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Tinder Wood

To our right, a wood burner – a true sight for sore eyes. that conversation about.

・100g Tinder Wood It comes with a pouch without leather brand tag. ・300g Tinder Wood It comes with a pouch with leather brand tag. ・1kg/1.8kg Tinder Wood to be.

Maximize your fire starting potential by creating all the wood shavings you’ll ever need. Fire starting will never be simpler.

Sean Rad, the co-founder and CEO of the social networking/dating app Tinder, has found a match for his penthouse. the residence has a subdued vibe with dark wood floors, gold and crystal fixtures and a modern chef’s kitchen. Walls of.

When unforeseen circumstances leave you stranded, it’s handy to know how to start a campfire without matches or a lighter. Gather materials to help light and feed the fire. You’ll need a tinder bundle that you light first — anything dry.

Over the 25 or so years since the stove’s installation, the use of the stove created a process called pyrolysis which allowed the thermochemical decomposition of the wood, setting the stage for the two-by-four to become charred and tinder dry.

December 7, 2017 Reigns: Her Majesty Now Available The new sequel Reigns: Her Majesty is out now on Steam! Reigns: Her Majesty is.

When building the most efficient wood burning fire, make sure to use the three essential elements: Tinder | Kindling | Fuel = Wood

So being able to cook in the wilderness is just a matter of 10 seconds and a 5 min CD now. I'd say with all the nerfs to the Campfire, they should've just removed the necessity to have a fire altogether. Though I'd prefer to have the old Flint and Tinder+Wood mechanic back. Last edited by Nulgar on 2009/05/10 (Patch 3.1.1).

Nov 8, 2017. 2 bedroom Property to rent in Albertsdal, Alberton for R 6 200 by CSi Rentals. 2bed 2bath ground floor PET FRIENDLY unit New complex NEAT AND MOD 24 hr security pre paid electric.

Gaining superpowers from being scratched by a magic piece of wood, The Amazing Tinder-Man finds himself suddenly able to swipe left and right on humanity. Will he use his powers for good, or evil? Find out in the video above. Thank you.

Kindling material includes thicker twigs, smaller branches and small pieces of wood or bark. Kindling can also be coated with things like pine resin, wax or petroleum jelly in order to accelerate the fire-starting process. However, kindling generally requires tinder even if they are coated with a flammable substance.

Fibrous plant material, small twigs and newspaper make good tinder. Kindling is small pieces of wood that will burn long enough to catch larger logs of wood on fire. Finally, you will need a few logs of thicker wood that will sustain the fire.

Tinder. Oh Tinder, how you tease. By far, the most beautiful people are on Tinder. It can actually be a bit jarring to shift from the membership of a traditional.

Apply a spark and your pile of magnesium shavings catches fire. You now have a great means of starting a campfire even if the natural tinder or wood in your campsite is damp. Another advantage of using magnesium to help start your fire is that magnesium always stays dry. You can dunk it in a river or leave it out in the rain.

“It’s very similar to Tinder. Answer a few generic questions about the sort. whereas I’ve got a bit of a thing for a kitchen-diner with breakfast bar. Throw in a herringbone wood floor and we’ll be satiated for days. “Much like with online.

This was the first ‘missing phone’ game I’d tried, and I loved the mix of stalker-themed Tinder mystery with weirder supernatural. you expand outward with.

Aug 15, 2012. Even though the entire forest floor was damp from dew and morning rainfall, this bark was dry and – once shredded – would become perfect tinder. One of the most fascinating truths about the Earth is that it always provides. Whether it's building materials, food, or materials for a fire — wood, kindling, and.

Gather dry wood of various sizes with small twigs, wood shavings, dry leaves or grass, dry needles, bark or dryer lint to act as a base (tinder). 1. Pile a couple handfuls of tinder in the center of your fire ring. 2. With your back to the wind.

Partridge Wood Dr., 19048-Ludwin E. Chilin and Merlin Lizabeth to Timothy. Binder and Nancy J. Rapp, $480,500. Tinder Box Cir., 4562-NVR Inc. to Anuj B. and Khushboo A. Naik, $392,065. Lombardy Dr., 1-Lisa A. Eyler and.

Feb 13, 2015. They struck the fire-starter rod once, and the tinder (shaved pieces of wood or pieces of paper) caught on fire immediately. It started spreading quickly to the kindling (small pieces of wood, twigs, or branches), but they had no fuel wood ( large blocks of wood). It looks like they didn't even think about where to.

Tinder: If you think ahead, cotton balls soaked in petroleum jelly are easy, lightweight fire starters. If you’re in the woods without cotton balls, shave dry bark from a birch tree with your knife, or find dried grasses or moss. Wood shavings.

When I first received my Tinder-on-a-Rope, I kinda thought to myself well " whoopee" I just got a piece of wood that has a loop of cord running through a hole in one end. I have a shop at my house and have plenty of wood lying around and started to wonder if there was really anything special that made this piece of wood.

Aug 29, 2013. From staying warm, cooking food or even just to hang out and enjoy company, building a campfire is an essential part of any outdoor adventure. No need to be fumbling into the darkness trying to get one going anymore because in this episode of D-I-Why Not? in collaboration with Leatherman.

May 3, 2012. Finding dry tinder and kindling can be a challenge in wet weather. The outside of any exposed wood will likely be wet. Such was the case for us. Everything we could gather was very damp. Still, we wanted (fortunately we didn't need) a campfire. So, I demonstrated to my kids and friends how to use a knife.

Shave even more weight off your load by leaving the fuel at home. With the Vargo Titanium Hexagon backpacking wood stove you.

Tinder synonyms. Top synonym for tinder (other word for tinder) is kindling.

Define tinder. tinder synonyms, tinder pronunciation, tinder translation, English dictionary definition of tinder. n. Readily combustible material, such as dry twigs.

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The Tinderbox is a Woodstove powered generator. The principles are well understood, but until now, no-one has made a practical commercial device which you could.

Oct 27, 2014. If you didn't bring your own tinder, scavenge for dry grass or bark near the roots of downed trees, which act as a weather shield. Find a large piece of bark (dry on the inside) to use as a platform to keep the wood off the wet ground. If you can set up beneath a tree without risking setting it ablaze, do it.

Dec 22, 2017. How to start a fire in bad conditions: Use a knife to prep dry tinder.Find fatwood or use a commercial extender.Use a saw / axe or saw / knife / baton to split rounds and get to the dry center to process plenty of kindling.Build a strong flame base and good coal bed before attempting to burn damp or wet wood.

End Of Relationship Grief Stackpole-Parrish said other topics include the help and support that participants have or don’t have, their feelings and how they deal with them, their. If

Fire-Up tinder wood in netting 22 liter FSC Fire-Up tinder wood in netting 3kg, 96 pieces FSC Please contact us for more information.

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Few survival skills frustrate a person like bow and drill fire starting. After a couple of crushing failures, most people are ready to write off the method as.

As helicopters picked families off the roofs of their battered homes, community members branched out on their own in search of survivors and bodies, searching creek beds and canyons, runoff points at local beaches, and splintered piles.

Starting a fire in wet or damp conditions can be a daunting task. If there is no dry wood available, you need a way to start a small fire to dry out some bigger tinder to get it going. This is why many people carry pre-made tinder in their survival kit to ensure that fire is possible in any conditions.

Home → Survival → Fire → Tinder → Tinder Fungus True Tinder Fungus: Tinder Fungus is a type of fungus that holds a coal very well for a long period of time.

The trick with these sorts of fire starters is to master creating a proper tinder bundle to receive the sparks and having carefully selected wood (or other fuel, like pinecones or peat) at the ready. Once you have scraped away the protective.

I navigate the barn wood and flip through their profiles, physically holding up Tinder to random people’s faces. Is it you? Is it you? Is it you? Once together, we learn that three of the guys are visiting Devan Dunneback, an intern in the city and.

Gathering Fire Wood. the various types of campfire fuel: tinder, kindling, and firewood. To burn a successful fire, you'll need three types fuel: tinder, kindling and firewood. Tinder includes small twigs, dry leaves, needles or forest duff. Kindling consists of small sticks, typically less than one inch around. Firewood is any larger.

Start a fire with a magnifying glass using natural tinder. Once the tinder bundle is complete, it takes seconds to minutes of focusing your fresnel lens unto the punk wood before it turns black and starts smouldering. Then I focus the beam in the edge of the black spot to keep it smoking and make the burnt area bigger.

Tinder wood for kindling, perfect for starting campfires or lighting the fireplace. An essential element in your re-enactment and outdoor equipment. This kindle

"Five things are necessary to produce a rubbing-stick fire: a drill or spindle, a fire- block or hearth, a hand-socket, a bow, and tinder. In choosing wood for making the drill and fire-block, great care must be exercised. The wood should be dry and long-seasoned, but sound. Gummy and resinous woods should be avoided.

Define tinder. tinder synonyms, tinder pronunciation, tinder translation, English dictionary definition of tinder. n. Readily combustible material, such as dry twigs.

Wood’s frosh-soph girls were edged out 42-38. Justine Kieffer had wins in the 400 and 200 for the Wildcats. Kelsey Humbert doubled up in the discus and shot put with wins. Katie Tinder raced to victories in the 1,600 and 3,200.

Chopping wood is a serious workout and takes planning. In a sudden emergency, you will need to know how to quickly acquire a wood supply. Follow these tips and

MayaDust Tinder Snuff Box packaging. Tinder in a small, lightweight, waterproof, plastic container for fire starting. Burns long and hot to tinder your firestarting efforts.

Apr 18, 2014. Circle the pit with large stones or bricks to contain the hot coals. Gather tinder and wood. Tinder is the material you'll ignite to start your fire. Good tinder is easy to light, but burns very quickly. It might include: • Pine needles. • Dry leaves. • Newspaper. • Wood shavings. *Tip – Balls of dryer lint, soaked in.

. of Facebook friends (who have also unlocked Tinder Social) to choose from to add to their group.” Related Link: 4 Other Industries Augmented Reality Could Disrupt CCS Insight consultancy’s Ben Wood added, “Tinder is seen by many as.

If you’ve ever tried to start a fire, chances are that you’ve at least once had trouble getting the wood to catch. That’s where a pencil. around a pencil sharpener is an easy way to create tinder, which is essentially any small, easily ignitable.


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Welcoming session to 2018.2 international students at UFSC

11:14 AM

Next Friday, 27 July, the Office of International Relations (SINTER) will hold a welcoming session to the international students who will be joining UFSC in the second semester of 2018. The event will take place at the Rectorate Building Auditorium, at 10 a.m.. The meeting will be attended by the University’s Vice-Rector, Prof. Alacoque Lorenzini Erdmann, and the Secretary for International Relations, Prof. Lincoln Fernandes. Besides welcoming the students, the session will also include cultural activities.

182 exchange students will be coming from 19 countries through the Incoming, BRACOL, BRAMEX and AUGM programs. The Incoming Program receives students from UFSC’s partner institutions, with which UFSC holds bilateral agreements, without scholarship granting. The others are programs in which UFSC participates, both receiving and sending students with scholarship grants.

Besides the exchange students, UFSC will also be welcoming 3 students from the PEC-G Program who come from 2 countries (Cape Verde and Uruguay) to complete their undergraduate studies at UFSC.

Further information about the Incoming Program can be found  here.

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Friday, 27 September 2013

A comic, enlightening and hugely satisfying exploration of a famous Derry-Londonderry playwright

A soothingly downbeat cello melody is faintly heard as the audience search for their seats in Derry-Londonderry's Waterside Theatre. To the right of a large, fully draped white curtain in the centre of a rustic and minimalist set sits a washerwoman at work, with only the slightest flicker of candlelight to help. She appears so annoyed by the lack of light and atmosphere in her setting that she immediately resorts to taking a swig of ale from the mug beside her. Or perhaps she just needs a break.

The "washerwoman" in question is actually actress Kate O'Rourke, getting into character as Mistress Kempe, the active, buxom landlady of truly LegenDerry playwright George Farquhar. For the uninitiated, Farquhar is one of the best known and loved playwrights to come from the island of Ireland, his invaluable contributions to restoration comedy having endured for over three centuries.

By Mr Farquhar, written by Lindsay Sedgwick and directed by Caroline Byrne, is one of a series of theatrical events from Jonathan Burgess's Blue Eagle Theatre Company dedicated to celebrating the life and work of the famous playwright over a two week period.

The play is set in 1706, shortly before Farquhar's death. When we first see Farquhar, played with deceptively sly apathy by local actor and Farquhar fanatic Stephen Bradley, he wears an unsettling smirk that suggests he is not to be taken at face value. His ragged clothing and hangdog face suggest an almost stereotypical image of the struggling playwright, a man who is not basking in glory from the inspiration his plays are giving to early eighteenth century Londoners.

Feeling like "an animal of immense and hairy proportions", his self-pitying soliloquies to the audience depict the depression he allegedly feels over both estrangement from his wife and daughters and the struggle to finish his final play. Or is he hoodwinking us? For on one hand, he thinks the working title of his "comic masterpiece" literally "stinks" and briefly holds up a quill with a shrug, as if to say "why bother"? But on the other hand, there are moments where he joyfully sings and boasts about successfully completed the outline of the play. Bradley's depiction of Farquhar's varying moods make for great comic value, but initially, it is hard to care very much about the man.

Enter landlady and Mrs. Lovett soundalike Mistress Kempe, and the immediate fear that these two will have a Sweeney Todd dynamic, with the lady's love for the man inspiring him to continue and/or finish his work against the odds. Thankfully, By Mr Farquhar is no Shakespeare In Love. Here, Farquhar's inspiration comes not merely from the lady herself, but from absolutely everything that happens both in and around him during the remainder of the play.

O'Rourke plays Kempe as a tough nut to crack. She is the sort who will not be condescended to, despite being made to wait on Farquhar at every opportunity. In other words, she is a heavyweight of a presence, but to Farquhar, is she a paperweight, a makeweight or a weight on his shoulder? This is explored compellingly through the depiction of Kempe's role as a servant and as both an ear and an aid for the playwright's words.

By now, the play is freely alternating between Farquharian monologue and periodical dialogue between the two cast members, showing the male "hero" up as a desperately determined writer who seems no longer able to draw the line between theatre and real life in his work. He discusses what being in an auditorium feels like. He references Shakespeare and, in a rather anachronistic turn, Billy Joel ("And so it goes..."). He talks to Kempe about the possibility of getting closer to her, but, being married, she angrily knocks him back. He even goes as far as putting his feet in a pot of urine in what feels squirm-worthy to us, but enlightening to him.

Even more enlightening, for both Farquhar and the audience, is the Derry bard’s realization that he has "put too much of himself" into the play, according to Kempe. For the first time, she cracks a pleasant smile. And so do we, knowing that Farquhar will have to dig a little deeper to finish his "masterpiece". It is how he does it that enthralls us.

One still does not quite sympathize fully with him over the loss of his father and mother, as Bradley's portrayal and the tone of the play have been a little too laid back up to this point. But the lessons he learns, about heritage, marriage and parenthood, are appreciated. By reminiscing, and confiding in Kempe, he reawakens to his significance as a playwright and as a responsible parent. As he carves a doll for one of his daughters, and the strains of "Danny Boy" are heard offstage, The Beaux' Stratagem is born.

And, as the playwright falls victim to tuberculosis and is forced to fight even harder to finish his play (a telling reminder of how working so hard can ruin one's health), a genuinely caring bond between Farquhar and Kempe finally envelops. Bradley and O'Rourke work extremely hard to convey the strengthening emotions they feel both towards their work and one another.

By Mr Farquhar
ends on a hugely satisfying note, with the playwright apparently letting his demons rest, acknowledging his inspirations, and leaving to enjoy the finished production and possibly a drink with his landlady. One might argue that it is a cheat to at last fully connect with Farquhar and Kempe just as they are leaving the stage, but it is actually the perfect ending to the play. For we have liked them all along; it just took ninety minutes for us to discover their emotional warmth. And perhaps that, in itself, is the central appeal of Farquhar's writing.

By Mr Farquhar is running at Derry-Londonderry's Waterside Theatre until Saturday September 29 as part of Blue Eagle's George Farquhar Theatre Festival.


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Wednesday, June 09, 2004
Military Mark's Thoughts on President Reagan

"I just found out, and I write this on Saturday night. I want to express my deepest sympathy for President Ronald Reagan. He was without doubt one of the finest men to ever grace the oval office, and he lead our nation higher then anyone ever expected him to. I got bored watching Santa Fe( in which he starred) and decided to check the web, and there awaited the bad news. I feel hollow, but I know that he was a very sick man and only his personal courage and strength allowed him to be with us for this long.

I also would like to thank Nancy Reagan for protecting him from intrusive cameras which would have liked to invade this great mans final years. A great American has died, and we should all bow our heads in a moment of prayer."

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Sketchup Blog - News and Notes from the Sketchup folks

We're tweeting

By now, most of you have probably heard of Twitter and some of you might even be using it to follow celebrities, friends & family, tech websites, famous athletes and anyone that you take an interest in! To help you stay connected to news about Google SketchUp, we've decided to launch SketchUp's very own Twitter account - follow us at @sketchup. The 3D Warehouse is also tweeting on their own account at @3DWH. And, if you're interested in learning about towns that are modeling for Google Earth, start following @Modelyourtown. Take your pick or better yet, follow all of us!

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The comments you read here belong only to the person who posted them. We do, however, reserve the right to remove off-topic comments.

Jacob said...

Your Twitter link goes to www.t w i i t e You may want to fix that.

SketchUp Team said...

Thanks for the correction Jacob! I just corrected the link. Thanks again!


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    Our 2017 Sangiovese Rose has been made in our new style – fresh, bright and savoury.  Strawberry, rhubarb, oregano and pink peppercorn are seductively aromatic with the palate being soft up front, a zesty acidity and finishing with chewy tannins.  The ‘amico perfetto’ for chargrilled pork and fennel sausages or honey panna cotta.  This is a wine that says, ‘it’s time to relax and be happy’.

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Adventures with Dagny

Sometimes I can't play all day.  Sometimes I have to work- and long hours at that.  When I know that I'm going to be away from home for a particularly long time, I ask my friend Armando if he can take Dagny for the day.  Because they do fun things like go to the doggy spa (really.) and go for rides in the car, he's basically at the top of her friend list.

On Thursday I knew I would have to be at work until after six, so Dags and Armando partied all day.  He stopped by my office on his way to a meeting to show me this photo and let me know that Dagny now has her own instagram.

Evidently they were stuck in traffic for an extended period of time, so the pair went for a walk and had a nice chat with some people in the back of a pick-up.  Dagny makes friends wherever she goes.  To keep up with her while I'm gone, you can find Dagny on adventures @dagnytlohse on instagram.


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OPINIONS 101: Fly the Unfriendly Skies

January 7, 2004

LESS THAN HEROES Shipping June 2004!

I learned today that the fine folks at TOP SHELF have upped the LESS THAN HEROES publishing date from August 2004 to June 2004. Further, the collection is now going to include a section of supplemental material such as the long out-of-print short THRESHOLD stories that have appeared in various anthologies over the years. Watch for the solicitation in Diamond's PREVIEWS or, better yet, CLICK HERE CLICK HERE and order in advance directly from Top Shelf!

Fear of Flying

All my life I avoided flying. For the first 37 years of my life I managed to avoid airline travel almost entirely with but two exceptions (both occurred during my early 20s). I don’t care about the safety statistics. I don’t care that statistically speaking, you are (or were) much safer flying in a plane than driving in an automobile. To me, it was a question of putting my life in the hands of a pair of strangers (ie, the pilot and copilot) as well as the airline’s maintenance staff and, to an extent, the flight crew. There was also the fear of falling 30,000 or more feet should the airplane experience engine loss or another fatal catastrophic event. Those were the big fears that kept me from flying whenever possible. And when I did fly, I held onto the seat with white-knuckle ferocity. But, someone must have been doing something right, because to date I’ve flown twelve times and have lived through each flight. Something else also recently occurred—I’ve lost my fear of flying. You have no way of knowing this, but that loss of fear represents a major victory in my life. I guess you could consider it in one of two ways—either I’ve gained a sudden trust for the airline industry or I’m not afraid to die. And believe me, I haven’t gained a sudden trust for the airline industry, even though I’ve been constantly assured that my seat will indeed double as a floatation device—be sure to tell that to the 111 who were killed on Christmas day when UTA Flight 141 dropped into the Atlantic.
But I guess I’m no longer fearing the grim reaper. I guess the words of Blue Oyster Cult have finally sunk in. And of course I’m feeling a whole lot safer now that our government is so strictly monitoring the air industry right?
Um…no. Not really—more on that in a minute, but first:

On Saturday January 3, I flew out of LAX to San Francisco. To say that security at LAX was tight would be quite the understatement. Pulling into LAX via automobile, one is first greeted by a series of armed agents who stop vehicles at random. I have no idea what the criteria is for stopping vehicles suffice to say that the driver who chauffeured us to the airport was sporting Pennsylvania plates and, thus, had no plate on the front of her vehicle. But we were not stopped or searched. As mentioned in last week’s rant, passenger vehicles may no longer drop off passengers curb-side. Such privileges are reserved for the wealthy (limousines are permitted) or for those who arrive via an airport shuttle service or taxi. The rest of us, those getting rides with friends, must pull into the short-term parking garage. We did so and unloaded our bags from the trunk and walked toward the airport’s departure terminal. Once at the threshold of the terminal, it was a simple matter to obtain boarding passes electronically using the credit card through which the tickets were originally purchased. I purchased tickets through an online ticket seller so was able to use this convenient service. Next we stepped into the terminal and attempted to find baggage check. This took a considerable amount of time as there were no signs to indicate the baggage check area. Eventually, we hauled our bags down a flight of stairs and headed outside to the curb where taxis, limos, and shuttles busily unloaded their passengers. It was then a simple matter to check the bags—merely present photo ID and boarding info. A few minutes later we were on our way to the X-ray security check. First, however, we had to pass by two interim check points and were required to again show photo ID and boarding passes. Then we stepped into the queue for X-ray. The line was like something out of a Disney theme park, but because time was running short (we had an 8:30 a.m. flight and it was 8:00 a.m. as we entered the queue), we were pulled out of the line and sent to the front of it. At the X-ray check passengers are required to remove shoes, belts, and other metal objects. Laptops are to be placed in a tray that slides into the X-ray device. Shoes, jackets, carry-on bags also go thru the device. You then walk through what looks like a door frame. We passed through without incident and soon replaced our shoes and grabbed our bags. Once through security we walked to the boarding gate and were soon ushered aboard the flight. The flight itself was smooth and fast, taking a little less than an hour to reach San Francisco.
The return flight was just as quick, but heading through SFO’s security was a completely different experience. It was, in fact, extremely painless. The security folks were very pleasant, joking with passengers who nervously deposited their belongings onto the X-ray conveyor belt. In comparison with LAX, SFO was like a sunshiny day that starts with fresh-squeezed orange juice and ends with a soft evening breeze.
Would I recommend flying?
Without a doubt.
But what irks me is that despite these heightened security measures, despite the searching and the seizuring and the delays and the long lines, despite all this over-the-top “protection” the US is still acting like a frightened, nervous guinea pig in a researcher center. While we were waiting our plane at SFO, CNN was busy carrying the story of a woman of Arab descent who was removed from Delta Flight 43 in Paris because the jacket she was wearing contained wires and a battery used to heat the coat. Despite that her jacket was merely a jacket the woman was nonetheless detained and placed on a separate flight. Flight 43, meanwhile, was escorted by two F-16 fighter jets—or was it? MSNBC published the story on January 6. Later, however, federal authorities denied that the plane was escorted. Meanwhile, U.S. officials have admitted that several flights have been escorted in recent months as a precaution.
Which doesn’t make me feel so good about flying anymore.
Let’s assume it’s a flight you’re on. Let’s assume that just prior to the flight a suspicious-looking person is removed from the flight. So the danger—whatever danger this person might or might not have held because, let’s face it, we’ll never know one way or another since the media and federal authorities are going to spin the story to their liking—but let’s assume the “terrorist” is removed from the flight. Whew! That was close, but at least it’s over, right?
Because as a precaution—even though the danger no longer exists—as a precaution the government is gonna “escort” the plane. Oh, and by the way, the escort is gonna be an F-16 fighter jet. Notice that the escort isn’t the US military’s “F-16 super-fun happy jet” or the “F-16 not gonna hurt ya jet.”

F-16 at a Glance

A few fun facts about this fascinating modern marvel known as the F-16:
As its name implies, the F-16 “fighter” jet was designed for speed and action. Its wings can house a variety of missiles including anti-bunker, anti-tank, suppression of air defense, and, um, enemy aircraft attack. It’s this last batch set of missiles that ought to have the neck-hairs of airline passengers standing at military attention. Let’s assume you’re aboard Delta Flight 43 and are given an F-16 “escort.” There is one and only one purpose for this escort—the complete and utter destruction of the plane being escorted. The question remains, however, which missile is going to be the right one for the job. Depending on the pilot’s visual range, he or she might opt to use the AMRAAM (advanced medium-range, air-to-air missile), which is computer guided for accurate kill shots. Alternatively, the pilot might go with the AIM-9 Sidewinder. This is a short-range, heat-seeking missile that hones in on its target’s engine exhaust (ie, your flight!). The beauty of this missile is that after it’s launched, the pilot can simple leave the area. There’s no need to hang around, cause the Sidewinder will just hum along like the little engine that could kill until it’s done its job.
So don’t kid yourself. If your flight is given a military escort, it’s probably best to have your insurance policies paid up. Of course, there’s a 99.99% likelihood you won’t know your plane is being escorted, so it sort of all works out in the end, right? Best of all, if either the Sidewinder or AMRAAM is accidentally launched by an either inexperienced, overzealous, or just-plain-stupid pilot, the GOP can simply deny the allegation and instead blame it on al-Quaida, thus fanning the flames of fear and guaranteeing additional funds to keep soldiers in Iraq longer still (even though the major campaign ended months ago—but don’t let anyone know—it’s a secret!).

You Lazy Americans!

Okay, as long as I’ve completely lost any focus in this quote-unquote essay, I cannot help but laugh at the Bush Administration’s sudden proposal for sweeping immigration reform. Mr. Bush apparently feels dangerous Mexicans “makes more difficult the urgent task of securing the homeland.” Yeah, there were lots and lots of Mexican terrorists aboard those planes on nine-eleven.
But why—why you might ask, would Mr. Bush want to increase the 1 million green cards currently issued each year? I guess it has to do with us shiftless, lazy American workers, as our President stated publicly that “Out of common sense and fairness, our laws should allow willing workers to enter our country and fill jobs that Americans are not filling.” But wait a second—what about the 8.7 million unemployed Americans? I guess we are all worthless and weak.
Once again Bush has decided to do the hokey-poky and turn us all around. Consider this: El Presidente dangles the prospect of legal status to approximately 8 million illegal immigrants only months from the approaching election. Approximately 4 million of these immigrants are Mexican. FYI, in the 2000 Presidential Election, El Presidente won slightly more than one-third of the Mexican constituency. So assuming his new “immigration” plan will be railroaded through the GOP-controlled House and Senate (as we know it will), who do you think these 4 million Mexican-Americans (now with voting power) are going choose? These are not the actions of a man who is concerned with national security—only the security of his job.
¿Dónde esta el baño? I don’t feel so well.

Online Sources:
US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
MSNBC online

Next: As I stated last week, Mid-Life Crisis continues, possibly.

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DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

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Presentation on theme: "DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis"— Presentation transcript:

1 DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 12 and 13 DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

2 Discovery of the Role of DNA
A Frederick Griffith discovers transformation in bacteria : * discovered that “something” was able to transform harmless (non – virulent) bacteria into harmful (virulent)

3 Discovery of the Role of DNA (cont’d)
1944 -Oswald Avery and colleagues show that DNA can transform bacteria Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use bacteriophage to confirm that DNA is the genetic material

4 Hershey-Chase Experiment: Infected cells make more virus by injecting their DNA
animation 1

5 Discovery of the Role of DNA (cont’d)
D James Watson and Francis Crick propose a structural model for the DNA molecule Based On: X-Ray crystallography images prepared by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin Chargraff’s Rule: # of Adenines = # of Thymines # Guanines = # of Cytosines

6 DNA and RNA are Polymers of Nucleotides
Both are nucleic acids made of long chains of nucleotide monomers A nucleotide (building block of a nucleic acid) has 3 parts: A phosphate (PO4-) group that is negatively charged A 5-Carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA) A nitrogen-containing base

7 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) pyrimidines purines Pyrimidines: single ring bases Purines: double ring bases Complimentary binding pattern: Adenine + Thymine (share 2 hydrogen bonds) Cytosine + Guanine (share 3 hydrogen bonds)

8 RNA: ribonucleic acid Similar to DNA except: Sugar in RNA = ribose
Base “uracil” instead of thymine Single stranded Figure 10.2C, D

9 The Structure of DNA Two polynucleotide strands wrapped around each other in a double helix A sugar-phosphate backbone Steps made of hydrogen-bound bases (A=T, C = G) Twist

10 DNA REPLICATION: Starts with the separation of DNA strands
Enzymes use each strand as a template to assemble new nucleotides into complementary strands…“semi-conservative” (Meselson & Stahl 1958) Portions to be replicated must untwist first

11 DNA replication begins at specific sites on double helix
DNA segments unwind 2. Helicase splits H bonds between bases, unzip DNA 3. Binding proteins keep unzipped DNA apart (Single Stranded Binding Proteins) 4. Primase makes a short RNA primer because DNA polymerase can only extend a nucleotide chain, not start one. 5. DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to the 3’ end of daughter strand that are complimentary to the parent strand 6. RNase H cuts out original primers 7. DNA polymerase fills in gap of removed primers 8. DNA ligase glues S/P backbone where needed replication forks Animation/tutorial 9. Two identical double helices Topoisomerase: prevents further coiling at replication fork

12 A Structural Problem with DNA Replication
Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direction (“anti-parallel”) “prime” #’s refer to carbons in the sugar At one end, the 3’ carbon has an (OH) and at the opposite, a 5’ carbon has the PO4- Why does this matter? DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end. A daughter strand can only grow from 5’  3’ Therefore, only one daughter strand is made continuously (leading strand) The other strand (lagging strand) is made in a series of short pieces (Okazaki fragments), later connected by DNA ligase animation Animation/tutorial

13 When DNA can repair mistakes and when it can’t
DNA Repair enzymes work like a spell checker Cut out wrong sequences Undamaged strand is template Only 2 or 3 stable changes per year : some severe, others are not Mutations Inheritable changes occur in gametogenesis Now the “wrong” sequences are copied Ex: cystic fibrosis (CF): a deletion of 3 nucleotides in a certain gene Ex: sickle cell anemia: one nucleotide substitution in the hemoglobin gene Mutagen: a mutation causing substance (can break DNA) Ex: X-Rays, radioactivity, nicotine

14 Protein Synthesis: the transfer of information from: DNA  RNA  Proteins “gene expression”:
A gene is a linear sequence of many nucleotides. 3 Types: Structural genes: have info to make proteins Regulatory genes: are on/off switches for genes Genes that code for tRNA, rRNA, histones DNA vs RNA double stranded A T C G deoxyribose sugar single stranded A U C G ribose sugar 3 types of RNA: messenger, transfer, ribosomal mRNA (messenger): copies DNA’s message in nucleus  brings it to cytoplasm tRNA (transfer): carries amino acids to mRNA so protein can be made rRNA (ribosomal): major part of the ribosome. Helps link amino acids from tRNA’s together  assemble protein

15 Protein Synthesis is Two Steps:
Transcription: The DNA of the gene is transcribed into mRNA Translation: decoding the mRNA and assembling the protein 15

16 Transcription: Eukaryote
DNA sequence (message for protein) is transcribed by mRNA Only one strand (non-coding strand) is needed as a template Steps: RNA polymerase splits H bonds in DNA section RNA polymerase travels along non-coding strand of DNA. RNA nucleotides join in a complimentary pattern (A=U, C=G) A termination signal is reached, transcription is over mRNA strip detaches from DNA, DNA helix closes up mRNA is processed: Introns are cut out, Exons are glued together, cap and tail are added. Mature mRNA leaves nucleus through pores  cytoplasm for next step 16

17 Translation: the synthesis of proteins using mRNA, tRNA and ribosomes
The Genetic Code: the language in which instructions for proteins are written in the base sequences Each triplet of mRNA bases is a “codon” because it will “code” for 1 amino acid Ex: AUG GUC CCU AAU CCU Met – Val – Pro – Asn – Pro Original coding strand of DNA (the actual gene): ATG GTC CCT AAT CCT Only difference: U is substituted for T Use the Genetic Code chart to “decode” mRNA message 17

18 The Genetic Code is the Rosetta Stone of Life
Nearly all organisms use exactly the same genetic code More than one codon for most amino acids = degenerate nature…a change (mutation) in gene does not always mean a different amino acid. what does CAU code for? ACU? UAU? GCC? how many codons for Leu? what is special about AUG and it’s amino acid, Methionine? what is special about UAA, UAG, and UGA? 18

19 An exercise in translating the genetic code:
Step 1: fill in corresponding DNA bases to dark blue strand (non-coding) Step 2: Transcribe the dark blue strand into mRNA (pink) Step 3: Translate the codons into correct amino acids (use chart) A T G A A G T T T T A G Coding strand (gene) transcription translation 19

20 An exercise in translating the genetic code: answers
Step 1: fill in corresponding DNA bases to dark blue strand (non-coding) Step 2: Transcribe the dark blue strand into mRNA (pink) Step 3: Translate the codons into correct amino acids (use chart) 20

21 How Does Translation Happen?
Need: tRNAs and ribosomes (rRNA) tRNA: single stranded RNA, folded up 2 parts: anticodon and aa attachment site Ribosome: 2 protein subunits and ribosomal RNA allows aa’s to attach by making peptide bonds travels along mRNA strip, tRNA’s join and bring correct amino acids 3 sites on ribosome: A site – where new tRNA’s and amino acids join P site – where protein is growing E site – where empty tRNA’s exit ribosome Translocation: as ribosome moves, tRNA’s move from A site to P site. “A” site is now open for new tRNA with attached amino acid to join animation 21

22 Put It All Together: 22

23 Mutations can change the message of genes
changes in DNA base sequence caused by errors in DNA replication, recombination, or by mutagens substituting, inserting, or deleting nucleotides also alters a gene “point mutation”…may or may not alter amino acid sequence “frame-shift mutation”…most devastating to protein structure 23

24 MUTANTS – Mutant Animals!

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The BSE Inquiry Findings, Lessons and Effects David Body 02 December 2006.

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1 The BSE Inquiry Findings, Lessons and Effects David Body 02 December 2006

2 The BSE Inquiry Terms of reference: November 1997 To establish and review the history of the emergence and the identification of BSE and variant CJD in the United Kingdom, and of the action taken in response to it up to 20 March 1996; to reach conclusions on the adequacy of that response taking into account the state of knowledge at the time; and to report on these matters to the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Secretary of State for Health and the Secretaries of State for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

3 The BSE Inquiry (a) Findings of Fact 1.A TSE known as scrapie has been endemic in the sheep population of the United Kingdom for nearly two hundred years. At the end of 1986, pathologists in the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL) identified similar degenerative changes in the brain samples of diseased cattle in two different herds. These were early cases of BSE. 2.By May 1987 this novel disease had been confirmed in four herds. No publicity even within the State Veterinary Service (SVS) had been given to these early cases and others may have been unrecognised. From May 1987, the existence of this novel disease was disseminated and the Head of CVLs Epidemiology Department, John Wilesmith was asked to investigate. 3.Over the next six months reported incidence of the disease proliferated. By 15 December 1987, ninety-five cases on eighty farms. Mr Wilesmith thought provisionally that the cause of the outbreak was contaminated meat and bone meal (mbm) that had been incorporated in cattle feed. He concluded that the likely contaminant was the offal of scrapie infected sheep rendered down to make mbm.

4 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 4.On 18 May 1988 Mr John McGregor, Minister of Agriculture on the advice of Mr William Reece the Chief Veterinary Officer prohibited the feeding of ruminant protein to ruminants (the Ruminant Feed Ban). 5.Diseased cattle were going into the food chain. Scrapie was known not to be transmissible to humans but the same was not known to be true of BSE. By 19 February 1988, two hundred and sixty four cases of BSE from two hundred and twenty three farms had been confirmed. On 24 February, Mr Derek Andrews the permanent secretary at MAFF recommended in a submission to Mr McGregor that BSE should be made a notifiable disease and that a policy of compulsory slaughter with compensation be introduced. Reservations were expressed about such a policy and advice was sought from Sir Donald Acheson the Chief Medical Officer (CMO) about the outcome and complications for human health. 6.Sir Donald Acheson recommended that an expert working party should be set up to advise on the implications of BSE. This was done, the Chairman was Sir Richard Southwood.

5 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 7.On 21 June 1988, the Southwood Working Party made interim recommendations that included the compulsory slaughter of animals showing symptoms of BSE and the setting up of a Committee to advise on research. Slaughter was made compulsory on 8 August 1988 and compensation of 50% of sound value of the animal was paid if, at post mortem, it was shown to have the TSE and 100% if it did not. 8.By 13 January 1989, 2296 cases of BSE had been confirmed on 1742 farms. 9.The Southwood report was submitted to Ministers on 9 February 1989 and endorsed Mr Wilesmiths conclusion that source of infection was scrapie infected meat and bone meal. It concluded that it was:- Most unlikely that BSE would have any implications for human health. It recommended that the HSE and the Authorities responsible for human and veterinary medicines which had already been alerted by the Working Party should take appropriate measures to address possible risks posed by BSE.

6 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 10.The Working Party concluded that the risk posed by BSE infected animals which had not yet developed clinical signs did not justify any further measures to protect human food. The Government accepted this and on publication of the Southwood report, announced secondary legislation which would make it illegal to sell baby food containing the types of offal identified. MAFF Ministers however had concerns which, after discussion with officials and with Department of Health and after consultation led on 13 November 1989 to the introduction of a ban on the use for human consumption of specified bovine offals (SBO). This became known as theHuman SBO Ban. 11.On 27 February 1989, the Tyrell Committee was established to advise on research in relation to BSE and the interim report was delivered by this Committee on 13 June 1989 identifying key research questions and the priority in which they should be addressed. 12.By the end of 1989 10,091 cases of BSE had been confirmed in the United Kingdom. Anxiety having been expressed in some quarters that 50% compensation might be inadequate to procure compliance with the requirement to notify BSE suspects, on 14 February 1990 Mr John Gummer, Minister of Agriculture introduced entitlement to 100% compensation.

7 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 13.On 3 April 1990, a new Committee of the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee was set up and was Chaired by Dr David Tyrell, it being Government policy in relation to BSE to act on the best scientific advice the Government thereafter looked to SEAC to provide that advice. One of the Southwood Working Partys recommendations was the establishment of surveillance for CJD cases in order to detect whether there were any changes in their incidence which might be attributable to BSE and in May 1990, the CJD Surveillance Unit was set up at Edinburgh under Dr Robert Will. 14.On 10 May 1990 it was announced that a Siamese cat had died of spongiform encephalopathy (the first known case of Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE). Public statements by the CMO and by Mr Gummer that beef was safe to eat failed wholly to reassure the public. An Inquiry by the House of Commons Agricultural Committee into BSE took evidence from the key players in the story and reported on 12 July 1990 that while there were too many unknowns to say anything with absolute certainty We heard no evidence of any sort to constrain those taking a more balanced view of the risks from eating beef. It found that the measures taken by the Government should reassure people that eating beef is safe

8 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 15.In the light of controversy as to whether SBOs that had been banned from human food should be permitted to be fed to animals, pet food manufacturers had voluntarily ceased to incorporate it into their products. The Feed Producers Association had pressed strongly for a ban on including SBO in the material rendered to make mbm for inclusion in pig and poultry feed and advised their members to exclude it. MAFF Officials and Ministers opposed a ban on the ground that it was without any scientific justification. SEAC was about to advise on this question when early in September a pig which had been inoculated with BSE infected brain tissue succumbed to the disease. In an emergency meeting SEAC advised that as a precautionary measure SBO should not be fed to any animals. 16.Among the many matters on which SEAC was asked to advise for slaughterhouse practices. There was concern that the removal of brain and spinal cord (both SBO) in slaughterhouses might contaminate meat going for human consumption. There was also concern about the practice of the mechanical recovery of ruminants meat and other tissues adhering to the vertical column and these might include scraps of spinal cord not cleanly removed by slaughterhouse operators. 17.By the end of 1990, 24,396 cases of BSE had been confirmed in the UK.

9 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 18.With compulsory slaughter of sick animals and the Human SBO Ban to deal with potentially infected tissues in apparently healthy animals incubating BSE, the Government considered that there were in place appropriate measures to deal with the risks that BSE might be transmissible to humans in food. Action was taken to see that medicinal products both for humans and for animals were not sourced from potentially infected bovine tissues. Ruminants were protected by the Ruminant Feed Ban and other animals by the Animal SBO Ban. No further major measures were considered necessary to protect human or animal health from the period up to March 1996. In March 1992, SEAC concluded That the measures at present in place provide adequate safeguards for human and animal health 19.More rigorous monitoring of slaughterhouses in 1995 disclosed a number of occasions on which meat inspectors had applied the health stamp to a carcass in which fragments of spinal cord remained attached. This led SEAC to recommend a ban on the practice of extracting Mechanically Recovered Meat (mrm) from the spinal column of cattle. MAFF accepted that advice and introduced the ban in December 1995.

10 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 20.In the course of 1995, a number of cases of CJD were reported amongst farmers whose herds had had BSE and in several young people, the latter being particularly significant because up until then the disease had almost invariably struck down victims late in life. In the face of the questions over the safety of beef offal from Sir Bernard Tomlinson, the CMO and the Secretary of State for Health each responded with public assurances that it was safe to eat beef. 21.The first two months of 1996 saw the CJD Surveillance Unit and SEAC concerned at the increasing number of young victims of CJD. On 16 March 1996, SEAC advised the Government that a new variant of CJD had been identified in young people and that the most likely explanation was that these were linked to exposure to BSE before the introduction of the SBO Ban in 1989. A series of urgent meetings of Ministers and then of the Cabinet ensued and SEACs advice was sought as to further precautionary measures.

11 The BSE Inquiry – Findings of Fact (cont) 22.On 20 March 1996, the Government announced the likelihood that the recent cases of CJD in young people had resulted from exposure to BSE before 1989 and stated its intention to adopt further precautionary measures in accordance with SEACs advice. These were the carcasses from animals aged over thirty months must be de-boned and that the use of mbm in feed for farm animals would be banned. These measures proved inadequate to reassure the public and within two weeks was replaced with a total ban on the use of cattle over the use of thirty months being used for human or other animal feed. 23.By 20 March 1996 approximately 160,000 cattle affected by BSE had been slaughtered. In addition about 30,000 cattle suspected of BSE but not confirmed to have the disease were slaughtered. These figures can be compared with over 3.3m cattle slaughtered and destroyed under the Over Thirty Month Scheme (OTMS) in the period between March 1996 to the end of 1999.

12 The BSE Inquiry (b) Key conclusions 1.The Government did not lie to the public about BSE. It believed that the risks posed by BSE to humans were remote. The Government was preoccupied with preventing an alarmist over reaction to BSE because it believed that the risk was remote. It is now clear that this campaign of reassurance was a mistake. 2.When on 20 March 1996 the Government announced that BSE had probably been transmitted to humans, the public felt that they had been betrayed. Confidence in Government announcements about the risk was a further casualty of BSE. 3.Cases of a new Variant CJD were identified by the CJD Surveillance Unit but the conclusion that they were probably linked to BSE was reached as early as was reasonably possible. The link between BSE and vCJD is now clearly established though the manner of infection is not clear.

13 The BSE Inquiry – Key conclusions (cont) 4.The Government was anxious to act in the best interests of human and animal health. To this end, it sought and followed the advice of independent scientific experts – sometimes when decisions could have been reached more swiftly and satisfactorily within Government. 5.In dealing with BSE it was not MAFFs policy to lean in favour of the agricultural producers to the detriment of the consumer. 6.At times officials showed a lack of rigour in considering how policies should be turned into practice to the detriment of the advocacy of the measures taken. 7.At times bureaucratic processes resulted in unacceptable delay in giving an effective policy lead. 8.The Government introduced measures to guard against the risk that BSE might be a matter of life and death not merely for cattle but also for humans, that a possibility of a risk to humans was not communicated to the public or to those whose job it was to implement and enforce the precautionary measures.

14 The BSE Inquiry (c) The attitudes displayed by Government 1.From the moment in December 1986 when Mr Bradley classified his first minute about BSE as confidential to the Chief Medical Officers reassuring recorded message on 20 March 1996, ending with the statement I myself will continue to eat beef as part of a varied diet Officials and Ministers followed an approach whose object was sedation. 2.The repeated statement that there is no evidence that BSE is transmissible to humans which should not explain that such evidence would take many years to emerge. 3.The repeated indication of the assessment in the Southwood Report that the risk to humans is remote, which continued long after the assumptions made by the Southwood Working Party had been shown not to be valid. 4.The agreed presentation of the Human SBO Ban as being a convenient means of giving effect to the baby food recommendation. 5.Statements that the transmission of BSE to a cat did not increase the likelihood of BSE transmission to humans.

15 The BSE Inquiry - The attitudes displayed by Government (cont) 6.The attempt to get SEAC to produce positive publicity sound bites 7.The public presentation of the medicines guidelines as if they had secured the situation without indicating that products were not being required to be withdrawn 8.Reassurance by the CMOs:- The campaign of reassurance focused particularly on the safety of beef. Successive DH CMOs and a CMO for Scotland made unqualified statements that it was safe to eat beef. They did so, not on the basis that they were satisfied that BSE was not transmissible in food, but on the basis that they were satisfied that the portions of the cow which might infect were not permitted to enter the food chain. This was not made clear to the public who acquainted statements that it was safe to eat beef with statements that BSE posed no risk to humans. The official line for the risk of transmissibility was remote and that beef was safe did not recognise the possible validity of any other view. Dissident scientists tended to be treated with derision and driven into the arms of the media and to exaggerate its statements of risk. Thus, the views expressed on risk became polarised. Dispute displaced debate.

16 The BSE Inquiry (d) Applying the findings: Dealing with uncertainty in the communication of risk Some argue that it is not the task of Government to protect the public against risk in circumstances where the individual can accept or avoid the risk by making his or her own informed choice. Where the hazard is transparent and one that the individual can regularly avoid, this argument has force. Most people believe however the Government has an important role to play in reducing the extent to which the consumer is exposed to hazard. They believe for instance that the Government should do all that is reasonably practicable to see that the food that they eat and the medicines they take are reasonably safe and Throughout the BSE story, the approach to communication of risk was shaped by a consuming fear of provoking an irrational public scare. This applied not merely to the Government, but to advisory committees to those responsible for the safety of medicines, to Chief Medical Officers and to Meat and Livestock Commissions. All witnesses agreed that information should not be withheld from the public, but some spoke of the need to control the manner of its release.

17 The BSE Inquiry Applying the findings: Dealing with uncertainty in the communication of risk (cont) You can see the temptation on occasion to wish to hold the facts close so that you can have internal discussion in the formation of a consensus so that a simple message can be taken out into the marketplace. My view is strongly that the temptation must be resisted and the full messy process whereby scientific understandings arrived at with all its problems has to be spilled out into the open. Sir Robert May, Chief Scientific Advisor to Government There is nothing more nannyish than withholding information from people on the ground that they may react irrationally to that information. Sheila McKechnie, Director of the Consumers Association

18 The Governments response to the BSE Inquirys Report February 2001 Set out 167 detailed findings made by the Inquiry. Annex 1 sets out the Governments Response to each finding Some responses suggested that old habits might die hard Finding 91 Consideration should be given to combining in the same laboratory research in the scientific issues that have common application to human and animal health by scientists practicing in the field Volume 1 Para 1269

19 (e) The Governments response to the BSE Inquirys Report (cont) Informal links already exist between those working in government medicine and veterinary research establishments. Consideration will be given to whether more formal links will be required.

20 (e) The Governments response to the BSE Inquirys Report (cont) Finding 143 Although likelihood of a risk to human life may appear more remote where there is uncertainty all reasonably practicable precautions should be taken… [Vol 1 Para 1283] Finding 144 Precautionary measures should be strictly enforced even if the risk that they address appears to be remote

21 (e) The Governments response to the BSE Inquirys Report (cont) The Government is committed to applying the precautionary principle where appropriate. Measures to improve communications with enforcers and to monitor effectiveness of enforcement are already in place in the Food Safety area via The Food Standards Agency

22 (e) The Governments response to the BSE Inquiry Report

23 (e) The Governments response to the BSE Inquiry Report (cont)

26 (f) The Horn Committees Conclusions

27 (f) The Horn Committees Conclusions (cont)

31 (g) Lasting Effects 1.Reinforcement of public scepticism about Governments role as Regulator 2.The emergence into public debate of the precautionary principle 3.The establishment of the Food Standards Agency 4.The pervasive culture of risk assessment in Government and beyond 5.The justification for a Freedom of Information Act 6.The recognition of the need for a Human Rights Act 7.The recognition that a few people can achieve a lot

32 Achieve Citizenship : What the families of vCJD victims have done 1.Identification of the need for and campaigning for a BSE Inquiry; creating a victims families support group 2.The BSE Inquiry: contribution of evidence and setting of the agenda at that Inquiry highlighting the public health consequences of BSE and its effect on individual families. 3.Highlighting the need for consistency in care of vCJD patients; campaigning for a National CJD Care Scheme. 4.Lobbying for the no fault compensation scheme for families. This Parliamentary Campaign involved numbers of families in meeting MPs for the first time and highlighting the contrast between the treatment given to the livestock industry and the inequity represented by requiring families to litigate claims to be compensated. 5.Negotiation of the No Fault Compensation Scheme.

33 Achieve Citizenship : What the families of vCJD victims have done (cont) 6.Implementation of the No Fault Compensation Scheme –Interim payments through the Interim Payments Trusts –Work on care cost policy with the Department of Health –Guidance on care with the Trustees and their Solicitors –Preparation of individual claims in the light of this guidance; examination of points of principle arising from individual cases –Guidance on particular hardship –Completing claims on behalf of the families who have suffered a bereavement –Completing claims on behalf of families in which a patient is still alive

34 Achieve Citizenship : What the families of vCJD victims have done (cont) 7.Achievement of a consistent policy on experimental treatment for CJD –Bringing about first treatment with Quinacrine in USA or UK –Contributing to the development of the PRION 1 trial of Quinacrine –Court action to validate experimental use of Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS) –Lobbying MRC to fund an observational study of PPS as a human treatment –Co-operation with Professor Ian Bone in the preparation of that report –Co-operation with CJD Surveillance Unit and NPC in the cohort study designed to follow the Bone Report. 8.Lobbying the Department of Health on the institution of a consistent policy of psychiatric care and support for families of vCJD victims.

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Trump Brags About Gaming the Tax Code, Calls Clinton ‘A Criminal’
Election 2016

Trump Brags About Gaming the Tax Code, Calls Clinton ‘A Criminal’

REUTERS/Mike Segar

Heading into a Monday night speech in the swing state of Colorado, the plan for Donald Trump was to move on from a damaging week by playing to his strengths. He would play up his career in business and his accumulation of what he claims is enormous personal wealth. At the same time, he would argue that his opponent, Democrat Hillary Clinton, has spent most of her life in the public sector, and only became rich after her husband left the White House by playing on the connections they both developed while he was president.

However, in what has become typical Trump fashion, it wasn’t enough to claim that his background and experience give him the knowledge needed to boost the US economy and that Clinton’s lack of private sector experience is a liability. He had to paint Clinton as not just the wrong choice for American, but as evil.

Related: Clinton Stays in the Left Lane While Passing Trump

Clinton is not just a creature of the federal government, but “the ringleader of a criminal enterprise” who has “corrupted our government at the highest levels.” According to Trump, she is “a corrupt public official breaking the law and putting her government office up for sale.”

Somehow Clinton, whose last post in government was Secretary of State, has not just failed to help the American economy grow fast enough, but “she’s brought massive poverty for everyone.” Clinton “wants to trap poor African-American and Hispanic children in failing government schools because she wants the money from the teachers’ union.”

The calumny went on and on, and to be clear, this wasn’t Trump freelancing, or going off-script. The wild accusations are all in the prepared text that was distributed to the media. That means that, presumably, high-level members of the Trump campaign team vetted it in advance.

That should speak volumes about the type of campaign the Republican presidential nominee is running.

Related: Mike Pence vs. Tim Kaine: Why This Debate Really Counts

Perhaps the bile directed at Clinton in the second half of the speech last night had something to do with Trump needing to spend the first half of the speech defending his reputation as a businessman after the revelation over the weekend that he claimed a $916 million loss in a single year when he filed his taxes in 1995.

In the GOP nominee’s telling, the move -- by any measure a massive and embarrassing financial setback -- was actually an example of his own “brilliance.” (The campaign flagged this particular bit of spin by sending out top surrogates, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie and former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani, with instructions to show that Trump’s disastrous losses in 1995 were actually proof of his “genius.”)

“As a businessperson, I have legally used the tax laws to my benefit, and to the benefit of my company, my investors, and my employees,” he boasted.

Related: For Trump, Losing $916 Million, Dodging Federal Taxes and Lawsuits = ‘Genius’

After describing the recession of the early 1990s as though it rivaled the Great Depression, he said, “I was able to use the tax laws of this country, and my skills as a businessperson, to dig out of this real estate depression when few others did. In those most difficult times, when so many had their backs to the wall, I reached within myself and delivered for my company, my employees, my family and the communities where my properties existed.”

He went on to brag that he had never declared personal bankruptcy, even as many other businesses failed. That, of course, conflates personal bankruptcy with business bankruptcy -- something Trump actually has taken advantage of many times in his career, leaving investors and lenders with pennies on the dollar even as he escaped with minimal personal financial damage.

In his public statements, Trump appears to be retreating further into a rhetorical fantasyland. The real question now is just how many voters are going to be willing to follow him there in November.


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My 1st Snark Trophy

On the left side of this comparison you see one of the nine illustrations by Henry Holiday to Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark (1876). On the right side is an illustration by Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder, the Allegory of Iconoclasts (aka The Image Breakers, around 1567). In the “mouth” of Gheeraerts’ “head” a praying priest is depicted. The shape of the priest also is visible in the “mouth” of Holiday’s vanishing “Baker”.

This is not plagiarism. This is a puzzle in a picture similar to puzzles in textual artwork (poetry, novels, dramas etc.), where readers are challenged to detect references to other writers. Holiday may have used the shape of the priest in his own illustration in order to indicate to the beholder a relation to Gheeraerts’ illustration. Holiday also used other elements from Gheeraerts’ etching in his own work.

The finding in December 2008 was incidental. I searched for “Hidden Faces” in the Wikipedia. I wanted to see whether an illustration by Henry Holiday to Lewis Carroll’s The Hunting of the Snark was mentioned there. But instead of that I found Gheeraert’s print in the Wikipedia article on hidden faces. And then I noticed a that little rhombic pattern (the arms of a priest in Gheeraerts’ print) in the “mouths” of the “heads” depicted in both illustrations. The Snark hunt had begun.

Henry Holiday and Marcus Gheeraerts the Elder both may have referred to the Hell Mouth (Simon Marmion, Flemish, active 1450 – 1489; David Aubert, Flemish, active 1453 – 1479). But if you look carefully at Holiday’s preperatoty graph, it seems to be more obvious that he referred to to Gheeraert’s print:

  • Why did it take more that 130 years until someone discovered Henry Holiday’s allusion game? The answer is simple: Since The Hunting of the Snark was published, it took about 120 years until a new kind of museum was ready in which I could make that incidental discovery easily: My thanks go to all the people who turned the World Wide Web into a huge art gallery.
  • The comparison which you see at the top of this page was the beginning of my Snark hunt in December 2008. Then I was not sure about that finding, but thanks to Mahendra Singh‘s and John Tufail‘s encouragement I went on.

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A Refugee Returns
Produced by: Thom Rose
Neil Sandell
A Refugee Returns examines the Vietnam War's bitter legacy for one divided family. For many Vietnamese the war remains an open wound. Though Vietnam is now unified, there is still a gulf between the North and the South. So too, many families remain divided by the decisions they made during the war. This is the story of one such family and Hung Le, a Toronto businessman, as he returns to Vietnam for the first time since his escape in 1979. This program comes to us from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and airs as part of the international documentary exchange series, Crossing Boundaries.

Program Credits

A Refugee Returns was produced by Thom Rose and Neil Sandell of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Technical Assistance from Kent Hoffman and Laurence Stevenson, with special help from Meredith Levine and Sarah Martin. It originally aired as part of the international documentary exchange series,Crossing Boundaries.

Human Rights Watch
The largest human rights organization based in the United States. Human Rights Watch researchers conduct fact-finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world. Visit the organization's section all about current human rights issues in Vietnam.

Refugees International
Founded in response to the forced repatriation of tens of thousands of Indochinese refugees in 1979, RI is a Washington-based non-governmental organization serving refugees, displaced persons, and other dispossessed people around the world.

The United Nations High Commisioner for Refugees
The UNHCR provides millions of the world's uprooted peoples with basic necessities in emergencies and seeking long-term solutions, including voluntary return to their homes or beginning afresh in new countries.

Vietnam: The Boat People Search for a Home (Children in Crisis)
by: John Isaac 1996
A photographic journey of the Vietnamese "Boat People" including first-person narratives that provide eyewitness accounts of people caught in dramas and events that made history.

The Pink Lotus
by: Nghia M. Vo 2000
A powerful testament to the legacy of Vietnam, The Pink Lotus is a moving personal account of a young Vietnamese man studying to be a doctor, his escape to the United States after the war and the people he meets along the way.

Terms of Refuge: the Indochinese Exodus & the International Response
by: W. Courtland Robinson 1998
An in-depth account of the Southeast Asian refugee crisis that began with the fall of Saigon in 1975 and resulted in some three million people fleeing their homes in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

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Birds We Have Seen

Red Cardinal at Rocky Bayou State Park
Red Cardinal at Rocky Bayou State Park
We have traveled to 17 of the 51 State Parks and Recreational Areas on our list to visit so far. Granted it has taken almost 6 months to see those that we have and it looks like we will not get to all of the others without a little help from our friends. As the saying goes. But the ones we have been to have been rather nice with a few hiccups here and there.

But for this posting we thought we would share a few of the pictures we have taken of the birds we enjoy watching while we travel. If you are on FACEBOOK and have “Liked US” then you will have seen some of these pictures in our photo albums. But since spring is rapidly approaching in our fair state we thought we would post them here for all to enjoy. There is nothing like sitting outside in your favorite lawn chair, quietly drinking your favorite beverages and enjoying the sights and sounds of nature as it goes about it’s morning business. We know you are not suppose to feed the wildlife but a few bread crumbs left outside could not hurt anything. So, on occasion that is what we do to encourage the little ones to join us. If there are any left in the late afternoon we let the dogs find them.

This will be a short post as we are moving on Valentine’s Day to a new Park. You can check our Calendar of Events Page to see what we have reserved so far and where we will be going next. We are even thinking of taking a WorkKamping position somewhere for a few months to allow us to save a little money. Don’t worry we will be writing articles about that as well. So, if you have a few extra bucks and would like to help us along on OUR GREAT ADVENTURE we hope you will contribute to our travel fund by clicking on the “DONATE” button below.

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Pasefika Proud: Tips for Christmas Stress

Christmas is a time of family. But it can also be one of stress. From figuring out who’s going to bring the taro, to where Uncle Sam, Aunty Penina and their six children are going to sleep when they come to stay, your family can find themselves feeling more frazzled than festive. Especially when the pressures that accompany our busiest holiday period can often escalate into higher rates of violence and abuse. Because it’s Our Families, Our People and Our Responsibility, we have some useful tips to help take the pressure off as we count down the days to ‘the most wonderful time of the year’.

Christmas often means a fuller house, perhaps the whole extended family, more responsibilities and a purse with depleting funds. For some, it can also mean violence.

Over the Christmas and New Year period, the number of domestic violence incidents spikes dramatically. But 80% of cases go unreported.

The limited statistics available show that our Pacific population is overrepresented in such incidents.

Violence is not who we are as a people. We certainly shouldn’t let the pressures we face leading up to Christmas be an excuse to use any form of violence on anyone, let alone our loved ones.

If you’re being abused, remember, it’s not your fault.

Violence is never okay.

It is okay to ask for help (see some ways to seek help at the end of this article).

Try these practical tips to help you and your family to stay stress-free and safe these holidays:

1. Make a list

Write a list of people you need to get gifts for and a list of things you need to do. A list will help you keep track of what needs to happen before the celebrations, so you don’t get to Christmas and realise you’ve forgotten to buy bread for the kids who don’t eat taro.

2. Get an early start

Buying gifts and decorations early means you won’t have to stress about it closer to the holidays.

3. Share the load

Rather than taking everything on yourself, remember that many hands make for light work. Try not to do everything on your own. Christmas is a time of sharing, and one thing you can definitely share is the responsibility. Make sure everyone has something to do, or bring to the table, so you’re not left stressing over it all.

4. Keep your cool

Control your breathing. When you’re stressed, your heartbeat increases and your breathing shallows. Work on reversing this process and take time to breathe deeply. Breathe in deeply through your nose, hold for 15-20 seconds, and then breathe slowly out through your mouth. Repeat for a few minutes to instantly help reduce feelings of stress.

5. Limit your alcohol intake

Avoid excessive alcohol. It’s hard to keep your family safe if you’re intoxicated. Alcohol also dehydrates your body and increases the amount of work your liver has to do. Drink larger amounts of water or juice than alcohol to help you stay hydrated and feel better when coping with stressful situations.

6. Have Fun

Try to relax and laugh, have fun and a good time. While it’s not your fault how people will act during the holidays, how you respond to it is up to you.

Remember, it’s Our Families, Our People and Our Responsibility to look after and love one another.

If you or someone you know needs help:

• In an emergency call 111

• If you wish to speak to a trained counsellor straight away call or txt 1737

• For online help you can ask Aunty Dee

• You can search our Pasefika Proud service directory to find a service near you HERE

• Women’s Refuge: Free national crisis line operates 24/7 – 0800 REFUGE or 0800 733 843

About Pasefika Proud

The Pasefika Proud Campaign addresses violence in Pacific families by using clear, consistent messaging around building strong families, preventing and addressing violence designed, delivered and led by Pacific peoples. For more information go to the Pasefika Proud website.


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Proceedings Paper

Laser-Based Detection Of Highly Vibrationally Excited H[sub]2[/sub] For Plasma Diagnostics
Author(s): Daniel C. Robie; L. E. Jusinski; William K. Bischel
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PDF $14.40 $18.00

Paper Abstract

It has been suggested that the main source of IV in hydrogen plasmas is dissociative attachment to H2(v≥4). In order to test models that include this process, it is necessary to measure the populations of the relevant vibrational levels inside the plasma. We have constructed a source of vibrationally excited H2 using a recently discovered hot-wire effect. Using 2+1 resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) through the EF state, we have detected H2 in 27 bands from X(v"=4-11) to EF(v'=0-14). Rotational temperatures appear to be 300-800 K, well below that required for thermal excitation of the observed vibrational levels. The population of vibrational levels appears to fall off dramatically between v"=9 and 10.

Paper Details

Date Published: 25 July 1989
PDF: 4 pages
Proc. SPIE 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts, (25 July 1989); doi: 10.1117/12.951849
Show Author Affiliations
Daniel C. Robie, SRI International (United States)
L. E. Jusinski, SRI International (United States)
William K. Bischel, SRI International (United States)

Published in SPIE Proceedings Vol. 1061:
Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed Energy Concepts
Howard E. Brandt, Editor(s)

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