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Risk and rationality: The effects of mood and decision rules on probability weighting

  • Fehr-Duda, Helga
  • Epper, Thomas
  • Bruhin, Adrian
  • Schubert, Renate

Empirical research has shown that people tend to overweight small probabilities and underweight large probabilities when valuing risky prospects, but little is known about factors influencing the shape of the probability weighting curve. Based on a laboratory experiment with monetary incentives, we demonstrate that pre-existing good mood is significantly associated with women’s probability weights: Women in a better than normal mood tend to weight probabilities relatively more optimistically. Many men, however, seem to be immunized against effects of incidental mood by applying a mechanical decision criterion such as maximization of expected value.

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Article provided by Elsevier in its journal Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization.

Volume (Year): 78 (2011)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
Pages: 14-24

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Handle: RePEc:eee:jeborg:v:78:y:2011:i:1:p:14-24
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  1. Lattimore, Pamela K. & Baker, Joanna R. & Witte, Ann D., 1992. "The influence of probability on risky choice: A parametric examination," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 377-400, May.
  2. Nicholas BARBERIS & Ming HUANG & Tano SANTOS, 2000. "Prospect Theory and Asset Prices," FAME Research Paper Series rp16, International Center for Financial Asset Management and Engineering.
  3. Kirchsteiger, Georg & Rigotti, Luca & Rustichini, Aldo, 2006. "Your morals might be your moods," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 59(2), pages 155-172, February.
  4. George Wu, 1999. "Anxiety and Decision Making with Delayed Resolution of Uncertainty," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 159-199, April.
  5. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1979. "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk," Levine's Working Paper Archive 7656, David K. Levine.
  6. Hey, John D & Orme, Chris, 1994. "Investigating Generalizations of Expected Utility Theory Using Experimental Data," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 62(6), pages 1291-1326, November.
  7. Neilson, William S, 1998. "Reference Wealth Effects in Sequential Choice," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 27-47, October.
  8. Wright, William F. & Bower, Gordon H., 1992. "Mood effects on subjective probability assessment," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 276-291, July.
  9. Uri Gneezy & Arie Kapteyn & Jan Potters, 2002. "Evaluation Periods and Assett Prices in a Market Experiment," Working Papers 02-02, RAND Corporation Publications Department.
  10. Helga Fehr-Duda & Manuele Gennaro & Renate Schubert, 2006. "Gender, Financial Risk, and Probability Weights," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 283-313, 05.
  11. Borghans, Lex & Golsteyn, Bart H.H. & Heckman, James J. & Meijers, Huub, 2009. "Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Ambiguity Aversion," IZA Discussion Papers 3985, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
  12. Drazen Prelec, 1998. "The Probability Weighting Function," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(3), pages 497-528, May.
  13. Adrian Bruhin & Helga Fehr-Duda & Thomas Epper, 2007. "Risk and Rationality: Uncovering Heterogeneity in Probability Distortion," SOI - Working Papers 0705, Socioeconomic Institute - University of Zurich, revised Jul 2007.
  14. Quiggin, John, 1982. "A theory of anticipated utility," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 323-343, December.
  15. Capra, C. Monica & Lanier, Kelli F. & Meer, Shireen, 2010. "The effects of induced mood on bidding in random nth-price auctions," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 223-234, August.
  16. Loomes, Graham & Sugden, Robert, 1986. "Disappointment and Dynamic Consistency in Choice under Uncertainty," Review of Economic Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 53(2), pages 271-82, April.
  17. Urs Fischbacher, 2007. "z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments," Experimental Economics, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 171-178, June.
  18. Mónica C. Capra, 2004. "Mood-Driven Behavior in Strategic Interactions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(2), pages 367-372, May.
  19. Helga Fehr-Duda & Adrian Bruhin & Thomas Epper & Renate Schubert, 2007. "Rationality on the Rise: Why Relative Risk Aversion Increases with Stake Size," SOI - Working Papers 0708, Socioeconomic Institute - University of Zurich, revised Feb 2008.
  20. Eckel, Catherine C. & Grossman, Philip J., 2008. "Differences in the Economic Decisions of Men and Women: Experimental Evidence," Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, Elsevier.
  21. Richard H. Thaler & Eric J. Johnson, 1990. "Gambling with the House Money and Trying to Break Even: The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 36(6), pages 643-660, June.
  22. Pamela K. Lattimore & Joanna R. Baker & A. Dryden Witte, 1992. "The Influence Of Probability on Risky Choice: A parametric Examination," NBER Technical Working Papers 0081, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  23. Walther, Herbert, 2003. "Normal-randomness expected utility, time preference and emotional distortions," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 253-266, October.
  24. Kobberling, Veronika & Wakker, Peter P., 2005. "An index of loss aversion," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 122(1), pages 119-131, May.
  25. Kliger, Doron & Levy, Ori, 2008. "Mood impacts on probability weighting functions: "Large-gamble" evidence," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 37(4), pages 1397-1411, August.
  26. Tversky, Amos & Wakker, Peter, 1995. "Risk Attitudes and Decision Weights," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 63(6), pages 1255-80, November.
  27. Gertner, Robert, 1993. "Game Shows and Economic Behavior: Risk-Taking on "Card Sharks."," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 108(2), pages 507-21, May.
  28. Tversky, Amos & Kahneman, Daniel, 1992. " Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 5(4), pages 297-323, October.
  29. Chris Starmer, 2000. "Developments in Non-expected Utility Theory: The Hunt for a Descriptive Theory of Choice under Risk," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 38(2), pages 332-382, June.
  30. Kliger, Doron & Levy, Ori, 2003. "Mood-induced variation in risk preferences," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 52(4), pages 573-584, December.
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Report NEP-CWA

This is the archive for NEP-CWA, a report on new working papers in the area of Central & Western Asia. Christian Zimmermann currently maintains the report. It is usually issued weekly.

Subscribe to this report: email, RSS or Twitter.

This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis using RePEc data.


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Do Poor Economic Conditions Affect Terrorism?

  • Claude Berrebi
  • Esteban F. Klor

While the existing empirical literature shows that poverty and economic conditions are not correlated with the quantity of terror, theory predicts that poverty and poor economic conditions may affect the quality of terror. Poor economic conditions may lead more able individuals to participate in terror attacks, allowing terror organizations to send betterqualified terrorists to more complex, high-impact terror missions. Using data on Palestinian suicideterrorists, we provide evidence of the correlation between economic conditions, the characteristics of suicide terrorists, and the targets they attack.

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Paper provided by DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research in its series EUSECON Policy Briefing with number 15.

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Length: 4 p.
Date of creation: 2012
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:diw:diwepb:diwepb15
Contact details of provider: Postal: Mohrenstraße 58, D-10117 Berlin
Phone: xx49-30-89789-0
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  1. Abadie, Alberto, 2004. "Poverty, Political Freedom, and the Roots of Terrorism," Working Paper Series rwp04-043, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
  2. Efraim Benmelech & Claude Berrebi, 2007. "Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 21(3), pages 223-238, Summer.
  3. Efraim Benmelech & Claude Berrebi & Esteban F. Klor, 2010. "Economic Conditions and the Quality of Suicide Terrorism," NBER Working Papers 16320, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  4. Efraim Benmelech & Claude Berrebi & Esteban F. Klor, 2009. "The Economic Cost of Harboring Terrorism," NBER Working Papers 15465, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  5. Eli Berman & David D. Laitin, 2008. "Religion, Terrorism and Public Goods: Testing the Club Model," NBER Working Papers 13725, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  6. Claude Berrebi, 2003. "Evidence About the Link Between Education, Poverty and Terrorism Among Palestinians," Working Papers 856, Princeton University, Department of Economics, Industrial Relations Section..
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Do CCTs Lessen the Impact of the Current Economic Crisis? Yes, but..

  • Fabio Veras Soares

    (International Poverty Centre)

Registered author(s):

    Do CCTs Lessen the Impact of the Current Economic Crisis? Yes, but...

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    Paper provided by International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth in its series One Pager Arabic with number 96.

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    Length: 1
    Date of creation: Jun 2012
    Date of revision:
    Publication status: Published by UNDP - International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth , June 2012, pages 1-1
    Handle: RePEc:ipc:oparab:96
    Contact details of provider: Web page:

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La Formazione multidimensionale come risorsa ecologica negli eco-sistemi di micro-imprese e PMI: prospettive territoriali, logiche network-filiera, investimenti formativi, apertura culturale e societaria

  • Luciano PILOTTI

Growth and dynamics of micro-firms (less than 5 employees) in Italy and in Europe is highly connected with space dimensions, in particular with some its qualities as a system interconnected, by four main levels of networks infrastructure: The first three are logistics, information and communication networks but interrelated with a forth as education network for extended new competences and specialization of workforce, management and entrepreneurship. Investment in continuous education are strategic for a region o sub region and for the country as basic resources able to transfer new competences and knowledge in emergent networks firm and new entrepreneurship, but consistent if oriented to specific business area, filiere or connected to limited economic space as district or local production system. Our paper highlight these interrelationships between space dimension and education in local production systems towards growing customization and emergent meta-competences in embedded learning trajectories with some cases history comparing Italian experience in a European scenario with attention to three main industry: building, agriculture, software.

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Paper provided by Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods at Università degli Studi di Milano in its series Departmental Working Papers with number 2011-21.

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Date of creation: 07 Oct 2011
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:mil:wpdepa:2011-21
Contact details of provider: Postal: Via Conservatorio 7, I-20122 Milan - Italy
Phone: +39 02 50321522
Fax: +39 02 50321505
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The Impact of Information Provision on Agglomeration Bonus Performance: An Experimental Study on Local Networks

  • Banerjee, Simanti
  • de, Vries Frans
  • Hanley, Nicholas
  • van, Soest Daan

The Agglomeration Bonus (AB) is a mechanism to induce adjacent landowners to spatially coordinate their land use for the delivery of ecosystem services from farmland. This paper uses laboratory experiments to explore the performance of the AB in achieving the socially optimal land management configuration in a local network environment where the information available to subjects varies. The AB poses a coordination problem between two Nash equilibria: a Pareto dominant and a risk dominant equilibrium. The experiments indicate that if subjects are informed about both their direct and indirect neighbors' actions, they are more likely to coordinate on the Pareto dominant equilibrium relative to the case where subjects have information about their direct neighbors' action only. However, the extra information can only delay - and not prevent - the transition to the socially inferior risk dominant Nash equilibrium. In the long run, the AB mechanism may only be partially effective in enhancing delivery of ecosystem services on farming landscapes featuring local networks.

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Paper provided by University of Stirling, Division of Economics in its series Stirling Economics Discussion Papers with number 2013-09.

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Date of creation: Aug 2013
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:stl:stledp:2013-09
Contact details of provider: Postal: Division of Economics, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA
Phone: +44 (0)1786 467473
Fax: +44 (0)1786 467469
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  1. Warziniack, Travis & Shogren, Jason F. & Parkhurst, Gregory, 2007. "Creating contiguous forest habitat: An experimental examination on incentives and communication," Journal of Forest Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2-3), pages 191-207, August.
  2. Banerjee, Simanti & Kwasnica, Anthony M. & Shortle, James S., 2012. "Agglomeration bonus in small and large local networks: A laboratory examination of spatial coordination," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 142-152.
  3. Jordi Brandts & David Cooper, 2006. "Observability and overcoming coordination failure in organizations: An experimental study," Experimental Economics, Springer, vol. 9(4), pages 407-423, December.
  4. Parker, Dawn C. & Munroe, Darla K., 2007. "The geography of market failure: Edge-effect externalities and the location and production patterns of organic farming," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(4), pages 821-833, February.
  5. Berninghaus, Siegfried K. & Ehrhart, Karl-Martin, 2001. "Coordination and information: recent experimental evidence," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 73(3), pages 345-351, December.
  6. Parkhurst, Gregory M. & Shogren, Jason F. & Bastian, Chris & Kivi, Paul & Donner, Jennifer & Smith, Rodney B. W., 2002. "Agglomeration bonus: an incentive mechanism to reunite fragmented habitat for biodiversity conservation," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(2), pages 305-328, May.
  7. Armsworth, Paul R & Banerjee, Simanti & Hanley, Nicholas & Lennox, Gareth D, 2012. "How should we incentivize private landowners to "produce" more biodive rsity?," Stirling Economics Discussion Papers 2012-02, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
  8. Hanson, James C. & Dismukes, Robert & Chambers, William & Greene, Catherine R. & Kremen, Amy, 2003. "Risk And Risk Management In Organic Agriculture: View Of Organic Farmers," Working Papers 28551, University of Maryland, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
  9. Smith, Rodney B.W. & Tomasi, Theodore D., 1995. "Transaction Costs And Agricultural Nonpoint-Source Water Pollution Control Policies," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 20(02), December.
  10. Parkhurst, Gregory M. & Shogren, Jason F., 2007. "Spatial incentives to coordinate contiguous habitat," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 344-355, December.
  11. Blume Lawrence E., 1993. "The Statistical Mechanics of Strategic Interaction," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 387-424, July.
  12. Ruben N. Lubowski & Michael J. Roberts, 2005. "How Cost-Effective Are Land Retirement Auctions? Estimating the Difference between Payments and Willingness to Accept in the Conservation Reserve Program," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 87(5), pages 1239-1247.
  13. Swinton, Scott M. & Lupi, Frank & Robertson, G. Philip & Hamilton, Stephen K., 2007. "Ecosystem services and agriculture: Cultivating agricultural ecosystems for diverse benefits," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(2), pages 245-252, December.
  14. Charles R. Plott, 1997. "Laboratory Experimental Testbeds: Application to the PCS Auction," Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(3), pages 605-638, 09.
  15. Urs Fischbacher, 2007. "z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments," Experimental Economics, Springer, vol. 10(2), pages 171-178, June.
  16. Mirrlees, James A, 1971. "An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation," Review of Economic Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(114), pages 175-208, April.
  17. Rabe-Hesketh, Sophia & Skrondal, Anders & Pickles, Andrew, 2005. "Maximum likelihood estimation of limited and discrete dependent variable models with nested random effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 128(2), pages 301-323, October.
  18. Zhang, Wei & van der Werf, Wopke & Swinton, Scott M., 2010. "Spatially optimal habitat management for enhancing natural control of an invasive agricultural pest: Soybean aphid," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 551-565, November.
  19. Banerjee, Simanti & Kwasnica, Anthony M & Shortle, James S, 2011. "Agglomeration Bonus in Local Networks: A laboratory examination of spatial coordination failure," Stirling Economics Discussion Papers 2011-18, University of Stirling, Division of Economics.
  20. Bracht, Juergen & Feltovich, Nick, 2009. "Whatever you say, your reputation precedes you: Observation and cheap talk in the trust game," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(9-10), pages 1036-1044, October.
  21. Duffy, John & Feltovich, Nick, 2002. "Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? An Experimental Comparison of Observation and Cheap Talk," Games and Economic Behavior, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-27, April.
  22. Alós-Ferrer, Carlos & Weidenholzer, Simon, 2008. "Contagion and efficiency," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 251-274, November.
  23. Daniel Kahneman, 2003. "Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(5), pages 1449-1475, December.
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Inflation Expectations and Regime Shifts

  • Matti Viren

    (Department of Economics, University of Turku)

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    This paper focuses on the determination of inflation expectations. The following two questions are examined: How much do inflation expectations reflect different economic and institutional regime shifts and in which way do inflation expectations adjust to past inflation? The basic idea in the analysis is an assumption that inflation expectations do not mechanically reflect past inflation as may econometric specification de facto assume but rather they depend on the relevant economic regime. Also the adjustment of expectations to past inflation is different in different inflation regimes. The regime analysis is based on panel data from EMU/EU countries for the period 1973–2004, while the inflation adjustment analysis mainly uses the Kalman filter technique for individual countries for the same period. Expectations (forecasts) are derived from OECD data. Empirical results strongly favour the regime-sensitivity hypothesis and provide an explanation for the poor performance of conventional estimation procedures in the context of Phillips curves

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    Paper provided by Aboa Centre for Economics in its series Discussion Papers with number 5.

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    Length: 25
    Date of creation: Apr 2006
    Date of revision:
    Handle: RePEc:tkk:dpaper:dp5
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    1. Edge, Rochelle M. & Laubach, Thomas & Williams, John C., 2007. "Learning and shifts in long-run productivity growth," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(8), pages 2421-2438, November.
    2. N. Gregory Mankiw & Ricardo Reis & Justin Wolfers, 2004. "Disagreement about Inflation Expectations," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2003, Volume 18, pages 209-270 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. David Andolfatto & Paul Gomme, 2001. "Monetary policy regimes and beliefs," Working Paper 9905, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
    4. Hansen, Bruce E., 1999. "Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 345-368, December.
    5. Bruce E. Hansen, 2000. "Sample Splitting and Threshold Estimation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 68(3), pages 575-604, May.
    6. Linzert, Tobias, 2005. "The Unemployment Inflation Trade-Off in the Euro Area," IZA Discussion Papers 1699, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
    7. Feng Zhu, 2005. "The fragility of the Phillips curve: A bumpy ride in the frequency domain," BIS Working Papers 183, Bank for International Settlements.
    8. Robert B. Barsky, 1986. "The Fisher Hypothesis and the Forecastability and Persistence of Inflation," NBER Working Papers 1927, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    9. Laurence Ball, 2000. "Near-rationality and inflation in two monetary regimes," Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    10. Dahl Christian M. & Hansen Niels L., 2001. "The Formation of Inflation Expectations under Changing Inflation Regimes," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 4(4), pages 1-31, January.
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Network revenue management with product-specific no-shows

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    Revenue management practices often include overbooking capacity to account for customers who make reservations but do not show up. In this paper, we consider the network revenue management problem with no-shows and overbooking, where the show-up probabilities are specific to each product. No-show rates differ significantly by product (for instance, each itinerary and fare combination for an airline) as sale restrictions and the demand characteristics vary by product. However, models that consider no-show rates by each individual product are difficult to handle as the state-space in dynamic programming formulations (or the variable space in approximations) increases significantly. In this paper, we propose a randomized linear program to jointly make the capacity control and overbooking decisions with product-specific no-shows. We establish that our formulation gives an upper bound on the optimal expected total profit and our upper bound is tighter than a deterministic linear programming upper bound that appears in the existing literature. Furthermore, we show that our upper bound is asymptotically tight in a regime where the leg capacities and the expected demand is scaled linearly with the same rate. We also describe how the randomized linear program can be used to obtain a bid price control policy. Computational experiments indicate that our approach is quite fast, able to scale to industrial problems and can provide significant improvements over standard benchmarks.

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    Paper provided by Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra in its series Economics Working Papers with number 1243.

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    Date of creation: Oct 2010
    Date of revision: May 2011
    Handle: RePEc:upf:upfgen:1243
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Do middle classes bring institutional reforms ?

  • Loayza, Norman
  • Rigolini, Jamele
  • Llorente, Gonzalo

The paper examines the link between poverty, the middle class and institutional outcomes using a new cross-country panel dataset on the distribution of income and expenditure. It uses an econometric methodology to gauge whether a larger middle class has a causal effect on policy and institutional outcomes in three areas: social policy in health and education, market-oriented economic structure and quality of governance. The analysis find that when the middle class becomes larger (measured as the proportion of people earning more than US$10 a day), social policy on health and education becomes more progressive, and the quality of governance (democratic participation and official corruption) also improves. This trend does not occur at the expense of economic freedom, as a larger middle class also leads to more market-oriented economic policy on trade and finance. These beneficial effects of a larger middle class appear to be more robust than the impact of lower poverty, lower inequality or higher gross domestic product per capita. That may be linked to the evolution of the middle class: they are more enlightened, more likely to take political actions and have a stronger voice. They also share preferences and values for policy and institutional reforms, as well as higher stakes in property rights and wealth accumulation.

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Paper provided by The World Bank in its series Policy Research Working Paper Series with number 6015.

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Date of creation: 01 Mar 2012
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Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6015
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  1. Roberto Chang & Linda Kaltani & Norman Loayza, 2005. "Openness can be good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities," DEGIT Conference Papers c010_021, DEGIT, Dynamics, Economic Growth, and International Trade.
  2. Reto Foellmi & Josef Zweimuller, 2006. "Income Distribution and Demand-Induced Innovations," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 73(4), pages 941-960.
  3. Oded Galor & Omer Moav, 1999. "From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality in the Process of Development," Working Papers 99-27, Brown University, Department of Economics.
  4. Barro, Robert J., 1999. "Determinants of Democracy," Scholarly Articles 3451297, Harvard University Department of Economics.
  5. Doepke, Matthias & Zilibotti, Fabrizio, 2007. "Occupational Choice and the Spirit of Capitalism," CEPR Discussion Papers 6405, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  6. Luis López-Calva & Eduardo Ortiz-Juarez, 2014. "A vulnerability approach to the definition of the middle class," Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 23-47, March.
  7. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
  8. Jess Benhabib & Alejandro Corvalan & Mark M. Spiegel, 2011. "Reestablishing the income-democracy nexus," Working Paper Series 2011-09, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
  9. Alberto Alesina & Dani Rodrik, 1991. "Distributive Politics and Economic Growth," NBER Working Papers 3668, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  10. Matthias Doepke & Fabrizio Zilibotti, 2005. "Social Class and the Spirit of Capitalism," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 3(2-3), pages 516-524, 04/05.
  11. Sarah Voitchovsky, 2005. "Does the Profile of Income Inequality Matter for Economic Growth?," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 10(3), pages 273-296, 09.
  12. Murphy, Kevin M & Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1989. "Industrialization and the Big Push," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 97(5), pages 1003-26, October.
  13. Foellmi, Reto & Oechslin, Manuel, 2008. "Why progressive redistribution can hurt the poor," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(3-4), pages 738-747, April.
  14. Galor, Oded & Zeira, Joseph, 1988. "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics," MPRA Paper 51644, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 01 Sep 1989.
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Financialisation, Economy, Society & Sustainable Development (FESSUD) Project

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Postal: FESSUD Co-ordinator (Malcolm Sawyer) Leeds University Business School Maurice Keyworth Buidling Leeds LS2 9JT

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Tax Terms You Should Know

For plenty of Americans, early April means taking a stack of W-2s, going to the kiosk in the local giant retail store, and saying to an overworked part-time employee, "Help me." It's amazing how many of us don't have even a passing familiarity with the basics of the tax code. Granted, it can be arcane and confusing at times, but there's a minimum level of understanding that every taxpayer should have. At the very least, you don't want to place too much trust in a third party to do your taxes. Know a few easily understandable concepts and terms, and there's less chance that you'll end up paying more in taxes than you need to.

The amount of your taxable income corresponds to a certain percentage that the government confiscates from you. The more you make, the higher that percentage - what they call a progressive tax structure.

We will use single people as our examples throughout, as opposed to married people or heads of households, for whom the numbers are different. If you're single, and your taxable income is under $8700, you pay 10% of it in taxes. That is your bracket.

Make $8,701 (or anything up to $35,350) and you are bumped up to the 15% bracket. That doesn't mean that you now pay 15% on everything, rather than 10%. It means that you still pay 10% on eveverything up to $8700, but you pay 15% on anything beyond that.

You might have read that capital gains taxes in the United States, already among the highest in the world, are about to enter the exosphere.

As of this writing, the Supreme Court is about to issue a ruling on ObamaCare. For some reason, the healthcare law has a clause or two regarding tax policy, and one of the law's provisions is that tax rates on ordinary income are going to rise to 43.4%. The mere mention of this plan causes many people to shake their heads, their fists and perhaps a carefully chosen digit on each hand.

Regardless of whether it is too high, the 43.4% figure is a marginal rate, as contrasted with an effective rate. That means it kicks in only above certain levels. Nobody is going to fork over 43.4% of his income to the IRS, and if anyone does, he needs a better tax accountant.

Take the current income tax schedule, which incorporates six increasingly higher brackets: 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33% and finally, 35%. The vast majority of us - that is, everyone who makes under $388,351 a year, do not pay the 35% rate. All a marginal rate means is that once your (taxable) income increases from $388,350 to $388,351, you pay an extra 35 cents in taxes, and 35 cents for every dollar beyond. It is not as bad as it sounds: you paid considerably less than 35% on every step of the way up to $388,350.

Reductions in taxable income come in two forms, the weaker of which is deductions. Say you made $35,360 last year. A $100 deduction - and there are scores of these made available if you read the booklet that comes with your 1040 - would reduce your taxable income to $35,260. Not only would you pay less in taxes, that particular deduction at that level would drop you into a lower tax bracket. You would pay less across the board.

A credit is the other reduction, and it is subtracted from your tax obligation rather than from your income. As far as the IRS is concerned, it's as if you had never received the money.

Therefore, a credit is always several times better than a deduction. If you are in the 28% bracket, a $100 deduction saves you $28. A $100 credit saves you $100. Credits are plentiful - you just have to look for them. For instance, if you buy the right kind of approved hybrid vehicle, you could enjoy a credit up to $3400.

We touched on it earlier, but your taxable income is considerably different from your gross income. For the taxman's purposes, how much you make is secondary to how much you have remaining after exhausting every deduction and credit available to you. The natural human desire is to increase your gross income to the highest extent comfortable. Meanwhile, you want to get your taxable income as low as possible, capitalizing on every possible reduction before remitting your tax payment.

Unless you found it on the sidewalk or a dead relative bequeathed it to you, you earned it, right?

Well, in the eyes of the IRS, not necessarily. The tax agency distinguishes between earned and "unearned" income. Earned income includes not just wages and salaries, but strike benefits and whatever you pay yourself if you happen to own and operate a business. Unearned income includes such non-work-related earnings as interest and dividends. These are all classified as "ordinary income," which is taxed at a different rate than capital gains.

Capital Gains
To simplify the definition for the purposes of our discussion, capital gains refers to any profit you realized (can't use the word "earned") throughout the year on your investments. Make $600 selling vacuum cleaners, whether on commission or salary, and that's ordinary income. Buy a $6000 speculative-grade bond on December 31 that promises to pay 10% annually, and if the issuer hasn't defaulted by the time a year elapses, that's a $600 capital gain.

The IRS doesn't just tax ordinary income at a different rate than capital gains, it taxes the latter at a lower rate. The reason there's a difference between the way taxes are levied on the two types of income is that it's supposed to reward people for investing in a new or existing business.

Capital gains are classified as either short- or long-term, the cutoff being one year. If you hold an investment for less than a year, you'll pay the same rates you'd pay as if you were receiving ordinary income. Hold your investments for longer than a year, however, and things change drastically. You pay nothing if you're in the 15% bracket or lower. If you are beyond the 15% bracket, you pay 15% and not a penny more. This is why some sources claim that Warren Buffett pays a lower effective tax rate than his secretary does.

The Bottom Line
Those are just the rudiments of tax terminology. Beyond this are more complicated concepts like the innocent-spouse rule, vested benefits, Section 179 and dozens of other esoteric terms that don't apply to everyone equally. However, for most if not all of us, knowing the above terms will improve your understanding of how income taxes work. At any rate, you'll be much better off than the people who invoke the services of a preparer on the afternoon of April 14.

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1-3 October 2013
Europe/Zurich timezone
Starts 1 Oct 2013 08:30
Ends 3 Oct 2013 17:00

The ECFA High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) Experiments Workshop will be the first of several topical workshops following the CERN Council update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (CERN-Brochure-2013-004-Eng).
The document states that "Europe's top priority should be the exploitation of the full potential of the LHC including the high-luminosity upgrade of the machine and detectors with a view to collecting ten times more data than in the initial design, by around 2030. This upgrade programme will also provide further exciting opportunities for the study of flavour physics and the quark-gluon plasma."
The focus of this workshop will be on the physics and technology challenges, particularly from the perspective of the experiments, in delivering this exciting programme.

(2013 report at ECFA-13-284 ).


text:
Food is Love

Somewhere in my upbringing, I must have picked up on the belief that food equals love.

This weekend was one to have all of my kids at home, a make-up for two weekends ago when a winter storm kept Brad and Heather away. I took the day off on Friday so that I might prepare for this special weekend. There were things that needed doing, things like cleaning house and picking up my daughter from school. But top priority on my to-do list was grocery shopping. I simply felt that I couldn’t adequately welcome my kids back home without a well-stocked refrigerator and cupboards. I also wanted to have all of the ingredients to make the foods my kids were craving and had requested that I make for them sometime over the weekend.

My day began early on Friday. After a visit to the gym, I showered and dressed and then proceeded to make a grocery list and clip coupons. At the grocery store, I filled a cart to the brim with all the things on my list and then some. I got it all home and put away just in time to go pick up Kacey from school.

It was a beautiful, sunny day on Friday and the drive to and from Kacey’s school was pleasant. I enjoyed having one-on-one mom and daughter time in the car on the way home. And once we were back home, it wasn’t long before Connor arrived and the two of them hung out with me for a while. Kacey helped me out by making the barbecue sauce for the ribs Brad had asked me to make. When the sauce was done, I covered the ribs and wrapped them in foil. They went in the fridge to marinate overnight. Before long, Kacey’s friends, home on spring break, were beckoning her and Connor to come hang out. I agreed that Kacey could go, only because I still wanted to clean house and it would be several hours before Brad and Heather arrived anyway.

It was a quiet afternoon and early evening, but as I did my cleaning and prepared dinner, I thought how the quiet wouldn’t last. Soon Mark would come home from work. Soon kids and dogs would descend upon the tranquility and stir things up good. And they did. We had a late dinner on Friday once all had arrived. The kitchen was a mess as I had been busy preparing baked fish, sauteed zucchini, tossed salad and biscuits for a full table full of people instead of the usual two or three of us. Everyone gathered round the table to eat together and catch up with one another. All of those surfaces I’d spent the day cleaning and decluttering were soon cluttered again with car keys and phones, water bottles and various belongings. And I didn’t even mind. My kids were home. Everyone helped clean up afterwards and afterwards everyone found a place to lounge and wind down for the evening.

Saturday morning came early. Lucy was too excited, wanting to play with her pal Dacotah to bother sleeping in. I let the dogs out in the back yard and prepared to watch the chasing games begin. But they never did. Dacotah was ready to run and play, but she couldn’t get Lucy to engage. Dacotah would try to wrestle with Lucy, and Lucy would just roll over on her back. She would roll around on the ground a bit, but she wouldn’t run.

When the dogs were ready to come back in the house, I noticed that Lucy wasn’t racing up the deck steps, full speed ahead like she normally does. She took the stairs slowly, almost gingerly. She’d been doing this off and on for a few days but I’d thought maybe she’d just pulled a muscle racing around the yard like she always does. Now I was getting worried. If she wasn’t keeping pace with Dacotah, something must be wrong.

Neither Mark nor Brad thought anything serious was wrong and both suggested I wait until Monday to go to the vet, but I was worried. Mark must have been more worried than he let on too. While Heather and I went to a class at the gym, Mark called the vet. They had limited Saturday hours, but had an opening at 11:20 and could see Lucy.

I showered after the gym, then went with Mark and Lucy to the vet. We explained why we thought something was wrong. She’d gone from being fast and fearless to slow and careful. We explained the biggest red flag being the fact that she wouldn’t play with our son’s dog. Mark explained how Lucy has a habit of sleeping, curled up so tight in a ball that she must be stiff and sore when she awakens. He described her ability to lay flat on her belly with her front legs straight out in front of her, and her hind legs stretched out straight back. Maybe these were reasons for whatever was ailing her.

“I’ve never seen a dog do that before,” Mark said.

The doctor checked out Lucy’s feet and toes. He studied and felt her legs and knees. She never once whined or yelped. Finally he said, “I don’t believe there’s anything wrong in her feet or legs. Her knees are fine.” He hesitated then before saying, “I think it’s her hip.”

I felt a mild panic when he said that. I heard the words Hip Displasia in my head. I wasn’t exactly sure what it was, but had heard enough about it to know it wasn’t good. I assured myself, though that I was overreacting and doing so too soon. And then the vet said those words. He said, “Not all dogs who can stretch out as you’ve described have Hip Displasia, but most dogs who have Hip Displasia are able to stretch out that way.

“I’m going to take Lucy for an x-ray,” the vet said.

While my dog willing followed him out of the room, I googled Hip Displasia on my iPhone and learned that it wouldn’t be the end of the world if Lucy had it and that there were several forms of treatment including surgery. Still, I was keeping my fingers crossed that it wasn’t that.

Unfortunately, the finger crossing didn’t do much good. The vet and Lucy came back and it was confirmed that she has Hip Displasia. This condition, according to Wikipedia, is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints.

I could feel tears beginning to sting my eyes. I know there are some who might say she’s just a dog. But she’s not just a dog to me. She’s the one who is always there for me. When I come home, she greets me as if I’m the greatest person in the world. She snuggles me when I need snuggling and she keeps me from feeling alone and lonely during those times when none of my people are around. She makes me laugh and she loves me. I love her. It makes me sad to think of her in such pain. And she was in obvious pain.

So, we were given options for treatment. Some of them are expensive. We have some thinking to do, but I’m thinking it won’t be a tough decision. We’ll figure out a way to make our puppy-girl feel better. The vet gave her some anti-inflammatory medication and said she should be feeling better in a day. She’ll need to take the meds every day, at least until we decide what course of treatment to go with.

When we came home we told the kids what was wrong. Of course they wanted to know what Lucy’s options were. As we talked about it, Mark made a comment that made me think he’d prefer to take the least expensive route, which means Lucy will eventually suffer more than she is now. With that thought in mind, tears threatened to come again. I escaped to the lower level of the house before anyone could notice. But I didn’t go unnoticed. Brad came downstairs behind me and wrapped me in a hug, saying, “Don’t cry, Mom. She’ll be okay. It’s not like you’re losing her.”

“I know,” I said. “But I’m worried that Dad doesn’t want to spend the money to help her. I can tell she’s in pain and I feel so bad. Everywhere she goes in this house, even to get to the yard, she has to travel up and down steps.”

“You guys will do what she needs,” Brad said. “I know you will.”

I didn’t know, but I felt a little better.

Brad said the ribs I’d made for him for lunch were delicious. I didn’t notice. I felt like the vet’s news had put a damper on the day.

This morning, Mark said to me, “So we need to figure out the best way to pay for Lucy’s surgery, if that’s what we decide to do.”

I felt way better then!

Brad and Heather were the earliest risers this morning. While they pampered the dogs in the living room, I prepared the biggest breakfast possible. I made bacon, scrambled eggs and hash browns. There was cinnamon toast too. We sat at the table enjoying the kind of breakfast I rarely allow myself to enjoy. Jake and Kacey slept through it all. I knew they’d rather sleep than eat.

Besides, by the time Kacey finally greeted the day, I was already on my way to making the Mexican Chicken Corn Chowder she had requested. It was done cooking just in time for her to have some for lunch.

Too soon, it was time for everyone to go back to school again. That’s always the hardest part of a visit. But Dacotah going home meant Lucy would settle down for some much-needed rest. And Kacey returned to school, only for a week. Spring break is next week, so she’ll be home again soon.

I’d better make sure I get that refrigerator stocked up again!

21 thoughts on “Food is Love

  1. I hope Lucy will be okay. When I was a kid, we had dachshunds that had dysplasia. I’m sure you all will make the best decision of Lucy. I’ve seen our Lab stretch out like that. Now, I need to keep a watch on her.

  2. Awww, Terri, I’m sorry to hear about Lucy, but like MJ said, you all will take care of it. She will be fine. Hang in there, my friend.

    Plus, I couldn’t agree more that food means love, and it sounds like there was a lot of loving going around your house this weekend.

  3. A big, comforting hug for you and for Lucy. Plus a bucket full of strength and hope. That sweet darling of yours shouldn’t be in pain, she should be happy. And you make her happy every day, dear. Somehow you will find a way!
    Take care,

  4. I’m glad you had your family at home to help counteract Lucy’s sad news. My hubby would also want to take the cheaper route, but he would want me to be happy about the decision too. I’m guessing Mark feels the same way. Salim would say, “You be ah-right”. And you will. You all have enough love in your family to help Lucy get through this!

  5. Well, I am super happy you had a great weekend with the family but I am sooo sorry to hear about Lucy and her Hip Displasia. That’s terrible. I hope whatever treatment you chose works well and fast for her.

  6. Well that was certainly an intense weekend. One of my kids went through a really tough time with there dog not that log ago, so I have some frame of reference on how hard these decisions are. It is good that Mark is on the same page with you.

    BTW – food definitely is love! It’s universal with cultures around the world.

  7. I’ve noticed Lucy laying flat out like that in some of your photos, and I’d never seen a dog do that before either. Still, I wouldn’t have guessed that anything was wrong, I just thought it was her way. I think hip displasia is common in some breeds, and therefore, probably something that vets are pretty good at dealing with. Still, I know it’s scary/sad news for you and the family! Please keep us posted on how her treatment progresses!

    And I’m glad you got your weekend-with-the-family. Better late than never!

  8. So crazy hectic weekends still happen from time to time even after the kiddos get a bit older huh? That’s good. I wouldn’t want it any other way! Sounds like you’re making memories for the kids that will last a lifetime!

  9. Poor Lucy!! Of course she’s not “just a dog”. Our pets are our babies and I firmly believe anybody who doesn’t feel that way shouldn’t have a pet… Probably not kids either. ;-)

    So sorry she’s hurting. I know paying cash out if pocket without insurance for such an expensive option is tough, but you gotta do what you gotta do, right? I’m glad Mark came around.

    I hope she has a speedy recovery and gets back to her old self!

  10. That’s too bad about Lucy. I hope she feels better soon. I wonder if the adoption agency would be willing to help you out under the circumstances? Not that I know anything about that stuff, but sorry to say that sometimes dogs are given up because there is something wrong, and the previous owner doesn’t have the funds to help the dog. Just a thought.

  11. Poor Lucy. I hope the rest and the anti-inflammatories will help her feel better. It is hard to say but a lot of bigger dogs are prone to that issue. Shadow had hip/nerve issues when he was older and he would typically lie like Lucy does (we called it “spraddle”). Like others said before, Lucy’s not just a dog. She’s part of the family. There are lots of therapies and options out there and I know that you guys will explore them all.

  12. Everything in this post rings true in one way or another to me! The worries about a dog that has some health concerns almost always does drop back to the old sore point in our lives -fiances and economics! But it did make me feel good to read Mark’s comments to you later about discussing the best way to treat -and fund -Lucy’s problems! And as to the food -that seems to always be on my mind any time my son or my older daughter and grandson show up here as I begin to give each of them a run-down of what’s available in the refrigerator or on the counter, in the cupboards, etc. And mot every day, one of the first things I say to Mandy -or in some instances to Maya and Kurt -involves asking what they think I should fix for supper that day! (THis a.m., I asked the kids what they thought and Kurt told me “Hot dog buns, with hot dogs in them and mac ‘n’ cheese!” (I forgot to tell them to think of something other than mac ‘n’ cheese!)

  13. Well, first of all, I’m Italian so food IS love, but it’s also LIFE in my family. ;-)

    Now, please let me address your sweet, sweet Lucy. My heart broke reading about what happened. You will never hear “she is just a dog” from me. The dog I lost in ’09 was my very heart and soul. I have not children, so he was it for me. Seeing them in pain, causes us to feel the pain with them. It’s agony.

    Having said that, I know you and your husband will do the right thing for her. She is so, so very lucky to have you as her mommy. Hugs to you.

  14. Awww, poor Lucy. I was thinking some anti-inflammatories would work for a bit. She’s so young that she should recover from surgery well and be happy for a long time!

  15. I’d never seen a dog lie flat the way Lucy does, but I didn’t know it could be related to hip displasia. I suppose the vet also told you it’s pretty common in some breeds, but not in others. I know that doesn’t ease your fears that she’ll be in pain and her treatment will be costly, but we do what we have to, to protect our loved ones — and Lucy, for sure, is loved! I’m glad you had such a lovely time with your whole family, and I pray Lucy feels better soon.

  16. Ugh… it always sucks when a friend is hurting – be it human or canine. I don’t know that much about the condition – or dog conditions in general – but I know you guys will do what is best for her.

    Glad you got to hang out with the kiddos, and everything fell into place this time.

  17. Vets and their treatments more expensive than my shrink and cardiologist. I will always have my long ago gone yellow lab in my heart but never again or since will have another pet. Another issue God and I will have a “spirited” discussion about when my time comes.

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text: Electronic Theses and Dissertations http://hdl.handle.net/1957/89 Fri, 24 Jul 2015 08:15:58 GMT 2015-07-24T08:15:58Z Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass for Generation of energy : Case Studies of Poplar Management in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56471 Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass for Generation of energy : Case Studies of Poplar Management in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A. Vasquez Sandoval, Marcia A. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the production of poplar biomass grown under four management conditions in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the U.S.A. was conducted. While the extraction of fossil fuels and the subsequent generation of energy have environmental impacts, the alternative of extracting poplar biomass also has impacts due to electricity for irrigation, fuels for machinery, chemical application, and water consumption. Two management conditions were short rotation and no irrigation (Site 1) or irrigation with river water (Site 2). The others were long rotation and irrigation with wastewater from a treatment facility (Site 3) or irrigation with landfill leachate (Site 4). Questionnaires were used to obtain operating data for the production of cuttings and four processes in each site. These were land preparation, plantation management, harvesting, and land restoration. SimaPro v.8 and the USLCI and Ecoinvent v.3 databases were used to create a Life Cycle Inventory and the TRACI 2.1 v 1.01/US 2008 model was used to determine impact indicators. Biomass yield for future harvests was estimated using the 3-PG model. Plantation management and harvesting had the greatest contributions to environmental impacts due to fuel consumption. Utilization of chemicals during land preparation and land restoration were also important contributors. Short rotations resulted in lower global warming potential (79.5 and 54.5 kg CO₂ eq· t⁻¹) and energy consumption (1381.8 and 877.4 MJ ·t⁻¹) than long rotations (93.1 and 81 kg CO₂ eq· t⁻¹ and 1406.9 and 1343.5 MJ·t⁻¹). This was mainly due to diesel use during plantation management. Higher planting density resulted in greater water consumption and electricity use due to irrigation when cuttings are produced. Site 2 had the lowest environmental impacts compared to the other sites due to a low planting density, no on-site irrigation, and low chemical and energy consumption. Chemical use, such as applying pesticides and herbicides, strongly affected ozone depletion and eutrophication while fuel consumption, such as diesel use, had strong effects on global warming, smog and acidification. Increasing biomass yield reduces impacts. The biosolids applied in Site 3 reduced ozone depletion by 65% and other impacts by 19 to 24% compared to applying an equivalent amount of nitrogen fertilizer. The increased proportion of hydroelectricity in the PNW results a reduction in almost all impact categories compared to the typical electricity mix for the Western U.S. When the electricity was all from biomass, ozone depletion, smog and eutrophication increased. This research provides the opportunity for environmental impacts to be considered when making decisions for plantation management. Graduation date: 2016 Tue, 30 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56471 2015-06-30T00:00:00Z Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of Bazzanin K http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56470 Progress Towards the Total Synthesis of Bazzanin K Salvo, Patrick Molecular chirality plays a critical role in chemistry, biology, and medicine. To study and better understand conformational chirality, it is necessary to obtain structurally interesting molecules that exhibit this form of chirality. Our lab utilizes total synthesis and methodological development to obtain conformationally chiral natural products of interest. We believe that bazzanin K is a chiral molecule although it lacks sp³ hybridized stereocenters. To test this hypothesis, we set out to synthesize bazzanin K, separate the potential enantiomers, and measure the energy barrier of racemization. The progress towards the total synthesis of bazzanin K is described herein. Graduation date: 2016 Fri, 12 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56470 2015-06-12T00:00:00Z Synthesis of Intercalation Compounds and Nanocomposites of Inorganic Layered Hosts http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56469 Synthesis of Intercalation Compounds and Nanocomposites of Inorganic Layered Hosts Liyanage, Medagama Liyanage Amila Udayanga Novel synthetic strategies are developed to prepare new intercalation compounds and nanocomposites with several layered hosts (NiPS₃, Na-montmorillonite, MoS₂ and MoO₃). In these products, alkali metals are ionic intercalates and linear polymers, dendrimers or amines act as co-intercalates. In addition to new synthetic approaches, new structures are identified and characterized. A template synthesis method to prepare NiPS₃/polymer nanocomposites is reported for the first time. Polymers studied were polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylenimine (PEI), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). NiPS₃/PEO nanocomposites prepared by this template method contain polymer monolayers (delta d = 0.42 nm) between host layers, in contrast to the polymer bilayers reported in previous reports using a topotactic method. Packing fraction calculations reveals that the interlayer space is denser for template synthesized NiPS₃/PEO than for the topotactically-derived MPS₃/PEO nanocomposites (M = Ni, Fe, Cd, and Mn). NiPS₃/PEI, NiPS₃/PVA and NiPS₃/PVP nanocomposites were prepared for the first time and also have polymer monolayers between host layers (delta d = 0.41, 0.42 and 1.56 nm, respectively). The monomer unit / NiPS₃ formula ratio is ~ 1 for PEO, PEI and PVA nanocomposites and ~ 0.5 for PVP nanocomposites. More dilute conditions, more polar solvents, and longer aging times increase the crystallite size of the obtained products. Reaction progress studies indicate that the P₂S₆⁴⁻ and Ni²⁺ concentrations in the reaction mixture govern nanocomposite nucleation and growth. Intercalated nanocomposites with lower generation (G0.0-2.0) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and Na-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) are synthesized using an exfoliation–adsorption method. This is the first report of the G0.0 and G1.0 PAMAM/Na-MMT nanocomposites and of a structurally-ordered G2.0 PAMAM/Na-MMT nanocomposite. The structures obtained depend on the PAMAM generation and the starting reactant ratio. The spherical PAMAM in aqueous medium transforms to a highly flattened conformation after incorporation between the host layers. G0.0 PAMAM forms only monolayer galleries (delta d = 0.42 nm), while G2.0 PAMAM forms monolayers, bilayers, (delta d = 0.84 nm) and mixed phase structures at lower, higher, and intermediate, organic content, respectively, and exhibits an interesting monolayer to bilayer transition. G1.0 PAMAM shows intermediate behavior, with a monolayer to mixed-phase transition observed at the reactant ratios studied. This is the first report of a monolayer arrangement for PAMAM/clay nanocomposites. The maximum organic contents of G0.0 PAMAM monolayer and G2.0 PAMAM bilayer nanocomposites are ∼7% and ∼14% respectively, and these materials have ~2 times lower packing fractions (0.31-0.32) than for linear polymer intercalate nanocomposites of Na-MMT. Under acidic conditions all these nanocomposites form only monolayer galleries, which is ascribed to the stronger electrostatic attraction between negatively charged MMT layers and protonated PAMAM. Acidic conditions also slow the rate of formation of the nanocomposites and generate more ordered products. The Na⁺ ions in the Na-MMT structure play a significant role in PAMAM/Na-MMT nanocomposite formation. Both Na-MMT and PAMAM structural units are preserved in the nanocomposites obtained. Electride solutions obtained by dissolution of Na(m) in ethylenediamine (en) are used for the first time to generate MoS₂ intercalation compounds with Na and en as intercalate and cointercalate, respectively. Two new phases, labeled α and β, have delta d = 0.35 and 0.57 nm, respectively; the different gallery dimensions are ascribed to parallel vs. perpendicular orientations of en in the galleries. The B phase structure has not been reported previously in any MS₂ intercalation compounds. The intercalation reaction proceeds via the formation of a metastable kinetic product, the β phase, and the subsequent generation of the thermodynamically stable α phase. Lower electride concentrations, lower reaction temperatures and shorter reaction times favor production of the β phase. The products obtained have compositions of Na₀.₂-₀.₃MoS₂·0.3-0.4en with a larger packing fraction than the structurally analogous A-en-GICs (A = alkali metal, GIC = Graphite intercalation compound). The electrochemical reduction of MoS₂ in en/NaPF₆ does not result in these intercalation reactions. The incorporation of dendrimers into MoO₃ is reported for the first time. PAMAM/MoO₃ nanocomposites are synthesized using an exfoliation - adsorption method. G0.0 PAMAM only forms monolayers (delta d = ~ 0.5 nm) between MoO₃ layers and G2.0 PAMAM forms both monolayer and bilayers (delta d = ~ 0.7-0.8 nm). In addition to these two structures, a third unknown phase is observed with a much larger gallery expansion (delta d = ~ 1.4 nm). These nanocomposites have a comparable structures, compositions (12-14% organic component for G0.0 monolayer and 22-25% for G2.0 bilayer) and packing fractions (0.5-0.7 for monolayer and 0.7-0.9 for bilayer) to those in the previously reported linear polymer/MoO₃ nanocomposites. In the above studies, analyses by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) are supported by compositional data from thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and structural optimization (Gaussian). Additionally, the product morphologies, surface properties and constituents are evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) is used to monitor reaction progress. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is used to study compositions and reaction progress. Graduation date: 2016 Tue, 09 Jun 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56469 2015-06-09T00:00:00Z Inactivation Strategy for Clostridium perfringens Spores Adhered onto Stainless Steel Surfaces http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56468 Inactivation Strategy for Clostridium perfringens Spores Adhered onto Stainless Steel Surfaces Alzubeidi, Yasmeen S. Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming pathogenic bacterium that causes a variety of diseases in human and animals. C. perfringens type A isolates produce enterotoxin (CPE) causing food poisoning (FP) and non-food-borne (NFB) gastrointestinal (GI) diseases including antibiotic-associated diarrhea and sporadic diarrhea. C. perfringens type A food poisoning currently ranks as the second most commonly reported bacterial foodborne outbreaks in the United States. C. perfringens has the ability to form metabolically dormant spores in the environment that are resistant to various lethal factors such as, moist heat, dry heat, UV radiation, nitrate, pH-induced stress, prolonged frozen storage, and high pressure processing. These spore resistant properties allow the survival of spores against the preservative approaches that are applied in food manufacturing plants. Thus, the cross- contamination of C. perfringens spores from food contact surfaces into finished products might increase the consumer health risk. In this work, C. perfringens type A isolates were evaluated for their ability to survive on stainless steel (SS) chips under aerobic conditions. C. perfringens spores adhered onto SS chips and remained viable up to 48 h in aerobic conditions while vegetative cells died within 30 minutes of exposure to aerobic environment. Further, we determined the surface hydrophobicity of C. perfringens cells and spores and its correlation to the adhesion onto SS chips. Results showed that spores are more hydrophobic than vegetative cells, and this hydrophobicity is related to the presence of the spore outer coat. Lastly, we applied a modified Clean-in-Place (CIP) procedure on C. perfringens spores adhered onto SS chips as an inactivation strategy to control the contamination level of adhered C. perfringens spores. Our results demonstrated that CIP wash steps are able to inactivate C. perfringens spores from SS chips after treating with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Collectively, our current findings contributes to food industry in order to enhance food safety by lowering the potential cross-contamination of C. perfringens into food products, thereby helping reducing the risk of C. perfringens-associated food poisoning outbreaks. Graduation date: 2016 Wed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1957/56468 2015-07-01T00:00:00Z


text:
1. ActiveMQ

Issues that need to be reviewed - do we keep 'em or do we kick 'em?

Issues: Unresolved

Key Summary Due Date
Bug AMQ-3643 vmQueueCursor does not honour system wide memoryUsage limit
Improvement AMQ-5215 org.apache.activemq.thread.PooledTaskRunner.wakeup() doesn't handle errors
Improvement AMQ-431 only send a message once for multiple consumers on the same connection (for topics)

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Key Summary Updated
Bug AMQ-5424 Broker at 100% CPU when idle after Network Connection reconnect with duplicates sent
Bug AMQ-5570 JMS client does not received any message after activemq restarted
Bug AMQ-4986 tightEncoding=false + failover triggers Broker memory exhaust

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Uncolor for iPhone

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Kids too young to color can Uncolor!

A simply beautiful app for babies and small children.

By rubbing their finger across the screen, babies enjoy uncovering the pictures beneath. When finished, there is a surprise to make little ones giggle.

The pictures are handcrafted by artist, Christina Merryman. She gets lots of wonderful input from her children. New artwork is added regularly.

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Return to Alternative

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Formed: 2005 in Atlanta, GA

Genre: Alternative

Years Active: '00s

In June 2005 In Stereo's debut EP, Death Before Emo, established the Atlanta pop-punk combo's brash approach to pop-punk, which emphasized the sweetness before that hyphen. In Stereo itself was rather new, having formed the previous February from the remnants of local outfits Nuclear Saturday and Lights Out. The band included...
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Shawn: Chamber Music

Various Artists

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  • Genres: Classical, Music
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Deadboy & the Elephantmen are a duo who mix raggedy harmonies with some guitar-oriented rock & roll, particularly on the prodding but catchy opener "Stop, I'm Already Dead," resembling Iggy Pop and Kate Pierson if they decided to go to the White Stripes university. The tandem of Dax Riggs and Tessie Brunet also seem to make Angus Young-like crunchy guitar riffs suit the slightly groovy arrangement to a tee. From there, they tone things down to a dirge-like folk tune entitled "No Rainbow," almost the antithesis of the previous track, with a claustrophobic, sparse framework. They return to this often, including during a lovely, cozy "Evil Friend." Just as soothing but creepy is "How Long the Night Was," which starts with a distant guitar and vocal before veering off into some Ziggy Stardust-like glam rock flavor with a thick, meaty hook. The greatest asset thus far is they move from one infectious area of rock to another with the greatest of ease, especially the lighter but poppy "Ancient Man." The contrast of hard and soft is another key, with the male vocal sounding like a rockier Ron Sexsmith during the magical "Dressed in Smoke." The lone time where the music sounds too much like the White Stripes is the drum-fuelled "Blood Music," yet it comes off as one of the album's highlights as they squeeze everything out of the song before capping things off. Only during "Kissed by Lightning" do Deadboy & the Elephantmen go over the top, something Queens of the Stone Age might be have a better result with. Following a strong "Misadventures of Dope," the group takes its time with the moody, lo-fi "Break It Off."

Genre: Rock

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Visceral indie rock duo Deadboy & the Elephantmen began as a solo project for singer/guitar player and ex-Agents of Oblivion/Acid Bath member Dax Riggs in 2000. He spent four years playing with a rotating cast of local characters before hooking up with New Orleans-born singer/drummer Tessie Brunet in 2004....
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Boozoo Chavis

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As part of the American Explorer series, this album of Boozoo Chavis' work came maybe half a decade after his return to the recording scene in the mid-'80s. The tone slides between the slower, more countrified ballads and the more rollicking works toward the mainstream end of zydeco. The focus is rarely on the instrumental virtuosity, nor is it set on the lyrical content or vocal ability. The focus for the listener is the groove that Chavis and his band set up. When they get into it, it's full-fledged dancehall boogie music, and the details only exist to add to the groove's structure. When they slow down, though, the sound can get a little sparse pretty easily. The call and response can get a bit overly burdensome in the slow numbers, but there's an element of the rural sounds of zydeco throughout. This isn't the slicker, refined form from Buckwheat Zydeco, or even the middle-of-the-road basic form embraced by Chenier, but an older form with closer ties to Cajun in some cases, and a deep country feel throughout. Chavis isn't performing the same music that the others do, but that might be just the reason to give it a listen.

Geboren: 23 oktober 1930 op Lake Charles, LA

Genre: Singer-songwriter

Jaren actief: '50s, '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s

Boozoo Chavis (born Wilson Anthony Chavis) was one of the pioneers of zydeco, the Cajun and blues hybrid originating in southwest Louisiana. Although his self-composed 1954 single, "Paper in My Shoes," was the first zydeco hit, Chavis was distrustful of the music industry and refused to perform publicly or record again until 1984. In an interview featured in the 1990 book, The New Folk Music, Chavis explained, "I got gypped out of my record. I get frustrated, sometimes. I love to play, but, when...
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First Aid At Sea

Douglas Justins & Colin Berry

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This highly popular guide to emergency first aid at sea has been updated throughout. A bestseller for many years, it has been updated for this new edition with fresh artwork and sturdier pages to withstand the harsh marine environment. Its handy features are: Wiro binding makes the pages easy to turn and enables the book to lie flat Lamination means book is water resistant and wipe clean A colour-coded thumb index to emergencies for quick reference 'Provides rapidly accessible guidelines for dealing with medical emergencies in a small boat or yacht at sea.' Nautical Magazine 'A highly practical on-board emergency tool written by doctors who sail.' Yachting Monthly

First Aid At Sea
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  • 12,99 €
  • Available on iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, and Mac.
  • Category: Sports & Outdoors
  • Published: 19 July 2012
  • Publisher: Bloomsbury Academic and Professional
  • Print Length: 26 Pages
  • Language: English
  • Requirements: To view this book, you must have an iOS device with iBooks 1.3.1 or later and iOS 4.3.3 or later, or a Mac with iBooks 1.0 or later and OS X 10.9 or later.

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