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How Sailboats Work

A large charter sailboat cruises in the Guadeloupe Islands. See more pictures of sailing.
National Geographic/Getty Images

Sailboats are one of humankind's first and most revolutionary transportation inventions. Powered mainly by the wind, these simple but incredible machines opened up new pathways for international trade, exploration and cultural exchange, which shaped the modern world.

Although no one knows when the first sailboat was built, archeologists have found remains of primitive canoe-like vessels dating back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Since then, boat design has developed steadily to enhance speed, maneuverability and cargo load, reflecting unique aesthetic and technological innovations.

For example, to construct their signature dragon-headed boats, Vikings used axes rather than saws to cut longer, lighter pieces of wood that allowed for faster travel. These longboats, called drakkar, dominated the seas by taking advantage of wind in their square sail for long distances and of oarsmen for swift attacks [source: Hadingham]. Later, 15th-century Chinese junk boats with their distinct scalloped sails were so well-crafted to withstand regional typhoons that they reached the east coast of Africa and the Persian Gulf more than 50 years before European explorers [source: University of Calgary]. Today, specialized racing yachts slice through the water at speeds faster than the wind.

While these amazing ships range in size and capability, all are linked by the fundamental elements of the common sailboat. Whether large or small, vessels of the past and present share the same flotation and movement abilities. In this article, we are going to explore how the basic parts of a sailboat work together, how physics principles allow them to float and move and how sailboat design continues to evolve.

Basic Parts of a Sailboat

Diagram of a common sailboat
Diagram of a common sailboat

The common sailboat comprises eight essential parts: hull, tiller, rudder, mainsail, mast, boom, jib and keel. The hull is the shell of the boat, which contains all the internal components. Its symmetrical shape balances the sailboat and reduces drag, or the backward pull caused by friction, as it moves in the water. Inside of the hull in the stern, or back of the boat, is the tiller, which is attached to the rudder in the water. Think of the tiller as the boat's steering wheel and the rudder as the tire. To maneuver a sailboat to the right, for example, you pull the tiller to the right side of the boat, causing the rudder to alter its direction.

If you think of the tiller as the steering wheel, then the sails and the keel are the engines. The mainsail is the larger sail that captures the bulk of the wind power necessary to propel the sailboat. Its vertical side attaches to the mast, a long upright pole, and its horizontal side secures to the boom, a long pole parallel to the deck. Sailors can rotate the boom 360 degrees horizontally from the mast to allow the mainsail to harness as much wind as possible. When they pivot the boom perpendicular to the wind, the mainsail puffs outward. Conversely, it goes slack when swung parallel to the wind. This freedom of movement allows sailors to catch the wind at whatever angle it blows. The jib is the smaller, fixed triangular sail that adds additional power for the mainsail. The keel, a long, slim plank that juts out from the bottom of the hull, provides an underwater balancing force that keeps the boat from tipping over. In smaller sailboats, a centerboard or daggerboard serves the same purpose as the keel, but can be raised or lowered into the water to allow for shallow water sailing.

Before a boat can move in the water, it first must be able to float. In the next section, we'll discover how something as heavy as a sailboat can stay afloat.

How Sailboats Float

Floating depends on two things: displacement and density. Archimedes' principle, which explains the concept of buoyancy, states that in order for an object to float, it must displace an amount of water equal to its weight. As a sailboat's weight pushes downward and displaces water beneath it, an upward force equal to that weight holds the boat up.

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Here's where density comes into play. To displace enough water to remain afloat without becoming submerged, a boat must have an average density less than water. For that reason, the hull of the boat is hollow. Whether the boat is made of concrete or fiberglass, its average density is less than water. Think about it: If you put a basketball and a bowling ball in a swimming pool, the air-filled basketball has an average density much less than that of water, so it will float. The solid bowling ball, however, will sink immediately. This is how anything from a small sailboat to an aircraft carrier can manage to stay on top of the water.

Surface area also helps to keep the boat afloat. More surface area gives an object a better chance to displace enough water to offset its own weight. For instance, a small ball of clay likely will sink before it can displace the amount of water equal to its weight. But if you flatten the ball into a thin pancake, there is more surface area to distribute the weight across and displace the water, so it will float. For more information on precisely how a steel ship can float, read how boats made of steel float on water when a bar of steel sinks.

Now that we know how sailboats can float, we can learn how they zip through the water.

How Sailboats Move in the Water

The giant 43-meter schooner Eleonora tacks upwind.
The giant 43-meter schooner Eleonora tacks upwind.

Sailing a boat is simple when you're navigating downwind with the wind at your back. You let out the mainsail perpendicular to the wind to capture the most energy. As the wind presses directly into the sails to make them puff out, that natural force propels the boat forward.

Plotting an upwind course, against the wind, is much harder. Compare the difference between running with the wind behind you and running with the wind gusting at you. You exert more energy to run into it, rather than enjoying the gentle push of it at your back. In fact, it is impossible to sail directly upwind. Either the opposing force of the wind will push the boat backward if the sails are let out, or it will stall the boat if the sails are pulled in and slack. Sailors refer to this as being in irons. Instead, to reach an upwind destination, crews use a method calling tacking.

While the wind pushes the boat when going away from it (downwind) the opposite happens when going toward it (upwind). "When you sail upwind, the boat is actually being pulled rather than pushed by the force of the wind," says Bryan Kelly, sailing instructor at Sail Newport and membership assistant with US Sailing, the national governing body of sailing in the United States. That forward pull is referred to as lift. For that reason, sailors steering upwind must take a zigzagging path called tacking. By doing so, the wind approaches at an angle rather than head-on.

When tacking, the sails act as the engine of the boat, harnessing wind power. However, since the boat is moving angled to the wind, that wind power pushes the boat sideways. But remember that the wind isn't the only element the boat interacts with. There's also the water. As the boat tips to one side, the long, flat keel submerged underneath the hull, pivots upward with the motion of the boat, creating a sideways force in the opposite direction because of the amount of water it displaces as it moves.

When tacking successfully, these equal, opposing sideways forces cancel each other out. However, that collected wind power must go somewhere, so it is released in a forward thrust -- there is nowhere else it can go. This is the same type of effect that happens when you shoot a marble. Your finger and thumb press equally hard on either side of the marble, causing it to zip forward.

After this happens, the sailor would alter course and tack again toward the opposite direction to gradually move upwind.

In the next section, we'll dissect the physics of lift that pull sailboats forward into the wind and what they have in common with kites.

The Physics of Lift

Bernoulli's theorem helps to explain how sailboats can move upwind.
Bernoulli's theorem helps to explain how sailboats can move upwind.

When you see a kite catch the wind and swoop up into the air, you're witnessing lift. You can feel the forward acceleration in the pull on your end of the string. Likewise, the mainsail and jib harness wind energy with their aerodynamic shapes that puff out on one side when the wind hits them. You also might notice that the kite flies angled to the wind, just as the mainsail and jib capture wind when tacking.

Sailing aficionados use two prominent -- yet often disputed -- theories to explain how exactly the wind interaction generates lift: Bernoulli's theorem and Newton's Third Law.

Bernoulli's theorem, also called the Longer Path Explanation, explains lift in terms of high and low air pressures on either side of the sail. Imagine the front of the boat angled upwind, or into the wind. As the breeze hits the sails, the air particles rush over both sides. Theoretically, the air particles moving across the outer, convex side of the sail have a longer distance to travel in the same amount of time as the particles moving across the inner, concave side.

If the particles on the outer side are traveling farther in the same amount of time, they must have a higher velocity, or speed, than the particles on the other side. These higher-velocity particles have more room to spread out, forming a low-pressure area. On the inside of the sail, the slower air particles are packed together more densely, creating a higher-pressure area. This difference in the pressure on the sails acts as a forward suction, producing lift.

Lift also applies to airplane flight. For a more detailed explanation of lift and the Bernoulli and Newtonian theories, read How Airplanes Work.

Newton's Third Law at work on a sailboat
Newton's Third Law at work on a sailboat

Newton's Third Law describes lift in terms of the reaction of the wind's air particles to the mainsail and jib. The law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. As the wind hits the sails from an opposing direction (remember, you're sailing upwind to tack), it generates drag, or backward pull. Drag is parallel to the original wind current [source: Glenn Research Center] and occurs naturally when something is moving against a fluid or gas. Swimmers wear specialized suits and caps to reduce drag as much as possible in the water.

Examining lift through the Newtonian lens, the air particles' movement creates an equal, opposite reaction -- or forward pull. It can also be applied to the interaction of the sails and the keel, described in the previous section. The sails and the keel create equal and opposite reactions to focus the boat's energy forward rather than sideways.

Now we'll examine the keel more in depth to see how it contributes to lift and keeps the boat from tipping over when tacking.

A Closer Look at the Sailboat Keel

The long, white board on the right-hand side of the picture is the keel. Normally you don't see the keel since it's underwater.
The long, white board on the right-hand side of the picture is the keel. Normally you don't see the keel since it's underwater.

The keel has two main functions: to keep the boat from being blown sideways in the wind (lateral resistance) and to hold the ballast. The ballast is a weight traditionally at the bottom of the keel that keeps the boat right-side up.

When the sails interact with the wind, a lot is also happening underwater to help create lift and allow the craft to recover from tacking. When a boat heels, or tips sideways in one direction when tacking, the ballast prevents it from going completely over. Positioned beneath the sailboat toward the center of the hull's underbelly, the keel's broad, flat surface creates sideways force by displacing water in the opposite direction that the boat is tipping. Although the keel has a much smaller surface area than the sails, the density of the water allows it to initiate a force strong enough to cancel out the heeling motion. That resulting equilibrium is called the righting moment.

You're probably familiar with the strong force of the keel if you've used a canoe paddle to change a canoe's direction. Although the paddle has a relatively small surface area, when turned against the current, you can feel the strength of its resistance as it becomes harder to hold.

Given this delicate balance among the wind, water and boat, sailors must tack carefully to avoid capsizing the boat, monitoring the angle at which they tack. If they tack the boat at too tight of an angle, the force of the wind will be too great for the keel and the water to overcome.

The maximum angle that a boat can tack and recover from is 30 degrees [source: US Sailing]. Sailors can tell the angle at which they approach the wind thanks to telltales, or strands of yarn-like material attached to the mainsail. Depending on how they blow when the sails are pulled tightly, they reveal the angle to the wind. Ideally, they will blow straight out, indicating even airflow across the sails and the optimum tacking angle. This is referred to as banging the corners, or sailing efficiently.

Read on to learn just how fast these wind machines move.

Sailboat Speed

Fast Frenchmen and world record holder for nautical speed Alain Thebault talks about his 'flying boat' Hydroptere. He plans to build a maxi-hydroptere capable of sailing at 50 knots (around 58 mph).
Fast Frenchmen and world record holder for nautical speed Alain Thebault talks about his 'flying boat' Hydroptere. He plans to build a maxi-hydroptere capable of sailing at 50 knots (around 58 mph).

Now that we understand how the boat moves, let's get to the good stuff: speed. A vessel's top speed will vary, depending on its size and purpose. For instance, sleek racing sailboats are designed specifically to maximize speed, but larger, bulkier ships will plod along more slowly due to drag and friction.

The nautical measurement of speed is the knot. One knot is equal to about 1.15 mph. According to the World Sailing Speed Council, the current record holder for the fastest nautical mile is Alain Thebault from France with a speed of 41.69 knots -- or about 48 mph. Given that the wind was Thebault's sole power source, that's pretty fast! The knot dimension is based on the circumference of the Earth. You can read more about how nautical miles compare to miles and kilometers by reading What is a nautical mile?.

Since Thebault was going 48 mph, you may be wondering if that means the wind was blowing that fast. Probably not. Thebault likely was moving faster than the wind because when sailboats create lift, as we discussed earlier, they create their own additional wind, called apparent wind.

It's important to understand that there are two types of wind at work when sailing: true wind and apparent wind. You feel true wind when you're standing on the dock or if the boat anchors. This wind makes the waves in the water. Apparent wind is what you feel while the ship's moving -- a combination of the true wind and the wind that the boat's motion creates. This is the wind that powers the ship.

So it is possible for some boats to beat the wind, particularly slimmer, more aerodynamic models that have less drag or friction in the water, such as yachts and catamarans. But remember, to sail faster than the wind, these types of boats must travel at an angle to it, rather than straight downwind or upwind, to stimulate lift and accelerate apparent wind.

As sailing technology advances, boats are becoming faster and more efficient than ever before.

Modern Sailboat Design

A hydrofoil boat
A hydrofoil boat

Modern sailboat design has evolved overall to create a wider, yet sleeker, structure. While the width increases stability, other basic components have been refined to improve sailing efficiency.

Keels are often longer and leaner, allowing for a closer, quicker tack. Their larger surface area displaces more water for a tighter tack. The hydrodynamic, slender design cuts through the water with less drag. Likewise, designers have honed the hull to reduce pull in the water. New materials such as fiberglass have replaced wood, reducing weight and increasing speed capability. To improve efficiency, sailcloth is made of synthetic materials instead of cotton to better retain form against the wind and use that natural energy. Sail shape also has been continually fine-tuned to harness wind.

Due to such innovations, some sailboats, as previously noted, can actually exceed the speed of the wind. Hydrofoils, which elevate the hull above the water, drastically reduce friction between the boat and the water to maximize speed. In short, hydrofoils act like airplane wings on the bottom of boats [source: Getchall]. They have four appendages that resemble water skis with a rounded top attached to each corner of the boat. When stationary, the hydrofoils remain underwater. But as the boat speeds up, they create lift that eventually raises the hull completely above water, leaving only the lighter aerodynamic foils in the water. The same lift principles discussed earlier with the wind and the sails apply as the water rushes over the curved hydrofoils to create the same effect.

An ice boater zips across Ghost Lake, Alberta.
An ice boater zips across Ghost Lake, Alberta.
Todd Korol/Getty Images

In addition, specialized iceboats that sail on top of ice can travel up to three times faster than the speed of the wind. A Blade Runner iceboat, for instance, can move as fast as 75 mph [source: Blade Runner Ice Boat Company]. Like a boat on ice skates with a simple hull and sails, iceboats have very little drag as they glide across frozen bodies of water. Not surprisingly, they're especially popular in colder climates such as New England, Canada and Russia.

As the evolution continues as it has for centuries, sailboats will undoubtedly hold their integral place in human life, whether for utilitarian purposes or pure windblown pleasure.

Related Articles

More Great Links

  • Boat Safe Kids. (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Cox, David. "The Sailing Handbook." Stackpole Books. 1999.
  • Getchall, David R. "The Outboard Boater's Handbook: Advanced Seamanship and Practical Skills." McGraw Hill. 1994. (Feb. 12, 2008),M1
  • Glenn Research Center. "Bernoulli and Newton." (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Hadingham, Evan. "Secrets of Norse Ships." NOVA Online. (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Hodanbosi, Carol. "Buoyancy: Archimedes Principle." August 1996. Glenn Research Center.
  • Hyperphysics. "Bernoulli Principle." (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Kelley, Bryan. Personal interview. Conducted Dec. 14, 2007.
  • Lawler, Andrew. "Report of Oldest Boat Hints at Early Trade Routes." Science Magazine. June 7, 2002.
  • MacMillan, Douglas. "The Making of the $30 million sailboat." BusinessWeek Online. Oct. 17, 2006.
  • Naval Historical Center. "Nautical Terms and Phrases…Their Meaning and Origin." May 5, 2005. (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Pickthall, Barry. "The Color Guide to Sailing." London, Castle & Co. 1980.
  • Schryver, Doug. "Sailing School." McDonald/Queen Anne Press.1987.
  • University of Calgary. "European Voyages of Exploration: Asia." (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • US Sailing. "Points of Sail." (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Vawter, Richard. "Floating Diet Coke QT Movie." Western Washington University Physics Department. (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • Wolf, Joe. "The Physics of Sailing." University of New South Wales. (Feb. 12, 2008)
  • World Sailing Speed Record Council. "Nautical Mile Records." (Feb. 12, 2008)

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Daily Archives: May 6, 2014

logo2On the urgent meeting of 4th May 2014 afternoon  at 13a Wingate Avenue, the community members agreed to conduct peaceful public rally on the coming Friday, 9th May 2014 from 9:30AM.  It is planned to protest against the Ethiopian government brutal crackdown of protesters.

Since April 25, Oromo students have demonstrated throughout Oromia to protest the government’s plan to substantially expand the municipal boundaries of Finfinne (Addis Ababa) which the students believe would threaten communities currently under regional jurisdiction. Security forces have responded by shooting at and beating peaceful protesters in various Oromia cities.

The students protest in many areas of the Oromia has been intensified leading to the deaths of at least 100 civilians in Oromia under the hands of government security forces. According to our sources so far more than 500 have reportedly been injured and over 5000 people have been detained in unknown camps and centres.

Therefore, we would like to notify that our community members in Victoria is going to hold a one day public rally to protest against killing, innocent Oromo Students in day light and to support Oromo farmers who will be displaced, to raise public awareness and to seek the  Australian government and the broader community to intervene.

When: 9th of May 2014

Time:  9:30 AM

Starting point:   Spring St & Treasury Pl, East Melbourne, VIC 3002

Destination:   Parliament of Victoria, Spring Street, Melbourne, Vic

Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria to Federation Square

Corner Swanston St & Flinders St, Melbourne VIC 3000

Please find the Press Release 06-05-2014 of our community about the coming Friday, May 9th of 2014 rally in Melbourne.

Oromo Diaspora Mobilizes to Shine Spotlight on Student Protests in Ethiopia

Members of the Oromo diaspora line up to share their ideas for showing support for the student protests in Oromia. Photo credit: Big Z, facebook: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10104545944303110&set=a.10104545941633460.1073741836.13914917&type=1&theater

Members of the Oromo diaspora line up to share their ideas for showing support for the student protests in Oromia. Photo credit: Big Z, facebook.

The Oromo Community of Minnesota hall was packed yesterday afternoon. Twice we scooted our chairs forward to make room for the crowds at the back; our knees were pressed up against the backs of the chairs in front of us. And when community members took the microphone, we could hear a pin drop. People I spoke with said the turnout and show of unity was unprecedented. The Oromo diaspora in Minnesota was gathering together to develop strategies to show support for the student protests that have been breaking out over the past two weeks in their homeland.

Who are the Oromo people?
The Oromo people are near and dear to my heart. I learned about them first-hand when I taught social studies for English Language Learners at Minneapolis South High School. Most of my ELL students were newly arrived refugees from Ethiopia. But many bristled at being called “Ethiopians.” They identified themselves as Oromos, and their homeland was Oromia—the largest of nine federal states in Ethiopia.

The Oromos are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia, and there are Oromos in northern Kenya and parts of Somalia as well. Oromos speak Oromiffa, or Afan Oromo, a Cushitic language that shares approximately 35% of its vocabulary with Somali. Approximately 47% of Oromos are Muslim, and a similar percentage are Christian. As a civics teacher, I was fascinated to learn that the Oromo people had a sophisticated traditional system ofdemocratic governance called the Gadaa system.

The Oromo people have long faced persecution from the Ethiopian Government and in Ethiopian society. In fact, one of the reasons I decided to leave teaching and become a human rights lawyer was to try to play a role in stemming the systematic human rights abuses that had driven my refugee students away from their homelands. The Advocates for Human Rights highlighted some of the persecution that Oromos face in astakeholder report for the UN Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review of Ethiopia, which takes place tomorrow in Geneva.

Oromo students are mobilizing for change in Oromia

Last month, the Ethiopian Government announced a controversial “Integrated Development Master Plan for Addis Ababa.” The Ethiopian capital, which Oromos call Finfinnee, is surrounded by the state of Oromia. The Master Plan would expand the territory of Addis Ababa, annexing thousands of hectares of Oromia’s fertile agricultural lands, and then selling or leasing them to commercial agricultural enterprises.

Oromo students sounded the alarm about the Master Plan, recognizing that it would displace Oromo farmers and leave them without a livelihood or access to their traditional lands.

Oromo students protesting in Burayu. Image courtesy of Gadaa.com. http://gadaa.com/oduu/25775/2014/05/02/breaking-news-oromoprotests-buraayyuu-oromiyaa/

Oromo students protesting in Burayu. Image courtesy of Gadaa.com.

Students have been staging protests at 12 universities in Oromia. Last week, federal special forces opened fire on what seems to have been a peaceful student demonstration at Ambo University. The government has confirmed 11 fatalities, but people on the ground say the toll is closer to 50. The Ethiopian government asserts that the protests have been led by “anti-peace forces.”

One Oromo diasporan based in London told me that his sister fled Meda Welabu University in Oromia on Sunday after military forces took control from the local police and then began beating students. She saw one student killed.

Students in several universities have been under lock-down, ordered confined to their dormitory rooms and not allowed to leave campus. There are reports that officers come through the dorms at night and arrest people. One female student leader is being kept incommunicado, raising concerns that she is being ill-treated. At transportation check-points, officials check passengers’ identification and detain people with student IDs. Students who have fled are not allowed back on campus.

Getting the word out: The power of remote monitoring
Ethiopia has one of the most restrictive governments in the world. There are no independent local media organizations. No Ethiopian non-governmental organizations work openly on controversial human rights issues, and international human rights groups have been expelled from the country.

In these circumstances, it’s nearly impossible to safely conduct human rights monitoring on the ground. Oromos in the diaspora have expressed frustration that major international human rights organizations like Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have been silent about the protests.

Remote human rights monitoring is a critical tool for diaspora communities like the Oromo who want to show support for and solidarity with human rights defenders on the ground in their countries of origin. In 2009, The Advocates published a report based on a remote fact-finding project here in Minnesota called Human Rights in Ethiopia: Through the Eyes of the Oromo Diaspora. The report has been used for advocacy at the United Nations and in support of applications for asylum. In our new toolkit, Paving Pathways for Justice & Accountability: Human Rights Tools for Diaspora Communities, we expanded on the human rights monitoring we did with the Oromo diaspora to develop an entire chapter on remote monitoring strategies.

Oromo diaspora mobilizes to conduct remote monitoring
Over the past two weeks, the Oromo diaspora has mobilized to shine an international spotlight on the protests. Like many diaspora groups, Oromos outside of Ethiopia maintain contacts with friends and family “back home,” some of whom have been victims of police violence or have witnessed events. Through telephone calls, text messages, email, and social media, Oromos in the diaspora have their fingers on the pulse of the student protest movement in Oromia.

Oromos in Minnesota held a candlelight vigil to remember the Oromo protesters who were killed last week.

Oromos in Minnesota held a candlelight vigil to remember the Oromo protesters who were killed last week.

The Oromo diaspora has been buzzing on social media, quickly adopting the #OromoProtests hashtag to allow people around the world to follow and contribute to the remote monitoring process. People are posting photos of victims on twitter and uploading video of some of the demonstrations to YouTube. The Oromos I’ve talked to have also recommended following Jawar Mohammed onfacebook and twitter. They say he has the trust of Oromos on the ground, who feed breaking news to him. Ayantu Tibeso has compiled a list on facebook of ways that diasporans can support the Oromo protests and get involved in raising awareness. Paving Pathways includes an appendix on effective human rights advocacy using social media platforms, and the Oromo diaspora is deploying many of these tactics. I’ll be using one of my favorite social media strategies—live tweeting—during the UN’s Universal Periodic Review of Ethiopia tomorrow morning.

The Oromo diaspora also has more traditional media, including the newly launchedOromia Media NetworkOromo Voice Radio, as well as diaspora blogs and news websites like Gadaa.comAyyaantuu New Online, and O-Pride. These media have helped consolidate information into useful postsfirst-hand accounts, and broadcasts for people who are unable to keep up with the flurry of activity on twitter, facebook, and YouTube. And they have started a more systematic effort to verify reports of deaths and injuries, maintaining lists of victims and connecting photos with dates and locations.

The diaspora’s efforts are beginning to get traction with mainstream media, with some initial coverage from the BBCVoice of AmericaThink Africa Press, and an editorial piece in Al Jazeera America. Human Rights Watch just published a statement. A Minnesota-based radio program called Reflections of New Minnesotans just released apodcast of a show it did with two members of the Oromo diaspora talking about recent developments in Oromia.

Oromo youths prepared a video showing photos and YouTube clips of the Oromo student protests and government crack-down.

Oromo youths prepared a video showing photos and YouTube clips of the Oromo student protests and government crack-down for the Oromo Community of Minnesota forum on Sunday.

Momentum is building, and Oromos in the diaspora are pressing mainstream media and human rights organizations to raise visibility on the issues. They’re planning protests around the world on Friday, May 9. But diasporans who want to pitch stories and lobby policymakers will need to undertake careful remote monitoring to find receptive audiences. With the restrictions on civil society in Ethiopia, reporters, lawmakers, human rights organizations outside of the country will need to work with the Oromo diaspora to verify sources and confirm reports coming out of Oromia.

This post is the first in a four-part series about human rights in Ethiopia. Part 2 will highlight Tuesday’s Universal Periodic Review of Ethiopia at the United Nations. Part 3 will explore the Oromo diaspora’s strategies for showing solidarity with the Oromo students while pushing for human rights and holding perpetrators accountable for the violence against peaceful demonstrators. Part 4 will tell the stories of Oromos in the diaspora who have spoken with friends and family members on the ground in Oromia about events over the past two weeks.

If you are an Oromo diasporan who has talked to people on the ground who are involved in the protests, facing restrictions on their freedom of movement or freedom of speech, or have other first-hand information, and you’d like to share what you’ve heard for an upcoming blog post, please contact me at abergquist@advrights.org or 1-612-746-4694.

By Amy Bergquist, staff attorney for the International Justice Program of The Advocates for Human Rights.


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Trusted  Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, NM

legal separation NM_

Do you know any Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, New Mexico? Usually people who need a Child Support Attorney are experiencing some type of family conflict. If you wish to focus on getting a family law attorney, you will want to know some tips. There are a number of attorneys around you could hire so you need to select one carefully. This article will help you discover the attorney you hope are able to support you with your case.

You are going to want to locate an attorney who has a solid reputation. You would like to discover if they are great at winning cases for his or her clients or not. If you are on the defending side of a case, you need to hear they will be capable of getting you the outcome you would like. Whatever your requirements are from legal counsel, you want to know that you are working with one that many have had success with. One of many ways to get additional details on a legal professional is by using a Google search to get reviews about their service.

Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, NW Considerations

Finding|Hiring} legal counsel that is able to provide you with good services to get a reasonable price. You should call around to ask some attorneys in New Mexico what their fee is to handle your type of family case. You want to be explicit with them about what’s going on so they will be able to give you a guesstimate of the price to work with them. Some attorneys will not invoice you if they do not win your case if there is any benefit involved. Find what your choices are and pick the attorney with a solid character and affordable prices for his or her services.

A good attorney is an attorney who has sufficient time to respond to your questions. You should communicate with them prior to your decision to employ them in order to speak with their office staff regarding the type of counsel they can give to you. And, sometimes you may also reach out to the lawyer so you can speak with them to get a solid idea of what they propose to do for you. Should you call a law firm and they give you the runaround, you may decide not to work alongside them because they can have too much going on to concentrate on your individual case.

An effective lawyer is one that has been practicing in this field for several years. You need to ask how long this individual has been a lawyer if you want to know how skilled they are. Should they be completely a novice to the law, then you really should think twice about hiring them. This is mainly because they might not have what is needed to present you good legal representation. But, if they have been doing family law cases for several years you might be assured that they probably are good at their business. Otherwise, they will not have been a popular legal professional for very long.

Now you have more knowledge about picking a lawyer for family law in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The trick is to research your options so you pick someone to work with who is knowledgeable about what they’re doing. Use everything you learned here and choosing the best attorney ought to be easy for you to do. For more information in regards to Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, NW check out at our blog

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A Child Custody Lawyer That Understands

Alimony Attorney in NM_

Of all the family law issues, child custody is one of the most sensitive. Typically, both parents have the child’s best interests at heart, but often the mere disruption of the child’s daily life is enough to take a toll. When a child custody lawyer is needed, you want someone who understands the delicacy of the situation. At Advocates New Mexico, we have extensive experience with child custody cases, and we know that it’s important that the child should never be a victim of these circumstances. We work with the welfare of the child at heart so you and your family get the best possible outcome.

When it comes to child custody issues, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of your rights. Child custody lawyer C. Joseph Wiseman knows the laws surrounding child custody and will explain them to you in the simplest terms, so that you and he can work together to make well-informed decisions about your case. He will break down the legal jargon, help you mitigate legal proceedings, and take your case to court if necessary.

A Child Custody Lawyer And More

Advocates New Mexico knows that family law is so much more than a legal issue. Emotions tend to run high, and regular family life gets disrupted. C. Joseph Wiseman can help to handle the legal aspects of your case to keep your family life running as efficiently as possible.

When it comes to divorce cases, C. Joseph Wiseman has experience in both mediation and litigation. He can act as an unbiased party to help you and your spouse come to an amicable agreement and recommend the most expedient path to reaching a settlement.  If mediation is not an option, C. Joseph Wiseman can guide you with the sound advice and expertise to get your case the immediate attention and favorable results you expect.

Advocates New Mexico understands that the dissolution of a marriage also has a financial impact.  If you’re left without the financial stability you once had. C. Joseph Wiseman can help you with that as well. Advocates New Mexico specializes in child support, spousal support, and alimony and can help to make sure you and your family can continue to live comfortably and affordably.

Advocates New Mexico understands the toll a familial upset can have on your life. When those issues become legal issues, we can help. Whether it is a child custody issue, or another area of family law, attorney C. Joseph Wiseman can take the weight of litigation off your shoulders. He’ll help you navigate the process so you know your rights, and work with you to come up with a clear-cut solution in the best interests of your family, especially, your children.

If you’re looking for a child custody lawyer, divorce lawyer, or a lawyer with extensive experience in family law, come or call for a free consultation.  We’ll answer all your specific questions and begin to start you on your path to the best future possible.

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Albuquerque Child Support Attorney

Experienced Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, New Mexico Finding the very best Child Support Attorney in Albuquerque, requires that you do your homework. Attorney Cyrus Joe Wiseman P.A. at is a trusted Child Support Attorney serving the Albuquerque area and someone you should consider to represent you. The most popular action of those searching for Child Support Attorney is to go to Bing and select whomever comes up. The issue with [...]


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Tag Archives: Congo-Brazzaville

COVID-19: Pan-Africanism at an all-time high for continent’s youth, a new survey finds

While Africa Day (May 25th), the official day of the African Union (AU) marking intercontinental unity, takes place solemnly in 2020 on the backdrop of the continued outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus), a recent study of Africa’s youth has showcased continent-wide resiliency, institutional trust, cohesion and collective ‘Afro-Optimism’ in facing the challenges ahead. The results of


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Wi-Fi Booster for iPad

wi-fi booster
Written by staff

Everyone wants to enjoy a faster internet connection. However, on the wireless network, all of it depends on the signal. If you have signals with more strength then you can get good speeds. Low signals, of course, mean low speeds. Though, there are several ways you can boost your Wi-Fi signals. Most people search for Wi-Fi booster app which is probably not the best solution.

These Wi-Fi signal booster apps claim to work but they don’t really. However, you can do this by using different tricks. I will more likely call them instructions which you can follow to get more speed for wireless internet. These sets of tips are going to give you a good internet boost. Also, you can download a free Wi-Fi Booster APK for the app if you are very desperate.

Generally, I don’t think that you need to download those so-called apps. By using this guide, you can know many tips to get more speed from your Wi-Fi. This is a simple set of instructions which can be followed by anyone. So, without wasting any more of your time, let’s get going with it.

wi-fi booster

Tip #1. Moving the Router

Get a good wireless router with a long wire. If you don’t get good signals as you do in the router room then move it. You can move it with you any place at your home where you are sitting. Keeping it close will always give the full signal strength and you can enjoy the faster internet.

Tip #2. Buy an Antenna

The range of the Wi-Fi signals can be increased by connecting an external Antenna. There are a lot of Antennas available in the market. Always go for the best one without caring for the price. Of course, you will do it when you really want to enjoy the faster internet. The external Antenna will enhance your signals and you can enjoy great internet speeds.

Tip #3. Change the Channels

Some internet Wi-Fi channels are just not good. There, maybe, many reasons why they are not giving proper signals. Changing to the ports that are better, can readily enhance your internet speed. For instance, channel 1, 6, and 11 are always known to provide to good speeds for certain reasons.

Tip #4. Get dual band Wi-Fi Router

Normal Wi-Fi router won’t always bring you the desired speed. However, if you can get a router with dual band specs then it would be perfect. These dual band router greatly enhance the strength of signals and they travel even further. Now at twice the distance than the older once, you can still get great internet speeds.

Tip #5. Updating Router’s Firmware

There are many problems and weaknesses that the new updates remove. If you have not updated your router’s firmware then you are at the fault. Change the firmware of your router as soon as you can get and get great internet speeds. Old firmware might cause trouble and get a new one will definitely bring charm.

There were top 5 tips that you can get to boost your Wi-Fi. If you are not happy with this, then you can download the booster app. I hope that works for you because generally, it doesn’t. Leave us your feedback on this guide. Also, ask anything you have on your mind. Keep visiting our site more Tech Guides, Tips & Tricks, News, and APKs.

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Virtual keyboard failure whith multiple keyboards enabeled

What I did: Tried to use Agenda on my iPAD with English and Japanese keyboards configured

What happened: I am trying to input using the Agenda extended keyboard on the screen.

Can’t select the English (or Japanese) keyboards with this Agenda keyboard layout “on”.

Keyboard switches between English and Japanese while I TRY to type. Some keys are English and some Kanji and they switch about as I try to type.

What I expected: The keyboard to stay set and work as the keyboard I want to select. For the selection of keyboards using the little globe icon to function normally.

Things that might be helpful to know (Agenda version, OS and model, etc):

iPad Pro 12.9 US version of the hardware

iOS v12.3.1

I started typing this note and then realized I should put it in the “Support area”. I have filled out the template and I have pasted the textual note below as well.

I use (try to use) Agenda on an iPad Pro using a configuration that has virtual keyboards for English, Japanese (Romaji and Kanji).

Agenda is failing for me on my iOS devices using this keyboard configuration. Agenda gets confused as to what language I am inputing. It keeps switching from English to Japanese and I can’t select the “English” keyboard with the Agenda version of the keyboard.

I am not sure how to demonstrate this to you here in this forum. I can’t really show this behavior in a static image.

This is an important issue for usability for me and so I am opening to working with you however necessary to get this resolved.

Hmmm… The keyboard issue seems to present in both with Agenda and Noteplan as well. This may either be a bug in this version of iOS or, you both are using the same code for your “virtual keyboards”.

I have shutdown the iPad and restarted it. Same issue.

I have deleted all but the English keyboards. Testing that way there is of course no issue. Adding the keyboards back in the issue returns.

Your thoughts?

Hi John,
I’m afraid this aspect of typing is entirely in the hands of Apple. It is system wide, which would explain why you see it in NotePlan too.

I’m not sure what could cause it. Perhaps there is a setting that causes it to try to recognize the language. Perhaps you can turn that off.

In any case, I recommend more general Googling. If it is a general issue, it will definitely appear on the interwebs.

Let us know if you learn what is happening. May help others.

Kind regards,

After my testing and confirmation, I concur it is indeed an Apple issue!

Sorry to distract you on this one.


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Trans Pride Trans Power Badge

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But if i *were* going to write about it…

When I started setting up this blog, I had lots of ideas for topics I might want to post about. Sometime later, when I hadn’t yet got around to posting anything, I was diagnosed with cancer.

I decided quickly that I wouldn’t post about it, and correctly anticipated that others would inquire as to whether I would. I’ve since then been crafting my answer to their next question, “Why not?”

The first thing that occurred to me is that it’s such an obvious choice of topic, which is reason enough itself to decline. Second, it’s just too tailormade for heart-tugging and sympathy-engendering, leading to many obvious responses from others as well. “There but for the grace of god go I,” and all that. Third, of course the topic is interesting to me in rather specific ways, but outside of the easy melodrama, it’s hard for me to believe it’s that interesting to others. And even if it were, I would like to think it’s not the most interesting thing about me.    Continue reading


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text: TY - JOUR AU - Abd Alhadi, Saleh AU - Senik, Rosmila AU - Johari, Jalila AU - Nahar, Hairul Suhaimi PY - 2020 TI - Ownership Structure and Earnings Quality Pre- and Post-Ifrs: Does Investor Protection Matter? JF - Asian Journal of Business and Accounting; Vol 13 No 1 (2020): June DO - 10.22452/ajba.vol13no1.4 KW - N2 - This study investigates whether managerial and institutional ownership is associated with higher earnings quality (EQ) after the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), compared to the pre-IFRS period. It also examines the moderating effect of investor protection (INPT) on the link between ownership structure and EQ. The study used a dynamic panel data modelling on the sample of 2090 firm-year observations from 2007–2016 in Malaysia. This study applies the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to deal with econometric problems. The results indicate that managerial ownership is essential in improving EQ before and after IFRS adoption, whereas no significant improvements were found for institutional shareholders. Similarly, the results provide evidence that managerial ownership is more efficient in monitoring earnings management in healthy INPT environment. The results highlight the significance of accounting standards and law enforcement for enhancing the monitoring role of ownership structure in improving EQ. UR - https://ajba.um.edu.my/article/view/18519


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Akadot TV Akadot TV

Akadot TV is a bilingual digital publisher that documents Singapore-Japan stories in short-form videos.

Contact us

Natsu Matsuri 2019 in Singapore

The Japan Summer Festival, or more affectionately known as Natsu Matsuri, is a major annual event in Singapore where Japanese expats and local Singaporeans come together to enjoy traditional Japanese street food, games, dance and culture. Akadot TV interviewed some Japanese and Singaporeans attendees this year to find out what Matsuris (Japanese festivals) mean to them respectively, as well as their favourite memories of Natsu Matsuri.

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Our Network is Growing!

Emerge Alabama is a state affiliate of Emerge, which has trained more than 4,000 women to run for office since 2002. Learn more about Emerge’s impact across the country.
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Americas Best Dance Crew Season 7 Casting Calls

Click the above image to download an auditions flyer and help spread the news!
Courtesy of ABDC talent producer Lacy Forrest

MTV and Warner Horizon Television have announced the open casting call dates for season seven of the hit competitive dance reality television seriesRandy Jackson Presents: America’s Best Dance Crew“. During the month of January, 2012 auditions will be held in Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, and Houston. Video taped submissions will also be accepted for dance crews that can not attend one of the open auditions.

HBO Miniseries ‘Parade’s End’ casting actors and extras in London

Sexy Rebecca Hall Parades End

Golden Globe Award Nominee Rebecca Hall stars opposite Benedict Cumberbatch.
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HBO and BBC are now in production on a television adaptation of the quartet of novels by Ford Madox Ford, considered by many to be one of the literary masterworks of the 20th Century. The five-part miniseries is currently casting guest stars, day players, extras, stand-ins, and photo doubles for the film’s stars. Shooting is taking place in and around London, UK. Locations in the capital which the production is using to portray period London include the Royal Horse Guards Parade, Hyde Park, Victoria House in Bloomsbury Square, Trafalgar Square and Lincoln’s Inn.

Summit Entertainment film ‘Now You See Me’ auditions and extras casting

Isla Fisher Henley Now You See Me

Isla Fisher plays Henley, a master illusion builder in “Now You See Me”.
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The production company Kurtzman/Orci and Summit Entertainment will begin shooting the magician-heist thriller feature film “Now You See Me” in New Orleans and New York beginning January 16, 2012. The main roles are being cast in Los Angeles, and some supporting roles as well as day players are being cast in New Orleans. All of the film’s extras, photo doubles, and stand-ins for the films stars will be cast in Louisiana and New York.

How To Keep Your Child Safe In The Entertainment Industry

Alan J Baltes, EzineArticles.com Expert Author

The pride and excitement that a parent feels when their child is up there on stage performing can be an amazing experience. Whether it be theatre, film, television, modeling… the overwhelming sense of accomplishment for both parent and child can be very powerful. But for many, that wonderment can drive parents to overlook some of the most basic safety precautions, resulting in terrible exploitation of their child – and great harm both physically and emotionally. A parent must be perfectly responsible with no room whatsoever for error in a business where pedophiles infiltrate and thrive.

Stephenie Meyer’s ‘The Host’ casting calls in Baton Rouge and New Orleans

The Host Auditions Casting Calls

The extremely beautiful and ultra talented Saoirse Ronan stars as Melanie “Mel” Stryder.
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The long awaited film adaptation of Twilight series author Stephenie Meyer‘s “The Host” is now ready to begin shooting in February, 2012 and casting directors are holding auditions in Los Angeles and Louisiana for co-starring and supporting roles. Casting will also take place in New Orleans and Baton Rouge for day player roles, extras, stand-ins, and photo-doubles for the film’s stars. “The Host” novel was a #1 New York Times Best Seller, and remained on the list for 26 weeks.

Auditions for major feature film ‘Burt Wonderstone’ with all-star cast

Steve Carell Burt Wonderstone

Steve Carell is producing and starring in the feature film “Burt Wonderstone”.
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From the producer that brought you such films as “The Hangover,” “I Am Number Four,” “The Butterfly Effect I, II & III,” “American Pie I, II, and III” comes the upcoming New Line Cinema comedy feature film “Burt Wonderstone” starring a powerhouse cast lineup of Steve Carell, Jim Carrey, Steve Buscemi, James Gandolfini, Olivia Wilde, Alan Arkin, and Brad Garrett. Auditions for numerous supporting and day players, and many many extras is underway and will be ongoing through filming.

Disney open casting call for ‘McFarland’ supporting roles based on true story

Director Niki Caro McFarland

Internationally heralded Niki Caro will direct “McFarland”.
Creative Commons

Walt Disney Pictures in association with Mayhem Pictures are set to begin shooting the feature film “McFarland” in the San Joaquin Valley, California area beginning January, 2012. The casting director is seeking athletic Hispanic men ages 17 to 23 with running experience to recreate an authentic realism of McFarland High Cougars’s 1990’s cross-country team, who became unlikely 9-time California champions. An open casting call is scheduled in Bakersfield, CA on December 17, 2011.

Details Here:

Disney Open Casting Call

Disney Channel dance competition ‘Shake It Up: Dance Dance’ in South Africa

Beautiful Bella Thorne Shake It Up

The beautiful and talented talented Bella Thorne stars in “Shake It Up!”.
Creative Commons

A brand new Disney Channel contest is now underway in South Africa and online video submissions are being accepted. Disney Channel South Africa has also joined forces with one of South Africa’s most popular radio DJ’s and “South Africa’s Got Talent” host, Anele Mdoda, to lend her support to encourage kids across South Africa to get involved and have some fun. She will be head judge for the competition.

Disney XD auditions and casting information for comedy series ‘Lab Rats’

Beautiful Kelli Berglund Bree Lab Rats

Talented newcomer Kelli Berglund has been cast in the role of “Bree”
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It’s a Laugh Productions and Primetime Emmy nominated producer Mark Brazill are in production a the multi-camera comedy series for Disney XD. The project was formerly titled “Billion Dollar Freshman,” but has been renamed “Lab Rats”. Disney Channel auditions and extras casting is ongoing throughout production on season one.

Disney XD auditions for series pilot ‘Shmagreggie Saves The World’

 Disney Auditions Shmagreggie Saves The World
It’s A Laugh Productions produces all of Disney Channel’s sitcoms.
AB Media Publishing, LLC

Disney XD and It’s a Laugh Productions are currently in production on the comedy sitcom pilot “Shmagreggie Saves The World”. Disney casting directors are holding auditions for the show’s starring roles, which includes male and female fraternal twins. After the three starring roles are cast, the other series regulars will be cast. Extras will be cast closer to the shooting date in February, 2012.