’s been a profound learning experience for this soft-spoken and self-confessed introvert whose passion for building began with his childhood Lego sets.

“From the moment I wrote my first line of code at 13, that became the most phenomenal outlet for building things,” he says. “Now I get to build people, I get to build a company — it’s all the same skill.”

But he still keeps a hand in Shopify’s technological development. “If you run a modern business that’s defined by what it creates, you have to have an understanding of how [that product] is created,” he says. “It would be very hard to run a tech company without those skills.”

Shopify may have been built to take advantage of the rise of e-commerce, but Lütke doesn’t believe this spells the end of traditional retail — quite the opposite. Having mastered the e-commerce domain, the Ottawa-based company is taking a step in a new direction that, on the surface, could be considered a step backward.

The company is using its most recent round of venture funding to move from being just an e-commerce company to one that helps retailers in every aspect of commerce, whether that’s online, in store or on-the-go.

The first step is to further develop its point-of-sale (POS) system, launched in August 2013, for brick-and-mortar retailers, as well as its mobile card reader, launched in January 2014, for people selling at places like craft fairs and tradeshows.

“If there is a consensus on how to do something, it’s probably wrong.” Tobias Lütke, Shopify

Why? Many retailers that operate both a traditional storefront and an e-commerce site lack integration between the two systems. Lütke says they are eager for a common web platform that can manage both sides of their businesses, while streamlining operations, driving cost efficiencies and taking advantage of the cloud for offsite data backup and recovery.

“I’ve talked with merchants with very expensive POS products who then lost their entire database because it was just on this one system and the backup didn’t work,” Lütke says. “These stories don’t really make sense to people who have grown up on the internet.”

Beyond commerce

While the melding of Shopify’s e-commerce and POS offerings is the current focus, the company has plenty of other strings to its bow. It also develops HR, talent management and recruitment software, as well as a platform called Unicorn that serves as an internal social media channel where staff can recognize, praise and reward each other’s achievements.

Given the company’s skills in software development, its people often prefer to design their own applications for use within the business instead of purchasing solutions from third-party software vendors. “That’s why there is a real culture here, because we’ve picked our very own way of doing things,” Lütke says.

Shopify’s culture is best described as a start-up that refuses to grow up. Even now, with a team of 400, the company’s emphasis is on maintaining a transparent workplace.

Every employee has insight into operations and board meetings and has the opportunity to be heard through regular town halls. The workspace is open and informal.

Toys, collectibles and visual pop-culture references are everywhere. Video-game tournaments are common (Lütke is big into strategy games like Starcraft). When visitors step off the elevator, they are greeted by a poster featuring a sexy sci-fi comic book heroine, who welcomes them to the “Shopify mothership.”

The company emphasizes hiring talented individuals with potential, rather than focusing on experience and formal credentials, and allowing them to grow into their roles. This is supported where needed with professional and management coaching.

It’s an approach favored by the management team because most of them were themselves first-time executives. “In every case, a great story of personal growth,” Lütke says.

He prefers to “paint people a broad picture of where things need to go,” then step back and allow his team to figure out how to reach their destination.

“Trust people and give them autonomy to build things, and check in once in a while to make sure everyone is going in the same direction,” he says. “But after a while, once that engine gets running, you no longer need to do that.”

While this approach has worked so far, success is never an excuse to grow complacent: Shopify still faces competition from rivals such as Volusion. But it isn’t established competitors that concern Lütke as much as new upstarts.

His team is always vigilant to the arrival of “fast followers.” This is common in the internet software business: start-ups that take the best of what the incumbents in their market space have to offer and package it into a new offering with a fresh twist.

Lütke’s strategy for staying ahead of the imitators and maintaining momentum is to keep abreast of how commerce is evolving in response to drivers like social media.

“Commerce is fundamentally a manifestation of the zeitgeist — what else is going on in society,” he says. “The company that would do well in our space is, above everything else, able to react quickly to these new realities. Change has to be fundamental to a company’s culture, or there is no way it can survive.”

Social animals

For example, Lütke says social media has led to “the erosion of the middlemen” — namely, traditional big-name retailers. Producers of goods can now interact and transact directly with their customers. “Apple is a great example of a company that was able to wipe out the middleman and build that relationship direct with its end users,” he says.

Most of the retailers using Shopify’s platform lack that kind of scale and brand recognition, but they have, thanks to the internet and social media, the same opportunity to reach their customers.

For Lütke, social media is all about telling a story, and a great story is as vital to successful online retailing as an easy-to-use commerce platform. And with Shopify’s customers ranging from a temporary-tattoo retailer to luxury electric-vehicle maker Tesla, there are plenty of interesting stories to tell.

“We want to empower even the smallest start-up that just got its funding off of Kickstarter and is now going to build its electric skateboards in China,” Lütke says. “We need to tell its story to people. … It’s the story that makes retail work, not shelves full of product that people have no relationship with.”

Learn more:
Visit our technology sector pages to download recent reports like Cash in the cloud: working capital management 2014 and Sustaining Digital Leadership.
Follow @EY_Technology on Twitter


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How to Control the Warping of Parts in Thin Sheet Metal

Weld shrinkage cannot be prevented, but it can be controlled. Here are several steps that will prevent parts from being distorted after welding.

When laying a weld bead, filler metal is deposited at a high temperature above the melting point of material. This is approximately 2,500 deg F (1,370 deg C) for steel.

The weld wants to shrink as it cools to room temperature, but is restrained from doing so by the adjacent cold base metal.

This restraint creates high-residual tensile stress that causes the weld to act like a stretched rubber band, with the workpiece holding the ends (Figure 1).

For this reason, when the clamps that hold the workpiece are removed the base metal is allowed to move (or spring back) and the part is distorted.

Thinner material is more susceptible to this because it has less stiffness. Stainless steels are also more susceptible because they have greater thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity than carbon steels.

When the weld shrinks across its width, it causes groove welds to ?wing-up? or fillet welds to close up (Figure 2).

When the weld shrinks along its length, it causes base metal to twist around the weld (Figure 3). Design and welding should be addressed to minimize this sort of warping.

Though weld shrinkage cannot be prevented, it can be controlled by following these steps:

Avoid overwelding. The bigger the weld, the greater the shrinkage: correctly sizing a weld not only minimizes distortion, but also saves weld metal and time.

Intermittent welding. Use intermittent welds instead of continuous welds where possible to minimize the amount of weld metal.

Fewer weld passes. Because shrinkage accumulates from each weld pass, a fewer number of big passes results in less distortion than a greater number of small passes with small electrodes.

Place welds near the neutral axis, or the center of the part. Reduce warpage by providing less leverage for the shrinkage forces to pull the plates out of alignment.

Balance welds around the neutral axis. Welding on both sides of the plate offsets one shrinkage force with another, to minimize warpage (Figure 4).

Use the backstep welding technique. The general progression of welding in this technique may be left to right, but each bead segment is deposited from right to left (Figure 5).

As each bead segment is placed, the heated edges expand, which temporarily separates the plates at B.

As the heat moves out across the plate to C, expansion along outer edges CD brings the plates back together. This separation is most pronounced as the first bead.

With successive beads, the plates expand less and less because of the restraint from the prior welds.

Presetting the parts. Presetting parts before welding can make shrinkage work for you (Figure 6). The required amount of preset can be determined from a few trial welds.

Alternate the welding sequences. A well-planned welding sequence involves placing weld metal at different points of the assembly so that, as the structure shrinks in one place, it counteracts the shrinkage forces of welds already made.

An example of this is welding alternately on both sides of the neutral axis in making a complete joint penetration groove weld in a butt joint.

Clamping. Clamps, jigs, and fixtures that lock parts into a desired position and hold them until welding is finished are probably the most widely used means for controlling warpage in small assemblies or components.

While there is some movement or distortion after the welded part is removed from the jig or clamps, it will be lower compared to the amount of movement that would occur if no restraint were used during welding.

Peening. Peening the weld bead stretches it and relieves the residual stresses. But peening must be used with care.

For example, a root bead should never be peened because of the increased risk of concealing or causing crack.

Peening on the final pass is not permitted because it can cover a crack and interfere with visual inspection. Before peening is used on a job, engineering approval should be obtained.

Thermal stress relieving. Another method for removing shrinkage forces is thermal stress relieving, i.e., the controlled heating of the weldment to an elevated temperature, followed by controlled cooling.

Kevin Beardsley

Kevin Beardsley, a registered professional engineer with 21 years of manufacturing experience, is an application engineer at The Lincoln Electric Company, 22801 St. Clair Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44117-1199, For questions or comments on this column, contact Kevin at 216-383-2259 or


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The Question:

What does the name "Hoosier" mean?

The Answer:

The word "Hoosier" has been associated with the state of Indiana and its inhabitants since the 1830s. Although the origin of the word is still up for debate, there is no shortage of theories.

According to the Indiana Historical Bureau, the term gained popularity in the state after the Indianapolis Journal published "The Hoosier's Nest"—a poem by John Finley, of Virginia—in 1833. Written uses of the word date back at least as far as 1827; how long it was used orally before then is unknown.

One popular theory about the word's origin is that when Indiana's first settlers responded to a knock on their cabin door they would say "Who's yere?" And from that Indiana became the "Who's yere State" or "Hoosier State."

The Indiana Historical Bureau states that all odds the most serious student of the matter was Jacob Piatt Dunn, Jr., Indiana historian and longtime secretary of the Indiana Historical Society. Dunn noted that "hoosier" was frequently used in many parts of the South in the 19th century for woodsmen or rough hill people. He traced the word back to "hoozer," in the Cumberland dialect of England. This derives from the Anglo-Saxon word "hoo" meaning high or hill. In the Cumberland dialect, the word "hoozer" meant anything unusually large, presumably like a hill. It is not hard to see how this word was attached to a hill dweller or highlander. Immigrants from Cumberland, England, settled in the southern mountains (Cumberland Mountains, Cumberland River, Cumberland Gap, etc.). Their descendents brought the name with them when they settled in the hills of southern Indiana.

—The Fact Monster


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Michael A. Spence

scholar, economist
Born: 1943
Birthplace: Montclair, N.J.

A bi-coastal economist specializing in the study of dynamic competition and the economics of information, he taught at Stanford University (1973-76) and Harvard (1971–73, 1976–90) before returning to Stanford as dean of the business school (1990).

More on Michael A Spence from Fact Monster:


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Ms America Pageant Photos Some Real Eye Candy

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Ms America Pageant Photos Some Real Eye Candy

Postby thescout » Sun May 16, 2010 10:27 pm

Who says their is a lack of beauty queens in America. I think these women could give the Scarlett Johanson's,Jessica Alba's and Megan Fox's a run for their money.Hard to beat a 10 but a few of these women would be a tie. ... 00/photos/
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Clayton breaks down the NFC South

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Clayton breaks down the NFC South

Postby Pudge » Sat Jun 04, 2005 3:39 pm ... 2438&num=0

I've been saying this all off-season, but I really think the Panthers are the team to beat in the NFC South, not us Falcons. I know it's hard for many of my fellow Falcon fans to swallow, but the Panthers showed that they could be a strong team even without 3 of their best players last year (Smith, Davis, and Jenkins). THey are getting most of those pieces back this year. They've improved their 2 weakspots from a year ago: OL and DBs. The main concern is just how durable DeShaun Foster can be as the feature back. He didn't live up to expectations last year, but even if he's not 100%, they showed they can have a functional running game headed by Nick Goings, and now they've added Eric Shelton to the mix.

But Clayton does a good job of breaking down the division. As I think it mentions, it will basically come down to the team that runs the ball the best and stops the run the best which wins the division. The Falcons prided themselves on just those 2 aspects of the game last year, but I think we will need to show better versatility this year if we want similar results.

I think the Saints and Bucs can challenge, but I really think the Falcons and Panthers have the division to lose. I expect both the Bucs and Saints will both be around 7-9 or 8-8 this year, but both teams still have a ways to go. But the Bucs could be the wildcard, basically because of a man they call the Cadillac. If he has a big rookie campaign, then he could potentially springboard a "lacking" Bucs team to the top of the division. But I think it will basically rest on him. If Cadillac is not amazing, then the Bucs will maintain the status quo and hover around .500.
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Panthers are the team to beat!

Postby thescout » Fri Jun 10, 2005 1:03 am

Having a healthy panther team that can pass,run and play defense should worry the falcon's.We lose site the fact that the panthers had alot of injuries and while the falcon's play good defense until the falcon's prove they can throw the ball it will be hard to beat a well balanced panther team.Stephen Davis and Steve Smith will be back and Delhomme can throw the ball.The Falcon's have a one dimensional offense team and win they play a quality defense will have a tough time scoring.

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Postby Pantherfan007 » Sat Jun 18, 2005 10:12 am

The Falcons have been, and remain to be, my main concern in the NFC South. I know there has been a lot of talk about the Panthers being without a win with MV playing, but it's true. Like it or not, MV seems to add something to the Falcons team that pulls them through the tough spots, and he has a way of making other teams (especially us) look ridiculous in the process.

As far as the Panthers go, I believe (I like to that Deshaun Foster will be back in form this season and that he will be our feature back. I'm not convinced Stephen Davis will even make the return due to his injuries. Team reports thus far have given us only baited information about him (answers from a can, "He's doing well....", "He's making progress..."), but what all that means is still a huge question mark.

There has a lot of talk about our draftee RB Eric Shelton, and I think he'll do great, but one of our undrafted free agent aquisitions, WR Stubblefield, has been causing quite a stir in training. He's been compared to a young Jerry Rice. Jake Delhomme talked about him and said, "He catches everything that's thrown to him. The ball sticks to him like glue". That might makeup a little for the loss of Muhammad, even though second year man Keary Colbert is coming off a fairly good rookie season.

Another untested player is Drew Carter. He is back from his injury that caused him to miss his rookie season last year, and last week he burned Steve Smith in several 100 yard dashes.

Team reports show that "Big Kid", Chris Jenkins is back to form, and Julius Peppers is still running 40's with the speed of a fast WR, as incredible as that sounds.

All in all, I feel good about this season, better than this time last year, and look forward to playing the Falcons twice this season. Here's to a great year for both teams, and some fantastic football in the coming months! The NFC South is the Division to beat, mark my word.
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The tiger has awakened—and he is very hungry. Your Tigers have roared their way into the postseason, to the top of the American League and are now gunning for that World Series title. Support your Tigers in this Roar Like Before tee from Majestic. This tee features a Tigers logo printed on the front along with “Roar Like Before!” lettering and the years during which Detroit won the World Series titles.
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New York Giants Leather Flip Flops - Brown
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You always like to find reasons to wear flip flops — they’re comfy, casual and cool. You also like to show off your New York pride! On a warm game day, slip these leather flip flops on and show everyone that you’re a top-notch Giants fanatic. Featuring a metal team logo on the leather straps, contoured insoles and rubber soles, these team-spirited flip flops will surely keep you comfy while you root on your Giants!
  • ¾” Sole thickness
  • Contoured insoles for ultimate comfort
  • Imported
  • Leather straps
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  • Rubber sole for traction and flexibility

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Fit like a glove!

By Lil One

from Kansas City, KS

About Me Casual

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  • Lightweight

  • More Color Options

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  • Casual Wear

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will order again from website!

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Reebok Toronto Maple Leafs Draft Spin Structured Flex Hat - White
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Just as no party is complete without your presence, no outfit is complete without a healthy dose of Toronto spirit! Top off your ensemble with this handsome Draft Spin structured flex hat from Reebok! The hat features crisp Maple Leafs graphics at the front and back so your team pride is on display from every angle. You’re sure to be the life of the party in this sweet Maple Leafs cap! Size S/M fits 6 3/4 – 7 1/4; Size L/XL fits 7 1/4 – 7 5/8. Sizes are approximate.
  • Contrast stitching
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text: Inspiring, solid and straight-forward messages by high-profile athletes and coaches. A little choppy in the beginning but got better and it was the rookie showing. High school football players and coaches are not likely to hear this kind of stuff in the "mainstream media outlets" but they need to. Only other comment is that it needs to be better publicized, especially for a 1-night-only showing.


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• Released
  • September 27, 2013
  • (Limited)
  • NR , 2 hr 0 min
  • Action/Adventure
On the Job Synopsis
A crime thriller that was inspired by a real-life scandal in which prison inmates were temporarily released from prison to work as contract killers on behalf of corrupt politicians.
Read Full Synopsis

Movie Reviews

Critic Ratings

The New York Times

By Jeannette Catsoulis
Even at its most incomprehensible, the propulsive thriller On the Job is never less than arresting.
Full Review

Los Angeles Times

By Inkoo Kang
The film is as heartbreaking as it is heart-stopping.
Full Review

The Globe and Mail (Toronto)

By Liam Lacey
On the Job feels marinated in hardscrabble reality. Action scenes throughout are unnervingly frenetic, with the tension amplified by the...
Full Review

San Francisco Chronicle

By Mick LaSalle
A sturdy and sophisticated crime drama from the Philippines that takes a pretty gruesome situation and enriches its presentation with lots...
Full Review

The Hollywood Reporter

Matti and Yamamoto aren't reinventing any wheels here, and many of the dialogue scenes operate on a functionally prosaic level. On the Job...
Full Review

The Dissolve

By Scott Tobias
Matti’s primary order of business is regularly serving up tense, stylish action sequences, and he proves more adept choreographing those...
Full Review

Village Voice

By Pete Vonder Haar
Matti sets a brisk pace, utilizing the squalor and desperation of Manila's slums and prisons as well as powerful, against-type performances...
Full Review

The Playlist

By Gabe Toro
The workmanlike precision of On the Job carries through to its action scenes, none of which are shot with any flash or style, but are...
Full Review

The A.V. Club

By Ignatiy Vishnevetsky
It’s a provocative premise, and one that manages to go beyond the usual themes of the crime genre. Too bad, then, it’s forced to share...
Full Review

New York Post

By Farran Smith Nehme
The firefights and chase scenes, no matter how much they adhere to genre, seem more real than the people trapped in the corruption.
Full Review

Loved this film!!!

By loconc
The acting was excellent. The scenes were so realistic. It is sad that this was inspired by a true story but the corruption in the Philippines is a malignant problem . Please go and watch this movie....

Must see! Go Pinoy! Go Wells go!

By Joboymd
Congratulations for the great movie! Fellow Filipinos & retail stores. Please contact me for pre-order of the On The Job DVDs and BluRay available soon. Dr. AJ Rosario email:...

On The Job

By ecbjmb718
Manila, Manila, you are so beautiful despite all the ugliness .... the maze- like esquinitas, the cobwebby electric lines, murky esteros, throngs of humanity, the LRT lording over the gnarly traffic...

On The Job

By torogigorot
Cinematography superb!! I would like to watch this movie again. Great cast..Joel Torre is phenomenal....

On The Job - an eye opener

By Monikits
This social awareness movie opens viewers eyes to the practice of big shot military men for power. The story is great, the actors are great, and the director did a good job in bringing out the...

I like it its true its happening in PI.

By otfernando

A real thriller!

By Pochit
This is a well made movie. I wonder why it did make it to the NYFF 2013. A must see!...

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By luanniemacasiljig
Review body (optional)...

On the Job

By dinnyb
Great movie!...

Well done. Dont see many Filipino movies like this one.

By sonnygirl

More Info

Rated NR


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    Nothing like a good ol' sonic boom to scare the crap outta the terrerists! (this is my favorite plain in the whole world!!!) (Source: Google (from one of my dad 's friends))

    Keyword: fighter, f-22, cool, humor

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Correction-plane. My apologies. Sometimes I get typing too fast and type what comes to mind first.
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Cool plane, but I still like Spitfires. :) But I don't really know about planes, so...
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That's okay. I don't know a whole lot about planes either, just a little because my dad has worked wit them all my life and can name any craft in the sky. Only a lil bit has rubbed off on me though. I'm much better at telling you what I think of the tone of a violin!
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Strategic Elements Necessary for a School Garden Programme

The following figure summarizes the main policy and strategic elements that need to be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of a school garden programme. These are based on the lessons learnt from past worldwide experience in school gardening.

Political commitment and institutionalization of the school garden programme

The possibility for establishing school garden programmes will depend on the existence of the necessary political commitment and consequent national policies to support school gardens in the country and enable the development and implementation of “garden activities” in schools. Previous attempts to establish school garden programmes often failed to give adequate attention to the importance of the institutional framework. Institutionalization of school gardens is the key to the sustainability of these programmes. Sustainability implies independence from long-term external inputs and participation of all stakeholders (teachers, pupils, parents, school administrations, funding agencies, NGOs and ministries of agriculture, education, health, etc.).

It is important to ensure that school garden programmes are developed as part of the national effort to improve education quality and expand access to education for children in general and rural children in particular. This implies a multiplicity of factors (such as the expansion of the school network in rural areas, rehabilitation of school infrastructure, training of teaching and administrative staff, availability of learning materials, relevance of curricula, incentive for staff posted in rural areas, etc.). School gardens would ideally need to be planned as part of the National Plan of the UNESCO-led Education for All initiative as related components are operationalized and implemented. Governments should have a vision on how school garden initiatives can fit into the country's overall educational goals. This should be complemented by plans for financial, physical and pedagogical sustainability.

Responding to the local environment and location-specific needs

There is no single model of a school garden programme that fits every situation. School garden programmes must be well adapted to local customs and needs and to the specific socio-economic, climatic and environmental situation of the country or region concerned. This is particularly important in countries in which there is a stigma attached to manual labour. The design of the programme should involve both Ministries of Education, Agriculture and Environment, at central and decentralized levels, the communities, NGOs and community based organizations (CBOs) with experience in the field, parent- teacher associations and the students themselves.

Strategic considerations

Emphasize the “educational” role of school gardens

School gardens can contribute to increasing the relevance and quality of education, improving the children's and their parents' knowledge of food production techniques and nutrition, and stimulate the development of home gardens. These achievements would together lead to an improvement in the nutritional status of the children and their families and thereby contribute to improving food security and human capital. The potential role of school gardens in improving children's practical agricultural and nutritional knowledge and “life skills” is particularly valuable in the context of child-headed households as a consequence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

School gardens offer a great opportunity for improving the quality of education and for learning basic life skills. Gardens can serve as a “laboratory” for the teaching of modern farming skills and nutrition, but they can also be used for practical work related to biology, environmental studies, mathematics as well as reading, writing and arts. Ensuring that school gardens achieve a significant educational impact, however, may require adjustments in the national school curriculum, the production of training materials, teacher training and the provision of funds to meet physical and human resources costs for such activity.

School garden activities can include nutrition education, food preservation techniques, integrated pest management (IPM), integrated soil fertility management, sustainable natural resource management, recycling and composting, and environmental awareness raising, especially in urban areas. This can be done by building an interdisciplinary curriculum whereby core subjects (such as mathematics, social science, biology, etc.) can be linked to practical activities, such as gardening, establishing a fruit and vegetable stand where produce is sold, small business planning, food preparation and preservation, etc. Accordingly, creating an entry point in the curriculum and developing appropriate lesson plans that link theory and practical action should be a prerequisite for the successful implementation of school-based and community gardening and nutrition education programmes.

The potential for food production per se in school gardens has been overemphasized in the past. The school garden will normally supply requirements only for a limited number of months or even weeks every season. The effect on increased vegetable and fruit production and on diversification of production is considered to be more indirect. Some of the school children who have participated in school gardening activities will also be interested in helping their parents and families in establishing home gardens. In this way, the multiplier effect on production within the community is likely to be more important, in terms of production, than the school garden itself.

Ensure access to water and adequate technical support

A shortage of water is reported to be a major constraint for the development of school gardens, particularly in semi-arid areas. Except where there is reliable rainfall, the development of simple irrigation systems (water points, roof catchments, etc.) for school gardens needs to be considered. Apart from increasing the reliability of harvests, irrigation enables crops to be planted at suitable times so that they come into production during school terms. In many countries with free roaming animals, the protection of the garden with fences is also indispensable. Where land availability is a problem, particularly in urban areas, there may be good opportunities for container-based cultivation and for hydroponics.

The availability of technical skills to support school gardens needs to be considered. The charging of (usually over-burdened) school teachers with extra training and supervisory responsibilities needs to be carefully assessed against other possibilities involving the community and NGOs. Public-private partnerships, including sponsorship by firms, need to be explored. One option for engaging NGOs would be to link school gardens with NGO-driven community gardens. This is useful because often expertise exists among the members of the community gardens in managing gardens efficiently and there is capacity to transfer knowledge to others. At the same time it would reduce the workload of teachers and the need to train teachers in gardening.

Many such examples exist. Women's clubs or associations running vegetable gardens can assist teachers and provide practical training courses for students. They might share in the profit of the garden produce and/or the output in general. Farmer field schools within the village may also provide a good source of the necessary technical assistance. The use of volunteer services may also be a valuable source of agricultural skills, at least in the early development of school gardens.

It is essential that the knowledge and skills imparted to the school children be technically correct and sustainable to facilitate replication in the homestead. Local access to good quality seed or seedlings together with fertilizers and 'safe' pesticides appropriately packaged is essential to enable the technology demonstrated in the school garden to be transferred to the homestead. These inputs could be provided through the private sector or through a community based organization whose members would also require some initial training either through the Agricultural Extension Service or through a Volunteer Programme.

Link school gardens with school feeding programmes

School feeding is a powerful tool to alleviate short-term hunger and enhance children's learning capacities. School feeding also provides an incentive for parents to send or keep children at school, particularly girls. School gardens, if planned and implemented with the support of parents and the community, can complement school feeding programmes and enhance their long-term impact in terms of children's health/nutritional status and learning achievements.

The promotion of micronutrient-rich vegetables, including indigenous varieties, fruits and other foods (e.g. small livestock) in school, home and community gardens will diversify the local food base, generate income and add nutritional value to children's school meals, thus contributing to their nutritional status. As noted above, however, it is generally not possible for a school garden to generate much of the staple food required for a school feeding programme.

Maximize participation of pupils, parents and community in planning and implementation

Experience has shown that school gardening and nutrition education have a greater impact and can be sustained longer if they are part of a programme involving the whole school and linked to activities which engage parents and the community. Establishment of school gardens without the involvement of parents can create tensions within communities. Parents want their children to learn to read and write, and “ruralization” of the school curriculum is often rejected. It is essential to promote school gardens in the right context, i.e. as an applied activity with the potential for providing pupils with “life skills” and also increasing their environmental awareness, especially in relation to the conservation of natural resources (soil and water). Assisting in the creation of PTAs, where these do not exist, or supporting already established PTAs, is a constructive way to involve parents as partners in school-based gardening activities. Other good avenues for parents' effective involvement are through periodic visits to the school garden and through garden-related children's homework.

One comparative advantage of school-linked gardening is the active role that school children can learn to play in the provision of food for themselves, and in involving their parents in the learning process as opposed to being passive food recipients only. Where pupils have not been involved in the planning and management of projects and where they do not share directly in either the produce or the profits of the project, they have tended to reject the work, resulting in project failure. Children feel extremely proud and happy when the produce of their effort in the school garden is utilized for their lunches. Gardening also provides for group work experience, enjoyment in the outcome of the work done and of the acquired knowledge of agriculture and nutrition.

Misuse of school gardens and exploitation of pupils has unfortunately been a relatively common phenomenon in the past. In the reality of most rural schools, economic concerns often take precedence over teaching objectives, as poorly paid and unmotivated teachers are tempted to use the proceeds of the school farm as an additional income for themselves. This situation, coupled with an authoritarian school climate where pupils have no participation in the management of their produce, all too easily generates a teacher-pupil relationship of mutual mistrust and resentment, where pupils feel exploited as cheap labour for the teachers' benefit. This can be partially avoided by parent and community participation in the programme.

Familiarize school children with improved methods for sustainable food production

In secondary schools, in particular, the familiarization of students with up-to-date methods for improved sustainable production of food that are applicable to their homesteads or farms is a potentially powerful tool for improving the household food security.

Horticultural species, as opposed to other food crops, are of relatively high-value and have a tremendous yield potential. They can provide up to 50 kg of fresh produce per square meter per year, depending on the crops and technologies applied. Compared to other agricultural activities, horticulture makes efficient use of scarce land and water resources, thereby providing an excellent means for the application of efficient, environmentally sound and sustainable technologies.

Relatively sophisticated technology like hydroponics can also be promoted. Under hydroponics, plants can be grown closer together than in the field, thereby increasing yields, and multiple cropping can be practised. Hydroponics can conserve space, reduce pest incidence, and almost eliminate weed problems. If properly organized, surplus production can be marketed. For schools with restricted land access, hydroponics can offer good opportunities for growing a variety of vegetables, herbs and spices.

The establishment of protected cultivation in greenhouses is another option for modernizing school garden programmes in some countries. This offers exciting opportunities for teaching modern agricultural practices, including irrigation and integrated pest management, as well as water harvesting technologies.

Linkages with environmental education (e.g. through tree planting, organic production, integrated soil fertility and pest management, etc.) may also be established. Tree planting in schools can be promoted for various purposes, such as for shade, fruit production or even for harvesting of natural pesticides (e.g. neem). Composting and household waste management could be a useful area of learning which would also encourage community involvement.

The inclusion of training courses in bookkeeping and marketing into teaching related to school gardens, will increase business skills and contribute to an improved understanding of the economic value of small-scale agriculture.

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Silviculture of mangroves

M.Z. Hussain

In most areas of the world, mangrove formations have simply been exploited with little or no attempt to manage the resource on a sustainable basis. The management of mangrove forests under selection and clear-felling silvicultural systems is practiced in a limited number of countries, mostly in Asia, although in recent years several countries have seriously taken up mangrove plantation establishment and the rehabilitation of degraded mangrove formations. This article examines some of these situations and their potential applicability on a wider basis.

M. Zakir Hussain is the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Asian Regional Coordinator-wetlands. He is based in Bangkok, Thailand.
Note: This article draws heavily on the recent FAO publication Mangrove forest management guidelines FAO Forestry Paper No. 117), to which the reader is referred for more detailed information.

The development of a qua culture represents a major threat to mangrove ecosystems

Mangroves are one of the most familiar forms of vegetation occurring in the intertidal zones along sheltered coasts and river banks in coastal areas in tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems and are a natural, renewable resource. They provide essential goods and services and play a very important role in the lives of coastal communities. Through adaptations such as viviparous germination, the separation of freshwater from salt water and the conservation of freshwater, the ability to strike roots soon after coming into contact with soil and the ability to exchange gases through specialized root systems, mangrove species have been able to deal with a very adverse environment where few other plants would have survived.

However, in many areas of the world, mangrove habitats are being destroyed as rivers are dammed, their waters diverted and the intertidal zone extensively developed for agriculture or aquaculture and generally dried up. Large tracts are being converted to rice fields, industrial and land development and other non-wood uses. In response to the lucrative shrimp export trade, a new breed of small- and large-scale farmers are carving out vast chunks of tidal flats for shrimp farming and pisciculture. Remaining mangrove resources are overexploited for fuelwood and charcoal-making. The depletion of mangroves is also a cause of serious environmental and economic concern for many developing countries, given the pivotal role of this vegetation in coastal protection.

Mangrove habitat and characteristics

The mangrove vegetation of the world can be divided into two broad groups. The old world mangroves occurring in the Indo-Pacific region extending from the east coast of Africa to Samoa in the South Pacific. The second group, the new world mangroves, occurs along the west coast of Africa between Mauritania and Angola, in the Americas on the east coast between Barbados and Brazil and on the west coast between Mexico and northern Peru. Indonesia has the largest total area of mangrove forest while the Sundarbans swamp region in Bangladesh and India is the largest single chunk of mangrove forest in the world.

Mangrove vegetation primarily comprises trees and shrubs, with a limited number of palms and lianas. The World Conservation Union's report on the global status of mangroves (IUCN, 1983) lists 61 species. Major mangrove species belong to less than 15 families but the most frequently occurring mangroves belong to the Rhizophoraceae, Sonneratiaceae and Avicenniaceae. The Sundarbans, where members of the families Sterculiaceae and Euphorbiaceae predominate, is an exception.

Mangroves grow in conditions where few other plant species can survive (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987). The occurrence of mangroves is contingent on a number of factors and important physiological adaptations which enable the flora to thrive in the exacting environment and which also have silvicultural implications.

The mangrove environment is primarily saline, and the vegetation grows and flourishes by using three different mechanisms which cope with excess salt. The roots of salt-excluding species of Ceriops, Excoecaria and Rhizophora can absorb only freshwater from the saline water through a process of ultrafiltration (Scholander, 1968). Species of Avicennia and Sonneratia can regulate the salt content of their tissues by glands in their leaves. Xylocarpus sp., Lumnitzera sp. and Sonneratia sp. deposit salt in older leaves, roots and bark (Josh), Jamale and Bhosal, 1975). Mangrove plants also display features similar to those in desert plants which tend to conserve water (Hutchings and Saenger, 1987).

Mangroves occur in areas where strong wave actions are absent. The most extensive growth of mangroves can be seen in estuaries of rivers and protected lagoons and coastal lakes. Mangroves occur in areas of high humidity and their luxuriant growth is often associated with a high rainfall. Minimum air temperature and seasonal variations in temperature are important in the growth of mangroves. As cited by Chapman (1975; 1977), the best mangrove growth and development occurs where the seasonal temperature variation does not exceed 10°C and where the air temperature in the coldest month is higher then 10°C.

Mangrove soils are characterized by high salt and water, low oxygen and high hydrogen sulphide contents and contain a high proportion of humus (Macnae, 1968). The best growth and development of mangroves takes place on alluvial and muddy soils which are generally formed by the deposition of water-borne soil particles. Mangrove soils are mostly anoxic except for the surface layer in which roots spread (Rag, 1987). As a result, mangroves generally have shallow root systems and therefore cannot withstand strong wind and grow better in a sheltered habitat.

Mangrove seeds and propagules are dispersed exclusively by water and their distribution is therefore greatly influenced by tides which carry them both upstream and downstream. The tidal range, together with the topography, of an area regulates the lateral extent of mangrove development. The greater the tidal range, the greater the vertical range available for mangrove communities (Hutchings and Saenger. 1987). Tides also bring about changes in the salinity concentration of water in mangrove areas.

Dense natural regeneration of Rhizophora spp. in Matang, Malaysia

Mangrove forests have an efficient mechanism for natural regeneration, particularly in areas within mangrove stands where site degradation has not taken place. Because of the daily or periodic inundation by tidal water as well as the deposition of water-borne soil particles, the forest bed is soft and always suitable for regeneration and normally does not require any site preparation.

One other notable phenomenon in a large number of important mangrove species (Rhizophora, Ceriops, Bruguiera, Kandelia and Nypa) is that their seeds develop into seedlings while they are still attached to the mother tree. This phenomenon is known as vivipary where the embryo ruptures the pericarp and grows beyond it. In a second group, which includes species of Aegiceras, Laguncularia, Pelliciera and Avicennia, the embryo, while developing within the fruit, does not enlarge sufficiently to rupture the pericarp. This has been termed as cryptovivipary by Hutchings and Saenger (1987). Species of Excoecaria, Sonneratia, Heritiera and Xylocarpus are not viviparous. However, all of the above-mentioned species produce buoyant seeds which are dispersed exclusively by water and are capable of reaching any corner of the forest inundated by tidal water.

Most seeds that fall off mother trees during low tide stick to soft mud and quickly strike roots. In the case of viviparous seeds, the adventitious roots already present in the hypocotyl emerge and anchor the seedlings (Chapman, 1976). However, in all cases the deposition of silt by subsequent high tides helps the seeds or seedlings to secure a better hold.

In instances where seeds or seedlings drop during high tides, they continue to float in the water until they come into contact with a soil substrate and strike roots. It is interesting to note that most mangrove seeds retain viability for a long period while still in the saline environment, but lose viability soon after they are removed from that environment.

Profuse natural regeneration seems to occur in areas under mangrove formations. In many instances, advance growth establishes itself and waits for an opening in the canopy to emerge. On the other hand, radical changes in site conditions through the clearing of existing vegetation or alterations in the water regime seem to affect the regeneration process adversely. Dry soil in open areas often does not favour natural mangrove regeneration and is invaded by the undesirable species of Achrostichum.

Silvicultural systems

With the exception of Asia, in most countries with mangrove formations no systematic silviculture or management is applied to the resource. However, the mangroves in countries where the formations are not managed scientifically are harvested and used very extensively as fuelwood, charcoal, thatching material, construction and boat-building timber, poles, a source of tannin, etc. Fuelwood for domestic cooking and fish curing remains the most extensively used mangrove wood commodity.

All over the tropical world, mangroves are regularly harvested by coastal communities to meet their needs but mangrove use is not confined to subsistence, small-scale harvesting. For example, before the discovery of oil in Nigeria, about 20 000 m³ of mangrove wood was utilized annually in the coal mining industry as pit-props (Adegbehin and Nwaigbo, 1990). Even though the demand for coal has drastically declined, mangrove wood is still extensively used in Nigeria and the extraction of much higher volumes of wood is undertaken exclusively as selection harvesting under licence agreements with the competent authorities (Isebore end Awosika, 1993).

Rhizophora racemosa propagules ready to be planted in Sierra Leone

Traditionally, because of their strength and durability, small-sized mangrove poles of 2.5 to 14 cm diameter are extensively used for making the frames for mud-plastered walls and structures for supporting roofs (generally made of palm leaves) in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania. These poles are also in very high demand in Arab countries to which they are exported in large numbers. In 1982, Kenya exported almost four million poles to Arab countries (FAO, 1991). This large-scale operation has also continued to be carried out through the selection of trees that need market specifications, without due silvicultural consideration.

In spite of this ad hoc harvest, which can be termed selection harvest, it appears that mangrove forests have not suffered as much as expected. Even though such activities may have resulted in a reduction of trees of certain size classes and poorer-quality tree crops, there are very few instances where such felling, unless very drastic and resulting in the complete denudation of sites, has hindered the establishment of regeneration.

In Asia, on the other hand, mangrove forests - including those in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia - have been under management for a long time. For example, the Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh has been under sustainable management for more than 100 years (Hussein and Ahmed, 1994). In this region's forests, silvicultural systems have been developed based either on selection or clear-felling. The modification of silvicultural systems to suit local conditions has been carried out in many cases.

Selection system

The selection system is practiced in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Myanmar where trees above certain predetermined diameters are harvested from the annually stipulated coupes.

The Sundarbans was managed under a selection system in 1892-1893 when the first management plan for the forest was implemented (Curtis, 1933), and the modified selection system, which was fine-tuned and adapted during the first three decades of this century, has proved to be very appropriate for the sustainable management of the forest. The depletion that has occurred in the growing stock has resulted from faulty management decisions rather than silvicultural practices (Hussein end Ahmed, 1994).

Rhizophora racemosa two years alter planting

The mangroves of the Sundarbans are managed under a selection-cum-improvement silvicultural system. Separate annual coupes are laid out for timber, fuelwood and pulpwood extraction. All types of harvest are carried out in a 20-year cycle where a single harvest operation is carried out once in each 20-year period.

The specific process for Heritiera fomes, which is the principal timber species in the forest, involves the laying out of the annual coupe, the marking of sound trees above a predetermined exploitable diameter provided their removal will not create any permanent gap in the canopy - the harvesting of timber followed by the removal of dry lops and tops and, finally, improvement felling of all deformed trees and the thinning of dense stands. This conservative opening of the canopy ensures an adequate regeneration of this species, which thrives in partial shade in its early stages, while discouraging the regeneration of strong, light-demanding and economically less desirable species.

Excoecaria agallocha is exclusively used as pulpwood and matchwood. All trees above the exploitable diameter are harvested in a single operation. In the case of Sonneratia apetala, all trees above 30 cm in diameter are removed, provided such removal does not create any gap in the forest canopy. Within annual coupes where H. fomes, E. agallocha, Ceriops decandra and other mangrove species have been established as understorey, clear-felling of all Sonneratia apetala trees is carried out to assist in the establishment of a more valuable crop. S. apetala seedlings do not establish under a mature crop of the same species.

C. decandra is used both for poles and fuelwood. Poles in a coupe are removed following selection felling rules as described in the case of H. fomes. During the fuelwood harvest, at least one healthy shoot is left in each branch.

The mangroves of the Rakhine and Irrawaddy regions of Myanmar are similar in composition to those of the Sundarbans and they too have been managed under a selection system. However, because of the severe depletion of the forest, the opportunity for managing it for productive purposes has become limited.

Another modification of the selection system is practiced in Indonesia (Soemodihardjo and Soerianegara, 1989) where 50 and 10 m wide "no felling zones" are maintained along the coasts and river banks.

Forty Rhizophora, Bruguiera and Ceriops trees above 20 cm in diameter and distributed at a distance of about 17 m from one another are retained as seed trees in each hectare of the forest. The forests are worked on a 30-year rotation, with a single thinning at age 15, and all trees above 20 cm in diameter except the seed trees are removed in the final felling.

Clear-felling system

Different adaptations of the clear-felling system are in practice in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and, in the past were also used in Viet Nam. This system has been found suitable particularly in the case of economically valuable species such as Rhizophora apiculata and R. conjugata, which are strong, light-demanding species and can withstand competition in open areas.

The Matang mangrove forest in the State of Perak in peninsular Malaysia was initially managed under a shelterwood system where two thinnings were followed by a regeneration felling to enhance seedling establishment. It was observed subsequently that adequate regeneration could be achieved without a regeneration felling and, in the absence of regeneration, felling trees could grow for a few ´'extra" years and gain in volume (Hasan, 1981). This resulted in the silvicultural system being changed to one which has been termed as clear-felling with the retention of standards. The practice involves the retention of seven trees per hectare at the time of final felling when all trees above the diameter of 7.5 cm are removed. A narrow 3 m belt of trees is retained adjacent to river banks or the coast to prevent erosion(FAO, forest is currently worked on a rotation 30 years, with a thinning at ages 1 Sand 20 when 50 and 25 percent of the trees, respectively, are removed. At the end, about 1680 trees per hectare are found in a fully: stocked stand (Hasan, 1981).

In order to avoid damage to regeneration during harvest operations, extraction is mostly carried out with axes and trees are cut into 1.6 m billets which are carried out of the forest manually so as to minimize damage to the remaining vegetation. Immediately after the final felling, Acrostichum ferns are uprooted from infested sites.

An Acrostichum fern-infested area

About a year after the final felling, the coupe area is inspected to assess the status of regeneration. If necessary, efforts are made to assist the process of natural regeneration by eliminating competing vegetation. If this fails, then the area with unsatisfactory regeneration is planted with Rhizophora apiculata and R. conjugata. Propagules are collected from the forest and planted within three days. A vacancy filling or beating-up is carried out where necessary in the following year.

A different version of the clear-felling system is currently practiced in predominantly R. apiculata forests in Thailand. The system known as clear-felling in alternate strips. The rotation has been fixed at 30 years and the system is practiced by dividing the area into 15 coupes, each of which is further divided into 40 m wide strips forming an angle of 45° to the tide. Alternate strips are cut once every 15 years, giving a rotation of 30 years (FAO, 1985). In places where satisfactory natural regeneration is not established, replanting is carried out subsequently. A similar system is also in practice in Venezuela. However, the width of felling strips is 50 m (Aksornkoae, 1993).

The clear-felling system with artificial regeneration of stands was practiced in Viet Nam before the Second World War when a French charcoal company clear-felled large areas of mangrove forest in Minh Hai province in southern Viet Nam and artificially regenerated them through direct sowing of Rhizophora apiculata propagules. A 1940 plantation established at Thanh Tung in Ngoc Hien district is still in existence and could be the oldest commercial-scale mangrove plantation.

Mangrove plantation establishment

The process of establishment of mangrove plantations includes: enrichment planting to supplement natural regeneration particularly in areas under a clear-felling management system such as that practiced in Thailand and Malaysia; reforestation of degraded mangrove stands, for example in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Viet Nam, Indonesia and a host of other countries; and afforestation in newly accreted coastal land, as is done in Bangladesh where more than 120 000 ha of such plantation have already been established.

In most instances very limited, if any, site preparation is necessary, and propagules or pregerminated seed and seedlings can be easily collected from nature and planted to achieve good results.

Nursery practice

Viviparous and cryptoviviparous seeds can be dibbled in seed beds which are located in coastal areas so that they can be inundated by tidal water. Sonneratia apetala seeds need pretreatment and, in Bangladesh where large-scale plantations of this species are established, mature fruits collected directly from the trees are dumped in 0.6 to 1.3 m deep pits and are covered with thick brushwood and watered with saline water regularly for four to seven days. The fruits are then taken out, bruised lightly by hand and washed in river water to obtain white-coloured pregerminated seeds which are immediately broadcasted in seed beds or sown in plastic bags. The viability of pregerminated seeds is completely lost in a few hours and it is therefore important to sow them immediately. None of the seeds of the other species used in plantation establishment require pretreatment (Choudhury, 1991). Seedlings raised in soft nursery beds can be easily pulled out without any damage to the roots.

Raising seedlings in plastic containers has become more popular. However, most mangrove species have an elaborate root system and root development is much faster than the shoot development; as a result, roots may develop into balls and, when the plant is transplanted, its growth may be hampered.

In most cases satisfactory results can be achieved by directly sowing pregerminated seeds or fruits in the plantations. However, monkeys and crabs may cause extensive damage to fruits and seeds. Because of this, it is advisable to sow seedlings in areas infested with monkeys and crabs.

Planting operations

Planting is done mainly in the monsoon season. Seedlings are generally planted 1.2 to 1.5 m apart in most Asian countries, except in the Philippines where mangrove plantations are raised with a spacing of 0.5 x 0.5 m (PCARRD, 1991). In Sierra Leone, Rhizophora racemosa is raised with 2 x 2 m spacing (FAO, 1989). The size of seedlings is important, as small seedlings often get buried under silt.

Tending operations

Depending on the abundance of weeds, one to three weedings are generally carried out every year during the first two to three years. In cases where colonizing grasses or Achrostichum ferns are present, it is necessary to eradicate these to ensure the success of plantations. The best results are obtained when these weeds are uprooted.

Beating-up operations are generally taken up in the second and third year of planting. In Bangladesh, a beating-up is carried out within two months of the original planting. Some vacancy filling is also done during the actual planting operation if some seedlings are seen to have been washed away by the tide.

Thinning is not carried out in the cases of Sonneratia sp. and Avicennia sp. because such a practice is not economical end product is either fuelwood or pulpwood. However, in the case of Rizophora sp. plantations in Malaysia and Indonesia, a thinning is carried out at age 15 and 10, respectively, while in Malaysia a second thinning is earned out at age 20. The products are used for piling in the construction industry.

Harvesting mangrove timber

Diverse goods and services are provided by mangrove forests and many communities are dependent on these formations for survival. In spite of this, only a small portion of global mangrove resources is currently under any active management. However, considerable information and knowledge on the sustainable management of this forest type is available. Using simple, easy-to-follow silvicultural regimes, forests such as the Sundarbans and Matang have been managed for several decades for sustainable production. Moreover, techniques for the rehabilitation of sites that have been cleared of mangrove vegetation and put to some other land use have been developed and implemented in a number of countries. It is important that due attention be given to the management of this important resource and that all viable areas of mangrove forests be brought under active management through clearly formulated silvicultural regimes. At the same time, further investigation is required to increase the understanding and knowledge of appropriate silvicultural practices suited to the wide variety of situations in which mangroves occur.

Adegbehin, J.O. & Nwaigbo, L.C. 1990. Mangrove resources in Nigeria: use and management perspective. Nature Resour., 26(2): 13-21.

Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and management of mangroves. Bangkok, IUCN.

Chapman, VJ. 1975. Mangrove biogeography. In G.E. Welsh, S.C. Snedaker & HJ. Teas, eds. Proc. International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves, Vol. 1. Gainesville, USA, University of Florida Press.

Chapman, V.J. 1976. Mangrove vegetation, Vaduz, Liechtenstein J. Cramer.

Chapman, V.J. 1977. Introduction. In Ecosystem of the world, Vol. 1. Wet coastal ecosystems. Amsterdam, Elsevier.

Choudhury, J.K. 1991. Artificial regeneration of Sonneratia apetala in Bangladesh. In Proc. 10 th World For. Congr., Vol. 4. p. 391-396. Nancy, France. ENGREF.

Curtis, S.J. 1933. Working plans for the forests of the Sundarbans Division for the period from 1st April 1931 to 31st March 1951, Vol. 1. Calcutta, India, Bengal Government Press.

FAO. 1985. Mangrove management in Thailand Malaysia and Indonesia. FAO Environment Paper No. 4. Rome.

FAO. 1989. Mangrove management planning and implementation in Sierra Leone Field Document No. 6. FO:DP/SIL/88/008. Freetown.

FAO. 1991. Mangrove conservation and management in Kenya. Field Document No. 3 FO:TCP/KEN/0051 (A). Nairobi.

FAO. 1994. Mangrove forest management guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper No. 117. Rome.

Hasan, H.H.A. 1981. A working plan for the second 30- year rotation of the Matang Forest Reserve, Perak. Perak, Malaysia. State Forest Department.

Hussain, M.Z. & Ahmed, I. 1994. Management of forest resources. In M.Z. Hussain & G. Acharya, eds. Mangroves of the Sundarbans, Vol. 2. Bangladesh. Bangkok. IUCN.

Hutchings, P. & Saenger, P. 1987. Ecology of mangroves. University of Queensland Press.

Isebore, C.E. & Awosika, L.F. 1993. Nigerian mangrove resources, status and management. In Conservation and sustainable utilization of mangrove forests in Latin America and Africa regions. Part II Africa. ITTO/ISME.

IUCN. 1983. Global status of mangrove ecosystems. Commission on Ecology Paper No. 3. bland, Switzerland, IUCN.

Joshi, G.V., Jamale, B.B. & Bhosal, L.I. 1975. On regulation in mangroves. In G.E. Welsh, S.C. Snedaker & H.J. Teas, eds. Proc. International Symposium on Biology and Management of Mangroves. Gainesville, USA, University of Florida Press.

Macnae, W. 1968. A general account of the flora and fauna in the Indo-West-Pacific region. Adv. Mar. Biol., 6: 73-270.

PCARRD. 1991. The Philippines recommends [sic] for mangrove production and harvest. PCARRD Philippines Recommends [sic] Series No. 74. Manila, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources.

Rao, A.N. 1987. Mangrove ecosystem of Asia and the Pacific. In Mangroves of Asia and the Pacific: status and managernent. Manila, UNESCO/COMES/UNDP.

Scholander, P.F. 1968. How mangroves desalinate sea water. Physiologia Plantarum, 21: 25-26.

Soemodihardjo, S. & Soerianegara, I. 1989. Indonesia (country report). In Mangrove rnanagement: its ecological and economic considerations. BIOTROP Special publication No. 37. Bogor, Indonesia, SAEMED-BIOTROP.

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Agricultural Development Economics

Exigibilidade: Mechanisms to claim the human right to adequate food in Brazil
Thaís Franceschini, Valéria Burity, Luisa Cruz
Publication date
The Portuguese word – exigibilidade – which, in its Spanish form (‘exigibilidad’), is used by different human rights organizations in Latin America and means the possibility of claiming rights before competent public institutions –administrative, political or judicial– so as to prevent or redress violations of such rights. Furthermore, in addition to the right to claim, the concept of exigibilidad or exigibilidade includes the right to have a timely response and action on the part of public authorities with a view to providing a remedy to the given violation. In practice, one cannot talk about human rights and exclude claim mechanisms or exigibilidade. Fundamental to the effective realization of human rights is right holders’ entitlement to demand the fulfilment of such rights. Each state has the obligation to develop and provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure that all those residing in its territory have access to procedures for claiming their rights. The past six years have witnessed important institutional advances towards the development of claim mechanisms for the realization of the human right to adequate food in Brazil. This was due in particular to international and domestic political scenarios that clearly favoured expanding and intensifying the debate on the fight against hunger and the implementation of the right to food.


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Welcome to inFO news

Follow the work of FAO Forestry and its partners in inFO news, a regular electronic news bulletin published in English by the FAO Forestry Department. Keep up-to-date on major activities and events designed to support countries and local communities in increasing sustainable forest management and food security, and reducing climate change.

We take your views about inFO news seriously and welcome your feedback. Please send your comments to: forestry-news@fao.org.

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Faith Connexion

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Tonal grey tweed jacket from Faith Connexion featuring V-neckline, long sleeves, zipped cuffs, pouch pockets, lamb leather trim and a front zip fastening.

Item ID: 10258777

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(WRCB)   New restaurant's burgers advertised as 'sofa king juicy'   ( divider line 11
    More: Amusing, Sofa King Juicy Burgers, Chattanooga Times Free Press, North Shore, restaurants, Waffle House, Carolyn Latiff
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7668 clicks; posted to Main » on 27 Nov 2012 at 10:23 AM (2 years ago)   |  Favorite    |   share:  Share on Twitter share via Email Share on Facebook   more»

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Archived thread
2012-11-27 01:09:34 PM
2 votes:
Channel 3 caught up with Latiff as she dined at the Waffle House next door.
2012-11-27 10:33:15 AM
2 votes:
I prefer Thai. I'll be over at O Watta Goo Siam.
2012-11-27 10:33:04 AM
2 votes: say funny thing...

/Arise, chicken!
2012-11-27 11:19:51 PM
1 votes:
2012-11-27 02:01:32 PM
1 votes:
2012-11-27 11:37:18 AM
1 votes:
2012-11-27 11:34:37 AM
1 votes:
2012-11-27 11:14:28 AM
1 votes:
2012-11-27 11:04:04 AM
1 votes:

And, just for good luck:
2012-11-27 10:33:42 AM
1 votes:
And the only reason people eat at Fuddruckers is to hear somebody spoonerize the name.
2012-11-27 10:29:35 AM
1 votes:
That's getting Sofa King old
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Mumias cane farmers find solace in Soya and MaizeMumias cane farmers find solace in Soya and Maize
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Pandi Fresh creates market for western farmers
Julius Omondi for Farmbizafrica - Friday, 03 July 2015
pandi freshPandi Fresh, a value addition export oriented firm is offering ready opportunity for smallholder farmers in Nyanza and Western regions of Kenya. The firm’s initiative of virtually buying almost all the farm produce ranging from vegetables, horticulture and livestock is driving higher farmers’ morale into farming and doubled number the number of farmers engaged in agribusiness as they are assured of market for their produce at stable triple prices compared to market prices in addition to being protected by contracts as opposed to the erratic prevailing market prices which...Read more...

Pig farmers cautioned against use of Kitchen leftover f...

Researchers have cautioned pig farmers against the use of kitchen left over as cheap feeds to their pigs warning apart from lacking the vital nutrients for the animals, they are the main carriers and sources of the dreaded African swine fever. The revelation came in during the national pi [ ... ]

Farmers'obsession with Israel inspires agro tourism

A tour company involved in taking farmers for field trips both locally and internationally is riding on the wave of growing demand for such services, as the model of farmers learning from each other becomes prevalent. Techfarm tours and travel recently took 45 farmers to Israel, one of th [ ... ]

Moth threatens Kenya’s Sh14b capsicum market

A brownish grey moth is threatening Kenya’s capsicum market, valued at Sh14billion with consignments meant for exports having been intercepted, even as neighbouring Uganda suffers an export ban on the same. The pest known as False Codling moth (FCM) is indigenious to Africa and is know [ ... ]

Young agrippreneur spurs dairy farming with online plat...

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Apollo Nida Desperate to Stay Out of Jail, 'Real Housewives of Altanta' Star Phaedra Parks Husband Files Motion to Postpone Court Date in Federal Case

Phaedra Parks and Apollo Nida
(Photo : Facebook/Real Housewives of Atlanta) New report: Phaedra Parks is considering having an open marriage while her husband Apollo Nida serves his eight year prison sentence.

Apollo Nida is doing everything he can to make sure he doesn't end up back in jail for a second time.

While the husband of "Real Housewives of Atlanta" star, Phaedra Parks, has been adamant that he is not guilty of the several federal charges of bank fraud and identity theft he's currently facing, he recently filed a motion to have his official court date pushed back, Radar Online reported.

In an effort to allow for more time for deliberation, Lawyers filed court documents on Feb. 10, requesting for "an extension of time up to and including March 25, 2014."

The documents go on to say postponing the trial "will allow the parties sufficient time to discuss a potential resolution of this case," such as a settlement. In delaying the trial, Nida is also hoping to gain more time to thoroughly go over the case against him so he can decided whether or not to go forward with a drawn out criminal case or to accept a plea deal.

As we previously reported, an affidavit was filed by the Us. District Attorney's office stating that the father of two created fake companies, which granted him access to secure information for various individuals after which he opened several fake bank accounts and funneled stolen US Treasury checks and fake auto loans into those accounts.

However, Nida was not working alone.

Apparently, a U.S. Secret Service Agent in the Counterfeit and U.S. Treasury Check Squad had been working on the investigation since February 2012 after following the activities of Gayla St. Julien, who was reportedly committing check fraud and opening bank accounts under stolen identities. The feds followed St. Julien until September 2013 when they found 40 bank accounts and nearly $3 million tied to her.

After arresting St. Julien on Sept. 11, 2013, the woman who had deemed herself as Nida's "right hand b***h," according to the affidavit, gave up Nida as her counterpart and said she had been working with him on the fraudulent bank accounts since 2009.

The report went on to say that Nida was actually the brains of the operation, using St. Julien to pose as the ripped-off identities and open bank accounts under real people's names, after which she would deposit fraudulent loan checks and U.S. Treasury checks, stolen retirement checks issued to Delta Airlines employees and checks written out to real people that were owed unclaimed property from state and federal government agencies.

This isn't Nida's first run-in with the law for fraudulent activity either. He also served time in prison from 2004 to 2009 after being charged with auto title fraud.

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