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date: 25 May 2020

Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge [pseud. Lewis Carroll]free

  • Morton N. Cohen

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson [Lewis Carroll] (1832–1898)

by unknown photographer, c. 1856–60

Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge [pseud. Lewis Carroll] (1832–1898), author, mathematician, and photographer, was born at Daresbury parsonage, Cheshire, on 27 January 1832, the eldest son and third of eleven children of Charles Dodgson (1800–1868), curate of the parish, later rector of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, examining chaplain to the bishop of Ripon, archdeacon of Richmond, and canon of Ripon Cathedral, and his wife and first cousin, Frances Jane, née Lutwidge (1803–1851).

Early years and education

For eleven years the Dodgsons lived in 'complete seclusion from the world', during which time Charles's precocity and uncommon nature emerged: he 'invented strange diversions for himself', made pets of 'odd and unlikely animals', and implored his father to explain the meaning of logarithms (Collingwood, 11). In later years Dodgson reminisced about:

An island-farm—broad seas of corn …The happy spot where I was born.

Faces in the Fire

In 1843 Peel, the prime minister, appointed the elder Dodgson to the more lucrative living at Croft-on-Tees, and at this bustling spa and hunting centre the young Dodgson grew and blossomed. At thirteen he inaugurated a series of family magazines and produced single-handedly the first one, Useful and Instructive Poetry, containing fifteen verses, a prose piece, and numerous drawings, altogether a remarkably gifted performance, adumbrating the infectious wit and literary ingenuity that would later bring him fame. He went on to edit and compose most of the seven later family magazines. He wrote plays for a marionette theatre that the family and a local carpenter built; he dressed up in a brown wig and white gown and as Aladdin nimbly performed conjuring tricks.

Dodgson was educated at home by his parents until he was twelve; then he entered Richmond School, 10 miles from home, and two years later, Rugby, where he spent almost four unhappy years. At both schools he distinguished himself and took numerous prizes. In 1851 he matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, where his father had taken a double first. His mother's death, a few days after he arrived at university, affected Dodgson deeply and is thought by some to have inhibited his emotional growth. He none the less did well in his studies, won a Boulter scholarship, and with his BA (1854) took first-class honours in mathematics and a second class in classics.

Oxford don and cleric

In 1852 E. B. Pusey nominated Dodgson for a studentship (life fellowship) of Christ Church and in 1855 he became mathematical lecturer there. Christ Church dons were at that time required to take clerical orders and remain unmarried. Dodgson was ordained deacon on 22 December 1861, but never took priest's orders. His lifelong stammer and a deaf right ear may have contributed to that decision, but it is more likely that he did not see eye to eye with church doctrine. Influenced by the works of S. T. Coleridge and F. D. Maurice, whom he knew and admired, Dodgson veered from his father's high-church and ritualist faith to embrace the less pretentious broad church. He was genuinely devout, relying on inner instinct perhaps more than external teachings as a basis for divine truth; he rejected eternal punishment as a doctrinal certainty; with an ecumenical outlook, he embraced the whole of humanity, even those who had never heard of Christ, as children of God; and he was convinced that all sinners could find salvation through repentance.

In spite of his infirmities, Dodgson preached from various pulpits, impressing congregations with his religious fervour. He also lectured away from his college, to children and older students, particularly at girls' schools and colleges, on mathematics and logic. He often gave private tuition to youngsters as well, and observers could not help noticing the stream of young females arriving at Christ Church and mounting Tom Quad staircase 7 to be taught and photographed by Mr Dodgson. Remarkably, Christ Church actually allowed him to break through the roof above his rooms and build a glasshouse where he could photograph his protégées in daylight.

Early publications

Dodgson wrote and published voluminously, mathematical and literary works and a good deal else. From his early days as lecturer he brought out mathematical broadsheets to help students meet Oxford's requirements. Opinions of him as a lecturer were divided: '“unwilling men” found him a very uninspiring lecturer', a niece of his wrote, 'dull as ditchwater' (V. Dodgson). One of his students recalled, however, that 'his methods of explaining the elements of Euclid … [were] extremely lucid, so that the least intelligent of us could grasp at any rate “the Pons Asinorum”' (Pearson). A sixth-form student at the Oxford High School for Girls remembered that he:

compelled me to that independence of thought I had never before tried to exercise. … gradually under his stimulating tuition I felt myself able … to judge for myself, to select, and … to reject. … Mr Dodgson at the same time bestowed on me another gift. … He gave me a sense of my own personal dignity. He was so punctilious, so courteous, so considerate, so scrupulous not to embarrass or offend, that he made me feel that I counted.

Dodgson worked assiduously at his mathematics. His first book appeared in 1860, when he was twenty-eight: A syllabus of plane algebraical geometry, systematically arranged, with formal definitions, postulates, and axioms, a 154-page effort to translate some of Euclid into algebraical terms and to claim for analytical geometry a greater role in developing reason and logical thinking than was generally conceded. He went on to publish major works which have earned fresh analysis and new appreciation a century and more after he died. Dodgson revered Euclid. Euclid dominated his professional work, and he devised fresh approaches to the master, refusing to tamper with his texts, since he insisted that Euclid had to be seen plain. Instead, he sought to clarify difficulties and to make Euclid more accessible to modern minds. In Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), engagingly built as a four-act comedy and a Platonic dialogue enhanced by Dodgson's trump card, his whimsy, he presented a forceful argument against all who had meddled with Euclid's text. From that point on esoteric work followed esoteric work, virtually always embellished by his hallmark, that characteristic Dodgsonian wit; even a century later, when professional mathematicians see a reference to some of the examples that Dodgson used to illustrate his arguments—for instance 'What the tortoise said to Achilles' or 'The barber-shop paradox'—they chuckle. Some try to imitate his method of leavening serious labours with lively jests, but they invariably lack his remarkable inspiration. In Condensation of Determinants (1866), according to one specialist, it 'is possible that Dodgson produced the first proof in print of … [a] fundamental theorem on rank' (F. Abeles, Determinants and linear systems: Charles L. Dodgson's view, British Journal for the History of Science, 19, 1986, 331–5); another writes of 'Dodgson's startling contribution to linear algebra and to the theory of determinants' (Seneta). Other important works included The Fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1868), Euclid, Book V (1874), Euclid, Books I, II (1875), and Curiosa mathematica (3 pts, 1888–99).

From 1854 onwards, when two of his poems appeared in the Oxonian Advertiser, Dodgson produced a steady flow of creative works. Poems and prose pieces, games, and puzzles appeared in the Whitby Gazette, the Comic Times, The Train, College Rhymes, Temple Bar, Dickens's All the Year Round, Punch, Fun, Vanity Fair, the Educational Times, the Monthly Packet, Aunt Judy's Magazine, and The Lady. For his poem 'Solitude' (The Train, March 1856), he created his famous pseudonym by inverting ‘Charles’ and his metronymic, ‘Lutwidge’, translating them first into Latin and then back into English.

Alice Liddell and Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Dodgson's elevation from undergraduate to don coincided with the arrival at Christ Church of a new dean, Henry George Liddell, and his family, an event that only briefly preceded Dodgson's purchase, on 18 March 1856, of a camera and lens to allow him to take up photography. It was through photography that, on 25 April 1856, he first became acquainted with the Liddells' three daughters, including the middle one, Alice Liddell [see Hargreaves, Alice Pleasance], not quite four years old, when he and a friend went over to the deanery to photograph Christ Church Cathedral. 'The three little girls were in the garden most of the time, and we became excellent friends,' Dodgson wrote; 'we tried to group them in the foreground of the picture, but they were not patient sitters' (Diaries, 83). Thus began one of the most exceptional friendships, indeed love affairs, of all time.

We can only imagine the exhilaration that Dodgson experienced at the coalescence of these events, all three occurring within a mere six-month period, but surely they worked together to help generate the instantaneous fulguration that we know as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The tale flashed into Dodgson's mind on 4 July 1862, on that memorable river picnic when he responded to the girls' eager plea for 'a story'.

Dodgson's visits to the deanery became frequent, his emotional attachment to Alice grew and ripened, and for some seven years he lived the charmed life of a cherished friend and sometimes consort to the beautiful, impetuous child. In late June 1863, however, some event that he recorded on a page in his diary, but which a Dodgson heir later razored out, caused a breach in the relationship, and Dodgson was ‘sent to Coventry’. Although he and the Liddells managed again to be civil to one another, the romance was over. Dodgson kept a formal distance from his 'ideal child friend' (Letters, 561), and Alice went on to marry a suitor her parents judged more acceptable, Reginald Hargreaves. She lived out her life in a large, dull country house in the New Forest, where she sought to emulate her mother's social success at the Christ Church deanery. She named her third son Caryl.

Child friends

For his part, Dodgson had other strings to his bow. As a don, cleric, and successful photographer in the age when everyone sought to be photographed, he had access to the best homes and to troops of attractive children, particularly the female of the species. He doted on them, took them on outings, bought them gifts, fed them, clothed them, carried them off on railway journeys, gave them inscribed copies of his books, wrote poems for and to them, told them stories, paid for their French and art lessons, took them to the theatre and to the seaside, sat them on his knees, hugged them, kissed them, and, of course, photographed them, in all manner of poses, in a variety of dress and costume, and even 'sans habillement', as he put it (unpublished diary, 21 May 1867, BL, Add. MSS 54340–54348)—all this with their parents' approval in that unsuspicious pre-Freudian heyday of Victorian innocence. Only after Dodgson's death, when psychoanalysts began to pry into what they imagined to have been Dodgson's subconscious, did serious suspicions arise about his motives. But if Dodgson did harbour deep unconventional desires he certainly reined them in, severely, never violating Victorian propriety, because, as a deeply, genuinely religious man, he knew that he could not endure any transgressions. Unremitting self-recriminations and dire pleas to God for help in self-improvement and control appear frequently in his diaries, signifying a troubled conscience, particularly when they occur in conjunction with his meetings with child friends. One of his poems in particular, 'Stolen Waters' (1862), an allegory written in the first person, tells the tale of a sinning youth who, in the end, manages through repentance to find salvation.

Dodgson's repressed nature took its toll; matched with his quick mind and his genius, it made him sharp and fractious at times. But many who knew him attested to his magnanimity and to his winning, spontaneous wit. Even in carrying out the humdrum tasks of curator of senior common room (which tedious job he held for almost ten years), he introduced wit into his frequent memoranda and three reports (Twelve Months in a Curatorship, 1884: 'at once financial, carbonaceous, aesthetic, chalybeate, literary and alcoholic'; Three Years in a Curatorship, 1886: 'Airs, glares and chairs'; and Curiosissima curatoria, 1892: 'A curatorial parting gift').

Artist and photographer

Dodgson harboured artistic aspirations from his youth; he enjoyed drawing, later from live models, particularly nudes. The Dodgson family magazines contain a varied sampling of his early efforts. He illustrated the story of Alice's Adventures under Ground, the original version of Alice's Adventures, which he gave Alice Liddell as a Christmas gift in 1864. Many of his letters contain sketches, and a number of stray drawings survive. The art critic John Ruskin told him, however, that his talents as an artist were severely limited (Collingwood, 102), and he knew enough to seek out professionals to illustrate his books. Still, he continued to enjoy sketching sessions, and he moved freely among artists. He was acquainted with many, including Arthur Hughes, Holman Hunt, J. E. Millais, Alexander Munro, V. Princep, D. G. Rossetti, J. Sant, C. A. Swinburne, Mrs E. M. Ward, and G. F. Watts. He lionized them and got most of them to sit for his camera. Others who sat for him included Frederick, crown prince of Denmark; Prince Leopold, youngest son of Queen Victoria; George MacDonald and his family; F. D. Maurice; Tom Taylor, the editor of Punch; Tennyson and his family; Henry Taylor and his family; the famous Terry family; Charlotte M. Yonge and her mother; and Mrs Humphry Ward as bride with her sister bridesmaids.

What Dodgson could not achieve in sketching, he did achieve in photography in those early days of the art, when sittings had to last some 45 seconds and the process of taking and developing the glass negatives was extremely difficult. He had an eye for the beauty around him and a good sense of composition, qualities amply evident in his photographs, many of which he proudly inscribed 'from the Artist'. When he first began to experiment with photography he took pictures of adults (his family, friends, and Oxford colleagues), and tried some architectural photographs, some landscapes, and still life. But in time he focused on his child friends, dressing them up in costumes—often genuine stage costumes that he had collected and kept in a wardrobe, and sometimes costumes he borrowed from Oxford museums, including the Ashmolean. His greatest achievement with his camera was in photographing the young. Helmut Gernsheim, the historian, called his 'photographic achievements … truly astonishing' and proclaimed him 'the most outstanding photographer of children in the nineteenth century' (Gernsheim, 28). Edmund Wilson wrote in the New Yorker that 'in the posing, the arrangement of background, and the instinct for facial expression … [Dodgson's photographs] show a strong sense of personality'. He finds 'a liveliness and humor in these pictures that sometimes suggest Max Beerbohm' and says that they anticipate Beerbohm's volume of drawings Rossetti and his Circle. 'As for the pictures of children,' Wilson continues, 'they, too, are extremely varied and provide a … revelation of Lewis Carroll's special genius for depicting little English girls that is as brilliant in its way as Alice' (E. Wilson, New Yorker, 13 May 1950).

Dodgson as author

Dodgson's writing meant a great deal to him; writing was the main course by which he could do something for others, to fulfil a deep religious desire to contribute something to humanity—it was his offering to God. After resigning his mathematical lectureship in 1881, at the age of forty-nine (he retained his studentship and resident privileges at Christ Church to the end), he devoted himself primarily to his writing. Often standing at his upright desk (he calculated that he could stand and write for ten hours a day), he turned out a myriad of works. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was followed in late 1871 by its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, and in 1876 by that longest and most revered nonsense poem in English, The Hunting of the Snark. While these are the works that have made Lewis Carroll a household name, his bibliography contains over 300 varied items, many of them highly specialized, even arcane, the mass characterized by facility and punctilious care.

Dodgson sought always to provide his readers with books of the finest quality, and because of an unusual relationship with his publisher, Macmillan, he achieved exceptional results. Macmillan arranged for printing and distribution of his books in exchange for a 10 per cent commission, but Dodgson paid all costs of printing, illustrating, and advertising, retaining control and making all decisions. He was, consequently, able to suppress the first edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in 1865 because his artist, John Tenniel, was not satisfied with the printing of the illustrations; and, dissatisfied himself for one reason or another, he disposed of an inferior edition of The Game of Logic in 1886; in 1889 he condemned the entire first run of 10,000 copies of The Nursery ‘Alice’, and in 1893 scuttled the sixtieth thousand run of Looking-Glass.

Dodgson collected his poems in three anthologies: Phantasmagoria and other Poems (1869), Rhyme? and Reason? (1883), and Three Sunsets and other Poems (1898). His verse falls into one of three categories: the nonsense poetry for which he is world famous; his narrative verse, which is undervalued; and, least memorable, his serious poems. These last were strongly influenced by Romantic conventions and Victorian sentimentality, but are none the less important for an understanding of him because here, in fact and in symbol, he reveals his emotional travails.

Dodgson invented and published a cascade of puzzles and games, some in verse, for what he imagined to be a world of child friends, even though many of these high-spirited exercises elude solution by mature and experienced minds. Among these efforts are: Castle-Croquet (1866), Doublets (1879), Lanrick (1880), Mischmasch (1881), A Tangled Tale (1885), The Game of Logic (1886), Circular Billiards (1890), Syzygies (1891), and Arithmetical Croquet (first published 1953).

As gadgeteer and inventor

Dodgson was an inveterate gadgeteer, collecting all manner of contrivances and trinkets, and he invented a good many himself. His own inventions included an 'in statu quo chessboard' (Diaries, 249) with holes into which the chess pieces could be secured when travelling; any number of card games; an early form of what was later to be known as Scrabble; a rule for finding the day of the week for any date; a means of justifying the right margins on the typewriter; a steering device for a tricycle; a new sort of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; rules for a win in betting; rules for dividing numbers by various divisors; a cardboard scale for Christ Church common room, which, held next to a glass, insured the right amount of liquor for the price paid; a substitute for gum, 'for fastening envelopes …, mounting small things in books, etc.—viz: paper with gum on both sides' (Diaries, 526); a device for helping a bedridden invalid to read from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers.

Three other inventions are remarkable. In 1877 Dodgson produced his Memoria technica, a significant improvement on Dr Richard Grey's system (1730) for memorizing dates and events, with which Dodgson must have struggled as a schoolboy. Dodgson's method assigns two consonants to each number from 0 to 9, fills in vowels to make words, and sets the words in rhymed couplets that help one remember not just dates but other facts as well. The rhymes turn the process into a game. Here is how he prods the reader to remember 1492:

Columbus sailed the world aroundUntil America was FOUND.

The consonants F N D represent 492; the prefix 1 is always assumed.

In 1888 he designed, and later published, The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case, with slots for different denominations of postage stamps and containing a miniature pamphlet, Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing, an entertaining, tongue-in-cheek set of prescriptions and proscriptions for how to write letters.

In 1891 he invented the 'nyctograph', a description of which he published in The Lady (29 October), offering it freely to the general public. It is a small device that he used for composing and recording in the dark, while lying awake, 'a few lines, or even a few pages, without even putting the hands outside the bed-clothes'.

Proportional representation and lawn tennis

Dodgson's concern with fair voting practices at a time when the franchise was being extended more and more drove him to contribute significantly to the theory of parliamentary elections. In 1873 he published his first pamphlet, Discussion of Procedure in Elections, intended to alter voting methods at Christ Church. He sought to replace majority principles by a system of awarding marks or points. Always keenly interested in British politics, he took his arguments beyond the university into the public forum with a number of other publications, including his pamphlet The Principles of Parliamentary Representation (1884). His work on voting theory and redistribution remained significant throughout the twentieth century. It 'presents the longest connected chain of reasoning in Political Science', wrote the mathematician F. Abeles in 1970. 'Dodgson showed a grasp of ideas on the intuitive level that were not formalized until 1928'. In 1996 it was noted that 'few … [voting theorists were] capable of expressing their principles clearly and only two [succeed]—G. C. Andrae, a Danish mathematician … and C. L. Dodgson—trained in axiomatic reasoning' (McLean and Urken, introduction). Another twentieth-century critic deeply regretted that:

Dodgson never completed the book that he planned to write [on voting theory]. … Such were his lucidity of exposition and his mastery of the topic that it seems possible that, had he ever published it, the political history of Britain would have been significantly different.

Dummett, 5

Dodgson devised a new system for conducting lawn tennis competitions to improve upon the rules in use, which he deemed inherently unjust: he did not think it fair that players should be knocked out of competition after only one loss. In 1883 he published four letters on the subject in the St James's Gazette and a pamphlet, Lawn Tennis Tournaments: the True Method of Assigning Prizes. His system, while complex, is still considered more equitable to players than current practice.

Dodgson: the man

Contrary to some myths, Dodgson was anything but a shy recluse sequestered behind college walls. He travelled frequently throughout Britain, sometimes with his cumbersome camera in tow; he was often to be seen in London theatres and art galleries, and even in corridors of power; and he hobnobbed with artists, writers, and actors. He left Britain once, accompanying his friend H. P. Liddon across Europe on a mission to Russia, where Liddon explored the possibilities of rapprochement between the Eastern church and the West. He went regularly to Guildford in Surrey, where his unmarried sisters and brothers lived after their father's death in 1868, and he spent summers at the seaside, usually Eastbourne, on writing holidays.

Dodgson was about 6 feet tall, slender, had either grey or blue eyes, wore his hair long, and 'carried himself upright, almost more than upright, as if he had swallowed a poker'. He dressed customarily in clerical black and wore a tall silk hat, but when he took Alice and her sisters out on the river, he wore white flannel trousers and a hard white straw hat (A. and C. Hargreaves, Alice's recollections). He ate frugally when he ate at all, disliked tea but enjoyed a glass of wine. He had a pleasant speaking voice, but left no recording of it, and a tolerably good singing voice which he did not mind using. He sometimes talked to himself.

Dodgson was interested in many branches of science, particularly medicine, and was a member of the Society for Psychical Research. Art and music were two of his delights; he was fond of quotations. He disliked physical sports but was known to play croquet. He went on long walks, sometimes covering 23 miles in a day. He was orderly in all things and kept extensive records. While many attested to his kind, considerate, courteous nature, he could be rude and was known suddenly to walk out of tea parties. Certainly he stomped out of theatres when he found anything on the stage irreligious or otherwise offensive. He once reprimanded the bishop of Ripon for including in a Bampton lecture an anecdote that elicited laughter. He planned but never completed a volume of Shakespeare plays especially for girls, out-Bowdlerizing Bowdler. He so resented Shakespeare's lines at the end of The Merchant of Venice requiring Shylock to abandon his faith and become a Christian that he wrote to Ellen Terry, after seeing her and Henry Irving perform the play, asking her to delete the lines from future performances: 'it is … entirely horrible and revolting to … all who believe in the Gospel of Love' (Letters, 365). He was an anti-vivisectionist and denounced blood sports. He valued his privacy and hated the limelight, jealously concealing the true identity of Lewis Carroll from strangers. He was by many accounts unselfish and generous. He helped to support his sisters and brothers, other relatives, friends, and even strangers. He was always willing to take on new students, and he was ready, though in all humility, to try to help young and old with spiritual problems. He claimed generally to be happy, but at least one observer guessed that he was a 'lonely spirit and prone to sadness' (Rowell). When he realized that his children's books would yield a modest income for the rest of his life, he asked his dean to reduce his lecturing responsibilities and his salary accordingly.

Dodgson was constantly involved in extramural (if not worldly) affairs. Essentially conservative—and in politics definitely so—he none the less fought for reforms that won for him and his fellow Christ Church dons a voice in college matters. He inundated members of his college and university with frequent broadsheets and pamphlets, in prose and verse, on a multiplicity of subjects that ranged from opposing cricket pitches in University Parks to a spoof, dripping with irony, of the wooden cube that Dean Liddell had erected atop Tom Quad's Great Hall staircase to house bells removed from the cathedral. He also sent off, from his Christ Church eyrie, letters and articles to a string of periodicals, including The Times, the Pall Mall Gazette, Aunt Judy's Magazine, the Fortnightly Review, the St James's Gazette, The Observer, and Mind, on widely varying subjects ranging from Gladstone and cloture to vivisection and hydrophobia, and from education for the stage and an Oxford scandal to a logical paradox and the spirit of reverence on the stage.

As letter writer

Dodgson's private letters, usually written in purple ink, were more than occasionally works of art; when addressed to his young friends, they were fanciful creations, self-contained microcosms of Wonderlands. In them he created puzzles, puns, and pranks; he teased, feigned, fantasized. He sent letters in verse, sometimes set down as prose to see if his correspondent would detect the hidden metres and rhymes; letters written backwards so that one has to hold them up to a looking-glass; acrostic letters, rebus letters, letters written from back to front. By his own confession, he wrote 'wheelbarrows full almost' (Letters, 355); 'one third of my life seems to go in receiving letters', he wrote, 'and the other two-thirds in answering them' (ibid., 336); and 'I'm beginning to think that the proper definition of “Man” is “an animal that writes letters”' (ibid., 663). A letter register he kept for the last thirty-seven years of his life recorded that he sent and received 98,721 letters over that period.

Late works

Late in life Dodgson published Sylvie and Bruno (1889) and Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893), two long, complicated novels depicting three realms of being. Essentially love stories, they contain some imaginative flights that sparkle, but, where Dodgson in the Alice books eschewed any moral lesson, here he set himself a mission to edify and instruct, suggesting 'some thoughts that may prove … not wholly out of harmony with the graver cadences of Life' (L. Carroll, Preface, Sylvie and Bruno, 1889, xiii); his Victorian sentimentality and heavy messages become burdens.

Dodgson's most exacting efforts of the 1890s went into a three-layered work on symbolic logic, beginning with elementary concepts and reaching ethereal, theoretical heights. He published Symbolic Logic: Part I, Elementary in 1896, and when he died in 1898 he had much of the other two volumes fleshed out and almost all of the second volume set in type. His family, compelled to clear his Christ Church rooms soon after his death, disposed as best they could of the enormous quantity of his possessions, burning many seemingly unimportant papers. No doubt parts of the two advanced logic books went up in flames. But, miraculously, much of the second volume survived, along with bits of the third, and in the mid-1960s a proof of the second volume was found at All Souls, Oxford, Dodgson having sent it to another don for comment. Its publication brought Dodgson fresh professional attention and regard.

Dodgson in retrospect

Had Dodgson never written the Alice books, he would have earned a nod or a paragraph in various specialized histories: mathematics and logic, photography, parliamentary voting systems, and games and puzzles. But the Alice books have earned him a place in the firmament of the great, for they are not only acts of imaginative genius but they also revolutionized writing for children. Children's books after Carroll grew less serious, more entertaining, and sounded less like sermons and more like the voices of friends than earlier prototypes. It follows that the influence of the Alice books upon children as they mature has been considerable, and it is difficult to think of a great writer in recent times who has not declared or demonstrated that influence.

Although the wheels of an Alice ‘industry’ did not begin to whirr fiercely until well into the twentieth century, Dodgson reaped some satisfaction at their modest record in his lifetime. Six years before he died, he was able to write to Alice herself that 'your adventures have had a marvellous success. I have now sold well over 100,000 copies' (Letters, 561). Translations into foreign languages had already proliferated, and the Alice characters were even then inspiring art and commercial enterprises. Imitations and parodies burgeoned, sequels appeared, and Dodgson gave his blessing to the manufacture of a Looking-Glass biscuit tin. Poems that he never wrote were attributed to him. He did not garner a fortune by any means, and left under £5000, but he must have gleaned considerable satisfaction from the popularity of these books.

The Alice books and The Hunting of the Snark have had an impact upon the English language as well, and after Shakespeare and the Bible are the most frequently quoted round the world. These works grow more popular with time even as the fascination with the life of their begetter increases. Dodgson died, unmarried and celibate, on 14 January 1898, of pneumonia, in his family home, The Chestnuts, Guildford, and was buried in Guildford old cemetery, The Mount, on 19 January.

  • The works of Lewis Carroll, ed. R. L. Green (1965)
  • The diaries of Lewis Carroll, ed. R. L. Green, 2 vols. (1953)
  • C. L. Dodgson, diaries, 9 vols., BL
  • The letters of Lewis Carroll, ed. M. N. Cohen and R. L. Green, 2 vols. (1979)
  • S. D. Collingwood, The life and letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C. L. Dodgson) (1898)
  • S. H. Williams and F. Madan, A handbook of the literature of the Rev. C. L. Dodgson, ed. D. Crutch, rev. edn (1979)
  • Jabberwocky (1969) [journal of the Lewis Carroll Society]
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  • M. N. Cohen, ed., Lewis Carroll: interviews and recollections (1989)
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  • A. Clark, The real Alice (1981)
  • H. Gernsheim, Lewis Carroll: photographer, 2nd edn (1969)
  • M. N. Cohen, Reflections in a looking glass (1998)
  • M. Gardner, The annotated Alice (1960)
  • M. Gardner, More annotated Alice (1990)
  • [A. Hargreaves and C. Hargreaves], ‘The Lewis Carroll that Alice recalls’, New York Times (1 May 1932)
  • C. Hargreaves, ‘Alice's recollections of Carrollian days, as told to her son’, Cornhill Magazine, [3rd] ser., 73 (1932), 1–12
  • V. Dodgson, ‘Lewis Carroll—as I knew him’, London Calling (28 June 1951)
  • J. H. Pearson, letter, The Times (22 Dec 1931)
  • E. M. Rowell, ‘To me he was Mr Dodgson’, Harper's Magazine, 186 (1943), 320–23
  • E. Wilson, New Yorker (13 May 1950)
  • F. Abeles, ‘Evaluating Lewis Carroll's theory of parliamentary representation’, Jabberwocky (summer 1970)
  • I. McLean and A. B. Urken, eds., Classics of social choice (1996)
  • M. Dummett, Voting procedures (1984)
  • E. Seneta, ‘Lewis Carroll's “Pillow problems”: on the 1993 centenary’, Statistical Science, 8 (1993), 180–86
  • private information (2004)

  • BL, diaries, Add. MSS 54340–54348
  • Castle Arch Museum, Guildford
  • Christ Church Oxf., corresp. and literary papers
  • Harvard U., Houghton L., letters and drawings
  • Hunt. L., letters and literary MSS
  • Indiana University, Bloomington, Lilly Library, corresp. and writings
  • National Museum of Photography, Film, and TV, Bradford
  • New York University, Fales Library
  • Princeton University Library, corresp. and mathematical papers
  • Rosenbach Museum, Philadelphia
  • Surrey HC, corresp. and papers
  • University of British Columbia Library

  • photograph, 1856–1860, NPG [see illus.]
  • O. G. Rejlander, photograph, 1863, U. Texas, Gernsheim collection
  • C. L. Dodgson, self-portraits, photographs
  • H. Furniss, double portrait, pen-and-ink caricature sketch (with Harry Furniss), NPG
  • H. Furniss, pen-and-ink caricatures, NPG
  • H. von Herkomer, oils, Christ Church Oxf.
  • Hills & Saunders, photograph, NPG
  • S. Lutwidge, photograph, NPG
  • E. G. Thomson, sketch, Rosenbach Museum, Philadelphia
  • photographs, Castle Arch Museum, Guildford, Surrey

Wealth at Death

£4596 7s. 7d.: resworn probate, Dec 1898, CGPLA Eng. & Wales

Bodleian Library, Oxford
National Portrait Gallery, London
British Library, London
Christ Church, Oxford
Huntington Library, San Marino, California
Harvard University, Houghton Library
Library of Birmingham
New York Public Library
Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
Surrey History Centre, Woking
Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas
Manchester Central Library, Manchester Archives and Local Studies
University of Texas, Austin


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date: 25 May 2020

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
T. F. HoadT. F. Hoad

XVI. — L. abacus, f. Gr. ábax, abak- table. ...

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date: 25 May 2020

Astor, John Jacob (1763–1848)

The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists

David Charles Lewis,

Morgen Witzel

Astor was born in Waldorf, near Heidelberg, in the German state of Baden on 17 July 1763. He died ...

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Call us on
0161 941 2426

HR News Round-Up November 2018

Posted On: 27/11/2018

This year’s Budget was announced by Philip Hammond on the 29th October where he thanked the public for their hard work and promised that the end of austerity is in sight.

Hammond opened his speech by saying that the 2018 Budget would be “a Budget for hardworking families… the strivers, the grafters, and the carers who are the backbone of our economy.”

Let’s explore what the content of the 2018 Budget means for you and your business.

Business Rate Reform

Hammond announced a much-welcomed reduction in business rates [1]. Business rates for businesses with a rateable value of £51,000 or less will be cut by a third over two years which could result in savings of up to £8,000.

High Street Investment

The biggest risk to our high street is its huge, convenient, competitor – online shopping. Businesses on our high streets are looking to entice customers in to their bricks and mortar stores by providing innovative experiences. All this comes at a cost, so there is much relief to hear of Hammond’s plan to reduce business rates. In addition, Hammond has pledged a £675 million ‘future high streets fund’ to be introduced in April 2019 to improve transport links, redevelop unused shops as homes and offices and re-use historic properties to breathe new life into the high streets [2].

The Digital Services Tax

Welcomed by many small businesses, and larger businesses just starting out, this tax will even out the playing field between the smaller sized retailers and the online giants with global revenues of over £500m [3]. It has been estimated that this new tax, to be introduced in April 2020, will raise £400m annually.

The tax will be 2% of the sales of companies with a particular business model whose revenues are linked to customers in the UK.

Self Employed Contractors

Hammond announced that changes to the IR35 will come into force in April 2020. IR35 regulations will be extended to large and medium-sized organisations in the private sector [4]. The IR35 is a tax legislation designed to combat tax avoidance by workers who receive their remuneration from their employer through an intermediate arrangement, such as their limited company, but who could be an employee if the intermediary was not used.

New Enterprise Allowance & tax-free training

In an effort to invest in Britain’s entrepreneurs which help to drive our economy forward, Hammond pledged to extend the New Enterprise Allowance scheme for would-be entrepreneurs currently on state benefits [5].

Better Roads

The state of our roads is certainly a bugbear for many of us who travel by road [6]. The government has pledged a £30bn package to repair bridges and fix the growing number of potholes which are causing damages to vehicles. In addition, Fuel Duty has been frozen for a ninth year in a row saving car drivers around £1,000 and van drivers around £2,500.

Here is a summary of the allowance changes announced which support Hammond’s powerful statement that austerity is almost over [7].

If you want more information or advice on how the 2018 Budget will affect your business, please get in touch with our team of HR professionals by calling us on 0161 941 2426.

[2] Axa

[3] The Guardian

[4] [5] [7] Personnel Today

Get In Touch

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The International Council of Museums (ICOM) established  International  Museum Day in 1977 to increase public awareness of the role of museums in the development of society, and it has been steadily gaining momentum ever since. In 2017, International Museum Day garnered record breaking participation with more than 36,000 museums hosting events in some 156 countries.

Our town is privileged to have two museums, namely Paarl Museum and the “Afrikaans Taalmuseum”.

At Paarl Museum entrance is free on Friday and Saturday and they invite the community to please visit them this weekend.

Paarl Museum has collaborated with affiliated museums and has designed a website to market the museums in our area. It will be launched on 1 June at the Tulbagh Museum.

Paarl Museum

The museum is housed in an old Cape Dutch House which is one of the earliest homes in Paarl.

The Dutch Reformed congregation of Drakenstein (Paarl) was established in 1691 at the insistence of the newly arrived Huguenots. Ground for the building of a parsonage was purchased here in 1714 and the first building was probably built in 1715.

This Cape Dutch house was built in 1787 in the traditional U-shape and still retains the original fixed-transom windows and most of the internal doors. The gables and front door were changed during major restoration in 1937 when the dilapidated house was purchased for museum purposes.

The museum houses one of the best collections of Cape Armoires and a complete Cape Dutch kitchen.

The history of local resistance against Apartheid is also displayed.

Opening times: Mon – Fri: 09:00 – 16:00; Sat: 10:00 – 13:00

T +27 21 872 2651

Afrikaans Taalmuseum

This double storey house has a five bay façade and reflects the vernacular style of the early Victorian period c 1850.

It belonged to Gideon Malherbe when a meeting was held in 1875 where Afrikaans was first acknowledged as a separate language differing markedly from its root language, Dutch.

The “Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners” was established which had as its aim the promotion of the “new” language.

Various books including the Bible, translated into Afrikaans, were published, poetry was written and a regular newspaper was printed here. This museum was opened in 1975. The history of these “fathers of the language” is portrayed in detail.

Opening times: Mon – Fri: 08:30 – 16:30

T +27 (0)21 863 4809/ 0543/ 0542


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« Back to *Specials*

Cartier Panther Ladies 22mm Pre-Owned

  • Stock #: W20729
  • Brand: Cartier
  • Series: Panthere
  • Series: *Specials*
  • Special: Great Price
  • New Arrival: JUST IN
  • Special Price: $9,850.00
  • Trade-In
  • email a friend
  • Contact Us

Condition: Mint
Gender: Ladies
Dial Color: White Mother of Pearl with Diamonds
Case: 18k Yellow Gold 22mm
Bracelet: 18k Yellow Gold
Bezel: 18k Yellow Gold with Diamonds
Crystal: Scratch Resistant Sapphire
Movement: Quartz
Water Resistant: 30 Meters
Box: Presentation
Papers: No
Certificate of Authenticity: Yes
Warranty: Yes

Additional Information:
Previously owned Cartier Panther Woman's Watch.
18kt yellow gold 22mm case with diamonds. 18k yellow gold bezel set with one row of diamonds. White Mother of Pearl dial with pave diamond center and raised gold Roman Numerals. 18k yellow gold bracelet and hidden buckle. Quartz movement. Hours and minutes. Water resistant to 30 meters.
100% original and in superb condition, fully serviced and polished.
This timepiece comes with a 2 year Pacific Bay Watch warranty and our presentation box.

Also known as:
Panthere, used

Subject to Availability

Cartier Panther Ladies 22mm Pre-Owned Special New

Site by Rawsterne

All brands are trademarks of their respective holders. Retail price is manufacturer's suggested retail price and may not reflect actual selling prices. All items are covered by getyourwatch.com's guarantee to refund your purchase price if you are not completely satisfied. Our guarantee applies even though some items may not be covered by the manufacturers warranty, because getyourwatch.com is not an "authorized" dealer of the merchandise. getyourwatch.com is not affiliated with any website that sells fake or replica watches.


text:
« Back to *Specials*

Chopard Happy Heart Ladies Diamond Watch

  • Stock #: W20685
  • Brand: Chopard
  • Series: Classiques
  • Series: *Specials*
  • Model: 137001-0002
  • Special: Great Price
  • New Arrival: JUST IN
  • Limited Edition
  • Special Price: $6,450.00
  • Trade-In
  • email a friend
  • Contact Us

Condition: Mint
Gender: Ladies
Dial Color: Mother of Pearl
Case: 18k Yellow Gold with Diamonds 30mm
Strap: Leather
Bezel: 18k Yellow Gold with Diamonds
Crystal: Scratch Resistant Sapphire
Movement: Quartz
Water Resistant: 30m / 100ft
Box: No
Papers: No
Certificate of Authenticity: Yes
Warranty: Yes

Additional Information:
Previously owned Chopard Happy Heart woman's watch.
18kt yellow gold heart shape 30mm case. 18k yellow gold bezel with diamonds. 18k Yellow gold lugs each one set with red cabochon. White Mother of Pearl colored dial with 18k yellow gold hands and 3 large floating diamonds. Hours and minutes. Battery powered quartz movement. Red leather strap with 18k yellow gold clasp. Water resistant up to 30 meters or 100 feet.
This watch is in superb mint condition. Unfortunately we did not obtain original box and papers for this watch, but we will provide you with a presentation box, Certificate of Authenticity and 2 year warranty from Pacific Bay Watch, Inc.

Also known as:
Happy Oval, classic, classique, quarts,

Subject to Availability

Chopard Happy Heart Ladies Diamond Watch Special New

Site by Rawsterne

All brands are trademarks of their respective holders. Retail price is manufacturer's suggested retail price and may not reflect actual selling prices. All items are covered by getyourwatch.com's guarantee to refund your purchase price if you are not completely satisfied. Our guarantee applies even though some items may not be covered by the manufacturers warranty, because getyourwatch.com is not an "authorized" dealer of the merchandise. getyourwatch.com is not affiliated with any website that sells fake or replica watches.


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End-to-end construction field documentation & logs field-documentation-30

Comprehensive electronic field documentation solutions can manage all the field logs and reports you need: safety checks/tailboard meetings/work plans, daily logs, incident reports. Have them all submitted in real time for review, approvals or rejections. Auto-fills, copy previous, frequently used items and required fields make all documentation easy to fill out and compliant with your policies.

Automate standard logs

Capture field logs using any laptop or tablet. Advanced usability features such as copy previous and memorized pick lists make electronic data capture ten times faster than log books. Include everything you need in one daily log entry: site conditions, weather, wind, ground conditions, hazards and more in detailed daily log entries.

Custom logs to match your needs

Break out custom logs any way you need: track contractors on site, incidents, accidents, equipment and materials damaged, lost or stolen, equipment maintenance and more. Set required fields for critical data and extend or restrict access to logs using advanced security permissions.  jobs and crews.

Report on any log details

Inaccessible manual logs are difficult to use, and impossible to consolidate results into reports. Pacific Timesheet log details reports allow you to access any and all log details, numeric data, list values, narrative text and more, with one click. Use any date range and filter results by job, crew, cost codes and more.

Weekly summaries of logs

Use standard or create custom reports that summarize log details or performance measures. Use reason codes to codify work delays, materials delays, or other key events that might affect job progress. Summaries can be run by foreman, supervisors or project managers to monitor any data they need in the field.

Customized and Targeted Reports

Automated Workflow

Automate field documentation workflow

You need accurate field documentation records for many reasons. But you need to make sure they are recorded and maintained. Pacific Timesheet can provide field managers reminders and late notices when field logs and documentation are due. You can have multiple levels of approvers review submitted records for accuracy, approve or reject them with comments that guide corrections.

Automated document submission

All field documentation can be submitted automatically by field managers with a complete audit for each item including the submitter, time and date stamp for the submission. A complete audit trail is maintained for all submissions, approvals, rejections and corrections of documentation.

Automated approvals & rejections

You can assign up to four levels of field documentation approvers, with backup approvers at each level. Each successive approver see the building audit trail for previous approvers. Extensive reports show approval and rejection details for all document submissions.

Automate Approvals


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PA Live! PA Law (Refinance Your Property) June 27, 2019

PA Live

Bill Vinsko from Vinsko and Associates Law Firm in Wilkes-Barre, talk about refinance your property.

Copyright 2020 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.

Pa Live! FAQ

Looking for an answer to a question you might have about Pa Live! Look here before contacting up, you might just find what you need.

Pa Live! FAQ

Coming On The Show?

All guests of Pa Live! need to sign a on-air waiver. If you plan on appearing, please download the form below, print it out, fill it out and bring it with you.

Download the Pa Live! On-Air Waiver

3-Day Forecast

Trending Stories

Don't Miss

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Community Calendar

Your Photos


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PALA is one of the leading sustainable eyewear brands in the world. Born out of an ideology of ethics and aesthetics our mission is to create change in Africa through the sale of our eyewear. Our eyewear is high quality and made to last – we want our customers to look good, do good and not have to pay a high price for it. We are looking for ambassadors that share our passion for sustainability.

  • Up to 15% commission rate.

  • 60 day cookie.

  • Average sale $95.

  • $10 for affiliate referrals. If you have a friend who runs a great website or is a passionate blogger, you can earn $10 for each friend that is approved.

  • It’s as easy as clicking this link and signing up.

  • Your platform will be reviewed for approval to join AFFILIATLY and the PALA Affiliate Programme.

  • Once approve you’ll have access to all the links and collateral you need to begin.


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Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities

2016 winner
Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Published Date: April 2016
ISBN-13: 978-0231176361

Conducting interviews with first-, second-, and third-generation members of Syria’s Palestinian community, Anaheed Al-Hardan follows the evolution of the Nakba—the central signifier of the Palestinian refugee past and present—in Arab intellectual discourses, Syria’s Palestinian politics, and the community’s memorialization. Al-Hardan’s sophisticated research sheds light on the enduring relevance of the Nakba among the communities it helped create, while challenging the nationalist and patriotic idea that memories of the Nakba are static and universally shared among Palestinians. Her study also critically tracks the Nakba’s changing meaning in light of Syria’s twenty-first-century civil war.

Reviewed by: Amelia Smith

When recollecting the Nakba, Palestinian refugees in Syria recall fishing in the Jordan River, the trees on their land and the houses they once lived in. With these memories they evoke a world that was destroyed by the 1948 Catastrophe, rather than the actual death and displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians to make way for the...

Past Winners

  • The Parisan
  • Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine
  • Stone Men: The Palestinians who built Israel
  • Nabil Anani: Palestine, Land and People
  • Where the Bird Disappeared
  • In the Land of My Birth: A Palestinian Boyhood
  • Balfour in the Dock: J.M.N. Jeffries & the Case for the Prosecution
  • Brothers Apart: Palestinian citizens of Israel and the Arab world
  • The Great War and the Remaking of Palestine
  • On the Arab-Jew, Palestine, and other displacements
  • Gaza under Hamas: From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance
  • The Commander: Fawzi Al-Qawuqji and the fight for Arab Independence 1914-1948
  • Drawing the Kafr Qasem Massacre
  • The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories
  • Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities
  • I Remember My Name
  • Being Palestinian: Personal Reflections on Palestinian Identity in the Diaspora
  • Imperial Perceptions: British influence and power in late Ottoman times
  • Gaza: A History
  • Jerusalem Interrupted: Modernity and Colonial Transformation


text:
Through the Years: Fertility in Your 20s, 30s, and 40s

Over the past few decades, women have been told they could have it all: career, love, and a family. Unfortunately, the media has failed to accurately portray how female fertility changes throughout a woman’s lifetime, creating the idea of an endless timeline for making family planning choices. Dr. Mark Denker wants our patients to have a full understanding of fertility so that they can make informed decisions.

Setting the Record Straight

Stories of a 63-year-old woman giving birth and celebrities like Madonna or Nicole Kidman perpetuate the idea that your fertility never diminishes. At Palm Beach Fertility Center, we want you to understand how the female body changes and what you can expect at each stage of your life.

Fertility in Your 20s

Unlike men, who constantly replenish their supply of sperm, women are born with all the eggs they will ever produce. Peak fertility occurs during your twenties. Thanks to new egg freezing technology, a fast-freezing process called vitrification, women in this age range can preserve their eggs for use until they are ready to start families.

Fertility in Your 30s

During this period, healthy women will usually conceive after 7 to 9 months of regular, timed intercourse. If you haven’t had any luck and have been trying for over 12 months (6 months for women over 35), consult a fertility specialist like Dr. Denker and consider a complete fertility evaluation.

Fertility in Your 40s

Many women don’t realize that by age 40, over 50 percent of your eggs may have chromosomal abnormalities. At this point, you only have a five percent of getting pregnant on your own. Using donor eggs offers older women an option for conceiving that reduces the risks of problems and increases the chances for success.

Contact Our Boca Raton Fertility Clinic

Educating yourself about your fertility will allow you to determine the best window for starting or expanding your family. Even with the right timing, you may still face problems with infertility. Dr. Denker has the expertise to diagnose male and female fertility as well as provide proven fertility treatments.

For more information, please visit To schedule a consultation with Dr. Denker, contact our office.


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Singapore National Day Raffle

Happy National Day, Pandas! To commemorate this special day, we will be giving 100 Singapore flags per hub to our riders! Each rider who gets a flag and places it on their foodpanda bag this National Day will be entitled to a raffle draw. The prizes are as follows:

1. The first 100 riders per hub to get a Singapore flag will be entitled to the raffle draw. You may get your flags on 08-Aug-2019 at 12:00 NN onwards.

2. Upon receiving your flag at the hub, kindly submit your name and Rider ID to your hub Area Manager. The names on this list will be used for the raffle draw.

3. You must work at least one shift on August 9, 2019 and must complete at least 5 orders that day

4. Winners will be announced on Telegram and on this website next week

Good luck and ride safe!

Hey, Pandas! We've carefully selected riders who fit the criteria stated above. Congratulations to all the winners of the Apple Watch Series 3 and $50 cash vouchers! Winners will receive an SMS confirmation regarding the pick-up details.

North Hub: Nur Saleha Binti Mohamed Saini

East Hub: Muhammad Huzaifi Bin Mohd Kamil

West Hub:  Jasmine Loh

North Hub

Ker Soon Peng Kelvin

Loo Cheong Sien

Nur Iman Bin Rahmat

Chan Yee Kiat Benjamin

Andy Sim Siang Huat

C K Alano Ang

East Hub:

Muhammad Nuruddin Bin Abdullah

Isha Insyirah Samadi

Benny Lim Teck Keng

Md Izzan Mirza Bin Medzi

Foo Chang Hong

Hilmi Hakim Bin Rujana

West Hub:

Ashraf Arshad

Wong Wai Liam

Fu quan Tan

Zai Yi Lee

Glenn Chiang Li Quan

Ignatius Chng Xiong Wu

Weilun Tan

 Noor rashikin Abdul hamid

Muhammad Zuhairi

Mohammad Fadhli Bin Mohamad Tial


text:
Right after we started Panda’s CI (collective intelligence) project few years back. We decided to provide a community based antivirus program called Panda CloudAntivirus.

When all the good guys trying to improve and to keep the community safe. We notice the bad guys are trying to take the opportunity to “sell” their fake antivirus.

Earlier today, we received a sample which is a rogueware (well know as fake antivirus). They named it “Open Cloud Antivirus”. Looks like for them “cloud” is the way to make money, for now.

After a quick analysis, these are the few screenshots that we manage to capture. If you ever see this image, do not believe it. Close the windows immediately and continue your work.

Full Analysis Report: http://www.xandora.net/xangui/malware/view/028589c3bd57d4ba452360d5432b2c50


text:
Should I use 'co-worker' or 'coworker'?

You are in luck! Both ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ are correct! Unfortunately, both ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ are also incorrect! If you need to write a paper for college, or an article for publication, you may need to use ‘co-worker’ because this is the form preferred by the Associated Press. The APA Style Guide However, if your professor prefers you to submit papers which follow the Chicago Manual of Style, you should use ‘coworker’ . The Chicago Manual of Style If you are writing for publication in a Britsh Journal, then you should use ‘co-worker’, per the Oxford Dictionary. The Oxford Dictionary To further complicate the matter, Merriam-Webster only recognizes ‘coworker’ as correct.

Use of ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ in American English

This Ngram indicates the use of ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ in American books, journals, and magazines. As you can see, the unhyphenated spelling, ‘coworker’, has been increasing in use for many years and now is the preferred option.

Use of ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ in British English

This Ngram indicates the use of ‘co-worker’ and ‘coworker’ in British books, journals, and magazines. In British English, the hyphenated spelling, ‘co-worker’, has always been the preferred option.

Have you tried the FREE PaperRater automated proofreader yet?  What are you waiting for?

Automated Proofreader

Example sentences using ‘coworker’

  • You’re in a meeting and the unthinkable happens: a coworker claims credit for your work.
  • A group of 20 coworkers from the factory won $420 million jackpot.
  • In the complaint, she claimed that her coworkers continually called her ‘she-man’.
  • If you are injured by a coworker, you have two options to recover compensation.
  • Winning the lottery can mean claims by friends and coworkers, so be careful what promises you make and to whom.
  • When a coworker is diagnosed with cancer, most people simply don't know what to say.
  • An ex-NYPD sergeant was accused of throwing his saliva onto a female coworker.
  • Should you talk to the coworker or the boss first?
  • The fact that your coworker is ignoring you is indeed cruel.

Example sentences using ‘co-worker’

  • His immediate co-workers have all claimed that he smells badly.
  • No-one can simply claim harassment and get a co-worker fired on that basis.
  • Always have backup for everything you've done in case a co-worker tries to place blame on you.
  • Times are tough enough without having to deal with a toxic co-worker.
  • A former co-worker of Omar Mateen said that he was dangerous.
  • Saying that to a female co-worker or executive is inappropriate.
  • Be sure to check in with your co-worker and thank her every now-and-then.
  • Of course, you can always get a restraining order against your co-worker.
  • Do your co-workers know you as well as your roommate or a close friend does?
  • Take time to learn about your co-worker’s life and interests outside of the office.

Other articles you may find helpful

Should I use ‘lie’ or ‘lay’?

Use of 'choose' and 'chose'


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Stay in Paradise!

Front Desk & Concierge

When we ask “How may we help you?” We mean it!

The staff at the Paradise Island Beach Club wants to ensure your vacation experience exceeds your expectations. Why? Because we’d love to have you vacation with us again, year after year.  Our front desk concierge is there to assist you with just about anything you need during your stay. Restaurant reservations, taxi rides, excursion bookings and more are all covered by our friendly and capable staff.  Allow us to prove why it’s always Better in the Bahamas.

Pools & Beaches

Get sun-kissed and let the views take your breath away!

Our two heated pools and private beach are what Paradise Island Beach Club is best known for. Pools are surrounded by lush tropical gardens and comfortable lounging areas. Just a few short steps away is our world famous Cabbage Beach, filled with miles of pristine white sands and crystal-clear turquoise blue and emerald green ocean waters. Our cabana service is available daily, providing guests with lounge chairs, umbrellas, food, and beverages.

Week at a Glance

There’s so much to do during your stay!  Here is your week at a glance while you vacation at Paradise Island Beach Club.

  • Poolside BB!

    No need to go out for dinner! –

  • Reef Bar

    Reef Bar featuring island music or LIVE entertainment –

  • Happy Hour

    Happy Hour from 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. –

  • Welcome Reception

    Poolside Welcome Reception / Cocktail Party 5:00 p.m. –

  • Junkanoo Celebration

    Bahamian Dinner & Junkanoo celebration –

  • Rose Island Charter Excursion

    Rose Island Charter Excursion from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. –

(Weather permitting and based on number of guests interested.)

Special LOW RATES Available


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The Edwardian Ball

Friday, January 24th & Saturday, January 25th, 2020

Join us for a grand celebration of TWENTY YEARS of creativity, craft and elegant conviviality. The world-famous Edwardian Ball returns to the Regency Ballroom in San Francisco for a two-day, 20th Anniversary soirée!

Four events unfold over two days, filled with performances, music, dance, fine art, fashion, costumery, theatre, circus, gaming, storytelling, vending, oddities and of course, the art & stories of our patron saint Edward Gorey!

2020’s theme glistens in nobility as "The Golden Tale" - an apologue of the vast community of artists, dreamers, bards and bastion that have built the Edwardian Ball into the magnificent happening it is today. And of course, we tip a golden mane to our 2020 featured Gorey tale with "The Lost Lions."

Friday, January 24th:

The Edwardian World's Faire, 8pm-2am

The Regency Ballroom, 1300 Van Ness Ave, SF

Saturday, January 25th:
Edwardian Vendor Bazaar Daytime Shopping, 12-5pm
Social Hall SF, 1270 Sutter St, SF (side entrance)

The Edwardian Ball 20th Anniversary, 8pm-2am
The Regency Ballroom, 1300 Van Ness Ave, SF

Tickets on sale now! Events are all ages. Complete info, applications, updates, and the latest & greatest at


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TG646 - UK Version - Radio Controlled Weather Station with Indoor/Outdoor sensor by ThinkGizmos

Out of stock
Out of stock
  • Time and date are automatically set using the MSF Frequency in the UK.
  • Time can be displayed in either 12 or 24 hour format.
  • Includes UK mains adaptor for main weather unit and 1x Indoor/Outdoor Weather Sensor (2xAAA Batteries Required).
  • Displays Indoor and Outdoor Temp/Humidity, Moon Phases, Barometric Pressure and Temperature Alerts.
  • Can predict weather for upcoming 8 hours with 6 different weather icons as well as full moon phases.
  • Hi/Low adjustable backlight brightness.
  • Indoor Themometer has a range of 0-50 degrees C and outdoor has range of -20-60 degrees C.
  • Can connect to up to 3 weather sensors at once. (sold seperately).
  • Snooze Alarm Feature.

guaranteed safe checkout

The awesome tall weather station and external sensor is the weather enthusiast ideal gift.

Not only does the weather station feature Radio Controlled time/date setting using the MSF Frequency, it also shows the indoor/outdoor temp/humidity, moon phases, barometic pressure reading and forecasts the weather for the next 8 hours.

Included in the box is a UK mains adaptor for the main weather station and the sensor requires 2xAAA batteries (not included). The main unit can also be powered by 2xAA batteries (not included) if a mains plug is not available.

The weather station stands at 19.5cm tall and includes a built in stand.

On the back of the station is also a usb slot to charge a phone etc without the need of another plug.

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park4night > > Detail of a place

COVID-19 Alert
Due to COVID-19, this place may be closed or inaccessible.

Daily parking lot only

Tetouan, N16

At Carrefour (Tetouan) shopping place. A lot of parking places. We left the motorhome and took a cab to the city. It’s a convenient way to visit Tetouan without having to worry about where to park and if street are wide enough.
Id : 108601 - Créé le 22 11 2018 par vrast
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park4night > > Detail of a place

COVID-19 Alert
Due to COVID-19, this place may be closed or inaccessible.

Daily parking lot only

Mablethorpe, Crook Bank

Large parking at the end of Crook Bank in front of the dunes, hiking departures and walks. Parking to share with cars. It is written NO OVERNIGHT. Near sea. In the middle of the fields. Follow the A1031 direction "to the sea" on the left then Crook Bank.
Id : 97143 - Créé le 20 08 2018 par garrice
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Muscle Sprains and Strains

What is it and how can I treat it?

A sprain is an injury to a ligament – the strong tissues around joints which attach bones together that give support to joints.  Injuries to ligaments are usually caused by them being stretched during a sudden pull and the most common are ankles.  A strain usually means stretching or tearing of muscle fibres. Most muscle strains occur either  because the muscle has been stretched beyond its limits or it has been forced to contract too strongly.

Both can be very painful but most can be treated at home without the need to see a doctor. Occasionally strains and sprains will need physiotherapy and surgery may be needed for severe sprains when ligaments tear badly.

Generally though, most damaged ligaments or muscles heal by themselves over time.     There are a few simple things you can do to ease the pain and keep inflammation and swelling to a minimum.

  • Rest the affected joint or muscles for 48-72 hours following injury
  • Apply ice as soon as possible and leave it on for 10-30 minutes. Less than 10 minutes has little affect. More than 30 minutes may damage the skin. Make an ice pack by    wrapping ice cubes in a plastic bag or towel (do not place ice directly on the skin)    or use a bag of frozen peas as an alternative. Gently press the ice pack on the injured part
  • Compression with a bandage will limit swelling and help rest the joint.
  • Keep the injured part raised as this will reduce swelling. For ankle and knee sprains, keep the foot up on a chair and for hand and wrist sprains, use a sling with your hand higher than your elbow.

You may not need any medication if you are not in pain but if you are, then paracetamol    and ibuprofen will help.

Ask your pharmacist for advice.  If symptoms do not settle gradually then contact your GP for advice.

For more information on muscle strains and sprains visit


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10077 N Meer Circle 14

$980,000, 4 Beds 4 Baths 2,494 Sqft

About This Property

Mayflower Lakeside is located between Mayflower Mountain Resort's new base village and the Jordanelle Reservoir. This new development is 5-years in the making with beautiful contemporary design and finishes and is a part of the MIDA overlay. At build out there will be 200 townhomes, and this First Release of 34 residences has some of the best view locations in the entire complex. All have main floor master bedrooms, Viking appliances, solid granite countertops, hardwood floors, 'floating' stairways, 2 car garages and much more. Depending on the location, these townhomes will have views of the Jordanelle (some unobstructed), or views of the mountains, or both. Completion is expected the Summer season of 2021, and well before the lifts start spinning at the start of the 2021-22 winter sports season.

Courtesy of: Engel & Voelkers Park City.

Essential Information

MLS® #11908398
Full Baths2
Half Baths1
Square Footage2,494
Year Built2021

Mountain Contemporary, Twin Home

Community Information

Address10077 N Meer Circle 14
Area24 - Jordanelle Park
SubdivisionMayflower Lakeside
CityHeber City
Zip Code84032

Parking Spaces2
ViewLake, Mountain(s)

Pets Allowed w/Restrictions, Security System - Entrance

Cable Available, Electricity Connected, High Speed Internet Available, Natural Gas Connected, Phone Available, Phone Lines/Additional

Recreation Access

Hike/Bike Trail - Adjoining Project

# of Fireplaces1
FireplacesGas, Fireplace

Interior Features

Ceiling(s) - 9 Ft Plus, Gas Dryer Hookup, Lower Level Walkout, Main Level Master Bedroom, Pantry, Storage - Interior, Vaulted Ceiling(s)

Dishwasher, Disposal, ENERGY STAR Qualified Dishwasher, ENERGY STAR Qualified Refrigerator, Freezer, Gas Range, Microwave, Oven, Refrigerator

Fireplace, Forced Air, Furnace - Energy Star Rated, Natural Gas, Zoned

Central Air, ENERGY STAR Qualified Equipment

ExteriorHardiPlank Type, Stone
RoofAsphalt, Composition
ConstructionFrame - Wood
FoundationConcrete Perimeter

Exterior Features

Deck(s), Landscaped - Fully, Lawn Sprinkler - Full, Patio(s)

Lot Description

Adjacent Common Area Land, Cul-de-sac, Natural Vegetation, PUD - Planned Unit Development, Wooded/Partially

School Information

Additional Information

Date ListedNovember 5th, 2019
Days on Market202
HOA Fees380.00
HOA Fees Freq.Monthly

Listing Details

Courtesy of: Engel & Voelkers Park City

Get directions to this property:

10077 N Meer Circle 14, Heber City (MLS® #11908398) Property History

Price Reduced from $1,200,000 to $980,000

The information provided is for consumers' personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. All properties are subject to prior sale or withdrawal. All information provided is deemed reliable but is not guaranteed accurate, and should be independently verified.

Park City Board of Realtors Logo The multiple listing information is provided by Park City Board of Realtors® from a copyrighted compilation of listings. The compilation of listings and each individual listing are © 2020 Park City Board of Realtors®, All Rights Reserved. Access to the multiple listing information through this website is made available by Summit Sotheby’s International Realty as a member of the Park City Board of Realtors® multiple listing service. No other entity, including a brokerage firm or any franchisor, may be listed in place of the specific Listing Broker on the foregoing notice. Terms of Use

Listing information last updated on May 25th, 2020 at 5:28am MDT.

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The Parker Avery Group

Lee Whitaker

Development and delivery of comprehensive, detailed training plans, curriculum and materials to support the client's newly designed merchandising organization and processes.

Lee leverages over 20 years of experience in the retail industry to advise retailers, focusing in the areas of supply chain and merchandising. His key roles in retail enable Lee to effectively lead teams in merchandise planning, inventory management, replenishment, space and assortment planning, as well as international supply chain strategy and logistics. He specializes in helping clients manage and execute software selection and implementation, process design, and change management activities across the retail planning and supply chain landscape. Lee holds a BS degree from the Miami University–Farmer School of Business and an MBA from The Ohio State University–Fisher College of Business. He also served on the board of directors for the New Albany Little League, is a member of the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), and is an OSU MBA Alumni Mentor. Lee grew up in in the Philadelphia suburb of Exton, Pennsylvania and now calls New Albany, Ohio his home. When he’s not buried under hundreds of merchandising business requirements, Lee enjoys spending time with his family and two golden retrievers, coaching baseball, cycling, running, and trying to tick off a few items on his family’s endless home improvement list.

LinkedIn Contact

Recent Contributions

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Ensuring Transformational Success Bringing the "A Team"
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Is Your Supply Chain Ready for Unified Commerce?Blog Post, 11/07/19
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Scrap Your Omnichannel Strategy Blog Post, 10/17/19

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BOPIS and BORIS: What They Mean for Your Business Blog Post, 10/02/19

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Technology Retail vs. Apparel different can it be? Blog Post, 02/21/19

Merchandising Capability Assessment and Roadmap Client Case Study

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Global Merchandise Financial Planning (MFP) ImplementationClient Case Study
Merchandise Planning Capabilities Design and Roadmap Client Case Study


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Welcome to Parkour-Vienna

Auf der Suche nach freien Parkour-Trainings? => Forum-Meeting
Auf der Suche nach regelmäßigen Parkour-Kursen? => Parkour-Austria

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[PkGenerations] Winterval 2015: Open for Booking

Hot on the heels of the Massacre, we've now opened up booking for Winterval 2015!

With a full day of training around some of London's best training locations and top level coaching from the entire Parkour Generations Team, Winterval is the perfect chance to shake off the effects of all those Christmas and New Year parties and get your training back on track for the new year.

Winterval is a full day of parkour and adaptive movement training open to all levels and abilities. If you've never experienced natural, adaptive movement training then this is the perfect place to start; and if you have and want to be pushed further by expert instructors to find the next level, this is equally the perfect event for you.

Click HERE to be taken to the full event page for more details and to book your place.

Winterval is coming... are you prepared?

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Gegründet im Sommer 2004. Mit tausenden registrierten Mitgliedern im Forum, ist es die größte Parkour-Plattform Österreichs und ein Grundstein der österreichischen Community.


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Freud’s Influence on Dali’s Surreal “Dream” Painting

The universe of Dalinian imagery, whether religious, mythological or in this case, Freudian, is repeated in many of the artist's illustrations, including those for the Biblia Sacra and Divine Comedy.

Dali Dali Featuring Francesco Vezzoli

The Moderna Museet (Museum of Modern Art) in Stockholm, Sweden presents Dalí Dalí Featuring Francesco Vezzoli.

Rare Salvador Dali Portrait of His Wife Gala Goes On Display

Antoni Pitxot, director of the Dalí Theatre and Museum in Figueres, and Montse Aguer, director of the Centre for Dalinian Studies, have presented the latest acquisition made by the Dalí [...]


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1. Men's Fleece
  2. Men's Better Sweater® 1/4-Zip Fleece
  •  Reviews
  • Size & Fit
  • Impact
  • Compare

Select Size and Color

Select Size

Select Color

M's Better Sweater® 1/4 Zip,

M's Better Sweater® 1/4 Zip,

M's Better Sweater® 1/4 Zip,

M's Better Sweater® 1/4 Zip,

A warm, low-bulk quarter-zip jacket made of soft, sweater-knit recycled polyester fleece. Fair Trade Certified™ sewn.

Style No. 25523
  • 100% Recycled Polyester Sweater-Knit Fleece

    Made of 100% recycled polyester fleece with a sweater-knit face, fleece interior and heathered yarns
  • Quarter-Zip with Stand-Up Collar

    Quarter-zip design with a zip-through stand-up collar for warmth and soft comfort
  • Raglan Sleeve Construction

    The raglan sleeve design allows full shoulder and arm mobility and reduces chafing under pack straps
  • Zippered Left-Chest Pocket

    Zippered left-chest pocket holds a phone or audio device
  • Skin-Friendly Cuffs and Hem

    Shape-holding micropolyester-jersey trim at the cuffs and hem feels smooth and soft on the skin and provides added abrasion resistance
  • Flat-Seam Construction

    Crafted with flat-seam stitching to reduce both bulk and chafing
  • Supporting the People Who Made This Product

    Hip length; Fair Trade Certified™ sewn, which means the people who made it earned a premium for their labor
  • Country of Origin

    Made in Thailand.
  • Weight

    505 g (17.8 oz)
  • 10-oz 100% recycled polyester knitted fleece dyed with a low-impact process that significantly reduces the use of dyestuffs, energy and water compared to conventional dyeing methods
  • Fabric is certified as bluesign® approved
  • Fair Trade Certified™ sewn

By their nature, knitted garments are prone to pilling, and this style is no exception. Removing pills can help lengthen the life of your Patagonia sweater, plus it’s easy to do with a sweater stone. Learn about removing pills at wornwear.com

Based on Reviews
Size & Fit
of reviewers
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Your reviews help us improve our gear. Take a few minutes to tell us what you think.

Everything we make has an impact on the planet.

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Software Maintenance

Software Maintenance
Software updates are published at regular intervals along with detailed release notes. Software updates are available free of charge while your product is covered by an active warranty. To continue software maintenance beyond the original, 1-year, you must purchase an Extended or Enhanced Warranty. Any lapse in warranty coverage must be cured by the purchase of annual extensions for the intervening years in order to resume software maintenance. Software upgrades that add licensed feature sets are not available for free but require separate purchase.

Software Maintenance Tools:

To know if you are entitled to free Software Upgrades/Updates, please first Check the Warranty Status of your product, by Log-In to the Support Portal.

To Upgrade/Download software, first select the Model using this Search tool.
Search by Model Number
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Search by Network Access Product Model Number

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Knowledge Base - How To Use The Diagnostics And Tools Tab within Service Center

Knowledge Base Main

The purpose of this document is to provide information surrounding the functionality and use of the ‘Diagnostics and Tools’ tab within PC-Doctor Service Center.

Within the PC-Doctor Service Center UI the ‘Diagnostics and Tools’ tab provides primary access to running ad hoc diagnostics and accessing any relevant systems tools (bottom bar). Launching diagnostics via this method is detailed below.

  1. Upon launching Service Center and selecting the “Diagnostics and Tools’ tab, you will see the following screen. The left side will contain the list of diagnostics and right side will be empty as seen below:
  2. Within the left pane, you have three options to choose which diagnostics to run:

    Category (Ex: Audio, Storage): All PC-Doctor diagnostics are categorized for easy navigation.
    Device Type (Ex: Sound Card, Microphone, Hard Drive): All PC-Doctor diagnostics are associated to specific devices.
    Script (Ex: System Test): The five default scripts are also included here.
  3. Once you have selected one of the three options, the right pane will update all the appropriate diagnostics. For example, if you select ‘Hard Drive’, you will see a screen similar to the one below:

    Note: The available tests may differ depending on the hardware configuration of the machine being tested.
  4. The right pane is then used to run the diagnostics with some additional options available for fine tuning and links to common system tools as annotated in the screenshot and descriptions below:
    dathda f
    1. Pass Count: Choose the radio button and select a value from the dropdown. By default, all chosen diagnostics will be executed once, however, increasing this value will cause the diagnostic to repeat for the allocated number of passes.
    2. Minimum Time Per Test: Choose this radio button and select a value from the dropdown menu. By default, all diagnostics will take the least amount of time possible to finish their test algorithm. Altering the value from ‘default’ will cause each diagnostic to run for at least the specified amount of time. If the diagnostic finishes its test algorithm before the specified time, it will repeat itself. This option is typically used in burn-in or stress testing.
    3. The device to be tested is shown. Clicking on the checkbox will select all related diagnostics for that device. Clicking on ‘details…’ will show the available system information for the device.
    4. If there are multiple devices to be tested, this checkbox can be selected to test all of the devices in parallel.
    5. Each individual diagnostic is shown in the list on the selected category, device, or script. All diagnostics have a little help icon that will provide a description. Some diagnostics include parameters to further fine tune the diagnostic. For example, you may customize the ‘Linear Read Test’. The default value and a description of each parameter is shown to guide you in selecting the best option. An example of these parameters can be seen below:
    6. The bottom pane displays links to commonly used system tools available for each device or category.
  5. Click the ‘Run Tests’ button to commence testing. Diagnostics run in real time in the order listed.


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Give books away. Get books you want.
The Child from the Sea

The Child from the Sea

1970 ·
·4·567 Ratings ·736 Pages
“ Don’t grieve. Anything you lose comes round in another form. ” ― Rumi
Authors' Books
  • The White Witch

    ·4.01·336 Ratings
    Romantic tale set in 17th-century England, when Cavaliers struggle with Puritans to keep the throne safe for King Charles 1st.At the beginning of the English Civil War and the men and women drawn into it on both sides. Robert Haslewood, the local squire t
  • The Rosemary Tree

    ·4.1·299 Ratings
    Michael Stone was once a famous author. That was before he went to prison. Now, just released, he needs to get his bearings. It was a gray day in early April when Michael stumbled wearily into the tiny English village. Even though his heart was torn by re
  • Green Dolphin Street

    ·4.19·1,221 Ratings
    A haunting love story set in the Channel Islands and New Zealand in the 19th century.William, whose hypnotic, masculine presence made two women adore him... of Marianne, moody, passionate, brilliant, by whom William was both fascinated and repelled... of
  • Linnets and Valerians

    ·4.15·1,843 Ratings
    Locked away in separate rooms as punishment by their ruthless grandmother, Nan, Robert, Timothy and Betsy decide to make their escape—out of the house, out of the garden and into the village. Commandeering a pony and trap, the children and their dog are
  • Pilgrim's Inn (Eliots of Damerosehay, #2)

    ·4.32·733 Ratings
    After WW II, Lucilla's soldier son George and his beautiful wife Nadine lived with their five children. They acquired an ancient pilgrim's inn on the river. Sally had never seen this face before, but as she studied the unfinished portrait of David Eliot,
  • The Dean's Watch

    ·4.41·749 Ratings
    The cathedral Dean, Adam Ayscough, holds a deep love for his parishioners, but he is held captive by an irrational shyness and intimidating manner. He strikes up an unlikely friendship with Isaac Peabody, an obscure watchmaker who does not think he or God
  • I Saw Three Ships

    ·4.01·149 Ratings
  • The Heart of the Family (Eliots of Damerosehay, #3)

    ·4.17·467 Ratings
    David Eliot finds his career as a successful and much-acclaimed actor a definite strain, and his brittle conversation and seeming arrogance earn him the dislike of his new secretary Sebastian Weber.
  • The Middle Window

    ·3.63·203 Ratings
    Judy Cameron is ever so bored with modern London and her glamorous, perfect life. Stifled, her imagination seizes on a picture she sees in a shop window, a picture of the Scottish wilds. It inspires her.Strong-willed, she prevails on her parents and fianc
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Pain, Suffering, Death and Salvation

Sunday, July 13, 2014

I used to devour C.S. Lewis's book after book a decade ago, when I found the joy of reading theology.

I remember reading A Grief Observed with a very basic understanding of its depth. I read it like any other book and moved on.

It is ten years later now when I found out from reading Andre Agassi's Open that there is a 1993 movie about C.S. Lewis's life with Joy Greshem. It's entitled Shadowlands. I managed to find a copy of the movie and I've just watched it.

With that, even though I have many books lined up to be read now, I'm putting A Grief Observed ahead in the list.

A Grief Observed
by C.S. Lewis
A classic work on grief, A Grief Observed is C.S. Lewis’s honest reflection on the fundamental issues of life, death, and faith in the midst of loss. Written after his wife’s tragic death as a way of surviving the “mad midnight moments,” A Grief Observed an unflinchingly truthful account of how loss can lead even a stalwart believer to lose all sense of meaning in the universe, and the inspirational tale of how he can possibly regain his bearings.

I may not have lost anyone as dear yet, but I gather reading it in tandem with Randy Alcorn's Heaven will help me put things in better perspective. It will be obvious that the pain will not be alleviated, or even lessened. But I hope to see it in newer light and have a more stable footing on the hope that is given by God in Christ.

On a separate note, I am also beginning to get curious again on the topic of salvation. During the recent silent retreat, one retreatant asked why doesn't God give man another chance to receive Jesus after death. At that point of time, I thought if that were the case, it will be possible to ask the same question to no end at every stage. We are instead been given a whole lifetime here on earth to know and believe Him.

But upon reading Alcorn's Heaven, I begin to really wonder. And these are not new questions: what happens to people who live in secluded out-of-reach areas and have no chance to hear the Gospel, what happens to people who did not really make a choice and regrets it the very moment after death, and pleads for another chance?

The only book I have that I think may draw some light into this book on four views on salvation.

Four Views on Salvation in a Pluralistic World
by Clark H. Pinnock, Alister E. McGrath, Dennis L. Okholm, Timothy R. Phillips, John Hick, R. Douglas Geivett, and W. Gary Phillips.
Increasingly, Christianity is seen as just one among many valid paths to God. Four views...presented by advocates of each, help Christians understand and meet the challenges of our pluralistic culture. Religious pluralism is the greatest challenge facing Christianity in Western culture today. The belief that Christ is the only way to God is being challenged, and increasingly, Christianity is seen as just one among many valid paths to God. In Four Views on Salvation in a Pluralistic World, four perspectives are presented by a major advocate of each: (1) Normative Pluralism: all ethical religions lead to God (2) Inclusivism: salvation is universally available, but is established by and leads to Christ, (3) Salvation in Christ: agnosticism regarding those who haven’t heard the gospel, and (4) Salvation in Christ alone.

Oh dear, my reading list is getting longer than ever. On top of that, I only have a print copy of the book on salvation. It will indeed be challenging, both on content and medium.

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2 comment(s)

  1. I liked the movie and reviewed it here. My favorite quote from it:

    "I pray because I can't help myself. I pray because I'm helpless. I pray because the need flows out of me all the time, waking and sleeping. It doesn't change God, it changes me."

  2. Loved your review on the movie. I had wanted to leave a comment there but I keep having problems doing it from my devices :(
    Yes, I remember those words he said. I rewinded it to hear it again!


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Contact Us

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We can still help! You can search for other positions that we currently have open, or we can market your skills to prospective employers! Simply fill out our brief application and we will search for a position that meets your needs. As always, there is no cost to you, and we will not share your information with prospective employers without contacting you for permission.

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Bilingual School-based Speech-Language Pathologist-SLP - Palatine, IL

Looking for a full-time, Bilingual school-based Speech-Language Pathologist for the 2019-20 school year? Do you have a current PEL?

We're seeking a bilingual in Spanish Speech-Language Pathologist to join our team in the area of Palatine, IL.

K-6 Caseload
32.5 hours per week
Position starts in August 2019
Previous experience working in the schools as a Speech-Language Pathologist preferred
Strong new grads with PEL will be considered

Qualifications: You will need to hold a Master's Degree in Communications Sciences Disorders or Speech-Language Pathology, and a current state license (or be eligible for same).

PediaStaff delivers flexible staffing solutions in pediatric and educational based settings. We offer excellent hourly rates and Per Diem based on IRS eligibility. In addition:

* Full-time employees receive nationally recognized medical insurance and 401K with employer contributions
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* You may choose our optional summer pay program for school-based professionals
* Our select team of Clinical Resource Specialists is available to help ensure your success. You are not alone when you are on assignment with PediaStaff

PediaStaff provides equal employment opportunities (EEO) to all employees and applicants for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability or genetics. In addition to federal law requirements, PediaStaff complies with applicable state and local laws governing nondiscrimination in employment in every location in which the company does business.

PediaStaff is a WBENC National WBE Certified women-owned business.

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Extra 40% OFF SALE! Code: EXTRA40

COVID-19 Update Read More | Business As Usual - Orders Shipped within Hours!

Obscurity Top - Black

or 4 interest-free payments of Learn more
Add to Wishlist

The summer staple your wardrobe needs!

Bring on this cute crop top as an essential! We love it with denim and woven slides

- Cropped Black Tee

- Baby tee style

- Soft stretch ribbed fabric

- T Shirt style

- Low back

- Fitted

- 95% Cotton, 5% Spandex

Model wears a size S/M

This item can be returned within 30 days.
Find out more.


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Green Goddess Blend

This blend helps one appreciate the essence of nature, while nurturing, comforting and promoting a sense of self-awareness and wellbeing.

5ml  -
In stock
90% of 100

Shipping Info - International Customers

This product will incur an additional fee when shipped internationally and is not able to be delivered to all countries. More Info

A special blend of 23 essential oils in celebration of our 20th anniversary.

This blend perfectly captures the essence of Perfect Potion's Green Goddess. The essential oils in the Green Goddess blend epitomises the spirit of all Green Goddesses. Green Goddess blend will help you appreciate the essence of nature. It nurtures, comforts, promotes self-awareness and wellbeing, and helps one to embrace new ideas.

A fusion of 23 essential oils selected carefully by the Perfect Potion team. Read about the inspiration behind the blend!

Add 5-7 drops of Green Goddess blend to your diffuser or oil burner to harness your inner Green Goddess.

100% pure essential oils of: bergamot, mandarin, sweet orange, ylang ylang, lavender, patchouli, lemon scented ironbark, geranium, frankincense, Australian sandalwood, Atlas cedarwood, Roman chamomile, clove bud, vetiver, cinnamon bark, fragonia, ginger, rose absolute, jasmine absolute, neroli, melissa, rose otto, pink lotus absolute.
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