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What is Deity?

deity is a supernatural being considered divine or sacred. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines deity as “a god or goddess (in a polytheistic religion)”, or anything revered as divine. C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as “a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans, but who interacts with humans, positively or negatively, in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness, beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life”. In the English language, a male deity is referred to as a god, while a female deity is referred to as a goddess.

Religions can be categorized by how many deities they worship. Monotheistic religions accept only one deity (predominantly referred to as God), polytheistic religions accept multiple deities. Henotheistic religions accept one supreme deity without denying other deities, considering them as aspects of the same divine principle; and nontheistic religions deny any supreme eternal creator deity but accept a pantheon of deities which live, die and may be reborn like any other being.

Although most monotheistic religions traditionally envision their God as omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, omnibenevolent, and eternal, none of these qualities are essential to the definition of a “deity” and various cultures conceptualized their deities differently. Monotheistic religions typically refer to God in masculine terms, while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways – masculine, feminine, androgynous and without gender.

Historically, many ancient cultures – including the ancient Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Norsemen and Asians – personified natural phenomena, variously as either deliberate causes or effects. Some Avestan and Vedic deities were viewed as ethical concepts. In Indian religions, deities were envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being’s body, as sensory organs and mind. Deities were envisioned as a form of existence (Saṃsāra) after rebirth, for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life, where they become guardian deities and live blissfully in heaven, but are also subject to death when their merit is lost.

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Pantheists believe that the universe itself and everything in it forms a single, all-encompassing deity.

The closely linked term “god” refers to “supreme being, deity”, according to Douglas Harper, and is derived from Proto-Germanic *guthan, from PIE *ghut-, which means “that which is invoked”. Guth in the Irish language means “voice”. The term *ghut- is also the source of Old Church Slavonic zovo (“to call”), Sanskrit huta- (“invoked”, an epithet of Indra), from the root *gheu(e)- (“to call, invoke.”),

An alternate etymology for the term “god” comes from the Proto-Germanic Gaut, which traces it to the PIE root *ghu-to- (“poured”), derived from the root *gheu- (“to pour, pour a libation”). The term *gheu- is also the source of the Greek khein “to pour”. Originally the German root was a neuter noun. The gender of the monotheistic God shifted to masculine under the influence of Christianity. In contrast, all ancient Indo-European cultures and mythologies recognized both masculine and feminine deities

Kobayashi Eitaku painting showing the god Izanagi (right) and Izanami, a goddess of creation and death in Japanese mythology.

Kobayashi Eitaku painting showing the god Izanagi (right) and Izanami, a goddess of creation and death in Japanese mythology.

There is no universally accepted consensus on what a deity is, and concepts of deities vary considerably across cultures. Huw Owen states that the term “deity or god or its equivalent in other languages” has a bewildering range of meanings and significance. It has ranged from “infinite transcendent being who created and lords over the universe” (God), to a “finite entity or experience, with special significance or which evokes a special feeling” (god), to “a concept in religious or philosophical context that relates to nature or magnified beings or a supra-mundane realm”, to “numerous other usages”.

A deity is typically conceptualized as a supernatural or divine concept, manifesting in ideas and knowledge, in a form that combines excellence in some or all aspects, wrestling with weakness and questions in other aspects, heroic in outlook and actions, yet tied up with emotions and desires. In other cases, the deity is a principle or reality such as the idea of “soul”. The Upanishads of Hinduism, for example, characterize Atman (soul, self) as deva (deity), thereby asserting that the deva and eternal supreme principle (Brahman) is part of every living creature, that this soul is spiritual and divine, and that to realize self-knowledge is to know the supreme.

Theism is the belief in the existence of one or more deities. Polytheism is the belief in and worship of multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, with accompanying rituals. In most polytheistic religions, the different gods and goddesses are representations of forces of nature or ancestral principles, and can be viewed either as autonomous or as aspects or emanations of a creator God or transcendental absolute principle (monistic theologies), which manifests immanently in nature. Henotheism accepts the existence of more than one deity, but considers all deities as equivalent representations or aspects of the same divine principle, the highest. Monolatry is the belief that many deities exist, but that only one of these deities may be validly worshipped.

Monotheism is the belief that only one deity exists. A monotheistic deity, known as “God”, is usually described as omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, omnibenevolent and eternal. However, not all deities have been regarded this way and an entity does not need to be almighty, omnipresent, omniscient, omnibenevolent or eternal to qualify as a deity.

Deism is the belief that only one deity exists, who created the universe, but does not usually intervene in the resulting world. Deism was particularly popular among western intellectuals during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Pantheism is the belief that the universe itself is God or that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent deity. Panentheism is the belief that divinity pervades the universe, but that it also transcends the universe. Agnosticism is the position that it is impossible to know for certain whether a deity of any kind exists. Atheism is the non-belief in the existence of any deity.

Further information: Prehistoric religion

Evidence of prehistoric religion: Neolithic "Potnia Theron" type goddess, seated on a throne flanked by two lionesses, from Çatalhöyük.

Evidence of prehistoric religion: Neolithic “Potnia Theron” type goddess, seated on a throne flanked by two lionesses, from Çatalhöyük.

Scholars infer the probable existence of deities in the prehistoric period from inscriptions and prehistoric arts such as cave drawings, but it is unclear what these sketches and paintings are and why they were made. Some engravings or sketches show animals, hunters or rituals. It was once common for archaeologists to interpret virtually every prehistoric female figurine as a representation of a single, primordial goddess, the ancestor of historically attested goddesses such as Inanna, Ishtar, Astarte, Cybele, and Aphrodite; this approach has now generally been discredited. Modern archaeologists now generally recognize that it is impossible to conclusively identify any prehistoric figurines as representations of any kind of deities, let alone goddesses. Nonetheless, it is possible to evaluate ancient representations on a case-by-case basis and rate them on how likely they are to represent deities. The Venus of Willendorf, a female figurine found in Europe and dated to about 25,000 BCE has been interpreted by some as an exemplar of a prehistoric female deity. A number of probable representations of deities have been discovered at ‘Ain Ghazal and the works of art uncovered at Çatalhöyük reveal references to what is probably a complex mythology.

Regional cultures

Main articles:  List of African mythological figures, Traditional African religion, Afro-American religion, and Orisha

Diverse African cultures developed theology and concepts of deities over their history. In Nigeria and neighboring West African countries, for example, two prominent deities (locally called Òrìṣà) are found in the Yoruba religion, namely the god Ogun and the goddess Osun. Ogun is the primordial masculine deity as well as the arch divinity and guardian of occupations such as tools making and use, metal working, hunting, war, protection and ascertaining equity and justice. Osun is an equally powerful primordial feminine deity and a multidimensional guardian of fertility, water, maternal, health, social relations, love and peace. Ogun and Osun traditions were brought into the Americas on slave ships. They were preserved by the Africans in their plantation communities, and their festivals continue to be observed.

In Southern African cultures, a similar masculine-feminine deity combination has appeared in other forms, particularly as the Moon and Sun deities. One Southern African cosmology consists of Hieseba or Xuba (deity, god), Gaune (evil spirits) and Khuene (people). The Hieseba includes Nladiba (male, creator sky god) and Nladisara (females, Nladiba’s two wives). The Sun (female) and the Moon (male) deities are viewed as offsprings of Nladiba and two Nladisara. The Sun and Moon are viewed as manifestations of the supreme deity, and worship is timed and directed to them. In other African cultures the Sun is seen as male, while the Moon is female, both symbols of the godhead. In Zimbabwe, the supreme deity is androgynous with male-female aspects, envisioned as the giver of rain, treated simultaneously as the god of darkness and light and is called Mwari Shona. In the Lake Victoria region, the term for a deity is Lubaale, or alternatively Jok.

Ancient Near Eastern

Main article: Religions of the ancient Near East

Main articles: Ancient Egyptian deitiesEgyptian mythology, and Ancient Egyptian Religion

Egyptian tomb painting showing the gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus, who are among the major deities in ancient Egyptian religion

Egyptian tomb painting showing the gods Osiris, Anubis, and Horus, who are among the major deities in ancient Egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian culture revered numerous deities. Egyptian records and inscriptions list the names of many whose nature is unknown and make vague references to other unnamed deities. Egyptologist James P. Allen estimates that more than 1,400 deities are named in Egyptian texts, whereas Christian Leitz offers an estimate of “thousands upon thousands” of Egyptian deities. Their terms for deities were nṯr (god), and feminine nṯrt (goddess); however, these terms may also have applied to any being – spirits and deceased human beings, but not demons – who in some way were outside the sphere of everyday life. Egyptian deities typically had an associated cult, role and mythologies

Around 200 deities are prominent in the Pyramid texts and ancient temples of Egypt, many zoomorphic. Among these, were Min (fertility god), Neith (creator goddess), Anubis, AtumBes, Horus, IsisRa, Meretseger, Nut, OsirisShu, Sia and Thoth. Most Egyptian deities represented natural phenomenon, physical objects or social aspects of life, as hidden immanent forces within these phenomena. The deity Shu, for example represented air; the goddess Meretseger represented parts of the earth, and the god Sia represented the abstract powers of perception. Deities such as Ra and Osiris were associated with the judgement of the dead and their care during the afterlife. Major gods often had multiple roles and were involved in multiple phenomena.

The first written evidence of deities are from early 3rd millennium BCE, likely emerging from prehistoric beliefs. However, deities became systematized and sophisticated after the formation of an Egyptian state under the Pharaohs and their treatment as sacred kings who had exclusive rights to interact with the gods, in the later part of the 3rd millennium BCE. Through the early centuries of the common era, as Egyptians interacted and traded with neighboring cultures, foreign deities were adopted and venerated.

Main articles: Ancient Canaanite religion, Origins of Judaism, Ancient Semitic religion, Yahweh, Second Temple Judaism, and History of ancient Israel and Judah

The ancient Canaanites were polytheists who believed in a pantheon of deities, the chief of whom was the god El, who ruled alongside his consort Asherah and their seventy sons. Baal was the god of storm, rain, vegetation and fertility, while his consort Anat was the goddess of war and Astarte, the West Semitic equivalent to Ishtar, was the goddess of love. The people of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah originally believed in these deities, alongside their own national god Yahweh. El later became syncretized with Yahweh, who took over El’s role as the head of the pantheon,with Asherah as his divine consort and the “sons of El” as his offspring. During the later years of the Kingdom of Judah, a monolatristic faction rose to power insisting that only Yahweh was fit to be worshipped by the people of Judah. Monolatry became enforced during the reforms of King Josiah in 621 BCE. Finally, during the national crisis of the Babylonian captivity, some Judahites began to teach that deities aside from Yahweh were not just unfit to be worshipped, but did not exist. The “sons of El” were demoted from deities to angels.

Main articles: List of Mesopotamian deities, Ancient Mesopotamian religion, and Sumerian religion

Ancient Mesopotamian culture in southern Iraq had numerous dingir (deities, gods and goddesses). Mesopotamian deities were almost exclusively anthropomorphic. They were thought to possess extraordinary powers and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size. They were generally immortal, but a few of them, particularly Dumuzid, Geshtinanna, and Gugalanna were said to have either died or visited the underworld. Both male and female deities were widely venerated.

In the Sumerian pantheon, deities had multiple functions, which included presiding over procreation, rains, irrigation, agriculture, destiny, and justice. The gods were fed, clothed, entertained, and worshipped to prevent natural catastrophes as well as to prevent social chaos such as pillaging, rape, or atrocities. Many of the Sumerian deities were patron guardians of city-states.

The most important deities in the Sumerian pantheon were known as the Anunnaki, and included deities known as the “seven gods who decree”: An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu and Inanna. After the conquest of Sumer by Sargon of Akkad, many Sumerian deities were syncretized with East Semitic ones. The goddess Inanna, syncretized with the East Semitic Ishtar, became popular, with temples across Mesopotamia.

The Mesopotamian mythology of the first millennium BCE treated Anšar (later Aššur) and Kišar as primordial deities. Marduk was a significant god among the Babylonians. He rose from an obscure deity of the third millennium BCE to become one of the most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon of the first millennium BCE. The Babylonians worshipped Marduk as creator of heaven, earth and humankind, and as their national god. Marduk’s iconography is zoomorphic and is most often found in Middle Eastern archaeological remains depicted as a “snake-dragon” or a “human-animal hybrid”.

Main article: Proto-Indo-European religion

Main articles: Ancient Greek religion

Corinthian black-figure plaque of Poseidon, the Greek god of the seas (c. 550–525 BCE)

Corinthian black-figure plaque of Poseidon, the Greek god of the seas (c. 550–525 BCE)

The ancient Greeks revered both gods and goddesses. These continued to be revered through the early centuries of the common era, and many of the Greek deities inspired and were adopted as part of much larger pantheon of Roman deities. The Greek religion was polytheistic, but had no centralized church, nor any sacred texts. The deities were largely associated with myths and they represented natural phenomena or aspects of human behavior.

Several Greek deities probably trace back to more ancient Indo-European traditions, since the gods and goddesses found in distant cultures are mythologically comparable and are cognates. Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, for instance, is cognate to Indic Ushas, Roman Aurora and Latvian Auseklis. Zeus, the Greek king of gods, is cognate to Latin Iūpiter, Old German Ziu, and Indic Dyaus, with whom he shares similar mythologies. Other deities, such as Aphrodite, originated from the Near East.

Greek deities varied locally, but many shared panhellenic themes, celebrated similar festivals, rites, and ritual grammar. The most important deities in the Greek pantheon were the Twelve Olympians: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hermes, Demeter, Dionysus, Hephaestus, and Ares. Other important Greek deities included Hestia, Hades and Heracles These deities later inspired the Dii Consentes galaxy of Roman deities.

Besides the Olympians, the Greeks also worshipped various local deities. Among these were the goat-legged god Pan (the guardian of shepherds and their flocks), Nymphs (nature spirits associated with particular land forms), Naiads (who dwelled in springs), Dryads(who were spirits of the trees), Nereids (who inhabited the sea), river gods, satyrs (a class of lustful male nature spirits), and others. The dark powers of the underworld were represented by the Erinyes (or Furies), said to pursue those guilty of crimes against blood-relatives.

The Greek deities, like those in many other Indo-European traditions, were anthropomorphic. Walter Burkert describes them as “persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts”. They had fantastic abilities and powers; each had some unique expertise and, in some aspects, a specific and flawed personality. They were not omnipotent and could be injured in some circumstances. Greek deities led to cults, were used politically and inspired votive offerings for favors such as bountiful crops, healthy family, victory in war, or peace for a loved one recently deceased.

Main articles: List of Germanic deitiesÆsirVanirGermanic paganismGermanic mythologyCommon Germanic deities, Norse religion, and Norse mythology

The Kirkby Stephen Stone, discovered in Kirkby Stephen, England, depicts a bound figure, who some have theorized may be the Germanic god Loki.

The Kirkby Stephen Stone, discovered in Kirkby Stephen, England, depicts a bound figure, who some have theorized may be the Germanic god Loki.

In Norse mythology, Æsir means gods, while Ásynjur means goddesses. These terms, states John Lindow, may be ultimately rooted in the Indo-European root for “breath” (as in “life giving force”), and to the cognates os which means deity in Old English and anses in Gothic.

Another group of deities found in Norse mythology are termed as Vanir, and are associated with fertility. The Æsir and the Vanir went to war, according to the Norse and Germanic mythologies. According to the Norse texts such as Ynglinga saga, the Æsir–Vanir War ended in truce and ultimate reconciliation of the two into a single group of deities, after both sides chose peace, exchanged ambassadors (hostages), and intermarried.

The Norse mythology describes the cooperation after the war, as well as differences between the Æsir and the Vanir which were considered scandalous by the other side. The goddess Freyja of the Vanir taught magic to the Æsir, while the two sides discover that while Æsir forbid mating between siblings, Vanir accepted such mating.

Temples hosting images of Nordic deities (such as Thor, Odin and Freyr), as well as pagan worship rituals, continued in Nordic countries through the 12th century, according to historical records. This shocked Christian missionaries, and over time Christian equivalents were substituted for the Nordic deities to help suppress paganism.

Main articles: List of Roman deities, Roman mythology, and Religion in ancient Rome

The Roman pantheon had numerous deities, both Greek and non-Greek. The more famed deities, found in the mythologies and the 2nd millennium CE European arts, have been the anthropomorphic deities syncretized with the Greek deities. These include the six gods and six goddesses: Venus, Apollo, Mars, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, Juno, Mercury, Vesta, Neptune, Jupiter (Jove, Zeus); as well Bacchus, Pluto and Hercules. The non-Greek major deities include Janus, Fortuna, Vesta, Quirinus and Tellus (mother goddess, probably most ancient). Some of the non-Greek deities had likely origins in more ancient European culture such as the ancient Germanic religion, while others may have been borrowed, for political reasons, from neighboring trade centers such as those in the Minoan or ancient Egyptian civilization.

The Roman deities, in a manner similar to the ancient Greeks, inspired community festivals, rituals and sacrifices led by flamines (priests, pontifs), but priestesses (Vestal Virgins) were also held in high esteem for maintaining sacred fire used in the votive rituals for deities. Deities were also maintained in home shrines (lararium), such as Hestia honored in homes as the goddess of fire hearth. This Roman religion held reverence for sacred fire, and this is also found in Hebrew culture (Leviticus 6), Vedic culture’s Homa, ancient Greeks and other cultures.

Ancient Roman scholars such as Varro and Cicero wrote treatises on the nature of gods of their times. Varro stated, in his Antiquitates Rerum Divinarum, that it is the superstitious man who fears the gods, while the truly religious person venerates them as parents. Cicero, in his Academica, praised Varro for this and other insights. According to Varro, there have been three accounts of deities in the Roman society: the mythical account created by poets for theatre and entertainment, the civil account used by people for veneration as well as by the city, and the natural account created by the philosophers. The best state is, adds Varro, where the civil theology combines the poetic mythical account with the philosopher’s. The Roman deities continued to be revered in Europe through the era of Constantine, and past 313 CE when he issued the Edict of Toleration.

Native American

Main articles: Inca mythology, Religion in the Inca Empire, and Inca religion in Cusco

Deity Viracocha.

Deity Viracocha.

The Inca culture has believed in Viracocha (also called Pachacutec) as the creator deity. Viracocha has been an abstract deity to Inca culture, one who existed before he created space and time. All other deities of the Inca people have corresponded to elements of nature. Of these, the most important ones have been Inti (sun deity) responsible for agricultural prosperity and as the father of the first Inca king, and Mama Qucha the goddess of the sea, lakes, rivers and waters. Inti in some mythologies is the son of Viracocha and Mama Qucha.

Inca people have revered many male and female deities. Among the feminine deities have been Mama Kuka (goddess of joy), Mama Ch’aska (goddess of dawn), Mama Allpa (goddess of harvest and earth, sometimes called Mama Pacha or Pachamama), Mama Killa (moon goddess) and Mama Sara (goddess of grain). During and after the imposition of Christianity during Spanish colonialism, the Inca people retained their original beliefs in deities through syncretism, where they overlay the Christian God and teachings over their original beliefs and practices. The male deity Inti became accepted as the Christian God, but the Andean rituals centered around Inca deities have been retained and continued thereafter into the modern era by the Inca people.

Maya and Aztec

Main articles: List of Maya gods and supernatural beings, Maya religionList of Aztec gods and supernatural beings, and Aztec mythology

The zoomorphic feathered

The zoomorphic feathered serpent deity (Kukulkan, Quetzalcoatl).

In Maya culture, Kukulkan has been the supreme creator deity, also revered as the god of reincarnation, water, fertility and wind. The Maya people built step pyramid temples to honor Kukulkan, aligning them to the Sun’s position on the spring equinox. Other deities found at Maya archaeological sites include Xib Chac – the benevolent male rain deity, and Ixchel – the benevolent female earth, weaving and pregnancy goddess. The Maya calendar had 18 months, each with 20 days (and five unlucky days of Uayeb); each month had a presiding deity, who inspired social rituals, special trading markets and community festivals.

A deity with aspects similar to Kulkulkan in the Aztec culture has been called Quetzalcoatl. However, states Timothy Insoll, the Aztec ideas of deity remain poorly understood. What has been assumed is based on what was constructed by Christian missionaries. The deity concept was likely more complex than these historical records. In Aztec culture, there were hundred of deities, but many were henotheistic incarnations of one another (similar to the avatar concept of Hinduism). Unlike Hinduism and other cultures, Aztec deities were usually not anthropomorphic, and were instead zoomorphic or hybrid icons associated with spirits, natural phenomena or forces.The Aztec deities were often represented through ceramic figurines, revered in home shrines.

Main article: Polynesian narrative

Deities of Polynesia carved from wood

Deities of Polynesia carved from wood (bottom two are demons).

The Polynesian people developed a theology centered on numerous deities, with clusters of islands having different names for the same idea. There are great deities found across the Pacific Ocean. Some deities are found widely, and there are many local deities whose worship is limited to one or a few islands or sometimes to isolated villages on the same island.

The Māori people, of what is now New Zealand, called the supreme being as Io, who is also referred elsewhere as Iho-IhoIo-MataahoIo NuiTe Io OraIo Matua Te Kora among other names. The Io deity has been revered as the original uncreated creator, with power of life, with nothing outside or beyond him. Other deities in the Polynesian pantheon include Tangaloa (god who created men), La’a Maomao (god of winds), Tu-Matauenga or Ku (god of war), Tu-Metua (mother goddess), Kane (god of procreation) and Rangi (sky god father).

The Polynesian deities have been part of a sophisticated theology, addressing questions of creation, the nature of existence, guardians in daily lives as well as during wars, natural phenomena, good and evil spirits, priestly rituals, as well as linked to the journey of the souls of the dead.

Abrahamic religions

Main articles: God in Christianity, Trinity, God the Father, God the Son, Jesus, Holy Spirit (Christianity), Names of God in Christianity, and Christian theology

Christianity is a monotheistic religion in which most mainstream congregations and denominations accept the concept of the Holy Trinity. Modern orthodox Christians believe that the Trinity is composed of three equal, cosubstantial persons: God the Father, God the Son, and the Holy Spirit.The first person to describe the persons of the Trinity as homooúsios (ὁμοούσιος; “of the same substance”) was the Church Father Origen. Although most early Christian theologians (including Origen) were Subordinationists, who believed that the Father was superior to the Son and the Son superior to the Holy Spirit, this belief was condemned as heretical by the First Council of Nicaea in the fourth century, which declared that all three persons of the Trinity are equal. Christians regard the universe as an element in God’s actualization and the Holy Spirit is seen as the divine essence that is “the unity and relation of the Father and the Son”. According to George Hunsinger, the doctrine of the Trinity justifies worship in a Church, wherein Jesus Christ is deemed to be a full deity with the Christian cross as his icon.

The theological examination of Jesus Christ, of divine grace in incarnation, his non-transferability and completeness has been a historic topic. For example, the Council of Chalcedon in 451 CE declared that in “one person Jesus Christ, fullness of deity and fullness of humanity are united, the union of the natures being such that they can neither be divided nor confused”.Jesus Christ, according to the New Testament, is the self-disclosure of the one, true God, both in his teaching and in his person; Christ, in Christian faith, is considered the incarnation of God.

Main articles: Allah, God in Islam, and Names of God in Islam

IlahʾIlāh (إله; plural: آلهة ʾālihah), is an Arabic word meaning “god”. It appears in the name of the monotheistic god of Islam as Allah (al-Lāh). which literally means “the god” in Arabic. Islam is strictly monotheistic and the first statement of the shahada, or Muslim confession of faith, is that “there is no ʾilāh (deity) but al-Lāh (God)”, who is perfectly unified and utterly indivisible.

The term Allah is used by Muslims for God. The Persian word Khuda (خدا) can be translated as god, lord or king, and is also used today to refer to God in Islam by Persian and Urduspeakers. The Turkic word for god is Tengri; it exists as Tanrı in Turkish.

Main articles: God in Judaism, Yahweh, Tetragrammaton, Elohim, and Names of God in Judaism

The tetragrammaton in Phoenician

The tetragrammaton in Phoenician(12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts

Judaism affirms the existence of one God (Yahweh, or YHWH), who is not abstract, but He who revealed himself throughout Jewish history particularly during the Exodus and the Exile. Judaism reflects a monotheism that gradually arose, was affirmed with certainty in the sixth century “Second Isaiah”, and has ever since been the axiomatic basis of its theology.

The classical presentation of Judaism has been as a monotheistic faith that rejected deities and related idolatry. However, states Breslauer, modern scholarship suggests that idolatry was not absent in biblical faith, and it resurfaced multiple times in Jewish religious life. The rabbinic texts and other secondary Jewish literature suggest worship of material objects and natural phenomena through the medieval era, while the core teachings of Judaism maintained monotheism.

According to Aryeh Kaplan, God is always referred to as “He” in Judaism, “not to imply that the concept of sex or gender applies to God”, but because “there is no neuter in the Hebrew language, and the Hebrew word for God is a masculine noun” as he “is an active rather than a passive creative force”.

Eastern religions

Further information: Philippine mythology

Anitism, composed of a diverse array of indigenous religions from the Philippines, has multiple pantheon of deities, with each ethnic group having their own. The most notable deities are almost always the deity or deities considered by specific ethnic groups as their supreme deity or deities.

Bathala is the Tagalog supreme deity, while Mangechay is the Kapampangan supreme deity. The Sambal supreme deity is Malayari, the Blaan supreme deity is Melu, the Bisaya supreme deity is Kaptan,and so on. There are more than a hundred different ethnic groups in the Philippines, each having their own supreme deity or deities. Each supreme deity or deities normally rules over a pantheon of deities, contributing to the sheer diversity of deities in Anitism.

Further information: Buddhism and Creator in Buddhism

Buddhists do not believe in a creator deity. However, deities are an essential part of Buddhist teachings about cosmology, rebirth, and saṃsāra. Buddhist deities (known as devas) are believed to reside in a pleasant, heavenly realm within Buddhist cosmology, which is typically subdivided into twenty six sub-realms. These beings are numerous, but they are still mortal; they live in the heavenly realm, then die and are reborn like all other beings. A rebirth in the heavenly realm is believed to be the result of leading an ethical life and accumulating very good karma. A deva does not need to work, and is able to enjoy in the heavenly realm all pleasures found on Earth. However, the pleasures of this realm lead to attachment (Upādāna), lack of spiritual pursuits, and therefore no nirvana. The vast majority of Buddhist lay people in countries practicing Theravada, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist rituals and practices because they are motivated by their potential rebirth into the deva realm. The deva realm in Buddhist practice in Southeast Asia and East Asia, states Keown, include gods found in Hindu traditions such as Indra and Brahma, and concepts in Hindu cosmology such as Mount Meru.

Main articles: Hindu deities, Deva (Hinduism), Devi, God in Hinduism,Ishvara, and Bhagavan

Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge and music.

Saraswati, Hindu goddess of knowledge and music.

The concept of God varies in Hinduism, it being a diverse system of thought with beliefs spanning henotheism, monotheism, polytheism, panentheism, pantheism and monism among others.

In the ancient Vedic texts of Hinduism, a deity is often referred to as Deva (god) or Devi (goddess).The root of these terms mean “heavenly, divine, anything of excellence”. Deva is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is devi. In the earliest Vedic literature, all supernatural beings are called Asuras. Over time, those with a benevolent nature become deities and are referred to as Sura, Deva or Devi.

Devas or deities in Hindu texts differ from Greek or Roman theodicy, states Ray Billington, because many Hindu traditions believe that a human being has the potential to be reborn as a deva (or devi), by living an ethical life and building up saintly karma. Such a deva enjoys heavenly bliss, till the merit runs out, and then the soul (gender neutral) is reborn again into Saṃsāra. Thus deities are henotheistic manifestations, embodiments and consequence of the virtuous, the noble, the saint-like living in many Hindu traditions.

Main articles: God in Jainism

Like many ancient Indian traditions, Jainism does not believe in a creator, omnipotent, omniscient, eternal God; however, the cosmology of Jainism incorporates a meaningful causality-driven reality, and includes four realms of existence (gati), and one of them for deva (celestial beings, gods). A human being can choose and live an ethical life (karma), such as being non-violent (ahimsa) against all living beings, thereby gain merit and be reborn as deva.

Jain texts reject a trans-cosmic God, one who stands outside of the universe and lords over it, but they state that the world is full of devas who are in human-image with sensory organs, with the power of reason, conscious, compassionate and with finite life. Jainism believes in the existence of the soul (Self, atman) and considers it to have “god-quality”, whose knowledge and liberation is the ultimate spiritual goal in both religions. Jains also believe that the spiritual nobleness of perfected souls (Jina) and devas make them worship-worthy beings, with powers of guardianship and guidance to better karma. In Jain temples or festivals, the Jinas and Devas are revered.

Ahura Mazda is the Avestan name for the creator and sole God of Zoroastrianism. The literal meaning of the word Ahura is “mighty” or “lord” and Mazda is wisdom. Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism, taught that Ahura Mazda is the most powerful being in all of the existence and the only deity who is worthy of the highest veneration. Nonetheless, Ahura Mazda is not omnipotent because his evil twin brother Angra Mainyu is nearly as powerful as him. Zoroaster taught that the daevas were evil spirits created by Angra Mainyu to sow evil in the world and that all people must choose between the goodness of Ahura Mazda and the evil of Angra Mainyu. According to Zoroaster, Ahura Mazda will eventually defeat Angra Mainyu and good will triumph over evil once and for all. Ahura Mazda was the most important deity in the ancient Achaemenid Empire. He was originally represented anthropomorphically,but, by the end of the Sasanian Empire, Zoroastrianism had become fully aniconic.

Rational interpretations

See also: Evolutionary origin of religions, Evolutionary psychology of religion, and Neuroscience of Religion

Attempts to rationally explain belief in deities extend all the way back to ancient Greece. The Greek philosopher Democritus argued that the concept of deities arose when human beings observed natural phenomena such as lightning, solar eclipses, and the changing of the seasons. Later, in the third century BCE, the scholar Euhemerus argued in his book Sacred History that the gods were originally flesh-and-blood mortal kings who were posthumously deified, and that religion was therefore the continuation of these kings’ mortal reigns, a view now known as Euhemerism. Sigmund Freud suggested that God concepts are a projection of one’s father.

A tendency to believe in deities and other supernatural beings may be an integral part of the human consciousness. Children are naturally inclined to believe in supernatural entities such as gods, spirits, and demons, even without being indoctrinated into a particular religious tradition. Humans have an overactive agency detection system, which has a tendency to conclude that events are caused by intelligent entities, even if they really are not. This is a system which may have evolved to cope with threats to the survival of human ancestors: in the wild, a person who perceived intelligent and potentially dangerous beings everywhere was more likely to survive than a person who failed to perceive actual threats, such as wild animals or human enemies. Humans are also inclined to think teleologically and ascribe meaning and significance to their surroundings, a trait which may lead people to believe in a creator-deity. This may have developed as a side effect of human social intelligence, the ability to discern what other people are thinking.

Stories of encounters with supernatural beings are especially likely to be retold, passed on, and embellished due to their descriptions of standard ontological categories (person, artifact, animal, plant, natural object) with counterintuitive properties (humans that are invisible, houses that remember what happened in them, etc.). As belief in deities spread, humans may have attributed anthropomorphic thought processes to them, leading to the idea of leaving offerings to the gods and praying to them for assistance, ideas which are seen in all cultures around the world.

Sociologists of religion have proposed that the personality and characteristics of deities may reflect a culture’s sense of self-esteem and that a culture projects its revered values into deities and in spiritual terms. The cherished, desired or sought human personality is congruent with the personality it defines to be gods. Lonely and fearful societies tend to invent wrathful, violent, submission-seeking deities (or God), while happier and secure societies tend to invent loving, non-violent, compassionate deities. Émile Durkheim states that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. According to Matt Rossano, God concepts may be a means of enforcing morality and building more cooperative community groups.

See also

Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


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Slovenian olive oil declared best in northern hemisphere

Paris – Slovenian olive oil Vanja produced by Koper-based olive grower Vanja Dujc has won the prestigious Olio Nuovo award for the best olive oil in the northern hemisphere in 2021, the contest’s organisers announced.

The award was presented on Thursday. The accolade is the recognition of quality and brand, said the organisers, who lauded Dujc’s oil as “wonderful, complex oil, balanced and with a fiery kick at the end”.

The jury, comprised of olive oil experts and top chefs, is chaired by Michelin-starred chef Eric Briffard, the head of the Paris Le Cordon Bleu institute.

The contest is held twice a year – in February the best oil in the northern hemisphere is picked and in August the winner of the southern hemisphere is selected.

Dujc has been producing olive oil since 1984 in village Malija in the coastal Izola municipality. His orchard boasts some 1,200 trees and produces 3,300 litres per year, according to the organisers.

Having won a number of international awards for his oil, Dujc has been dubbed “olive oil guru” or “olive oil whisperer”. The first time he became an olive oil world champion was at the first olive oil world championship organised as part of the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, newspaper Delo reported.

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Edinburgh bars group kicks off Delayed Drinks voucher initiative

THE Glenmorangie Company has joined forces with the group behind Edinburgh’s Bramble, The Last Word and Lucky Liquor bars to launch a new drinks voucher initiative.

Kicking off today (April 17), Delayed Drinks will enable consumers to buy a voucher at Mothershipscotland.com for a drink or round of drinks to enjoy when Mothership’s bars reopen after lockdown.

Vouchers can be redeemed up to six months after Mothership’s bars reopen and guests can choose from a special Delayed Drinks cocktail menu featuring a range of serves, including Ardbeg and Glenmorangie cocktails – with all of the whisky to make them provided free by The Glenmorangie Company.

Jason Scott, co-owner of Mothership, said: “We love our bars, our staff, our guests and our community; making great drinks for great people is what it’s always been about.

“This initiative from The Glenmorangie Company will help us to get back to what we do best. It’s humbling to be offered such genuine support and we’re incredibly grateful to be associated with them and their wonderful team.”

Thomas Moradpour, president and chief executive of The Glenmorangie Company, said the aim is to roll out the initiative to other venues.

“This is obviously an extremely challenging time for bars and restaurants, and we wanted to do something to help,” he said.

“We’re starting with Mothership, and if any other of our existing customers wants to get involved they should get in touch. We’re all in this together.”

Bars interested in joining the Delayed Drinks initiative can contact DelayedDrinks@Glenmorangie.co.uk


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Jurisdiction of a Promissory Note

A court must have jurisdiction, or power, over the claim involved in a lawsuit before it can hear the dispute. Companies frequently use promissory notes, which are legal agreements to pay money, when they transact business. If someone has a dispute over a promissory note, he may resolve it by filing a lawsuit in a court with proper jurisdiction.

General Jurisdiction

Generally, promissory notes fall under the jurisdiction of state courts. State courts can hear promissory note claims because they are courts of general jurisdiction. This means they are not limited to specific types of cases, whereas bankruptcy or probate courts are limited. A note might designate a specific state court's jurisdiction in its terms, or a lawsuit may be filed where the parties or business involved in the note are located. State small claims courts only have general jurisdiction over notes regarding limited dollar amounts, such as claims up to $7,000 in Massachusetts.


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Customer Service (1-855-981-8080)

Chinchilla Cages – Getting Started

two chinchillas kissing

If you have a chin today or you're a parent-to-be, it’s so important to understand what our little ones need to thrive and to keep them safe. Chinchilla cages and what we should focus on when setting them up should be thought through very carefully. Below are some tips to keep your family member as happy and healthy as can be.

Chinchilla Cage Size. Just Let us Jump. Jump. Jump. Jump Around.

We recommend your chinchilla's cage is as large as possible. Chins are super active little gymnasts who need lots of space to practice their routines. Because their natural habitat is full of rocky cliffs high in the Andes, they need space to climb, jump and explore, so a vertical, multi-level cage with a solid bottom is best. And if they don’t get what they need size-wise, the boredom they feel from being enclosed can make them feel icky and lead to depression and self-destructive behavior. In the end, spending more money in your up-front cage investment is a MUCH better option than the sadness your chin will feel if you don’t.

And don't forget - chins are nocturnal, so it’s best to keep their living quarters in a quiet place, away from sunlight, so they’re rested to play when the sun goes down.

Chins Need Comfy Bedding, Too.

Lots of chin parents prefer covering the bottom of the cage with a fleece liner. If you go this route, be sure not to let any threads show, because chins will chew, and possibly eat them, which could lead to a blockage. It’s recommended that if this is the route you decide to go, get a small dish (metal or glass) and fill with disposable bedding, so your chin has a place to potty. Another good option is Aspen shavings. It’s important to choose a product from wood shaved logs rather than reclaimed paper, which contain potentially dangerous fibers and has the potential to cause a blockage if it's eaten.

Gimme That Toy!

Chins love to jump from level to level inside their cage, so it’s ideal to have different activities on each.  An exercise wheel is a must, but be careful of the style you choose. No spokes or wire mesh; the running surface must be solid or your little one may get their feet caught, or even worse. Safety is always first. Chews are great, too. Because chinchilla teeth never stop growing, it’s important that they always have something to help grind them down. Ladders and blocks are also good options. But caution - always avoid plastic! Chins chew and gnaw, and any kind of digestion can cause major health problems.

Just remember, when making any purchase for your chin’s cage, whether a newbie, mid-level, or expert, safety is number one. Always know what you’re allowing your little guys to have. And when in doubt, throw it out.

Choose your location

You can buy from Small Pet Select anywhere in the world! To get the best service, choose the store closest to you:

Take me there


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Smartcall Healthcare

Registered Nurse ~ Beautiful Nursing Home with Good CQC Pay in line with NHS Top Band 6 + Great Benefits

Position: Staff Nurse (RGN, RMN, RNLD) Nursing Home

Registered Care Categories:

· Old Age

· Physical Disability

· Palliative Care

Location: Winchester

Pay: £18.87 p/hour + Benefits Package (more info below)

Bonus: Yes, £1000 paid in your 1st full month

Salary: £36,796.5 per year (based on 37.5 hours per week) More or less hours are available or £43,174.56 per year (based on 44 hours per week)

Hours – 22, 33, 37.5 or 44 hours per week available.

Job Contract – Permanent

About the home/Company:

Paid NMC & DBS Check
The company are recognised as one of the UK’s leading Independent healthcare companies specialising in Care of the elderly providing the highest standards of personalised care to residents in over 200 homes across the UK.
Offering the best training, support, progressive opportunities and offer a positive & friendly company culture. Regularly recognised in industry awards, and receiving an Award for being one of the ‘Top 20 Large Care Home Groups’ 5 years running, caring is at the heart of what this company do
Based in Winchesterthis beautiful and welcoming 50 bedded nursing home offers residential and nursing care and provides person centred to Elderly Residents with end of life care needs and physical disabilities
The Nursing Home is highly rated on with a 9.6 / 10 rating. The reviews have come from staff, families and residents. Please see an example of a review below
Are you…

An experienced Registered Nurse (RGN, RMN or RNLD) The service welcomes applications from all General Nurses, Mental Health Nurses and Learning Disability Nurses as full training and support will be given with your own designated mentor
Registered with a valid NMC Pin and full eligibility to live and work in the UK.
Passionate, caring, fun and energetic, with a genuine commitment and desire to make a difference in the lives of the residents we care for every day?
Committed to your own personal development and growth, and to the development of our nursing services?
Benefits on offer:

£1000 welcome bonus
The cost of your NMC Pin Renewal paid for by the company
The cost of your DBS Check with be paid for by the company
Membership for The Nursing Times paid for by the company
Excellent support and training for newly qualified nurses
Comprehensive induction, structured and on-going training and career development opportunities & the opportunity to complete further qualifications
Excellent and friendly work environments with an established and supportive nurse team
Discounts and offers on food, Online & High-street shops & holidays
Childcare vouchers
Generous holiday entitlement per annum plus bank holidays
Free uniform
Help with re-validation
A high number of qualified nurses and support staff on shift
Structured and on-going training scheme – all expenses paid
Indemnity Insurance
A high number of qualified nurses and support staff on shift
Genuine Career development opportunities at all levels
Refer a friend bonus
How to Apply:

If you are interested in this opportunity, we would love to hear from you. Please submit your CV/click apply. If you would like to know more information about this position, please call Tommy

today ON 01329 422 572
Smartcall Recruitment will support you from application stage through to getting your start date. We support nurses through interview, offer stage, on-boarding, start dates and beyond. Smartcall want to make sure you feel informed, supported at all stages

All enquiries and applications will be strictly confidential

Please note we only advertise a small amount of our vacancies

Reference ID: NurseSC556

To apply for this job email your details to


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Planning Commission bats for PPP model in waste management

Waste management PPP1For sustainable waste management in the cities groaning under the burden of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) lying unused, Public Private Partnership (PPP) model for Solid Waste Management (SWM) has been recommended by K Kasturirangan, head of the Task Force constituted by the Planning Commission. It panel has the mandate for a viable gap funding by the Government .

The Task Force has strongly recommended PPP as a model of service delivery to achieve the targets set for sustainable waste management, said a press statement. “A model scheme has also been detailed for setting up waste-to-energy projects through PPP model, including a viability gap funding up to 40 percent,” it added.

The group was asked to identify technically feasible, financially affordable and environmentally sound processing and disposal technologies for MSW and evaluate technological options, financial mechanisms and institutional arrangements to enhance resource recovery and promote waste-to-energy technologies.

At present, urban India generates 1,70,000 tonnes of MSW every day. Of this, only 19 percent is treated and rest goes to dump sites, causing serious health problems and adverse impact on environment. The situation is assuming alarming proportions.

The report highlights the need for an integrated approach towards MSW management, stressing on reduction and segregation of waste at source and efficient utilisation of various components of waste. It also lays emphasis on the need to set up centralised and decentralised waste processing facilities keeping in view the quantity and quality of waste generated and financial viability of the processing technology.

The report provides guidance for the selection of appropriate technology and clearly indicates technologies that could be adopted by various classes of cities. It also emphasises on the need to convert combustible waste into refuse derived fuel (RDF) and use it for setting up power plants based on RDF.

The report is being sent to the chief ministers of all states for use as a guideline document for integrated waste management. This report is expected to provide appropriate linkages to the new MSW rules being currently framed by Ministry of Environment and Forests and the National Manual for Solid Waste Management, which is being revised by Ministry of Urban Development.

Eletsonline News
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Split-Core Current Transformer With 333mV Output

The Smartenit Split-Core Current Transformers provide a low-cost and accurate method to sense electrical current. A hinge and locking snap allows non-invasive attachment to the current-carrying wire. High secondary turns develop a 0-333mV signal suitable to any of our meters such as the IoTeMtr and other 3rd party devices. Select the measuring range you need from the options below.

Use these current transformers (CTs) with our energy meters such as our versatile 6-channel wireless IoTeMtr.  These devices also work with any meter that has a 333mV CT input.

  • Available to measure many AC current ranges, from 30A to 200A
  • 333mV output for all ranges enables compatibility with many meters and eliminates need for burden resistors
  • Twisted Pair, 22AWG leads extend 6 feet
  • Easy installation – simply open the split-core and snap the CT around the wire to be monitored
  • Connects to Smartenit meters with  detachable screw terminal strip that accepts 24AWG to 18AWG wire.

Additional information

Weight N/A
Dimensions N/A

  • Monitor the AC current on an electrical load
  • Identify how energy is being used throughout the home/building to make energy saving decisions
  • Make any electrical panel smart. Monitor whole panel or individual circuits.
  • Designed to install around primary conductors without disconnecting wires or breaking the circuit to be monitored. Simply open and snap the CT around the wire.

Rated current5A to 600A
Rated output333mV (AC)
AccuracyClass 0.5 or 1 from 20% to 120% of rated current
Phase angle< 2 degrees at 50% of rated current
Insulation voltage600VAC
Maximum primary voltage500VAC (Insulated Conductor)
Dielectric strength2.5KV / 1mA / 1 min
Case materialPC / UL94-V0
LeadsUL 1015, Twisted Pair, 22 AWG
Operating temperature15C to 60C
Operating humidity< 85%

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Carbohydrates  that affect  us and we should be aware and control for a good nutrition are split in 2 major groups
Bad carbohydrates.
These are carbohydrates whose assimilation causes an increase in high blood glucose (hyperglycemia).
Is table sugar in all its forms (pure or combined with other foods as cakes), but it is also the case of all refined carbohydrates, like white rice, white flour, or alcohol (particularly distilled alcohol) and potato and maize.
Good carbohydrates
Contrary to the above, these are carbohydrates whose uptake by the body is weak and therefore causes a low glucose release in the body. Grains(bran flour), whole rice and pasta  as lentils, but especially for most fruits and vegetables, all of which we include in the category food and fibre (leeks, turnips, lettuce, green beans) and containing all a small amount of carbohydrates.
Tip. Eat more fiber, fruits and less refined sugar …:)

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We could not gather in person but it did not diminish the significance of these awards and their recipients! We recognized SMCHS students with scholarships earned, academic, activity, fine arts, and athletic awards on May 13 at 6:30 p.m.

Watch a recording of the event.

We also be honored three alumni with our annual awards:

Outstanding Catholic Christian Service Award – Mary Krueger
Distinguished Service Award – Lori Vegso
Alumni Achievement Award – John Hale

Congratulations Zephyrs!!


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Smemetal Enterprise

Acomech Engineering Sdn Bhd was incorporated in 2001. Our principal activities are related to primarily in supply, installation and service.

Industry equipment including:

  • Pumps, Valves, Motors and other engineering products.
  • Mixers and Agitators.
  • Heat exchanger and storage tank.
  • General Fabrication Work.

With the establishment with overseas partnership, our service also including sourcing and supply of spare parts.

Our focus has been on reliability, quality, on time delivery and job completion to our client's satisfaction.

  1. Product Distributionship.
    - World Chemical - Sunny King
    - Goulds Water

    - Inoxpa

    - Alfa Laval - Nippon Pillar
    - Kwan Tai - Crane
    - Upompe - Klinger
    - Leser - Valqua
  2. Technical support in Selecting, Commissioning, Trouble shooting, repairing and servicing of pumps. Including supply and rewinding electric AC/ DC motors.
  3. General Fabrication Works and Supply of Machined Spare Part.
  4. Supply of Steel Plate, Steel pipe, Fittings & Structural Steel.


text:
Select Page
Published December 4, 2013

SMRpodcast episode #190 has been recorded, is online, and ready for download.  It was an extremely laid back show this week, as I think the entire crew is still recovering from tryptophan overdose after the Thanksgiving Holiday.

There wasn't a lot of tech news over the last week, but, after talking about our dislike of Chittlens (Chitterlings), we did talk a bit about the 60 Minutes interview of Amazon's Jeff Bezos and his dream to deliver packages to your doorstep using autonomous drones.

Applebee's is going to start rolling out tablets to each table to allow patrons to quickly enter in their drink and appetizer orders, but, the entire crew is kind of grossed out by it becuause it doesn't seem very sanitary.

Time Warner Cable is now offering HBO and 20 more channels starting at $29.99 per month in a new Starter TV with HBO package.  The cool this is that you can use this package even if you are a cord cutter and is the cheapest way to get HBO.
iOS user buy more stuff online that Android users, Instagram is talking about adding chat features, and Chris's son almost drove over his brand new Lumia 1520.  We've got all this, our picks, and more in episode #190 of the SMRpodcast.

Show Details

  • Recorded: December 3rd, 2013
  • Published: December 4th, 2013
  • Duration: 01hr 35min 00sec

Big stories we covered this week

  • We give our Thanksgiving dinner recaps
  • We weigh in on Amazon drone deliveries
  • We discuss restaurants using Tablets for taking orders

Other stories we covered this week

  • iPhone online purchasing increases
  • Xbox One video recording
  • We also discuss the expensive cost of Ala Carte TV watching

Picks of the Week


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May 18, 2012 Sam Mugavero

Warmup:   Run/Jump Rope for 2-3 minutes. Dynamic Stretching  followed by 10 Pushups, 10 Squats, and 20 Lunge Steps.

Complete the following as quickly as possible

Run 1 mile

30 Kettlebell Swings

30 Pushups

30 Goblet Squats  w/Kettlebell

30 One-Arm Kettlebell Press (15/arm)

Run 1 mile

Post your time to comments. Don’t forget to “LIKE” the workout if you performed it.


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Summer, Tree

Crape Myrtles

In the late summer, when most of the flowers have finished blooming, and the gardens begin to turn brown from the summer heat, the Crape Myrtle trees bloom.

Many different shades of pink and purple line the streets. It almost feels like spring again.

I never realized how many of these trees were in my neighborhood. I only wish they stayed this pretty all the time.


text:
Madcap - String Puppet

from Madcap - Joy & Pain by Madcap

  • Digital Track
    Streaming + Download

    Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality download in MP3, FLAC and more.
    Purchasable with gift card

      £1.25 GBP  or more

    You own this

Smooth N Groove Records have saved the best till last, ending out the year with the much hyped 'Joy & Pain' EP by top shelf producer Madcap. The EP has been receiving heavy support from some of the scene's top players, including Randall, LTJ Bukem, Makoto and Velocity to name a few.

Since the early 90's Madcap has been heavily involved within the Drum & Bass scene, primarily as a DJ touring up and down the UK before trying his hand at music production. Since his first release in 2006 on Nookies label, Phuzion and later the legendary Good Looking Records, Madcap has continued to master his distinctive sound to the high quality we hear today. Over the years his fan base has grown rapidly, placing him in high demand amongst co-producers wanting to collaborate alongside him or labels wanting a release. His back catalogue continues to grow and he has seen releases on Fokuz, Celsius, Jazzsticks, a recent vinyl release on Soul Deep and his track 'Rain' featured on Randall's LP Pieces 2.

2017 has been a busy year for Madcap and he is ending it out strong. The 'Joy & Pain' EP shows his experience as a producer and why he is considered one of the greats within the scene. The EP is influenced by both sides of the musical spectrum. From the deeper moods of 'String Puppet' to the more soulful, bass booming and highly addictive vibes of 'Joy'. The EP continues to progress and gets better and better, notably the amazing vocals and steppy drum patten in 'Pray' to the wicked rolling vibes of 'Traits'. This EP is by far one of, if not his best solo work to date.

from Madcap - Joy & Pain, released December 30, 2017

all rights reserved

Smooth N Groove Records London, UK

Smooth N Groove Records is a Drum & Bass label dedicated to bringing atmospheric, funky, soulful, rolling vibez from the best in the scene to the ears of all listeners.

Based out of Washington, DC and Northampton, UK. Smooth N Groove Records launched in May 2016 opening with their first release, Jrumhand’s Beaches & Countryside.

Demos including your contact details to:
... more

contact / help

Contact Smooth N Groove Records

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Download help

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text: @article{oai:soar-ir.repo.nii.ac.jp:00012440, author = {IZUTANI, Yasuo}, issue = {6}, journal = {Journal of Physics of the Earth}, month = {}, note = {The total power, the duration, and the starting time of band-pass filtered accelerograms are chosen as model parameters to express amplitude variations of ground acceleration in both the time and frequency domains. In order to estimate model parameters of certain earthquakes and site conditions, a probabilistic source model is used and accelerograms recorded during the Matsushiro earthquake swarm are analyzed statistically. The duration and the starting time of the strong ground motion are found to have close relations to the amplification characteristics of surface layers at the sites. As an example, model parameters are estimated by assuming the source parameters and the site conditions of the Miyagi-Oki earthquake of June 12, 1978. Wave-forms, running spectra, and velocity response spectra of synthetic accelerograms resemble those of observed accelerograms., Article, Journal of Physics of the Earth. 29(6):537-557 (1981)}, pages = {537--557}, title = {A STATISTICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF QUASIREALISTIC STRONG GROUND MOTION}, volume = {29}, year = {1981} }


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Receiving Approval of Previous MAs from Outside UW Sociology

Occasionally students enter the graduate program having already earned a Masters Degree elsewhere.  While such students should be prepared to complete an additional MA in the department, students whose previous MA degree included a written thesis are invited to request a formal faculty review of their prior MA work.  Students whose MA is approved via this review process will not be required to complete a second MA degree in the UW Sociology department.  All students, however, are required to complete the required first year courses, since completing these courses is a requirement of the Ph.D. program.

During the first quarter of graduate school, students who have earned a MA from elsewhere should submit a package of written materials to the Graduate Program Advisor.  An MA from elsewhere includes either MAs from outside the University of Washington, or a University of Washington MA from a department other than Sociology.

This package should include:

  1. A completed Request for Review of Prior MA Degree form, signed by the student's UW Sociology Advisor.
  2. A short statement describing the MA program and what the thesis accomplishes.
  3. A copy of the MA Thesis.  This should be submitted in English.  If your thesis was originally written in a language other than English, you may submit a translated version.
  4. A transcript of prior graduate coursework.

The Graduate Program Advisor will provide this material to the Graduate Program Coordinator for official review.  The Graduate Program Coordinator will appoint a student-specific committee of at least two faculty members to review the request.  This committee will include a faculty member whose substantive and/or methodological expertise equips them to evaluate the thesis, and at least one member of the Graduate Program Committee.  The prior MA will be evaluated according to the following criteria:

  1. Does the MA thesis demonstrate an ability to conduct methodologically sound social scientific research?
  2. Does the overall package of MA work demonstrate that the student is prepared to begin Ph.D. level independent, empirical, sociological research?

Normally, the outcome of the review will be:

  • Either to accept the MA (thereby waiving the requirement to earn a UW Sociology MA as a step toward the Ph.D.);
  • Or to reject the MA (thereby requiring the student to complete an MA in the Sociology department as a condition of admission to the Ph.D. program).

In rare cases, the review committee may find that the existing thesis is deficient in one or more limited aspects.  Under these circumstances, the review committee may recommend that the student work with a faculty member to revise the thesis so that it could be accepted:

  • Invitations to revise the thesis require the approval of the entire Graduate Program Committee and agreement from the designated faculty member.
  • Revisions should normally be completed within two quarters.
  • Failure to successfully revise within this time period means the student's MA is rejected and she/he must complete a second MA in the UW Sociology department.

Important Policy Notes

  1. This policy will go into effect with the 2012 entering cohort.  However, currently enrolled students may request a review of previous MA work if they wish.
  2. Students whose MA is accepted will be classified as 'post-MA' students.  Each member of the same committee who has reviewed the previous MA will provide a summary evaluation of the MA thesis, and make a recommendation concerning whether or not to advance the student to the Ph.D. program.  See this page for the rest of this advancement process.
  3. Students whose MA is accepted are still required to complete the required first year courses, since completing these courses is a requirement of the Ph.D. program.
  4. Students who have extensive prior coursework in social statistics may separately petition to waive out of one or more of the required statistics courses.  Such petitions are reviewed jointly by the Methods committee and the Graduate Program Committee.  If approved, be sure to send a copy of the approval to the Graduate Program Coordinator for your student file.

Policy for Approving Non-UW Sociology MAs
Adopted by Faculty 11/02/2011
Officially Effective with 2012 Cohort.
Currently enrolled students may request a review if they wish.


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Liverpool agree $20 million deal to sign Spanish left back Alberto Moreno

Liverpool are close to the signing of Sevilla’s highly-rated left back Alberto Moreno.

The 22-year-old Spaniard, who made Spain’s initial 30-man World Cup squad but didn’t make the final cut, is set to have a medical and will agree personal terms at Anfield in the coming days.

Brendan Rodgers’ side will pay $20 million for Moreno who has come through the academy at Sevilla and shone over the past two seasons in La Liga. On Tuesday he was in Cardiff as Sevilla lost 2-0 to Real Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup and the entire squad and coaching staff said an emotional goodbye to Moreno who was said to be extremely popular after coming through the youth and reserve teams in Andalucia.

A short statement announcing the deal had been agreed for Moreno’s transfer was placed on Liverpool’s website.

Liverpool can confirm they have reached an agreement with Sevilla for the transfer of Spain international full-back Alberto Moreno.

The Reds will proceed with the formalities of finalizing the deal for the 22-year-old over the coming days and will make no further announcement until it is complete.

Moreno’s signing fits in with Rodgers’ philosophy and the way he has bolstered his ranks this summer. Alongside the likes of Lazar Markovic, Adam Lallana, Dejan Lovren, Divock Origi and Javier Manquillo, Moreno is young, has experience at the top level under his belt and plays the ‘Liverpool way’ which Rodgers has fostered over the past two seasons. The aforementioned quintet are all under the age of 26 and Rodgers will now sculpt them into playing the attacking, free flowing soccer fans of the Reds love to watch.

Liverpool’s problem area last season was in defense as they conceded 50 goals in 38 PL games but with the addition of Lovren and now Moreno set to join, Rodgers has addressed where he needed to strengthen. Defense. The only question now is as to what Liverpool’s best back four looks like. Glen Johnson or Jon Flanagan at right back? Lovren, Mamadou Sakho, Kolo Toure, Daniel Agger or Martin Skrtel at center back? Moreno or Jose Enrique at left back?

Whoever lines up at the back for Liverpool, this season they have plenty of options in defense. That certainly wasn’t the case last term.


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Can Science Halt Islamic Extremism? M. Zaki Kirmani

Author Information: M. Zaki Kirmani, Aligarh Muslim University,

Kirmani, M. Zaki “Can Science Halt Islamic Extremism?” Social Epistemology Review and Reply Collective 5, no. 5 (2016): 16-18.

The PDF of the article gives specific page numbers. Shortlink:

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    Articles related to the broader discussion on Islam and science, hosted by the SERRC, are listed below the article. [a]

Image credit: ccdoh1, via flickr

The “bridge course”, initiated by Aligarh Muslim University (India), encourages graduates of Islamic seminaries in the country to join the mainstream secular education system. The course introduces the graduates to the basics of the social sciences and preliminary features of science and technology, its scope, the growing influence and the consequent changes in the world (apart from its basic technical aspects). I joined the faculty as a senior science fellow and was asked to give weekly lectures. I soon realized I had an opportunity to interact closely with students who have potential to be indoctrinated as extremist and intolerant to the extent of sacrificing their precious lives for the cause of attaining supposedly highest possible spiritual targets, shahadah (testimony to the truth by sacrificing life), while performing jihad.

Reaching Seminary Graduates

As seminary graduates, my students are well versed in the Arabic language and are in position to consult directly the classics of religious literature giving them confidence to interpret and understand the text directly. Unfortunately, however, the education system prevalent in seminaries discourages independent attempts to understand and interpret the religious texts. The students believe that people closer to the prophet Muhammad historically—and, so, in piety and character—are better qualified to follow and understand the text’s meaning and spirit. Thus in Islamic seminaries the world over, independent thinking being almost forbidden, discussion remains limited to the questions, issues and problems debated by the old masters. An overwhelming similarity in thinking and mindset seems natural.

In my initial lectures, I made it clear to the students that given the Quranic demand to think and ponder about nature and natural phenomena that many scientists take scientific activity as essentially a religious activity. This characterization sounded interesting to the students. I succeeded in winning their attention. However, the most important objection I faced during my interactions came out of the commonly understood view of science on creation and the scientificity of knowledge coming through revelation.

I would emphasize that the Quran does not say anything specific and categorical about creation, Darwin’s theory included, and seems to keep the question open for human creativity by referring to such terms that can be best considered as piecemeal information. And for this reason many views are found in Islam on such issues. The students kept their minds open and were alive to further possibilities. This open mindedness led to more interest when they were told that science echoes the Quran’s recognition of acts of hearing, seeing and reflecting—tools that help humans develop their views in both scientific and religious domains.

These assertions came as surprise to the young graduates. Although their stances did not weaken, the students were convinced to be sympathetic, at least, to scientific ideas. Advocates of Darwin’s theory of evolution, and their attendant atheism, create apathy toward science in the young graduate of religious seminaries. However, when told that Darwin himself was a staunch theist and declined Karl Marx’s request to dedicate the second volume of Das Kapital to him given Marx’s atheistic tendencies, the students began to question their belief of Darwin’s atheism. Their antagonism with evolutionary theory began to erode.

Human evolution is also questioned in the context of Quranic view in that Adam, being the first man, was a grown up person. What is taught about early man addresses Adam’s social evolution, but keeps silent on his intellectual health. However, the two views can find meeting point to advance the debate. As rethinking these positions is considered reasonable, and the possibility of the scientific view seems acceptable for consideration, this outcome indicates a great success. The change in mindset is apparent and may open up new vistas. My experience suggests that it does not take much time to accept that several Quranic statements do not offer a final position—this seems particularly so in matters related to the events of distant future or distant past.

When such an environment is created in classroom, it is less difficult to let science intervene in matters thus far considered sacrosanct. It may be interesting to note that the Popperian idea of falsifiability in the philosophy of science has been quite helpful in creating a congenial environment for science. Scientific concepts considered anti-Quranic become worth considering once they are presented as falsifiable. I have seen and witnessed the glow and enthusiasm filled satisfaction on student’s faces while discussing such issues.

These debates often ended on the note that, on the one hand, study, reflection, thinking and evaluating things listened to, seen and thought is highly valued in the Quran and, on the other hand, they are the greatest source of scientific research and thinking.

Contemplating Natural Phenomena

My next move was to explain that the Quran is not a book of natural or social science but, as a book concerning man’s present and future, it can lend instructions that appear to have value or interest for or other branches of knowledge. I would explain that scientifically inquisitive minds reading the Quran may be tempted to check the scientificity of such statements (as has been done by many). While holding such approach may not be healthy intellectually, I would point out to instructions in the Quran that intend to create scientific culture but have been ignored and overlooked by contemporary scholars.

Such instructions are not one, two or dozens, but approximately seven hundred. These instructions ask readers to think, reflect, ponder, see, and use one’s intellect to contemplate natural phenomena in the physical universe, living things and the psychological and social domain of the human self and society. I explained that while the situation has drastically changed today, the science that flourished in Islamic civilization was cultivated by scientists who were equally knowledgably in religious studies. References from history bring science and the Quran closer to each other—the life and physical sciences, human psychology and social behavior gradually become subjects of religious import.

To this point, my views did not disturb to the students. However, when I observed that these scientific subjects of religious import should be studied in an organized manner, along with the subjects being presently taught in Islamic seminaries and made part of the curriculum, traditional thinking once again overcome the intellectual refinement achieved. The reason is simple. Speaking generally, for Muslims it takes longer to impart religiosity to any act other than traditional rituals. Similarly, jihad is understood as a means of avenging and acquiring power rather than a means of establishing justice, eradicating tyranny, and working to do good for human beings. The Quran based assertion on an alternative frame of activities successfully distanced the students from such extremist thinking and, at least as individuals, the students have been able to sense genuine Quranic spirituality in 1) studying and reflecting on Nature, its phenomena, and human behavioral studies, and 2) working in scientific knowledge-based activities for the welfare of human beings.

The above involves pure science in thinking and doing. It involves science for science sake and for the welfare of people. Both ends have a sense of ibadah (worship) and jihad as the Quran suggests. Students find it difficult to disagree with potential religiosity in scientific activity and also the fact that science is a highly reliable source of empowerment for individuals and communities. The results have been astonishing. Almost fifty percent of the students who joined the “bridge course” have opted for science and scientific disciplines for their future careers. Intra-faith and inter-faith extremism, at the beginning of their admission to the “bridge course”, transforms into enthusiasm for understanding and unfolding the secrets of Nature. And the possibility of using the scientific knowledge for the welfare of common man (which is highly rewarding as suggested by the Quran) has great potential to make the zealous graduates of Islamic seminaries future scientists. Such experiments need be done on a large scale not only in the universities but also in civil society in order to make the world, robbed of its peace by extremist tendencies, a place of tranquility.

[a] Articles in the exchange on Islam and science on the SERRC:

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Best Ceramic Brake Pads 2021

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At the MT520 caliper end, 4 pistons push the non-finned resin pads, and they’re held in place with a split pin. Despite its pocket-friendly value, the brake nonetheless has an affordable variety of features, and if previous testing is to be believed, leaves many questioning why one ought to spend more. Launched quietly in 2019, the catchily-named BL-MT501/BR-MT520 is Shimano’s entry-level four-piston brake, sitting just below the Deore range.

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Wagner Thermoquiet Semi-metallic Brake Pads 2021

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Who Makes the Best Brake Pads 2021

Read more about Best Braking Pads here. But in case you have enough experience with average car works, you possibly can do this. In this Bosch brake pads evaluation article, I’m going to talk about different sorts of Bosch brake pads to have the ability to decide one for you. I’ve examined these in different occasions to know in regards to the performances and find out which performs higher.

Ceramic Brake Pads in Cold Weather 2021

Ceramic pads also benefit from a quiet, non-squeak operation, which additionally consists of extraordinarily low brake dust. Any visible brake dust is normally mild and can be cleaned simply. They aren’t too aggressive on rotor surfaces both, but some ceramic pads undergo from much less initial chunk or grab, which can get worse underneath high operating temperatures. As acknowledged earlier, semi-metallic brake pads increase their efficiency as they get closer to their working temperature. On the ultra-high performance finish of the brake spectrum, you will need to bear in mind what your automobiles brake working temperature vary is. High performance brake pad manufactures, similar to Hawk, publish their pads operating temperature ranges.

Bosch Brake Pads 2021

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Duralast Brake Pads Review

Boasting a somewhat low fade design, longevity and a few 80% brake dust reduction in comparability with OEM pads, EBC Brakes DP31210C Redstuff is highly wanted by frequent campers. Featuring a mix between ceramic elements and Kevlar based fibers, these EBC Brakes are durable and will last you many long trips on the highway. I simply installed these brake pads in my 2010 Honda Civic LX and so they fit perfectly. Not only that however they also hold to their claim of being quiet…. A particular advocate for anybody who owns an identical automobile. Able to sort out heats, heavy hundreds and frequent stops, Wagner Severe Duty SX756 earns its well-deserved reputation as probably the greatest brake pads for towing regarding sturdiness.

Where Are Wagner Brake Pads Made

These elements supply distinctive efficiency and are backed by our 24 Month/24,000 Mile guarantee. If you’re feeling vibrations or pulsing within the brake pedal or steering wheel through the means of braking, you’re in all probability dealing with rotor points. Warped or broken rotors can result in a pricey restore bill, so get your car checked as soon as you start feeling the feeling.

Best Brake Pad 2021

I’m replacing my rotor with full premium rotor and new ceramic pads. They produce little to no brake mud and have a pleasant chew to them. Just be certain to use plenty of ceramic brake components lube, its about $2 for a small packet of the gel. However i bought every little thing on-line and did an in-store pickup and was ready to make use of a coupon code that saved me $35. This new one piece will make changing pads a lot faster and easier.

Best Brake Pads Brand

The newly designed Carbotech One Piece will give longer pad life and slightly more chunk as well. We are molding the brand new One Piece pad just like we do with all of the C6, C5, and C4 brake pads. Some customers have reported the braking experience to be an enchancment over OEM pads.

Types of Brake Pads

We were the primary to launch the padlets almost four years ago, after which we have been the primary to release the One Piece over a year ago. I prefer the 1 piece pad more materials better pedal really feel better put on. Below is the original press release from Carbotech in regards to the 1 piece pad years in the past. If you hate to wear through your auto elements fast (who doesn’t), this long-lasting set by Akebono might enchantment to you. It’s additionally ideal if you can’t stand vibration of any sort whereas braking. They are constructed to be mild on rotors, a plus for any car proprietor.

Organic Brake Pads 2021

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However, the inevitable wear and tear is something that each one car owners can’t keep away from, and the extra you use your car, the earlier it will occur. At some level, these elements will need to be replaced, and that’s especially true for your car’s brake pads. With the high-quality brake pads from high brands in our evaluate above, discovering the right choice on your automobile should be tremendous easy now. And there is something for almost any sort of automobile mannequin and type on the street on our listing. Now that you’ve put in a brand new brake pad, swap on your automobile and put it in impartial.

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