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Welcome to this guide on the Shopify pricing plans. Shopify is one of the most popular platforms on the market for building an eCommerce store. The features available to you are advanced and yet very user friendly. Therefore, you will find it an easy task to create and grow an eCommerce store on this platform. However, these benefits come to you at a price, the good news is that price is the very thing that Shopify scores high on. It’s super affordable when you look at all the amazing features you are getting.

How Much Do You Have To Spend To Get Started With Shopify?

Shopify offers several pricing plans to choose from. They range from $29 to month and go all the way up to $299 per month. The features that you get, will obviously be depending on the plan that you select. That’s why you need to go through what is offered by each plan so that you know what is the right option for your needs.

There Are Three Main Types Of Shopify Pricing Plans Available. They Are As Follows:

  • Basic Shopify plan – $29 per month.
  • Shopify plan – $79 per month.
  • Advanced Shopify plan – $299 per month.
shopify pricing

The Basic Shopify Pricing Plan ($29/month)

Basic Shopify Plan is ideal for beginners who wish to create and launch their very first eCommerce website fast. This plan costs $29 per month and you will get the chance to list an unlimited number of products. They include digital products as well.

You can also integrate a blog to the Shopify store while using Shopify. Hence, you can increase your chances of getting your online store listed on the search engines with minimum hassle. On top of everything, the users of the Basic Shopify Plan can receive 24/7 support.

The Basic Shopify plan is supporting gift cards.

In case if you make the decision to subscribe for one year at once, you will be able to receive a 10% discount. Likewise, you can receive a 20% discount by making the payment to subscribe to two years at once.

This plan can provide you with two different staff accounts. It provides fraud analysis and discounts on the shipping rates as well. You can begin to use Shopify with this pricing plan. It will provide you with the chance to get a better understanding of Shopify. Read more on the basic plan.

The Shopify Standard Pricing Plan ($79/month)

The Shopify standard plan is the most popular option out of the three different pricing plans offered to the users. You can subscribe to this plan for a price of $79 per month. It provides a large number of features, which you can use to have your own online store up and running.

This plan is providing you with the ability to offer gift cards via the online store. You can generate professional reports to receive a better understanding of the status of the online store at all times. The abandoned cart recovery feature is offered along with Shopify as well. Hence, you can get the people who abandon their shopping carts to come back and complete the checkout, so that you can end up with securing profits.

The Shopify plan offers a lower credit card rate. If you are making a decent volume of sales, you should go ahead with the Shopify plan. Lower credit card rates will provide you with the chance to save a considerable amount of money from the sales that you generate. This is facilitated by the lower transaction fee.

You can get five different staff accounts for Shopify In addition to that, you can receive better shipping discounts. Medium-scale businesses will be able to start using Shopify and get the best returns offered by it. You can scale your business with ease while using this plan. Read more on the standard plan.

Recommended article: Connecting Shopify with Clickfunnels

The Shopify Advanced Pricing Plan ($299/month)

The Shopify Advanced Plan is the most expensive plan out of three options. You will have to spend a price of $299 per month to start using the advanced plan and experience the benefits offered by it. However, the amount you spend is totally worth because it can provide you with the chance to get all the features that are offered by Shopify. Hence, you can easily take your business to the next level with it.

You can get fully customized reports. Then you can understand how your business is doing. Based on these reports, you can improve your business as well. Read more on the advanced plan.

The Shopify Plus Plan ($2000/month)

Apart from the above-mentioned plans, you can find another plan called Shopify Enterprise Plan. This is a customized plan and you cannot directly subscribe for it. If you wish to go ahead with a large scale online store, the Shopify Enterprise Plan is the right option available to consider. It comes along with a monthly price starting at $2,000, which varies based on the specific features that you get.

Once you subscribe to this plan, you have the freedom to create your own online store, according to your preferences. You can get that to match perfectly well with your business at all times. Therefore, you will not come across the need to use any other tool to enhance the functionalities of the eCommerce website. All you have to do is to stick to Shopify and experience the features that come along with it in the long run.

Take a deep look at these different Shopify pricing plans and pick the best one out of them to benefit your business operations.


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11/10/18 SDSU vs. UNLV Band Photo Gallery

We have the pleasure of photographing the Marching Aztecs. Our goal is to make highlight videos for all of the games. Around the videos we also take a ton of photos. We have been asked to share our photos online by our fans. We hope you like all of the images. Images are by David Frerker. Also included is a short 1 minute video following the drumline and the band around to warrior walk and tailgate stop.

About DavidSDSU (1204 Articles)
I graduated from San Diego State University with a degree in Journalism with an emphasis in Media Studies. I am also the Founder and CEO of San Diego Sports Domination. I am an award winning blogger and have been covering San Diego State Athletics and San Diego Sports for the past 10 years. I have written many guest articles and have appeared in many podcasts. I am also the team photographer for the San Diego Silverbacks, San Diego Surf (WPSL) and San Diego Strike Force. At my day job, I am a Live Coverage and Studio Coordinator at STN Digital a Digital Marketing Agency that works in the Sports & Entertainment Industry. We work with the biggest sports & entertainment companies in the world.

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Opening your third eye and developing clairvoyance doesn’t have to be easier said than done. In fact, since this is one of my most requested topics, I put together this mega “cheat sheet” to get your intuitive ball rolling:

1. Visualization exercise. Visualization exercises will help strengthen and fine tune your third eye muscles. You can do this exercise with almost anything, but I LOVE using flowers (they’re pretty and if you use real ones, they smell good!) Simply place a flower in front of you and study it for a little while. Now, close your eyes and imagine the flower in as much detail as you can. Let the color, shape, size, etc. flood your mind. Practicing this clairvoyant exercise will help you become a stronger and more accurate psychic.

2. Day dream. Head back to your childhood days and let your logical mind check out for awhile! Relax, close your eyes, and focus on your third eye area (the area in between your eyebrows). Then, ask your Spirit Guides to show you beautiful, peaceful images. Don’t try to control what you see, or think too much about what they’re showing you. Just let your mind wander and allow your Guides to connect with you through your clairvoyance.

3. Talk to your Spirit Guides. Obviously it’s easier to ask your Spirit Guides to show you some beautiful images. If you haven’t talked with your Guides yet, don’t worry. It’s much easier than you think. In fact, this is the one of the most effortless (yet powerful!) clairvoyant exercises you’ll ever learn.
All you need to do is simply start checking in with your Spirit Guides throughout the day. If you need help making a decision or intuitive guidance, check in with your spiritual (Don’t worry, they can totally hear you.) Take notice of any intuitive nudges you feel or images that come to mind through your clairvoyance.

4. Set an intention. Those Spirit Guides you’re now getting acquainted with will help you through all of your clairvoyant exercises. Your intuitive gifts, including clairvoyance are how your Guides communicate with you. So if you’re feeling stuck, or aren’t sure what to do first, don’t be shy about asking them for help. All you need to do is set the intention that you want Divine guidance from your Spirit Guides in your life. Once you’ve set the intention, be on the lookout for signs, they’ll be everywhere!

5. Practice seeing auras. It’s true… ANYONE can learn to see an aura (the energy around living things!) So it goes without saying that this is a great clairvoyance exercise! To get started seeing auras, have a friend stand in front of a plain colored wall. Step back about eight feet (you don’t need to break out a tape measure, just stand far enough back that you can see her cute shoes and head without looking up or down.) Then, focus on your friend’s forehead (the third eye area). Imagine you are looking through her, at the wall behind. You will start to notice the aura layer around the head. That’s it!

6. Add meditation to your daily routine. Mediation is one of the most important clairvoyant exercises you’ll practice. It grounds you and raises your energetic vibe, which allows you to access all the psychic goodness in the universe!

7. Don’t forget to journal. Once you connect with your Higher Self and Spiritual team, I can just about promise that you’ll have a few things you want to jot down. It helps get you in touch with your Higher Self and Spirit Guides.

8. Practice giving readings often. Here’s the thing… you can read about psychic development and intuitive readings all day long, but at some point you have to actually get out there and give some readings. Yes, it’s a little scary at first, but giving readings to family members, friends, and friends of friends is one of the best clairvoyant exercises you can do. Just be sure to get their permission first. 🙂

9. Get yourself a fluorite crystal. Fluorite crystal does double-duty by activating your third eye and providing you with psychic protection at the same time. (Plus, it’s gorgeous!) To get all the benefits of fluorite, sage it and then meditate with it nearby, wear it as jewelry, or sleep with it near your pillow

10. Use rosemary essential oil on your third eye chakra. I’m a big believer in using the natural power of essential oils for just about everything, including psychic development. For opening clairvoyance, take a small drop of rosemary essential oil and carefully rub it on your third eye chakra (the area between your eyebrows).
Tip: Meditate with some rosemary essential oil running in your diffuser (or on your third eye) for a powerful clairvoyant meditation!

11. Eat high-vibrational foods. It’s true, the food you eat affects your vibration! Adding high vibration foods to your diet, such as fresh fruits and even dark, organic chocolate does help raise your energetic vibe and strengthen your aura. Plus, it helps you feel better physically which will make it way easier to develop your psychic abilities.

12. Join a spiritual development circle or take a class. This tip was critical for me when I first started developing your psychic abilities. Learning from a trusted mentor will give you a safe, loving environment in which to develop your psychic abilities and mediumship.

13. Meditate with a crystal on your third eye. Sage crystal, get a pillow and lay comfortably. Place any of the following crystals on your third eye while you meditate or envision your clairvoyance strengthening:
• Amethyst
• Labradorite
• Aquamarine
• Opal
• Fluorite
• Tektite
• Celestite
• Tiger’s Eye
• Moonstone
• Sugilite
• Ulexite

14. Zener cards. Using a pack of Zener cards practice sending telepathic images to and from a friend.

15. Keep a dream journal. Clairvoyant images and messages can often come through in our dreams. For this reason, keeping a dream journal and pen near your bed can be super handy. After a while, you might to notice that you are seeing patterns or symbols in your dreams!

16. Get to know other psychics and mediums. Being a psychic or medium is a unique path. There’s a certain set of challenges and obstacles that face us that the rest of the world simply won’t get. That makes it really nice to have the support of others who are just like you! Plus, they can let you in on their tips and serve as great practice partners.

17. Learn to turn your gifts “on”. Once you start to developing clairvoyance, you’ll want to learn how to control it. This way you’re not “on” all the time and receiving intuitive images all day long. So, prior to using any of the clairvoyant exercises in this post, imagine lighting a candle in your mind. Then, invite your Spirit Guides and Angels in, and get the feeling of turning your gifts on. The candle visualization lets your spiritual helpers know that you are ready to receive intuitive and Spirit communication.

18. Learn to turn your gifts “off”. Obviously the next tip is to learn to turn your clairvoyancy OFF when you are done practicing. So once you’ve wrapped up, imagine blowing out the candle in your mind. Then, be sure to thank your spiritual helpers for their Divine support. This will help you control your gifts when you’re not working with Spirit or giving a reading.

19. Release expectations. Take the pressure off of yourself and forget everything you’ve ever seen about psychic abilities in the movies. Instead, be open to the way in which clairvoyance comes to you. It might be a vision that plays out like a movie in your mind, a still image, something symbolic, or something totally unique to you!

20. Focus on your third eye. Even though this is the last of the clairvoyant exercises, it’s one of the most important! Your third eye is where your clairvoyance will stem from. As your psychic abilities increase, remember to allow and trust the intuitive images and visions that come to your mind. Do meditations that activate your abilities, place crystals on your third eye, and even give it some taps.

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Jacqueline Hendriks,The Conversation, September 9, 2020 6.07am AEST

Relationships and sex education became compulsory throughout schools in England at the beginning of September 2020. In primary schools the course will focus on relationships, while secondary schools will include topics such as managing intimate relationships, consent and online behaviour.

Schools — including government, independent and faith-based — must also develop a specific relationships and sex education policy that reflects their community and involves engagement with families.

In contrast, Australia’s relationships and sex education response is not clearly directed or regulated. Its delivery varies widely and often fails to support the personal and social development of young people.

Trans and cis women and men all have similar levels of PrEP drugs in blood

nam/aidsmap, 7 September 2020

A study in which 24 trans women and 24 trans men who were taking gender-affirming hormone therapy were directly observed to take a daily dose of the standard formulation of the HIV prevention medication PrEP found that the levels of the two PrEP drugs tenofovir and emtricitabine were similar to the levels seen in similar cis men and women, and were all above levels associated with efficacy.

This study to some extent addresses concerns raised by a couple of other studies which had suggested that both levels of gender-affirming hormones and levels of PrEP could be lower in trans people taking PrEP, due to drug-drug interactions.

Shortage of norethisterone-containing pills in Australia: Advice for GPs

July/August 2020

The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) advises:

Consumers and health professionals are advised that there is a shortage of oral contraceptive pills containing the combination ethinylestradiol and norethisterone.

The affected products are:

  • Brevinor – norethisterone 0.5 mg and ethinylestradiol 35 micrograms
  • Norimin – norethisterone 0.5 mg and ethinylestradiol 35 micrograms
  • Brevinor-1 – norethisterone 1 mg and ethinylestradiol 35 micrograms
  • Norimin-1 – norethisterone 1 mg and ethinylestradiol 35 micrograms.

All four products are sponsored by Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd.

Pfizer has advised the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) the shortage of these products is due to manufacturing issues and is expected to continue until mid-October 2020 and early December 2020, depending on the product. Further information about the shortage is available on the TGA’s Medicine Shortage Reports Database.

Meanwhile, SPHERE (NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Sexual and Reproductive Health for Women in Primary Care) have released a statement:

A global shortage of contraceptive pills containing the progestogen contrnorethisterone (NET) has led to shortages in Australia since March 2020. The reason for the shortages, as provided by the manufacturer Pfizer, is ‘’manufacturing delays’’ as the company states it is upgrading engineering on packaging lines and implementing additional packaging lines to rectify the shortages.

At the time of writing, the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) website indicates that the pills will become available in November-December 2020, however, there may be additional COVID-19-related delays.

Updated IMPLANON NXT Procedures Statement

SHINE SA, September 2020

The contraceptive implant (Implanon NXT) is one of the most effective contraceptives available. Along with the hormonal and copper IUDs, it is classified as Long Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) which are recommended as first-line options for all people choosing to use contraception.

SHINE SA wish to alert clinicians to important updated information about Implanon NXT procedures following an update of the product information in January 2020. These changes have been made to avoid the large blood vessels and nerves within and around the sulcus between biceps and triceps and reflect published research.

Digital chemsex support and care: The potential of just-in-time adaptive interventions

International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 85, November 2020

T. Platteau, C. Herrijgers, J. de Wit

Chemsex among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) has received increasing attention as a public health concern in recent years. Chemsex can affect a variety of aspects of the lives of GBMSM and contribute to physical, social and emotional health burden. Starting from a continuum perspective of chemsex, rather than a binary view of problematic vs. non-problematic use, we argue that men engaging in chemsex at different points in their chemsex journey may benefit from tailored and personalized support to cope with the various and evolving challenges and concerns that may be related to their chemsex behavior. To date, interactive digital communication technologies are not much used to provide support and care for GBMSM engaging in chemsex, neither for community-based support and care nor by health services. This suggests potential for missed opportunities, as GBMSM are generally avid users of these technologies for social connections and hookups, including in relation to chemsex. Recent research has provided emerging evidence of the potential effects of so-called just in time adaptive interventions (JITAI) to provide effective support and care for a variety of health issues. JITAI hold much promise for the provision of appropriate, tailored support and care for GBMSM at different points in the chemsex journey. Co-designing JITAI with potential users and other stakeholders (co-design) is key to success. At the Institute for Tropical Medicine, in Antwerp (Belgium), we initiated the Chemified project to develop an innovative digital chemsex support and care tool for GBMSM. This project illustrates how current understanding of chemsex as a journey can be integrated with a JITAI approach and make use of co-design principles to advance the available support and care for GBMSM engaging in chemsex.

Free online event – What Is Your Vision: The Future Of Abortion Care In Australia

Children by ChoiceFamily Planning NT, I Had One Too1800 My OptionsOur Bodies Our ChoicesSouth Australian Abortion Action CoalitionSexual Health Quarters WASPHERE and Women’s Health Tasmania, September 2020

What Is Your Vision: The Future Of Abortion Care In Australia Event Banner

Event time and date: Mon 28th Sep 2020, 7:00 pm – 8:15 pm AEST (NB: this event starts at 6.30 PM Adelaide Time)

About the event

Gina Rushton will be chatting to health consumers with lived experience, abortion care providers, advocates, policymakers, and you the audience about what the future of abortion care should and could look like in Australia.

This event will be exploring the Australian abortion landscape, recognising that each State and Territory has it’s own legal, cultural and practice context.

Our panellists:

  • Chrissie Bernasconi – Health Consumer
  • Dr Sarah McEwan – Wiradjuri woman and Medical Doctor
  • Hon Dr Sharman Stone – Professor of Practice for Gender, Peace and Security, Monash University
  • Dr Mark Farrugia – Rural GP and MTOP provider
  • Professor Deb Bateson – Medical Director, Family Planning NSW
  • Dr Suzanne Belton – Medical Anthropologist and Midwife

About the facilitator

Gina Rushton is a journalist who has written for BuzzFeed News, The Guardian, The Monthly, The Saturday Paper, Crikey, PRIMER and The Australian. She is a Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists media excellence award winner and Australian Human Rights Commission media award finalist for her coverage of reproductive rights.

About International Safe Abortion Day

28th of September is International Safe Abortion Day, the herstory of this day begins in Latin America and the Caribbean where women’s groups have been mobilizing around September 28 for the last two decades to demand their governments decriminalize abortions, provide access to safe and affordable abortion services and to end stigma and discrimination towards people who choose to have abortions.

Extra info

There will be an opportunity to ask questions in a Q&A – You can also submit a question prior to the event when you register.

This event is offered in accordance with Children by Choice’s pro-choice framework. Children by Choice reserve the right to refuse registrations and remove individuals from the event.


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Guide is applied to INTERLUDE

There is a chance ,that i will update it to latest chronicles,if i play bishop there.But this is for Interlude

Also notice that guide isn't for low rate servers/servers without mana potions

There,you act in a different way

Following this guide isn't gonna make anyone pro.Though,if you follow some things,you can still become a good player,surviving a lot.Then,with proper experience you can become too

You should follow some parts of the guide STRICT(talking about armory/buffs/dyes/jewels) and then build some own things

Anyway,let's start

To become a Cardinal ,you need to go through

[*]Human Mage

Let's see the most basic skills of bishop.

Heals/Reinforcement skills!

skill1218_0.pngGreater Battle Heal: Your best heal,quick and powerful,though it costs quite a lot mana :(

skill1402_0.pngMajor Group Heal: Your best group heal.It's more powerful than target heal,used in party,but it has bigged cooldown & mana cost.Requires Spirit Ores

skill1335_0.pngBalance Life: It balances your party member's life.Very useful in PvP

skill1311_0.pngBody Of Avatar: It gives quite a lot HP @ your party.It's power/CD depends on server,but it's still useful.It also gives the effect of Bless The Body (lvl6-doesn't stack)

skill1409_0.pngCleanse: Cancels almost all debuffs of your target.Requires Einhasad Holy Water

skill1016_0.pngResuccation: It res-es your target.

skill1254_0.pngMass Res: It makes res @ your nearby ALLIES.Quite bigger cd/casting time than simple res

skill1307_0.png Prayer: When you have this buff(party buff) heal effectiveness is increased

skill1418_0.pngCelestial Shield: Makes your target invulnerable to any damage/debuff

skill1258_0.pngRestore Life: Restores 30% of your targets max life.Useful on Tanks ;P

skill1410_0.pngSalvation: Your target will auto ressed when dies.Use it on you :) .It has the same effect with nobless,also

skill1271_0.pngBenediction: It restores FULLY your party's HP,if your mana is below 25%.Kinda big Cooldown

skill1219_0.pngGroup Heal: It restores your party's HP.Not so useful,but it adds a HP regeneration buff,too

skill1018_0.pngPurify: It cancels paralyze attacks of your target

skill1353_0.pngDivine Protection: Increases your targets resist to dark attacks(aka Necro ones).Useful when this buff isn't available  @ npc buffer ;D

skill0336_0.pngArcana Wisdom: Toogle.When used,decreases your cast speed,and MANA COST of skills.Consumes HP/second

skill1430_0.pngMedication: Self-targeted skill.Put yourself into a paralyze,while your mana gets repaired.Your PDEF is also lowered

'Attacking' Skills

skill1394_0.pngTrance: Puts your target into sleep.Little cooldown/casting time,nice success rate

skill1360_0.pngBlock Shield: It cancels your nearby enemies shield buffs + it adds a debuff to them,so they can't have any shield buff till it's over

skill1361_0.pngBlock Wind Walk: Same as Block shield,but for speed buffs

skill1398_0.pngMana burn: Burns enemies mana(quite useful in Oly)

skill1400_0.pngTurn Undead: It has 50% possibility to make a LETHAL strike @ an Undead mob.Requires spirit ores

skill1028_0.pngMighty Heaven: Deals damage on mobs(88 power).Can be used ONLY vs Undead mobs.

skill1395_0.pngErase It sends enemy's PET into another dimension

Just...get an acumen weapon

Better get a Sword Of Miracles,or Vahalla,cause they are acumen,and they consume 1 BS

And they are easier to obtain,than an AM ;P

Here,we have a deal

Imo,there are 3 choices

Dark Crystal

You have extra casting speed and speed.Mostly preferable choice

Major arcana

You have more PDEF and Stun/Cancel resistance.But you have less casting speed thatn DC

Tallum Robe

You have a bit more less casting speed than Dark Crystal,but more Mdef

Majestic Robe

A good alternative of Major Arcana,if you can't afford it(Stun Resistance)

My recommendation:

While playing random pvps,use Dark Crystal.Fast casting is a big +

If playing in a mage mostly server,use DC.Tallum isn't that good,imo

If playing in a fighter mostly server,use Major Arcana.You need that extra PDEF+ Stun resist

Especially in Mid Rate IL servers,where many archers/warlords exist in PvPs

I won't give links/images of jewels this time

You should use Tateo jewel set.For start

Regarding about Raid boss jewels

Ring of Baium/Tateo

Tateo Ring

Not 2 same rings at the same time!

You should NOT use AQ.It's useless

About baium,it's not a must

Orfen gives heal increase,so i'ts nice

Antharas/Zaken are needed for stun resist

Frintezza is better than Valakas,since it gives more resists(stun dark etc)

Since you can't put any INT dye,you will have to decrease MEN

Wit +5 Men -5

(you can put +3-3 +2-2 or +4-4 +1-1 dyes)

Con +4 Str -4

Stun resistance + life,uber needed

Skill enchants

You can enchant your skills at OREN temple at Vadin

Your first priority is heal skills,among with Prayer @ time

Misc Items

Here are some items,you should ALWAYS have with you

[*]Mana potions

[*]Blessed Spiritshot same with your weapons grade

[*]Spirit Ores

[*]Einhasad Holy Water

[*]Elixir of Life:S

[*]Cp Potions

You should focus on your defence and casting speed.

No Matk buffs allowed,so :)

We have the basic buffs.Shield,magic barrier,dance of contrancation,BTB etc.

Then,regarding server and buff limit we add resists

NEVER take Berseker

Always use COV

If server has 24 buffs slots,i prefer a balanced one.So,i add Divine+elemental protection(for resistance vs mages) and Advanaced protection/blessed shield (resistance vs Fighters)

If server is a mage one(fighters sax) replace 2 fighter resists with  unholy protection/dance of aqua or song of storm guard

If server has more slots,don't forget to take ALL resists you can,and don't forget NOT getting berseker and taking COV

Here are 2 examples,one with 24buff slots,and one with 36 or unlimited

Note that instead of nobless you should have Salvation

also,except 2 last buffs in 24 buff example,dance of aqua and song of storm guard should be in start(before bless shield- i was too lazy to rebuff :P)

General  Tactics

Playing as Bishop isn't an easy business

[*]First of all,you should turn your party's config to DEBUFFS,in order to Cleanse them

[*]You should always take care of every player in your Party.

        Balance Life and Major heal/Body of Avatar are better than Greater Battle heal

[*]You should have 2 armors.A DarkCrystal and a Major Arcana.If you are playing vs some archers/daggers,major arcana saves your ass,cause most time you should use DC

[*]If daggers attack you,try not showing your back,and just healing.

         Turn at them,use mass wind walk and shield,and trance them,while group healing.

[*]If mages attack you,try to heal yourself/trance them.They will deal shitty dmg anyway,since you will have many resists

[*]When a close range fighter comes,use mass block wind walk and try to get away(like vs gladiators/tyrant/titans/warlords).Use trance too,if they aren't wearing an IC

[*]Vs tanks,care for healing.Use group heals mostly,and keep your mouse cursor on your name.

[*]When you have tanks party members,use Restore Life at them

[*]When you don't have many mana pots left,consider using Arcane Wisdom(among with DC armor).It will save you :)

[*]Don't make Prayer if your party members don't have buff slots available.Leave party,make it alone and reenter.Or who doesn't want the buff,should do so

[*]If you are in a party with 2 bishops,always keep an eye on other bp's debuffs.He should never have debuffs,cleanse him asap

[*]When you get silenced,use CP pots/Elixir of Life and run

[*]Don't use Group Heal(i am not talking about Major one).In some servers it consumes 1 buff slots,and this is hard T_T.Plus,it's almost useless(little amount of heal)

[*]Use Salvation on your own first,and then at it's first re-use,do it at your tank.

         Always have a ready celestial when you start fighting,cause if you die,you will need to recast it on you

DVC/Imperial are good places to xp.Mobs are undead,and you can kill them by lethaling them

But you mostly look for parties,in high level xp zones.

There,keep using Group heals(in order not provoking mobs) .Remember ,you should not die->cause then,your party dies

About Olympiad

Here,i have almost none experience (:()

But :

You should use a bow/sword in order to attack

Burn enemy's Mana first,among with Trance

Use Mass block ww/shield in start

Use Erase vs Summoners

Αdded:Tactics by Pwnnnz0r^:

In the beginning:

-use a homunkulus conversion (for more mana)

-wear ur DC robe set (more cast)

-burn ur enemies MP (usually for mages, but also for fighters as gladiator, tyrant and others too)

-mass blocks

 After burning ur enemies mana and debuffed him:

-wear ur armor (i dont open l2 from months so i don't even remember what armor i used to use,, maybe draconic dunno)

-wear ur weapon (a dagger or a 1H sword, ofc u need a bow too)

-attack ? ;D

Also ,remember!

a Bishop's role isn't

Topics: healer
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Stuck in a rut

I am stuck.  Stuck in a carbolicious rut of carbs, carbs, and more carbs.  And not the good kind of carbs either, oh no.   The more carbs I eat, the more I want.  I just can’t seem to shake it.  In analyzing my problem, I’ve come up with a couple different reasons for my descent into carbhell.  #1) I think I don’t eat enough during the day so that when I come home all I want to do is eat, eat, and then eat some more.  Also (this would be #2) I can’t think of any protein-rich snacks that sound good to me.   My snacks lately consist of goldfish crackers, popcorn (the kind from the Christmas tins), and anything of the chocolate nature.   String cheese has always been my go-to protein snack, but that just doesn’t sound good to me anymore.

I wish it was summer – during the warmer months I eat salads all the time.  And fruit…I love fruit in the summer.  During these cold winter months however,  I want hearty soups and comfort foods.  Thick rich chewy foods do it for me right now in a big way, hence the 8 pound weight gain (yeah, I just admitted that I’ve gained 8 pounds in the last 6 weeks).   I’m getting back into the workout habit, but it doesn’t do much good when I wreck all my hard work with 1,000 calorie snacks right afterward.

Just ignore this post – I’m venting to myself.

However, just so that this post isn’t a total waste – in case you didn’t notice, I added the progress pics page.  You can see me go from cute little thang to big mama  to somewhat normal person again.  If I don’t get my eating back in control, I’m going to be posting big mama pics again…and no one wants to see that.

8 thoughts on “Stuck in a rut

  1. I found something called NUT*rition Energy Mix by the peanut company ( – mmm mmm.

    I find it hard to break off carbs once I have been swimming/drowning in them during the holidays.

  2. you look great!!!!!!!…once I have one delish carb , i want more , more , more…then I’ll have an orange or something and say…ok that wasn’t so bad. ..but it’s more of an effort for me to eat the “good” for you stuff. Old habits are hard to break. You did it before , you can do it again.
    Do you have a slow cooker? Make some soups. I make that WW veggie soup and try to eat it before each meal to fill me up. (you can make in a regular pot too). heehee

  3. Do you like hummus? Hummus and carrots works for me as a snack, filling, little speck of protein, not addictive like carbs. Also yogurt.

    I find that sugar just makes me want more sugar, so I try to stringently avoid it (please note the word TRY!).

    At least you’ve caught yourself at 8 lbs. You’ll work your way back! Go Jill!

    Tagged you for 7 things, btw!

  4. Oh man, Jill. Yes, eat more earlier in the day. Do you know that on the days I work I eat a pre-breakfast, and then a breakfast, and then dinner-lunch, and an afternoon snack, and then another snack on my way home in the car. Then NOTHING when I get home. (But I know that is different than for you. My day is 15 1/2 hours because of the commute.) Even so, you can see I eat a lot early in the day.

    More protein snacks? I don’t know…some of the protein snack bars are pretty good, but a little high in calories. Clif bars hold me longer than any of the others I’ve tried. South Beach aren’t bad either.

    But really, the sugar thing. We just need to give it up! I wrote about getting back on track this morning, posted it tonight when I got home, and then because I was feeling anxious, I went out and got cookies out of the freezer and ate them WHILE I watched the Biggest Loser. Aaaargh!

    I have a new recipe for Swiss Steak, real simple, that is ‘comfort food’ for me. I will try to post it soon.

  5. Love the progress pics!

    For me, if I’m feeling snacky and ONLY want carbs and not protein, sometimes it’s a sign that it’s more of a craving and not so much hunger. But then, I eat pretty regularly so often snacking is more out of boredom than hunger.

    Nuts and hummous are both good suggestions! I also do hardboiled eggs, bean dip, peanut butter…

    Good luck on turning it around. Sounds like you’re ready to get back on track and I bet you’ll be successful!

  6. I too found a rut mid-December till about oh say Monday. I am coming out of it this week. I ate ate and ate the bad stuff, I quit recording my stats for the most part and just didn’t care for a while. Not a recipe for success as we both know.

    I came out of it by going back to the routine that gave me success for a while. Which is to pack up in a bag everything that goes into my belly until dinner time. I can count the calories and plan to eat anything I want, provided the calories do not go over a certain number. The key is that I fill the bag when I am not in a starved state and can make wise choices. I get to eat about 2000-2200 calories so I eat breakfast of 300-400 calories, save 700 for dinner and nighttime snack and pack up 1000 or 1100 to eat during the day. This usually consists of a stick of cheese, can of V8, apple or pear, fiber one bar, baby carrots, yogurt or a few nuts, and then a lunch like a salad and a small portion of last nights dinner, etc. This parade of snacks during the day with a higher fiber snack like the fiber bar or apple/pear just before quitin’ time so as I get home I am not starving making wise choices easier to come by (though of course not guranteed).

    The catalyst for getting back on track was also a key for me. For me it was a class at the local YMCA about sports periodization, but it really was more about getting the right things on my mind. It could have been a book to re-read or a bout of reading others blogs. Anything to get the mind thinking about working out and eating would have done the trick. It is almost like I now have a secret agent on duty helping me, that would be my subconcious mind. He is noticing that I am thinking about this stuff a lot lately so this fella now starts to dream about it when he gets his time at night. It all becomes easier and it is like I am back where I was before when I was doing well.

    I find that skipping the blog reading and group workouts and books and my favorite show (biggest loser) makes me worry about the other things and start to ignore this very important goal. The mind will spend time on what you think about and worry about the most. So, it is my job to be certain that I spend a fair amount of time on fitness and healthy eating so that it is on my side instead of against me.

    Good luck on getting back to it, I am rooting for ya.

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All is well in Sassyville

Okay so even though I didn’t get to bed early last night, today I am surprisingly well rested! I even woke up at like midnight…in a good mood. What’s up with that? Seriously, I woke up feeling all cheerful and then when I realized I could still sleep for 5 more hours, I was a little bit giddy. Is this how dementia starts, I wonder?

One thing that I forgot to mention about my boss in yesterday’s post is that he’s a redneck. Yep, he’s a bona fide Good Ole Boy, so if you go back and re-read those bossisms and imagine an Okie drawl, then you’ll really get an even better idea of why I call my office Hillbilly Hell. And yeah, I often wonder how he ended up in a position of leadership and authority…and why I’m working for him. Boggles the mind, I tell ya.

In all my snarky excitement yesterday, I forgot to mention that I got a blog award! The lovely and talented Jenn gave me this:

WMBS Award

 Isn’t it great?! Thanks Jenn – I really do appreciate it!! 🙂

Well we haven’t had a weight update in a while have we? As of this morning, I am down to 155 – can I get an awww yeah?! So that puts me 3 pounds away from my low of 152, and 5 pounds away from my short term goal of 150, and 15 pounds away from my official goal of 140, and 25 pounds away from my super-ultimate-but-probably-unattainable goal of 130. I would have been a lot lower by now, but exercise has come to a screeching halt the last couple of weeks. I’ve been staying active, just haven’t done much bucket-sweating-formal exercise, and that’s what really sheds the poundage for me (I don’t care what Time magazine says). Truth be told, I’m kind of bored with the elliptical, and I have the strangest urge to…run. GASP! SHOCK! AWE! I know, I know, every year about this time I say I want to be a runner, and I go on a couple of half-assed runs and then I stop running. But really? The Urge has been with me for a while now, and if I could just find a) a good location and b) the time , I would totally go running. Maybe I’ll carve out some time this weekend – who knows.

Okay well, time to get my hillbilly work done so I can make my hillbilly boss look good. I hope you all have a great Wednesday – we are halfway through the week!! Woohoo!

7 thoughts on “All is well in Sassyville

  1. I did it Jill. I went back and read that list with an Okie redneck drawl. And when I got to the one where he used two bossisms in one sentence “put a proclaimer in there that we aren’t reliable for that” I almost snorted my smoothie out my nose!

    Congrats on the weight loss! I already know you look fantastic (from your vacation pics) and can’t wait to see your glamorous self when you get to 150!

    Oh yeah, you should read Lori’s blog on how she became a runner. Real life inspiration.

  2. awwwwwwwwwwwwww yeahhhhhhhh is right! good for you!

    I ditched my scale…we’re not friends right now….

    I still think havin’ a redneck english butchering “boss” is more entertaining than a boss, who even today…is…OUT

    but it must be hard at times like…respecting….a boss who’s a dork!

    I got the itch to be a “hack” runner…. i jog at best…slow. but I am keeping at it and loving the challenge…but i had to get a treadmill because getting out is just not happening!

    Happy Day to you (it’s MY Friday….weeeehaaaaa)

  3. YAY for the loss girlie. You are going to pass me up on the way down.

    & did I hear the R word come out of your mouth???!!! I’m going to get all excited if you threaten to become a runner.

    Your hillbilly boss-isms are freaking hysterical.

  4. Ah yes, the running urge. I get that too. I also go for a couple half assed runs before I start thinking, “this is hard, and i suck.” Not the most positive message or self talk, I know, but that’s what I do. I look forward to the day when I can run and enjoy the process. I hear it gets easier over time…maybe i should try more than three runs before I expect to be good at it!

  5. i live in rural pennsylvania, so the accent isn’t quite as amusing, but it still cracks me up everytime some redneck uses the wrong word for something but says it with complete confidence. makes me want to go door to door passing out dictionaries. but definately a top notch hilarious list of boss-isms. kudos.

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US, Turkish Presidents Talk as Ankara Ratchets Up Syria Tension

The Turkish and U.S. presidents spoke by telephone Friday, as Ankara threatens to attack a key Washington ally in the U.S. effort against Islamic State in Syria.

The White House said U.S. President Donald Trump and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan discussed the "security concerns" of the two countries in Syria and the fight against terrorism.

"The presidents agreed to continue coordinating to achieve our respective security objectives in Syria," a White House statement said.

Turkish officials said the two leaders "agreed on the need for more effective coordination within the context of Syria.

The conversation came as Turkish forces continued a buildup on the Syria border. Erdogan on Wednesday said a military operation would be launched in a few days against the Syrian YPG Kurdish militia.

Ankara considers the YPG a terrorist organization affiliated with the PKK rebel group that has been fighting a decades-long insurgency inside Turkey. The YPG, however, is a crucial ally in Washington's war against Islamic State in Syria.

On Friday, Erdogan further ratcheted up tensions, targeting the Syrian City of Manbij.

"Manbij is a place 85-90 percent populated by Arabs, but they [the U.S.) have completely given it to a terrorist organization. They said we're going to eject them. They did not. If you don't, we will enter Manbij," Erdogan said in a speech to an Istanbul meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.

The YPG, as part of the SDF coalition, seized the Syrian city from Islamic State. Ankara accuses Washington of reneging on its commitment for the militia to withdraw.

Earlier this year, Ankara and Washington agreed to a road map to defuse tensions over Manbij. Part of the deal is already in effect with joint U.S.-Turkish military patrols outside Manbij.

Erdogan, however, accused Washington of deliberately delaying the critical part of the road map, the YPG's withdrawal.

Turkish forces, along with its Arab militia allies, are close to Manbij. The U.S. Defense Department, in a statement Thursday, said any unilateral action against the YPG would be" unacceptable."

Erdogan said Wednesday Turkish forces would remove the militia's presence from hundreds of kilometers of Syrian territory bordering Turkey.

Local media report Turkish forces are continuing to reinforce an already large military presence on the Syrian border, facing off against the YPG.

The Turkish military buildup comes as the YPG engages in heavy fighting against Islamic State on the Syria-Iraq border. On Friday, the YPG claimed to have captured the town of Hajin, one of the last strongholds of the jihadist group.

The YPG commander, Mazloum Kobani, in comments to the news agency Reuters, warned that any attack by Turkish forces would impact the war against Islamic State.

If there is a Turkish attack, the YPG forces will be forced to come to protect the borders, to defend their families, Kobani said. Without them, The battle against Daesh is not possible, he added, using an Arab acronym for Islamic State.

Earlier this year, the YPG briefly suspended military operations in response to heavy shelling by Turkish artillery. In a bid to defuse tensions, Washington deployed three observation bases between the militia and the Turkish frontier.

Analysts say Turkey is calculating that, with Islamic State all but defeated in Syria, Washington is unlikely to risk a confrontation with Ankara over the YPG.

I understand the assumption of President Erdogan that they can overcome these political difficulties, said former senior Turkish diplomat Aydin Selcen, adding, Or it will not break out of control to a full conflict level, but with some protests or whatever, then it will be business as usual with the U.S.

US-Turkey relations

U.S.-Turkey relations are still recovering following October's release by a Turkish court of American pastor Andrew Brunson. Brunson's

detention resulted in the Trump administration imposing financial sanctions on Ankara, triggering a collapse in the Turkish lira, the effects of which continue.

The Brunson affair showed dollar-TL (Turkish lira) peaked at 7.3. We were inches away from a balance of crisis - our banks couldn't roll over maturing loans for a month, said analyst Atilla Yesilada of Global Source Partners.

And the economy's so fragile that any event could deal a lethal blow. We can no longer afford these ideological disputes with the West, Yesilada added.

The Turkish currency has recovered from record lows, but, the fear of a new crisis between Ankara and Washington has seen some weakness in the lira this past week.

Heavier currency declines were averted, analysts suggest, by the belief that ultimately Ankara will avoid a confrontation with Washington.

We are capable of acting against this terrorist corridor [referring to YPG), but dialogue (between Ankara and Washington) is ongoing. You have to negotiate and show your strength at the same time, said an unnamed senior Turkish official quoted in an article by regional analyst Kyle Orton for Turkey's state broadcaster TRT.

Observers suggest Erdogan could be looking for Washington to expedite the removal of the YPG from Manbij and the creation of a security cordon inside Syria along Turkey's border.

VOA White House correspondent Steve Herman contributed to this report.

Source: Voice of America

© Copyright 2020. All Rights Reserved. Saudi Arabia News Express


text:
The Launch Potluck

  • 21 Apr 2018
  • 5:30 PM
  • American Legion, Polk City

Registration is closed

We will gather at about 5:30 at the Legion. Dinner will start around 6:15.

Also, a big thank you to Don and Christy Jay for donating the tickets to the Jimmy Buffet concert that we raffled off at the last potluck. They raised $220. for the club!

Copyright 2020 Saylorville Yacht Club

Powered by Wild Apricot Membership Software


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Type A Body Block

Type A Body Block

SCHAP’s Type A Body Block is is made of machined aluminum in our manufacturing facility. We have designed this body block for reduced weight without compromising strength or durability. It comes with appropriate mounting points for Static Load testing.

The contact surface is covered by 1″ medium density canvas covered foam rubber. For ease of maintenance, cotton duck canvas covers are laced for easy tightening, removal and replacement. Cover kits are available separately.

Our body blocks are designed for use with Static Load Testers. They conform to tests FMVSS 210, FMVSS 207, and ECE R14. The Type B pelvic body block may be substituted for the Type A pelvic body block to apply the specified force to the center set(s) of anchorages for any group of 3 or more sets of anchorages that are simultaneously loaded.

Body blocks can be purchased with customer specified modifications as a stand-alone item. Body blocks can also be painted for company brand matching for an additional cost.

Weight29 kg
Dimensions330 × 380 × 270 mm


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CYO Fall Sports Registration

July 26 - August 15

Registration is now open at olgccrusaders.com.

The fall season runs from late August through middle October and includes Football, Cheer, Cross Country, Soccer and Volleyball. As a reminder, OLGC CYO is open to all Parish members, not just OLGC school kids.

As a reminder:

  • To see registration options, please click “login” in the upper right hand corner.
  • There will be a new $100 maintenance fee per family for the 2020 school year.
  • We will not know schedules/coaching until closer to the season. Please note, if there is ever a conflict when those decisions are finally made, we will refund your account.
  • You will need a new physical for the school year – that can be found here
  • Please upload your physical when you register.

July 26
August 15


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.13 número2Sensitivity of soil respiration to moisture and temperatureResponse of mycorrhizal hybrid tomato cultivars under saline stress índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
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Journal of soil science and plant nutrition

versão On-line ISSN 0718-9516

J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. vol.13 no.2 Temuco jun. 2013  Epub 22-Maio-2013

Evaluation of potential nirs to predict pastures nutritive value

I. Lobos1*, P. Gou2, S. Hube1, R. Saldaña1 and M. Alfaro1

1National Institute for Agricultural Research, Remehue Research Centre, PO BOX 24-O, Osorno, Chile.
2IRTA, Institute de Recerca I Tecnologia Agroalimentaries, Centre de Tecnologia dels Aliments, Finca Camps i Armet, E-17121 Monells, Catalonia, Spain.
*Corresponding author:

This paper describes the capability of near infra-reflectance (NIRS) to predict the nutritional quality of pastures from southern Chile (39°-40°S). A Fourier transformed near-infrared (FT-NIR) method for rapid determination of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), in vitro digestibility (IVD) and metabolizable energy (ME) was used. Calibration models were developed between chemical and NIRS spectral data using partial least squares (PLS) regression and external validation. The coefficients of determination in calibration (R2c) were high varying between 0.89-0.99 and the root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC) were low, ranging between 0.46-2.55 for the parameters analysed. The Residual Prediction Deviation (RPD) was higher than 2.5. Our results confirmed the convenience of using a wide range of samples applicability in the calibration set. Data also showed that the use of an independent set of samples for external validation increases the robustness of the models to predict unknown samples. Our results indicated RPD values higher than 2.5 which is the minimum recommended for this type of prediction. Thus, the result showed that NIRS was useful to estimate the nutritional quality of permanent pastures, and has a great potential to be used as a rapid decision tool for the studied analysis.

Keywords: Permanent pastures, animal nutrition, pastures composition, analytical methods

1. Introduction

Southern Chile (39-42°S) is the most important area in the country for dairy production, accounting for 76% of the national milk production (ODEPA, 2012). These productive systems are mainly based on grazing of permanent pastures (Teuber, 2009).

New instrumental methods have been developed in the last decades to characterize the nutritional characteristics of animal feed used for dairy production. One of these methods is the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The NIRS region is the wavelength range between 12000-4000 cm-1 in the electromagnetic spectrum. When a sample is analyzed, the radiant energy is absorbed selectively according to the specific vibration of the molecules presents, which produces an overtone in the spectrum (Conzen, 2006). Unlike most conventional analytical methods, NIRS is rapid, nondestructive, does not use chemicals, or generate chemical wastes requiring disposal and is multiparametric, i.e., several parameters can be determined simultaneously at the same measurement (Eldin, 2011).

This report is a short communication aimed to evaluate the potential of NIRS for the quantification of the nutrient composition of grazing of permanent pastures, for example for dairy production from southern Chile.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Pasture sampling and chemical analysis

The present study used 297 permanent pastures samples collected randomly in the period 2010-2011 in several farms located in southern Chile (39 to 42° S). The sampling covered different seasons, growth stage, predominant species, soil types and fertility conditions. The forage obtained was representative of mixed permanent swards, comprising different proportions of grasses such as Lolium perenne, Agrostis sp, Holcus lanatus, Bromus valdivianus and Dactylis glomerata, and legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and clovers (mostly Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L.).

Each sample was homogenized and air dried at 60°C for 48h, grounded (1mm), and analysed for the main nutritional parameters. Crude Protein (PC) was determined using the Kjeldahl method, AOAC (1970). In Vitro Digestibility (IVD) was determined by the Tilley and Terry method (1963) and the metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated using in vivo values, according to Garrido and Mann (1981). The dry matter content (DM) was determined by removing the residual water moisture at 105°C, according to Harris (1970).

2.2. NIRS analysis

For NIRS analyses, 10-15g of dried and grounded sample was exposed to an electro-magnetic scan in the reflectance mode using a BRUKER FT-NIR MPA model (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany. Energy). Each spectral measurement was obtained from 32 scans performed at a wavenumber resolution of 16 cm-1.

2.3. Calibration and validation

Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to develop the calibration models. This method is based on information contained in the measured variables, so that they can be concentrated in a smaller number of variables, without losing relevant information. The regression was performed with these new variables, simplifying the calibration model and the interpretation of results. Additionally, regression was performed in an orthogonal space avoiding problems of collinearity between variables (Brereton, 1992). The chemometrical software OPUSTM version 6.0 (Bruker Optik GmbH, Germany) was used to create models, through the selection of wavelengths, mathematical pre-treatments and PLS factors, outlier determinations and PLS regression. From the total number of samples (n=297), a first set of subsamples (n between 115 and 209 depending on the variable) were use for calibration to develop the regression models. A second set (n between 52 and 89 depending on the variable) was used for validation to evaluate the performance of the models developed. Calibration models were built correlating NIRS pre-processed spectral data with results from the chemical analysis for DM, CP, IVD and ME. The best models obtained were selected for each constituent based on the highest calibration coefficients (R2c), and the smallest root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC). In the validation process, the lowest root mean error of prediction (RMSEP) assess the overall error between modeled and reference values (Conzen, 2006). The coefficient of determination in prediction (R2p) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) were also used as additional techniques to evaluate the predictive ability of the models. The RPD is a qualitative measure for the assessment of the validation results.

Table 1. Range, mean, and standard deviation of chemical parameters and NIRS prediction models for the composition of permanents pastures samples used in the present study.

RMSEC: root mean square error of calibration; RMSEP: root mean square error of prediction; R2c: coefficient of determination in calibration; R2p : coefficient of determination in prediction; RPD: residual prediction deviation.

Figure 1. Models performance for the correlation of values obtained in the laboratory with respect to those predicted by NIRS for a) DM (%), b) CP (%), c) IVD (%), d) ME (Mcal/Kg).

3. Results

3.1. Chemical composition and NIRS analysis

There was a high variability in the nutrient components results of the samples determined by traditional chemical analysis (Table 1).

The composition predicted by NIRS corresponded closely with that of chemical analysis. Calibration coefficients of determination were higher than 0.89. In the external validation, RMSEP was lower than 3, R2p was higher than 0.85 and RPD values above 3 were observed (Figure 1).

4. Discussion

4.1. Chemical composition

The high variation observed in the nutritional composition of samples analyzed is a positive factor for calibration when predicting the composition of variable forages, as the case of the present study. The chemical variation in pasture quality during the year of sample collection could be the direct result of variability in pasture's components (botanical composition), growth stage, climatic and management factors (Hopkins, 2000).

The nutritional values found agree with previous data reported for permanent pastures in the area of study. The average DM concentration found coincides with that obtained by Alomar et al. (2009) in herbage samples from Chile. The average CP concentration (Table 1) was consistent with those reported for dry and fresh pasture samples (20.5 and 20.6%, respectively) (Alomar et al., 2003; 2009). The mean in vitro digestibility concentration obtained was higher than that obtained by Rojas et al. (2002) in samples of mixed grasslands. The average values for ME are in agreement with the values estimated by Alomar et al. (2009) and Rojas et al. (2002). These results showed that samples used in this analysis were representative of permanent pasture in southern Chile.

4.2. NIRS calibration and validation

The results showed that NIRS was a useful technique to predict plant nutrient contents as compared to conventional chemical analysis, making it a real alternative to traditional methods.

Crude protein was the parameter with the best prediction results. The error of calibration obtained in this case was lower than those obtained by Decruyenaere et al. (2009) and Fekuda et al. (2010) who obtained values of RMSEC 8.6 and 0.92, respectively Also, NIRS calibration for PC showed a RPD of 10.3, better than that of Alomar et al. (2009), with a value of 3.7 (Table 1). This could be related to the greater number of samples used in the present study (107 and 208 sample, respectively).

Metabolizable Energy showed a higher R2c than that obtained by Alomar et al. (2009) (0.97 versus 0.80, respectively). Also, the RPD value obtained in this study was 2.7 times higher than that obtained by Alomar (2009), probably because the greater number of samples used in the present study, as discussed previously.

The IVD model had a greater R2c than that found previously (0.93 and 0.82, for the present and previous studies, respectively; Andrés et al., 2005). Also, in our study, the RPD value was higher than the recommended minimum for prediction (2.5; Williams and Sobering, 1996), confirming the robustness of our model.

In contrast to our previous findings, the result for R2c and RPD values for the DM model were lower than the values reported by Fekuda et al. (2010) and Alomar (2009). This could be related to the narrow range of maximum and minimum values found in the samples analysed for this parameter, in contrast to that of CP, ME and IVD (Table 1).

The lower R2p values registered in our study, in addition to the wide range of applicability of the data used for calibration (maximum and minimum) in CP, ME and IVD, as result of the variability in the samples used, resulted in high RPD values, showing that external validation is a better tool to test the performance of the prediction models to analyze unknown samples, in contrast to the cross validation method used previously for similar studies. In the cross validation method the samples from the calibration set are also used to test the viability of the models obtained, one at each time. The RPD values obtained in the present study for all parameters were higher than 2.5 which is the critical value used for the prediction of unknown samples (Williams and Sobering, 1996), showing that NIRS can be used as a quick tool to predict the nutritional composition of permanent pastures, based on DM, CP, ME and IVD. These results also confirm that NIRS is a real alternative to conventional methods for this purpose in southern Chile.

When calibrating NIRS for pasture quality determinations, our results confirmed the convenience of using a minimum of 100 samples for the calibration set, of a wide range of applicability, as this resulted in high RPD values. Also, data showed that the use of an independent set of samples for external validation increases the robustness of the models to predict unknown samples.

The analysis ofthe models obtained, confirmed the high predictive ability of NIRS to determine the nutritional composition of permanent pastures in southern Chile, expressed by DM, CP, IVD and ME.

Thanks the Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT) post-doc grant n°3120069.

Andrés, S., Giráldez, F.J., López, S., Mantecón, A.R., Calleja, A. 2005. Nutritive evaluation of herbage from permanent meadows by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Prediction of chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. J.Sci.Food Agric. 85, 1564-1571.         [ Links ]

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Alomar, D., Fuchslocher, R., Cuevas, J., Mardones, R., Cuevas, E. 2009. Prediction of the composition of fresh pastures by Near Infrared reflectance or interactance-reflectance Spectroscopy. Chilean J. Agric. Res. 69, 198-206.         [ Links ]

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Rojas, C., Romero, O., Barrientos, L. 2002. Beef production with yellow serradella (Ornithopuscompressus L.) and subterranean clover (Trifoliumsubterraneum L.) under dryland conditions in the IXth Region, Chile. Agric. Téc .62, 519-529.         [ Links ]

Teuber, N. 2009. Praderas Permanentes en las zonas lecheras de Chile: Curvas de crecimiento distribución y producción (ISBN N° 978-956-8765-01-09), pp: 19-34.         [ Links ]

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Differential Rescue of Light- and Food-Entrainable Circadian Rhythms

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Science  23 May 2008:
Vol. 320, Issue 5879, pp. 1074-1077
DOI: 10.1126/science.1153277

This article has a correction. Please see:

When food is plentiful, circadian rhythms of animals are powerfully entrained by the light-dark cycle. However, if animals have access to food only during their normal sleep cycle, they will shift most of their circadian rhythms to match the food availability. We studied the basis for entrainment of circadian rhythms by food and light in mice with targeted disruption of the clock gene Bmal1, which lack circadian rhythmicity. Injection of a viral vector containing the Bmal1 gene into the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus restored light-entrainable, but not food-entrainable, circadian rhythms. In contrast, restoration of the Bmal1 gene only in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus restored the ability of animals to entrain to food but not to light. These results demonstrate that the dorsomedial hypothalamus contains a Bmal1-based oscillator that can drive food entrainment of circadian rhythms.

The circadian timing system (CTS) exerts endogenous temporal control over a wide range of physiological and neurobehavioral variables, conferring the adaptive advantage of predictive homeostatic regulation (1). When food is freely available, light signals from the retina entrain circadian rhythms to the day-night cycle (2). However, when food is available only during the normal sleep period [restricted feeding (RF)], many of these rhythms are reset so that the active phase corresponds to the period of food availability (3, 4). In light entrainment, retinal ganglion cells that contain the photopigment melanopsin provide signals to neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus that generate circadian rhythms through a series of molecular transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational feedback loops (5). The SCN in turn synchronizes circadian rhythms in peripheral tissue clocks through synaptic and humoral outputs (5, 6). During RF, the SCN remains on the light cycle and SCN lesions do not prevent food entrainment, which suggests that another clock may supersede the SCN (3, 4, 7). Two recent studies have suggested that at least one food-entrainable clock may be located in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH), but the importance of this clock for food entrainment has been disputed (3, 810).

The core components of the molecular clock include the activating transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK and the negative regulatory feedback elements encoded by the Per and Cry genes (11, 12). Bmal1 is the only circadian clock gene without a known functional paralog and hence the only one for which a single gene deletion causes a complete loss of behavioral and molecular rhythmicity (13). Because its gene product BMAL1 is a transcription factor that likely influences many downstream genes, Bmal1–/– mice also exhibit other physiological defects unrelated to the circadian defect (14), including progressive arthropathy, decreased locomotor activity levels and body mass, and a shortened life span (1518).

In this study, we used Bmal1–/– mice, which harbor a null allele at the Bmal1 locus (19). The circadian patterns of locomotor activity (LMA) and body temperature (Tb) were monitored by telemetry (Fig. 1, A to C, and fig. S2). As previously reported, these animals showed no circadian rhythms in a 12-hour-light/12-hour-dark (LD) cycle or constant darkness (DD) when given ad libitum (AL) access to food (Fig. 1B). We also attempted to entrain Bmal1–/– mice to a 4-hour window of RF during the normal sleep period for mice, under both LD [ZT4-8 (from 4 to 8 hours after light onset)] and DD [CT4-8 (from 4 to 8 hours after presumptive light onset)] conditions. In LD and DD conditions, wild-type (WT) and heterozygous littermates showed an elevation of Tb and LMA ∼2 to 3 hours before food became available (Fig. 2, A and D, and fig S2). By contrast, Bmal1–/– mice did not show a comparable elevation in Tb or increase in LMA before the window of RF in DD; Tb and LMA were, however, markedly elevated in the Bmal1–/– mice after food presentation (Fig. 2, B and D, Fig. 3C, and fig. S2). In addition to the preprandial elevation in Tb under RF, WT and heterozygous littermates demonstrated a clear circadian Tb rhythm (Fig. 2A), whereas Bmal1–/– mice demonstrated a persisting ultradian Tb pattern throughout the remainder of the day (Fig. 2B). In DD conditions, Bmal1–/– mice occasionally showed periods of torpor (Tb below 31°C), which were distributed randomly across the circadian day. Consequently, the Bmal1–/– mice not only failed to show elevation of Tb or LMA in anticipation of the RF but often slept or were in torpor through the window of RF, requiring us to arouse them by gentle handling after presentation of the food to avoid their starvation and death during RF.

Fig. 1.

Bmal1 expression in SCN rescues circadian rhythms and light entrainment in Bmal1–/– mice. Representative body temperature (Tb) records (double-plotted actigrams) and period analyses for (A) Bmal1+/–, (B) Bmal1–/–, and (C) Bmal1–/– mice with AAV-BMAL1 injections into the SCN under both light-dark (LD) and constant darkness (DD) conditions with AL access to food. The power spectrum for period (right panel) shows a dominant frequency at 23.7 hours for both Bmal1 heterozygous littermates and mice with AAV-BMAL1 rescue in the SCN, and the lack of a ∼24-hour harmonic in the Bmal1–/– mice. (D to F) Bmal1 mRNA expression (by in situ hybridization) in the SCN in (D) Bmal1+/– mice, (E) Bmal1–/– mice, and (F) after AAV-BMAL1 rescue by injection into the SCN (all ZT18). Scale bar, 100 μm.

Fig. 2.

Food entrainment of the Tb rhythm is rescued by AAV-BMAL1 injection into the DMH. Under DD conditions, Bmal1+/– and Bmal1–/– mice were placed under RF (food available CT4-8, gray vertical bar). (A) Bmal1+/– but not (B) Bmal1–/– mice demonstrated a clear rise in Tb ∼2 to 3 hours before food availability under RF [(A) to (C) are waveforms showing mean ± SEM Tb on days 10 to 14 of RF for an individual mouse]. (C) After bilateral injection of AAV-BMAL1 into the DMH of Bmal1–/– mice, there was a preprandial elevation in Tb, but not a circadian rise in Tb during the presumptive dark cycle (CT12-24) [compare (C) with (A)]. As seen in the summary data plot, during the 3-hour window preceding food availability in RF (D), Bmal1–/– mice with DMH AAV-BMAL1 injections (n = 4, black trace) showed a comparable preprandial elevation in Tb (mean ± SEM) to that of Bmal1–/+ mice (red trace), whereas noninjected Bmal1–/– mice (blue trace) showed no preprandial elevation in Tb; an increase in Tb occurred only after food presentation in the noninjected Bmal1–/– mice (gray bar in D is first hour of food availability). Under RF, Bmal1–/– mice demonstrated very low expression levels of Per1 mRNA (E) (CT4 shown) and no expression of Bmal1 mRNA at CT18 (G) (near-peak expression time in the heterozygote littermates) in the DMH. By contrast, after AAV-BMAL1 injection into the DMH (F and H), Bmal1–/– mice demonstrated robust Per1 expression in the DMH at CT4 (F) and Bmal1 expression at CT18 (H).

Fig. 3.

AAV-Bmal1 injection into the DMH rescues food entrainment but not light entrainment in Bmal1–/– mice. (A) A double-plotted actigram of Tb from a Bmal1–/– mouse after bilateral injections of AAV-Bmal1 into the DMH. These mice demonstrate the lack of entrainment to the light-dark (LD) cycle and persisting ultradian rhythmicity in constant darkness (DD) under AL feeding conditions (Fig. 1B). These same mice, however, demonstrated anticipation and entrainment (B) to a RF cycle (red line, food presentation) in DD conditions (arrow, last day, no food given). By contrast, noninjected Bmal1–/– mice (C) did not demonstrate anticipation or entrainment to the RF cycle. (D to G) Per1 and Bmal1 gene expression (optical density, mean ± SEM; n = 3 mice per time point) in WT mice across the circadian day under both AL and RF (all data 12:12 LD) at 2-hour intervals, except for a 3-hour interval between ZT9-12. (D) Per1 expression in the SCN showed a peak at ∼ ZT6 under both AL and RF (gray bar, ZT4-8) conditions, demonstrating that the SCN remained phase-locked to the LD cycle during RF. (E) Bmal1 expression in the SCN showed a peak at ∼ZT18 under both AL and RF, further indicating that the SCN remained synchronized to the LD cycle during RF. (F) Per1 expression in the DMH was undetectable at all ZT under AL; by contrast, Per1 expression was sharply up-regulated by RF, with a peak at ∼ZT7-8. (G) Bmal1 expression in the DMH was also undetectable at all ZT (except very modest expression ∼ZT 3-5) under AL, however, and similar to Per1, during RF Bmal1 demonstrated up-regulation with a peak at ∼ ZT18.

After 14 days in this RF regimen, mice were killed to examine clock gene expression in the brain and were compared to mice that had been fed AL. As previously reported (8), WT animals with AL food showed peak expression of Per1 and Per2 mRNA at ZT5-6, and Bmal1 at ZT18-19 in the SCN (Fig. 3, D and E), but little or no expression at other hypothalamic sites. By contrast, WT animals under RF also showed no change in this expression pattern in the SCN (Fig. 3, D and E) but did show induction of Per1 and Per 2 at ∼ZT3-9 (preceding, during, and after the RF window) in the DMH with peak expression levels at ZT7-8 (Fig. 3F). We also saw induction of Bmal1 mRNA in the DMH, with peak expression at ZT18-21 (Fig. 3G), consistent with neurons in the DMH showing induction of rhythmic expression of the entire suite of clock genes during RF. As previously reported for Per1 and Per2, Bmal1 gene expression was restricted to the compact region of the DMH. Finally, as expected in Bmal1–/– mice, no Bmal1 mRNA and very low expression levels of Per1 and Per2 were detected in the SCN and DMH under any feeding or lighting condition (Fig. 1E, Fig. 2, E to G, and fig. S4).

These results suggest that a BMAL1-based circadian clock may be induced in the DMH after starvation and refeeding to drive entrainment of circadian rhythms to the time of food availability. This hypothesis is consistent with previous studies showing that the DMH is a major recipient of direct and relayed input from the SCN and that it is important in relaying circadian signals for sleep-wake cycles, LMA, feeding, and corticosteroid rhythms to other brain systems (20). c-Fos expression in the DMH, but not in the SCN, is shifted to coincide with the activation of LMA and Tb during RF, and lesions of the DMH prevented entrainment of LMA, Tb, and sleep-wake cycles to RF [(3); also see (9, 10)].

To test the role of the DMH-inducible clock in entrainment of circadian rhythms, we attempted to rescue both light and food entrainment of circadian rhythms by injecting adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV, serotype 8) containing the Bmal1 gene (including both 5′ and 3′ promoter elements) (19) into the brains of Bmal1–/– mice. To test this construct, we first injected AAV-BMAL1 into the SCN. All mice with SCN injections (n = 6) (Fig. 1C), but none in which the injections missed the SCN (n = 16) or in which we injected a different AAV containing the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) into the SCN (n = 3), demonstrated entrainment of both LMA and Tb rhythms to a 12:12 LD cycle (Fig. 1C). When the mice were in DD conditions, this rhythm continued as a high-amplitude, free-running rhythm of 23.7 hours (Fig. 1C and fig. S1). Thus, focal bilateral injection of AAV-BMAL1 into the SCN of Bmal1–/– mice rescued the fundamental properties of the circadian oscillator, including light entrainment, free-running period, and rhythm amplitude. A previous study had shown that rescue of Bmal1–/– mice could be achieved by a transgene in which BMAL1 was placed under a constitutively active cytomegalovirus promoter (13). However, this gene construct, which was expressed continuously throughout the brain, produced a circadian period of ∼22.7 hours, about 1 hour shorter than that of WT mice (13). By contrast, in our study, when we placed BMAL1 under its own promoter and restored this gene only to the SCN, the period of the circadian cycle was precisely the same as in WT animals (Fig. 1, A and C, right panel). Thus the expression of BMAL1 under its own promoter in the SCN alone is sufficient for recovery of light-entrained circadian rhythms. Our results also establish the SCN as sufficient for the generation of the circadian Tb rhythm, a point that has been in dispute (21).

On the other hand, similar to the mice with transgenic replacement of BMAL1 throughout the brain (14), locomotor activity levels in the animals with AAV-BMAL1 injections into the SCN remained significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of WT and heterozygous littermate mice. Moreover, mice with AAV-BMAL1 injections into the SCN did not show improvement in any of the other physiologic deficits. Hence, these deficits are unlikely to be due to loss of circadian rhythmicity per se (14).

We next tested the animals with BMAL1 replacement in the SCN for their ability to entrain to a restricted temporal window of food availability. Previous studies had demonstrated that animals with lesions of the SCN could still entrain to food, suggesting that there was a food-entrainable oscillator elsewhere in the animals but not excluding participation of the SCN in intact animals (4, 7, 22). When animals with SCN injections of AAV-BMAL1 who had complete rescue of the light-entrained rhythms of LMA and Tb were placed into a food-restriction paradigm under DD conditions, we found that they maintained the rhythm that had been entrained by light (high-amplitude, free-running period of ∼23.7 hours) and never showed an increase in LMA or Tb in anticipation of the food presentation (fig. S3). Hence, although a BMAL1-based clock is necessary to support food entrainment, restoration of clock function in the SCN alone is not able to rescue this behavior.

To test the hypothesis that the BMAL1-based clock induced in the DMH during restricted feeding might drive circadian entrainment, we performed stereotaxic bilateral delivery of AAV-BMAL1 (the same construct and vector as used in the SCN) into the DMH of Bmal1–/– mice. Mice who sustained bilateral DMH injections of the AAV-BMAL1 did not demonstrate entrainment to a 12:12 LD cycle or free-running rhythms of Tb or LMA in DD (Fig. 3A). By contrast, under conditions of food restriction in DD, they exhibited a clear anticipatory increase in Tb and LMA before food presentation (Fig. 2C and Fig. 3B). Each individual mouse showed very little day-to-day variation in the timing of the increase in Tb and LMA under DD (i.e., the phase angle of entrainment was stable). Finally, the increase in Tb and LMA before the predicted period of food presentation persisted during a 24-hour fast at the end of restricted feeding (arrow in Fig. 3B), demonstrating the circadian nature of the response.

In both our study and the study by Mieda et al. (8), clock gene expression in the DMH was largely restricted to cells in the compact part of the nucleus, which consists of small, closely packed neurons that are highly reminiscent of the SCN itself. These neurons appear mainly to have local connections with the adjacent output zones of the DMH (23), suggesting that the timing signal from the compact part of the DMH may impinge upon the same output neurons in the remainder of the DMH as are used to control light-entrained rhythms directed by the SCN. This relationship may explain how the DMH clock is able to override the SCN clock input during conditions of food entrainment in an intact animal. It is unlikely that feedback from the DMH alters activity in the SCN in any major way, because the SCN remains phase-locked to the LD cycle for many weeks during food entrainment (as long as the animals are not also hypocaloric). These observations also raise the interesting possibility that the DMH may form the neuroanatomic basis of the so-called methamphetamine-sensitive circadian oscillator (MASCO), which also operates independent of the SCN and does not entrain to light [for a review, see (24)].

Our data indicate that there is an inducible clock in the DMH that can override the SCN and drive circadian rhythms when the animal is faced with limited food availability. Thus, under restricted feeding conditions, the DMH clock can assume an executive role in the temporal regulation of behavioral state. For a small mammal, finding food on a daily basis is a critical mission. Even a few days of starvation, a common threat in natural environments, may result in death. Hence, it is adaptive for animals to have a secondary “master clock” that can allow the animal to switch its behavioral patterns rapidly after a period of starvation to maximize the opportunity of finding food sources at the same time on following days.

In an intact animal, peripheral oscillators in many tissues in the body, including the stomach and liver, as well as elsewhere in the brain, may contribute to food entrainment of circadian rhythms (25, 26). Consequently, it has been difficult to dissect this system by using lesions of individual components of the pathway (3, 9, 10). However, by starting with a genetically arrhythmic mouse and using focal genetic rescue in the brain, we have identified the SCN molecular clock as sufficient for light but not food entrainment of Tb and LMA rhythms in mice, and the DMH as sufficient for food but not light entrainment of circadian rhythms of Tb and LMA. These results demonstrate the power of viral-based gene replacement in the central nervous system to dissect complex neural functions.

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Figs. S1 to S4

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Ever since Pahlaj Nihalani took over the Central Board of Film Certification in 2015, his past transgressions as a producer have been gleefully resurrected by his critics. One of the most memorable among them is the song Khada Hai from Andaz (1994), among the many films Nihalani produced in the 1980s and ’90s. Nihalani allegedly recalled the song and its reputation and cited it a cause for wanting director Kushal Nandy to get rid of the word “khada” from his film Babumoshai Bandookbaaz.

Directed by David Dhawan, Andaz stars Anil Kapoor as Ajay Kumar, a mild-mannered school teacher who can fight the bad guys if need be. The principal’s daughter Jaya (Karisma Kapoor) is infatuated with Ajay, but it is against his morals to have an affair with her. Instead, he marries orphan Saraswati (Juhi Chawla), who is too much of a sanskari simpleton to please Ajay in all the ways he would like.

One night, after being denied sex by Saraswati, Ajay sleeps outside the house but starts to feel the pangs of pleasure. He shouts “Snake!” and a concerned Saraswati walks out. Ajay drums on her waist with his fingers, Saraswati makes a face, and Khada Hai (“It is standing”) begins.

As Ajay declares “Khada hai, khada hai”, Jaya hugs her pillow hard and shivers. Throughout the song, Ajay wants to enter the house, while Saraswati keeps the doors closed (“Dar pe tere aashiq khada hai, khol khol khol darwaza khol.”) The lyrics are by Indeevar.

The song-and-dance routine is later joined by the neighbours, who are shooed away by Saraswati with a broom. Ajay’s after-hour aerobatics are in vain. Saraswati does not relent, and the night is saved without any “humping scenes”.

Khada Hai.