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Hen V. Wu, MD

About Hen V. Wu, MD

  • Hematologists
  • Internal Medicine Doctors
  • Oncologists

Health & Medical

Health & Medical
More choices in Somerset:

Alvin R. Miskoff, MD

65 James Street Edison, NJ

Oncology & Hematology Assoc

2177 Oak Tree Rd Ste 104 Edison, CA

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Hen V. Wu, MD Office Locations:

107 Cedar Grove Lane

Somerset, NJ, NJ 08873

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30 Rehill Avenue

Somerville, NJ, NJ 08876

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Selecting a Strain Solution Things to Consider

Specimen Attributes

There is not one extensometer that will work perfectly for every material. Material properties vary greatly, and a large extensometer used to measure strain on rebar can't be used to measure strain for paper. If you buy an extensometer focusing just on specifications you may find that you own an excellent extensometer that can't be used for your test.

Understanding Test Standards

Standards should be thoroughly read before testing to understand the equipment used meets the required specifications.

Questions to Consider

  • Does your extensometry meet the accuracy requirement of the standard?
  • Does the device need to remain on through specimen failure?

Testing Environments

Materials properties are influenced by their environment and full characterisation of material properties requires testing under the appropriate environment conditions. The testing conditions will be matched to the environment that the materials will experience in use; e.g. high temperatures for engine components or body temperature saline fluid for implantable medical devices.

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Tuesday, June 1, 2010

Insurance claim submission - Small survey

• Over the period of a decade, there has been a steady increase in the percent-age of claims received electronically by health plans.
• Nine out of 10 claims are processed within 21 days of receipt.
• More than one-quarter of claims (28 percent) are received more than 30 days after the date of service. Almost 16 percent of claims are received more than
60 days after health care services have been provided to the patient.
• Lack of information and the need to coordinate benefits between multiple insurance coverages were the primary reasons for pending claims.
• Almost half of all claim denials (48 percent) are due to the submission of duplicate claims.

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Our Team

We know we are only as good as our people. We want your experience with Intercat to be perfect every time, whether you call us in to provide a banquet, or drop in for dinner at one of our restaurants, or depend on us to keep your multicultural workforce happy at meal times.

We choose our people carefully and we train them well. We make sure all our people are constantly building their skills, their knowledge on hygiene, safety, first aid and food management. Our daily operation is managed by a team of dynamic and dedicated professionals, highly experienced in Hotel, Restaurants, Catering Management, process engineering, nutrition, quality control and product development.

Our catering expertise ranges from knowing the right meal options to providing the finest service to our clients. Our in-house nutritionist works closely with our chefs and cooks to come out with the healthiest and most balanced menu choices made from only premium ingredients.

Intercat believes that trust is earned, not given, and it is our responsibility to be trustworthy partners, employers and members of our community. We demand the highest level of professional integrity from all our employees and management. We set our standards in excess of regulation with regard to client confidentiality, our objectivity and our independence.

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The Pop Culture Information Society...

These are the messages that have been posted on inthe00s over the past few years.

Check out the messageboard archive index for a complete list of topic areas.

This archive is periodically refreshed with the latest messages from the current messageboard.

Check for new replies or respond here...

Subject: 80's Guy Costume Ideas? Please read

Written By: Cameron on 02/03/05 at 4:39 pm

Well at my school  I guess the student council is trying to bring the students together lol, but monday is crazy hair day, tuesday is called "blast from the past: and I have to dress like I am from the 60's 70's or 80's I don't really know what to do so any suggestions would be awesome.All i can get. I checked out the costume Ideas section but I don't know I need a person to person suggest.

Subject: Re: 80's Guy Costume Ideas? Please read

Written By: Absolutely Vile on 02/03/05 at 6:17 pm

A well-tailored suit, or a nice white dress shirt (puffy sleeves are an option) with a double-breasted vest topped off with a Fedora. If you opt for the suit, make sure you wear a thin tie. It doesn't necessarily have to be leather. Eyeliner and a bit of lipstick is a nice touch. (Just a few things from the Ultravox/John Foxx book of fashion. Now those were guys with fashion sense!) :)

Or you could model yourself after the following eighties icons:

Martin Gore (from Depeche Mode)
Crockett and Tubbs (Miami Vice)
Boy George
Adam Ant
Mike Score (from A Flock Of Seagulls)
Nick Rhodes or John Taylor (from Duran Duran)

Depending on the look you choose, you might want to consider having some industrial strength hairspray on hand!! Hope this all helps! ;)

Absolutely Vile

Subject: Re: 80's Guy Costume Ideas? Please read

Written By: bubble on 02/03/05 at 9:15 pm

best thing to do is rent 80's teen movies like 16 candles, better off dead ,pretty in pink or .the breakfast club they will all have typical 80's styles from geek to super cool rad dudes to jocks

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Barbour Womens International Endo Baffle Quilted Jacket,Polyamide

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Barbour Womens International Endo Baffle Quilted Jacket,Polyamide

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For when the weather really takes a turn, the Barbour International Endo Baffle Quilted Jacket, with its longer line design is ideal for keeping you warm and stylish all season long! Cut to a slim fit, this quilted Barbour International jacket also features a waist belt to really accentuate your figure. The varying baffle quilt doesn’t just showcase the original International motorcycle inspired styling; it has a microfibre down fill for added insulation. When the cold weather hits, you can easily pull up the detachable hood and stay warm and cosy with the addition of the faux fur trim- which can be removed to suit your individual style. Beautifully finished with branded Barbour buttons to the chest and side pockets, and a signature Barbour International ID badge to the sleeve, this versatile Barbour International Jacket is sure to become your staple winter coat.

  • 59% Polyester / 41% Polyamide Outer
  • Black & White Tartan lining
  • Self fabric belt with International slider buckle
  • Metal International branding to sleeve
  • Back length: 33.5 - 36 ins | 85.4 - 91.4cms
  • Wash separately - remove fur trim before washing
  • Size: 8-18

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US Bans Iranian Presidential Aircraft

The US has imposed new sanctions against a number of aircraft providing goods and services to four Iranian airlines including the operator of Iranian Presidential Aircraft. The sanctions ... Continue Reading →

Waste Cooking Oil Could be Used to Produce Cheap Biodiesel Thanks to Nanotechnology

 A team of researchers from Iran’s Tabriz state university have managed to develop a new efficient processing technique for turning waste cooking oil to biodiesel.   Dr. Mahtan ... Continue Reading →
Iranian security officer is seen inside the Parliament building.

Saudi Minister Refuses to Condemn Tehran Shootings

As countries of the world including Iran’s neighboring states are condemning today’s terrorist attacks in Tehran, Saudi Arabia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs ... Continue Reading →

Terrorism is Common Worry for Muslims and West, Says Iran Leader

Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei says the bitter events brought about by blind terrorism in France have once again, moved him to write his second open letter to the ... Continue Reading →

Who in Turkery Shot the Russian Jet Down?

By: Mahmoud Hedayatpanah* The Turkish army, considering itself as the only founder of the Republic of Turkey and seeing itself as the guardian of Atatürk’s ... Continue Reading →

Book Review: Arabia’s Rising – A Fresh Optic on the Islam & the Middle East

Insightful and bold, Arabia’s Rising is not only anchored in history, it is built on a critical analysis of those crises which have ailed the Middle East: sectarianism and radicalism. Looking ... Continue Reading →

Leader: West’s Expectation of Limiting Iran’s Missile Program is Foolish and Idiotic

Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Sayed Ali Khamenei paid a visit to Army of the Guardians Aerospace Force achievements show today to reiterate Iran’s determination to development ... Continue Reading →


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IACC White Paper | Irish in Britain

The Irish Australian Chamber of Commerce, has published their White Paper on “Strategies to enhance Diaspora engagement in Australia”.

The Irish Australian Chamber of Commerce, Australia’s leading membership–based Irish Australian business association has published their White Paper on “Strategies to enhance Diaspora engagement in Australia”.

Based on the findings of a sample of 100 respondents who participated on an online survey the paper presents views from our community in Australia and is the first in what will become a regular series of Diaspora surveys and reports delivered by the IACC.

With respondents expressing an overwhelming sense of Irishness, a particularly topical finding was that nearly 72% of respondents saw their right to vote in Ireland as an important part of maintaining their links with Ireland. IACC President Rob Clifford said “Recognising our respondents’ expressed desire to have an elected voice back in Ireland, this presents a clear opportunity for the Irish Government to take steps to strengthen the Diaspora’s links with Ireland”

The publication of this report adds further weight to the issue of votes for Irish abroad, an issue that Irish in Britain has campaigned on for a number of years now. It is also well timed with the appointment of the first Minister for the Diaspora, Jimmy Deenihan, and has been welcomed by our CEO Jenny McShannon.

You can download the full report here

You can visit the IACC website here

The main points coming out of the survey were:

• Respondents still strongly identify themselves as Irish – 93% identified themselves as Irish Citizens living in Australia; yet 81% also have Australian citizenship or permanent residence.

• Respondents expressed a very strong desire to be able to vote in Irish elections, or to have (at least) Seanad representation. Many respondents cite examples of other countries with overseas voting rights (e.g. France) and express frustration with (potentially) paying taxes in two countries but unable to vote in either.

• There is significant interest in engaging with the Government, and understanding opportunities to return to or otherwise engage with Ireland, but current channels are not reaching or engaging these parties.

Referring to the survey outcomes, IACC President Rob Clifford said “There is a clear desire from the Diaspora to expand links with Ireland in many ways. It is important that the Irish Government continues to work on solutions and programs that embrace this opportunity”

One area of IACC activity that was highlighted in responses as an example of an initiative delivering positive outcomes for the Diaspora in Australia was our successful Business Mentoring Program (recently featured in the Irish Times, Saturday 26th April 2014) and has seen over 200 participants benefit in its 3 years of operation to date.

IACC Vice President Fergal Coleman oversees the Business Mentoring sub–committee. Fergal said “The Business Mentoring Program is a real, on the ground initiative that delivers real and practical results. These are the programs that need fostering and increased support. Our program is delivering tangible results by helping young people progress their careers, develop professional business skills and access business networks. Senior executives and successful entrepreneurs are embracing it as they see it as a vehicle for reconnecting with Ireland by helping newly–arrived young professionals from Ireland”.


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Village of Campagnano

Villages and Castles
Città d'Ischia
Città d'Ischia - 80077
Frazione di Campagnano

Village of Campagnano
Campagnano was populated during the Neolithic Age. It is assumed that the Hill of Campagnano was repopulated after the eruption of Mount Trippodi in 1201-1205, when the survivors found a safe place. Subsequently, the village was the scene of an important historical event: "The Battle of Campagnano", fought between Ferdinand I and Giovanni d’Angiò. The troops were commanded by Giovanni Tortiglia while those of Ferdinand I by Admiral Poo. The year was 1464, when, going down Epomeo with his troops, Admiral Poo, clashed with men of Tortilla in Campanano. The battle was fierce and many died. The three troops were scattered in the hills of the countryside and the village of Celsa (Ischia Ponte).

The ancient islanders called the place "Campaniae similis", similar to the ancient plains of Campania, then "Campanianuse", from which derives the name Campagnano.

On the other hand, Campagnano, that was once a small village, adorned with beautiful buildings and houses of wealthy landowners, has now become part of the municipality of Ischia of considerable proportions and surrounded by many luxury villas. It represents the desire of many people to live in a place where it is possible to breathe the mountain and sea air.

Leaving the church, turn left on the fields, after about 500 meters., we arrive at a place called ‘fuori al Rarone’. From here you can enjoy one of the most beautiful views of the island, one piece at the bottom of the Aragonese Castle, the Tower of Michelangelo or of Guevara, the rocks of Sant'Anna, the Cartaromana bay, and left on the bottom, the Gulf of Gaeta, in the center the charming Gulf of Naples and Mount Vesuvius and the islands of Procida and Vivara. From Rarone, so called because of the presence of huge steps that characterize the road, leaving the way Campagnano and going right after a walk of about 15 minutes you come to the Towers of Campagnano, another charming village remained intact. After a short visit in the lovely town, one returns to the Rarone, 'where, going towards Campagnano, you arrive in a square where an old building found the so-called Palazzo Quartaruolo . It is accessed through a portal in local stone and has a large courtyard with a central reservoir that collects the rain's still building, once only water supply for the families who lived there. The structure was built in the XV111 century by the family Mazzella. Also, other families realized manor houses outside the center. No coincidence that the most significant are those developed in the relevance of including the town of Ischia is worth mentioning, in addition to that building, the Villa Cilento made at the end of '600, as the bishop's residence, at that time, still dwelling on the Castle Mazzella and House and then home to raise Curci made by the lords of the Borgo of Celsa, or as holiday homes or farmhouses.

Returning to the Square of Campagnano, after the crossing, you'll find on the left, a cross erected by the local people in 1953 in memory of the mission of P. P. Passionist. From here starts Via Cà Mormile, paved road and almost entirely uphill, which leads mainly plan Liguori, another ancient town of indescribable beauty, remained intact in turn over time and not coincidentally, only recently, served the public aqueduct . Walking through the streets of the village you can feel smells and tastes of a time that further enhance the amenity of the place. Going on the ecological reach the ruins of an ancient church dedicated to St. Pancras placed on the sea, where the faithful every year on May 12 to participate in a religious celebration with folk overtones. Passing through the woods of chestnut, oak and Mediterranean scrub you can get up to Mount Vezzi, where, besides enjoying unsurpassed views, a fine air you can breathe.

City of Ischia
CAP: 80077
Surface: 805 hectares
Inhabitants: 18253
City Hall: tel 081 3333111
Bus lines: CS - CD - 1 - 2 - 7 - 8 - 15 - C12 - C13 - 3 - 5 - 6

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Magazine Ischia news & eventi

Guides of Ischia.it

Le Guide di Ischia newsTo know and move on Ischia

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  • Sito web www.ischia.it
  • skypeCall center

Info on Ischia island

  • Surface: 46 Kmq
  • Hight: 789 mt
  • Lat.: 40° 44',82 N
  • Long.: 13° 56',58 E
  • Periplus: 18 miglia
  • Coasts: 51.2 Km
  • Cities: 6
  • Inhabitants: 58.029

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ISO/IEC JTC1/SC7 WG42 (Architecture) has initiated a new work item in the area of evaluation of software and system architectures, tentatively to be: ISO/IEC 42030, Systems and software engineering — Architecture evaluation. This document builds upon the foundation of ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011 (current edition of IEEE 1471:2000), the international standard on architecture description.

What's new?

Next meeting of WG42: 27–31 May 2013, at ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC7 Annual Plenary Meeting, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal CANADA

Updated: Architecture evaluation bibliography [pdf]

Call for inputs

We are seeking both research and industrial experience in defining and conducting architecture evaluations. In particular, we are looking for definition of evaluation approaches, experiments and practical results from evaluating system and/or software architectures, means to evaluate functional, quality and other aspects of architectures, artifacts/deliverables capturing results of evaluations and tool usage in support of architecture evaluation.

The draft New Work Item Proposal identifies Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM) and Software Architecture Review and Assessment (SARA) as well-known starting points. We are interested in experiences and lessons learned applying these approaches, as well as others.

If you would like to submit relevant information, please send it to ISO-ArchEval. If you would like to participate in the discussion, join iso-archeval (at Yahoo).


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Condition category
Urological and Genital Diseases
Date applied
Date assigned
Last edited
Retrospectively registered
Overall trial status
Recruitment status
No longer recruiting

Plain English Summary

Background and study aims
After almost any operation the patient may be unable to spontaneously urinate. This can result in the bladder enlarging beyond its maximum capacity and may lead to permanent bladder damage requiring lifelong use of a catheter (tube) to drain the bladder. Portable bedside ultrasonography can be used to determine bladder volumes after the operation to prevent overfilling of the bladder. This device measures the bladder volume by ultrasound, which is a non-invasive patient-friendly method and gives fast and accurate results. Bladder volumes between 400 and 600 ml are commonly used as thresholds for bladder catheterization. Surprisingly, there is no evidence as to what constitutes a ‘safe’ maximum bladder volume in surgical patients, but is it likely to be variable between patients depending on their maximum bladder capacity. A previous study has found that maximum bladder volumes can vary between 200 and 1600 ml. Therefore we think that many surgical patients are catheterized ‘too early’ when arbitrary but commonly accepted limits for a maximum bladder volume are used, instead of the patient’s own maximum bladder capacity. Knowledge of a patient’s MBC combined with ultrasound measurements of their actual bladder volume could result in a more selective use of bladder catheterization after an operation. Such a practice potentially reduces both overtreatment (unnecessary catheterizations and its attendant risk) and undertreatment (late catheterization with the risk of an over-distended bladder). The aim of this study is to find out whether using the patient’s maximum bladder capacity as a threshold for bladder catheterization lowers the use of bladder catheterization compared to using a fixed volume of 500 ml.

Who can participate?
Patients aged 18 or older undergoing surgery under general or spinal anesthestic, without the anticipated need for a bladder catheter during the operation.

What does the study involve?
Participants are asked to measure their maximum bladder capacity at home. After surgery patients are randomly allocated into two groups. In one group the patients who are unable to void are catheterized when their bladder volume reached 500 ml (the current standard treatment). In the other group the patients who are unable to void are catheterized when their own maximum bladder capacity is reached.

What are the possible benefits and risks of participating?
Bladder catheterization after an operation is a common procedure and we only changed the bladder volume at which the bladder was catheterized. Because the bladder was measured every hour after the operation, long-term bladder distention did not occur and so there were no additional risks compared to the standard treatment.

Where is the study run from?
The study took place in the Medical Center in Leeuwarden, Netherlands.

When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for?
May 2008 to June 2009.

Who is funding the study?
Verathon Europe (Netherlands).

Who is the main contact?
Dr Tammo Allie Brouwer

Trial website

Contact information

Primary contact

Dr Tammo Allie Brouwer

Contact details

Henri Dunantweg 2
8901 BR

Additional identifiers

EudraCT number number

Protocol/serial number

TPO 523; NL 21058.099.07

Study information

Scientific title

Effect of using Individual bladder capacity on the incidence of postoperative bladder catheterization in surgical patients

Study hypothesis

We hypothesized that many surgical patients are catheterized too early when arbitrary, but commonly accepted limits for a maximum bladder volume are used, instead of the patients individual MBC. Knowledge of a surgical patients individual MBC combined with postoperative serial ultrasound measurements of actual bladder volume could reduce the incidence of POUR and result in a more selective use of perioperative bladder catheterization.

Ethics approval

1. Local Medical Ethical Committee of the MCL (METC/RTPO=Regionale Toetsingscommissie Patiëntgebonden Onderzoek), 13/05/2008, ref: 523
2. Dutch Center for research involving human beings (CCMO:, 02/05/2008, ref: NL 21058.099.07

Study design

Single-centre single-blinded observational randomized controlled trial

Primary study design

Secondary study design

Randomised controlled trial

Trial setting

Trial type

Patient information sheet

Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet

Postoperative bladder catheterization if spontaneous voiding was impossible and the volume for the randomized group was reached in surgical patients operated in the Medical Center Leeuwarden

1. Bladder catheterization when the measured bladder volume measured by ultrasound was larger the the limit for the group the patient was randomized (500 ml group = control group or the maximum bladder capacity group (MBC) = index group)
2. Postoperatively, after arriving at the recovery room, the patients bladder was scanned by the research assistant. If the patient was not able to void spontaneously or had no urge to void and the scanned bladder volume was less than the volume limit for the group the patient was randomized, a subsequent scan was performed after one hour
3. The patients bladder was scanned every hour at the recovery room and on to the surgical ward
4. If the patient was able to void spontaneously before the volume limit was reached, pre-voiding volume and subsequently the residual volume was measured
5. When the scanned bladder volume was larger than the volume limit, POUR was diagnosed and patients were encouraged to void spontaneously
6. If spontaneous voiding was not possible bladder in-and-out catheterization was performed, regardless if the patient expressed sensation of urge

Intervention type

Drug names

Primary outcome measure

1. The incidence of bladder catheterization in each treatment group
2. Pre-planned subgroup analyses were the influence of gender and the influence of the anesthesia technique - general versus spinal - on the incidence of bladder catheterization

Secondary outcome measures

1. The number of patients in whom catheterization could have been avoided, which could retrospectively only be determined in the control group. Avoidable catheterization was defined as catheterization in the presence of a measured bladder volume larger than 500ml, but smaller than the patients individual MBC
2. Those patients would not have been catheterized if they were randomized in the index group where their MBC was used as threshold instead of 500ml
3. IPSS and QoL scores, specially focused on LUTS, were also compared

Overall trial start date

Overall trial end date

Reason abandoned (if study stopped)

Participant inclusion criteria

1. All consecutive patients who visited the preanesthesia assessment clinic (PAC) at the Medical Center Leeuwarden, the Netherlands were invited to participate in this study
2. Eligible patients were 18 years or older, were planned for surgical intervention under general or spinal anesthesia, without the anticipated need for an indwelling catheter peroperatively
3. All participating patients gave informed consent (at the PAC) to follow the instructions to measure their individual MBC at home, to be randomized to one of the two study arms and to complete the questionnaires as required in the protocol

Participant type

Age group

Target number of participants

Total number of patients 1839

Participant exclusion criteria

1. All patients operated under local anesthesia, or operations where an indwelling bladder catheter was obliged
2. Patients younger than 18 years of age

Recruitment start date

Recruitment end date

Countries of recruitment

Trial participating centre

Henri Dunantweg 2
8901 BR

Sponsor information

Verathon Medical Europe BV (Netherlands)

Sponsor details

Boerhaaveweg 1
3401 MN

Sponsor type

Funder type

Funder name

Verathon Europe™ (Netherlands)

Alternative name(s)

Funding Body Type

Funding Body Subtype

Results and Publications

Publication and dissemination plan

Not provided at time of registration

Intention to publish date

Participant level data

Not provided at time of registration

Basic results (scientific)

Publication list

Publication citations

Additional files

Editorial Notes


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UAE’s daytime working ban? What daytime working ban?

The summer daytime working ban was hailed as a positive move for the construction industry. But when CW took to the streets two days after its introduction, we discovered that not only were some contractors ignoring the ban, but that many labourers were unaware of its existence.

  • E-Mail
By  Sean Cronin Published  July 9, 2005

It may have grabbed the headlines in the UAE press for the last week, but the introduction of the summer daytime working ban is still news to the very people who will be affected by it most — site workers. Last week’s shock announcement by the Ministry Of Labour that all outdoor working would cease between 12.30 pm and 4.30 pm caught many firms on the hop. But when Construction Week took to the streets of Dubai two days into the midday site curfew, it soon became clear that many contractors are simply choosing to ignore the ban and that many site workers do not even know that it has been introduced. Site worker Wasim Azam was working on the erection of Emaar flags around the main Burj site off Sheikh Zayed Road at 2.15 pm on July 3rd — nearly two hours after all work should have stopped. But the first time he heard about the daytime working ban was when a CW reporter approached him and told him. Azam said: “I’ve been working since the morning. It’s afternoon now and no one has asked us to stop working yet. “I haven’t heard of such a rule anyway, and if any other workers would have heard of it, it would have surely spread around." Neither had co-worker Lal Zaada heard of the ban. “We’ve been working the regular hours as usual,” he said. Less than a week after the announcement on the new working restrictions, there are already signs that the Ministry of Labour is beginning to backtrack with plans to allow limited outdoor work to continue, provided it is done in the shade. While it is understood that contractors could face fines of up to AED3000-a-man for every worker caught on site between 12.30 and 4.30 pm, it is unlikely that the Ministry has the resources to police even a tiny fraction of the ongoing construction projects in the UAE. Many contractors working on high profile time-critical projects could face even bigger financial losses as a result of busting their tight deadlines. For the contractors that do comply with the ban in the coming weeks, the main problem will be deciding on where to accommodate site workers during the four hours of downtime. One contractor said: “The big problem is deciding what to do with the 300 guys we have working on site. “You can’t just have them hanging around for that length of time, but it’s logistically difficult to bus them back to their labour camps. “For contractors with workers who are coming from labour camps that are close by, it’s not much of an issue — but if they have to travel any sort of distance then it will be a real problem.” Another dilemma facing contractors will be whether to submit extension of time claims to clients. Michelle Nelson of legal firm Masons Galadari, said: “Generally, when contractors price the work, they are deemed to include any future changes in legislation and law.” But whether or not contractors have a case may depend on the inclusion of specified working hours in the contract. Jeremy Cama of legal firm Berrymans Lace Mawer, said: “It would be relevant if a contract states specific working hours — if so, there is a potential for an extension of time to be granted.” Stephen Parker, claims consultant at Brian E. Rawling, said: “Contracts often include rules of enactment that contractors have to deal with. Whether they decide to place a claim or not is up to them. Most people I have spoken to are simply bringing morning starts forward and extending in the evenings.”

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Sunday, October 27, 2013

Despicable Me - Agnes Costume

#itsCherzDIY - Halloween Costume

Despicable Me - Agnes

Items purchased from (Talize) local thrift store during their 50%off select colour tags sale.
2 pairs jeans
1 yellow and grey striped shirt ( I was in luck!)

Overalls: Check out my tutorial on how I created overalls with 2 pairs of jeans.
Shirt: you can always paint the stripes on

Have you done a DIY costume?

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Jacob's Arcade!                  Scroll Thru the Other Games!

Print & Play

Asteroids Java Gameby Mike Hall.

The classic first video game from back in the day! The sounds may take a bit to load.

JacobTip: Remember to turn the sound down on your computer so it doesn't scare you when it starts!
IceBlox Java Game by Karl Hörnell.

We had to have a penguin game of course! Grab all the gold coins before the evil flames get you. You break the ice by running into it. Knock out the flames by pushing ice cubes into them!
Tetris Java Game by Per Cederberg

The block piece puzzle challange. How low can you go?

JacobTip: If you have this on Gameboy you can use a cable and play against other people!
Tailgunner Java Game by Mike Hall

An amazing game - hi-speed,loud, and cool space ships!

JacobTip: If you use BOTH your mouse buttons you can shoot super fast!
Lemonade Stand by Derek Ramey

A great business learning game!

JacobTip: I made my first dollar selling a lemonade stand!
PingPong Java Game by Karsten M. Nielsen

PingPong is reminiscent of the original Pong game that started the home video game industry.
Tempest Java Game by Nick D'Arcy

The block piece puzzle challenge. How low can you go?

JacobTip: You can jump over the star pieces if they get on your ring. Oh, and if you hold down the move arrows you can move really faster around the ring!
Ball Java Game by Jason Fondren

Can you delete ALL the balls? All you need is 2 touching (or more) to clear them. Prior planning necasary to clear them all!

JacobTip: Pretty easy game to play, but not to win at!

Print & Play
Word Search Java Game by Mike Hall

Word search! Changes order every time - never the same game.

JacobTip: Keep clicking the new game button to see the different categories! (Sometimes my Dad puts my spelling words on here too.)
Java PacMan by Brian Postma

Modeled after the arcade classic! Look for other Pac games coming to JacobGuide.com soon!

JacobTip: You have to be quick to turn when you want too. Avoid the ghosts unless they are blue! There are too many ghosts though!
Lunar Lander Java Game by John Donohue

Slow down the lander before it crashes on the planet!

JacobTip: Turn your volume down before clicking to this game! Pretty easy for kids too!
UFO Attack Game by Sergio

Fun little missile guiding game - hi-speed,loud, and cool space ships! Good practise for TOW gunners.

JacobTip: the easiest way to shoot them is to keep the crosspoint on the UFO.
Jacob's Arcade | Print & Play | Texas | Arizona | Washington | Colorado | Florida | Home
    © 2004 ~ The Jacob Guide, all rights reserved.


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Request a brochure Niseko Ski Packages

Niseko ski Packages

Japan Powder Ski Holidays has all the best Niseko Ski Packages and Niseko Ski deals with our early bird specials. We have the widest range of quality Niseko Hotel Accommodation and Niseko Self Contained Apartments to choose from. Our specialists are happy to build a customised Ski Japan Package Holiday that suits your needs and your budget offering great value and service.

Niseko Neyuki Ski Packages

Neyuki captures the alpine environment in premium style,design and smart décor. The spacious townhouse offers privacy and comfort for families and friends to enjoy, with open plan living space and a media room which is perfect for the kids or single guests.
from AUD $1700
from USD $1279
from JPY ¥139,395

Akazora Niseko Ski Packages

Akazora apartments are a stunning development in the heart of the village of Hirafu, Niseko; one of the world’s fastest growing ski resorts and Asia’s premier four season destination. Finished in 2013, Akazora is very popular with international tourists and domestic visitors alike.
from AUD $1607
from USD $1209
from JPY ¥131,800

Alpine Apartments Ski Packages

One of Niseko’s finest and most popular choices in accommodation, combining magnificent views, proximity to the Ace Family chairlift and the warm ambiance of a comfortable Canadian home.
from AUD $2731
from USD $2054
from JPY ¥223,938

Always Niseko Ski Packages

Always Niseko welcomes you to a year round haven in the natural wonderland of Niseko. This stylish 104 room hotel is designed for the intrepid traveller who seeks the ultimate Niseko experience balanced with the best in value.
from AUD $1863
from USD $1402
from JPY ¥152,800

Aspect Niseko Ski Packages

Aspect Niseko sits on the edge of the famed “Millionaires’ Row” in Hirafu’s Middle Village. The building, positioned on a sharp incline, boasts unrivalled views of Mt. Yotei from each apartment.
from AUD $3688
from USD $2775
from JPY ¥302,425

AYA Niseko Ski Packages

Located in the heart of Hirafu Village, offering superior studios and apartments. The apartments are precisely finished interiors of contemporary Japanese design boasting with some of the finest quality fixtures and furnishings.
from AUD $3656
from USD $2750
from JPY ¥299,800

Birch Grove Niseko

Constructed on 3 levels and located in the Hirafu lower village, Birch Grove Niseko offers comfortable and flexible sleeping for 8, featuring 3 bedrooms.
from AUD $1350
from USD $1041
from JPY ¥113425

Chalet Billopp Niseko

Chalet Billopp is perched in sought-after Hirafu Ski Town, offering guests direct access to Niseko’s world-renowned slopes. The four-bedroom chalet has been designed with a keen eye for Japanese minimalism with splashes of colour and vibrant natural materials adding a warm feel to the snow-covered property.
from AUD $1352
from USD $1042
from JPY ¥113600

Country Resort Niseko Ski Packages

From a compact 2 bedroom chalet of 85m2, to a spacious 5 bedroom of 325m2, we have something for everyone at The Chalets at Country Resort. Each of the standalone homes is furnished with modern creature comforts, from wi-fi internet and flat screen TV’s to fully equipped kitchens and centralised heating.
from AUD $1701
from USD $1280
from JPY ¥139,500

Ezo Yume Ski Packages

This stylish 4 bedroom house boasts privacy and comfort and is situated in a quiet but convenient village location. Ezo Yume offers the latest in modern furnishings and entertainment amenities with chic décor and western appliances.
from AUD $1856
from USD $1396
from JPY ¥152,179

Forest Estate Ski Packages

Comprised of five luxury homes, Forest Estate offers the romance of a mountain retreat nestled amongst native trees in the centre of Hirafu Village.The 3m wide windows allow you to experience the breathtaking vistas of Mt.Yotei and the surrounding landscape.
from AUD $1425
from USD $1072
from JPY ¥116,811

Fresh Powder Niseko Ski Packages

Boasting views of Mount Yotei, Fresh Powder Niseko is conveniently located at the base of the ski mountain. Hot springs, restaurants and bars are within walking distance, and guests can enjoy skiing, cycling and hiking during their stay.
from AUD $2717
from USD $2044
from JPY ¥222,800

Freshwater Niseko Ski Packages

Featuring only 11 apartments and uncompromising attention to detail, The Freshwater combines the best of both Japanese and Western cultures to deliver true boutique luxury in a superb location.
from AUD $2568
from USD $1932
from JPY ¥210,550

Ginsetsu House Ski Packages

Artful Japanese styling mixed with modern comfort, Ginsetsu is unique in Hirafu, located in Middle Village in proximity to the village shuttle service, shops, restaurants, and hot springs, with the tranquility of a quiet side street.
from AUD $1664
from USD $1252
from JPY ¥136,464

Greystone Ski Packages

Greystone House was a former pension that has been converted into a 7 bedroom private residence, boasting with 7 bathrooms, with 2 large wooden baths, a media room and a spacious living and dining area.
from AUD $2243
from USD $1687
from JPY ¥183,906

Haven Niseko Ski Packages

Haven Niseko is a brand new boutique luxury chalet hotel opening for the 2016-2017 season, reflecting the heart and soul of Niseko. Positioned spectacularly and located conveniently in the middle village, Haven is over 4 levels offering studios, 2 bedroom, 3 bedroom and 4 bedroom apartments.
from AUD $2640
from USD $1986
from JPY ¥216,483

Itoku Ski Packages

This splendid spacious western style duplex offers sleeping for up to 12 guests without compromising the living space needed for large groups. Enjoy the comfortable lounge with gas fireplace, large dining area and well-appointed kitchen with breakfast bar.
from AUD $1657
from USD $1247
from JPY ¥135,869

Jam Lodge Ski Packages

Jam Lodge Niseko is situated a 10 minute drive from JR Hirafu station and 500m from the family lift on the outskirts of Hirafu. Surrounded by forest and untouched nature and within a few minutes walk of central Hirafu has hot springs and restaurants.
from AUD $1693
from USD $1273
from JPY ¥138,800

Kamui Niseko Ski Packages

Kamui Niseko is an exceptional five star property nestled in the alpine resort of An'nupuri, Niseko. Serviced by an onsite shuttle to and from the ski lifts for the ultimate convenience or within a 10 minutes walk to the An'nupuri Gondola.
from AUD $1606
from USD $1238
from JPY ¥134938

Kasara Townhouse Ski Packages

Situated at the based of Mount Niseko Annupuri, Kasara Niseko Village Townhouse occupies a unique position at the heart of Niseko Village. With 8 exclusive townhouses define alpine living at Niseko Village with ski runs and lifts a mere heartbeat away.
from AUD $3598
from USD $2707
from JPY ¥295,065

Kozue Niseko Ski Packages

This pristine river front and cliff top site enjoys views of rolling hills through the treetops and fine branches, or Kozue in Japanese. Kozue boasts a prime Hirafu Village location with easy access to the slopes.
from AUD $2546
from USD $1916
from JPY ¥208,800

Landmark View Ski Packages

A three minute walk to the Hirafu Gondola is the only thing that keeps Niseko Landmark View guests from the famous Niseko powder. All the creature comforts of a hotel can be enjoyed in contemporary luxury, with an option of 2 or 3 bedroom apartments spread over six floors.
from AUD $2546
from USD $1916
from JPY ¥208,800

Loft Niseko Ski Packages

The Loft Niseko, Niseko’s newest boutique luxury property offers spacious, modern and contemporary apartments and a dedicated concierge service. Located in the main Hirafu village in Niseko, The Loft comprises four 3 bedroom apartments, spread over 4 levels, with amazing views of Mt. Youtei.
from AUD $2930
from USD $2205
from JPY ¥240,300

Mountainside Palace Ski Packages

Unique to Hirafu, Mountainside Palace lays claim to spectacular views from all ten apartments. Mt Yotei can be seen in all its splendour from Deluxe rooms, while Premium rooms offer sights of the Hirafu ski area.
from AUD $2205
from USD $1659
from JPY ¥180,800

MUSE Niseko Ski Packages

Perched on the edge of the Upper Village MUSE faces the majestic volcano Mt. Yotei, with stunning views. An outstanding roof terrace and garden on the 7th floor is equipped for outdoor entertainment and private relaxation, and each apartment is fitted with fireplace high-quality appliances and furniture.
from AUD $2845
from USD $2140
from JPY ¥233,300

Niseko Alpen Hotel Ski Packages

Niseko Alpen Hotel is the premier ski in ski out hotel property in Hirafu village, located right next to Ace quad lift which gives you easy access to Niseko ski resort area. The hotel has western rooms and the facilities include a onsen hot spring, lap pool, sauna, convenience and souvenir shop.
from AUD $2,570
from USD $1,933
from JPY ¥210,725

Niseko Alpen Ridge Ski Packages

Alpen Ridge is a landmark property, complete with a blend of contemporary design, elegance and comfort. This spectacular true ski in-ski out accommodation, offers beautiful views of the ski run and Mount Youtei.
from AUD $3352
from USD $2521
from JPY ¥274,836

Niseko Chalet Ivy Ski Packages

Chalet Ivy is luxuriously appointed and supremely comfortable, and located in central Hirafu and is consider Niseko's premiere boutique hotel. Offering a wonderfully memorable experience in the four season Niseko resort area, with a year-round concierge and services designed to ensure you have the best stay.

from AUD $3388
from USD $2611
from JPY ¥284619

Niseko Full Circle Ski Packages

A boutique complex with unique design consisting of 1, 2, and 3 bedroom self contained apartments. Full Circle incorporates large angled windows, to take advantage of the morning sun and beautiful views of Mount Youtei.
from AUD $2206
from USD $1160
from JPY ¥180,888

Niseko Gondola Chalets Ski Packages

Gondola Chalets is the closest you will get to the Hirafu Gondola, providing the winter sports enthusiast with unsurpassed access to the world-famous powder fields of Niseko. These stylish chalets are the envy of the village, offering a fresh, modern layout, and unrivalled accessibility to the mountain.
from AUD $1874
from USD $1410
from JPY ¥153,675

Niseko Green Leaf Ski Packages

From the picturesque scenery right outside your room window to the beautiful authentic Japanese outdoor onsen at the resort, The Green Leaf luxurious accommodation caters for all your needs. Located at the base of Mount Annupuri, The Green Leaf Niseko Village lies in the heart of one of the world's best skiing.
from AUD $2270
from USD $1708
from JPY ¥186,150

Niseko Hana and Jo Ski Packages

Hana and Jo are a pair of luxury family townhouses amongst the newest in town. Completed just before last winter’s snow and situated next to the Graubünden café in Izumikyo 2 village, these cozy townhouses are ideal for a family holiday.
from AUD $1821
from USD $1370
from JPY ¥149,300

Niseko Heritage Townhouse Ski Packages

The Heritage is perfect for large groups staying in Niseko. The Heritage is made up of four townhouses. There is immediate access to the free shuttle bus stop and staff at M Group are well informed about the best locations for group activities.
from AUD $1536
from USD $1156
from JPY ¥125,962

Niseko Hilton Ski Packages

With a stunning natural backdrop, the hotel is ideal for a variety of events including business meetings, functions, and weddings. Select from a range of venues for up to 900 guests with panoramic mountain views and modern technology.
from AUD $2,529
from USD $1,902
from JPY ¥207,356

Niseko Hirafu 188 Ski Packages

Feel on top of the world in these exclusive and luxurious apartment suites in the heart of the resort. Stylish open living spaces and elegant furnishings will delight with expansive windows and balconies presenting magnificent mountain views.
from AUD $2731
from USD $2055
from JPY ¥223,946

Niseko Jurin House Ski Packages

Jurin is a pleasantly well-appointed western-style house located in Izumikyo. Jurin is only steps from the village shuttle service, restaurants, and Lawson convenience store. The charm of a cottage is matched with fresh interiors and modern appliances, giving guests the perfect place to come home to.
from AUD $1479
from USD $1113
from JPY ¥121,300

Niseko Kamakura Ski Packages

Welcoming from the moment you enter, these deluxe apartments present wonderfully spacious open plan kitchens, dining and living areas in a Canadian design with warm timber finishes
from AUD $2206
from USD $1660
from JPY ¥180,896

Niseko Kizuna Ski Packages

Located in the heart of the Hirafu village, Kizuna offers the perfect mix of convenience and comfort! Every condominium utilises floor-to-ceiling windows to showcase the ski hill or Mt. Yotei.
from AUD $2269
from USD $1707
from JPY ¥186,050

Niseko M Hotel Packages

M Hotel is ideally located in the center of Hirafu village, the heart of Niseko. A relatively new building, M hotel is unmatched for its quality, ambiance and value.
from AUD $2077
from USD $1562
from JPY ¥170,300

Niseko M Lodge Packages

M Lodge is situated in the main shopping and dining area of Hirafu village, and is only 3 minutes walk to the nearest ski lift. M Lodge offers a fast and efficient service at an affordable price.
from AUD $1607
from USD $1209
from JPY ¥131,800

Niseko Northern Resort Annupuri Ski Packages

This 5 star boutique hotel is located at the foot of Mt. Niseko Annupuri which is one of the most famous mountain resort area in Hokkaido, the Annupuri Northern Resort is a beautiful property that has everything you will need to enjoy an incredible stay in Japan.
from AUD $TBA
from USD $TBA
from JPY ¥TBA

Niseko Nupuri Cottage Ski Packages

Nupuri Cottage is a cozy 1 bedroom plus loft cottage in the lower village. Newly remodeled, it offers all western comforts and is great for a couples, small families or a group of 4 friends. Located a short walk from restaurants, an onsen, and the village shuttle service, this property offers both convenience and privacy.
from AUD $1757
from USD $1322
from JPY ¥144,050

Niseko Powder Cottage Ski Package

This quaint two level cottage in a very central location, offers cozy open plan living and well equipped self catering facilities. There are three bedrooms on the second floor, two with lofts and futon, to accommodate additional guests.
from AUD $1520
from USD $1172
from JPY ¥127695

Niseko Powder Haven Ski Packages

Contemporary Western style apartments over two levels, with smart furnishings and decor combined with Japanese design finishes. Within walking distance to the resort shuttle bus stop, local onsen, and selection of popular restaurants.
from AUD $2015
from USD $1516
from JPY ¥165,234

Niseko PowderHound Ski Packages

Powderhound Lodge boats an unbeatable central village location, only a short walk to the ski slopes and metres from restaurants, bars, convenience stores and of course the famous Niseko Ski Fields
from AUD $1582
from USD $1190
from JPY ¥129,700

Niseko Toshokan Townhouse Ski Package

Enjoy stylish relaxing interior design and luxurious facilities, whilst taking in the captivating forest outlooks. Toshokan townhouse offers spacious alpine lifestyle, in premium surrounds.
from AUD $1896
from USD $1426
from JPY ¥155,451

Niseko Yotei Cottage Ski Packages

One of the original cottages in lower Hirafu village. This cosy and quaint one bedroom plus loft property features full size windows, offers comfortable furnishings, Western bedding and adequate kitchen and laundry facilities.
from AUD $1404
from USD $1056
from JPY ¥115,131

Niseko Yukiyama Ski Packages

Featuring modern bright interiors with the use of light timbers and finishes, the apartments present tasteful Western designs, blended with stylish Japanese influences. The open plan living and wonderful high ceilings, create an amazing atmosphere of space.
from AUD $1856
from USD $1396
from JPY ¥152,179

Setsugetsu Niseko Ski Packages

Designed by the acclaimed architect Nakayama Makoto and produced by SEKKASTYLE this delightful property boasts top quality modern appliances, peaceful surroundings and fantastic views, while only minutes away from all restaurants, bars, and the Ace Family ski slope.
from AUD $2760
from USD $2076
from JPY ¥226,300

Setsumon Ski Packages

Niseko’s luxury boutique apartments at The Setsumon offer the best of beautiful Niseko with stunning night and alpine panoramas. Detailed with modern architecture and designer interiors, this property is a long time favourite for many discerning guests.
from AUD $2077
from USD $1562
from JPY ¥170,300

Shikaku Apartments Ski Packages

Avant-garde design, balancing privacy and stylish living spaces, with a warm luxurious ambience. These apartments have been designed with a collaboration of personal and shared space for the various needs of all guests.
from AUD $2492
from USD $1875
from JPY ¥204,381

Shiki Niseko Packages

Shiki Niseko offers brand new luxury 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments in the heart of the upper Hirafu village. Incorporating contemporary Japanese aesthetics, premium furnishings and fittings, and a Michelin star gourmet restaurant.
from AUD $2717
from USD $2044
from JPY ¥222,800

Shin Shin Niseko Ski Pacakges

Nestled in a private cul-de-sac, adjacent to some of Hirafu’s best restaurants and bars, Shin Shin affords privacy, space, and quiet, modern comfort, within metres of Hirafu’s fantastic nightlife, and the best powder skiing in the world.
from AUD $1564
from USD $1206
from JPY ¥131401

Shirokuma Chalets Ski Packages

Spacious open plan living awaits you in these contemporary, three level townhouses. Enjoy the comfortable lounge with gas fireplace, large dining area and well-appointed kitchen with breakfast bar.
from AUD $1719
from USD $1293
from JPY ¥140,961

Snow Crystal Niseko Ski Packages

Nestled at the foot of the Family Ace Chairlifts of Grand Hirafu Niseko, Snow Crystal deftly marries the conveniences of immediate ski hill access with modern elegance. Offering contemporary comforts of resort-style living, Snow Crystal is an ideal accommodation choice that offers you the best in alpine luxury.
from AUD $2995
from USD $2253
from JPY ¥245,550

Snow Dog Niseko Packages

Snow Dog is a modern apartment sanctuary nestled in Higashiyama, close to Niseko Village Resort, with comfortable and fresh designs with modern furnishings, fittings and appliances. The convenience of a daily shuttle service to and from the chairlifts and into Hirafu enhance guest experiences.
from AUD $1566
from USD $1178
from JPY ¥128,440

SugarPot Niseko Ski Packages

SugarPot Townhouse is immaculately renovated in the centre of Hirafu Village with 5 bedrooms spaced out across two levels.
from AUD $1744
from USD $1312
from JPY ¥143,000

Tamo Townhouse Ski Packages

Tamo boasts premium contemporary architecture, creating luxurious alpine living. The use of light ash ‘Tamo’ timber, balancing elegant Japanese design features and western interiors, provides the ultimate resort retreat.
from AUD $1834
from USD $1379
from JPY ¥150,359

Terrazze Niseko Ski Packages

The property has an onsite reception and dedicated concierge service , as well as a complimentary ski-shuttle on demand during limited hours. The building also features an undercover heated carpark and a boot drying lounge with secure ski and boot storage.
from AUD $2016
from USD $2269
from JPY ¥247,300

The Orchards Niseko Ski Packages

he Orchards Niseko is delightfully conducive to a family escape given its beautiful natural setting with spectacular views. Located on the eastern side of Hirafu. The location provides convenient access to local attractions and activities including Grand Hirafu resort and other local ski areas in winter.
from AUD $2077
from USD $1562
from JPY ¥170,300

Ummei Niseko Ski Packages

Ummei is a spacious luxury chalet perched on a hillside between Hirafu Middle and Lower Villages, providing it with great views over the lower village to Mt Yotei.
from AUD $1594
from USD $1228
from JPY ¥133900

Vale Niseko Ski Packages

With a string of awards to its name, including World’s Best Ski Boutique Hotel 2014 and 2015, The Vale Niseko offers internationally renowned holiday luxury. Nestled right on the ski run, Hirafu’s most desirable ski-in, ski-out location delivers 2100 acres of sublime powder terrain and all village amenities literally on your doorstep.
from AUD $2760
from USD $2076
from JPY ¥226,300

Wajima Niseko Ski Packages

Built in 2006, Wajima Niseko is located in middle Hirafu Village, just minutes from the action and ski area. The property is designed around the entertainment area and offers a real holiday feel with large, open plan living, dining areas and spacious bedrooms.
from AUD $1863
from USD $1402
from JPY ¥152,800

Yukisawa House Ski Packages

A very spacious modern home with peaceful ambiance, warm decor, and deluxe comfortable furnishings over 3 levels. It features extra large bedrooms, stylish open plan living areas, and large windows framing picturesque views of Mt. Youtei.
from AUD $1808
from USD $1360
from JPY ¥148,268

Yume Basho Ski Packages

Contemporary in design, Yume Basho features exposed concrete walls, western accented décor and premium fittings over two levels. The warm and inviting open plan living, boasts stylish furnishings, large gas fireplace and the latest in entertainment systems.
from AUD $2015
from USD $1516
from JPY ¥165,225

Yume House Niseko Ski Packages

Yume House is centrally located within walking distance of the Ace family chair lift and the free village shuttle. It also offers great value for money as it is currently our cheapest 2 bedroom refurbished property and perfect for the budget minded family.
from AUD $2015
from USD $1516
from JPY ¥165,234

Yutaka Townhouse Ski Packages

These spacious townhouses are a popular choice for families or large groups. Offering open plan living, large comfortable bedrooms and a separate media room for the kids or single guests.
from AUD $1748
from USD $1315
from JPY ¥143,306
Ski Niseko
Early Bird
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Java Lambda performance vs declared Suppliers/Functions

I am starting to learn how to develop with Optional in java8. It might be it is somwehere documented, but I have been using google with no accurate result.

I have different possible implementations for the orElseGet method, and I am not sure if java makes a better memory handling in some case, or if its pretty much the same.

Lets say I have a method in a class with an Optional defined:

class myClass {

final static private Supplier MY_SUPPLIER = () -> new Object();

private void myMethod1 () {

Optional x; // somehow Initialized

Read More »

By: StackOverFlow - Tuesday, 6 November

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Wednesday, December 15, 2010

In search of India

In search of INDIA
GAMASUTRA is the leading website devoted to the Art and Business of making games. It offers everything, from latest breaking news from the gaming industry around the world to the detailed features of the industry to the biggest job board of the gaming industry.
Now what I did? Being an avid video gamer and software programmer by profession longing for the very art of game programming and development, what I wanted to do on the Gamasutra website? It was simple: Search for any minuscule information about game industry in India. And what did I found?
NOTHING!! Absolutely nothing. Apart from some of the instance of INDIA with some other Asian provinces there was nothing that I would say useful to talk about india’s hand in the gold mine rush of video game industry.
Next I went to a more probable website from where I thought could get a glimpse of India. And that site was GAMESPOT and IGN. Now imagine what I might have found out?
Yes! It was nothing with respect to game development in india. Of course you will find user accounts of the video gamers who take part in the forums, polls blah blah blah!! But nothing about the game development.
Well but searching on The GOOGLE wont fail rite? So with dejected feeling and an utter disappointment from the so called famous and lively game content and game development websites , I finally turned to Google. And yes google was my last option to search for India.

Tuesday, November 09, 2010

I'm playing... Batman:Arkham Asylum

First of all... BATMAN is the awesomely awesome super hero of all the dozens of superheroes out there. And when you have an intelligently developed Batman to control in an equally intelligent gameplay which is delivered by Eidos's Arkham Asylum, it is surely a hardcore gamer's delight. Batman:Arkham Asylum gives you the superhero with his unique and best Technology, where you have a Gel explosion, grapple,Batarangs etc.

Thursday, October 28, 2010

I'm playing... BLUR

Before I start talking about BLUR lets go back in time and try to recollect the gaming experience of CTR aka Crash Team Racing on Playstation1 or Mario Bros Team Racing on PS2. Remembered?? Also try to recollect the racing simulation games like Burnout, NFS. What comes to your mind when I say these games? Cool Cars, awesome graphics, rankings etc. right?
And now think about CTR. The racing where you have to whack the opponents by destroying their vehicles with Missiles, Bombs. Getting Shields, powerups, nitrous to win the race.
Now combine the features of these two different games and guess what is available to you. Yes its BLUR.

BLUR by Activision is an attempt to have combined the racing simulation game and an action packed vehicle whacking game-play into one. And more to add it has awesome race tracks and equally awesome CARS. From BEATLE to VIPOR to all BMWs and Audis. All these vehicles have some characteristics like road GRIP, HANDLING, SPEED, and ACCELERATION. And also the cars are divided into different categories as to A, B, C, and D.

And what more a speed racer would require while whacking the opponents to win the race.. huh? It’s the FANS. Yes in Blur you will have to race to get Fan following. The more fan following you get the more deadly superb cars will get unlocked and nice rewards.

What catches the attention is the beautiful graphics that add your gaming enthusiasm. Also the special effects of the power ups those are obtained in-game is very appealing. These effects are too good to take the overall gaming experience to whole new level.

Also its multiplayer game play also looks cool. I haven’t tried it though. But definitely give it a shot too. Till then I’ll try to master the game in single player.

Sunday, August 01, 2010

RPGs all the way

Ever since i have started playing the Final Fantasy series of RPG im an exceptional fan of RPG games. There's a valid reason for that. RPG's like Final Fantasy has an intimidating story line, mind blowing graphics and moreover interesting,innovative and enthusiastic gameplay.

I dont know why but i like to explore different types of gameplays that these rpgs put forward before gamers through differrent games. Thanks to the innovative minds of the developers. Some them i want to name are: of course Turn Based Final Fantasy versions, Real Time Command Combat of Final Fantasy 12/13, Hexagon(HEX) Based Combat system of Wild Arms 5, Interactive Command Based Combat with Combos of Shadow Hearts series and many mores.

In this blog entry i will specifically write about RPG GAMEPLAY. The gameplay which i like, the gameplay which really made a difference, the gameplays which a will add different gaming experience with newer imagination and technology.

Each gameplay if u have played, gave a unique gaming experience. But the basic concept is same and eternal and it is: In RPGs you have CHARACTERS which are weak at the very beginning of the game, you have to be them and progress with the story, progress in such a way that your character/s will get stronger, you get stronger by defeating enemies and gaining experience,power-ups,weapons,magic etc .

The game play of each RPG game revolves around these basic things or i will say setups. Rest all things viz... the Characters,The Story, The Graphics, The Weapons, The Magic will be the focus where the art and other assests will be created. Thus keeping in mind the basic setups for an RPG gameplay these different gameplays are developed.

With each game i played i had developed a instinct which tells me that there are lot more things that can be done with the RPGs Gameplay. Imagination and Innovation flows thru my mind when i start thinking about these. Lots of Ideas come into my mind. RPG gameplay is worth experimenting but has a lot of risks. Like many gamers(almost all) liked the turn based combat of FF10 but i dont think they enjoyed the real time battle system of FF12. Also the HEX battle system was not taken by many gamers. But still unless there are different experiments done on the gameplay we wont come across different varieties. So I personally want more and more innovative RPGs to be realeased every year for gamers like me. :)

Wednesday, May 26, 2010

Environmental Games... for a better cause

Play Windfall by Persuasive Games

I have been thinking about Environmental Games since few days now. So started googling and came across a wide range of games from a lot of dvelopers who have developed these games for only a sole purpose.... that is "To create an awareness within the masses to look into the environmental issues". And video games i think is the best way to convey this message. As we know the interactive media can have considerable effect on the thinking of kids/parents/people if conveyed properly.

Many small to medium size video game developers are seen creating games for this noble cause. Most of them or i must say all of them are free to play. One of such company is Pervasive games whose Windfall game link im posting here.

What i want to do is spread this awareness to the larger extent and make more and more people take part in understanding the consequnses of global warming and other environmental issues. And i want to do this through video games. Why wont people play an environmental game equally entertaining as Farmville or Mafia Wars (just for an example).


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Discover Bassinova: Slice of Americana on the Banks of the Hudson River

Venturing to Upstate New York was rife with rewards, as my recent trip to spend a weekend and delve into a slice of American history was front and center at my recent stay at the world-class property known as Bassinova.

Built in 1810, this extraordinary home was notably a stop on the famed Underground Railroad, which interestingly was neither underground, nor a railroad. It got its name because its activities had to be carried out in secret, and because railway terms were used by those involved with system to describe how it worked. Various routes would stop in places that were referred to as “stations,” and those who assisted along the way, were called “conductors.” This network of routes extended through 14 Northern states and assisted slaves in the search for freedom and ultimately “the promised land” of Canada—beyond the reach of fugitive-slave hunters.

Prior to Yale-trained architect, Scott Wallant, getting his hands on this property, it was recommended by many that it be torn down. Owners, Richard and Jean Bassin, would not hear of it and had Mr. Wallant proceed with plans to save the structure and convert the property into a majestic slice of Americana on the Hudson River. Three years later, the result was one that will surely delight Jetset readers as a private home destination worthy of serious consideration.

With 31 stunning acres, Wallant had quite a bit with which to work, including a rustic and functional barn that pre-dates the home itself. On this, the east side of the Hudson River, no one has ever had this type of access and privacy because of a rail line that runs along many miles of the river. This includes the properties that were once owned by the Vanderbilt’s as well as FDR, as most have cliffs abutting the river with no actual access, just views, making Bassinova unique for its accessibility for swimming and boating, as well as spectacular sunsets.

“Dawn and I camped out in the ‘before’ version of Bassinova which was more of a summer crash pad than a year-round home. We were waiting to close on our own new home and experienced what felt like one of the last real winters before global warming—the Hudson and its banks were a frozen tundra and we were barely able to keep warm. But experiencing the house and site on a daily basis gave me an unusually close perspective on the project” said Wallant.

“Over 6 months of familiarity proved helpful in digging the stone retaining walls, pool and stepped terraces into the hill without compromising the natural beauty of the environment. A good understanding of every contour of the landscape, the curves of the hill, and the sight lines merging the vanishing edge of the hot tub, into the vanishing edge of the pool into the Hudson River were critical.” Wallant continued.

Privacy abounds in what is now a 5,500-square foot, 5 bedrooms, 3.5 bathroom homestead. Tastefully appointed and extremely functional for the most discriminating jet-setters, this home is an ideal location for a wide array of uses. Be it a getaway for family, a group of close friends, or even an elegant wedding, this is a property that offers both seclusion and elegance.

In an effort to stay true to the Victorian farmhouse zeitgeist, the beautiful roof with its deep, bracketed overhangs, was preserved with matching gables and squared off rooms, as well as a wide array of richly embellished details inspired by 19th-century aesthetics. The solid stone foundation was also preserved, but almost everything in between, including most of the interior and exterior walls, were gutted, paving the way for what is now one of the finest homes anywhere on the Hudson River.

Head out onto a great lawn and down to the river to enjoy fishing, kayaking, badminton, bocci, and croquet. Nearby hiking, skiing, and tobogganing will surely satisfy those with who wish to venture off for an adventure, and for those who want to remain indoors, a billiards table and media room are sure to keep good company.

Every molding, door and cabinet in this house was custom designed by Wallant, who re-imagined the interior as though through the eyes of a 19th Century architect. “This vision was made possible by the talented builders, Twin Restoration, led by the Kuhn brothers. They met every challenge with seemingly inexhaustible skill and good humor.” Wallant added.

The centerpiece of the ground floor and the open, welcoming kitchen, is a massive and stunning, nickel-plated restored Montreal stove which was converted to a modern Jennair gas stove and griddle—absolutely peerless for those who love to cook.

The flow of this extraordinary home is accented by unexpected light and windows, picking up cues from the exquisite views of the Hudson River from just about every possible vantage point. The hot tub and disappearing edge pool situated on the top of a hill that lazily meanders down to the water’s edge is what dreams are made of—a place in which to relax the mind, soul and contemplate life—American beauty in its most perfect expression.

Located in Coxsackie, New York (a name said to be derived from a Native American term meaning ‘owl’s hoot’), Bassinova’s surrounding communities are as quaint as the Hudson Valley gets. Originally inhabited by the Mahican Native American tribe, one of the first settlers in Coxsackie was Pieter Bronck, of the same family for which the Bronx is named. While the earliest homes were built in what is now West Coxsackie, as evident by the many stone houses still standing, later community growth came in the 1800’s utilizing the Hudson River for dominant industries of the times such as winter ice harvesting, brick making, shipbuilding, metal foundries and river transportation. Downtown Coxsackie still retains the appearance of a well-established river community, and in 1980, the Reed Street Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The Hudson River is not only an American icon, but a New York State treasure. Its banks have inspired the proliferation of a burgeoning food culture that has created a wave of ‘farm-to-table’ establishments, and a broad array of artisanal products feeding a true culinary renaissance.

Its natural beauty and evolution continue to draw many to its sparkling shores and Bassinova’s founders were certainly visionaries who have preserved a property that will stand as a testament to the majesty of Americana provided by this historic river.

About The Author

Doug Singer

Doug Singer is an internationally published food and travel writer, co-author of Flavors of My World and a founding partner of Singer New York Real Estate. For editorial consideration please contact [email protected](dot)com.

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Jewelicious, Inc. — The Charlie Bangle

The Charlie Bangle

New arrival! The Charlie bangle in gold.

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The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
- Phrase search: "names of god"
- Exclude terms: "names of god" -zerah
- Volume/Page: v9 p419
- Diacritics optional: Ḥanukkah or hanukkah
- Search by Author: altruism author:Hirsch
search tips & recommendations

CONSTANZA (until 1878 Custendje):

Rumanian town in the province of Dobrudja. During the Russo-Turkish campaign of 1828 some Jewish purveyors came with the Russian army to Constanza, and, settling in the place, formed the nucleus, of a small community. A separate community was founded later by some members of the Sephardic (Spagnioli) communities of Asia Minor. In 1853, during the Russo-Turkish campaign, the community was further increased, and a cemetery was laid out. Sir Moses Montefiore, visiting Constanza on his journey to Jerusalem in 1868, gave £200 to the president, Ilie Avram, for the purpose of building a synagogue. At present (1902) there are about 1,000 Jews in Constanza; of this number about 400 persons are Sephardim (Spagnioli), and form a separate community. The majority of the Jews are engaged in trade, but there are also some tailors, shoemakers, tinkers, watchmakers, etc. There are two religious schools for boys, one Sephardic, conducted in Spanish, and the other where German is used. There are the usual philanthropic institutions. Aaron Leib Feigenbaum is rabbi of the Ḥobebe Ẓiyyon, and Ḥayyim Solomon Donaufeld of the Bene Ẓiyyon.

E. C. M. Buj.
Images of pages


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Stacks Image 1037
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What is QuickMats?

QuickMats 4 is the fifth-generation version of John Hartman’s digital matting software.

Designed for use in John’s own photographic studio, QuickMats helps you to easily create new image products that your customers will be thrilled to own and for which they will gladly pay a premium price. QuickMats 4 mats are so realistic you’ll have to run your fingers over them to know they’re not real!

Closeup view shows realistic mat, bevel cuts, textures and shadowing.

My Image

QuickMats is easy to use.

Watch this short video to see how you can customize your image with QuickMats in less than one minute.

QuickMats gives you total design flexibility.

With QuickMats 4, you can select from one of 465 predesigned mat templates, sized to fit your image perfectly. These mats range in size from 5" to 40" and larger, and come in both single- and multiple openings designed in one of eleven different aspect ratios from square to panoramic format. All you do is open the mat of your choice and drag your photo into it. With a couple of mouse clicks you can color and texture both the outside and inside mats. You can also change the mat core color and/or use one of the over 100 included image overlays and metallic or marble nameplates to add even more distinction to your mat design.

And if you don’t find the exact mat you’re looking for in the prebuilt mats folder, you can build your own custom mat in any size, with up to forty openings in a single mat. The mats you build yourself can be saved as templates for you to use on future projects. Click a single Photoshop action and your mat template is built, ready for you to customize.

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Even a few QuickMats items added to your product line can easily add $50 to $300 or more to each sale (click here to see how). And because QuickMats 4 is so easy to use, this extra revenue will come with only a few additional minutes on each order, making QuickMats 4 a must-have for every photographer or digital artist who wants to earn more money!


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Great new video

There’s a great new 4-minute video from CCHR where dozens of psychiatrists at the APA convention are interviewed and answer man-on-the-street interview questions about whether there are any biological tests to determine if there’s a chemical imbalance in the brain. Of course they all answer “No,” and it is mildly amusing to watch them squirm uncomfortably in the spotlight. Then they are asked if they have ever cured anyone. After a lot of hemming and hawing, they say “No.”

If you ever had any doubt about the labels that psychiatrists make up and apply to you so they can get paid for it, watch this video (Windows Media Player – 4 minutes) (Sorry – the video was down in 11/2017 and I will repost the link to it when it is fixed.)

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Compensation & Benefits

  • $50,000+ income.
  • 26 days vacation.
  • 13 holidays.
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  • Must pass test.

Index for Clerical, Secretarial, Contact Sales Jobs

Job Series Job Title # of Listings Today
*GS-0312 Clerk-Stenographer and Reporter (none)
*GS-0322 Clerk-Typist (none)
*GS-0319 Closed Microphone Reporting 1
*GS-0357 Coding (none)
*GS-0335 Computer Clerk and Assistant 10
*GS-0332 Computer Operation (none)
*GS-0962 Contact/Sales Representative 16
*GS-0309 Correspondence Clerk 1
*GS-0356 Data Transcriber 4
*GS-0359 Electric Accounting Machine Operation (none)
*GS-0362 Electric Accounting Machine Project Planner (none)
*GS-0350 Equipment Operator 1
*GS-0304 Information Receptionist 2
*GS-0305 Mail and File 16
*GS-0344 Management Clerical and Assistance 44
*GS-0302 Messenger (none)
*GS-0303 Miscellaneous Clerk and Assistant 384
*GS-0326 Office Automation Clerical/Assistance 16
*GS-0351 Printing Clerical (none)
*GS-2091 Sales Store Clerical 47
*GS-0318 Secretary 116
*GS-0382 Telephone Operating 5
*GS-0385 Teletypist (none)

Back to Occupation Groups

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recommended netscape fonts: 14-point New Century Schoolbook or Helvetica
versions for printing: postscript and PDF (version one and version two)

revised after internal review
and ready to submit to the First IEEE Workshop on Signal Processing Education,
Hunt, Texas, Oct. 15-18, 2000.

Multi-Rate DSP Before Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

Jeffrey O. Coleman1
Senior Member, IEEE

Naval Research Laboratory
Advanced Radar Systems Branch
Washington, DC

Adjunct Associate Professor of Computer Science
Michigan Technological University

Adjunct Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of Maryland, Baltimore County

If discrete-time (d.t.) signals and sequences are viewed as distinct, with d.t. signals simply trains of impulses in continuous time (c.t.) whose areas, systematically normalized, are the sample sequences realizing those signals in computational DSP, then basic c.t. signals and systems is easily followed by an introduction to multi-rate systems for processing d.t. signals. Classic d.t. signals and systems then becomes follow-on material about realizing such systems computationally.

1 Introduction

In a strictly continuous-time world in which discrete-time signals are just trains of impulses, a good deal of DSP system design is easily handled by undergraduates through manipulation of Fourier sketches. Multi-rate signals are natural here, as are complex signals and hybrid analog/DSP systems. Impulse areas, systematically normalized, become the sample sequences that realize these signals in computational DSP systems, the later study of which encompasses traditional d.t. topics like convolution, $z$-tranforms, and the various discrete-time Fourier transforms. The c.t. approach to DSP sketched next amounts to concise teaching notes for an undergraduate presentation by a signals-and-systems instructor.

2 Digital Signal Processing in C.T.

A ``discrete-time'' (d.t.) signal $x(t)$ is one that is nonzero only on some discrete and uniformly spaced set of times including $t=0$. Expressing this as $x(t)=x(t)e^{j2\pi t/T}\!$ and Fourier transforming to $X(f)=X(f-1/T)$ shows that $1/T$, the signal's impulse rate, is a period of $X(f)$, so discrete-time signals are paired with periodic transforms. Fourier series $X(f)=\sum_n a_{n} e^{-j2\pi
nfT}\!$ has inverse Fourier transform $x(t)=\sum_n a_n \delta(t-nT)$, so discrete-time signals are just uniformly spaced impulse trains.

We are done with (explicit) math. Now it is time for pictures.

Signals versus Realization, Notation

Figure 1: From top: discrete-time signal, D/A conversion, conversion output, and sampling (output at top).

Signal amplitudes here are dimensionless, but signal $x(t)$ might be realized, say, as voltage $V_{\rm ref}\,x(t)$ as on the third line of Fig. 1, with reference voltage $V_{\rm ref}$ chosen for implementation convenience. Signal impulse areas have time dimensions, so area $a T_{\rm ref}$ is naturally realized as dimensionless number $a$, and a discrete-time signal is realized computationally as a sequence of such numbers, samples, occuring at some sample rate $1/T$. For uniformly spaced impulses, we choose constant $T_{\rm ref}$ as the sample spacing $T$, as in the top line of Fig. 1. (The rest of the figure is discussed later.)

Figure 2: Interpolation leaves the signal unchanged but transforms its realization to a higher sample rate.

Is the upper left signal of Fig. 2 simply the widely spaced impulses visible? Or is it actually narrowly spaced impulses with many areas zero? The second and fourth lines of the figure show two of many possible realizations as sequences. (Halving the standard $T_{\rm ref}$, sample spacing $T$, doubles the sample scaling.) We will resolve such ambiguity by explicitly indicating the sample rate to be used in realization.

Our standard signal notation is a schematic frequency-domain sketch that mirrors signal properties, showing perhaps an impulsive nature or bandlimiting or conjugate symmetry. The example d.t. signal on the top line of Fig. 2 is shown in both time and frequency domains. In the spectral sketch, ellipses on the right indicate the spectral periodicity that flags a signal as d.t. For brevity, we generally omit the axis label ``$f$'' and the explicit ``$0$'' at the origin tic. The triangular tic mark indicates the sample rate to be used in the corresponding computational-DSP realization. Note that realizing impulse area $a T$ as dimensionless sample $a$ amounts to scaling that impulse area by tic-marked rate $1/T$ in the realization. This sample-rate tic has nothing to do with the signal itself and so can be omitted if the realizion is not of interest.

D/A Conversion

Digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion refers to filtering a d.t. input with any c.t. impulse response, but by default the latter is a centered rectangle of sample-interval width and unit area, as in the second line of Fig. 1. Unity DC gain makes the $\,{\rm sinc} (fT)$ frequency response easily sketched. The input (above axis) tic in the Fig. 1 sketch indicates the arrival rate and normalization of realization input samples. (In not indicating the reference voltage that scales the realization output, we forego logical consistency.) The omitted half-sample delay that would make the impulse response causal is of no more significance than the propagation delays generally omitted from models of other circuits and computational systems. We prefer simplicity and model such delays only when they matter.

Multiplying d.t. signals nonsensically multiplies co-located impulses, but multiplication is valid when one signal is d.t. and the other is continuous at its impulse times, as in sampling, decimation, and multiplication by sinusoids, here considered separately.

At the bottom of Fig. 1 is a sampling example. An input signal--here a stairstep--is multiplied by a sampling waveform, impulses at some rate $1/T$ and of uniform area $T$. This becomes frequency-domain convolution with unit-area spectral impulses at impulse-rate multiples. The output (below axis) tic refers both to the sampling waveform and to the sampling operation, where it denotes an output rate and normalization in the realization, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter (quantization ignored).

Example System: Signal Reconstruction

Figure 4: Sampling (upper left) and four systems for reconstruction of the signal sampled.

The first (leftmost) column of Fig. 4 describes a system using sampling (A/D conversion) and reconstruction (a D/A conversion system to ``undo'' sampling) to convert a bandlimited real signal, perhaps music in a recording studio, to d.t. form, as on a CD, and back again. The spectral sketches describe frequency-domain relationships algebraically, representing variables pictorially so their basic properties can be seen. Assume `` ${\color{blue}=\,}$'' on the left for unmarked lines after the first. Read lines from top to bottom: first ${\color{green}\star \,}$ second ${\color{blue}=\,}$ third and ( third ${\color{green}\times\,}$ fourth) ${\color{green}\times\,}$ fifth ${\color{blue}=\,}$ sixth.

Upsampling and Interpolation

The third line of Fig. 2 shows the notation for the processing step that scales the realization sample rate by some integer without affecting the signal itself. Changing the normalization of the samples from that implied by the input tic to that implied by the output tic amounts to scaling by the tic-frequency ratio. Inserting zero samples into the sample sequence in the realization to increase the sample rate by an integer factor $M$ is upsampling by $M$, denoted $\uparrow\!M$. We strain terminology by referring to the tic-mark-shifting null signal operation on the right as interpolation, corresponding to upsampling and renormalization scaling in the realization.

Digital Filtering

A digital filter convolves its d.t. input signal with its d.t. impulse response. Its input and output sample rates and frequency-response period are by default identical, as in Fig. 3.

Figure 3: A digital filter applies a periodic frequency response to a discrete-time input.

Example System: Oversampling

The second, third, and fourth columns of Fig. 4 show oversampling alternatives to the reconstruction system in the lower part of the first column. Each digital-filtering step has an output rate a multiple of its input rate, denoting interpolation followed by digital filtering, efficiently realized in combination.

The Most-Noble Identity

Figure 5: Reordering a spectral-shaping and sampling system for practicality, two examples.

Suppose we wish to shape a bandlimited signal with filtering and sample the result. Because digital filtering is more precise and repeatable than analog filtering, we might wish to use a d.t. impulse response, as in the leftmost column of Fig. 5, with the needed shaping characteristics in one period of the associated frequency response. This plan is, of course, impractical, as we have no way to apply a d.t. impulse response to an analog signal except by suffering the same implementation problems as analog filters in general. To realize the benefits of digital filtering, convolutions with d.t. responses must have inputs that are d.t. signals at compatible rates. In that Fig. 5 example, it would be much more convenient if the two operations could be reversed without affecting the output! But (suppressing the $f$ dependence) when, if ever, does $({\color{blue}X}{\color{green}\mbox{}\times H}){\color{green}\mbox{}\star G}
...}} ({\color{blue}X}{\color{green}\mbox{}\star G}){\color{green}\mbox{}\times
H}$ hold?

Figure 6: The most-noble identity, proved on the left and summarized on the right.

Consider this question more generally. At the left in Fig. 6 are two systems that apply identical operations in opposite orders to a common input. On the left, ``all'' spectral copies in the output have been shifted in frequency, scaled by impulse areas, and shaped by frequency response $H(f)$, as the clumsy labeling indicates. On the right spectral shaping comes first, so it is product $X(f)H(f)$ that is shifted and output copy $k$ takes the form $a_k
X(f-\mbox{shift}_k)H(f-\mbox{shift}_k)$. The two system outputs are thus identical except that copy $k$ is shaped by $H(f)$ in one and by $H(f-\mbox{shift}_k)$ in the other. The results are identical if every shift is by a multiple of the period of $H(f)$. This most-noble identity, a generalization of the noble identity for decimation, is summarized on the right in Fig. 6.

The second column of Fig. 5 shows the now-permitted interchange of operations in our earlier example. In a second example, on the right side of Fig. 5, the new identity does not apply because the frequency-response period is too large. A standard ``trick'' applies: Function ${\color{green}G}$ is split into ${\color{green}G_1\star G_2}$, so that

({\color{blue}X}{\color{green}\mbox{}\times H}){\color{green}\...
{\color{green}\mbox{}\times H})
{\color{green}\mbox{}\star G_2}

using associativity and the most-noble identity. Operation ${\color{green}\mbox{}\star G_2}$ at the end occurs routinely and multiplies a d.t. input in the time domain with a particular continuous waveform. But with what?

Figure 7: Decimation multiplies a d.t. signal by a continuous waveform to discard signal impulses and replicate its spectrum.

On the right in Fig. 7, the periodic input spectrum is convolved with $N$ unit impulses such that the spectral result has one $N$th the input period, implying that all but every $N$th of the input impulses are multiplied by zero in the time domain. The total area $N$ of the frequency-domain impulses then gives the time-domain scaling of the $t=0$ and, by periodicity, other time-domain impulses.

Realizing this operation with the minimum input and output sample rates, as shown by the tics, results in a normalization change that divides amplitude by $N$ and cancels the scaling of the nonzeroed impulse areas. The realization is just $\downarrow\! N$, decimation by $N$.

Example: Complex Signals and IQ Downconversion

Complex d.t. signals are quite natural. The impulses have complex areas, and the samples that realize them are complex numbers. In our visual notation, conjugate-symmetric Fourier transforms of real signals have been represented in schematic form by spectral sketches even about the origin. Similarly, an asymmetric spectral sketch conveniently signifies a time-domain waveform that could be complex. Generally waveforms should be shown real only where required for correct results. For example, because the correctness of the most-noble identity was argued in Fig. 6 using a complex input signal and a complex frequency response, we know that its validity is not limited to real waveforms and frequency responses.

Our Fig. 5 discussion of spectral shaping and replication used complex signals and frequency responses throughout and can be easily extended to a realistic complex-signal application [1]. The top half of Fig. 8 shows a real narrowband bandpass input signal embedded in wideband noise and interference. To distill this signal to a minimal representation, we first filter out everything extraneous, including the redundant (by symmetry) half of the signal spectrum. The stopband of the three-filter cascade is just wide enough to suppress the negative-frequency portion of the signal and interference, and its passband is just wide enough to pass the desired positive-frequency portion of the signal. Other passbands appear periodically, but they fall where the input spectrum is empty. The system output comprises residual noise and (scaled) samples of the input's complex envelope, so by tradition the real and imaginary parts of the output are designated I and Q, the complex baseband signal's in-phase and quadrature components, and the system is an IQ demodulator or IQ downconverter.

Figure 8: Design of a demodulator for a narrowband signal embedded in wideband but bandlimited noise.
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\end{picture}}\\ [1ex]

To put the processing steps of this narrowband IQ demodulator into realizable order, split the spectral convolution to ``factor out'' a decimation by two and apply the most-noble identity to exchange the higher-rate sampling factor with the lowest-rate filter. Continuing in this way will result in the realizable system in the lower half of Fig. 8 after four-way factorization of the original sampling step and half a dozen applications of the most-noble identity. Here the first filter operates on a real input with a complex impulse response, and the other two filters operate on complex inputs with real impulse responses. Each filtering-decimation combination can be realized as a unit for computational efficiency.

3 Conclusion

There is certainly much more to be said on these subjects, particularly on rationales for various design decisions. Yet a development along these lines should give undergraduates enough multi-rate DSP to motivate study of more-traditional realization-oriented d.t. signals and systems and ultimately of a more-thorough multi-rate text such as Vaidyanathan [2].

Dan P. Scholnik and J. O. Coleman,
``Simple, exact models of sample-interleaving demodulators/modulators for quadrature bandpass sampling/reconstruction,''
in Proc. 1997 Conf. on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS '97), Baltimore, MD, Mar. 1997.

P. P. Vaidyanathan,
Multirate Systems And Filter Banks,
Prentice Hall,, 1993.

The development of the digital-receiver example was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Base Program at NRL. The other material was developed for undergraduate and graduate courses at MTU and UMBC.