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American Idol (season 9)

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American Idol
Season 9
Broadcast from January 12, 2010 – May 26, 2010
Judges Simon Cowell
Ellen DeGeneres
Kara DioGuardi
Randy Jackson
Host(s) Ryan Seacrest
Broadcaster Fox Broadcasting Company
Finals venue Nokia Theatre Los Angeles
Lee DeWyze
Lee DeWyze.jpg
Origin Mount Prospect, Illinois
Song "Beautiful Day"
Genre(s) Rock, alternative rock, indie, folk
Crystal Bowersox

The ninth season of American Idol premiered on January 12, 2010 and concluded on May 26, 2010 on Fox.[1] Simon Cowell, Randy Jackson and Kara DioGuardi returned to the judging panel. Ellen DeGeneres joined the panel as a replacement for Paula Abdul after guest judges filled in during the auditions. Idol Gives Back also returned for the season and was held on April 21, 2010, during the top seven results show.[2] The top 24 semi-finals format used in the fourth through seventh seasons also returned this season.[3] Cowell, DioGuardi and DeGeneres all left the show after this season ended, although only Cowell's departure was announced in advance.[4][5][6] This was the second season where neither of the final 2 contestants had been in the bottom 2 or 3 prior to the finale, with the first being the seventh season. This was also the third consecutive season a male contestant had won, the longest streak for either gender. It was the first season since season 6 where a female made it to the finale and was also the first time since season 7 that both the finalists released a different song as a debut single.

Lee DeWyze, a folk rocker from Mount Prospect, Illinois won the competition, beating the runner-up Crystal Bowersox.

Eight contestants from this season were signed to record labels. The signed artists are Lee DeWyze, Crystal Bowersox, Casey James, Michael Lynche, Siobhan Magnus, Tim Urban, Didi Benami, and Lacey Brown.

After the season began, Paula Abdul did not return to the judging panel, having announced in the beginning of August 2009 that she was leaving the show due to unresolved contract negotiations.[7] Victoria Beckham, Mary J. Blige, Shania Twain, Katy Perry, Avril Lavigne, Joe Jonas, Neil Patrick Harris and Kristin Chenoweth were brought in to star as guest judges during the auditions phase.[8][9][10][11] There was no guest judge on day two of the Orlando auditions because day one guest judge Chenoweth was called back to New York City. Therefore Simon Cowell, Kara DioGuardi and Randy Jackson appeared with only three judges on the audition panel similar to the main panel from the first to the seventh season.

After making the decision to utilize guest judges in Abdul's absence, Fox chairman Peter Rice stated that they would find a permanent fourth judge before the season premiere in January 2010,[12] leading the confirmation on September 9, 2009 by Ellen DeGeneres that she would be joining the show as the new permanent fourth judge for the rounds held at CBS Television City for Hollywood Week and thereafter, onto the live shows.[13]

In addition, Simon Cowell announced shortly before the ninth season began that it would be his last season on American Idol. Cowell left the show to begin preparations for an American version of his talent show The X-Factor.[14] Also, DeGeneres announced on July 29, 2010 that she would not return to the judging panel because it was not the right fit for her. DioGuardi would also not return as a judge for season 10 as announced on September 3, 2010.

After her departure, DioGuardi helped and nominated Steven Tyler for a role as a judge on season ten to show's producers.

Regional auditions[edit]

Auditions had begun on June 14 of the previous year, less than a month after previous season's finale. Auditions were held in the following cities:[15]

During this stage guest judges filled in the fourth judging seat.[16][17] Beckham was the first guest judge, appearing for the Denver and Boston auditions. Blige served as a guest judge for the Atlanta auditions. Jonas filled the guest judging role on the first day of the Dallas auditions and Harris took over the role the following day. Chenoweth served as a guest judge on the first day of the Orlando auditions and Twain judged in Chicago. Perry judged on the first day of the Los Angeles and was replaced by Lavigne the following day.

Episode Air Date Audition City First Audition Date Audition Venue Callback Date Callback Venue Guest Judge Golden Tickets
January 12, 2010 Boston, Massachusetts June 14, 2009 Gillette Stadium[18] August 13 & 14, 2009 60 State Street[19] Victoria Beckham 32
January 13, 2010 Atlanta, Georgia June 18, 2009 Georgia Dome August 16 & 17, 2009 W Hotel Atlanta Midtown[20] Mary J. Blige 25
January 19, 2010 Chicago, Illinois June 22, 2009 United Center August 31 & September 1, 2009 Hyatt Regency Chicago[21] Shania Twain 13
January 20, 2010 Orlando, Florida July 9, 2009 Amway Arena August 28 & 29, 2009 Rosen Shingle Creek Resort[22] Kristin Chenoweth 31
January 26, 2010 Los Angeles, California[23] June 30, 2009 Rose Bowl Stadium September 4, 2009 Marina del Rey Marriott[24] Avril Lavigne 23
September 3, 2009 Katy Perry
January 27, 2010 Dallas, Texas[25] June 26, 2009 Cowboys Stadium August 25, 2009[26] W Hotel Dallas Victory[27] Neil Patrick Harris 31
August 24, 2009[27] Joe Jonas
February 2, 2010 Denver, Colorado July 14, 2009 Invesco Field August 7 & 8, 2009 Grand Hyatt[28] Victoria Beckham 26
Total Tickets to Hollywood 181

"Pants on the Ground"[edit]

During the Atlanta auditions, 62-year-old activist Larry Platt appeared and performed his original song "Pants on the Ground." The song's lyrics criticize people wearing the hip-hop style of clothing including pants that sag. Well over the age limit of 28, Platt was ineligible to continue. His performance has since become a viral hit, and several celebrities performed the song in the days that followed the original airing of his audition in Atlanta.

Hollywood week[edit]

Held at the Kodak Theatre for the second straight year, the first day of Hollywood Week featured the 181 contestants from the auditions round (although only 172 contestants were listed on the American Idol website[29]) singing solo with the option of playing an instrument.[30] Ninety-six contestants advanced. The next round required the contestants to split up into groups and perform. Seventy-one advanced to the final round of Hollywood requiring a solo performance. Forty-six made it to the final round where the judges take contestants one by one and tell them if they made the final twenty-four. One of the singers who was eliminated at the final cut was Lauren Daigle.[31]

Ellen DeGeneres made her first appearance as a judge (replacing Paula Abdul) at this time.

The first seven were revealed on February 16, 2010 (during the second hour on the episode), and the rest were revealed on the following night's episode.[32]

Contestant Date of Birth Age Hometown Audition Location Voted Off
Lilly Scott May 16, 1989 20 Littleton, Colorado Denver, Colorado March 11
Katelyn Epperly March 21, 1990 20 West Des Moines, Iowa Chicago, Illinois
Haeley Vaughn June 5, 1993 16 Fort Collins, Colorado Denver, Colorado March 4
Michelle Delamor December 31, 1987 22 Miami, Florida Orlando, Florida
Ashley Rodriguez November 4, 1987 22 Boston, Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts February 25
Janell Wheeler May 8, 1985 24 Orlando, Florida Orlando, Florida
Contestant Date of Birth Age Hometown Audition Location Voted Off
Alex Lambert December 10, 1990 19 North Richland Hills, Texas Dallas, Texas March 11
Todrick Hall April 4, 1985 25 Arlington, Texas Dallas, Texas
Jermaine Sellers February 9, 1983 27 Joliet, Illinois Atlanta, Georgia March 4
John Park September 13, 1988 21 Northbrook, Illinois Chicago, Illinois
Tyler Grady October 26, 1989 20 Nazareth, Pennsylvania Boston, Massachusetts February 25
Joe Muñoz August 23, 1989 20 Huntington Park, California Los Angeles, California

The semi-final format used through seasons 4–7 has been revived for this season. Starting with 12 women and 12 men, the women and men perform on weekly separate shows and on the result shows, the bottom 2 women and the bottom 2 men are eliminated from the competition. The semi-finals took place over three weeks until there are six women and six men forming the top 12.

From this point on in the show, this season's exit song, "Leave Right Now" by Will Young, was played over eliminations.[33]

Top 24 – Billboard Hot 100 Hits[edit]

Order Females Males
Contestant Song (original artist) Result Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Paige Miles "All Right Now" (Free) Safe Todrick Hall "Since U Been Gone" (Kelly Clarkson) Safe
2 Ashley Rodriguez "Happy" (Leona Lewis) Eliminated Aaron Kelly "Here Comes Goodbye" (Rascal Flatts) Safe
3 Janell Wheeler "What About Love" (Heart) Eliminated Jermaine Sellers "Get Here" (Brenda Russell) Safe
4 Lilly Scott "Fixing a Hole" (The Beatles) Safe Tim Urban "Apologize" (OneRepublic) Safe
5 Katelyn Epperly "Oh! Darling" (The Beatles) Safe Joe Muñoz "You and I Both" (Jason Mraz) Eliminated
6 Haeley Vaughn "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (The Beatles) Safe Tyler Grady "American Woman" (The Guess Who) Eliminated
7 Lacey Brown "Landslide" (Fleetwood Mac) Safe Lee DeWyze "Chasing Cars" (Snow Patrol) Safe
8 Michelle Delamor "Fallin'" (Alicia Keys) Safe John Park "God Bless the Child" (Billie Holiday) Safe
9 Didi Benami "The Way I Am" (Ingrid Michaelson) Safe Michael Lynche "This Love" (Maroon 5) Safe
10 Siobhan Magnus "Wicked Game" (Chris Isaak) Safe Alex Lambert "Wonderful World" (James Morrison) Safe
11 Crystal Bowersox "Hand in My Pocket" (Alanis Morissette) Safe Casey James "Heaven" (Bryan Adams) Safe
12 Katie Stevens "Feeling Good" (Cy Grant) Safe Andrew Garcia "Sugar, We're Goin Down" (Fall Out Boy) Safe

Top 20 – Billboard Hot 100 Hits[edit]

Note: The females were scheduled to go first, but medical issues with Crystal Bowersox, who was hospitalized on March 2 with complications from diabetes,[34] required a switch.[35]

Order Males Females
Contestant Song (original artist) Result Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Michael Lynche "It's a Man's Man's Man's World" (James Brown) Safe Crystal Bowersox "Long As I Can See the Light" (Creedence Clearwater Revival) Safe
2 John Park "Gravity" (John Mayer) Eliminated Haeley Vaughn "The Climb" (Miley Cyrus) Eliminated
3 Casey James "I Don't Want to Be" (Gavin DeGraw) Safe Lacey Brown "Kiss Me" (Sixpence None the Richer) Safe
4 Alex Lambert "Everybody Knows" (John Legend) Safe Katie Stevens "Put Your Records On" (Corinne Bailey Rae) Safe
5 Todrick Hall "What's Love Got to Do with It" (Tina Turner) Safe Didi Benami "Lean on Me" (Bill Withers) Safe
6 Jermaine Sellers "What's Going On" (Marvin Gaye) Eliminated Michelle Delamor "With Arms Wide Open" (Creed) Eliminated
7 Andrew Garcia "You Give Me Something" (James Morrison) Safe Lilly Scott "A Change Is Gonna Come" (Sam Cooke) Safe
8 Aaron Kelly "My Girl" (The Temptations) Safe Katelyn Epperly "The Scientist" (Coldplay) Safe
9 Tim Urban "Come On Get Higher" (Matt Nathanson) Safe Paige Miles "Walk Away" (Kelly Clarkson) Safe
10 Lee DeWyze "Lips of an Angel" (Hinder) Safe Siobhan Magnus "Think" (Aretha Franklin) Safe

Top 16 – Billboard Hot 100 Hits[edit]

Order Females Males
Contestant Song (original artist) Result Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Katie Stevens "Breakaway" (Kelly Clarkson) Safe Lee DeWyze "Fireflies" (Owl City) Safe
2 Siobhan Magnus "The House of the Rising Sun" (traditional) Safe Alex Lambert "Trouble" (Ray LaMontagne) Eliminated
3 Lacey Brown "The Story" (Brandi Carlile) Safe Tim Urban "Hallelujah" (Leonard Cohen) Safe
4 Katelyn Epperly "I Feel the Earth Move" (Carole King) Eliminated Andrew Garcia "Genie in a Bottle" (Christina Aguilera) Safe
5 Didi Benami "Rhiannon" (Fleetwood Mac) Safe Casey James "You'll Think of Me" (Keith Urban) Safe
6 Paige Miles "Smile" (Charlie Chaplin) Safe Aaron Kelly "I'm Already There" (Lonestar) Safe
7 Crystal Bowersox "Give Me One Reason" (Tracy Chapman) Safe Todrick Hall "Somebody to Love" (Queen) Eliminated
8 Lilly Scott "I Fall to Pieces" (Patsy Cline) Eliminated Michael Lynche "This Woman's Work" (Kate Bush) Safe

Lee DeWyze

Lee DeWyze (born April 2, 1986 in Mount Prospect, Illinois, 23 years at the start of the show) is from Mount Prospect, Illinois and auditioned in Chicago, Illinois with Bill Withers' Ain't No Sunshine. He performed The Fray's "You Found Me" during Hollywood week. Prior to his appearance on American Idol, he had worked in various jobs, including as a paint salesman and a trading floor clerk at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He also appeared as an actor in a short low-budget film 'Deadscapes: Broken Road.' When he was 17, he was signed to Wuli Records and had released two CDs – So I'm Told and Slumberland. He was declared the winner of season nine of American Idol on May 26, 2010. He was signed to RCA Records after the competition and released an album Live It Up on November 16, 2010.

Crystal Bowersox

Crystal Bowersox (born August 4, 1985 in Elliston, Ohio, 24 years at the time of the show) is from Elliston, Ohio and auditioned in Chicago, Illinois with Erma Franklin's Piece of My Heart. She auditioned for Idol to try to make a better life for her son. Her Hollywood performance of Aretha Franklin's "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" impressed the judges and fellow contestants alike. She had performed as a singer from the age of 10 and moved to Chicago aged 17, frequently working as a busker at train stations there. She was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when she was six, and while on the show, she suffered diabetic complication and was hospitalized which resulted in the Top 20 performance nights for the male and female contestants being switched. She became the season nine runner-up on May 26, 2010 and was signed to Jive Records. Her debut album Farmer's Daughter was released on December 14, 2010. She was married to Brian Walker on October 10, 2010.

Casey James

Casey James (born May 31, 1982 in Princeton, Texas, 27 years at the time of the show) is from Fort Worth, Texas and auditioned in Denver, Colorado with John Mayer's "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room." He performed professionally after finishing school, but suffered a serious motorcycle accident when he was 21. He took his shirt off during audition after prompting from Kara DioGuardi and Randy Jackson, and Kara's interest in him became a recurring joke in the season. He is an accomplished guitarist and demonstrated his skill with his Hollywood round performance of Ray Charles's "I Don't Need No Doctor" and Top 20 performance of Gavin DeGraw's "I Don't Want to Be." He had never previously watched the show before he auditioned. He was eliminated as a third place finisher on May 19, 2010. He was signed to Sony Music Nashville after the show.

Michael Lynche

Michael Lynche (born May 31, 1983, 26 years at the time of the show) is from St. Petersburg, Florida auditioned in Orlando, Florida with Todd Duncan' "Unchained Melody". He worked as personal trainer prior to Idol. His is married and his daughter was born during Hollywood round, and the unfolding drama of his wife's labor was heavily featured during the Hollywood round where he performed John Mayer's "Waiting on the World to Change". He was saved by the judges when he became the lowest vote-getter on April 7, 2010, but finally he was eliminated at fourth place on May 12, 2010.

Aaron Kelly

Aaron Kelly (born April 2, 1993 in Davenport, Florida, 16 years old at the start of the show) is from Sonestown, Pennsylvania and auditioned in Orlando, Florida as a winner from American Idol Experience at Disney's Hollywood Studios. His audition song was Miley Cyrus's "The Climb", and performed Sarah McLachlan's "Angel" during the Hollywood rounds but forgot his words. He was adopted by his aunt and uncle at 5. He had performed from a young age, and was a finalist on PAX-TV's America's Most Talented Kid at the age of 11. He was in 2010 the youngest American Idol contestant to reach Top 12. He was eliminated at fifth place on May 5, 2010.

Siobhan Magnus

Siobhan Magnus (born March 15, 1990 in Barnstable, Massachusetts, 19 years at the start of the show) is from Cape Cod, Massachusetts[36] and auditioned in Boston, Massachusetts with Queen's "Love of My Life". Before Idol she performed as the lead vocalist of her band, Lunar Valve, and she worked as a glassblower in Hyannis, Massachusetts. She performed Stevie Wonder's "Living for the City" in the Hollywood rounds. She was noted in the show for her ability to sustain a long high-pitched note. She was eliminated as sixth-placed finisher on April 28, 2010.

Tim Urban

Tim Urban (born May 1, 1989 in Tacoma, Washington, 20 years at the time of the show) is from Duncanville, Texas and auditioned in Dallas, Texas with Matt Nathanson's Bulletproof Week. He performed David Cook's Come Back To Me during the Hollywood round. He did not qualify initially for the semi-finals but was chosen as a replacement for Chris Golightly who was disqualified for having a prior record deal. He finished at seventh place after being voted off on April 21, 2010.

Katie Stevens

Katie Stevens (born December 8, 1992 in Southbury, Connecticut, 17 years at the time of the show) is from Middlebury, Connecticut auditioned in Boston, Massachusetts with Glenn Miller's At Last. She looked after her Portuguese grandmother who suffered from Alzheimer's disease, and she is fluent in Portuguese. She performed Jean DuShon's "For Once in My Life" in the Hollywood rounds where Kara DioGuardi considered her a possible season's winner. She finished eighth and exited the competition on April 14, 2010 on a double elimination due to judges's save being used the previous week.

Andrew Garcia

Andrew Garcia (born October 8, 1985 in Moreno Valley, California, 24 years at the time of the show) auditioned in Los Angeles with Maroon 5's "Sunday Morning." He had a good sized following on YouTube prior to auditioning on Idol. He impressed the judges with his performance of Paula Abdul's "Straight Up" during the Hollywood rounds, but failed to interest the judges in the later rounds. He was eliminated as joint eighth-place finishers together with Katie Stevens on April 14, 2010.

Didi Benami

Didi Benami (born October 25, 1986 in New York, 23 years at the time of the show) is from Knoxville, Tennessee and currently resides in Hollywood. She auditioned in Los Angeles, California with The Beatles' "Hey Jude." She was inspired to audition by her best friend who died in a traffic accident. She was notable during the Hollywood rounds for her performance of Kara DioGuardi-penned Katharine McPhee's song "Terrified." She finished tenth after being eliminated on March 31, 2010.

Paige Miles (born September 26, 1985, 24 years at the time of the show) is from Naples, Florida and auditioned in Dallas, Texas. She was eliminated in eleventh place on March 24, 2010. She performed Stevie Wonder's "Living for the City" in the Hollywood rounds which she considered her favorite moment prior the semi-final. Simon Cowell considered her to have the best voice amongst the girls.

Lacey Brown (born August 13, 1985, 24 years at the time of the show) is from Amarillo, Texas and auditioned in Orlando, Florida with Judy Garland's Over the Rainbow. She had previously made it to the Hollywood round in season eight of American Idol but lost out to Megan Joy at Top 50. Ryan Seacrest noted that her chilling performance of What a Wonderful World by Louie Armstrong had a major part in her advancing into the Top 24. She was the first finalist to be voted off on March 17, 2010.

As in season eight, the judges were given one save that they could use before the top 5 week. They used the save for Michael Lynche during top 9 week. "Leave Right Now" by Will Young was used as the send-off song when a contestant was eliminated.

Top 12 – The Rolling Stones[edit]

Order Contestant Song (original artist when applicable) Result
1 Michael Lynche "Miss You" Safe
2 Didi Benami "Play with Fire" Safe
3 Casey James "It's All Over Now" (The Valentinos) Safe
4 Lacey Brown "Ruby Tuesday" Eliminated
5 Andrew Garcia "Gimme Shelter" Safe
6 Katie Stevens "Wild Horses" Safe
7 Tim Urban "Under My Thumb" Bottom 3
8 Siobhan Magnus "Paint It, Black" Safe
9 Lee DeWyze "Beast of Burden" Safe
10 Paige Miles "Honky Tonk Women" Bottom 3
11 Aaron Kelly "Angie" Safe
12 Crystal Bowersox "You Can't Always Get What You Want" Safe

Top 11 – Billboard Number 1 Hits[edit]

Mentor: Miley Cyrus

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Lee DeWyze "The Letter" (The Box Tops) Safe
2 Paige Miles "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" (Phil Collins) Eliminated
3 Tim Urban "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" (Queen) Bottom 3
4 Aaron Kelly "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing" (Aerosmith) Safe
5 Crystal Bowersox "Me and Bobby McGee" (Roger Miller) Safe
6 Michael Lynche "When a Man Loves a Woman" (Percy Sledge) Safe
7 Andrew Garcia "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (Marvin Gaye) Safe
8 Katie Stevens "Big Girls Don't Cry" (Fergie) Bottom 3
9 Casey James "The Power of Love" (Huey Lewis and the News) Safe
10 Didi Benami "You're No Good" (Betty Everett) Safe
11 Siobhan Magnus "Superstition" (Stevie Wonder) Safe

Top 10 – R&B/Soul[edit]

Mentor: Usher

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Siobhan Magnus "Through the Fire" (Chaka Khan) Safe
2 Casey James "Hold On, I'm A Comin'" (Sam & Dave) Safe
3 Michael Lynche "Ready for Love" (India.Arie) Safe
4 Didi Benami "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (Jimmy Ruffin) Eliminated
5 Tim Urban "Sweet Love" (Anita Baker) Bottom 3
6 Andrew Garcia "Forever" (Chris Brown) Safe
7 Katie Stevens "Chain of Fools" (Aretha Franklin) Bottom 3
8 Lee DeWyze "Treat Her Like a Lady" (Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose) Safe
9 Crystal Bowersox "Midnight Train to Georgia" (Cissy Houston) Safe
10 Aaron Kelly "Ain't No Sunshine" (Bill Withers) Safe

Top 9 (first week) – Lennon–McCartney Songbook[edit]

Mentor: N/A

Order Contestant Song (original artist when applicable) Result
1 Aaron Kelly "The Long and Winding Road" Bottom 3
2 Katie Stevens "Let It Be" Safe
3 Andrew Garcia "Can't Buy Me Love" Bottom 3
4 Michael Lynche "Eleanor Rigby" Saved
5 Crystal Bowersox "Come Together" Safe
6 Tim Urban "All My Loving" Safe
7 Casey James "Jealous Guy" (John Lennon) Safe
8 Siobhan Magnus "Across the Universe" Safe
9 Lee DeWyze "Hey Jude" Safe

Top 9 (second week) – Elvis Presley[edit]

Mentor: Adam Lambert

Order Contestant Song (original artist when applicable) Result
1 Crystal Bowersox "Saved" (LaVern Baker) Safe
2 Andrew Garcia "Hound Dog" (Big Mama Thornton) Eliminated
3 Tim Urban "Can't Help Falling in Love" Safe
4 Lee DeWyze "A Little Less Conversation" Safe
5 Aaron Kelly "Blue Suede Shoes" (Carl Perkins) Safe
6 Siobhan Magnus "Suspicious Minds" (Mark James) Safe
7 Michael Lynche "In the Ghetto" Safe
8 Katie Stevens "Baby What You Want Me to Do" (Jimmy Reed) Eliminated
9 Casey James "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" (Lloyd Price) Safe

Top 7 – Inspirational Songs[edit]

Mentor: Alicia Keys

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Casey James "Don't Stop" (Fleetwood Mac) Bottom 3
2 Lee DeWyze "The Boxer" (Simon & Garfunkel) Safe
3 Tim Urban "Better Days" (Goo Goo Dolls) Eliminated
4 Aaron Kelly "I Believe I Can Fly" (R. Kelly) Bottom 3
5 Siobhan Magnus "When You Believe" (Mariah Carey & Whitney Houston) Safe
6 Michael Lynche "Hero" (Chad Kroeger feat. Josey Scott) Safe
7 Crystal Bowersox "People Get Ready" (The Impressions) Safe

Top 6 – Shania Twain[edit]

Mentor: Shania Twain

Order Contestant Song Result
1 Lee DeWyze "You're Still the One" Safe
2 Michael Lynche "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing" Bottom 3
3 Casey James "Don't!" Bottom 3
4 Crystal Bowersox "No One Needs to Know" Safe
5 Aaron Kelly "You've Got a Way" Safe
6 Siobhan Magnus "Any Man of Mine" Eliminated

Top 5 – Frank Sinatra[edit]

Mentor: Harry Connick, Jr.

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Aaron Kelly "Fly Me to the Moon" (Kaye Ballard) Eliminated
2 Casey James "Blue Skies" (Belle Baker) Safe
3 Crystal Bowersox "Summer Wind" (Wayne Newton) Safe
4 Michael Lynche "The Way You Look Tonight" (Fred Astaire) Bottom 2
5 Lee DeWyze "That's Life" (Frank Sinatra) Safe

Top 4 – Songs of the Cinema[edit]

Mentor: Jamie Foxx

Each contestant sang one solo and one duet with a fellow contestant.

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Featured Film Result
1 Lee DeWyze "Kiss from a Rose" (Seal) Batman Forever Safe
2 Michael Lynche "Will You Be There" (Michael Jackson) Free Willy Eliminated
3 Crystal Bowersox & Lee DeWyze "Falling Slowly" (Glen Hansard & Markéta Irglová) Once N/A
4 Casey James "Mrs. Robinson" (Simon & Garfunkel) The Graduate Safe
5 Crystal Bowersox "I'm Alright" (Kenny Loggins) Caddyshack Safe
6 Casey James & Michael Lynche "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?" (Bryan Adams) Don Juan DeMarco N/A

Top 3 – Contestant's choice & Judges' choice[edit]

Each contestant sang two songs.

Order Contestant Song (original artist) — Judge(s) Result
1 Casey James "OK, It's Alright with Me" (Eric Hutchinson) Eliminated
2 Crystal Bowersox "Come to My Window" (Melissa Etheridge) Safe
3 Lee DeWyze "Simple Man" (Lynyrd Skynyrd) Safe
4 Casey James "Daughters" (John Mayer)Randy Jackson & Kara DioGuardi Eliminated
5 Crystal Bowersox "Maybe I'm Amazed" (Paul McCartney)Ellen DeGeneres Safe
6 Lee DeWyze "Hallelujah" (Leonard Cohen)Simon Cowell Safe

Finale – Contestant's choice, Simon Fuller's choice & winner's single[edit]

Each contestant sang three songs.

Order Contestant Song (original artist) Result
1 Lee DeWyze "The Boxer" (Simon & Garfunkel) Winner
2 Crystal Bowersox "Me and Bobby McGee" (Roger Miller) Runner-Up
3 Lee DeWyze "Everybody Hurts" (R.E.M.) Winner
4 Crystal Bowersox "Black Velvet" (Alannah Myles) Runner-Up
5 Lee DeWyze "Beautiful Day" (U2) Winner
6 Crystal Bowersox "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)" (Solomon Burke) Runner-Up

Elimination chart[edit]

Female Male Top 24 Top 12 Winner
Safe Safe First Safe Last Eliminated Judges' Save
Stage: Semi Finals Finals
Week: 2/25 3/4 3/11 3/17 3/24 3/31 4/7[n 1] 4/14[n 2] 4/21 4/28 5/5 5/12 [n 3] 5/19 [n 4] 5/26
Place Contestant Result
1 Lee DeWyze Winner
2 Crystal Bowersox Runner-up
3 Casey James Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim
4 Michael Lynche Saved Bottom 3 Bottom 2 Elim
5 Aaron Kelly Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim
6 Siobhan Magnus Elim
7 Tim Urban Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim
8–9 Katie Stevens Bottom 3 Bottom 3 Elim
Andrew Garcia Bottom 3
10 Didi Benami Elim
11 Paige Miles Bottom 3 Elim
12 Lacey Brown Elim
13–16 Lilly Scott Elim
Alex Lambert
Todrick Hall
Katelyn Epperly
17–20 Haeley Vaughn Elim
Michelle Delamor
Jermaine Sellers
John Park
21–24 Tyler Grady Elim
Ashley Rodriguez
Joe Muñoz
Janell Wheeler

Results night performances[edit]

Group songs[edit]

Results show performances[edit]

Week Performer(s) Title Hot 100 Reaction Hot Digital Songs Reaction Performance Type
Top 24 Allison Iraheta "Scars" failed to chart live
Kris Allen "Let It Be"[n 5] 63 (debut) live
Top 20 Danny Gokey "My Best Days Are Ahead of Me" 82 (debut) 63 (debut) live
Top 16 Matt Giraud and Scott MacIntyre "Tell Her About It" no release N/A live
Top 12 David Cook "Jumpin' Jack Flash" failed to chart live
Orianthi "According to You" 19(−1) 23(+9) live
Kesha feat. 3OH!3 "Blah Blah Blah" 15(+1) 10(−1) pre-recorded
Top 11 Miley Cyrus "When I Look at You" 25(+33) 12(+19) live
Joe Jonas and Demi Lovato "Make a Wave" fell off chart live
Top 10 Ruben Studdard "Don't Make 'Em Like U No More" failed to chart live
Usher and "OMG" 14 (debut) 7 (debut) pre-recorded
Diddy-Dirty Money "Hello Good Morning" 34 (debut) 17 (debut) live
Top 9
(Week 1)
Jason Derülo "In My Head" ("Whatcha Say" intro) 5(+4) 6(+5) live
David Archuleta "Imagine" no release N/A live
Rihanna with Nuno Bettencourt "Rockstar 101" failed to chart failed to chart pre-recorded
Top 9
(Week 2)
Brooke White and Justin Gaston
(from If I Can Dream)
"If I Can Dream" failed to chart failed to chart live
Adam Lambert "Whataya Want from Me" 10(+13) 8(+21) live
Top 7 Alicia Keys "Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)"
"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down"
58(+25) live
The Black Eyed Peas "Rock That Body" unreleased live
Carrie Underwood "Change" 68(debut) 51,000 (+ 2001%) live
Elton John "Your Song" no release live
Mary J. Blige (feat. Randy Jackson, Orianthi, Travis Barker, Steve Vai and others) "Stairway to Heaven" no release live
Top 6 Rascal Flatts "Unstoppable" 60(+6) live
Sons of Sylvia "Love Left to Lose" 101 (debut) pre-recorded
Lady Antebellum "Need You Now" 5(−1) 9(−1) pre-recorded
Shakira & Rascal Flatts "Gypsy" 65 (debut) 48 (debut) live
Top 5 Lady Gaga "Alejandro" ("Bad Romance" intro) 11(+5) 9(+4) pre-recorded
Harry Connick, Jr. "And I Love Her" no release live
Top 4 Fantasia "Bittersweet" failed to chart live
Daughtry "September" failed to chart live
Bon Jovi "Superman Tonight" failed to chart live
Top 3 Travis Garland "Believe" failed to chart live
Justin Bieber "U Smile" / "Baby" 38(no change) 24(+3) pre-recorded
Finale Will Young "Leave Right Now"[n 6] 81 (debut) 50 (debut) live
Alice Cooper "School's Out" ineligible to re-enter ineligible to re-enter live performance
Kris Allen "The Truth" failed to chart failed to chart live
Dane Cook "Simon Said" no release no release live
Christina Aguilera "You Lost Me" no release no release live
Carrie Underwood "Undo It" 25(+34) 18(+43) live
Larry Platt feat. William Hung "Pants on the Ground" failed to re-enter failed to re-enter live
American Idols[n 7] "Together We Are One" no release no release live
Janet Jackson "Again"/"Nothing" / "Nasty" ineligible to re-enter/ no release ineligible to re-enter/failed to chart live
"—" denotes no figure was available.

Ethnic voting bias[edit]

Since season 7, the voting results are seemingly skewed towards Caucasian contestants, and critics believe that it was Caucasian female viewers who vote only for Caucasian male contestants. During top 20 week, all four eliminated contestants were non-Caucasian. Season 9 has the fewest non-Caucasian finalists of any season. This led to criticism of bias in favor of Caucasians.[38]

Chris Golightly[edit]

Chris Golightly was originally selected as semi-finalist. According to reports, Golightly was disqualified on February 17, 2010, after already being told he was in the top 24, over an old contract. The contract had expired by the time the top 24 began to tape, but they disqualified him because he was under contract at the time of the tryouts, in violation of Idol rules. He was later replaced by Tim Urban at the last minute of the last part of Hollywood Week.[39] Golightly later appears on a Korean television show called Superstar K, a singing competition similar to the American Idol. In there, he tells that he also used to write songs for Korean singers, such as Jewelry, DBSK and ZE:A.[40]

Ryan Seacrest's Twitter post[edit]

Lacey Brown's elimination stirred up controversy after Ryan Seacrest tweeted the results before the elimination aired on the west coast.[41] This caused anger among the fans of the show and as a result, the elimination show may have had lower ratings than usual.[42][43]

Criticisms of Ryan Seacrest[edit]

Seacrest has been criticized by The Wrap and MSNBC Entertainment contributors for "critiquing the judges’ comments" and becoming more aggressive.[44][45] Ratings for the 9th season have dropped significantly compared to the prior two seasons[46] leading to speculation that its run as the number one show on television may be coming to a close.[47] Reasons for the decline have ranged from the smaller role and pending departure of Simon Cowell to the more unpredictable behavior of Ryan Seacrest.[48]

It was also claimed that Crystal Bowersox had considered Ryan Seacrest to have betrayed her.[49] After it was reported that she had doubts about staying on in the show but Ryan Seacrest had talked her out of it,[50] her fellow contestant Katelyn Epperly revealed that Crystal texted: "I'm fine...betrayed by Seacrest!" in a text message to her. Crystal denied that she was planning to leave, and there was no evidence that Ryan Seacrest had leaked the information himself.

U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

Season 9 of American Idol was the top show for the 2009–10 season of broadcast primetime shows. Its Tuesday and Wednesday episodes occupied the top 2 spots of the season. Viewership for the Tuesday episodes averaged 22.974 million, while the Wednesday episodes averaged 21.951 million.[51]

Episode list
Show Episode[3] Air date Rating Share rating/Share
(in millions)
1 "Boston Auditions" January 12, 2010 16.4 24 11.8/29 29.936[52]
2 "Atlanta Auditions" January 13, 2010 14.9 23 10.1/27 26.393[52]
3 "Chicago Auditions" January 19, 2010 14.3 22 10.1/27 26.384[53]
4 "Orlando Auditions" January 20, 2010 14.6 23 9.9/27 26.854[53]
5 "Los Angeles Auditions" January 26, 2010 13.5 21 9.0/24 24.452[54]
6 "Dallas Auditions" January 27, 2010 13.4 22 9.5/24 25.710[54]
7 "Denver Auditions" February 2, 2010 13.4 20 9.0/23 24.705[55]
8 "Best of the Rest"[56] February 3, 2010 11.9 19 7.8/21 20.999[55]
9 "Hollywood Round, Part 1" February 9, 2010 15.1 22 10.1/26 27.892[57]
10 "Hollywood Round, Part 2" February 10, 2010 13.6 21 9.5/23 25.172[57]
11 "Hollywood Round, Part 3" February 16, 2010 13.1 20 9.2/22 23.922[58]
12 "Hollywood Round, Part 4" February 17, 2010 10.6 16 7.0/17 18.629[58]
13 "Top 12 Female Semifinalists Perform" February 23, 2010 13.4 20 9.0/22 24.213[59]
14 "Top 12 Male Semifinalists Perform" February 24, 2010 12.9 20 8.7/22 22.959[59]
15 "First Results Show" February 25, 2010 10.3 16 6.5/17 18.033[59]
16 "Top 10 Male Semifinalists Perform" March 2, 2010 13.1 20 8.6/22 23.526[60]
17 "Top 10 Female Semifinalists Perform" March 3, 2010 13.4 21 8.5 23.560[60]
18 "Second Results Show" March 4, 2010 11.2 18 6.5 19.424[60]
19 "Top 8 Female Semifinalists Perform" March 9, 2010 12.8 18 8.2 22.752[61]
20 "Top 8 Male Semifinalists Perform" March 10, 2010 11.9 18 7.5/20 20.701[61]
21 "Third Results Show/Top 12 Revealed" March 11, 2010 11.2 18 6.3 19.339[61]
22 "Top 12 Finalists Perform" March 16, 2010 13.0 21 8.1/23 22.913[62]
23 "Top 12 Results Show" March 17, 2010 11.8 20 6.8/20 20.510[63]
24 "Top 11 Finalists Perform" March 23, 2010 13.5 21 8.4/23 24.211[64]
25 "Top 11 Results Show" March 24, 2010 12.2 20 7.2/20 21.437[65]
26 "Top 10 Finalists Perform" March 30, 2010 12.4 20 7.7/21 21.845[66]
27 "Top 10 Results Show" March 31, 2010 11.7 19 6.7/19 20.492[67]
28 "Top 9 Finalists Perform" April 6, 2010 11.9 19 7.3/20 20.836[68]
29 "Top 9 Results Show" April 7, 2010 11.6 18 6.7/18 20.168[69]
30 "Top 9 Finalists Perform Again" April 13, 2010 11.8 19 7.3/21 20.639[70]
31 "Double Elimination Top 9 Results Show" April 14, 2010 12.1 20 6.8/19 21.018[71]
32 "Top 7 Finalists Perform" April 20, 2010 11.0 18 6.9/20 19.669[72]
33 "Top 7 Results Show/Idol Gives Back" April 21, 2010 10.6 18 5.9/17 18.824[73]
34 "Top 6 Finalists Perform" April 27, 2010 11.0 17 6.9/20 19.417[74]
35 "Top 6 Results Show" April 28, 2010 11.5 18 6.7/18 20.057[75]
36 "Top 5 Finalists Perform" May 4, 2010 10.1 16 6.2/18 17.498[76]
37 "Top 5 Results Show" May 5, 2010 11.3 18 6.5/18 19.580[77]
38 "Top 4 Finalists Perform" May 11, 2010 10.7 17 6.8/18 19.167[78]
39 "Top 4 Results Show" May 12, 2010 11.2 18 6.6/17 19.569[79]
40 "Top 3 Finalists Perform" May 18, 2010 10.5 17 6.7/18 18.684[80]
41 "Top 3 Results Show" May 19, 2010 11.1 18 6.1/16 19.003[80]
42 "Top 2 Finalists Perform" May 25, 2010 11.2 18 6.7/19 20.072[81]
43 "Winner Revealed" May 26, 2010 13.5 23 8.2/24 24.215[81]

Contestants who appeared on other talent shows[edit]

  • Candice Glover, who originally auditioned in Orlando for this season, but was cut on the last day of the Hollywood Week, returned for the twelfth season and eventually won that season.
  • Jen Hirsh, who originally auditioned in Boston and was cut during the first day of the Hollywood Week. Hirsh returned for the eleventh season and made it in the semi-finals.
  • Tori Kelly, who originally auditioned in Denver and was cut in the green mile round in this season of American Idol, appeared in Star Search and America's Most Talented Kid.[82]
  • Daniel Murillo, who auditioned in Los Angeles and made it past the audition round, dropped out of the competition to join the band Hollywood Undead.
  • Semi-finalist Alex Lambert, on April 10, 2010, joined then-cast members Giglianne Braga, Justin Gaston, Ben Elliott, Kara Killmer and Amanda Phillips on If I Can Dream, a web-based reality series that follows aspiring artists as they pursue their dreams in Hollywood.
  • Samuel Larsen, who originally auditioned on Los Angeles and made it on Hollywood Round was a contestant on Oxygen's The Glee Project, which he co-won. He now guest stars on Glee as Joseph Hart.
  • Semi-finalist John Park, in 2010, finished second place in the second season of the Korean version of American Idol, Superstar K.[83] This makes him to become one of two contestants to appear on this show from the American Idol season 9. The other contestant being Chris Golightly who appeared in the third season.[40]
  • Haley Reinhart, who originally auditioned in Chicago and did not get past the audition round, returned for the tenth season of American Idol and came in third place.
  • Semi-finalist Jermaine Sellers, in 2007, competed on the first season of the BET gospel singing competition show Sunday Best, where he finished in third place.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Due to the judges using their one save, in order to save Michael Lynche, the Top 9 remained intact for another week.
  2. ^ The bottom two were eliminated on April 14. The other member of the bottom three was never identified, though Seacrest made a point of indicating that previously-saved Michael Lynche was not the other member.
  3. ^ The other member of the Bottom 2 was never announced, despite Crystal Bowersox was the last contestant to be named safe.
  4. ^ Lee DeWyze was named safe first, then Crystal Bowersox.
  5. ^ Kris Allen's rendition of "Let It Be" was made available on iTunes for download, with all proceeds going to Haiti charities.
  6. ^ Will Young performed at the end of the performance show on May 25, 2010.
  7. ^ The group that sang Delta Goodrem's "Together We Are One" consisted of many previous American Idol contestants, including winners Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Jordin Sparks, Taylor Hicks, and Kris Allen.

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  2. ^ Mitchell, Wendy (October 6, 2009). "'Idol Gives Back' will return to 'American Idol' on April 21". Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Michael Slezak (December 22, 2009). "'American Idol' season 9: 24 semifinalists, no 'Wild Card' round, and a February 23 voting kickoff". Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  4. ^ "Simon Cowell Leaving American Idol". People Magazine. January 11, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
  5. ^ Barrett, Annie (September 3, 2010). "Kara DioGuardi not returning to 'American Idol': It's (finally) official". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  6. ^ "Ellen DeGeneres Bows Out of American Idol". July 29, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  7. ^ Wyatt, Edward (August 5, 2009). "Abdul Walks Off Television’s Biggest Stage". The New York Times.
  8. ^ ""American Idol": Shania Twain will be the next guest judge.". Retrieved August 17, 2009.
  9. ^ "Mary J. Blige to Be a Guest Judge on American Idol". People. August 14, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  10. ^ "Neil Patrick Harris signs on to guest judge 'American Idol'". LA Times. August 25, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  11. ^ "American Idol's Next Guest Judge Revealed". People. August 27, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  12. ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 6, 2009). "Press Tour Diary: Katy Perry, Posh Spice to (temporarily) replace Abdul on 'Idol'". Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  13. ^ "Ellen DeGeneres Joins American Idol as Fourth Judge". September 9, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  14. ^ Daniel Kreps. "Simon Cowell Near New Deal to Stay On "Idol," Import "X Factor" : Rolling Stone : Rock and Roll Daily". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  15. ^ "Season 9 Auditions – American Idol News". June 3, 2009. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  16. ^ < Avril Lavigne To Guest-Judge 'American Idol' In Los Angeles]
  17. ^ "'So why did you turn down the Spice Girls?': Victoria Beckham grills Simon Cowell as she joins American Idol". Daily Mail (London). August 11, 2009. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
  18. ^ Release says Boston; arena is actually in Foxborough.
  19. ^ Baltrusis, Sam (August 13, 2009). "Fox's 'American Idol' returns to Boston this week". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  20. ^ Richard Eldredge (January 14, 2010). ""American Idol" auditions hit Atlanta, Leaving Our Jaws, Pants on Ground". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  21. ^ "At Chicago auditions, Shania is an 'American Idol' diva in Twaining". September 2, 2009. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  22. ^ “American Idol” Reject Donald Jarrod Norrell Hauled Away In Handcuffs
  23. ^ Release says Los Angeles; arena is actually in Pasadena. Though its part of Los Angeles metropolitan area.
  24. ^ "A Starring Role for the Marina Del Rey Marriott". February 12, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  25. ^ Release says Dallas; arena is actually in Arlington. Though its part of Dallas metropolitan area.
  26. ^ "Neil Patrick Harris is your latest 'American Idol' guest judge". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  27. ^ a b "Joe Jonas meets Brewer High teens before first day of classes". February 22, 1999. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  28. ^ American Idol in Denver – Photo Gallery[dead link]
  29. ^ Golden Ticket Interviews American Idol
  30. ^ Payne, Bob (February 8, 2010). ""American Idol" hopeful from Seattle did not make it to Hollywood afterall". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  31. ^ "Top 24 Revealed: Feb 17, 2010". American Idol. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  32. ^ "TOP 24 CONTESTANTS". American Idol. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  33. ^ Byrne, Katie (February 25, 2010). "'American Idol' Reveals New Exit Song: 'Leave Right Now'". MTV. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  34. ^ Doris Dickson says: (May 28, 2010). "Despite American Idol Loss, Bowersox a Boon for Diabetes Awareness". Retrieved February 24, 2011.
  35. ^ Crystal Bowersox could be a game-time decision tonight USA Today, March 3, 2010
  36. ^ Although the American Idol website lists Siobhan Magnus' hometown as Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Siobhan is specifically from Marstons Mills, Massachusetts, a village in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts within Cape Cod, Massachusetts. "'American Idol' worship at Barnstable High". March 13, 2010. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  37. ^ "American Idol Gives Back – Keeping The Dream Alive – Top Contestants Perform". YouTube. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  38. ^ Reiher, Andrea (March 5, 2010). "'American Idol' Top 20 week in review: Teen girl dreams and ethnic cleansing". Zap2it. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
  39. ^ Kaufman, Gil (February 18, 2010). "Chris Golightly Disqualified From 'American Idol' Top 24". MTV. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
  40. ^ a b 김, 현지 (September 3, 2011). "슈퍼스타K3 크리스, 한국노래도 수준급 '샤이니 헬로' 완벽소화". "씨티신문 (City Daily)". Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  41. ^ Ryan Seacrest spoiler ignites Twitter revolt March 18, 2010 The Los Angeles Times.
  42. ^ 'Idol' suffers historic ratings low after Seacrest spoils it March 18, 2010 The Washington Post
  43. ^ 'American Idol': Ryan Seacrest spoils results show on Twitter March 18, 2010 Entertainment Weekly
  44. ^ "‘Idol’s’ problem isn’t Ellen anymore – it’s Ryan". MSN. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  45. ^ "Forget Simon — ‘Idol’s’ all about Ryan now". MSN. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
  46. ^ "American Idol" Ratings Down, but Ad Sales Seen Up". USA: ABC. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  47. ^ ‘American Idol’ Ratings Hit a Low Mark"
  48. ^ Bianco, Robert (May 5, 2010). "It's time for producers to fix 'American Idol,' and here's how". USA Today. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  49. ^ "'Idol' Contestant Crystal Bowersox Claims She Was 'Betrayed' by Ryan Seacrest". Fox News. April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  50. ^ "'American Idol' Front-Runner Almost Quit". April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  51. ^ "Final 2009–10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership". June 16, 2010. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  52. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Jan 20, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  53. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Jan 26, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  54. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Feb 2, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  55. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Feb 9, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  56. ^ "Listings – AMERICAN IDOL on FOX". The Futon Critic. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
  57. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Feb 17, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  58. ^ a b "tvbythenumbers Feb 23, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  59. ^ a b c "tvbythenumbers March 2, 2010". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  60. ^ a b c "TV Ratings Top 25: Oscars, American Idol & The Big Bang Theory Top Weekly Broadcast Charts". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  61. ^ a b c "TV Ratings Top 25: American Idol, Big Bang Theory, NCIS Top Weekly Broadcast Charts". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  62. ^ "TV Ratings Top 25: American Idol, NCIS, Undercover Boss, House Top Weekly Broadcast Charts". Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  63. ^ Seidman, Robert (March 18, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: "Ugly Betty, Gary Unmarried" Inch Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  64. ^ Gorman, Bill (March 24, 2010). "Tuesday Finals: Lost, American Idol Up; V Clip Show Falls". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  65. ^ Seidman, Robert (March 25, 2010). "Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Idol, Survivor, ANTM Rise". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  66. ^ Seidman, Robert (April 6, 2010). "TV Ratings Top 25: Dancing; "Idol" & "Lost" Top Weekly Broadcast Charts". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  67. ^ Seidman, Robert (March 31, 2010). ""The Middle," "Modern Family," and "American Idol" Rise In Wednesday Broadcast Finals". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  68. ^ Seidman, Robert (April 7, 2010). "Broadcast Finals: "Lost," "NCIS," "NCIS: LA" Tick Up; "V," "The Good Wife" Tick Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  69. ^ Seidman, Robert (April 8, 2010). "Wednesday Finals: "CSI: NY" Dips Further + "South Park," "In Plain Sight" and More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 14, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  70. ^ Gorman, Bill (April 14, 2010). "Broadcast Finals Tuesday: Dancing, Lost Adjusted Up; V Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  71. ^ Gorman, Bill (April 15, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: The Middle, Modern Family, Cougar Town Adjusted Up; Ugly Betty Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  72. ^ Gorman, Bill (April 21, 2010). "Broadcast Finals Tuesday: Lost, Idol Adjusted Up; Glee, V Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  73. ^ Gorman, Bill (April 22, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: Idol, L&O: SVU Adjusted Up; Accidentally On Purpose Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
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  75. ^ Gorman, Bill (April 29, 2010). "Wednesday Broadcast Finals: Modern Family, American Idol, Top Model Adjusted Up; High Society Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  76. ^ Gorman, Bill (May 5, 2010). "Broadcast Finals Tuesday: Idol, Lost, 90210 Adjusted Up; Good Wife, V, Parenthood Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
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External links[edit]


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text:
Base metal

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

A base metal is a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to a precious metal such as gold or silver.[1] A long-time goal of alchemists was the transmutation of a base (low grade) metal into a precious metal. In numismatics, coins often derived their value from the precious metal content; however, base metals have been also used in coins in the past and today.

Specific definitions[edit]

A base metal may be distinguished by oxidizing or corroding relatively easily and reacting variably with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is also considered a base metal because it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl.

In mining and economics, the term base metals refers to industrial non-ferrous metals excluding precious metals. These include copper, lead, nickel and zinc.[2]

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is more inclusive in its definition. It includes, in addition to the four above, iron and steel, aluminium, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, zirconium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, rhenium and thallium.[3]

Zamak is an alloy used in casting (metalworking) which is sometimes called 'base metal' or deprecated as 'muckite'.[citation needed]

Other uses[edit]

In the context of plated metal products, the base metal underlies the plating metal, as copper underlies silver in Sheffield plate.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

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text:
Embryonic stem cell

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Embryonic stem cell research)
Jump to: navigation, search
Human embryonic stem cells in cell culture
Pluripotent: Embryonic stem cells are able to develop into any type of cell, excepting those of the placenta. Only embryonic stem cells of the morula are totipotent: able to develop into any type of cell, including those of the placenta.

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage preimplantation embryo.[1][2] Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the embryoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) results in destruction of the blastocyst, which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage should be considered to have the same moral or legal status as more developed human beings.[3][4]

Human ES cells measure approximately 14 μm while mouse ES cells are closer to 8 μm.[5]

The transcriptome of embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cells, derived from the blastocyst stage early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any cell type and by their ability to propagate. Embryonic stem cell's properties include having a normal karyotype, maintaining high telomerase activity, and exhibiting remarkable long-term proliferative potential.

Embryonic stem cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent, that is, they are able to differentiate to generate primitive ectoderm, which ultimately differentiates during gastrulation into all derivatives of the three primary germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. These include each of the more than 220 cell types in the adult body. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells found in adults; while embryonic stem cells can generate all cell types in the body, adult stem cells are multipotent and can produce only a limited number of cell types. If the pluripotent differentiation potential of embryonic stem cells could be harnessed in vitro, it might be a means of deriving cell or tissue types virtually to order. This would provide a radical new treatment approach to a wide variety of conditions where age, disease, or trauma has led to tissue damage or dysfunction.

microRNA maintenance of pluripotency[edit]

Additionally, under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells are capable of propagating themselves indefinitely in an undifferentiated state and have the capacity when provided with the appropriate signals to differentiate, presumably via the formation of precursor cells, to almost all mature cell phenotypes.[6] This allows embryonic stem cells to be employed as useful tools for both research and regenerative medicine, because they can produce limitless numbers of themselves for continued research or clinical use.

Because of their plasticity and potentially unlimited capacity for self-renewal, Embryonic stem cell therapies have been proposed for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Diseases that could potentially be treated by pluripotent stem cells include a number of blood and immune-system related genetic diseases, cancers, and disorders; juvenile diabetes; Parkinson's; blindness and spinal cord injuries. Besides the ethical concerns of stem cell therapy (see stem cell controversy), there is a technical problem of graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, these problems associated with histocompatibility may be solved using autologous donor adult stem cells, therapeutic cloning. The therapeutic cloning done by a method called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) may be advantageous against mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutated diseases.[7] Stem cell banks or more recently by reprogramming of somatic cells with defined factors (e.g. induced pluripotent stem cells). Embryonic stem cells provide hope that it will be possible to overcome the problems of donor tissue shortage and also, by making the cells immunocompatible with the recipient. Other potential uses of embryonic stem cells include investigation of early human development, study of genetic disease and as in vitro systems for toxicology testing.

Potential clinical use[edit]

According to a 2002 article in PNAS, "Human embryonic stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, and, thus, may be useful as a source of cells for transplantation or tissue engineering."[8]

Embryoid bodies 24 hours after formation.

Current research focuses on differentiating ES into a variety of cell types for eventual use as cell replacement therapies (CRTs). Some of the cell types that have or are currently being developed include cardiomyocytes (CM), neurons, hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, islet cells and endothelial cells.[9] However, the derivation of such cell types from ESs is not without obstacles and hence current research is focused on overcoming these barriers. For example, studies are underway to differentiate ES in to tissue specific CMs and to eradicate their immature properties that distinguish them from adult CMs.[10] Lately,two teams in San Diego’s ViaCyte and Boston’s Harvard University successively announced their progress on embryonic stem cells for curing diabetes, which was suggested to be the beginning of the golden age of stem cell therapeutics.[11]

Besides in the future becoming an important alternative to organ transplants, ES are also being used in field of toxicology and as cellular screens to uncover new chemical entities (NCEs) that can be developed as small molecule drugs. Studies have shown that cardiomyocytes derived from ES are validated in vitro models to test drug responses and predict toxicity profiles.[9] ES derived cardiomyocytes have been shown to respond to pharmacological stimuli and hence can be used to assess cardiotoxicity like Torsades de Pointes.[12]

ES-derived hepatocytes are also useful models that could be used in the preclinical stages of drug discovery. However, the development of hepatocytes from ES has proven to be challenging and this hinders the ability to test drug metabolism. Therefore, current research is focusing on establishing fully functional ES-derived hepatocytes with stable phase I and II enzyme activity.[13]

Researchers have also differentiated ES into dopamine-producing cells with the hope that these neurons could be used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.[14][15] Recently, the development of ESC after Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) of Olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC's) to a healthy Oocyte has been recommended for Neuro-degenerative diseases.[16] The same group (Baig et al,) also have advocated the use of Olfactory ensheathing cells for demyelinating diseases like Multiple Sclerosis.[7] ESs have also been differentiated to natural killer (NK) cells and bone tissue.[17] Studies involving ES are also underway to provide an alternative treatment for diabetes. For example, D’Amour et al. were able to differentiate ES into insulin producing cells[18] and researchers at Harvard University were able to produce large quantities of pancreatic beta cells from ES.[19]

Human embryonic stem cells as models of genetic disorders[edit]

Several new studies have started to address this issue. This has been done either by genetically manipulating the cells, or more recently by deriving diseased cell lines identified by prenatal genetic diagnosis (PGD). This approach may very well prove invaluable at studying disorders such as Fragile-X syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, and other genetic maladies that have no reliable model system.

Yury Verlinsky, a Russian-American medical researcher who specialized in embryo and cellular genetics (genetic cytology), developed prenatal diagnosis testing methods to determine genetic and chromosomal disorders a month and a half earlier than standard amniocentesis. The techniques are now used by many pregnant women and prospective parents, especially those couples with a history of genetic abnormalities or where the woman is over the age of 35, when the risk of genetically related disorders is higher. In addition, by allowing parents to select an embryo without genetic disorders, they have the potential of saving the lives of siblings that already had similar disorders and diseases using cells from the disease free offspring.[20]

Scientists have discovered a new technique for deriving human embryonic stem cell (ESC). Normal ESC lines from different sources of embryonic material including morula and whole blastocysts have been established. These findings allows researchers to construct ESC lines from embryos that acquire different genetic abnormalities; therefore, allowing for recognition of mechanisms in the molecular level that are possibly blocked that could impede the disease progression. The ESC lines originating from embryos with genetic and chromosomal abnormalities provide the data necessary to understand the pathways of genetic defects.[21]

A donor patient acquires one defective gene copy and one normal, and only one of these two copies is used for reproduction. By selecting egg cell derived from embryonic stem cells that have two normal copies, researchers can find variety of treatments for various diseases. To test this theory Dr. McLaughlin and several of his colleagues looked at whether parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells can be used in a mouse model that has thalassemia intermedia. This disease is described as an inherited blood disorder in which there is a lack of hemoglobin leading to anemia. The mouse model used, had one defective gene copy. Embryonic stem cells from an unfertilized egg of the diseased mice were gathered and those stem cells that contained only healthy hemoglobin genes were identified. The healthy embryonic stem cell lines were then converted into cells transplanted into the carrier mice. After five weeks, the test results from the transplant illustrated that these carrier mice now had a normal blood cell count and hemoglobin levels.[22]

Repair of DNA damage[edit]

Differentiated somatic cells and ES cells use different strategies for dealing with DNA damage. For instance, human foreskin fibroblasts, one type of somatic cell, use non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), an error prone DNA repair process, as the primary pathway for repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs) during all cell cycle stages.[23] Because of its error-prone nature, NHEJ tends to produce mutations in a cell’s clonal descendants.

ES cells use a different strategy to deal with DSBs.[24] Because ES cells give rise to all of the cell types of an organism including the cells of the germ line, mutations arising in ES cells due to faulty DNA repair are a more serious problem than in differentiated somatic cells. Consequently robust mechanisms are needed in ES cells to repair DNA damages accurately, and if repair fails, to remove those cells with un-repaired DNA damages. Thus, mouse ES cells predominantly use high fidelity homologous recombinational repair (HRR) to repair DSBs.[24] This type of repair depends on the interaction of the two sister chromosomes formed during S phase and present together during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. HRR can accurately repair DSBs in one sister chromosome by using intact information from the other sister chromosome. Cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (i.e. after metaphase/cell division but prior the next round of replication) have only one copy of each chromosome (i.e. sister chromosomes aren’t present). Mouse ES cells lack a G1 checkpoint and do not undergo cell cycle arrest upon acquiring DNA damage.[25] Rather they undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) in response to DNA damage.[26] Apoptosis can be used as a fail-safe strategy to remove cells with un-repaired DNA damages in order to avoid mutation and progression to cancer.[27] Consistent with this strategy, mouse ES stem cells have a mutation frequency about 100-fold lower than that of isogenic mouse somatic cells.[28]

Adverse effect[edit]

The major concern with the possible transplantation of ESC into patients as therapies is their ability to form tumors including teratoma.[29] Safety issues prompted the FDA to place a hold on the first ESC clinical trial (see below), however no tumors were observed.

The main strategy to enhance the safety of ESC for potential clinical use is to differentiate the ESC into specific cell types (e.g. neurons, muscle, liver cells) that have reduced or eliminated ability to cause tumors. Following differentiation, the cells are subjected to sorting by flow cytometry for further purification. ESC are predicted to be inherently safer than IPS cells because they are not genetically modified with genes such as c-Myc that are linked to cancer. Nonetheless, ESC express very high levels of the iPS inducing genes and these genes including Myc are essential for ESC self-renewal and pluripotency,[30] and potential strategies to improve safety by eliminating Myc expression are unlikely to preserve the cells' "stemness".

In 1964, researchers isolated a single type of cell from a teratocarcinoma, a tumor now known to be derived from a germ cell. These cells isolated from the teratocarcinoma replicated and grew in cell culture as a stem cell and are now known as embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells.[31] Although similarities in morphology and differentiating potential (pluripotency) led to the use of EC cells as the in vitro model for early mouse development,[32] EC cells harbor genetic mutations and often abnormal karyotypes that accumulated during the development of the teratocarcinoma. These genetic aberrations further emphasized the need to be able to culture pluripotent cells directly from the inner cell mass.

Martin Evans revealed a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos.

In 1981, embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were independently first derived from mouse embryos by two groups. Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman from the Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge published first in July, revealing a new technique for culturing the mouse embryos in the uterus to allow for an increase in cell number, allowing for the derivation of ES cells from these embryos.[33] Gail R. Martin, from the Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, published her paper in December and coined the term “Embryonic Stem Cell”.[34] She showed that embryos could be cultured in vitro and that ES cells could be derived from these embryos. In 1998, a breakthrough occurred when researchers, led by James Thomson at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, first developed a technique to isolate and grow human embryonic stem cells in cell culture.[35]

First clinical trial[edit]

On January 23, 2009, Phase I clinical trials for transplantation of oligodendrocytes (a cell type of the brain and spinal cord) derived from human ES cells into spinal cord-injured individuals received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), marking it the world's first human ES cell human trial.[36] The study leading to this scientific advancement was conducted by Hans Keirstead and colleagues at the University of California, Irvine and supported by Geron Corporation of Menlo Park, CA, founded by Michael D. West, PhD. A previous experiment had shown an improvement in locomotor recovery in spinal cord-injured rats after a 7-day delayed transplantation of human ES cells that had been pushed into an oligodendrocytic lineage.[37] The phase I clinical study was designed to enroll about eight to ten paraplegics who have had their injuries no longer than two weeks before the trial begins, since the cells must be injected before scar tissue is able to form. The researchers emphasized that the injections were not expected to fully cure the patients and restore all mobility. Based on the results of the rodent trials, researchers speculated that restoration of myelin sheathes and an increase in mobility might occur. This first trial was primarily designed to test the safety of these procedures and if everything went well, it was hoped that it would lead to future studies that involve people with more severe disabilities.[38] The trial was put on hold in August 2009 due to FDA concerns regarding a small number of microscopic cysts found in several treated rat models but the hold was lifted on July 30, 2010.[39]

In October 2010 researchers enrolled and administered ESTs to the first patient at Shepherd Center in Atlanta.[40] The makers of the stem cell therapy, Geron Corporation, estimated that it would take several months for the stem cells to replicate and for the GRNOPC1 therapy to be evaluated for success or failure.

In November 2011 Geron announced it was halting the trial and dropping out of stem cell research for financial reasons, but would continue to monitor existing patients, and was attempting to find a partner that could continue their research.[41] In 2013 BioTime (NYSE MKTBTX), led by CEO Dr. Michael D. West, acquired all of Geron's stem cell assets, with the stated intention of restarting Geron's embryonic stem cell-based clinical trial for spinal cord injury.[42]

Techniques and conditions for embryonic stem cell derivation and culture[edit]

Derivation of human embryonic stem cells[edit]

In vitro fertilization generates multiple embryos. The surplus of embryos is not clinically used or is unsuitable for implantation into the patient, and therefore may be donated by the donor with consent. Human embryonic stem cells can be derived from these donated embryos or additionally they can also be extracted from cloned embryos using a cell from a patient and a donated egg.[43] The inner cell mass (cells of interest), from the blastocyst stage of the embryo, is separated from the trophectoderm, the cells that would differentiate into extra-embryonic tissue. Immunosurgery, the process in which antibodies are bound to the trophectoderm and removed by another solution, and mechanical dissection are performed to achieve separation. The resulting inner cell mass cells are plated onto cells that will supply support. The inner cell mass cells attach and expand further to form a human embryonic cell line, which are undifferentiated. These cells are fed daily and are enzymatically or mechanically separated every four to seven days. For differentiation to occur, the human embryonic stem cell line is removed from the supporting cells to form embryoid bodies, is co-cultured with a serum containing necessary signals, or is grafted in a three-dimensional scaffold to result.[44]

Derivation of embryonic stem cells from other animals[edit]

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the early embryo, which are harvested from the donor mother animal. Martin Evans and Matthew Kaufman reported a technique that delays embryo implantation, allowing the inner cell mass to increase. This process includes removing the donor mother’s ovaries and dosing her with progesterone, changing the hormone environment, which causes the embryos to remain free in the uterus. After 4–6 days of this intrauterine culture, the embryos are harvested and grown in in vitro culture until the inner cell mass forms “egg cylinder-like structures,” which are dissociated into single cells, and plated on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c (to prevent fibroblast mitosis). Clonal cell lines are created by growing up a single cell. Evans and Kaufman showed that the cells grown out from these cultures could form teratomas and embryoid bodies, and differentiate in vitro, all of which indicating that the cells are pluripotent.[33]

Gail Martin derived and cultured her ES cells differently. She removed the embryos from the donor mother at approximately 76 hours after copulation and cultured them overnight in a medium containing serum. The following day, she removed the inner cell mass from the late blastocyst using microsurgery. The extracted inner cell mass was cultured on fibroblasts treated with mitomycin-c in a medium containing serum and conditioned by ES cells. After approximately one week, colonies of cells grew out. These cells grew in culture and demonstrated pluripotent characteristics, as demonstrated by the ability to form teratomas, differentiate in vitro, and form embryoid bodies. Martin referred to these cells as ES cells.[34]

It is now known that the feeder cells provide leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and serum provides bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) that are necessary to prevent ES cells from differentiating.[45][46] These factors are extremely important for the efficiency of deriving ES cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that different mouse strains have different efficiencies for isolating ES cells.[47] Current uses for mouse ES cells include the generation of transgenic mice, including knockout mice. For human treatment, there is a need for patient specific pluripotent cells. Generation of human ES cells is more difficult and faces ethical issues. So, in addition to human ES cell research, many groups are focused on the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).[48]

Potential method for new cell line derivation[edit]

On August 23, 2006, the online edition of Nature scientific journal published a letter by Dr. Robert Lanza (medical director of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, MA) stating that his team had found a way to extract embryonic stem cells without destroying the actual embryo.[49] This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding in the USA, where federal funding was at the time limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001. In March, 2009, the limitation was lifted.[50]

Induced pluripotent stem cells[edit]

In 2007 it was shown that pluripotent stem cells highly similar to embryonic stem cells can be generated by the delivery of three genes (Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4) to differentiated cells.[51] The delivery of these genes "reprograms" differentiated cells into pluripotent stem cells, allowing for the generation of pluripotent stem cells without the embryo. Because ethical concerns regarding embryonic stem cells typically are about their derivation from terminated embryos, it is believed that reprogramming to these "induced pluripotent stem cells" (iPS cells) may be less controversial. Both human and mouse cells can be reprogrammed by this methodology, generating both human pluripotent stem cells and mouse pluripotent stem cells without an embryo.[52]

This may enable the generation of patient specific ES cell lines that could potentially be used for cell replacement therapies. In addition, this will allow the generation of ES cell lines from patients with a variety of genetic diseases and will provide invaluable models to study those diseases.

However, as a first indication that the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) cell technology can in rapid succession lead to new cures, it was used by a research team headed by Rudolf Jaenisch of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to cure mice of sickle cell anemia, as reported by Science journal's online edition on December 6, 2007.[53][54]

On January 16, 2008, a California based company, Stemagen, announced that they had created the first mature cloned human embryos from single skin cells taken from adults. These embryos can be harvested for patient matching embryonic stem cells.[55]

Contamination by reagents used in cell culture[edit]

The online edition of Nature Medicine published a study on January 24, 2005, which stated that the human embryonic stem cells available for federally funded research are contaminated with non-human molecules from the culture medium used to grow the cells.[56] It is a common technique to use mouse cells and other animal cells to maintain the pluripotency of actively dividing stem cells. The problem was discovered when non-human sialic acid in the growth medium was found to compromise the potential uses of the embryonic stem cells in humans, according to scientists at the University of California, San Diego.[57]

However, a study published in the online edition of Lancet Medical Journal on March 8, 2005 detailed information about a new stem cell line that was derived from human embryos under completely cell- and serum-free conditions. After more than 6 months of undifferentiated proliferation, these cells demonstrated the potential to form derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in teratomas. These properties were also successfully maintained (for more than 30 passages) with the established stem cell lines.[58]

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External links[edit]


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Gwen Stacy (band)

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Gwen Stacy
Brent Schindler performing with Gwen Stacy in June 2010
Background information
Origin Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Genres Metalcore, post-hardcore
Years active 2004–2010, 2014
Labels Ferret, Solid State
Associated acts Martyrs of the Masses, Once Nothing, Speedgod, Venable
Website Gwen Stacy at MySpace
Past members Brent Schindler
Geoff Jenkins
Patrick Meadows
Matt Strahl
Brett Sibley
Chris Suter
Josh Rickard
Mike Bryant
Cole Wallace
TJ Sego
Bobby Oakley

Gwen Stacy was an American metalcore band that was signed with Solid State Records. Their name came from the character Gwen Stacy, who appeared in the comic book The Amazing Spider-Man as the girlfriend of Peter Parker. They were from Indianapolis, Indiana, and were active between 2004 and 2010. The band announced a reunion in April 2014.

Formation and early years (2004-2008)[edit]

Gwen Stacy formed as a band in the summer of 2004 by founding members Brent Schindler and T.J. Sego along with previous members, Chris Suter, and Josh Rickard. After several member changes the band was probably best recognized with members Cole Wallace, Brent Schindler, T.J. Sego, Patrick Meadows, and Mike Bryant. In 2007 Gwen Stacy signed to Ferret Records and released their first full length, The Life I Know, on February 5, 2008. The album received low reviews. Alternative Press gave it 1.5/5 stars, saying that "they make Avenged Sevenfold seem like progressive luminaries",[1] while game them 2.5/5 stars, saying that "they're a passable metal band, having obviously done their homework and modeled their chops after hardcore's heaviest hitters."[2]

Line-up Changes and A Dialogue (2009)[edit]

In a blog posted by Gwen Stacy in late December the band announced that Geoff Jenkins, guitarist previously of the band Once Nothing would become the band's new vocalist. In this time, Gwen Stacy did a headlining tour with Our Last Night, Vanna, and In Fear and Faith, a trip to Europe with Poison the Well and 36 Crazy Fists from March to April, a tour with Eyes Set to Kill, and a headlining run with support from Ice Nine Kills and Stray From The Path in the fall of 2009. Guitarist, Jordan Tomb, also a previous band member of Once Nothing, recently accompanied Gwen Stacy for their 2009 tour.

Gwen Stacy went into the studio in mid May with Andreas Magnusson, whose previous work includes Haste the Day's album Dreamer and Oh, Sleeper's record When I Am God, among others. The record was released on October 20, 2009. JesusFreakHideout scooped that the next album was to be called A Dialogue, correlating with the October 20th release through Solid State Records. The band issued a press release stating that the new album was indeed called A Dialogue and would be released on October 20 through Solid State Records.

In September 2009, the band recorded their first video from A Dialogue in an abandoned neighborhood in Bensenville, IL to the song "The First Words." Then on October 15, 2009, the band recorded a second video for the song "A Dialogue". Both videos were directed by Jeremy E. Jackson, who also did their video for "The Fear in Your Eyes". The main protagonist in both videos is ex-founding member Chris Suter.

Gwen Stacy kicked off the fall of 2009 with a tour with Ice Nine Kills (Ferret Music) and Stray From The Path (Sumerian Records). They are scheduled to open for Haste The Day with support from Amarna Reign on a short run in December.

Departure of TJ and Break up (2010)[edit]

Original drummer and one of the founding members of Gwen Stacy decided to leave the band in late May 2010 to pursue school and other interests. In early June, they attained members Brett Sibley, who would replace TJ on drums and Matt Strahl (both formerly of the band Venable), who would finally take the position as a permanent 2nd guitarist. They then set out to tour with Inhale Exhale and This or the Apocalypse as the new lineup. Gwen Stacy also toured with A City Serene and Lower Definition on the No Bummer Summer tour in July. September 2 kicks off the start of a mini-tour with another Indianapolis based band, Amarna Reign. As of November 7, 2010, Gwen Stacy officially announced they were splitting up via the band's Myspace. They played their last show at Rhino's in Bloomington, IN on November 20, 2010.

Reunion (2014)[edit]

In April 2014 the band announced that the original lineup would be reuniting for a show at the Irving Theater in Indianapolis, Indiana on June 14. The band also launched an indiegogo account to fund the show. Members of the band have stated via social media that this is a "one time event" and that they have no intention of continuing the band after the show.

Studio albums[edit]

Date of Release Title label US Billboard Peak
November 20, 2005 ...I Believe in Humility Self Released
2006 Demos 2006 Self Released
February 5, 2008 The Life I Know Ferret Records
January 13, 2009 The Life I Know (Digital Re-Release) Ferret Records
October 20, 2009 A Dialogue Solid State Records

Music videos[edit]

  • The Fear In Your Eyes (The Life I Know)
  • The First Words (A Dialogue)
  • A Dialogue (A Dialogue)

External links[edit]

Gwen Stacy on Myspace


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Fusional language

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A fusional language is a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to overlay many morphemes to denote grammatical, syntactic, or semantic change. For example, the Spanish language verb comer ("to eat") can be expressed in first-person past perfect tense as comí, a word formed removing the "-er" suffix of the verb and replacing it by "-í", that indicate such specific meaning.

Examples of fusional Indo-European languages are: Sanskrit, Greek (classical and modern), Italian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Pashto, Polish, Russian, German, Icelandic, Croatian, Serbian, Czech, French, Irish, Albanian, Latin, Punjabi, and the Iberian Romance dialect continuum. Another notable group of fusional languages is the Semitic languages group. A high degree of fusion is also found in many Sami languages, such as Skolt Sami.[citation needed] Unusually for a natively North American language, Navajo is sometimes described as fusional due to its complex and inseparable verb morphology.[1][2]

An illustration of fusionality is the Latin word bonus ("good"). The ending -us denotes masculine gender, nominative case, and singular number. Changing any one of these features requires replacing the suffix -us with a different one. In the form bonum, the ending -um denotes masculine accusative singular, neuter accusative singular, or neuter nominative singular.

Fusional languages generally tend to lose their inflection over the centuries—some languages much more quickly than others.[3] While Proto-Indo-European was fusional, some of its descendants have shifted to a more analytic structure, such as Modern English and Afrikaans, or agglutinative, such as Persian and Armenian. Other descendants are fusional, including Sanskrit, Latin, Ancient Greek, Lithuanian, Slavic languages and Romance languages.

Some languages shift over time from agglutinative to fusional. For example, while most Uralic languages are predominantly agglutinative, Estonian is markedly evolving in the direction of a fusional language. On the other hand, Finnish, its close relative, exhibits fewer fusional traits, thereby keeping closer to the mainstream Uralic type.

Another feature of many fusional languages is their systems of declensions. Here, nouns, adjectives and pronouns have one or more suffixes attached to them to determine grammatical case (their uses or meanings in the clause). In most Romance languages this trait is merely vestigial as it no longer encompasses nouns and adjectives but only pronouns. Compare the Italian egli (Nominative), gli (Dative, or Indirect Object), lo (Accusative) and lui (also Accusative, but emphatic, and Indirect Case to be used with prepositions), corresponding to the single vestigial pair he, him in English.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Sloane, Thomas O. (2001). Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-195-12595-5.
  2. ^ Mithun, Marianne (2001). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9.
  3. ^ Deutscher, Guy (2006). The unfolding of language: an evolutionary tour of mankind's greatest invention (reprint ed.). New York: Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8050-8012-4. [page needed]


text:
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Kalverstraat, with the main entrance to Kalvertoren shopping centre.

The Kalverstraat is a busy shopping street of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. It is named after the kalvermarkt ("calves market") that was held here until the 17th century.

The Kalverstraat is the most expensive shopping street in the Netherlands, with rents of 2200 euros per square meter (2007).[1] In 2009 it was the 17th most expensive street in the world measured by rent prices.[2] The Kalverstraat is also the most expensive street in the Dutch version of Monopoly.

The street begins at Dam Square and ends roughly 750 meters down near the Munttoren tower at Muntplein square. This tower was once a gate in the medieval city walls. After the walls were built, the street between the Spui and Munttoren came to be known as Byndewyck. This part of the neighborhood, from 1486 until 1629, had a veemarkt (cattle market). Later on the street got the name Kalverstraat, after the cattle market.[3]

In 1345 a eucharistic miracle was said to have taken place in a home between the Kalverstraat in the Rokin. The event is commemorated by the annual Stille Omgang procession. A chapel, the Heilige Stede, was built on the spot where the miracle was said to have occurred. The Heiligeweg connected the Kalverstraat with this pilgrim chapel, and with Leidsestraat.

Painter Piet Mondrian lived at Kalverstraat 154 from 1892 to 1895. The first HEMA department store opened on the Kalverstraat in 1926. On May 7, 1945, drunk German soldiers shooting from the windows of a building at the corner of Kalverstraat and Dam square killed 19 civilians celebrating their liberation from the Nazis and the end of World War II. A fire in the Kalverstraat on May 9, 1977, claimed 33 deaths.

The Amsterdam Museum is located in a former orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal.

  1. ^ Zibb.nl
  2. ^ Parool.nl
  3. ^ Martin Dunford (2010). The Rough Guide to The Netherlands. Penguin. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-84836-882-8.

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 52°22′11″N 4°53′28″E / 52.36972°N 4.89111°E / 52.36972; 4.89111