text:
Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic
Old Church Slavonic
словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ
slověnĭskŭ językŭ
Spoken in formerly in Slavic areas, under the influence of Byzantium (both Catholic and Orthodox)
Region Eastern Europe
Era Since 9th century; currently in use only as a liturgical language
Language family
Writing system Glagolitic, Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-1 cu
ISO 639-2 chu
ISO 639-3 chu
Linguasphere 53-AAA-a

Old Church Slavonic or Old Church Slavic (OCS) (словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ) was the first literary Slavic language, first developed by the 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius who were credited with standardizing the language and using it for translating the Bible and other Ancient Greek ecclesiastical texts as part of the Christianisation of the Slavic peoples.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] It played an important role in the history of the Slavic languages and served as a basis and model for later Church Slavonic traditions, and some Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches use Church Slavonic as a liturgical language to this day.

The language was standardized for the mission of the two apostles to Great Moravia in 863 (see Glagolitic alphabet for details). For that purpose, Cyril and his brother Methodius started to translate religious literature to Old Church Slavonic, allegedly based on Slavic dialects spoken in the hinterland of their home-town, Thessaloniki,[11] in the region of Macedonia.

As part of the preparation for the mission, in 862/863, the Glagolitic alphabet was created and the most important prayers and liturgical books, including the Aprakos Evangeliar (a Gospel Book lectionary containing only feast-day and Sunday readings), the Psalter, and Acts of the Apostles, were translated. (The Gospels were also translated early, but it is unclear whether Sts. Cyril or Methodius had a hand in this). The language and the alphabet were taught at the Great Moravian Academy (Veľkomoravské učilište) and were used for government and religious documents and books between 863 and 885. The texts written during this phase contain characteristics of the Slavic vernaculars in Great Moravia.

A leaf from the Flowery Triod (Triod' cvetnaja) from about 1491, one of the oldest printed Byzantine-Slavonic books, National Library of Poland.

In 885, the use of the Old Church Slavonic in Great Moravia was prohibited by the Pope in favour of Latin. Students of the two apostles, who were expelled from Great Moravia in 886, brought the Glagolitic alphabet and the Old Church Slavonic language to the Bulgarian Empire. It was taught at two Bulgarian literary schools in Preslav (capital 893–972) and Ohrid (capital 991/997–1015).[12][13][14] The Cyrillic alphabet was developed shortly afterwards in the Preslav Literary School and replaced the Glagolitic one. The texts written during this era contain characteristics of the vernacular of Bulgaria. There are some linguistic differences between texts written in the two academies. Thereupon the language, in its Bulgarian dialects, spread to other South-Eastern and Eastern European Slavic territories, most notably to Croatia, Serbia, Bohemia, Lesser Poland, and principalities of the Kievan Rus'. The texts written in each country contain characteristics of the local Slavic vernacular. By the mid-eleventh century, OCS diversified into regional versions: Bulgarian, Serbian, Old Russian, and up to the fifteenth century, also Czech and Croatian. These local offspring of OCS, are called “Church Slavonic” languages.[15]

Apart from the Slavic countries, Slavonic has been used as a liturgical language by the Romanian Orthodox Church, as well as a literary and official language of the prince courts of Wallachia and Moldavia (see Old Church Slavonic in Romania), before gradually being replaced by Romanian starting with the 18th century.

Church Slavonic maintained a prestige status, particularly in Russia, for many centuries – among Slavs in the East it had a status analogous to that of the Latin language in western Europe, but had the advantage of being substantially less divergent from the vernacular tongues of average parishioners. Some Orthodox churches, such as the Macedonian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Bulgarian Orthodox Church and Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as several Greek Catholic churches, still use Church Slavonic in their services and chants today.

Initially Old Church Slavonic was written with the Glagolitic alphabet, but later Glagolitic was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet.[16] Only in Croatia was the local variant of the Glagolitic alphabet preserved. See Early Cyrillic alphabet for a detailed description of the script and information about the sounds it originally expressed.

Example of Old Church Slavic, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

As an ancient Indo-European language, OCS has highly inflective morphology. Nominals can be declined in three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), three numbers (singular, plural, dual) and seven cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, genitive, and locative. Synthetic verbal conjugation is expressed in present, aorist and imperfect tenses, while perfect, pluperfect, future and conditional tenses/moods are made by combining auxiliary verbs with participles or synthetic tense forms.

Basis and local influences

Old Church Slavonic is evidenced by a relatively small body of manuscripts, most of which were written in Bulgaria during the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. The language has a Southern Slavic basis with an admixture of Western Slavic features inherited during the mission of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius to Great Moravia (863–885). The only well-preserved manuscript of Moravian dialect, the Kiev Folia, is characterised by the replacement of some Southern Slavic phonetic and lexical features with Western Slavic ones. Manuscripts written in the medieval Bulgarian tsardom have, on the other hand, few Western Slavic features.

Old Church Slavonic is valuable to historical linguists since it preserves archaic features believed to have once been common to all Slavic languages. Some of these features are:

  • The nasal vowels /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/
  • Supershort[clarification needed] /i/ and /u/.
  • Open articulation[specify in IPA] of the yat vowel.
  • [ɲ] and [ʎ] from Proto-Slavic *nj and *lj
  • Proto-Slavic declension system based on stem-endings (so-called o-stems, jo-stems, a-stems and ja-stems)
  • aorists, the imperfect, Proto-Slavic paradigms for participles etc. were still used

The Southern Slavic nature of the language is evident from the following variations:

  • Phonetic:
    • /ra/, /la/ by means of liquid metathesis of Proto-Slavic *or, *ol clusters
    • /s/ from the Proto-Slavic *x before *ąi
    • /tsv/ and /dzv/ from the Proto-Slavic *kv', *gv'
  • morphosyntactic
    • use of the dative possessive case in personal pronouns and nouns: rǫka ti; otъpuštenьe grěxomъ; descriptive future tense using the verb xotěti ("to want"); use of the comparative form mьnii (smaller) to denote "younger".
    • use of suffixed demonstrative pronouns (tъ, ta, to). In Bulgarian and Macedonian these developed into suffixed definite articles.

Old Church Slavonic has some extra features in common with Bulgarian:

  • Open articulation of the Yat vowel (ě); still preserved in the Bulgarian dialects of the Rhodope mountains;
  • The existence of /ʃt/ and /ʒd/ as reflexes of Proto-Slavic *tj and *dj or *gt and *kt before front vowels.
  • Use of possessive dative for personal pronouns and nouns, as in bratъ mi, rǫka ti, otъpuštenьe grěxomъ, xramъ molitvě, etc.
  • Descriptive future tense with the auxiliary verb xotěti, for example xoštǫ pisati
Proto-Slavic OCS Bulg. Czech Maced. Pol. Rus. Slovak Sloven. Cro./Serb.
*dʲ ʒd ʒd z ɟ dz ʑ dz j
*tʲ ʃt ʃt ts c ts ts
*ɡt/kt ʃt ʃt ts c ts ts

Moravian dialect

The language was standardized for the first time by the mission of the two apostles to Great Moravia in 863. While in the Prague fragments the only Moravian influence is replacing /ʃt/ with /ts/ and /ʒd/ with /z/, the dialect evidenced by the Kiev Folia is characterised by the following features:

  • Confusion between the letters Big yus (Ѫ) and Uk (ѹ) occurs once in the Kiev Folia, when the expected form въсѹдъ is spelled въсѫдъ
  • /ts/ from Proto-Slavic *tj, use of /dz/ from *dj, /ʃtʃ/ *skj
  • use of the words mьša, cirky, papežь, prěfacija, klepati, piskati etc.
  • preservation of the consonant cluster /dl/ (e.g. modlitvami)
  • use of the ending –ъmь instead of –omь in the masculine singular instrumental, use of the pronoun čьso

Bulgarian dialect(s)

Map of the First Bulgarian Empire with its literary centres, the places where the two earliest revisions of Old Church Slavonic were developed along with the Cyrillic alphabet

Old Church Slavonic was developed initially in the First Bulgarian Empire and was taught in Preslav (Bulgarian capital between 893 and 972), and in Ohrid (Bulgarian capital between 991/997 and 1015).[17][18][19] It didn't represent one regional dialect but a generalized form of early eastern South Slavic, which cannot be localized.[20] The existence of two major literary centres in the Empire led in the period from the ninth to the eleventh centuries to the development of two dialects, named "(Eastern) Bulgarian" and "(Western) Macedonian" respectively.[21][22] Some researchrs do not distinguish different Bulgarian dialects, but only one, called "Macedo-Bulgarian"[23] or simply "Bulgarian".[24][25] Others, as Horace Lunt, have changed their opinion with time.[26] The development of the Slavic literacy at that time, was crucial for the development of distinct Bulgarian ethnic consciousness in the state.[27]

(Eastern) Bulgarian dialect

The (Eastern)[28] Bulgarian dialect[29][30][31] is one of the oldest dialects of the Old Church Slavonic language.[32] The main literary centre of this dialect was the Preslav Literary School. The Cyrillic alphabet is attributed to this school, as the earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area. A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav (until 893), Constantine of Preslav, John Exarch, Chernorizets Hrabar, etc. The main features of this dialect are the following:

  • The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets were used concurrently.
  • In some documents the original supershort vowels ъ and ь merged with one letter taking the place of the other.
  • In Macedonian dialects ъ was sometimes substituted with о.
  • In Bulgarian dialects the original ascending reflex (рь, ль) of syllabic /r/ and /l/ was sometimes metathesized to ьр, ьл; or a combination of the ordering was used.
  • The central vowel ы merged with ъи.
  • Sometimes the use of letter ⟨Ѕ⟩ (/dz/) was merged with that of ⟨З⟩ (/z/).
  • The verb forms нярецяйǫ, нарицайеши were substituted or alternated with наричǫ, наричеши.
  • Use of some words with Bulgar origin, such as кумиръ, чрьтогъ, блъванъ, etc.

Present-day Modern Bulgarian was standardized on the basis of the 19th-century Eastern Bulgarian vernacular.

(Western) Macedonian dialect

The (Western)[33] Macedonian dialect[34][35][36][37] is one of the oldest dialects of Old Church Slavonic. The dialect is named so by modern scientists because its literary centre, Ohrid, is located in what today is referred to as the geographical region of Macedonia, today part of the Republic of Macedonia. At that period, administratively Ohrid was in the province of Kutmichevitsa in the First Bulgarian Empire until 1018.[38] The main literary centre of this dialect was the Ohrid Literary School, whose most prominent member and most likely founder, was Saint Clement of Ohrid. The language variety that was used in the area started shaping Macedonian dialects.[39][40] This dialect is represented by the Codex Zographensis and Marianus, among others. The main features of this dialect are the following:

  • Continuous usage of the Glagolithic alphabet instead of the Cyrillic alphabet;
  • A feature called "mixing (confusion) of the nasals" so that /ɔ̃/ became [ɛ̃] after /rʲ lʲ nʲ/, and in a cluster of a labial consonant and /lʲ/. /ɛ̃/ became [ɔ̃] after sibilant consonants and /j/.
  • Wide use of the soft consonant clusters /ʃt/ and /ʒd/; in the later stages, these developed into the modern Macedonian phonemes /c/ /ɟ/
  • Strict distinction in the articulation of the yers and their vocalisation in strong position (ъ → /o/ and ь → /e/) or deletion in weak position;
  • Confusion of /ɛ̃/ with yat and yat with /e/;
  • Denasalization in the latter stages: /ɛ̃//e/ and /ɔ̃//a/, оу, ъ;
  • Wider usage and retainment of the phoneme /dz/ (which in all Slavic languages but Macedonian has dеaffricated to /z/);

The Macedonian language was standardized in 1945 on the basis of the Central Macedonian dialects which evolved from the Macedonian dialect. Even though nowadays the Macedonian dialects make the Macedonian language itself,[39][40] most sources before the Second World War referred to them as Bulgarian dialects.[41][42][43][44][45][46]

Later dialects

Later use of the language in a number of medieval Slavic states resulted in the adjustment of Old Church Slavonic to the local vernacular, though a number of Southern Slavic, Moravian or Bulgarian features were also preserved. Some of the significant later dialects of Old Church Slavonic (referred to as Church Slavonic) in the present time are: Slovene, Croatian, Serbian, Russian. In all cases, denasalization of the yuses occurred; so that only Old Church Slavonic and modern Polish retained the old Slavonic nasal vowels.

Serbian dialect

The Serbian dialect[47] was written in mostly Cyrillic, but also the Glagolitic alphabet depending on region, by the 12th century the Serbs used exclusively the Cyrillic alphabet (and Latin script in coastal areas). The 1186 Miroslav Gospels is written in the Serbian dialect. Characteristics are as follows:

  • nasal vowels were denasalised and in one case closed: *ę > e, *ǫ > u, e.g. OCS rǫka -> Sr. ruka ("hand"), OCS językъ -> Sr. jezik ("tongue, language")
  • extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect
  • use of letters i, y, ě for the sound /i/ by the Bosnian variant, and i, y for the sound /i/ by other variants of the Serbian dialect.

Due to Bulgaria becoming annexed in 1396, and the Ottoman conquering of Serbia in 1459, Serbia saw an influx of educated refugee-scribes trained in the Bulgarian dialect in that period, which re-introduced a more classical form.

Russian dialect

The Russian dialect was developed after the 10th century on the basis of the earlier Bulgarian dialects, from which it differed slightly. Its main features are:

  • substitution of the nasal sound /õ/ with [u]
  • merging of letters ě and ja[48]

(Middle) Bulgarian dialect

The line between OCS and post-OCS manuscripts is arbitrary and terminology is varied. The common term "Middle Bulgarian" is usually contrasted to "Old Bulgarian" (= OCS), and loosely used for manuscripts whose language demonstrates a broad spectrum of regional and temporal dialect featers after the 11th century.[49]

Croatian dialect

The Croatian dialect of Old Church Slavonic is one of the earliest known today. It only used the Glagolitic alphabet of angular Croatian type. It is characterized by the following developments:

  • de-nasalisation of PSl. *ę > e, PSl. *ǫ > u, e.g. Cr. ruka : OCS rǫka ("hand"), Cr. jezik : OCS językъ ("tongue, language")
  • PSl. *y > i, e.g. Cr. biti : OCS byti ("to be")
  • PSl. weak-positioned yers *ъ and *ь in merged, probably representing some schwa-like sound, and only one of the letters was used (usually 'ъ'). Evident in earliest documents like Baška tablet.
  • PSl. strong-positioned yers *ъ and *ь were vocalized into a in most Štokavian and Čakavian speeches, e.g. Cr. pas : OCS pьsъ ("dog")
  • PSl. hard and soft syllabic liquids *r and r′ retained syllabicity and were written as simply r, as opposed to OCS sequences of mostly rь and rъ, e.g. krstъ and trgъ as opposed to OCS krьstъ and trъgъ ("cross", "market")
  • PSl. #vьC and #vъC > #uC, e.g. Cr. udova : OCS. vъdova ("widow")

Canon of Old Church Slavonic

The core corpus of Old Church Slavonic manuscripts is usually referred to as canon. Manuscript must satisfy certain linguistic, chronological and cultural criteria to be incorporated into the canon, i.e. it must not significantly depart from the language and tradition of Constantine and Methodius, usually known as the Cyrillo-Methodian tradition.

For example, the Freising Fragments, dating from the tenth century, do show some linguistic and cultural traits of Old Church Slavonic, but are usually not included in the canon as some of the phonological features of the writings appear to belong to certain Pannonian Slavic dialect of the period. Similarly, the Ostromir Gospels exhibits dialectal features that classify it as East Slavic, rather than South Slavic, so it's not included in the canon either. On the other hand, the Kiev Missal is included in the canon, even though it manifests some West Slavic features and contains Western liturgy, due to the Bulgarian linguistic layer and connection to the Moravian mission.

Manuscripts are usually classified in two groups, depending on the used alphabet, of Cyrillic and Glagolitic. With the exception of Kiev Missal and Glagolita Clozianus which exhibit West-Slavic and Croatian features respectively, all Glagolitic texts are assumed to be of the Macedonian dialect:

All Cyrillic manuscripts are of the Bulgarian dialect and date from the eleventh century, except for Zographos Fragments which are of the Macedonian dialect:

  • Sava's book (Sa, Sav), 126 folios
  • Codex Suprasliensis, (Supr), 284 folios
  • Enina Apostle (En, Enin), 39 folios
  • Hilandar Folios (Hds, Hil), 2 folios
  • Undol'skij's Fragments (Und), 2 folios
  • Macedonian Folio (Mac), 1 folio
  • Zographos Fragments (Zogr. Fr.), 2 folios
  • Sluck Psalter (Ps. Sl., Sl), 5 folios

The history of Old Church Slavonic writing includes a northern tradition begun by the mission to Great Moravia, including a short mission in the Balaton principality, and a Bulgarian tradition begun by some of the missionaries who relocated to Bulgaria after the expulsion from Great Moravia.

Old Church Slavonic's first writings, translations of Christian liturgical and Biblical texts, were produced by Byzantine missionaries Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, mostly during their mission to Great Moravia.

The most important authors in Old Church Slavonic after the death of Methodius and the dissolution of the Great Moravian academy were Clement of Ohrid (active also in Great Moravia), Constantine of Preslav, Chernorizetz Hrabar and John Exarch, all of whom worked in medieval Bulgaria at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century. The Second Book of Enoch was only preserved in Old Church Slavonic, although the original most certainly had been Greek or even Hebrew or Aramaic.

The name of the language in Old Church Slavonic texts was simply Slavic (словѣ́ньскъ ѩзꙑ́къ, slověnĭskŭ językŭ),[50] derived from the word for Slavs (словѣ́нє, slověne), the self-designation of the compilers of the texts. This name is preserved in the modern names of the Slovak and Slovene languages. The language is sometimes called Old Slavic, which may be confused with the distinct Proto-Slavic language. The commonly accepted terms in modern English-language Slavic studies are Old Church Slavonic and Old Church Slavic.

Historically, a few now-obsolete[51] names have also been used:

  • Old Bulgarian[52] is the only designation used by Bulgarian-language writers. Outside of Bulgaria, Old Bulgarian (German: Altbulgarisch) was used in the 19th century by August Schleicher, Martin Hattala, Leopold Geitler and August Leskien[53][54] who noted similarities between the first literary Slavic works and the modern Bulgarian language. For similar reasons, Russian linguist Aleksandr Vostokov used the term Slav-Bulgarian.
  • Old Macedonian[55][56][57][58] is occasionally used by Western scholars for many of the same reasons, but also in a regional context.
  • Old Slovenian[51][59][60][61] was used by early 19th century scholars who conjectured that the language was based on the dialect of Pannonia.

Modern Slavic nomenclature

Here are some of the names used by speakers of modern Slavic languages:

  • Belarusian: старажытна славянская мова (staražytnasłavianskaja mova), ‘Old Slavic’
  • Bosnian: staro(crkveno)slavenski, ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
  • Bulgarian: старобългарски (starobălgarski), ‘Old Bulgarian’
  • Czech: staroslověnština, ‘Old Slavic’
  • Croatian: staro(crkveno)slavenski, ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
  • Macedonian: старо(црковно)словенски (staro(crkovno)slovenski), ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
  • Polish: staro-cerkiewno-słowiański, ‘Old Church Slavic’
  • Russian: старославянский язык (staroslavjánskij jazýk), ‘Old Slavic language’
  • Serbian: staro(crkveno)slovenski, ‘Old (Church) Slavic’
  • Slovak: (staro)slovienčina, ‘(Old) Slavic’
  • Slovene: stara cerkvena slovanščina, ‘Old Church Slavic’
  • Ukrainian: старослов’янська мова (staroslovjans'ka mova), ‘Old Slavic’

See also

  1. ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, Vanderbilt University Press (2000) p. 27
  2. ^ Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, s.v. "Cyril and Methodius, Saints"; Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica Incorporated, Warren E. Preece – 1972, p. 846, s.v., "Cyril and Methodius, Saints" and "Eastern Orthodoxy, Missions ancient and modern"; Encyclopedia of World Cultures, David H. Levinson, 1991, p. 239, s.v., "Social Science"; Eric M. Meyers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, p. 151, 1997; Lunt, Slavic Review, June, 1964, p. 216; Roman Jakobson, Crucial problems of Cyrillo-Methodian Studies; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky, A Handbook of Slavic Studies, p. 98; V.Bogdanovich , History of the ancient Serbian literature, Belgrade, 1980, p. 119.
  3. ^ The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05, O.Ed. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, “Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature."
  4. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Major alphabets of the world, Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets, 2008, O.Ed. "The two early Slavic alphabets, the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic, were invented by St. Cyril, or Constantine (c. 827–869), and St. Methodius (c. 825–884). These men were Greeks from Thessaloniki who became apostles to the southern Slavs, whom they converted to Christianity."
  5. ^ Hastings, Adrian (1997). The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion, and nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-521-62544-0. ". the activity of the brothers Constantine (later renamed Cyril) and Methodius, aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople."
  6. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1999). The barbarian conversion: from paganism to Christianity. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 327. ISBN 0-520-21859-0.
  7. ^ Cizevskij, Dmitrij; Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Porter, Richard E.. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. vi. ISBN 0-8265-1371-9. ""Two Greek brothers from Salonika, Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius."
  8. ^ The illustrated guide to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 14. ISBN 0-19-521462-5. "In Eastern Europe, the first translations of the Bible into the Slavoruic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s"
  9. ^ Smalley, William Allen (1991). Translation as mission: Bible translation in the modern missionary movement. Macon, Ga.: Mercer. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-86554-389-8. "The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril, Methodius, with the Bible completed by AD. 880 This was a missionary translation but unusual again (from a modern point of view) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia,"
  10. ^ Kazhdan, Alexander P. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 507. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. "Constantine (Cyril) and his brother Methodius were the sons of the droungarios Leo and Maria, who may have been a Slav."
  11. ^ after the Slavs invaded it. Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p 214: "At the emperor’s request, Constantine and his brother started the translation of religious texts into Old Church Slavonic, a literary language most likely based on the Macedonian dialect allegedly used in the hinterland of their home-town, Thessalonica."
  12. ^ Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe, Glanville Price, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0631220399, pp. 42-43.
  13. ^ The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity, Ken Parry, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, ISBN 1444333615, pp. 50-51.
  14. ^ Interaction and isolation in late Byzantine culture, Jan Olof Rosenqvist, I.B.Tauris, 2004, ISBN 1850439443, p. 58.
  15. ^ Speech, Memory, and Meaning: Intertextuality in Everyday Language, Studies and Monographs by Boris Gasparov,, Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 3110219107, p. 185.
  16. ^ Horace Gray Lunt, Old Church Slavonic Grammar, Berlin(2001) p.15
  17. ^ Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Alan W. Ertl, Universal-Publishers, 2008, ISBN 1599429837, p. 436.
  18. ^ Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996, Nationalisms Across the Globe, Chris Kostov, Publisher Peter Lang, ISBN 3034301960, p. 50.
  19. ^ The poetics of Slavdom: the mythopoeic foundations of Yugoslavia, Zdenko Zlatar, Peter Lang, 2007, ISBN 0820481351, pp. 532-533.
  20. ^ Old Church Slavonic grammar, Horace Gray Lunt, Walter de Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 3110162849, p. 1.
  21. ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 0521074592, pp. 174-176.
  22. ^ Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Blackwell textbooks in linguistics, Benjamin W. Fortson, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 1405188960, p. 431.
  23. ^ Ancient Indo-European Dialects, University of California Press, 1966, p. 154.
  24. ^ The Slavic languages, Roland Sussex, Paul V. Cubberley, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521223156, pp. 64-65.
  25. ^ Македония, проблемы истории и културы, Институт славяноведения, Российская Академия Наук, Москва, 1999, Размышления о македонском "срезе" палеоболгаристики – И. И. Калиганов. (Russian)
  26. ^ Initially Lunt (1974:5-6) stated that the differences in the initial OCS were neither great, nor consistent to oppose "Macedonian" dialect to (East) Bulgarian one. However, a decade later Lunt (1985:202) seems to conceive OCS and its "adjustments" in somewhat different terms, that a Macedonian and a (East) Bulgarian variety of OCS existed, illustrating his point with paleographic, phonological and other differences. See: "American contributions to the Tenth International Congress of Slavists", Sofia, September 1988, Alexander M. Schenker, Slavica, 1988, ISBN 0893571903, p. 47.
  27. ^ Who are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655340, pp. 19-20.
  28. ^ Aspects of the Slavic Middle Ages and Slavic Renaissance culture, American University Studies, Henrik Birnbaum, Lang, 1991, ISBN 0820410578, P. 534.
  29. ^ Bruce Manning Metzger. The early versions of the New Testament: their origin, transmission, and limitations. P. 409
  30. ^ Roland Sussex, Paul V. Cubberley. The Slavic languages. Pp. 64-65
  31. ^ Tomasz Kamusella. The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Pp. 276-277, 279
  32. ^ Jos. Dobrovský, Institutiones linguae slavicae dialecti veteris quae quum apud Russos, Serbos, aliosque ritus graeci tum apud Dalmatas glagolitas ritus latini Slavos in libris sacris obtinet, Vindobonae 1822. Initium translatorum in linguam slavicam ab eo (i.e. Cyril) et fratre Methodio librorum sacrorum, ad officia Missae celebranda maximae necessariorum, in Bulgaria factum fuisse, testatur biographus Clementis Archiepiscopi Bulgariae.
  33. ^ Language and literary theory: in honor of Ladislav Matejka, Benjamin A. Stolz, I. R. Titunik, Lubomír Doležel, University of Michigan, 1984, p. 111.
  34. ^ Henry R. Cooper. Slavic Scriptures: The Formation of the Church Slavonic Version of the Holy Bible, pg. 86
  35. ^ Roomsch-Katholieke Universiteit, et al. Polata Knigopisnaja: An Information Bulletin Devoted to the Study of Early Slavic Books, Texts and Literatures, pg. 70
  36. ^ Roman Jakobson, P Weinrich. Slavic languages: Distribution of Slavic languages in present day Europe, pg. 7
  37. ^ Yuriy Sherekh, George Y. Shevekov. A prehistory of Slavic: the historical phonology of common Slavic
  38. ^ The entry of the Slavs into Christendom: an introduction to the medieval history of the Slavs, A. P. Vlasto, CUP Archive, 1970, ISBN 0521074592, p. 169.
  39. ^ a b Old Church Slavonic, Horace Lunt
  40. ^ a b Macedonian, Victor Friedman, Facts about world's languages, 2001
  41. ^ Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
  42. ^ Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.
  43. ^ Die Slaven in Griechenland von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands.
  44. ^ K. Sandfeld, Balkanfilologien (København, 1926, MCMXXVI).
  45. ^ Konstantin Josef Jireček, Die Balkanvölker und ihre kulturellen und politischen Bestrebungen, Urania, II, Jg. 13, 27. März 1909, p. 195.
  46. ^ Stefan Verković, Описание быта македонских болгар; Топографическо-этнографический очерк Македонии (Петербург, 1889).
  47. ^ Old Church Slavonic grammar
  48. ^ Paul Cubberley Russian: A Linguistic IntroductionCambridge University Press (2002), p.44
  49. ^ The definite article in contemporary standard Bulgarian, Gerald L. Mayer, Freie Universität Berlin. Osteuropa-Institut, Otto Harrassowitz, 1988, p. 108.
  50. ^ Nandris, Grigore (1959). Old Church Slavonic Grammar, p. 2 (London: University of London Athlone Press).
  51. ^ a b Walter de Gruyter. On Medieval and Renaissance Slavic Writing. P. 15
  52. ^ Ziffer, Giorgio – On the Historicity of Old Church Slavonic UDK 811.163.1(091)
  53. ^ A. Leskien, Handbuch der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) Sprache, 6. Aufl., Heidelberg 1922.
  54. ^ A. Leskien, Grammatik der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) Sprache, 2.-3. Aufl., Heidelberg 1919.
  55. ^ J P Mallory, D Q Adams. Encyclopaedia of Indo-European Culture. Pg 301
  56. ^ R. E. Asher, J. M. Y. Simpson. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, pg. 429
  57. ^ Dmitrij Cizevskij. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, pg. 26
  58. ^ Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, pg. 374
  59. ^ D. Appleton. The universal cyclopaedia. Pp. 436, 561-562
  60. ^ Horace Gray Lunt. Old Church Slavonic grammar. Pg 4
  61. ^ Tomasz Kamusella. The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe. Pp. 35, 291, 294

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  • Old Church Slavonic — n. the South Slavic language used in the 9th cent. Bible translation by Saint Cyril and his brother, Saint Methodius, and still used as a liturgical language (now called Church Slavonic) by Orthodox Slavs but extinct as a vernacular: also called… …   English World dictionary

  • Old Church Slavonic — noun the Slavic language into which the Bible was translated in the 9th century • Syn: ↑Old Church Slavic, ↑Church Slavic, ↑Old Bulgarian • Hypernyms: ↑Slavic, ↑Slavic language, ↑Slavonic, ↑Slavonic language …   Useful english dictionary

  • Old Church Slavonic — Old′ Church′ Slavon′ic (or Slav′ic) n. peo the oldest attested Slavic language, extant in a group of manuscripts written before c1100, largely scripture and liturgical translations that were the outcome of Cyril and Methodius s mission to the… …   From formal English to slang

  • Old Church Slavonic — the oldest attested Slavic language, an ecclesiastical language written first by Cyril and Methodius in a Bible translation of the 9th century and continued in use for about two centuries. It represents the South Slavic, Bulgarian dialect of 9th… …   Universalium

  • Old Church Slavonic — noun The first literary and liturgical Slavic language. Syn: Old Bulgarian, Old Church Slavic, Old Macedonian, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic …   Wiktionary

  • Old Church Slavonic — noun the extinct language (South Slavic) preserved in religious texts of the Russian Orthodox Church. Also, Old Church Slavic …   Australian English dictionary

  • Old Church Slavonic — noun see Old Church Slavic …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • Old Church Slavonic — noun the oldest recorded Slavic language, as used by the apostles Cyril and Methodius and surviving in texts from the 9th–12th centuries …   English new terms dictionary

  • Old Church Slavonic in Romania — Old Church Slavonic was the main language used for liturgical and administrative purposes by the Romanians until the 18th century, being still used in the Orthodox Church until mid 19th century. Characteristics The language, while based on Old… …   Wikipedia

  • Old Church Slavonic grammar — Old Church Slavonic is an inflectional language with moderately complex verbal and nominal systems. Contents 1 Phonology 1.1 Morphophonemic alternations 2 Morphology 2.1 Nouns …   Wikipedia

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Corr 2015 - Fearless games, fantastic gambits

by Albert Silver
8/15/2015 – When one talks about the highest quality of chess, and games, the usual knee-jerk response is the world champion or anyone in the top ten. However, there is usually one source of games that go beyond even that in sheer depth and quality of analysis: correspondence chess. These are games defined by fearlessness, openings exploration, and fireworks. Here is an update to the ultimate collection.

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In a sense, the number is fairly startling: over 1.2 million correspondence games, from the earliest in 1803, to the very latest dated 2015. Why is this startling? Because it still suggests an enormous volume of games that will take months to play out at the very least, even in today's day of instant email. Even the Mega Database 2015, which covers all over-the-board games, including blitz and rapid events, as well as junior competitions, contains fewer than seven million.

Needless to say, correspondence chess has undergone many mutations over the years, and not just because of the means of delivery. The first games on record in the database date from the beginning of the 19th century by Friedrich Von Mauvillon and an unknown officer, are surmised to have been played via military dispatch, as explained in the notes of the games. Nowadays games are played via email or special online servers.

What about 'cheating', you might ask. There is no such thing. At least not in the way we have come to worry about in live events. The solution is simple: since there is no way to ban engine use from postal chess, just as you could not prevent or detect someone consulting another player, massive engine use is the norm. The strongest players will still navigate their usage far better than a normal player would, and none are foolish enough to simply let the engine sit on a position for a day and play the move. It is a good way to lose.

The quality of the games is astonishing overall, and of course there are many games investigating the most hair-raising opening lines imaginable, since contrary to live chess, where a player might hesitate to enter a chaotic line for fear of being unable to navigate the mess, in postal chess, that is not a problem. It is the number one medium to investigate the craziest gambits imaginable. Consider this game played by former World Champion Gert Timmerman in the World Championship tournament itself, and annotated by him.

Frankenstein-Dracula variation

"This is the starting position of the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation in the Vienna,
so called because of the monstrous complications that can result from it.  Black
gives in return for a long-lasting initiative a full exchange. (...) The positional
compensation for Black exists in the fact that the white rooks will play for a long
time a role as passive spectators." - Gert Timmerman

Carleton - Timmerman, 1996 World Championship - Annotated by Timmerman

[Event "W-ch15 corr9601"] [Site "ICCF corr"] [Date "1996.11.01"] [Round "?"] [White "Carleton, John Joseph"] [Black "Timmerman, Gert Jan"] [Result "0-1"] [ECO "C27"] [Annotator "Timmerman"] [PlyCount "80"] [EventDate "1996.??.??"] [EventType "tourn (corr)"] [EventRounds "15"] [EventCategory "13"] [Source "Myers"] [SourceDate "2012.11.12"] 1. e4 {Myers Timmerman} e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Bc4 Nxe4 4. Qh5 Nd6 5. Bb3 Nc6 6. Nb5 g6 7. Qf3 f5 8. Qd5 Qe7 9. Nxc7+ Kd8 10. Nxa8 b6 {Timmerman: This is the starting position of the Frankenstein-Dracula Variation in the Vienna, so called because of the monstrous complications that can result from it. Black gives in return for a long-lasting initiative a full exchange: a black Rook disappears against a white knight. The positional compensation for Black exists in the fact that the white rooks will play for a long time a role as passive spectators.} 11. d3 Bb7 12. h4 f4 13. Qf3 Nd4 14. Qg4 Bxa8 15. Bd2 Bg7 16. Nh3 (16. O-O-O $5 Bf6 17. h5 (17. Bb4 a5 18. Bxd6 Qxd6 19. Nh3 Qc6 20. Ng5 a4 21. Bc4 b5 22. Nf7+ Kc7 23. Nxh8 Bxh8 24. h5 g5 25. c3 bxc4 26. cxd4 cxd3+ 27. Kb1 Qc2+ 28. Ka1 a3 29. Rb1 Be4 30. Qd1 exd4 31. Qf1 d6 32. f3 Bf5 33. Qc1 d2 34. Qxc2+ Bxc2 35. Rhd1 d3 36. Rxd2 Kb6 37. h6 Kb5 38. Rf2 Kb4 39. Rd2 axb2+ 40. Rxb2+ Ka3 {0-1 Ekebjaerg,O-Timmerman,G/corr NBC 1991/}) 17... g5 18. Bb4 a5 19. Bxd6 Qxd6 20. c3 Nxb3+ 21. axb3 Bd5 22. c4 Be6 23. Qe2 Qb4 24. Qc2 e4 25. dxe4 a4 26. e5 Bxe5 27. Nf3 Bf6 28. Nd4 Bxd4 29. Rxd4 axb3 30. Qc3 Qxc3+ 31. bxc3 Kc7 32. Kb2 Rf8 33. Ra1 Rf5 34. f3 Re5 35. Kxb3 Re2 36. Ra2 Re1 37. Re4 Rxe4 38. fxe4 Kd6 39. Ra6 Ke5 40. Rxb6 g4 41. Kc2 g3 42. Kd3 f3 43. gxf3 g2 44. Rb1 Kf4 45. h6 Kxf3 46. c5 Kf2 47. Kd4 g1=Q 48. Rxg1 Kxg1 49. Ke5 Bg4 50. Kf6 Kf2 51. Kg7 Ke3 52. Kxh7 Kxe4 53. Kg7 Bf5 54. Kf6 Bh7 {1/2-1/2 Wibe,T (2530) -Van Oosterom,J/corr NBC 1991/}) 16... Bf6 $1 $146 (16... N6f5 $2 17. Ng5 h5 18. Qh3 Rf8 19. c3 Nxh4 20. Qxh4 Nxb3 $2 (20... Nf5 $1 21. Nf7+ Rxf7 22. Qxe7+ Rxe7 23. Rg1 Bf6 24. a4 Kc7 $132 {Myers}) 21. axb3 Bf6 22. Rxa7 Bxg2 23. Qh2 { 1-0 Carleton,J-Tait,J/corr ENG 1995/}) 17. Bb4 Kc7 18. c4 $2 {Timmerman: Too brusque. In exchange for the break-threat c4-c5 White leaves the dominant black Knight unharmed. The square d4 will later also be conquered by another black piece.} (18. c3 $5 N4f5 $44 {Timmerman} 19. Ng5 h5 20. Bxd6+ Nxd6 21. Qh3 Bxg5 22. hxg5 Qxg5 $36 {Myers}) (18. O-O-O $5 a5 19. Ba3 b5 20. Bxd6+ Qxd6 21. c3 a4 22. Bc2 Nxc2 23. Kxc2 Bd5 24. Kb1 $11 {Myers}) (18. Ng1 $5 a5 19. Ba3 Re8 20. c3 Nxb3 21. axb3 Qf7 22. h5 Qxb3 23. hxg6 hxg6 24. Qxg6 $14 {Myers}) 18... a5 19. Ba3 Qg7 $1 (19... N4f5 $2 20. c5 bxc5 21. Rc1 Kd8 22. Bxc5 $16 {Myers}) 20. Ng5 h5 21. Bxd6+ (21. Qh3 N6f5 {Timmerman} 22. Bd1 Nxh4 23. Ne4 g5 $17 { Myers}) 21... Kxd6 22. Qh3 Bxg5 23. hxg5 Qe7 (23... f3 $5 24. g4 h4 25. Kd2 Qe7 26. Rae1 Qxg5+ $17 {Myers}) 24. Ba4 Rh7 $1 (24... Rf8 $5 25. O-O-O Rf5 26. Rh2 Rxg5 27. Rdh1 f3 28. g3 e4 29. Qf1 Kc7 $17 {Myers}) 25. O-O-O Qxg5 $44 { Timmerman: The pawn plus with increasing pressure for Black weighs more than the exchange plus for White.} 26. f3 $8 Qg3 $1 {Timmerman: Especially in a Queenless endgame the black advantages come to the fore: the pawn-break ... g6-g5-g4, an active black King across the black squares, and the passivity of the white Rooks.} 27. Rd2 (27. Qxg3 $2 fxg3 28. Rh3 Bxf3 $1 (28... g5 29. Kd2 $2 h4 $19 {Timmerman}) 29. Rd2 h4 30. gxf3 Ne6 31. d4 exd4 32. Bc2 Rh6 $19 { Myers}) (27. Rde1 h4 28. Bd1 Qxh3 29. Rxh3 g5 30. Rh2 Bc6 31. b3 Rh8 32. Kb2 b5 $17 {Myers}) 27... h4 28. Kb1 g5 29. Bd1 Qxh3 30. Rxh3 Kc5 $1 31. b3 Nf5 32. Rh1 $2 (32. d4+ Nxd4 33. Kb2 Rh8 34. Kc3 b5 35. cxb5 Nxb5+ 36. Kb2 Nd4 37. Rh1 d6 $17 {Myers}) 32... Kd4 $1 33. a3 Ne3 34. b4 g4 $1 35. fxg4 (35. c5 h3 $1 ( 35... Nxd1 $1 36. Rhxd1 gxf3 $19 {Timmerman}) 36. gxh3 bxc5 37. bxa5 g3 $19 { Myers}) 35... Bxg2 36. Rxg2 (36. Rh2 f3 37. g5 Nxd1 38. Rxd1 h3 $19 {Timmerman} ) 36... Nxg2 37. Bf3 Ne3 38. Be4 Rh8 39. Rc1 axb4 40. axb4 Rf8 0-1

This also highlights one of the wonderful strengths of the Corr 2015 database: in it there are over 15 thousand commented games, including many by the world champions themselves. Comments on fantastic exciting games by players whose analytical abilities were unparalleled. What is more, there are some oddball pearls found within that may surprise. For example, I found a game commented by Capablanca himself, when he was a student at Columbia University, and not for a game he played or that of a rival.

Annotations not only by greats in correspondence, but also Capablanca, Alekhine, Keres, and more

The database is obviously a wonderful resource both as an alternate source of games and analysis, and should not be ignored for its overlooked for it significant value to openings research. In it you will also find all the main events in the modality, such as all games from the 27 correspondence chess championships, the 18 correspondence chess olympiads, as well as the continental and national championships.

Click here to order Corr Database 2015 in the ChessBase Shop

Born in the US, he grew up in Paris, France, where he completed his Baccalaureat, and after college moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He had a peak rating of 2240 FIDE, and was a key designer of Chess Assistant 6. In 2010 he joined the ChessBase family as an editor and writer at ChessBase News. He is also a passionate photographer with work appearing in numerous publications.

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Ebb + Flow

Since many clubs and bars had to close their doors due to the Corona crisis, we decided to campaign for the continued existence of the techno scene. We build on a steadily growing community and other collectives in order not only to keep our club and celebration culture alive, but also to bring new impulses and ideas into it.

We would like to revive the ideas of the 90s and contribute to a techno culture in which everyone is welcome. We want an anti-racist and feminist techno scene without exclusion, which enables us all to celebrate together.

This summer we have already organized many events for you (of course in compliance with the respective Corona regulations) to counter the constant withdrawal of dance and to celebrate the unique feeling of electronic music with you.

That's why we built our TechnoBike, a mobile stage to supply up to 200 ravers with music. Together with you we would like to see a growing collective in which new and old talents can make music together. And who knows - maybe after Corona we will be able to welcome you to a new fhainest club in Berlin.

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© 2020 created with love by Dies | Das Kollektiv.

From Berlin. For Everyone.


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David Letterman Grilled Lindsay Lohan Until She Cried

David Letterman Grilled Lindsay Lohan Until She Cried (1 photo + 1 video)

Is it cool to say that Lindsay Lohan earned some of my respect last night? Probably not, but I think she did. As much I might want to bag on her right now, the fact is that it had to be hard to sit in a chair next to Letterman — who has rightfully cracked hundreds of jokes at her expense over the years and held nothing back last night — and endure what she endured, most of the time rather graciously and with a smile on her face, until, that is, the end, when she finally began to break down a little after Letterman praised her for having “enough spine, enough sense of yourself, enough poise to come out here and talk to me.” Frankly, watching a broken person squirm on stage under the bright lights made me kind of sad.

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Superb Avril Lavigne Pictures

Superb Avril Lavigne Pictures (25 photo)

A 15-year old girl made her first stage appearance as a singer along with Shania Twain. Ever since, she has been in the limelight because of her drop-dead good looks and enchanting voice. Yes, you’ve guessed right. This description fits Avril Lavigne like a glove. Her sexy appeal and voice has endeared her to millions of fans. The solo album “Complicated” shot to the top of the charts in 2009 and she has never looked back since then. Check this amazing gallery of some really astounding Avril pictures. These are definitely desktop worthy.

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Lina Alm

Lina founded LA Racing Media in 2014. She has worked with horses and trotting all her life and has through her partner Thomas developed a great interest in breeding. Lina worked for many years in Natural Horsemanship and spent a lot of time in the US on various ranches.

She has also been working as a scout for SRF Stable since 2015.

During the spring and summer, you will find Lina behind the camera or at the editing table.

Thomas Moberg

Thomas has extensive experience and knowledge in the race. He already worked as a teenager as a groom for Håkan Walner in the USA. Later in life he started Kronos together with Antonio Carraretto and thus bred Viking Kronos. Thomas also has assignments from SRF Stable where he is responsible for breeding. Thomas is involved in most film assignments and is involved in the planning of the hectic film season.

Get in touch with us if you want to look at one of our breedings!

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Boxing great Muhammed Ali dies aged 74

Sunday, June 5, 2016

Legendary boxing great Muhammed Ali died on Friday aged 74 in a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States. A family spokesperson said Ali had been admitted with respiratory problems. The former heavyweight champion lived with Parkinson's disease for decades, diagnosed in 1984.

File photo of Muhammed Ali in 1967
Image: Ira Rosenberg.

Born on January 17, 1942 as Cassius Marcellus Clay, he changed his name to Muhammed Ali after his 1964 conversion to Islam. In his professional career, Ali won 56 out of 61 fights — including 31 consecutive wins. He won the World Heavyweight Championship three times and had also won an Olympic gold medal in the light-heavyweight category.

Often considered the greatest boxer of all time, Ali was the world heavyweight champion in the 1960s and 1970s. His famous fights with George Foreman in 1974 when he won his title back and against Joe Frazier are considered by many as two of the greatest fights in the sport's history. Ali had also defeated Sonny Liston to claim the championship title.

Ali was also known as a political activist. He came under considerable controversy after his decision to refuse the Vietnam War draft.

He lit the flame in the 1996 Olympics hosted in Atlanta.

His funeral is to be in Kentucky.


text:
Girls in Florida sell pink lemonade, donate money to breast cancer research

Thursday, March 26, 2009

Two 8-year-old girls in Orlando, Florida, located in the United States, have made a big donation to the research and curing of breast cancer. Victoria Petrucelly and Jesse Theobald along with classmates from their third grade class at The Christ School, raised almost US$24,000 by setting up lemonade stands and selling pink lemonade.

The two girls were thinking about starting the lemonade stand in 2008, but were inspired to donate money when Petrucelly's mother, who suffered from the disease, died on Valentine's Day, February 14.

"When my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer, we decided to make it a pink lemonade stand to raise money for people with cancer," Petrucelly said to the press. Other cash donations were made by companies like Publix Supermarkets and the restaurant chain Chick-Fil-A.

Between the students and two girls, nearly 65 gallons of the sweet and sour drink were sold on the weekend ending March 22. They hoped to raise just $50. MD Anderson Cancer Center, which is located in Orlando, received the donation, presented by the two girls in a ceremony earlier this week.


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Kairos Online Courses 2021

Links to sign up or find more information about the Kairos Course Online 2021 courses.

Read More..

House of Omeed

The House of Omeed (House of Hope) exists to inspire hope in the hearts of refugees and newcomers to Canada as they make the necessary huge adjustment to their lives now transplanted into a new, unfamiliar, and often incomprehensible society.

From the very beginning, the existence of the House of Omeed has been a story of miracles.

Given their track-record, it's not surprising, on a recent visit in the middle of Covid restrictions, to find that the staff and volunteers are as busy as ever. In fact, perhaps they’re busier than ever, as they tackle the needs of the community in a way that complies with public health directives.

Read More..

This Christmas, as our normal celebrations are shaken, may we press in to know the one who came as a wee babe, lived and died for us, and who now can hold us when all around is shaking.

Read More..

Silver Linings

Moving a course with a global footprint and a 20+ year track record from a face-to-face delivery model to an online one would normally be a considered, careful experiment, filled with caution, evaluation and review.

Making the pivot in 2 months, with no safety net, has felt at times like jumping out of an airplane into one of those big, black clouds.

When you are tumbling through the storm there isn’t much time to evaluate. But a few months on, still facing ongoing challenges, here are some silver linings that are beginning to gleam ever more clearly.

Kairos Online Courses - Fall 2020

Links to sign up or find more information about the Kairos Course Online Fall 2020 courses.

Pivot: A Kairos Story

A story of momentum lost and momentum restored! The Kairos Course had huge momentum early in 2020. As the pandemic unfolded, the Simply Mobilizing team was forced to pause, pray, think and pivot.

A Vanilla Life: 5 Questions to Consider as you Build Cross-Cultural Friendships

5 Questions to Consider as you Build Cross-Cultural Friendships.

Vanilla describes most of my childhood: Food was predictable, community was homogenous, and the exotic or unusual was reserved for travelogue shows on TV.

Vanilla was my ice cream flavor of choice. It was safe, predictable, and delicious. All those other flavors might not be as good…and risking ice cream disappointment seemed unimaginable to me. It wasn’t until my teens that I discovered the delights of Mint Chocolate Chip, Maple Walnut, and other wonderful flavours.

Why Canada Needs Biblical Hospitality

Jesus demonstrated how one can balance the tension between pursuing holiness and being a friend of sinners, and he did it through hospitality.

Better Together? When together is not always better…

Better Together? What about when it is harder, and messier to be together? What is it really going to take to be better together?

COVID-19 does not Discriminate. Neither should British Columbians.

A Canadian Christian response to Anti-Asian Racism.

It is my hope that as churches strive to be missional communities, we would hear pastors address the topic of racism from the pulpit. Furthermore, could the Christian leaders of Vancouver and across Canada stand together to denounce this injustice publicly, calling on reform but also racial reconciliation? This is our time to show the world who are His disciples, by how we show love to another.

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    • Declined — They are labeled light gray.

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For more information on Scratch Suggestions go here or here. The website itself is here. To discuss ideas you can visit the Suggestions forum.

Scratch Suggestions also has an RSS feed. The link for feed readers is http://suggest.scratch.mit.edu/forums/60449.atom

See Also


text:
Thursday, January 21, 14:01
Home how To Simple Ways to Find Your Public or Private IP Address!

Simple Ways to Find Your Public or Private IP Address!

IP is the abbreviation for "internet protocol" and is essentially the address of your device in Internet. Think of it as the digital analogue of the postal code. In the following article, we will look at some ways to find your IP address.

There are two types of IPs, public and private. The public address is a sequence of four numbers in most cases. Without this address it would be impossible computer to communicate with the internet.

Your private address is needed to identify your device locally network. In other words it is the address that allows the other devices that are connected to it router you, communicate with your computer.

So if you need to know one or both of your IPs for some reason, just follow the steps below.

  • Find public IP address.

The easiest way is to simply open your browser and browse the following website

The result will be a number of four dotted numbers that is your public IP.

  • An alternative way of finding a public IP address.

As always there is a chance of it website mentioned above doesn't work, as a backup you can just make one google search which will produce the same result.

Of course, details about your public IP also exist on your router. So you can alternatively browse your router usually by typing it in your browser and public IP will be listed in the first page details.

  • Private IP address in Windows.

To find your private address at Windows, just open the command prompt by typing 'cmd' into the search field of the startup.

Once you open the command prompt, type the following: ipconfig.

The private address will be under the "IPv4 Address".

  • How to Find Your IP Address on MacOS |

If you are a user MacOS, press its logo Apple, browse to “System Preferences” and select “Network”.

Then select the network to which you are connected and under the "Status" option on your right, you will see your private IP listed under "Connected".

  • How to find your private IP address on Linux (Ubuntu).

If your preference for operating system Linux They are Ubuntu, as for many, go to "Activities" at the top left of your screen, type in a network, and select it.

Depending on whether your connection is wireless or wired, select the settings button next to each connection. In the window that opens, you can see your IP under the "IPv4 Address" tab on the "Details" tab.

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text:
More people fell ill due to leptospirosis in 2017 and 2018

Compared with previous years, both 2017 and 2018 saw an increase in the number of patients who became infected by leptospira bacteria, which cause a rare but serious condition.

The latest figures from Statens Serum Institut show that the number of leptospirosis cases has increased in recent years.

In 2017 and 2018, a total of 23 and 19 cases were found in which patients had become infected by leptospira bacteria. That is an increase compared with the previous seven years, when an average below ten cases was recorded.

Leptospirosis is a rare but occasionally serious condition caused by infection with different types of Leptospira, which are found, among others, in the urine of rats and mice and which may, e.g., be transmitted via contact to contaminated freshwater.

The increase was, among others, associated with a small outbreak in connection with a so-called swimrun competition in Denmark, but the increase was also seen among persons who had become infected while travelling abroad.

For more information, please see EPI-NEWS 4/5, 2019


text:
United in Excellence

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text:
18th Special SOM of 18th AMAF+3 wraps up in Thua Thien-Hue hinh anh 1At the event (Photo: VNA)
Thua Thien – Hue (VNA) – The Special Senior Officials’ Meeting of the 18th Meeting of the ASEAN Ministers on Agriculture and Forestry (AMAF) Plus Three wrapped up in the central province of Thua Thien – Hue on August 8 after four days of sitting.

Delegates assessed ASEAN cooperation in agriculture and forestry since the 40th AMAF meeting, including in prioritized aspects as defined at the 18th AMAF Plus Three, such as the ASEAN+3 policy framework regarding food, agriculture and forestry.

They shared experience in rural development models, climate change response, and global economic integration.

Speaking at the event, Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Le Quoc Doanh spoke highly of the implementation of the ASEAN+3 Emergency Rice Reserve Agreement as well as information and food security systems in the region, adding that climate change response is the foundation for sustainable agriculture.

He asked ASEAN+3 countries to continue fostering collaboration to improve capacity and facilitate technological transfer in each nation.

Doanh also congratulated ASEAN+3 on their important achievements in ago-forestry-fisheries under their cooperation strategy for the 2016 – 2025 period.

The 19th AMAF Plus Three meeting will be held in Darussalam, Brunei in 2020.-VNA


text:
Garden at Sainte-Adresse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Garden at Sainte-Adresse
French: Terrasse à Sainte-Adresse
Claude Monet - Jardin à Sainte-Adresse.jpg
ArtistClaude Monet
Year1867 (1867)
MediumOil on canvas
Dimensions98.1 cm × 129.9 cm (38 5/8 in × 51 1/8 in)
LocationMetropolitan Museum of Art, New York

The Garden at Sainte-Adresse is a painting by the French impressionist painter Claude Monet. (Oil on canvas, 98.1 cm x 129.9 cm).[1] The painting was acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art after an auction sale at Christie's in December 1967, under the French title La terrasse à Sainte-Adresse.[2] The painting was exhibited at the 4th Impressionist exhibition, Paris, April 10–May 11, 1879, as no. 157 under the title Jardin à Sainte-Adresse.

Monet spent the summer of 1867 at the resort town of Sainte-Adresse on the English Channel, near Le Havre (France).[1] It was there, in a garden with a view of Honfleur on the horizon, that he painted this picture,[1] which combines smooth, traditionally rendered areas with sparkling passages of rapid, separate brushwork, and spots of pure colour.

The models were probably Monet's father, Adolphe, in the foreground, Monet's cousin's wife Jeanne-Marguerite Lecadre at the fence; Adolphe, her father; and perhaps, Sophie, her sister, the woman seated with her back to the viewer.[1] Although the scene projects affluent domesticity, it is by no means a family portrait. Monet's relations with his father were tense that summer, owing to family disapproval of the young artist's liaison with his companion, Camille Doncieux, his wife-to-be.

Hokusai's Turban-shell Hall of the Five-Hundred-Rakan Temple (五百らかん寺さざゐどう, Gohyaku-rakanji Sazaidō), from Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji

Monet called this work in his correspondence "the Chinese painting in which there are flags". His friend Pierre-Auguste Renoir referred to it as "the Japanese painting". In the 1860s, the composition's flat horizontal bands of colour would have reminded the sophisticated of Japanese colour wood-block prints,[1] which were avidly collected by Monet, Manet, Renoir, Whistler, and others in their circle. The print by the Japanese artist Hokusai that may have inspired this picture, Turban-shell Hall of the Five-Hundred-Rakan Temple (1830),[3] remains today at Monet's house-museum at Giverny.[4]

The elevated vantage point and relatively even sizes of the horizontal areas emphasize the two-dimensionality of the painting. The three horizontal zones of the composition seem to rise parallel to the picture plane instead of receding into space. The subtle tension resulting from the combination of illusionism and the two-dimensionality of the surface remained an important characteristic of Monet's style.

The painting is now in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. It was bought in 1967, with special contributions given or bequeathed by friends of the Museum.

  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Guide

  1. ^ a b c d e "Garden at Sainte-Adresse". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  2. ^ Catalogue of La Terrasse à Sainte Adresse by CLAUDE MONET. The property of the Reverend Theodore Pitcairn and the Beneficia Foundation, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania. Sale, December 1, 1967. London. Christie, Manson & Woods, Ltd.
  3. ^ National Gallery of Australia, "Turban-shell Hall of the Five-Hundred-Rakan Temple", Monet & Japan (2001 exhibition)
  4. ^ "Turban-shell Hall of the Five-Hundred-Rakan Temple". Retrieved 14 March 2015.

External links[edit]


text:
(redirected from interposition arthroplasty)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical.
Related to interposition arthroplasty: excisional arthroplasty

The making of an artificial joint.
Reconstruction of a new and functioning joint from an ankylosed one; a plastic operation upon a joint.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). It might be outdated or ideologically biased.

an operation that restores function of a joint.

Indications for arthroplasty are ankyloses, improperly knitted intra-articular fractures, and deforming arthroses. Arthroplasty consists in disconnecting the joint extremities, modeling new joint surfaces, and placing between them layers of the patient’s tissue (skin or fascia). Caps of cartilage or fetal membrane (amnion) are also used. Preserved joint extremities (homohemijoints) or whole joints (homojoints) taken from corpses, artificial joint heads of plastic or metal (for example, the head of the femur in arthroplasty of the hip joint), and artificial joints (for example, metallic prostheses of the hip joint or of finger joints) are widely used. After the operation, prolonged functional treatment (therapeutic exercise, physiotherapy, and massage) is mandatory.

Chaklin, V. D. Operativnaia ortopediia. Moscow, 1951.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition (1970-1979). © 2010 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
References in periodicals archive ?
This case report is to show the first 5-year result of our interposition arthroplasty technique.
Sahar, "Treatment of elbow osteomyelitis with an interposition arthroplasty using a rectus abdominis free flap," Annals of Plastic Surgery, vol.
Sanchez-Sotelo, "Anconeus interposition arthroplasty: mid- to long-term results," Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research[R], vol.
Baratz, "Arthroscopically assisted elbow interposition arthroplasty without hinged external fixation: surgical technique and patient outcomes," Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, vol.
Anyaehie, "The use of the radial recurrent fasciocutaneous flap in interposition arthroplasty of elbow ankylosis case report and review of literature," International Journal of Surgery, vol.
Morrey, "Treatment of the mobile, painful arthritic elbow by distraction interposition arthroplasty," Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.
Basal joint arthritis: Trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition arthroplasty. J Hand Surg Am 1996; 21: 202-9.
Radiographic assessment of the trapezial space before and after ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition arthroplasty. J Hand Surg [Br].
Interposition arthroplasty has been described in other joints with good long-term results, especially in the hand.
(13.) Hamilton WG, O'Malley MJ, Thompson FM: Capsular interposition arthroplasty for severe hallux rigidus.


text:
Visiting Endeavour School

appleParents are welcome to join their student for lunch any day of the week. Please check with the classroom teacher for specific lunch times. Parents must sign-in at the Main Office prior to going to the multipurpose room.

Parents are welcome to visit our school, however, appointments must be made with the classroom teacher and Main Office prior to arrival.

To ensure a safe, secure, and orderly learning environment, visitors to the Endeavour School campus must adhere to the visitation procedures below.

  1. Visitors must report to the main office upon arriving on campus - this includes dropping off supplies and lunch. To gain entrance to the building, you may be asked to face the camera, state your name, and the reason for your visit.

  2. If your visit is for a classroom celebration, event, or meeting you will need to report to the Main Office. Main Office staff may ask additional clarifying questions and/or request photo identification to document your identity.

  3. Once granted access, visitors will be asked to sign in to the Visitor Log and wear a “Visitor Badge”  in order to move through the building to the intended destination. Visitors have access only to the destination indicated on the Visitor Log.

Website by SchoolMessenger Presence. © 2021 Intrado Corporation. All rights reserved.


text:
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

I woke before dawn, too excited to sleep.  If all went well I’d be kicking off the New Year by high-fiving mountain gorillas.  Breakfast was mercifully quick, and Andrew and I left Kisoro just as the first sign of light appeared in the sky.  We needed to be at Bwindi’s Ruhija sector by 8:00am.  If we were late I wouldn’t be able to join the gorilla tracking group and my $500 permit would be forfeited.

The scenery between Kisoro and Bwindi Impenetrable National Park was beautiful – rugged hills covered with small farms – but the roads were unmarked, unpaved and very rough.   I assumed Andrew knew where we were headed, but I had to discard that assumption when he stopped to ask a small boy for directions.  The boy told us we’d taken a wrong turn and needed to go back.  But the dirt road, a single lane cut into the side of a steep hill, was too narrow for us to change directions.  We had to drive another ten minutes before Andrew could find enough space to turn around.  The day’s first wave of panic swept over me:  what if I’m too late?

Mountain Farming on the Way to Bwindi

Approaching Bwindi

After thirty stressful minutes Andrew began to see landmarks he recognized.  It was a close call but we made it to the Ruhija trekking center right at 8:00am.  While checking in I suffered a second wave of panic when the clerk asked for my passport.  Andrew had assured me that I only needed to bring hiking shoes, a rain jacket, and a lot of water.  “I didn’t bring my passport,” I said sheepishly.  The clerk complained to Andrew.

“You didn’t bring your passport?” Andrew said, flashing me a “What were you thinking?” look.

I told the clerk I knew all my passport information – number, date of issue, date of expiration, etc.  The clerk relaxed.  Given that I could provide all the data he needed to complete his paperwork, he let it slide that I couldn’t produce the passport itself.  But yikes…  A second close call.

There were five other tourists in my tracking group – a 50-year-old Dutch guy, a young couple from Canada, and a young couple from Brazil.  Everyone looked fit.  Our guide gave us a little background and explained the rules.  We’d be tracking the Nshongi group (sometimes spelled Shongi).  It was a relatively new group, habituated only two years ago.  It had 23 members, including three silverbacks.

The guide told us that it could take us anywhere from one to four hours of hiking to find the gorillas.  If we did find them we would only be allowed to stay in contact for one hour.  And we had to be prepared for the chance we might not be able to find them at all.  That possibility triggered a third wave of panic.  Can you imagine how frustrating it would be to come up empty after getting so close?  The guide tried to make us feel better:  “If we do not find the gorillas,” he said, “we will refund half of your permit fee.”  Some consolation!

The guide recommended that we each hire a porter.  Really?  A porter?  Each of us only carried a daypack with water, a sack lunch, a camera, and a rain jacket.  And we’d be out for 10 hours at the most.  The Brazilian couple, who had tracked a different gorilla group the day before, strongly agreed with the guide.  “The porters don’t just carry your backpack,” the Brazilian woman told us.  “They push and pull you up the hills.  They do everything.”  I have to admit they almost scared me into it.  But I came to my senses.  The Canadian couple and I took a pass on the porters.

I did, however, decide to use a walking stick – something I’d sneered at in the past.  It always seemed like more of a hassle than it was worth.  But wow, on that particular hike it made a huge difference to have that walking stick.  It was helpful almost constantly, and it saved me from a major wipe-out more than once.

The people who named Bwindi added the word “Impenetrable” for a reason.  It may be hyperbole – visitors are, after all, able to penetrate the park – but I’d never hiked through more hostile terrain.  I thought trekking in the jungles of the Bokeo Nature Reserve in Laos and Gunung Leuser National Park in Sumatra had been difficult, but Bwindi was worse.

Our hike started on a friendly, level trail.  But very quickly all signs of flat ground disappeared and we began to climb.  On treks I prefer to be at the very front or the very back, and at first I walked in the back with our guide.  Every now and then the guide used his mobile phone to check in with the trackers who had gone out before us.  So far the trackers hadn’t located the gorillas.  I began to worry.

Hiking through Bwindi

Bwindi Impenetrable Forest

Our Trekking Group in Bwindi

If we weren’t slogging through the mud we were trying our best to avoid stumbling over an unstable lattice of roots and plants that had been mashed down on the trail.  Without my walking stick I would have been on my butt more than my feet.   The humidity drained us.  Whenever the sun broke through the clouds the jungle began to steam.  Ants burrowed under our clothes and bit us.

The steepest inclines were usually covered with mud and we found it almost impossible to avoid slipping, especially going downhill.  Walking on top of the vegetation wasn’t much better – the rope-like tendrils tripped us, thorns cut us, and every now and then one of our legs slid through a hole in the net-like carpet of vegetation and plunged us up to our waist in a tangle of green.  Even the guides and trackers fell.  I found myself wondering how much worse it would be if it started raining.

Trackers Making a Path

A park ranger carrying an AK-47 hiked at the front of our group.  Deciding it would be a good idea to make friends with someone armed with an automatic weapon, I caught up to him and started a conversation.  His name was Abrahim (which he pronounced ah-brah-HEEM), and he said he’d been working in the park for 11 years.  I asked about his AK-47.  “Have you ever had to shoot it?”

“Yes, but only into the air,” he said.  “To frighten elephants.”

Abrahim with His AK-47

Abrahim Hiking through Bwindi

At the top of a hill Abrahim pointed to a steep downward slope in front of us.  “The gorillas are there,” he said.

“But the guide just told me the trackers haven’t found the gorillas yet.”

Abrahim smiled.  “I have been working in this park for many years.”

And he was right.  Thirty minutes later the trackers told the guide that they’d located the gorillas, right where Abrahim said they’d be.  By that time we were very near.  To close the remaining distance we had to hack our own trail through the brush.

Hiking through Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Video)

The gorilla group moved down-slope as we tracked them and we had to hurry to catch up.  In a small clearing the guide halted and pointed:  a silverback.  Literally a sliver back – a large adult male faced away from us, his distinctive back clearly visible.  A cracking sound alerted us to another gorilla swinging from vines in a nearby tree.

Gorilla in the Trees

The guide told us to drop our backpacks.  He said we were about to enter the group, and he instructed us to stay at least seven meters away from the gorillas at all times.  Hacking with their machetes, the trackers led us forward.  The vegetation was so thick we couldn’t see more than 10 feet in any direction.  And then we heard a loud grunt, very near.  The guide cut away some branches, revealing a dark shape in the sea of green.  A mountain gorilla so close we could see the individual flies buzzing around her head.

Gorilla Surrounded by Flies

We weren’t supposed to spend more than an hour with the gorillas, but the guide, ranger, and trackers let us stay for over 90 minutes, and the gorillas were often much closer than the seven meter limit.  Sometimes we spotted an individual gorilla, other times a small group of two or three.  The vegetation always blocked our view.  Often there was only a single angle for a clear photo, and inevitably the Dutch guy found that angle and stepped in front of me.

Gorilla Chewing a Leaf

Gorilla in the Jungle

Wild Mountain Gorilla Eating

Wild Mountain Gorilla Eating Leaves in Bwindi (Video)

For the first time on the trip I let my camera stress me out.  It’s common for travelers to claim that taking photos diminishes the quality of an experience, that if you’re taking photos you’re less there.  But for me, taking photos usually enhances my experience.  It helps me connect with the moment.

This time, though, my camera worked against me.  Our time with the gorillas was so limited that I put too much pressure on myself to get good shots.  And getting good shots was extremely difficult under the circumstances.  The gorillas were almost always hidden by plants and trees.  They moved fast.  It was too dark, thanks to the jungle canopy.  And my fellow trekkers wanted to get good photos, too.  If I stood in their way I felt guilty; if they stood in my way (as the Dutch guy always managed to do) I felt frustrated.

Gorilla Behind Branches

Wild Mountain Gorilla Eating Leaves

Mountain Gorilla Close-up in B&W

Wild Mountain Gorilla Taking a Rest

Still…  How incredible to be in the company of such unique animals.  We were able to get very close.  While I was shooting video of a blackback (an immature male whose back has not yet turned silver), he ran beside our group and passed within a few feet of one of the trackers.

Blackback Moving through the Jungle (Video)

Eventually our guide told us we had to leave.  The trackers had tried to find the dominant silverback, but he was nowhere to be seen.  We began heading back uphill when one of the trackers signaled to the guide that the “Big Boss” had just appeared nearby.  The dominant silverback had apparently decided to grant us an audience after all.

Nshongi Group’s Dominant Silverback

Close-up of Nshongi Group’s Dominant Silverback (Video)

We wished the silverback a Happy New Year and reluctantly left the group.  As the post-gorilla high wore off our thoughts began turning to the long haul in front of us.  It had taken us almost four hours to find the gorillas and we’d need just as much time to hike back.  We battled our way through the vegetation for an hour, stopped to eat our sack lunches, and then hit the trail again.  Eventually we noticed a line of dark clouds on the horizon.  “Is that heading our way?” I wondered.

A tapping sound in the trees above us answered my question.  We had less than a minute to put on our rain jackets before the sky released a tremendous downpour.  It rained for an hour.  Steep slopes that had already been muddy were transformed into jungle slip-and-slides.  None of us stayed upright for very long.  Our pants and boots quickly turned an identical shade of reddish-brown.

When we finally arrived back at the entry gate my tank might not have been completely empty, but there’s no question that the red warning light was blinking.  I was exhausted.  An experience like that is far more rewarding when you have to earn it, and we definitely earned it.  My legs were sore for the next three days.  It was a New Year’s Day I’ll never forget.

The next morning Andrew and I left Kisoro before dawn.  Clouds had blocked my view of the Virunga volcanoes when we first arrived, but that morning the massive volcanic cones were clearly visible.  As we drove up through the hills surrounding the town I had a chance to photograph that amazing landscape in the ever-changing morning light.

Virunga Volcanoes Before Sunrise

Virunga Volcanoes Sunrise Panorama

First Light on the Virunga Volcanoes

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New survey shows businesses planning to increase spending on improving energy efficiency

Jonny Bairstow writes on the Energy Live News website about a recent survey from Johnson Controls saying businesses want to reduce their carbon footprint, save money, boost energy security and enhance their reputation

‘Majority of global firms to step up efficiency spending’

More than half of global organisations are planning to increase their energy efficiency spending in the next year.

That’s according to Johnson Controls, which has conducted a survey of nearly 2,000 facility and energy management executives from across 20 countries.

It revealed 57% of organisations in the US and 59% of global organisations are looking to increase investment in energy efficiency measures in the next year, with many of these organisations planning to increase spending on smart building measures at a greater rate than more traditional efficiency measures.

Building controls improvements were cited as the most popular investment for the next 12 months among US organisations, with 68% of respondents planning to implement such measures.

Building system integration also saw a 23% increase in respondents planning to invest in 2019, the largest increase of any measure in the survey.

Companies responding to the survey identified greenhouse gas footprint reduction, energy cost savings, energy security and enhanced reputation as key drivers of investment, fuelling growth in green, zero carbon and resilient buildings.

Roughly a third of businesses said they believe the ability to maintain critical operations during severe weather events or extended power outages is extremely important when considering future energy and building infrastructure investments – half said they are extremely or very likely to have one or more facilities able to operate off the grid in the next decade.

Clay Nesler, Vice President of Global Sustainability at Johnson Controls, said: “Organisations are more interested than ever in leveraging energy efficiency, energy storage and distributed generation technologies to deliver smarter, safer and more sustainable buildings.

“US organisations are especially bullish about the future impact of systems interoperability, systems integration and cybersecurity technologies, leading all other countries.”

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14/05/2014 12:29

Cinema City in June once again!

The Cinema City International Film Festival will once again be held in June, specifically from June 21-28 in Novi Sad. As before, the visitors will get a chance to see over 100 original film accomplishments at ten city locations, of which the audience best prefers open-air cinemas. As is tradition, the film programme will be accompanied by great musical performances, as a new programme area – Cinema City Pro, intended for film professionals.

After being organized in August of last year, Cinema City is once again scheduled for June, namely from June 21-28, during which time the audience will have a chance to see a variety of films and accompanying programme at numerous indoor and outdoor locations. The programme of the Cinema City festival is divided into three programme areas: Films, Pro and Music.

Cinema City Films will be presented through 10 domestic and foreign selections. Novi Sad cinemas and open-air locations will screen over 100 films, many of which representing the latest feats of the filmmaking industry. National Class, one of Cinema City’s competition selections, will present latest achievements of domestic production, while another competition selection Up to 10,000 bucks will present films from all over the world, which had been produced with a budget of less than 10,000 $. Once again this selection broke its own record in the number of films that applied. Most anticipated review programmes are 360° selection with its pick of most original accomplishments of indie production, Fresh Danube Films, with its debut films signed by young authors from the region, and [email protected] with a choice selection of most notable documentaries from the international documentary film festival Beldocs. As before, Cinema City will share its pick of music films within its Planet Rock selection, excellent short films in CC Shorts, as well as retrospectives of foreign and domestic film artists and cinemas and, of course, special screenings.

The novelty in this year’s programme is Cinema City Pro, which is intended for film professionals from the country and the region. This part of the festival matured over the years, since the festival has always strived to create a strong educational platform for young film artists, and become a meeting point for them all; a place where they can connect and establish a cooperation. As a comprehensive platform for creative exchange and meeting of professionals from the film industry, Cinema City Pro will bring together artists of different ages and from different backgrounds within two programme directions: Cinema City Industry conference programme, and Cinema City Campus, an innovative laboratory for students and young artists from the country and the region.

Cinema City will stay true to its tradition of organizing the opening and closing parties, and various music events, which are this year consolidated under one programme – Cinema City Music.

Another novelty is the establishment of the Danube Festival Network, which is comprised of three festivals – EXIT, Mikser and Cinema City. These festivals have recognized the potential that creative industries have on transforming the cities into attractive tourism destinations, and rekindling their creative economies. Through activities such as workshops, conferences and special programmes for the media, this network promotes the ever-growing potential that the festivals have on tourism development and economic revival. Further activities of this project, which is supported by the EU and the Austrian Development Agency (ADA), will be carried out at this year’s Mikser Festival in June.


text:
Regulator approves new natural gas tariffs

The Public Utilities Commission’s (SPRK) council has approved the new tariffs submitted by Gaso natural gas distribution system operator, said SPRK spokeswoman Ieva Bethere.

The biggest change is the introduction of a fixed payment, which means that households with a low-volume connection are likely to see their bills grow.

She said that compared to the initial plan, the regulator has managed to reduce the average tariff by 16 percent. Compared to the present tariffs, the new costs have been cut by 8 percent or €4.5 million. The new tariffs will come into force as of January 1, 2019.

Starting from January 1, payment for natural gas services will be made up of two parts – fixed cost and variable cost that will depend on the amount of consumed gas. The tariffs have been approved for eight groups of users based on the amount of consumed gas.

The variable part of the tariff has been reduced for all groups of users compared to 2008 tariffs. Payment for consumed gas has been reduced by 48.6 percent for households who use gas for cooking, and by 23.4 percent for households who use gas for heating.

In line with the new tariff plan, customers who consume natural gas up to 6 m3 per hour will have a fixed fee at €1.77 per month, customers consuming 6-10 m3 per hour will have to pay €6.63 per month in the fixed fee.

Gaso submitted the new tariff project to the regulator in February 2017.

Gaso board chairwoman Ilze Petersone-Godmane said that the new tariffs had been necessary in order to adapt to the current situation in the natural gas market and to ensure the necessary safety standards.

She said that the main and local gas distribution pipelines initially had been projected for larger capacities, while natural gas consumption has decreased in the past years. Some customers have gas connection capacities that are not used, therefore they should be revised and made efficient.

The more than 5,200 kilometers long natural gas distribution network should be gradually renovated, and it requires constant investments.

She also said that the present tariffs do not meet the current market situation requirements. 20,500 customers have very low gas consumption, but their infrastructure should also be renovated and maintained, and these costs are covered by other gas consumers.

Gaso, a subsidiary of Latvijas Gaze, is the only natural gas distribution system operator in Latvia. The company launched operations in December 2017.

Gaso’s share capital is €39.9 million comprised of 39.9 shares with a face value of €1 each.

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Baggage Allowance

Passenger’s baggage is accepted for transportation after check-in at the airport of departure, transfer, stopover or another check-in point, according to Chapter X «Baggage Transportation» of the Federal Aviation Rules.

A passenger of an aircraft has the right to take his/her baggage within the established norm for no additional charge.

The conditions of carriage of baggage, carry-on baggage and animals should be checked with the airlines. When planning an international travel, it is recommended to learn the rules in force in the country of entry.

Free baggage allowance, including things on the passenger, is defined by the carrier depending on the aircraft type and may not be less than 10 kg per passenger.

The excess of free baggage allowance and without charging a fee the passenger is entitled to carry the following items if they are on the passenger and are not put into the baggage:

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Carry-on baggage includes the things the weight and dimensions of which are set by a carrier and allow a safe placement of the things in the cabin of the aircraft.


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Reiner Smolinski

Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University, 1987

Early American Literature

Professor Smolinski is particularly interested in noncanonical documents in early American religious literature, history, and culture. Since 1984 he has been working on the Mather Family Papers, Puritan historiography, and hermeneutics. Professor Smolinski’s The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather examines Mather’s eschatological ideology in light of his hermeneutical response to the 17th-century philological and historical-contextual challenges of the Bible as text by Grotius, Hobbes, Spinoza, Whiston, and Newton. The book includes a critical edition of Mather’s unpublished manuscript “Triparadisus” (1720-27).

Among Professor Smolinski’s ongoing projects is a study of biblical hermeneutics in 17th and 18th-century England and North America. He is the general editor of Cotton Mather’s Biblia Americana (c. 1693-1728), colonial America’s first commentary on all the books of the Bible. A massive holograph manuscript of more than 4,500 pages (folio), Biblia Americana is in the process of being edited in a 10-volume critical edition, published in collaboration with Baker Academics and Mohr Siebeck. Biblia Americana is the centerpiece of The Mather Project, an online database of the published and unpublished works of the Mather dynasty—Richard, Increase, Cotton,  and Samuel Mather—currently under construction.

As a teacher and researcher, Professor Smolinski encourages graduate students to turn to noncanonical texts and unpublished manuscripts—sermons, diaries, histories, poetry, auto/biographies, and miscellanies—as original resources for their M.A. or Ph.D. dissertations. In 1992-93, he was a visiting professor of American Studies at Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Germany, and in 1998-99, he held a DAAD Visiting Professorship in American Literature at Universität Potsdam, Germany.

Professor Smolinski is the director of two faculty and student exchange programs with Johannes Gutenberg Universität (Mainz) and Eberhard-Karls Universität (Tübingen) and co-director of the Tri-National Summer Seminar (faculty and doctoral candidates) convening in Mainz, Atlanta, and Beijing (China).

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The Threefold Paradise of Cotton Mather. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
“Israel Redivivus: The Eschatological Limits of Puritan Typology in New England.” New England Quarterly 63.3 (1990): 357-95.

“The Logic of Millenial Thought: Sir Issac Newton Among His Contemporaries,” in Newton and Religion. Eds. Richard H. Popkin and James E. Force. International Archives of the History of Ideas (ARCH 161). Dordrecht, Boston, London: Klower Academic Publishers. 1999: 259-89.