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What is Section 87A and why it’s suddenly everywhere?

TAXBudget 2019 was a landmark event in the history of India. After all rather than just the incremental relaxation in tax brackets, which we are used to seeing, the relaxation this time was doubled from the initial 2.5 Lakhs to 5 Lakhs.

And this evoked ecstasy among the salaried class – 5 Lakhs is probably the average salary range for a majority of Indians. Add to that the complete relaxation one can get even if he/she earns till 6.5 Lakhs, after making tax-related investments under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.

While this was something everybody understood, something else that inadvertently came up in the mix was Section 87A. Which, understandably so, no one knew about.

Prior to the recent announcement, this section 87A was like a non-existent entity in the Income Tax provisions but the amendment has brought it up to the fore, and suddenly everyone seems to be talking about it.

So What Exactly is Section 87A?

Section 87A, among the many provisions of the Income Tax Act, was introduced by the Finance Act, 2013, to provide tax relief to individual taxpayers. Earlier, the rebate available under Section 87A was a measly 2500, for individuals earning below a specified limit – 3,50,000. Rebate under section 87A will be either 100 percent of income-tax liability or Rs. 2,500, whichever is lower.

To paraphrase, even if your tax liability exceeds Rs. 2,500, the rebate will still be available to the extent of Rs. 2,500 only and zero rebates if the total taxable income exceeds Rs. 3,50,000. This rebate can be claimed at the time of filling of the taxes, before including education cess. It should be noted here that this rebate needs to be subtracted from the total payable tax and not from the total annual income of an individual.

Features of Section 87A

  • Section 87A rebate can only be claimed by individuals. Neither companies nor HUFs can claim rebates under this section.
  • Section 87A rebate is eligible for every individual except super seniors – people above 80 years of age.
  • Similarly, even Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) are barred from claiming rebate under this section. It’s only for Indian residents.

What has changed?

The earlier limit of 3,50,000 has now been upgraded to 5,00,000. This increment in the limit has also increased the rebate from the previous 2,500 to the current 12,500. This will be applicable from the financial year 2019-20. But even with all the changes, the manner in which the rebate was claimed earlier will still be the same; only the rebate amount and the income eligibility criterion will see changes.

This means that going forward, anyone who’s earning an income up to 5,00,000 in a year, under section 87A, will have to pay no-strings-attached zero tax. But that’s not all.

Even if an individual’s annual income stretches to 6,50,000, he/she can take the help of the various tax saving provisions under Section 80 and can again be free from paying any taxes. Apart from this, budget 2019 also introduced a provision for allowing individuals to invest in two self-occupied residential houses. Thus, loss from this can also be used to bring down your taxable income, under section 80.

(Views expressed in this article are a personal opinion of Samant Sikka, Co-founder, Sqrrl.in)

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01 Traveller

Flight tickets from Edinburgh to Amsterdam

  • China Southern 7831
  • 05:00 AM
    08:35 AM
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  • Gol Linhas Aereas S.A. 5527
  • 05:00 AM
    08:35 AM
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  • Kenya Airways 1276
  • 05:50 AM
    08:25 AM
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  • Delta 9354
  • 05:50 AM
    08:25 AM
  • Check
  • Etihad Airways 7370
  • 05:50 AM
    08:25 AM
  • Check
  • Aeroflot Russian Airlines 3157
  • 06:00 AM
    08:35 AM
  • Check
  • Xiamen Airlines 9612
  • 06:00 AM
    08:35 AM
  • Check
  • easyJet 6921
  • 07:00 AM
    09:35 AM
  • Check
  • Ukraine Intl Air 9455
  • 08:20 AM
    10:50 AM
  • Check

Air travel is one of the most convenient routes to choose. It’s safe, it’s fast, and it’s comfortable. All major cities in Bahrain are well-connected with each other by the air route. And, traveling between them has become a matter of just a few hours.

A major concern with flights earlier was the ticket booking procedure. But with digitalization, this process has now become easy. Cleartrip goes a step further to offer a quick, simple, and hassle-free ticket booking experience to its customers. It has a user-friendly interface to ensure that your flight tickets are ready in just a few clicks!

If you are planning to travel from Edinburgh to Amsterdam, then air route is what you should choose. Here’s all the information you need to know.

The nearest airport to Edinburgh is and its IATA code is EDI.

The nearest airport here is with an IATA code, AMS.

Between Edinburgh and Amsterdam, 9 airlines are operational. In a week, around 251 flights travel from Edinburgh to Amsterdam. The travel duration between these cities in a non-stop flight is usually around 02h 35m.

Edinburgh to Amsterdam flights will cost you a minimum of 0. This may extend up to 0. Worry not! As you may enjoy a number of domestic flight booking offers exclusive for Cleartrip customers!

Cleartrip ensures a hassle-free travel experience for its customers. With its PNR status check, Web check-in facility, and customer support, you may rest assured of a pleasurable travel.

So, simply book a flight and be at ease while we land you to your destination!

Note: Cleartrip Lowest Air Fares Calendar provides an indication of prices (per person) for a range of dates, so that you can see the cheapest air fares easily. The air fares you see here may not be available at the time you try and book.
Read More

Information of Edinburgh Amsterdam Flight

Aerial distance 664 KM
Total flights from Edinburgh to Amsterdam in a week 251 flights
First Flight China Southern 7831 , departs at 05:00 AM
Last Flight Ukraine Intl Air 9455 , departs at 08:20 AM
Popular Airlines from Edinburgh to Amsterdam China Southern, Gol Linhas Aereas S.A., Kenya Airways, Delta, Etihad Airways, Aeroflot Russian Airlines, Xiamen Airlines, easyJet, and Ukraine Intl Air
Shortest Time of flights from Edinburgh to Amsterdam 01h 30m
Airport codes flights from Edinburgh to Amsterdam Edinburgh-EDI,Amsterdam-AMS
Time of Edinburgh to Amsterdam flights 02h 35m

FAQ about Edinburgh to Amsterdam Flights

  1. Do airlines provide extra space for sleeping?

    Many of the Business class airlines provide extra space for sleeping.

  2. Can I carry my own food?

    Yes you can carry your own food. However, it should be properly packed.

  3. Will I be served alcohol on a Edinburgh to Amsterdam flight?

    No airline serves alcohol on a domestic flight. You will get alcohol in only international flights

  4. Is there web check-in option available with Edinburgh to Amsterdam flight?

    Yes, passenger do get a web check-in option with their Edinburgh to Amsterdam flight via online web check-in or airport check-in.

  5. Can I book budget hotels near Amsterdam Airport through the Internet?

    Yes, one can book budget hotels near the airport via Cleartrip hotels option

  6. Does Edinburgh Airport have nappy changing facility for babies?

    Yes, the newly developed Edinburgh Airport has such facilities for babies and infants.

Edinburgh Airport Details

  • IATA code : EDI
  • Address : Scotland
  • Country : United Kingdom
  • Latitude : 55.9500007629
  • Longitude : -3.3724999428

Amsterdam Airport Details

  • IATA code : AMS
  • Address : Evert van de Beekstraat 202
  • Country : Netherlands
  • Latitude : 52.3086013794
  • Longitude : 4.7638897896

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NotaBene, version 9.0 is now officially launched. If you don’t know this marvelous word-processor program, which includes a bibliography program and a text base as well,
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Author: TorreyS

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Category Archives: Games

How to Fix ‘Failed to Create Party’ Error on Fortnite?

By | January 8, 2020

Fortnite is among the most well-known battle royale games currently, as millions of players play it regularly. Despite being such a sensation, the game can encounter several bugs, and one such error is “Failed to Create Party.” If you are facing it as well, then read through the post to fix it. Please read the originial post here:… Read More »


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The Myth About Strategy for Android Slots Exposed

The Myth About Strategy for Android Slots Exposed

Those who have ever previously experienced Android pai gow poker is aware the way in which swift moment are able to fly on an airline remember when you are actively playing online internet casino matches as well as what you can wager in barely 1 period and also truly fully grasp it. The most effective way in avoiding shelling out your whole income on the variety of revolves is actually to have a fine bank roll treatment strategy. A very good casino wars kitty system should account for the maximum decision limits concerning the perfect Android video slot machine game, landlords should regularly you will play, a typical degree ordinarily designated towards the online games, as well as the profiting probabilities in these games.

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NC State
Zhang, W., Fei, B., Polle, A., Dejuan Euring, D., Tian, G., Yue, X., Chang, Y., Jiang, Z., and Hu, T. (2019). "Crystal and thermal response of cellulose isolation from bamboo by Two different chemical treatments," BioRes. 14(2), 3471-3480.

Cellulose is a biodegradable, renewable material, and its chemical, crystalline, and thermal properties place limits on how it can be used in industrial applications. In this study cellulosic preparations made from bamboo were fractionated using a one-step process (EtOH-HNO3) or a two-step process (NaClO2 delignification and KOH treatment). Partial degradation of cellulose was observed in alkaline conditions. Although the crystal configuration was maintained, it was observed that the cellulose structure after delignification and alkaline post-treatment exhibited unique exothermic pyrolysis properties. By comparison, the acidic EtOH-HNO3 process efficiently removed hemicellulose and lignin from bamboo, achieving the highest purity of cellulose (96.8%) with the highest degree of polymerization (DP) value (815).

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Crystal and Thermal Response of Cellulose Isolation from Bamboo by Two Different Chemical Treatments

Wenbo Zhang,a Benhua Fei,a Andrea Polle,b Dejuan Euring,b Genlin Tian,a Xianghua Yue,a Yanting Chang,a Zehui Jiang,a and Tao Hu a,*

Cellulose is a biodegradable, renewable material, and its chemical, crystalline, and thermal properties place limits on how it can be used in industrial applications. In this study cellulosic preparations made from bamboo were fractionated using a one-step process (EtOH-HNO3) or a two-step process (NaClO2 delignification and KOH treatment). Partial degradation of cellulose was observed in alkaline conditions. Although the crystal configuration was maintained, it was observed that the cellulose structure after delignification and alkaline post-treatment exhibited unique exothermic pyrolysis properties. By comparison, the acidic EtOH-HNO3 process efficiently removed hemicellulose and lignin from bamboo, achieving the highest purity of cellulose (96.8%) with the highest degree of polymerization (DP) value (815).

Keywords: Bamboo; Holocellulose; Cellulose extraction; Nitric acid-ethanol treatment

Contact information: a: Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China; b: Büsgen-Institute, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany;

* Corresponding author:

One of the greatest challenges for society in the 21st century is to meet the fast-growing energy needs for transportation, heating, industrial processes, and sustainable raw materials (Hahn-Hägerdal et al. 2006). Although early attempts to derive bioethanol from sugar or starch has contributed to food insecurity, more recent attempts to produce bioethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks have gained increasing attention (Wang et al. 2009; Chen and Fu 2016; Dominguez et al. 2017; Zabed et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2018). Because of the more favorable CO2balance compared to that of fossil fuels, bioethanol derived from lignocellulosic feedstock could be an attractive long-term option.

As a kind of abundant natural resource with extensive uses, bamboo can contribute as structural material and raw material for construction and papermaking (Tsubota et al. 2016; Chong et al. 2017; Dixon et al. 2018; Jiang et al. 2018; Salvati et al. 2018). With growing concerns regarding global warming, it is worthy to consider bamboo as a material to produce renewable fuels, taking advantage of its fast growth rate, short renovation, and easy propagation. Compared to other lignocellulosic biomass, bamboo has unique characteristics in chemical composition and anatomical structure. Cellulose, a constituent of most green plants, is the most abundant organic polymer on earth, making up 40 to 50% of the mass in bamboo (Sathitsuksanoh et al. 2010; Yamashita et al. 2010; Li et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2018). Recent studies about cellulose have focused on small-scale applications, such as nanocomposites (Garcia et al. 2016; Nypelo et al. 2018; Rajinipriya et al. 2018; Shanmugam et al. 2018; Sogut and Seydim 2018).

Nanocellulose can be classified into two categories based on physical and chemical properties: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), which are obtained from treatment under acidic conditions, and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), arising from enzymatic and/or mechanical disintegration (Abitbol et al. 2016). To obtain nanocellulose, pure cellulose pulp is subjected to various treatments. Although many studies have reported the physicochemical properties of woody biomass, there have been few works concerning on the structural and thermal differences in bamboo biomass.

This work aimed to produce and characterize cellulosic preparations from bamboo through two different methods: a one-step process (EtOH-HNO3) and a two-step process (NaClO2delignification and KOH treatment). Examining the chemical, crystalline, and thermal properties of raw bamboo, holocellulose, and cellulose preparations provided a basis for further comprehensive development and utilization of bamboo cellulose in potential commercial applications.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) culms were obtained from the central area of Anhui Province, China. The culms were air-dried, ground, and screened through a 40-mesh screen, and bamboo powder was collected for further chemical analysis. The main chemical compositions were glucose (44.1%), xylose (22.4%), lignin (26.0%), extractives (9.9%), and ash (1.2%), according to the standard National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) protocol (Sluiter et al. 2006). The raw bamboo and substrates were prehydrolyzed in 75% sulfuric acid for 2 h at room temperature, and then diluted to 3% sulfuric acid for 1 h at 121 °C. The acid-soluble lignin was evaluated at 205 nm on a UV-Visible spectrophotometer using 3% sulfuric acid as the control blank. The acid-insoluble lignin contents were determined by drying the acid-treated samples in a vacuum oven (~5×103 Pa) at 60 °C for 10 h. The liquid samples were analyzed by ion chromatography using an amperometric detector (Metrohm Corporation; Herisau, Switzerland). Detection of the sugars (glucose and xylos) in the hydrolysates were performed at 32 °C with a Hamilton RCX-30 column and Metrosep RP2 guard column. The deviations of these values from their respective means were all less than 6%. All material samples were stored in plastic bags at room temperature until further processing. The chemical reagents used in our study were purchased and were used as received from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Preparation of holocellulose

Prior to separation, bamboo powder was extracted in a Soxhlet extractor with a 1:2 mixture of ethanol and toluene (v/v) for 6 h, followed by the extraction with pure ethanol for four hours. The extracted bamboo powder was oven-dried at 60 °C overnight to reach a constant weight. The delignification process was performed with acidified sodium chlorite (NaClO2) based on a modified method (Ishizawa et al. 2009). Briefly, 50 g of extractive-free bamboo powder was immersed in 1 L of 7.5% NaClO2 solution (w/v) and incubated at 80 °C for 2 h under acidic conditions (pH 3.8 to 4.0), adjusted with concentrated acetic acid. The process was repeated to ensure maximum lignin removal, and the solid residue was thoroughly washed with distilled water and then oven-dried.

Preparation of the cellulosic sample

Hemicellulose in the holocellulose was completely removed by use of 10 wt% potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL) at room temperature for 15 h (Sun and Tomkinson 2002). The cellulosic residue was thoroughly washed to a neutral pH with distilled water and oven-dried. The cellulose preparation was kept in a desiccator at room temperature before further analysis.

Preparation of EtOH-HNO3 cellulose

A nitric acid and ethanol mixture (20:80, v/v) was used to treat the bamboo powder. Lignin was converted into nitrated lignin and dissolved in ethanol for removal (Shi and He 2008). Upon removing the extractives, 5 g of bamboo powder was added to a flask with one liter of nitric acid-ethanol solution. The flask was fitted with a reflux condenser tube and the mixture was refluxed while being shaken in a water bath at 100 °C for 60 min. After being filtered to remove the liquid, the solid was repeatedly treated with the same solution until the liquid became colorless. Finally, the solid residue was recovered by filtration and washed several times with hot water and ethanol until the filtrate reached a pH value of 7.0. Lastly, the EtOH-HNO3 cellulose was dried in an oven at 60 °C until the weight was constant.

Chemical and physical characterization

The average degree of polymerization (DP) and molecular weights of the cellulosic sample by removing hemicelluloses and EtOH-HNO3 cellulose were determined using the cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) method (Wang et al. 2009) and calculated according to Eq. 1 (Evans and Wallis 1989),

DP0.9 = 1.65[η]/ mL g-1 (1)

where η is determined by British standard methods for determination of limiting viscosity number in dilute solution (Part 1, Cupri-ethylenediamine(CED) method). The molecular weights were calculated by multiplying their DP values by 162, the molecular weight of an anhydroglucose unit.

Analysis of the crystalline structures of the cellulosic samples was performed through X-ray diffraction (XRD-6000; Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan), scanning from 5° to 45° 2θ at a scanning speed of 2 ° per min with a Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 0.154 nm) at 40 kV and 30 mA. To determine the crystallinity, the total diffracted area and the area under the crystalline peaks were integrated after correcting the data for absorption. The ratio of the crystalline area to that of total diffracted area was taken as the relative crystallinity (Segal et al. 1959). Each sample was measured twice.

Thermal stability

Thermal analysis of all samples was performed using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) on a simultaneous thermal analyzer (DTG-60, Shimadzu, Japan). The apparatus was continually flushed with a nitrogen flow of 30 mL/min. Weight loss of the sample was measured across a temperature range from ambient to 600 °C. All samples were heated in a platinum crucible from 50 °C to 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min.

Chemical and Crystal Structure Analysis

The degree of crystallinity of cellulose has been considered as an important factor in resisting enzymatic degradation and chemical modification. Therefore, the crystalline characteristics of the two cellulose preparations were obtained through delignification followed by alkaline treatment or nitric acid-ethanol treatment. They were examined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and compared with the raw bamboo and holocellulose (Fig. 1). This measurement is a reliable indicator of the transformation of the cellulose structure. The patterns were typical of semicrystalline cellulose with an amorphous broad band and defined crystalline peaks. The differences in the crystal peaks were largely ascribed to the chemicals and treatment processes used. It was observed that the raw bamboo had typical cellulose I diffraction angles at 22.5° and 15.4°, corresponding to the diffraction planes 020 and 10, respectively. The diffraction peaks of the 110 (diffraction angles at 16.7°) and 10 planes were always merged together. By fitting a strong peak at 22.5°, a small one at 20.6° emerged, likely relating to the lignin components or lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), since it disappeared after the delignification process. Further treatment with alkaline solution at room temperature could not alter the crystalline structure of cellulose, and the color rendering index (CRI) value increased, corresponding with the higher cellulose content, as can be seen in Table 1. The peeling and degradation reactions in cellulose under alkaline conditions removed some of the less ordered cellulose fraction, which could have led to the increase in crystallinity. In comparison, EtOH-HNO3 cellulose exhibited the highest XRD intensity by reason of its high cellulose purity. The small peak at 20.6° remained in the EtOH-HNO3 cellulose, suggesting that the small amount of residual lignin could have been activated during the EtOH-HNO3 process, forming linkages with cellulose. In addition, a new peak at 17.5° emerged by multiplex fitting, indicating that the partial degradation of cellulose occurred during the EtOH-HNO3 process.

Fig. 1. The XRD patterns for a) raw materials, b) holocellulose, c) cellulose preparation, and d) EtOH-HNOcellulose

Table 1. Properties of Cellulosic Samples

Notes: aAIL: acid-insoluble lignin; bASL: acid-soluble lignin. cη: determined by British standard methods for determination of limiting viscosity number in dilute solution Part 1. Cupri-ethylenediamine (CED) method. dDP: Degree of polymerization, calculated by DP0.9 = 1.65 [η]. eCalculated by DP 162

The viscosity average DP of cellulose is conveniently assayed from the intrinsic viscosity of its solution in 0.5 M cupriethylenediamine hydroxide (cuene). The molecular weight of the cellulose was estimated multiplying the DP by 162, the molar mass of anhydroglucose. The values of all cellulosic samples are listed in Table 1. The increased values of η, DP, and Mwcoincided with the increased content of cellulose, as cellulose obtained the highest DP value among the three main components in biomass.

The delignification process with NaClO2 significantly decreased the lignin content from 27% to 3.8%, and post alkaline treatment mainly removed the hemicellulose component, leaving only 4.6% hemicellulose and 1.9% lignin in the cellulose preparation. Meanwhile, the partial degradation of cellulose was also observed in the alkaline condition since the DP value reduced from 754 to 556. In contrast, the highest purity of cellulose (96.8%) accompanied with the highest DP value (815) was gained by the acidic EtOH-HNO3 process.

Thermal Stability

Thermal decomposition parameters were determined from the TGA/DTA curves against temperature for all cellulosic samples (Fig. 2). The mass loss resulted from volatilization or charring process of the degradation products. The thermal destruction of cellulose led to the formation of cavities inside the microfibrils. Hydrogen bonds in cellulose begin to collapse and the microfibrils soften following temperature increases. The mass loss is induced by the aggregation of cavities and the removal of decomposition gases from the cellulose matrix. The carbonaceous residues, as the end-products from the decomposition of cellulose under an inert atmosphere were mainly consist of polycyclic aromatic compounds (Van De Velde and Kiekens 2002). Thermal degradation of cellulose proceeds through two types of reaction in the range of 200 to 500 C: a gradual degradation, decomposition, and charring by heating at lower temperatures, and a rapid volatilization accompanied by the formation of levoglucosan on pyrolysis at higher temperatures (Balat 2008). By comparison, hemicellulose is easily degraded, which can be attributed to its random and amorphous structure of rich branches. Additionally, the characteristics of difficult decomposition in lignin caused a wide temperature range (200 to 900 C).

Fig. 2. Thermal analysis results for raw bamboo (blue), holocellulose (black), the prepared cellulose (green), and the ethanol-nitric acid cellulose (red): Thermogravimetric analysis (A); derivative curves for TGA (B); and differential thermal analysis (C)

For the raw bamboo, a typical TGA/Derivative TGA (DrTGA) curve of lignocellulosic biomass was observed, in which a strong peak was observed at around 340 C, likely having resulted from the simultaneous degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The raw bamboo also experienced the lowest mass loss among all samples due to its high lignin content. After the delignification process, the beginning degradation temperature of holocellulose was slightly increased, and the above peak was split into two peaks. The first one, observed at 270 C, is ascribed to the degradation of the hemicellulosic component, and the second one at 360 C is assigned to the thermal degradation of cellulose at 360 C. Along with the further removal of hemicellulose by the alkaline treatment, the shoulder peak from hemicellulose degradation disappeared in the TGA curve of cellulose preparation. Meanwhile, the degradation peak of cellulose shifted to the lower temperature (~320 C), which is likely attributable to the partial degradation of cellulose in the alkaline condition. This is further confirmed by the decreased DP value.

For the EtOH-HNO3 cellulose, a classic cellulose degradation curve was observed (Yang et al. 2007). Cellulose pyrolysis was focused in a narrow temperature range (315 to 400 C), and almost all cellulose was thermally degraded with a very low solid residue at temperatures higher than 400 C. Furthermore, DTA curves were measured to reflect the energy consumption properties in pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process of cellulose was basically endothermic, but hemicellulose and lignin underwent an exothermic process according to the previous literature (Yang et al. 2007). The DTA curve of EtOH-HNO3 cellulose underwent an endothermic process, and the exothermic degradation of raw bamboo and holocellulose was likely attributable to the high amount of non-cellulosic components in these two samples. However, it is surprising to note that the pyrolysis of cellulose preparation was exothermic. A likely reason for heat liberation could be the DP variation, but further work is in progress.

  1. Two cellulosic preparations were fractionated and fully characterized by chemical, crystalline and thermal properties. The cellulose obtained from the one-step EtOH-HNO3 process exhibited the highest purity and typical endothermic behavior, although partial degradation of cellulose and linkages with residual lignin were observed by XRD analysis.
  2. By comparison, the delignification process with NaClO2 efficiently removed the lignin components and maintained the DP and thermal characteristics of cellulose. However, the alkaline post treatment led to almost the complete removal of hemicelluloses along with the degradation of cellulose. Meanwhile, the cellulose preparation from two-step fractionation showed unique exothermic behavior, which was closely related to the DP variation. The chemical, crystalline, and thermal behavior of cellulose preparations reported in this work offer a foundation for future studies of cellulose-based polymers.

The authors are grateful for the support of International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan (ICBR). The work presented is supported by “National natural science foundation of China” (31470025); the National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2015BAD04B03), “Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST” (2018QNRC001) and ICBR Fundamental Research Funds Grant (NO.1632016012). The authors also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Prof. Xiaomei Jiang, who provided input on cell structures. Research conducted in Professor Andrea Polle’s laboratory was supported by Georg-August University Göttingen and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).

Abitbol, T., Rivkin, A., Cao, Y. F., Nevo, Y., Abraham, E., Ben-Shalom, T., Lapidot, S., and Shoseyov, O. (2016). “Nanocellulose, a tiny fiber with huge applications,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 39, 76-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.01.002

Balat, M. (2008). “Mechanisms of thermochemical biomass conversion processes. Part 1: reactions of pyrolysis,” Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effect 30(7), 620-635. DOI: 10.1080/15567030600817258

Chen, H. Z., and Fu, X. G. (2016). “Industrial technologies for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 57, 468-478. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.069

Chong, G. G., He, Y. C., Liu, Q. X., Kou, X. Q., and Qing, Q. (2017). “Sequential aqueous ammonia extraction and LiCl/N,N-dimethyl formamide pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of winter bamboo shoot shell,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 182(4), 1341-1357. DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2402-y

Dixon, P. G., Muth, J. T., Xiao, X., Skylar-Scott, M. A., Lewis, J. A., and Gibson, L. J. (2018). “3D printed structures for modeling the Young’s modulus of bamboo parenchyma,” Acta Biomaterialia 68(1), 90-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.036

Dominguez, E., Romani, A., Domingues, L., and Garrote, G. (2017). “Evaluation of strategies for second generation bioethanol production from fast growing biomass Paulownia within a biorefinery scheme,” Applied Energy 187(1), 777-789. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.114

Evans, R., and Wallis, A. F. A. (1989). “Cellulose molecular weights determined by viscometry,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37(8), 2331-2340. DOI: 10.1002/app.1989.070370822

Garcia, A., Gandini, A., Labidi, J., Belgacem, N., and Bras, J. (2016). “Industrial and crop wastes: A new source for nanocellulose biorefinery,” Industrial Crops and Products 93(25), 26-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.06.004

Hahn-Hägerdal, B., Galbe, M., Gorwa-Grauslund, M. F., Lidén, G., and Zacchi, G. (2006). “Bio-ethanol – The fuel of tomorrow from the residues of today,” Trends in Biotechnology24(12), 549-556. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.10.004

Ishizawa, C. I., Jeoh, T., Adney, W. S., Himmel, M. E., Johnson, D. K., and Davis, M. F. (2009). “Can delignification decrease cellulose digestibility in acid pretreated corn stover?,” Cellulose 16(4), 677-686. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-009-9313-1

Jiang, L. Y., Li, Y., Ma, B. L., Ding, H. J., Su, S. P., and Xiong, C. D. (2018). “Effect of bamboo fiber length on mechanical properties, crystallization behavior, and in vitro degradation of bamboo fiber/nanohydroxyapatite/poly(lactic-co-glycolic) composite,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57(13), 4585-4591. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b05354

Li, Z. Q., Jiang, Z. H., Fei, B. H., Cai, Z. Y., and Pan, X. J. (2014). “Comparison of bamboo green, timber and yellow in sulfite, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments for enzymatic saccharification,” Bioresource Technology 151, 91-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.10.060

Nypelo, T., Amer, H., Konnerth, J., Potthast, A., and Rosenau, T. (2018). “Self-standing nanocellulose janus-type films with aldehyde and carboxyl functionalities,” Biomacromolecules19(3), 973-979. DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01751

Rajinipriya, M., Nagalakshmaiah, M., Robert, M., Elkoun, and S. (2018). “Importance of agricultural and industrial waste in the field of nanocellulose and recent industrial developments of wood based nanocellulose: A review,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6(3), 2807-2828. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03437

Salvati, E., Brandt, L. R., Uzun, F., Zhang, H., Papadaki, C., and Korsunsky, A. M. (2018). “Multiscale analysis of bamboo deformation mechanisms following NaOH treatment using X-ray and correlative microscopy,” Acta Biomaterialia 72, 329-341. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.03.050

Sathitsuksanoh, N., Zhu, Z. G., Ho, T. J., Bai, M. D., and Zhang, Y. H .P. (2010). “Bamboo saccharification through cellulose solvent-based biomass pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis at ultra-low cellulase loadings,” Bioresource Technology 101(13), 4926-4929. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.081

Segal, L., Creely, J. J., Martin, Jr., A. E., and Conrad, C. M. (1959). “An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer,” Textile Research Journal 29(10), 786-794. DOI: 10.1177/004051755902901003

Shanmugam, K., Doosthosseini, H., Varanasi, S., Garnier, G., and Batchelor, W. (2018). “Flexible spray coating process for smooth nanocellulose film production,” Cellulose 25(2), 1725-1741. DOI: 10.1007/s10570-018-1677-7

Shi, S. L., and He, F. W. (2008). Pulp and Paper Analysis and Detection, Light Industry Press, Beijing, China.

Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., and Crocker, D. (2006). Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples (NREL/TP-510-42618), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.

Sogut, E., and Seydim, A. C. (2018). “Development of chitosan and polycaprolactone based active bilayer films enhanced with nanocellulose and grape seed extract,” Carbohydrate Polymers 195(1), 180-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.071

Sun, R. C., and Tomkinson, J. (2002). “Characterization of hemicelluloses obtained by classical and ultrasonically assisted extractions from wheat straw,” Carbohydrate Polymers 3(50), 263-271. DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00037-1

Tsubota, T., Morita, M., Kamimura, S., and Ohno, T. (2016). “New approach for synthesis of activated carbon from bamboo,” Journal of Porous Materials 23(2), 349-355. DOI: 10.1007/s10934-015-0087-6

Van De Velde, K., and Kiekens, P. (2002). “Thermal degradation of flax: The determination of kinetic parameters with thermogravimetric analysis,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science83(12), 2634-2643. DOI: 10.1002/app.10229

Wang, K., Jiang, J. X., Xu, F., and Sun, R. C. (2009). “Influence of steaming explosion time on the physic-chemical properties of cellulose from Lespedeza stalks (Lespedeza crytobotrya),” Bioresource Technology 100(21), 5288-5294. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.019

Yamashita, Y., Shono, M., Sasaki, C., and Nakamura, Y. (2010). “Alkaline peroxide pretreatment for efficient enzymatic saccharification of bamboo,” Carbohydrate Polymers 79(4), 914-920. DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.10.017

Yang, H. P., Yan, R., Chen, H. P., Lee, D. H., and Zheng, C. G. (2007). “Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis,” Fuel 86(12), 1781-1788. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013

Zabed, H., Sahu, J. N., Suely, A., Boyce, A. N., and Faruq, G. (2017). “Bioethanol production from renewable sources: Current perspectives and technological progress,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 71, 475-501. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.076

Zhang, W. B., Tian, G. L., Andrea, P., Dennis, J., Euring, D. J., Yue, X. H., Zhao, H. S., Fei, B. H., and Jiang, Z. H. (2018). “Comparative characterization of ethanol organosolv lignin polymer from bamboo green, timber and yellow,” Wood Science and Technology 52, 1331-1341. DIO: 10.1007/s00226-018-1019-9

Article submitted: November 5, 2018; Peer review completed: January 13, 2019; Revised version received and accepted: February 18, 2019; Published: March 8, 2019.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.14.2.3471-3480


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Ghosts: A Folly Beach Mystery

This last section will also offer a hermeneutical reading of Wittgenstein's notion of Excursus on Wittgenstein's Vision of Language. The New Wittgenstein (eds.

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Sponsorship defrays some of the costs of internet access, web hosting, computers, software costs, music entry, and caffiene used to make these MP3s.

However based on the chart above, there are three types of bass below tenor. Free Shipping Worldwide when you buy 2 or more products. Goehring Unless otherwise noted, the music below are personal arrangements and compositions that are available for free, non-commercial use. SATB div. George M.

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Charles-Marie Widor: Mass, Op. Sometimes these are divided into first and second within each part, prompting endless jokes about first and second basses. Looking for abbreviations of SATB? Recitative Soprano : Behold, God hath sent Elijah We added the Timpani part of the orchestra version. This piece incorporates SATB choir, band, orchestra and children's choir.

Joseph M. Don't forget to Comment and Add me on Twitter. Welcome to the free sheet music page for spirituals and gospel songs. This is the best arranged Monsters, Inc. Catalog selections: Saxophone Quartet. Dickinson folders. Shop online today!

The stellar in Columbia Stellar Quartette referred to the quality of the voices in Columbia's premier quartet. You can peruse and purchase the score here: An original spiritual written for a cappella SATB and baritone solo, written for age high school and up; requires great levels of energy to be done well. Includes instrumentation for flute, oboe, B flat clarinet, B flat bass and contrabass clarinet, bassoon, E flat alto saxophone, B flat tenor saxophone, E flat baritone saxophone, B flat cornet, french horn, trombone, baritone, tuba, timpani, violin I, violin II, viola, cello, and string bass; 30 pages.

Worth the work. The entire set is based on white key clusters in the piano. Celebri Melodie. The Baritone part then might go to the tenors, but there is a good chance it will be too low, as will be the Bass part for the baritones within the bass section. Piano orchestral version. This beautiful choral setting of a timeless spiritual is something any mixed choir would love to have as part of their festival, concert, or contest performance.

Note: The price allows you to make up to 60 copies. SaxS, soprano saxophone. Browse the world's largest eBookstore and start reading today on the web, tablet, phone, or ereader. Laura - soprano Chorus of male spirits - tenor; baritone; bass.

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Read online preview of home satb digital music sheet in pdf format. Additional purchases are needed for larger ensembles. There seems to be a lot of confusion amongst singers, especially those who are not trained or have no musical background, with regards to certain vocal terminology. Powerful version of this wonderful hymn. Custom arrangement for vocal solo baritone , SATB choir, piano, bass gtr. Marshall - Anonymous] on Amazon. Silent Night.

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The Star-Spangled Banner 1st ed. Oratorio in 2 Parts. Your average church choir is made up primarily of mezzo-soprano and alto women, and baritone men; so, what's commonly marked SATB scoring is more often more like SABB.

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SaxA, alto saxophone. I've definitely had situations where I was trying to recruit tenors for a chorus but the really excellent tenors I know just weren't willing to do it. Baritone Solo Choral Octavo. One Tin Soldier. The soprano solo Is featured on the verses with the SATB choir forming a smoothly blended background at the refrain.

Listed below are a small selection of vocal repertoire book and sheet music collections in A Free Free Baritone Voice Sheet Music sheet music pieces to download from 8notes. Star Spangled Music Editions. We supply sheet music, books, and accessories to musicians of every style, from beginners to professionals. Au Cafe' des Artistes. Opera, Music Theatre and Vocal. Published by Breitkopf and Haertel BR.

Violin Alternativfassung mit Violine statt Klarinette. Louis Spohr Lied Edition Vol.

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Solo part. Published by Verlag Dohr VD. String Quartets violin solo, violin, viola, cello Composed by Louis Spohr String Quartets. Bruckner Verlag WW Published by Bruckner Verlag PE. String Sextets 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cello Composed by Louis Spohr String Sextets. Violin with keyboard accompaniment Composed by Louis Spohr Edited by Carl Rundnagel. String music. Score and part.

Published by Noten Roehr NR. Edition Peters EPB. This site uses cookies to analyze your use of our products, to assist with promotional and marketing efforts, to analyze our traffic and to provide content from third parties.

Louis Spohr: Duet, Op. 13

You consent to our cookies and privacy policy if you continue to use this site. Please see our Privacy Policy for details. By signing up you consent with the terms in our Privacy Policy. I am a music teacher. Louis Spohr Violin Sheet Music: items found. Duets, Volume 1. Look Inside.

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Duets, Volume 1 Violin Volume 1. Concerto No. Grande Duo Op. Duet, Op. Spohr: Adagio from String Quartet no. Look Inside Listen. Quintet, Op. Sextett C-Dur Op Trio for Piano, Violin and Violoncello B flat major op. Duet in E minor, Opus Duo in E minor Op. Add to favorites.

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Lease Agreement Vs. Service Contract

signing a contract image by William Berry from

Lease agreements and service contracts describe two different things. The former is the owner of a physical asset agreeing to let someone else use it in exchange for a fee; the latter is someone with a skill agreeing to use that skill for someone else in exchange for a fee.

Leases refer to real estate like houses, apartments, offices and factories, but they can also refer to equipment like cars, trucks and computers. Basically, they can refer to anything that one person owns that another person wants to use. You could theoretically lease someone a paper towel, toaster or cup if they were prepared to pay your monthly fees.

Service Contract

Where a lease refers assets, service contracts refer to services. In this case, one person pays another person to perform a service for them--carpenters, plumbers, caterers and IT professionals are just a few examples of service contract workers.

Service Contract Clarity

Where a lease is very clear because it is a physical asset, a service contract is a little different. If you lease a computer for 12 months, the owner just needs to give you the computer and collect his payments. However, if you contract someone to service your computer for 12 months, you need to make sure you define everything--what service he is providing, what criteria his service quality will be judged by and when it needs to be done. This is because you need to assign tangible qualities to intangible service.

About the Author

Sam Grover began writing in 2005, also having worked as a behavior therapist and teacher. His work has appeared in New Zealand publications "Critic" and "Logic," where he covered political and educational issues. Grover graduated from the University of Otago with a Bachelor of Arts in history.

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  • signing a contract image by William Berry from


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By Tene’sha Crews •

I was once told, that my body is my only perpetual home

One that I rightfully and eternally supposedly own.

A home in which I paint the walls whatever colors I want

And plant whatever flowers I choose to display up front.

My home where I express myself,

My life choices, plans, future, and health.

I decorate my lawn with lavish roses and swans.

Yes, inviting she looks: “did you see what she had on?”

A fence secured, doors, and windows locked,

Although the mat says “welcome”,

Consent may say that “you’re not”.

My kitchen is clean and my living room is neat

Yet, I choose when to cook or whether you can have a seat.

My home is filled with choices, all of my own

From who can walk in, to who can answer the phone.

But at some point, my home became less of my own.

I thought all my choices were there,

Like, what style do I want my own hair?

Or something more like life and death,

Like do I have the ability to care for another’s health?

Do I have 9 months and time aside from school?

Am I ready for shameful looks from eyes that can be so cruel?

Am I ready to carry a weight that is heavier than me?

No matter which choice I make people will see what they want to see.

In knowing what good there could or could not be.

Chucked into a system that once outside of womb refuses to care

Or taken in by a loving family with plenty to share.

But for me, I see lives that benefit from choice

Having the option is freedom in which we should rejoice.

In my home, I perceive everything perpetually my own

Embellished in what I want, what I need, and what I choose.

I relish in this freedom and my body I hone as my home

And like choice, is something that I cannot ever lose.

Tene’sha Crews uses activism, poetry, and art to encourage people to make a difference in the issues that affect varying communities.

One thought on “Perpetual Home | A Pro-Choice Poem

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JBL GO 2 Black Friday Deals 2019

Click Here To Go To Best Deals Section

In this post we are going to provide you JBL GO 2 Black Friday Deals 2019. When it comes to audio Functionality, it Is usually the case that Bigger speakers sound better only because they have more space to pack in greater drivers which may move more air. It’s just math. Nevertheless, however, you can find speakers which punch far above what their dimensions indicates – the JBL GO 2 is just one of these speakers.

The JBL GO steps only 71.2 x 86.0 x 31.6 (mm) but it receives surprisingly loud. Considering its size, sound performance is great… even when the bass response can not keep up with the clean-sounding mids and highs.

Its 5-hour battery life leaves something to be desired however, For $40 (#30, AU$50), this IPX7 waterproof speaker is a steal for people who require portability over all else.

The JBL GO 2 does not feature the Normal fabric outside additional Watertight speakers. Rather, it sports a rubberized casing that feels durable. If you are scared of looking like everybody else in the shore with a standard black box, then the GO 2 comes at a shocking 12 colors so that you can select one that best reflects your preferences.

In front Of the speaker is still a sizable JBL emblem and a grille which lets the sound to work outward. There’s no rear grille for bass radiators, such as you might find on a speaker such as the Sony SRS-XB41, but that is expected to get a speaker of this size.

Each the controls are situated on top of the speaker. You’ve got Buttons such as power, pairing, volume, and also a multi-function button. The latter functions as playback controls along with a long-press activate your cellphone’s voice helper. This also means there is a speakerphone, which permits you to command your voice helper or take calls. On the other hand, the speakerphone is not especially sensitive and you are going to need to talk.

At the right of this speaker is a rubberized door which hides the MicroUSB charging interface and 3.5millimeter aux jack for legacy devices.

JBL GO 2 Black Friday Deals

Do not let its diminutive stature fool you, the JBL GO 2 may really crank the tunes. We discovered that 50% quantity is comfy for listening to audio and forcing it over 75% actually offers a surprisingly full sound for such a tiny speaker.

Nevertheless, you ought to be cautious going overboard because the sound Gets clearly unpleasant near-maximum quantity: At maximum volume, songs are quite harsh and fatiguing.

While bass Is essentially non-existent, mids and highs sound smooth and tight. The sound is rather narrow, which is requested from a mono speaker however other Bluetooth speakers do a much better job of projecting audio externally. Additionally, the JBL GO 2 just fires sound forward so in the event that you sound to radiate evenly around the pool deck, then you’re going to want to receive a 360-degree speaker such as the UE Boom two.

Concerning battery life, you will receive about 5 hours listening at Approximately 50%. Should you crank it expect closer to 4, that can be quite short compared with other portable speakers, but that is the trade-off JBL produced by picking such a tiny form factor for your GO 2.

If You’d like the Smallest portable Bluetooth speaker, the JBL GO 2 is a competition, especially for the price. It is hamstrung with its physical size limitations, sonic capabilities, and battery life but we’re impressed by just how loud the speaker obtained.

Concerning competition, the Minirig Mini almost matches The GO two in dimension also sounds multitudes better thanks to its aptX service and much better driver. On the other hand, the Mini is not watertight and requires a proprietary charging cable.

The JBL GO 2’s nearest competitor comes from inside the household In the kind of this JBL Clip 2. Clip two can be waterproof and contains a Convenient clip for traveling and utilizing outside. However, Clip 2 prices twice as Much and in our view, we believe GO 2 is a much better value. If You’d like bass And can endanger in dimension, the JBL Switch 4 is a great option that will check All of the boxes on your list.

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About Us

About Us

What does Bladder Health UK do?

Bladder Health UK gives support to people with all forms of cystitis, overactive bladder and continence issues together with their families and friends. We are the largest bladder patient support charity in the UK. We have a busy chat room/Forum , a widely used website and active Twitter and Facebook accounts for those bladder illness sufferers seeking information, help and support.

To work in partnership with key stakeholders to aim for a future free from the pain, stigma and isolation of bladder illness

We will do this by…

  • Ensuring people with bladder health issues can expect a consistent level of healthcare support and treatment
  • Encouraging research into new treatments and personal management strategies
  • Working pro-actively with other like-minded organisations and charities to raise the profile of bladder illness issues

"To help people live positively with bladder illness through the provision of personalised support and care"

 Commitment to our members: We will…..

  • share your journey to better bladder health
  • provide you with support and contact with others with similar conditions and concerns
  • be a trustworthy source of information and advice on the most up-to-date and available treatment options
  • elevate patient concerns to ensure your voice is heard
  • give you the confidence to make the right choice for you and your bladder health

Bladder Health UK (formerly The COB Foundation) has been in existence since 2003 and we have grown in to the largest bladder patient support charity in the UK. Our membership is increasing year-on-year and our telephone advice line receives a constant stream of enquiries from those in need of support and information. Our membership also includes health care professionals, who join us to learn more about our resource information and the current therapies and treatment options that are available to aid sufferers.

We work with department of health organisations and other medical bodies to improve patient care and share information.

The support we provide

Joining Bladder Health UK will enable you to understand your bladder illness and find ways to help manage your symptoms. Your membership is a very important part of our on-going work to raise awareness of bladder illness, not only for sufferers, but also their families, friends and employers. To find out more about the full benefits of becoming a member here.

Check out our resources section to find out what else is available to help inform you about your bladder problem. There are also our very popular message boards which enable sufferers to discuss conditions and support each other live online. In addition to providing information via this website, Bladder Health UK also offers more help to members via local groups and our magazine.

Since the beginning, the charity has produced a very informative magazine, providing up-to-date information on the latest treatments, research, resources and story features. There is a facility to write and have letters, opinions and experiences published or pose questions to our medical advisers.

We have a network of support available in some geographical areas for our members. The groups are run by volunteers who are fellow sufferers. We also operate a “phone-pals” system, which enables members to talk to each other for advice and support.

Please note: Bladder Health UK does not engage in the practice of medicine.  It is not a medical authority nor does it claim to have medical knowledge.  In all cases we recommend that you consult your own doctor or urologist regarding any course of treatment or medication.

Become a Member

Find Out More >

Help us to help you

Find Out More >
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Runaway Billionaires

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