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Classroom-Based Education

Traditional classroom-based teaching is an educational modality familiar to hospital staff.  Enhancing the experience with interactive exercises and reflective learning can make this an ideal educational intervention.  The duration of each session can be adjusted to meet local needs and preferences.  Using this approach means that time is dedicated to the education.  Team members have an opportunity to learn together and from each other.  The session helps prepare staff for a change in clinical practice regarding mobilization by facilitating discussion and acknowledging potential challenges and barriers collectively. Using a combination of didactic and interactive teaching styles, the goals of classroom based education are as follows:

  • Focus on content knowledge for early mobility including evidence
  • Preparation of staff for change in practice
  • Engagement of interprofessional staff in joint discussion and planning for implementation and addressing interprofessional stereotypes and a shift in focus of care from care-giver roles to patient focused goals
  • Discussion on team work and collaboration

The classroom sessions will include lecture style presentations, as well as group based activities such as the So-Short exercise, an activity on fostering interprofessional collaboration (activity resources found below). Classroom-based education should last between 1 to 2 hours total.

E-Learning allows educators to reach a wide number of staff in a shorter time period when compared to classroom-based education. E-Modules have been created that closely mimic content found in classroom-based education. If your hospital decides on using E-Modules, it is best to contact your hospital’s IT department to help you with the set-up of an E-Learning system.

E-Learning modules have to be planned carefully in terms of content and length. The E-Learning Guide provides a list of items that need to be considered when creating an e-learning based module.


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Barton Fink

Barton Fink (1991)

4 mistakes

(0 votes)

Continuity mistake: When Barton is talking to the film maker about writing the film the film maker has on a military uniform. As the scenes go back and forth between him and Barton the military ribbons come undone on one side and then miraculously return to normal.

Revealing mistake: In the scene where John Goodman is facing off with the cops, the walls of the hotel catch fire as Goodman runs down the hallway towards the cops. You can easily see the pyrotechnic cord strung along the wall.

Other mistake: When Barton returns to his room to find one of the detectives reading out his film script, it ends with "We'll be hearing from that crazy wrestler, and I don't mean a postcard. Fade out. The end." When we earlier saw Barton typing the end of this script, enough was visible to show that the last line of dialogue was "We'll hear from that kid, and I don't mean a postcard", and there was no "Fade out".

Continuity mistake: After the scene where John Goodman kills the detectives in the hallway of the hotel, he is shown walking one direction down the hall to his room, then John Turturro is shown walking the other direction to the elevator. In neither of those shots is there a detective's body on the floor.

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Gwen Stefani

Gwen Stefani
Movie Reviews

The Aviator - written by Mike on August 23rd, 2005

News Articles

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© 2005 - present | All images represented here remain the property of their original owners. claims no ownership of any promotional image, movie still, video or press shot displayed on this website!


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• Sharks Get Cancer, Mole Rat Don`T

    • (Average rating 4.20 / 10 ratings / 2 reviews)

    RM 89.90

    Product Unavailable. For enquiry, please email to contact@mph.com.my

    • Category : health-and-lifestyle
    • ISBN Code: 9781633881549
    • Format : Paperback
    • By (Author): Welsh, James
    • Publisher: Llewellyn

    * This product is zero-rated GST. Price payable is exclusive of GST * Discount valid for Online Purchase(s) only. Not applicable for purchases at MPH outlets.
    Price may change from time to time as advised by the publishers

This fresh and fascinating exploration of new directions in cancer research focuses on the important role of the immune system in combatting this dread disease. Integrating clues from the animal kingdom, the veterinary clinic, extraordinary human cases, and even embryology, the author-a cancer physician, biologist, and physicist-creates a novel and compelling account of tumor immunology and the promises of immunotherapy.
As the author explains, animals offer us many tantalizing clues about the nature of cancer in humans. Tasmanian devils are on the verge of extinction due to a virulent form of contagious cancer; soft-shelled clams on the East coast of North America are vanishing due to another epidemic of contagious cancer; dogs also contract a contagious cancer but they spontaneously overcome it; and a type of mouse and the homely mole rat are not susceptible to the disease at all.
In humans, there are rare instances of spontaneous cures of advanced cancers induced by radiation. An uncommon form of dwarfism called Laron syndrome confers total cancer immunity on the people who inherit the condition. And recent research suggests that cancer has stolen the secret that shields the embryo against hostile attacks from the mother's immune system.
The author makes a convincing case that what all of these diverse examples have in common is the immune system and its ability or inability to respond to malignancies. He concludes with a review of the exciting research on the human immune system and the development of new treatments that are inducing the immune system to combat and conquer even the deadliest cancers.

Goodreads Reviews

(Average rating 4.20 / 10 ratings / 2 reviews)

Bestsellers in health-and-lifestyle

MPH - Sharks Get Cancer, Mole Rat Don`T ISBN - 9781633881549


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Hadfield secures Welsh biomass deal

Hadfield Wood Recyclers has won a contract to supply 45,000 tonnes of biomass for a new £25m 5.4MW plant in Wrexham, north Wales.

Vicki Hughes, group business development director, said the contract added to the company’s growing biomass portfolio.

“We have been growing the biomass side of our business for a number of years o complement our wood recycling arm, which remains as strong as ever,” she said.

“We have seen an increasing number of requests to supply plants here and abroad, both small and large scale. For us, the balance is always ensuring we can consistently supply a good spec of material while ensuring it is financially viable for both parties.”

Hadfield operates from three sites in Manchester, Middlesbrough and Essex. It recycles 270,000 tonnes of wood waste a year into products including animal bedding for horses, poultry and dairy cattle, feedstock for panel board, arena surfaces and filter beds.

Hadfield supplies biomass to other UK facilities including MVV at Ridham Dock in Kent, Wilton 10 (Sembcorp) in Middlesbrough and Stevenscroft at Lockerbie. It also exports to Sweden, Germany, Netherlands and Estonia.

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Market Focus Ferrous metals

Market focus ferrous metals

Ferrous scrap merchants have been having a more stable time of it during the past few weeks with most reporting unchanged prices. The situation is in stark contrast to the market in recent months, which have seen surprising increases in the price of scrap, only to be wiped out by subsequent large falls.

According to most merchants that MRW spoke to, the underlying trend remained that trade in ferrous scrap was slow, with many operators expecting it to remain so for a while.

While merchants in some regions, particularly Scotland and Wales did report a rise in prices they are paying for scrap most that MRW spoke to reported no movement in the price of ferrous scrap over the last month.

One merchant said: “There’s been no real change in prices. We’d pay £35 for light iron, £60-£65 for heavy. Trade is about the same as this time last year.”

Some merchants were disappointed that the ferrous market was not seeing the boost experienced by the non-ferrous market, a boost they put down to post-Brexit vote currency fluctuations. Others, however, felt that there were no clear reasons why the ferrous sector should be boosted by this in any real or sustained way.

One merchant in the South summed up the sentiment of many operators across different regions: “We’ve got no change in prices where we are,” the merchant said. “Trade is about the same as last year. It’s slow, and some people are saying it’s because of Brexit but it’s just as likely to be because of the holiday slowdown.”

Some merchants lamented what they saw as the increasing downward slide of the ferrous side of the scrap market.

“Trade seems to be getting worse year on year, I’ve no idea why,” said one merchant. Another described business as “worse than usual” and blamed it on the the general lacklustre state of the economy. “Copper and aluminium prices have shot up though, although that hasn’t brought in any more scrap,” the merchant said.

However, a couple of merchants that MRW spoke to in Scotland reported an increase in ferrous scrap prices.

“Ferrous prices have come up £15 to 20 in the last couple of weeks,” said one operator selling it to the export market. “We’re paying £70-80 for light iron, and heavy is £90.”

Another reported a 20% increase in prices on average. “Light iron, we pay £40 and heavy is £50. I’ve got no idea how long it will last. Trade is quiet though.”

A couple of Welsh merchants also reported an increase in prices. One said prices had increased between £5 and £10 per tonne in the last couple of weeks.

“I don’t really know why, I’m hoping it’s a new era,” the merchant said. “Trade isn’t too bad but we are down a bit on the gate trade. The higher prices might bring people coming in. Non-ferrous is good, we can’t complain there, so you’ve got to look on the bright side.”

Another said that prices had risen a little but they were not paying more than £20 for light iron and £30 for heavy scrap.

In the North East, one merchant observed that scrap buyers were expecting better quality and were rejecting the type of material that they had previously accepted.

“I bought some light iron for £40 per tonne the other day but I think I’ll only get my money back on it,” the merchant said. “Trade is quiet, enquiries are quiet, everyone’s fighting for the same jobs, and often quoting more than it’s worth.”

A North West merchant said they were trying to keep their prices stable to establish some interest amid slow trade.

“Light iron is £30, heavy is £45 to £50 and £60 to £65 for good plate and girder,” the merchant reported. “The currency changes have boosted non-ferrous. You’d think it would affect the steel market. Maybe Turkey has enough on hand or they are playing a waiting game at the moment.”

One operator in the South felt prices could increase significantly if demand were to pick up, due to lack of material around.

Another in the Midlands made a similar observation: “There’s been some talk about prices maybe going up, but that’s because there isn’t a great deal out there and the big boys will need to have some at some point.”

However other merchants felt that in the shorter term of the next few weeks, business was unlikely to improve

“It’s the holiday period coming up so it will slow down then,” said one Midlands operator. A Scottish merchant said: “I think trade will be quiet anyway and the holidays won’t make much difference.”

Another scrap trader said he expected no real change in the state of the market for the foreseeable future. “It will stay subdued well into the second half of next year. When people sell at a low price it’s because they think the price will remain low for a while.”

MRW spoke to 16 merchants for this report

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Money Before Marriage-Until Credit Do Us Part, Part 2

Money before Marriage

 Get Money Before Marriage Finances RightMoney before marriage is an essential conversation everyone should have prior to marriage, when you, considering the divorce statistics associated with money before marriage

Financial surprises after marriage run the gamut from, “I assumed he owned his home”,  and, “I did not know he was deep in debt to his x-wife”.  These
are just two of hundreds of surprises newly married couples encounter. The problems go both ways, there are men who are surprised that their new wife got married only to quit her well-paying job shortly after marrying, and there are women who are surprised to learn their new husband has been laid off his job and didn’t tell her.

These are very serious issues, and they signal the fact that too many couples are taking money for granted before they marry.  Before getting married, couples should have more in common, than not. Besides respect and understanding for each other, having good financial habits in common are important.  If not, after the honeymoon period is over, fights may ensue over money.

Marriage partners bring their bad money problems or good money habits to the marriage, so understanding what your partner’s money habits are before you marry is crucial.

Easy Budget Planner for Newly Weds at Msfinancialsavvy

Psychologists say the glue that holds marriages together is the number of things you have in common. The more you have in common the more likely you will stay in a happy long term marriage. At the top of that list, is finances. The more you have in common with great finances, the better your marriage will fare, financially. I have listed some of the financial habits you should have in common, that will foster a healthy marriage relationship, below.

The Financial Aspects You Should Have in Common Before Marriage, Both of You Should:

  • Believe in living within a budget
  • Live within your means
  • Purchase products you can afford
  • Have supplemental savings accounts before you marry
  • Have good credit reports before you marry
  • Invest in a pension or other retirement account at work or personally
  • Be interested in buying an affordable home after marrying
  • Identify and alleviate poor money habits before you marry

Most couples are still in the admiration phase of their relationship before they marry, so they assume that all is to be admired on the financial front also.  But, unfortunately, just as the experts will tell you, people don’t change for marriage. It may take some time to understand that your spouse has poor money management skills, and in most cases, those habits were there before marriage.

How Do You Determine if Money Before Marriage is a Problem?

There are many ways to spot financial dysfunction behavior in a potential spouse, you only have to be willing to understand what a wasteful person does, and be willing to look honestly at money with your fiance. Some people don’t understand what financial problems look like and some are hidden. Your best bet is to look for signs of financial mismanagement. Here are many to consider:

1. Does he or she live in an apartment with no furniture – sounds funny, but this could mean your partner is super frugal-paying off bills, unreasonably cheap, or can’t afford furniture because of financial mismanagement, even if it is second-hand furniture. The functional sign would be that he/or she is super frugal and waiting to buy furniture after some crucial bills are paid off.

2. If he/or she makes a modest income, but owns an expensive car. The problem with an expensive car is that not only is the monthly payment painful, but the upkeep could consume most of a monthly paycheck. This is a very bad sign of financial dysfunction.

3. If he/or she lives in and owns a home that is too expensive for their income and assets.

4. That he/or she takes expensive vacations and their salary is modest.

5. That he/or she carries a large number of credit cards and pulls out a different one each time you go out.

6. The absolute must is to share your bills with each other. Excessive bills for his/or her income is a huge sign.

7. Your partner should be willing to pay down excessive bills before marriage.

8. If your partner can’t make a pack with you to keep debt low during your marriage, you may need to reconsider your choice, and alleviate a lifetime of financial pain.

Get these 3 Amazing Gifts When You Join, Live Rich Save Money Now!

Money before Marriage Finances

About Lois Center-Shabazz

Lois Center-Shabazz, aka MsFinancialSavvy, is a Money Strategist specializing in helping others with Mega-Money Management through what she calls the Money Trio of Guerrilla Budgeting | Sane Savings | Investing Insights. Visit the top toolbar of and schedule a discovery session with Lois. She is also a nature photographer (, acrylic painter (, and has an online calculator website at Lois is the author of the Live Rich Save Money! series on Amazon Kindle.

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MTB Project Logo

Tahoe Rim Trail: Brockway to Wilderness Boundary

 4.7 (6)
Zoom in to see details
Map Key

14.9 Miles 24.1 Kilometers

2,457' 749 m

-2,456' -749 m

Avg Grade (4°)

Max Grade (11°)

9,184' 2,799 m

7,067' 2,154 m

Shared By Joel Wilson

Getting forecast...

A good singletrack out and back with some technical rocky sections near the turnaround.

Joel Wilson

Dogs Leashed

Features -none-

Typical riding season is June through October depending on the snow conditions.

A solid climb brings riders to a nice view at the Mt. Rose Wilderness Boundary. The difficult section is at the end with technical rocky terrain. While this trail is a great descent, you can also head down to Kings Beach via fire roads and the Lower Kb Enduro singletracks.

Respect the Wilderness Area boundary, as bikes are not permitted to continue any further on the trail.

The trail starts with a steady climb on nice singletrack. There are a few rocky sections but it is mostly hard packed dirt. Soon there will be a side trail up to a viewpoint on the left. This is a great view and worth the extra climb.

After a couple miles, the trail crosses dirt roads that connect to Martis Peak and highway 267 to Kings Beach. At about mile 4, the trail follows a dirt road to the right for a few tenths of a mile, then branches off to the left soon after you pass a dirt road to the right. At approximately 6 miles in, it briefly follows a dirt road for a few tenths. You'll follow this road up a steep climb and soon find the trail jetting off to the left.

The final segment to the wilderness boundary has some very technical, rocky terrain. Most people walk the technical sections near the top. Be careful if you try to ride these sections because if you can't make it, you'll step or fall into large and sometimes sharp boulders.

The wilderness boundary is at over 9,000 ft and the view is well worth the effort. Snow drifts can linger here far into the summer. They can be walked over, and are a fun test of skill to ride down. Be careful if you try to ride down the technical sections as it is easy to endo into boulders.

Return down the way you came up for the best singletrack descent. There are some fun flowy sections, but be watchful of and courteous to hikers. Enjoy the ride!

You & This Featured Ride

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Your Check-Ins

Sep 3, 2018
Kyle Chong
Jul 23, 2018
Winston Parsons
Worth the hard climb. Singletrack galore.
Jul 8, 2018
Yun Yeh
Oct 9, 2017
Jack Desmond
Sep 26, 2017
David Stanfield
Jul 1, 2017
Stefan Aprodu
15.2mi — 1h 58m
Jun 27, 2017
court leve
5 miles from 267 you'll hit snow. Can go a bit further hike a bike but after 6 miles. Too much snow
Jul 17, 2016
Stephen Angster
Stared just below Martis peak and then connected with Brockway trail to Tahoe City 4mi

Trail Ratings

  4.7 from 6 votes

in Lake Tahoe

  4.7 from 6 votes
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in Lake Tahoe

in California

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So, this has to be a "shuttle" ride? Aug 29, 2018

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where a life outdoors is a life well lived.

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  2. Welcome to Mu-43.com—a friendly Micro 4/3 camera & photography discussion forum!

    If you are thinking of buying a camera or need help with your photos, you will find our forum members full of advice! Click here to join for free!

[FS] Olympus 45mm Black $275

Discussion in 'Expired Listings' started by youry, Jun 25, 2014.

  1. youry

    youry Mu-43 Regular

    Rating - 100%
    47   0   0

    Nov 9, 2010
    Winston Salem, NC
    No more interested in trading. Found a 20 on Ebay.

    Mint Olympus 45mm 1.8. One tiny particle of dust which can be seen if you look through the lens.
    It is so tiny, it doesn't affect anything. Other than that, you can't tell it apart from a new one. Super sharp even wide open.
    It comes with both caps and original box.

    $275, shipped and paypaled, US sale, Paypal confirmed, no exceptions

    Subscribe to see EXIF info for this image (if available)
    "768" height="1024" alt="image">

    - - - Updated - - -

    Changed from FT to FS
  2. flipknows

    flipknows New to Mu-43

    Rating - 100%
    1   0   0

    i have epl5 w/ kit stll new if youre interested on trade..
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Mud Mates orders are shipped Monday, Wednesday and Friday. If you have any questions please contact us. Dismiss

Long Sleeve Bibs

Food and drink are no match for our Mud Mates Long Sleeve Bibs! Perfect for messy eating toddlers and preschoolers, you can trust our bibs to keep your child’s clothing clean and dry.

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Enviable connections, specialist search focus and industry leading research

"Very well-networked in the HR community - impressive quality search"FTSE 250, Chief Executive

With over 40 years combined search experience, we work with a diverse client base of across all industry sectors.

Operate globally from London and Cheshire

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Focus on Non-Executive Directors and HR Directors

Over 95% completion rate & over 80% repeat business

Trusted and deeply established global relationships

Utilising our extensive global network, we approach each assignment as a 'blank sheet of paper' to ensure a thorough search of the market.

"The recent search I conducted with Jo Sellwood-Taylor and Sharon Mullen was the best search experience I have had to date."Globally Listed, Chief Executive Officer

Executive Interim Appointments

Our Executive Interim practice provides solutions for private and public organisations which compliments our provision of Executive Search within HR. We pride ourselves in providing lasting value to organisations by investing heavily in building strong networks with an extensive wide range of highly effective executive interim HR professionals. Our insights go beyond the technical fit around an appointment focusing on cultural fit, legacy and sustainable intervention.

> Contact us.. click here

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Current and Targeted Medications

A current list of medications approved for the treatment of drug addiction is shown in Table 4. A brief description of these medications for treatment of specific drugs of abuse is described below. In all cases, new medications are under clinical and preclinical investigation. Examples of potential medications currently under clinical investigation are listed in Table 5 with their chemical structures being shown in Figure 8. As the mechanisms of actions of these agents are widely varied, no attempt to describe structure-activity relationships (SARs) within these classes of molecules has been made. However, the interested reader is referred to relevant review articles throughout the text that describe in more detail the drug design and synthesis of these agents.

Drug Free Life

Drug Free Life

How To Beat Drugs And Be On Your Way To Full Recovery. In this book, you will learn all about: Background Info On Drugs, Psychological Treatments Statistics, Rehab, Hypnosis and Much MORE.

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text:
Auriculotemporal syndrome

Frey's syndrome; Baillarger's syndrome; Dupuy's syndrome; salivosudoriparous syndrome; sweating gustatory syndrome; gustatory sweating

Gustatory sweating secondary to auriculotemporal nerve injury

Misdirection of parasympathetic fibers, which migrate into the postganglionic sympathetic fibers to innervate the sweat glands

Clinical manifestation

Flushing or sweating on one side of the face when certain foods are eaten

Differential diagnosis

Gustatory sweating from diabetic neuropathy or post-herpetic neuralgia; Horner's syndrome; lacrimal sweating; harlequin syndrome

Surgical: tympanic neurectomy for severe symptoms; perineural alcohol injection Medical: scopolamine 3-5% cream applied twice daily; aluminium chloride

► Gustatory sweating

Kaddu S, Smolle J, Komericki P, Kerl H (2000) Au-riculotemporal (Frey) syndrome in late child hood: an unusual variant presenting as gustatory flushing mimicking food allergy. Pediatric Dermatology 17(2^126-128

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Due to constant changes from manufacturers, limited time offers and financing options, please call for the best current deals at (717) 626-6363

2019 Ariens Professional 32 Hydro RapidTrak 926069

Professional 32 Hydro RapidTrak 926069

Top-of-the-line. For commercial and heavy residential use.

Designed and built for professionals, but also used by homeowners who don't mess around. Huge 23.5" housing height to swallow deep snow drifts. 16" auger diameter. 420cc engine. Blows snow up to 60 feet and clears 79-102 tons/hour based on model. Choice of 28-36" clearing widths.

Available as EFI.

  • Featuring a large 32" clearing width
  • RapidTrak maintains traction even against high snow piles on hilly or slippery pavement, and a wheeled setting provides quick, effortless maneuverability on flat surfaces.
  • Intuitive, user-friendly design allows operators to switch between settings in seconds.
  • Model Number: 926069
  • Stage Type: Two Stage
  • Clearing Width: 32 in. (81.3 cm)
  • Engine Brand: Ariens Polar Force Pro by Briggs & Stratton®
  • Engine Power: 420 cc (21 ft./lb.)
  • Starting System: 120V/Recoil
  • Housing Height: 23.5 in. (59.7 cm)
  • Throwing Distance: 3 ft.-60 ft. (.9-18.2 m)
  • Chute Turning Radius: 200°
  • Deflector Control: Remote
  • Tire Size: 5.5 in. (14 cm)
  • Tire Type: Directional Snow Tread Track
  • Steering: Auto-Turn
  • Drive Type: Hydrostatic
  • Speeds: Variable
  • Length: 60.3 in. (153.2 cm)
  • Width: 34.2 in. (86.9 cm)
  • Height: 46.6 in. (118.4 cm)
  • Weight: 338.6 lb. (153.6 kg)
  • Gear Case: Cast Iron
  • Gear Case Warranty: 5 Year Consumer, 5 Year Commercial
  • Impeller Profile: Steel 3 Blade
  • Impeller Diameter: 14 in. (35.6 cm)
  • Auger Diameter: 16 in. (40.6 cm)
  • Auger Type: Steel Serrated
  • Skid Shoes: Commercial Skids
  • Scraper Bar: Steel Adjustable
  • Product Warranty: 3 Year Consumer, 1 Year Commercial
  • Chute Rotation: Quick-Turn
  • Features At A Glance: Halogen Headlight; Handwarmers; Remote Deflector; Electric Start; Drift Cutters; One Hand Interlock; RapidTrak System
  • Sno-Thro Cab: Protective yourself against heavy snow, wind and snow blowback conditions with an Ariens Snow blower cab.
  • Sno-Thro Maintenance Kit: Keep your Ariens powering through winter with routine maintenance. Includes Oil, Sno-Jet, Shear Bolts and Fuel Stabilizer.
  • Front Weight Kit: Ariens front weight kit adds 10 lbs. to the front of your Sno-Thro equalizing weight distribution and balance to get a cleaner surface.
  • Protective Floor Mat - 36" x 36": Ariens Heavy Duty 36" x 36" Floor Mat collects water and debris while providing a protective layer between the machine and floor surface during storage.
  • Sno-Thro Cover: Keep your snow blower safe from UV damage, rain, dirt, birds, tree sap and more. Constructed with durable 300 denier polyester with urethane backing and reinforced panels.

Engine Manufacturer
Ariens Polar Force Pro by Briggs & Stratton®
Engine Displacement
420 cc

32 in. (81.3 cm)
Max Discharge
3 ft.-60 ft. (.9-18.2 m)
Drive Type
Wheel Size
5.5 in. (14 cm)
338.6 lb. (153.6 kg)

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Stella & Chewy's FD Duck Duck Goose Cat Recipe

Stella & Chewy's FD Duck Duck Goose Cat Recipe

$ 9.99

Each Stella & Chewy’s freeze-dried raw dinner morsel recipe is formulated to mirror a cat’s ancestral diet! There has never been a more conveneint way to feed a biologically appropriate raw food diet.

  • 98% meat, organs and bone
  • Cage-free and wild-caught proteins
  • Fortified with added vitamins and minerals
  • Rich in taurine and enhanced with probiotics and antioxidants
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Monthly Archives March 2019

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Samsung has introduced its new small, handheld-sized digital camera – Samsung CL80, which comes equipped with an 14MP image sensor, 3.7″ AMOLED touch screen, Wi-Fi capability, and 31 mm wide angle lens plus 7x optical zoom, providing users a wider shooting range from a shorter distance.

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The new Samsung CL80 digital camera measures 4.03 (W) x 2.3 (H) x 0.74 (D) inches, but no words on its price and release date yet.

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Denham Issues Warning To Federal Agencies

Washington, DC– Congressman Jeff Denham issued a warning Thursday to all federal agencies that he is putting them on notice.

Denham, Chairman of the Subcommittee on Economic Development, Public Buildings and Emergency Management, is requesting that federal agencies supply him with a list of excess and surplus properties. He says he will even request subpoenas if necessary.

In his first hearing as chair of the subcommittee, Representative Denham highlighted the challenging economy and stated that we owe it to the taxpayers to provide them lists of unused properties that could be sold to reduce the debt.

“Not only do I want a list, but we are going to be very aggressive in selling unneeded excess properties and surplus properties to make sure we are using taxpayers dollars efficiently.”

Denham says in the last several years the subcommittee has had a tough time getting federal agencies to provide proper information. As the new Chairman, he wants to emphasize the importance of getting them to comply.

“I’ve already received one list, but on a list that should have 22,000 to 25,000 properties, it has 30,” said Denham. “So obviously they’re not doing their job in declaring the property surplus when they’re unneeded.”

Congressman Jeff Denham represents the 19th District of California in the U.S. House of Representatives. His district covers Tuolumne county.

Written by tina.falco@mlode.com


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Photo by BWFolsom via Getty Images

One of the special guests of the holiday parade is an anthropomorphic log of bologna called The Big Stick

Terri Coles
December 19, 2016

Many cities in Canada and elsewhere have an annual holiday parade, with the usual cast of characters—Santa, reindeer, perhaps a sugarplum fairy or two. But the holiday parade that marches through St. John’s, Newfoundland every December has an unusual special guest: The Big Stick, an anthropomorphic log of bologna

“He’s been there as long as I can remember, to be honest with you,” says Gaylynne Lambert, marketing manager for Downtown St. John’s, says of The Big Stick. “Now if he’s not there every year there’s something wrong.”

Why bologna? Newfoundlers are known across Canada for their sense of humor, but that’s not why their Christmas parade has a walking bologna in it. It’s just that the people of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada’s youngest province, really like bologna. They like it so much that they consume about a third of the bologna produced in the country, an amazing and slightly alarming feat for a province of about 520,000 people in a country of 35 million.

“A lot of my friends on the west coast [of Newfoundland], they keep telling me if they don’t have bologna in their fridge they’ve got nothing to eat,” said Kevin Phillips, a native Newfoundlander now living in Oakville and the author of The Bologna Cookbook. Like many in the province, Phillips grew up with bologna as a household staple and it was a top seller at the general store his father owned in the 1950s. “He would sell bologna by hundreds of pounds in a week.”

Phillips left Newfoundland in adulthood, first to join the Canadian military and then to start his second career as a chef. He eventually decided to write a cookbook to preserve and share the recipes of his home province with a wider audience. But in compiling those recipes, he found one ingredient stood out: bologna “All of a sudden I get all these recipes and they were all bologna,” Phillips says. “When people talk about Newfoundland recipes if it’s not codfish and potatoes and salt fish, it’s bologna.”

Think of bologna as the Spam of the North Atlantic, as beloved here as its porky canned cousin is to Hawaiians. Bologna is the working-class cousin of Italy’s mortadella but without the visible lard, thanks to its regulated fine grind. In North America bologna products are made from a mix of pork, chicken, beef, turkey, and bacon, along with a variety of additives and flavorings that help give the meat its distinctive taste. It’s a source of protein but also high in fat and sodium. It may be tasty and it’s definitely inexpensive, but it’s not healthy.

But that has not stopped Newfoundlanders and Labradorians, and sales stats from Maple Leaf Foods, Canada’s top producer of packaged meats and the annual sponsor of the Big Stick, show they eat about five pounds of bologna, a.k.a. “Newfie steak,” per person per year. “We sell probably 10 times per capita average here compared to other parts of Canada,” says Scott Warren, Maple Leaf’s Newfoundland customer business development manager.

It’s Warren’s 21-year-old son who wears The Big Stick suit in the Santa Claus parade these days, after the company paid for a new suit about five years ago, when the original wore out after years of appearances in parades, community festivals, and local picnics. “He got the funny look on his face, and he’s got the big funny feet, and almost a stupid smile. My son’s pretty good at playing it up,” Warren says of the suit’s annual appearance in the parade--a tradition that dates back about 25 years, to the mascot’s first incarnation.“

The meat’s popularity is borne of practicality in a province built on its cod fishery, where when people say “fish” they mean cod. Other protein sources were often cost prohibitive, especially in a rocky and cold province that lacked large-scale farming and livestock industries.

But bologna? That was cheap, and the wax-covered tubes found in general stores across the province lasted for months. Newfoundland and Labrador is remote, and lacks usable farmland—the province still imports ninety percent of its produce. Bologna is among a variety of shelf-stable and unusual foods to find a welcome audience here, the king of a list that includes Vienna sausages, Fussell’s tinned cream, and Pineapple Crush soda.

Photo Courtesy of Maple Leaf Foods, Inc.

And as is turns out, bologna can also be pretty versatile. The meat is generally eaten one of three ways in the province: sliced in a sandwich, served alongside potatoes and peas and gravy for supper, or fried in thick steaks with eggs for breakfast. For The Bologna Cookbook Kevin Phillips actually came up with 200 recipes for bologna, covering everything from stir-fried bologna over couscous to bologna stroganoff.

A lot has changed in Newfoundland and Labrador in recent decades. Meat is still expensive, but it’s easier than ever before to get chicken, beef, and other proteins, both locally and from Canada’s mainland. And a burgeoning food movement is encouraging Newfoundlanders and Labradorians to embrace their Nordic-like native cuisine: moose, sea birds, rabbits, wild berries, and root vegetables.

But bologna remains popular despite the availability of other options. When The Big Stick arrives in the Santa Claus parade he gets a wide berth and an enthusiastic response. Photos are taken and posted on social media. But for locals, that weird and adorable stick of bologna is the annual mascot of the holidays, as well as a favorite meal ingredient.

“Now he’s an icon in the parade. Everyone looks for him because it’s so funny and ridiculous at the same time,” Lambert says. “We’re a little bit quirky over here on The Rock, and we just celebrate that.”

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WIMBERLEY — Light dances from the silver-toned antler chandelier in the entryway, announcing the imaginative style within the tin and timber barn that's part of Bex and David Hale's home at Wolf Creek Ranch.

Their fenced compound on 10 wooded acres includes two homes totaling 4,000 square feet. One building — an 1820s barn brought by the previous owner from Gettysburg, Va., and converted to a two-bedroom, two-bath home — serves as a guesthouse. The other, a modest 1980s three-bedroom house clad inside and out with reclaimed wood, feels like a forest cabin and is the Hales' main house. Gardens, a swimming pool, hot tub, dining pavilion and stone fireplace link the two.

Hale's inspiration for silvering the antler fixture was to “pay homage to the wild West, but with my own twist.” She added mirrored furniture for brightness, assorted art deco pieces for a contrast of curves against angular wooden walls, and a cowhide rug splattered with silver for whimsy. “You expect in a log cabin to see rustic furniture. But to me, too much of any one style is boring.”

To anchor king-sized beds, she used 200-year-old church doors as a headboard on one and a century-old metal gate on another. “I infuse a room with pieces from other cultures. I feel like it creates interest and adds a cultural texture to the room.”

Throughout, she included soft elements, such as silk draperies, to counter rustic materials. “I try to balance masculine and feminine forms,” she said.

The Hales began planning a move to the Hill Country after Bex Hale's stint on HGTV's “Design Star” reality show in 2012. She and David decided their lives needed a makeover. He left the Air Force, and she shuttered her design store in Abilene so they could forge a new life here.

Bex was eight months pregnant when they found their dream place. She knew how she would decorate, but they didn't know immediately how a young couple between careers and with a baby on the way could pay for an expensive rural retreat.

Then they heard about a local lodging company that specializes in luxury weekend rentals. Though some people would be uncomfortable about leaving periodically while strangers stayed in their homes, Bex and David saw it as a way to pay the mortgage on their dream place while starting new businesses. With a family contribution to the down payment, the couple qualified for a mortgage and moved in five days before Bex gave birth to their daughter, Lulu.

The following week, Bex began decorating, racing the clock to create comfortable living spaces with spectacular style that fit their lives and as many as 13 guests — on a budget and in a deadline of a month when the home would be part of the annual Wimberley Home Tour.

Now, when guests book the property, the Hales pack up and go visit family and friends, and the visitors can enjoy their hosts' rustic but elegant home.

Kathleen Scott is a New Braunfels freelance writer. Read more of her work at www.TicketToMagic.com.

Got space?

Do you know of a beautiful, unique house that would be great in Spaces? Email your suggestions to Home & Garden Editor Tracy Hobson Lehmann, home@express-news.net

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House Rules

Master mixing: “My design rule is that there are no rules of design,” Hale said. “ If you really love a piece there's a way to make it work.” In her 1820s barn that was converted to a lodge, she added a beloved pair of curvy turquoise Art Deco chairs centered on a silver-splashed cowhide. The color, texture and whimsy balance the masculine stone floor and wooden walls ceiling.

Exclamation point: Every room should have a fun factor. Bex splurged on a handmade antler chandelier that complemented the ruggedness of the room. Then she had fun with it, transforming it with silver leaf and paint into a gleaming statement piece. For the dining area of the ranch house, she added a touch of industrial eccentricity by making a chandelier from metal plumbing pipe and joints.

Multiple choice: “I'm a junkie for dual-purpose furniture,” Bex said. She created seating a dining table for 14 by pushing together two square tables formerly used as design tables. She built a storage bench with cushions and pillows for seating. Modest-sized chairs and tables can be moved from room to room to refresh the look or add extra seating.


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The FT Misses the Mark on the "Shadow Banking System"

It’s rare that I find fault with the the Financial Times, and even more uncommon with Gillian Tett and Paul Davies, who are two of their most seasoned and insightful journalists. Nevertheless, they have bitten off more than they can chew in “Out of the shadows: How banking’s secret system broke down.” The piece isn’t bad, but it fails to deliver on its promise. The article fails to define what the “shadow banking system” is, much the less explain why it is under stress now. And iit also mischaracterizes how we got where we are.

Before we turn to this article, we need to focus on nomenclature. One factor that may have gotten in the authors’ way is that different people may use the same expression to signify different things, which leads to imprecision and sometimes error.

Shortly after the credit crisis hit in August, there was considerable discussion at the Federal Reserve’s Jackson Hole conference of why this crisis was different. In particular, James Hamilton’s presentation did a very good job of summing up where the problem seemed to lie (and it’s troubling that his observations still aren’t getting the traction they deserve):

What has happened over the last decade is that a variety of new institutions have evolved that play a similar role to that of traditional banks, but that are outside the existing regulatory structure. Rather than acquire funds from depositors, these new financial intermediaries may get their funds by issuing commercial paper. And instead of lending directly, these institutions may be buying assets such as mortgage-backed securities, which pay the holder a certain subset of the receipts on a larger collection of mortgages that are held by the issuer. Although the names and the players have changed, it is still the same old business of financial intermediation, namely, borrowing short and lending long.

There are a variety of new players involved. The principals could be hedge funds or foreign or domestic investment banks. Others could be conduits or structured investment vehicles, artificial entities created by banks, perhaps on behalf of clients. The conduit issues commercial paper and uses the proceeds to purchase other securities. The conduit generates some profits for the bank but is technically not owned by the bank itself and therefore is off of the bank’s regular balance sheet.

This system has seen an explosion in recent years, with the Wall Street Journal reporting that conduits have issued nearly $1.5 trillion in commercial paper. Their thirst for investment assets may have been a big factor driving the recklessness in mortgage lending standards, as a result of which much of the assets backing that commercial paper have experienced significant losses.

Without an adequate cushion of net equity for these new financial intermediaries, and with tremendous uncertainty about the quality of the assets they are holding, the result is that those who formerly bought the commercial paper are now very reluctant to renew those loans, a phenomenon that PIMCO’s Paul McCulley described at the Fed Jackson Hole conference as a “run on the shadow banking system.” I heard others at the conference claim that there might be as much as $1.3 trillion in commercial paper that will be up for renewal in the next few weeks, with great nervousness about what this will entail.

In some cases, these intermediaries have lines of credit with conventional investment banks on which they will be drawing heavily, which will cause these off-balance-sheet entities to quickly become on-balance-sheet problems. Their losses may severely erode the net equity of the institution extending the line of credit. How big a mess will this be? I don’t think anybody really knows for sure.

This discussion is succinct and clear. It defines the nature of the problem (borrowing short and lending long) and gives a clear definition of what markets and players are involved (commercial paper and vehicles that use it for funding). And indeed, what has troubled regulators is the disruption resulting from the implosion of the asset backed commercial paper market. Banks are under stress because they are the other big source of short-term funding. They are hit from multiple sides: companies and entities drawing on lines of credit that no one anticipated would be used on a large scale, all at once; providing funding to affiliated entities that they thought they could cut free if they needed to but now realize they can’t; finding that funding in any form, short-term, medium term, equity, is costly and scarce.

Contrast Hamilton’s overview with the FT’s article, which never defines what the “shadow banking system” and as we’ll discuss, even lumps in a major type of instrument that doesn’t belong on the list. The story is surprisingly flabby and unfocused, although it does marshal some useful data:

Yet while investors are scrutinising some of the industry’s best-known names, a spectre will be silently haunting events: the state of the little-known, so-called “shadow” banking system.

A plethora of opaque institutions and vehicles have sprung up in American and European markets this decade, and they have come to play an important role in providing credit across the financial system. Until the summer, structured investment vehicles (SIVs) and collateralised debt obligations (CDOs) attracted little attention outside specialist financial circles. Though often affiliated to major banks, they were not always fully recognised on balance sheets. These institutions, moreover, have never been part of the “official” banking system: they are unable, for example, to participate in Monday’s Fed auction.

But as the credit crisis enters its fifth month, it has become clear that one of the key causes of the turmoil is that parts of this hidden world are imploding. This in turn is creating huge instability for “real” banks – not least because regulators and bankers alike have been badly wrong-footed by the degree to which the two are entwined.

The article is hamstrung by failing to establish what this parallel banking universe is, beyond citing SIVs and collateralized debt obligations as examples and later “vehicularized finance.”

But in fact, what the FT piece does is conflate the sort of problem that Hamilton defined crisply – that of new non-bank entities acting like banks by borrowing short, in this case via commercial paper, and lending long – with another financial development, securitization. The stresses arising from CDOs are not a shadow banking system issue as defined by Hamilton, except in those cases that CDOs were structured to use commercial paper for a “super senior” tranche. As we have discussed, this was unnecessary, dopey, greedy, and could be expected to blow up, as it has. But so far, the only issuer known to have used this, ahem, innovation is Citigroup, although they did it on a grand scale.

So CDOs are part of the “shadow banking” problem only to the extent that they issued commercial paper; by every indication, this took place only to a limited degree in a very big market. Yet the FT piece would lead you to believe that CDOs are every bit as much a culprit as SIVs.

That isn’t to say that CDOs aren’t creating stress in the markets. But the “crisis in the shadow banking system” talk is all about a run on non-banks. The scrambling for a resolution of SIVs’ inability to roll maturing commercial paper is a classic manifestation.

But the CDO trouble (which by the way is primarily hitting the very large debt trading houses, not commercial banks generally) operates by the same mechanism that subprime, credit card, home equity loans and commercial real estate are, via credit losses. The financial firms are taking writedowns that are large enough that they are reducing equity. This has two effects: it reduces balance sheet capacity, and it also tends to produce new-found caution. Thus the intermediaries typically become more stringent in their credit policies, beyond what is warranted by their equity losses. In fairness, the excessive conservatism may be warranted, since it isn’t clear yet that all the dead bodies have been found (i.e., there may be further balance sheet shrinkage).

But the FT is clearly confused about where the problem lies:

By any standards, the activities of this shadow realm have become startling. Traditionally, the main source of credit in the financial world was the official banks, which typically forged business by making loans to companies or consumers. They retained this credit risk on their books, meaning that they were on the hook if loans turned sour.

However, in the past decade, this financial model has changed radically. On the one hand, banks have increasingly started to sell their credit risk to other investment groups, either via direct loan sales or by repackaging loans into bonds; at the same time, regulatory reforms have permitted the banks to reduce the amount of capital that they need to hold against the danger that borrowers default.

Huh? Where have the writers been? Banks have lost market share in the credit game to investment banks since 1980. If you are going to claim that the culprit is disintermediation, it isn’t a ten-year old phenomenon. And recall that in the last credit crisis, the LTCM workout, the Fed called on the Wall Street firms that were its creditors, evidence that the world had already changed by then.

Now there is likely a case to be made that the increase in systemic leverage makes a difference in degree into a difference in kind, that with the uses of leverage-on-leverage (hedge funds which are geared investing in CDOs which have a lot of embedded leverage) that a lot of players have been put in the position of facing large price swings (more accurately, declines) that they assumed they’d never see, and then facing unexpected demands for liquidity (think of the redemptions at quant hedge funds, which ironically were not players in the sort of structures that this article discusses; they stuck with instruments that were liquid). But hedge funds have taken to freezing withdrawals if things really get dire to assure an orderly wind-down.

Consider this comment:

Satyajit Das, an author and derivatives industry expert, cites an example where just $10m of real, unlevered hedge fund money supports an $850m mortgage-backed deal. This means $1 of real money is being used to create $85 of mortgage lending – credit creation far beyond the wildest dreams of high-street bankers.

The writers fail to frame why equity is necessary, and that omission again clouds the discussion. Banks need liquidity and hence need a buffer primarily due to their funding mis-match. Their depositors “lend” short, and so banks need a cushion both to deal with cash needs and possible losses due misjudging or mismanaging credit or term risks (presumably, they priced the credit with certain assumptions in mind). In theory, if you had a perfect asset-liability match and had priced the credit correctly for credit losses, you’d need no equity. The alleged better ability of investors to tailor their assets (the debt instruments they buy) to their liaiblity requirements is one of the drivers of bank disintermediation (the other is that investors don’t face the cost of deposit insurance, a non-trivial item).

That’s a long-winded way of saying that disintermediation and the resulting increase in overall leverage could readily be depicted as an accelerant of the shadow banking crisis, but the authors don’t make that case.

Despite this critique, I nevertheless encourage you to read the article; it has useful comments and factoids, despite the flaws in the overall argument.

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  1. Independent Accountant

    I read the Tett and Davis piece and thought it stank. Thanks for the lead on Hamilton. I agree the CPA profession let the public down. I am a CPA and am disappointed to say the least with my fellows. The first treatise I ever saw about the dangers of borrowing short and lending long appeared in Holland in 1587. There is nothing new here.

  2. Anonymous

    I think you are being a bit severe – its a well written article, that admittedly glosses over detail several layers down, but is not fundamentally misleading. It’s a difficult and complicated subject to summarize.

    One comment on what you’ve written:

    “In theory, if you had a perfect asset-liability match and had priced the credit correctly for credit losses, you’d need no equity.”

    Banks price credit by building a factor for expected credit losses into the spread, and then providing capital for unexpected credit losses. In other words, the credit risk that must be supported by capital is the potential deviation from the expectation. Of course, if banks priced ‘correctly’, there would be no risk, because actual credit losses would always equal expected credit losses. Credit losses would be a cost but not a risk. This is impossible in a risky world.

    I think this notion of leveraging up 80 times is flung around quite loosely, as is the notion of ‘real money’. I think this is disorting the analysis of true macroeconomic exposure.

    The effective leverage factor may be 80 times, but that also means the underlying exposure applicable to that security is 80 times as small as what it would be with no leverage. The probability of loss of course is much higher, but the exposure in terms of maximum loss as determined in the nominal size of the exposure is much smaller. You may be leveraged 80 times, but you can’t lose more than 1/80 of the total nominal underlying exposure.

  3. john c. halasz

    It’s not just a matter of maturity transformation, but of the creation of credit “liquidity” in excess of investment opportunities in the real productive economy; which is to say, of course, the leveraged build-up of asset inflation in the financial sector out of any balance with any possibility of realizing profits and incomes in the real economy. And underlying that escalating leveraged financial asset inflation is the stagnation of wages and salaries and the over-capacity/off-shoring of the real production economy, which is being offset by the growing financialization/financial disintermediation of the real economy. In other words, leveraged asset inflation is at once caused by and the cause of mal-distribution and excess inequality (functionally speaking) of income and thus shortfalls in effective demand. Reflating the deflation in the real productive economy through loose monetary policy has only exacerbated the problem, which speaks to the limits of a laissez faire overreliance on monetary policy, when fiscal (and regulatory and public-administrative) policies are required to counter the underlying imbalance. (And, just to inject an explicitly political note, it seems to me that Rupublican policies/ideology result in a recurrent mismatching of fiscal and monetary policies, with the latter forced to compensate for the utter deficiency of the former).

    I don’t understand anonymous 8:12 AM’s comment about the “macroeconomic” effect of leverage. Sure, the leveraged structure might be built-up over assets amounting to just 1/80 of the value in the real economy, but the excess financial profits accruing to leveraged structures must be drawn from somewhere, (though I suspect that that somewhere often amounts to future financial losses in the financial system offsetting already booked “profits”). And when the leverager loses the 1/80 of his actual equity, other parties are left to take further financial losses in the unwinding of the leveraged structure and the deflation of the value of its assets. The “macroeconomic’ effect of excessive leverage is massive financial asset deflation and debt overhang in its eventual unwinding, which sooner or later must disrupt the functioning of the real economy.

  4. Independent Accountant

    I agree with Halasz. Some of the profit from businesses like leveraged buyouts comes from bankruptcy law abuse. The LBO guy buys 10 companies. He levers them up. Two go bust. Who bears those losses? It’s heads the LBO guy wins, tails the creditors lose. The finance industry is much the same way in creating “redistributional” gains and losses.

  5. Anonymous

    john c. halasz and independent accountant:

    I don’t disagree.

    On the contrary, independent accountant’s point on redistributional effects is what I’m getting at. And the LBO guy creates a long call option on underlying assets, and leaves others with the debt short put option. Total underlying losses get redistributed through this capital structure.

    The proliferation of such strategies may increase overall original financing supply and stimulate the creation of bad assets in the first place, but it can’t further magnify the losses generated by them, apart from the operational and legal cost of settling the result.

    Financial asset deflation and debt overhang are the result. But financial asset deflation would also have resulted had the same underlying assets been capitalized with 100 per cent equity. There is rightful outrage that so much of these assets are now capitalized with debt. But that doesn’t increase the total size of losses per se.

    Credit default swaps are a form of off-balance sheet financial intermediation. The result is a 0 sum game of those betting on reference assets. Some win; some lose. Some use bets to hedge but lose on their counterparty. It’s still a 0 sum game at the margin. At the more basic level of on balance sheet intermediation, a leveraged bank that buys shares in another leveraged bank has multiplied the effective leverage on the ultimate underlying assets, but hasn’t increased the total exposure generated by those assets.

    There is a toxic chain of such intermediation and leverage throughout the system now. I don’t underestimate the ugliness of chain reactions of losses in this context, but apart from settlement friction, losses of value and income on the underlying assets can’t really be magnified simply due to intermediation and leverage per se.

    My point is that I think there’s a tendency to associate things such as SIVs investing in CDOS that invest in subprime, or such as $ 40 trillion in CDS (or whatever the number is), with net incremental financial and real losses to the economy as a result of these leveraged structures per se, which is not really correct. The ultimate losses are generated and mostly defined by the failure of the underlying subprime mortgages in this case.

  6. foesskewered

    I agree with halasz but am puzzled by anonymous. Anonymous, if the system worked as you said, the value of defaulting/losses on subprime mortagages would= losses that have resulted so far, which is blatantly not the case. Just as there’s the “multiplier” effect in the larger macroeconomic picture, leverage provides the same effect in financial intermediation. Though theoretical physics says the amount of energy is the same, just dispersed or transformed in different ways but risk is slightly different , risk redistribution doesn’t mean that each of the downstream investors/intermediaries face the same amount of risk when aggregated, particularly when downstream investors/intermediaries are themselves interconnected in a spider’s web sort of way. This means higher credit risk for each downstream intermediary, part of which is created by the very act of transfer of x% of risk from the party A to downstream party B . It is risk reduction for A but risk increase for B and not necessarily in the same amount . What would further complicate matters is if the amount of risk B faces is predicated on the performance or risk profile of A. Imagine what happens when C’s involved.

    Not sure if that made matters clearer or worse. Ok, will be the first to admit my dumbness, do provide a counter-explanation if that was way whacky

  7. J.

    On a more general note, Yves is I believe speaking to the neoliberal project’s decades long financial liberalization (deregulation) from which, particularly post-1990, grew an expansive global system of non-bank banks. Very evidently the competitive and otherwise interactings of these and the traditional banking sector produced a self-financing* and progressively more uncontrollable hybrid or, as mentioned in 2001, ‘nuclear credit fission’.

    There remains a general failure to recognize what has developed, with most still under the spell of the traditional, a ‘spell’ from which eminates demands that governments and central banks do what they are no longer able to do, effectively mitigate.

    *’Self-financing’ should not be taken to mean autonomous but instead the ability to transform liabilities into assets types in more through and through fashions giving the system as a whole a certain ‘evergreen’ quality while simultaneously creating greater tension between itself and its last instance basis, production capital (which, owing to differential rates of return, has also been increasingly financialized). Or, J. C. Halasz is perfectly correct to counterpose the ballooning of claims and the production economy, which have come to form a terribly imbalanced unity.

  8. Anonymous

    I don’t understand your point about losses to date equalling total losses. I’m not saying that.

    There is no ‘multiplier’ effect. Leverage doesn’t do that. Suppose a house is funded 100 % with equity in one case, and is leveraged 20 to 1 in another (95 % debt; 5 % equity).

    Total losses to total funding in either case can’t exceed the original cost of the house. Total losses to total funding are the same for a given loss on the house value, no matter what the funding (apart from legal and other frictional costs associated with distributing the losses).

    Leverage makes no difference to total losses absorbed by the financial system.

    If one of the lenders hedged his position with a credit default swap, the loss is transferred from the lender to the counterparty. No net change to losses absorbed by the financial system. If the counterparty fails to deliver, the loss is transferred back to the lender. No net change to losses absorbed by the financial system.

    And so on…every step of the way can be analysed like this … there is no increase in total losses to the financial system due to either the compounding of financial intermediation or the complexity of capital structure (including leverage). Interconnections don’t create additional net risk for the system. They only transfer it.

    All financial asset risk is a transfer between two counterparties. This is the case whether it is cash or derivative risk, because cash risk is the sum of risk free funding and an embedded derivative position. It is generally accepted that derivative risk is a 0 sum game. E.g. a call option transfers risk from the buyer (long) to the writer (short). So cash risk is also a 0 sum game. E.g. cash credit is the sum of risk free funding and a short put option position. A ‘leveraged’ risk position is simply a combination of equity (embedded long call option on the underlying asset) and debt (embedded short put option).

    If all financial asset risk is a 0 sum game, then the only net risk left in the system is the underlying real asset risk (where real asset risk sometimes incorporates human capital risk – i.e. the ability of the owner to generate employment income). That net risk is transferred from the beginning of the chain (the value of the house) to the end of the chain (the final financial asset holder who has only his own equity position to absorb his financial asset risk, rather than pass it on through yet another financial liability).

  9. Anonymous

    I think that you are confusing particular or idiosyncratic risk with systemic risk, as though the latter is merely an aggregation of the former rather than an essentially unquantifiable, dynamic and unintended synergism. Or simply a whole greater than its parts.

  10. Anonymous

    anonymous @ 11:57 p.m.

    I’m familiar with portfolio theory, in which total risk is less than the sum of all risks. I’m familiar with systemic risk, and there is no corresponding theory I’m aware of that suggests the reverse. I’d be interested if somebody can provide a simple conceptual example. (Analogies don’t count as examples.)

  11. Anonymous

    rather than portfolio theory try actuarial VaR and superadditivity for some examples — the notion that total or systemic risk would be same or less than the aggregate of particular risks is one of the reasons we are where we are today as well as the dovetailiing with a commonplace neoclassical fixation on the micro.

  12. john c. halasz

    anonymous 10:29 PM:

    Yes,in principle, all economic exchanges are of equal values, and all attached risks sum to zero. The question is then why such exchanges and transfers of risk should occur at all. Your point can be inverted by noting that, given a pool of risks underlying a structured financial vehicle, the total risk, whether accurately modeled or anticipated or not, remains the same, regardless of how it is sliced and diced or redistributed. There is no net gain from the “enhancement” of credit; the only thing that really counts is how accurately the base-line risk of the original extention of credit is gaged in terms of the outcomes of underlying production in the real economy. The “fundamentalist” point here is that all returns to and of financial assets ultimately derive from productive surpluses in the real economy, from long-run and illiquid investment of real productive capital and the revenues realized from the sale of output. (The corollary of maturity transformation is the forward projection of economic outcomes.) And there is some indeterminate limit as to the debt-load that can be really carried and realized by the real productive economy. Which is to say that either the hyper-extention of the financial economy is redundant and superfluous,- (in which case why the tremendous investment of labor and capital resources in it?),- or it is a misguided estimation of future returns from the outcomes of the real productive economy,- (since fees are extracted with each financial pass-through from the initial assessment of risk undewriting the initial extention of credit, thus underpricing risk and distorting economic allocations),- or it is a rent-extracting activity, drawing off productive surpluses from the real economy and minting profits without corresponding costs of production. In any case, but especially the last, there are costs drawn from, but then displaced back onto the real productive economy, which may well be more than just “frictional”, distorting and disrupting the balanced reproduction, development and growth of the real economy, which through interlocking negative feedback loops, magnifies losses to the latter beyond the immediate instances of financial defaults. Money of any sort, after all, is just a semiotic instance and not a real “thing”, merely representing- (imperfectly, due to the embedding of both costs and information in production systems)- the real “things” that are produced and exchanged in the underlying real economy. And it is the provisioning, deepening and improvement of those real “things” and their means of production that is the point of any modern economy. If the self-referential operations of the financial economy are drawing of surpluses excessively from the real economy and distorting the distribution of both claims and risks in the real ecomony required for its balanced reproduction, (not least of which is some optimal balance in the distribution of income, qua claims on the real distributable surplus product, between labor and capital, wages and profits, required to sustain adequate effective demand), then it is, indeed, producing and displacing real losses greater than the initial losses on defaulted underlying assets.

  13. Anonymous

    john c. halasz

    Thanks very much for your response, which I’ve only just seen due to my unfortunate scheduling.

    You’ve written something quite extraordinary. I’m saving it.

    I know now I believe at least 95 per cent of what you’ve written and almost certainly approaching 100 per cent with a little more time.

    I don’t think our thoughts are inconsistent. I attempted to segregate the result of pure financial intermediation and leverage effects – not the cost or effectiveness of human labour effort expended to create a (new) financial profile against underlying real assets.

    The cost of financial ‘creation’ in this sense may not justify the result in terms of financial disposition of the realized risk.

    I apologize if I’ve underestimated your message but I must flee.

    Thanks again. Great thoughts and words on your part.

  14. foesskewered

    anonymousDecember 17, 2007 10:29 PM

    >>>I don’t understand your point about losses to date equalling total losses. I’m not saying that.

    erm, not saying that either, meant that as the losses on each of the elements on the chain aggregate, they do not net off or get to the total you might have expected in the beginning. I think halasz has come up with the theoretical explanation.

    Interconnections might impact negatively on risk profiles partly due to credit risk but partly due to the interdependence, for example when asset y leaves A for B but the risk profile of asset y continues to be affected by the risk profile of A or the performance of quantities of asset y still remaining at A or sold by A to other parties like C. Not sure if that made sense, but simply put, as each element of the risk/product chain passes the product and some part of the risk on, it’s creating greater uncertainty and that amplifies the risk inherent in the chain, by the time it gets to the investor, the risk factors have multiplied and is almost too convoluted to be comprehended.

    When risk is transferred, it affects perceptions of risk and therefore, may affect credit risk more than what is mathematically warranted, take for instance credit ratings and default swaps (which tecnically reflect perceptions of the possibility of default ) which are arguably more vulnerable to being affected by perceptions, the mistrust of ratings issued by credit agencies is arguably what is causing investors to turn risk adverse. That is what I term as the multiplier effect, for lack of technical knowledge on my part.

    I know what you’re saying it’s just a difference in opinion I guess.

    Actually, part of this response was already on my blog , looking forward to your response either here or on

  15. Anonymous

    I’d have to think through a specific example to see how such a risk factor might be clearly separated out. I know it seems intuitive, but there should be a simple way of demonstrating such an effect and that’s not obvious to me.

    There is such a temporary effect in marking to market or model. Actual financial asset losses aren’t known until the mortgage defaults and the residual asset value is determined (unless the financial asset is sold to somebody else, who then has that problem). Until then, banks are making estimates of the value of their own positions based on an estimate of the value of the underlying realizable real asset value. This is the case for any loan loss provisioning. Current estimates may turn out to be too low requiring further write-downs on financial assets or too high allowing loss recoveries.

  16. foesskewered

    Not too sure about examples but could there be one in the chain that goes from, for example, the mortgage (originating in say, a mortgage specialist), going along to maybe a commercial bank/bond issuer, who slices that and incorporates it in ABS or CDOs ,or issues commercial paper with the “risk profile” as assessed by credit agencies , bought by funds who are in turn invested in by pensions or other investors. Of course, in the process there are the bond insurers and possibly brokers.

    The perception of risk then goes from mortgage specialist all along those paths and because of additional risk factors (not just default risk, but for example, the risk that credit ratings are no longer realistic etc), ultimately even short term funding instruments that have no connection with the mortgage industry are seen as “tainted” partly ‘cos uncertainty has now infected each part of that chain.

    does that make sense to you? it’s a very abbreviated explanation but, sorry, gotta catch some lunch before the time’s up!hope the example makes some modicum of sense!

  17. Anonymous

    That does make sense. I think of it as many different financial assets whose values derive from the original mortgage. As uncertainty is transmitted throughout the chain, the loss in financial asset values may ‘overshoot’. Financial assets will trade and sellers will lose money while buyers put those assets on their books at lower prices. But the ultimate value of those assets can’t be known until the mortgage actually defaults and the residual value of that asset is determined. Then the residual value of all derived assets can be determined as final relative to the performance of the original mortgage. Some sellers would have lost more money than ‘necessary’ relative to this final value, offset by some buyers having purchased assets at a discount relative to this value. There is a 0 sum exchange of ‘error’ gains and losses according to the earlier estimates of value that corresponded to trade prices.

  18. foesskewered

    Apologies, anonymous, not sure if you still track this particular post, let’s just say there was a gingerbreadman incident, which I’m still recovering from

    Iunderstand what you’re stating, that’s what the the overall macro-economic equations (uncannily like accounting identities/equations) dictate but it’ll be hard to fit the insurers’ eg MBIA into the equation, sometimes, imbalances are rarely addressed/netted off till the long term and as an economics tutor of mine used to say, in the long term,we’re all dead

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Letter from E.E. Elphinston to Thos. Agnew & Sons

22 Jul 1903

Letter from E.E. Elphinston to Thos. Agnew & Sons

22 Jul 1903

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Letter (22 Jul 1903) from E.E. Elphinston to Thos. Agnew & Sons, apologising for the possible ungraciousness of her letter of 15 Jul 1903 and stating that she is grateful for all the firm of Agnew's has done for her. She asks if she might have the name of the purchaser as she is wondering if it might be anyone her eldest son knows and in whose house he might see the picture, as he is unaware of the sale and she does not wish it to be made known to him.

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Elphinston, Emma Eliza 1858-1936

Elphinstone, Sir Alexander Logie, 10th Bt 1880-1970

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NGA27/32/1/1668, NGA27/32/1/169, NGA27/32/1/170, NGA27/32/1/171, NGA27/32/1/172, NGA27/32/1/173, NGA27/32/1/174, NGA27/32/1/175, NGA27/32/1/176, NGA27/32/1/177

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