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Wyszukiwarka.net Web Analysis

Our web analysis service harvested the source of this domain and found its title to be: wyszukiwarka.net - muzyka za darmo do pobrania Resources and Information. This website is for sale! . Type of server being used is Apache which is common OS being used these days. Web server is found to be in Germany. Latitudes and Longitudes are 51 and 9. This report is generated on 2013-02-24 12:50:40.

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Google Pagerank : Google Page Rank of Wyszukiwarka.net is 0
Alexa Rank : 0 Visit Alexa
Webserver : Apache

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Website title:

wyszukiwarka.net - muzyka za darmo do pobrania Resources and Information. This website is for sale!

Description: wyszukiwarka.net is your first and best source for all of the information youre looking for. From general topics to more of what you would expect to find here wyszukiwarka.net has it all. We hope you find what you are searching for
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Alexa : 1 visit Alexa

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Country: Germany(DE)
Latitude: 51 Longitude: 9

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HTTP/1.0 200 OK Date: Sun, 24 Feb 2013 17:50:37 GMT Server: Apache X-Powered-By: PHP/5.3.3-7+squeeze7 Expires: Mon, 26 Jul 1997 05:00:00 GMT Last-Modified: Sun, 24 Feb 2013 17:50:37 GMT Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate Cache-Control: post-check=0, pre-check=0 Pragma: no-cache Vary: User-Agent,Accept-Encoding Content-Type: text/html X-Cache: MISS from 556675 Connection: close

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lpinknee Hittin up this concert for my music class. #classical #fancy #pinkyup 3y
  •   erivcar .......,.whend you cut your hair?! 3y
  •   lpinknee @ericardinez dang, where you been at double dap?! Haha I've been had my hair cut. 3y

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Wellington Waterfront Walks the Talk for World Oceans Day

6 June 2014

Wellington’s waterfront will feature fishy facts on its footpath this weekend to mark World Oceans Day on Sunday 8 June.

People walking, biking or running along the waterfront are encouraged to keep an eye out for the fish-shaped stickers that have fun facts on New Zealand’s favourite fish species, along with information about local marine reserves and World Oceans Day.

The Department of Conservation, Seafood New Zealand and Wellington City Council developed the 30 footpath stickers, which can be followed from Waitangi Park to Queens Wharf.

The stickers are a simple reminder of how our oceans are important in sustaining many fish species and the need to keep our seas clean and healthy.

The sorts of quirky details on the stickers include the fact that blue cod change sex from female to male once they grow above a certain size; that our kina species is unique to New Zealand; that the local Taputeranga Marine Reserve was established in 2008 and has its own snorkel trail.

World Oceans Day is an international annual day aimed at encouraging people around ‘the blue planet’ to celebrate and honour the ocean. Recognised by the United Nations, this year’s theme of “together we have the power to protect the ocean” will see countries around the world celebrate the day with a wide range of events.


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Senator Wants to Make Reporting Human Trafficking Easier

Oct 24, 2011

The Human Trafficking Resource Center Hotline number would be posted in a lot more public places in Pennsylvania if State Senator Daylin Leach's (D-Montgomery, Delaware Counties) measure is approved by the legislature.

Senate Bill 338 would require the posting of the number in establishments with liquor licenses, massage parlors, spas, hotels and motels, places of transit, and adult entertainment clubs.

Leach says human trafficking is an incredibly inhumane act.

"12.3 million men women and children are trafficked around the world today. This is the equivalent of human slavery, modern slavery," Leach said.

The 24/7 toll-free hotline (1-888-373-7888) is a resource for anyone to report suspicious activity that may be related to human trafficking, but less than two percent of last year's 11,000 calls came from Pennsylvania. Leach says that even without this legislation, it's important that Pennsylvanians begin taking a stand.

"If constituents of mine want to get involved, my office is a member of the Montgomery County Anti-Trafficking Coalition, we welcome new members and we welcome help," Leach said. "We all read in the paper the horrible cases all the time of the victims of human trafficking, it's time for the people of Pennsylvania to start doing something about it."


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A handsome man

I'm a Developer Designer Developer Entrepreneur Speaker Teacher making the web an awesome place.

I create awesome web sites and web applications. Hire me to build you a website, teach you to code or speak at your event.

Take a look at my work, read my blog or get in touch!


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Pickup truck historians will call this the Age of Wretched Excess. Those of us who learned to drive in vintage chassis-rattling pickups with cardboard duct-taped to the floorboard now stand agape at what we see on America's backroads.

Uncle Samp, with memories of mighty struggles with a Model A converted into a truck still fresh in his mind, would never believe what's coming down the road today. There's no better symbol of this whole parade than the brand new 2002 Cadillac Escalade EXT. That's right, a Cadillac truck. Based on the Suburban chassis, the four-door, two-seat Caddy will hum along at 300 to 350 hp, with a pushrod V-8 engine. General Motors says it may make as many as 100,000 Escalades yearly.

Racing right along with it is the Lincoln Blackwood, another four-door behemoth, with a 4×8 bed covered in dark Wenge wood imported from central Africa, with aluminum slats to keep nasty cargo loads from marring the beautiful stuff. Geared to a more exclusive market, and, presumably, constrained by the availability of Wenge wood and other gee-gaws, Lincoln will only build 10,000 a year.

There's already a waiting list. Just recently, Lincoln put 50 special 2002 Neiman Marcus Edition Blackwoods on sale in Irvine, Calif., and they sold out in less than eight hours, though the truck wasn't even there. Buyers, who ordered by phone, will take delivery in the fall. These Neiman Marcus Blackwoods, priced at $58,800, feature a 7-inch Panasonic LCD Wide Screen DVD/Video-CD/CD player with a game center hook-up and two wireless headphones. There's also a cooler/warmer large enough to hold goodies for two, Lincoln says, though that might depend on just how much those two could eat and drink.

Ford Super CrewZer

Not content for the Blackwood to be its only entry in the luxurious-beyond-belief pickup truck race, Ford is also now selling the F-650 Super CrewZer. This thing is a traffic stopper, basically a four-door semi-truck with a 105 × 95 × 12-inch bed box. It has a curb weight of 13,500 pounds and is powered by a 7.2L Caterpillar 3126B inline-six 300 hp turbo-diesel engine. With a 194-inch wheelbase, it has an Allison MD 3066 six-speed automatic transmission and two overdrives.

Seemingly built for pulling fifth-wheelers, Ford calls the Super CrewZer the ultimate towing machine. Nobody is going to have problems getting the bass boat to the lake with this big rig. For those who might get bored on the ride, there's an overhead entertainment system with a 6.4-inch screen, Nintendo, a TV antenna, universal remote control, and two wired headphones. All for just a little more than $81,000.

Now, I'll never knock a little comfort. My buddy Mark's dad used to ride his farms in what he called his “field Caddy”, and that's just what it was. He'd bump furrows and plunge through ditches in a Cadillac just a couple of years removed from the dealer's showroom, but only because he'd replaced it with a newer model. We thought that was cool. Mark sometimes borrowed the field Caddy for social occasions, ratcheting us considerably further up the high school hotshot scale than my old Ford Falcon could take us.

But no one ever mistook the field Caddy for a truck. These pricey new vehicles leave us questioning their parentage. Are they fancy cars masquerading as trucks? Would we dare risk scratching their shiny paint while searching for calves in the blackberry brambles? Will the grocery store parking lot be as close to the field as these so-called trucks get?

For those who'd like even a little more flair with their pickups, additional excess is on the way. Mercedes-Benz is testing a new pickup. We have no reports on how it responds to a good mud-stomping slam-bang ride across a just-harvested cotton field.

Stay tuned. Luxury and truck are two words that were never uttered together, until now. We'll see what words get uttered if these new models make it to the backcountry.

e-mail: charles_johnson@intertec.com


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Dominican president stresses regional ties

By Jennifer Bissell

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Manhattanville College hosted a regional development panel with the former president of the Dominican Republic as a key speaker.

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About the author

Jennifer Bissell
Jennifer Bissell was a reporter for both the Fairfield and Westchester business journals from 2012-2014. She attended the University of Minnesota and contributed to several regional publications including the St. Paul Pioneer Press, St. Cloud Times and Twin Cities Business magazine.

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David Stanley
David Stanley
Faculty Emeritus

B.A. Princeton University
Ph.D. Univ of Texas - Austin
M.A. Univ of Texas - Austin

Areas of Experience

  • literature of the American West
  • American folklore
  • cowboy poetry
  • American literature (pre-Civil War)
  • nature writing
  • environmental policy
  • Henry David Thoreau
  • ethnic folklore
  • Asian literature and culture
  • About David Stanley

    David Stanley taught in the English Department from 1991 to 2008. He is now retired and living in Salt Lake City. He continues to do research, write, travel, and enjoy the outdoors with his wife Nan.


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Dependency theory e-learning tool

Douglas, Paul and Barker, Steve (2004) Dependency theory e-learning tool. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'04). IEEE Computer Society, USA, pp. 151-155. ISBN 0769521088

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In this paper, we describe an e-learning tool that we have developed to assist University students studying Relational Schema design. The tool employs Expert System techniques to create a learning environment in which students can explore the concepts of dependency theory, and the normalization process. The tool is able to respond in an individualistic way to student input and allows students to construct their own learning environment and develop their understanding of the material at a pace that is controlled by the individual student. Our formative and summative tests indicate that the tool provides students with a different and valuable type of learning experience when compared with a traditional, textbook-based approach.

Item Type: Book Section
Subjects: University of Westminster > Science and Technology > Electronics and Computer Science, School of (No longer in use)
Depositing User: Users 4 not found.
Date Deposited: 01 Dec 2005
Last Modified: 11 Aug 2010 14:29

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Contact Us

The Sean Hannity Show

Sean Hannity is a multimedia superstar, spending four hours a day every day reaching out to millions of Americans on radio, television and internet.
Hannity currently serves as host of FOX News Channel’s Hannity, which airs weeknights from 10 to 11 p.m. ET. Hannity, who joined the network in 1996, is one of the most prominent and influential conservative voices in the country, and his program offers a mix of news, commentary, guest interviews and more.

On radio, Hannity is the second-most-listened-to talk show host in America who is heard on more than 500 radio stations nationwide by nearly 13 million weekly listeners.The Sean Hannity Show launched into national syndication on September 10, 2001. He’s known for his provocative, free-wheeling, passionate commentary on politics and the American agenda.

For his work in radio, Hannity has received two Marconi Awards for “Nationally Syndicated Radio Host of the Year” and is a three-time consecutive winner of the Radio & Records ”National Talk Show Host of The Year Award.” Hannity has also authored three New York Times bestsellers, “Let Freedom Ring: Winning the War of Liberty over Liberalism,” “Deliver Us From Evil: Defeating Terrorism, Despotism, and Liberalism” and “Conservative Victory: Defeating Obama’s Radical Agenda.”

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Ben Sollee – The Hollow Sessions

Ben Sollee has just announced the surprise release of The Hollow Sessions, which you can download for free right now. He went down into a hollow in Kentucky and built a studio inside of an old cabin. Then he paid homage to folks like Gillian Welch, Arthur Russell, Fiona Apple, The Zombies and Tom Waits by reinterpreting some of their best songs for the album. In addition to the free download, The Hollow Sessions will also be released on vinyl Dec. 1.

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Bevin, Conway Clash Over Kynect, Education at Kentucky Chamber Debate

July 28, 2015

Bevin has pushed for dismantling Kynect and moving recipients onto the federal health exchange. Read Story

Gabriel Fritz Named Louisville’s Housing and Community Development Director

July 28, 2015

Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer on Tuesday named Gabriel Fritz to be the new director of the Office of Housing and Community Development, an appointment that comes as the city prioritizes its affordable housing needs. Read Story

Louisville Ballet Dancers Participate In Exchange With Australian Company

July 28, 2015

Two dancers with the Louisville Ballet have returned from a six-week exchange program with the Australian Ballet. Read Story

new omni 2

Louisville Omni Development Plan Tweaked Ahead of Review Panel Meeting

July 28, 2015

Developers of the Omni Hotel project on Thursday will take their updated plans back to the Louisville committee responsible for overseeing standards for real estate developments downtown. Read Story

New Criminal Charge Filed Against Man at Center of Kentucky Banishment Case

July 28, 2015

The case of Adam Horine, the mentally ill Kentucky man removed from jail and put on a bus to Florida by Carrollton police earlier this year, continues to grow in complexity. He now faces a criminal charge of groping a woman in a northern Kentucky hospital. Read Story

‘Big’ Affordable Housing Ordinances Stall, For Now, in Metro Council Committee

July 27, 2015

An ordinance that affordable housing advocates consider a big step forward in Louisville's quest to boost living options for low-income residents is being held up in a Metro Council ad hoc committee. Read Story

Prescription Drug Abuse in Kentucky Declined After 2012 Law, Report Says

July 27, 2015

The so-called “pill-mill bill” required pain management facilities to be owned by a licensed physician, and pharmacists to register with a prescription monitoring system called KASPER. Read Story

So. Indiana Clerk Employee Alleges That Firing Over Gay Marriage License Refusal Violated Rights

July 27, 2015

Harrison County, Indiana, officials are being sued in federal court by a former employee of the county clerk’s office who claims she was fired after refusing to process a same-sex marriage license. Read Story

Public Comments on Jefferson Davis Statue In Kentucky Capitol Close This Week

July 27, 2015

Officials with the commission say they aren’t sure when a final decision on the statue will be made, but indicated they would try to have one by the time Beshear leaves office at the end of this year. Read Story

What Would 2-Way Downtown Louisville Streets Mean For Walkers, Cyclists and Bus Riders?

July 26, 2015

The idea of converting downtown Louisville's one-way streets to two-ways has support from business proponents, but motor vehicles aren't the only way to get around the city. Read Story

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Strange Fruit: News Round-Up with Marriage Equality Attorney Joe Dunman

July 25, 2015

Remember that whole Supreme Court marriage equality thing a couple weeks ago? It was kind of a big deal? Well one of the attorneys, Joe Dunman, joins us this week for a news round-up, and to give us the latest information on two Kentucky county clerks who have refused to issue marriage licenses. Read Story

Louisville Beard and Mustache Fans to Face Off (Pun Intended)

July 25, 2015

The Tim Faulkner Gallery on Saturday evening will host Whiskermania, a charity beard and mustache competition. Read Story

Residents Ask For Moratorium on Fracking in Kentucky

July 24, 2015

Residents expressed concerns this week that the potential expansion of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, in Kentucky would pollute the water and air and bring earthquakes to the region. Read Story


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IL moves to purge Medicaid cheats

Thu, 03 Jan 2013 10:32:25 CST
By: AP

Illinois officials have announced the launch of an effort to make sure only people who are eligible receive Medicaid. Medicaid is a state and federal program that helps pay for health care for the poor and disabled. The goal of the new project is to verify annually the income levels and residency of the state's 2.7 million Medicaid clients. Reston Virginia-based Maximus Incorporated was hired to improve the system, eliminate a backlog and make recommendations to state caseworkers. Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services Director Julie Hamos says annual verification can determine whether people's circumstances have changed and they're no longer eligible. Republican legislative leaders have said Governor Pat Quinn's administration has taken too long to get the project under way.

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Migration and Movement Patterns (marine mammals)

Migration is a critical part of the life history strategies of a diverse group of organisms. An optimal strategy may include the need to move from one location to another and back in some systematic fashion. Migration is the large-scale movement between different parts of the home range, with some energy allocation to support movement or time to meet reproductive needs.

Migration underscores an individual’s need for some resource such as food or mates. An individual has a home range that is a function of relative body size and mobility as well as a variety of other factors. In general, large animals need large home ranges. As home range increases in size, an individual experiences variability in environmental conditions. In die marine environment, two parcels of water 10 cm apart are more similar on average than two parcels of water 1000 km apart. Accordingly, waters of higher latitude have generally higher productivity than those of lower latitudes. In addition, a single parcel of water may have similar oceanograpliic conditions 2 days apart but inay differ significantly between winter and summer. Length of die productive season is shorter at higher latitudes due to decreased sunlight in winter, in addition to other oceanograpliic changes. Thus resources are variable in space as well as time. In general, one part of a home range may be veiy different with respect to the availability of resources than another. Disparity in resource availability results in the necessity to move between places in the home range.

Resources for marine mammals include food, mates, and space. Mates may only be seasonally receptive or available, or sexes may have a different spatial distribution in a particular season. Space is a variable resource because not all habitats are suitable. In territorial species, once a territory is occupied, other individuals of the same species are excluded. In nonterritorial species, crowding often occurs, and while habitat is nearby, and apparently suitable, there is a tendency to form a crowd. Space for hauling out may not be available at all times due to covering by tides once or twice a day.

Given that prey resources are variable in space and time, one strategy is to stay in one area and tough out the hard times by somehow reducing the effects of variability. This leads to formation of denser fur, diicker blubber layer, or adopting a new strategy such as hibernation. Female polar bears (Ursus maritirrms) hibernate over winter, giving birth and feeding cubs until emerging from die den in spring. Other segments of polar bear populations do not hibernate, but make large-scale movements in search of food. One benefit of staying in one location is diat an individual does not face any energetic cost of moving or potentially adverse conditions along die way. For cetaceans, the cost of moving long distances while on migration is probably not verv different than moving around in one location. Some pinnipeds may conserve energy by hauling out or lying at die surface for extended periods. The second strategy is to move to another part of their home range where conditions are more favorable, such as a higher resource density, or where environmental conditions are better. For example. Caribbean manatees (Trichechus manatus) move in relation to changing water temperature on a seasonal basis. They prefer waters warmer dian 68°F and move in relation to diese waters. Migration occurs in populations where some parts of a home range may have more and/or better resources oi one type, while another part of the home range has more and/or better resources of another type dian the first. The general pattern is movement between feeding and reproductive grounds or haul-out site.

For marine mammals, migration was assumed to occur based oil the seasonal occurrence of large numbers of a particular species at different locations. However, migration can only be proven by Lagrangian studies, involving marking individuals in some fashion on one migratory destination and recapturing them on another. Whaling provided the first real evidence for migration in large whales. Numbered darts were fired into dorsal blubber and muscle. If that individual was killed during subsequent whaling operations, tagging and killing dates and locations could be compared and some assessment of movements could be made. Some pinnipeds were marked with numbered flipper tags. Censuses were conducted on a number of haul outs. Movement was documented as tagged individuals moved between haul-out sites. Movement and migration patterns have been described in varying levels of detail using photo-identification and satellite telemetry. For example, locations of individual northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) sent by satellites every 2 days provide valuable information on movement and migration to and from areas of high food productivity, inferred by persistent signals from a relatively confined location, such as over a seamount.

I. Terminology

Defining migration is the first step to discussing it because not all large-scale movements are migration. This is not an easy task, as literature on migration does not have a consistent definition. How do we distinguish between daily movements of a seal that returns to the same haul out every low tide from a whale that swims from the Antarctic ice edge to the waters off Brazil? Movement encompasses a hierarchy of displacements ranging from thousands of kilometers, encompassing thousands of surfacings. The following terms describe a variety of types of movement of increasing scale (Fig. 1). A step is a relevant distance moved, such as distance between sites of long dives. Kinesis refers to changes in turning or movement rates. Kinesis can often result in station keeping, where an individual maintains a relative position through relatively frequent turns. Foraging is a search for resources within a patch. A patch is an area within which resources are randomly distributed. Commuting occurs between adjacent patches. After searching patches in a region, animals can then move to another region, which is subject to a different set of local oceanographic conditions. Movement between regions is referred to as ranging. For example, fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) make an overall east to west displacement through the Gulf of Alaska during a feeding season.

Migration is persistent and more or less rectilinear movement, presumably between two different parts of the home range, each with its own resources or use. For marine mammals, these destinations are areas for feeding/breeding/birtli/ lactation and, in addition, for pinnipeds, molting. General mysticete migration patterns are shown in Fig. 2. This movement occurs on a seasonal basis, with the majority of a population, sex, or age class undertaking the same overall movement pattern. Upon arrival at one destination, behavior changes to maintain relative location. For molting, breeding, and lactating pinnipeds, this is achieved by hauling out on land or, if on feeding grounds, floating in one spot or clusters of deep dives in a limited area.

Different type of movements are described in the text.

Figure 1 Different type of movements are described in the text.

Generalized migration patterns of baleen whales in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Whales spend summers on productive feeding grounds and then migrate to the winter breeding/calving grounds in warmer waters. Most species of whales are believed to feed little, if at all, while away from their feeding grounds.

Figure 2 Generalized migration patterns of baleen whales in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Whales spend summers on productive feeding grounds and then migrate to the winter breeding/calving grounds in warmer waters. Most species of whales are believed to feed little, if at all, while away from their feeding grounds.

For cetaceans, station keeping involves changing the direction of travel relatively frequently.

One characteristic of marine mammal migration is seasonal changes in energy allocation and storage. This results in an increased fat store to support reproduction. Based on stomach contents analysis of whales killed on winter grounds, mysticetes are thought to feed little on migration routes and breeding grounds, living off stored blubber. However, recent evidence suggests that feeding occurs on the winter grounds, at least opportunistically. Some phocids such as elephant seals (Mirounga spp.) migrate long distances. They feed continuously to store energy to support time spent on breeding and molting haul outs. Stored energy is used for lactation in females and for mating and agonistic displays in males. Elephant seals lose much of their fat when hauled out and need to begin storing energy as rapidly as possible upon reentry into the water. Otariids feed daily around haul outs, although males may fast while defending a territory.

In this discussion, migration and movement focus in the horizontal dimensions (x and y). Displacement in the vertical dimension (s) is trivial by comparison, although is not a trivial part of foraging ecology. For marine mammals, migration is movement considerably greater than 2 hr, the maximum dive time recorded for a marine mammal and the maximum depth of a dive.

The following scenarios are not true migrations, but are often labeled as such in literature. Seasonal movement may be a response to changing prey distribution. The occurrence of some groups of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the inland waters of the Pacific Northwest correlates with the seasonal migration of salmon (Onchyrhtjnchtis spp.). Because these fish ultimately go upstream to die, the whales must find other prey during the winter. It is not clear if they feed on other species during the winter or go offshore to find other salmon schools. Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) move to distinctly different areas on a seasonal basis to feed in productive areas in the Northwest Atlantic. Polar bears seasonally roam over large home ranges, searching for available food. Other large-scale movements are also not truly migration. For example, movement may be in relation to shifting environmental conditions, such as the seasonal advance or retreat of an ice edge. While geographic location of an individual changes, it is essentially maintaining itself in the same general environment.

Dispersal is not migration, as there is no return to the original area. Dispersal is colonization of new or recolonization of historic breeding habitats. For example, breeding sites of northern elephant seals were historically on islands off the mainland of California, likely due to the presence of terrestrial predators oil the mainland. In association with postexploitation recovery and the decline of terrestrial predators, elephant seals returned to all historic breeding islands and invaded new sites on the mainland. Another example of a dispersal event was observed off California in response to the 1982/1983 El Nino Southern Oscillation event. Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) moved from southern California to San Francisco with the northward advance of warmer waters. This group of dolphins remained after the warm waters retreated back south.

Tine migrating species have distinct adaptations. Because energy is a limiting resource, migration can be examined from the perspective of energy acquisition (Table I). Fasting species have different physiological and energy intake characteristics than nonfasting species. Fasting during some part of the year requires intense feeding during some other part of the year in order to store energy as well as to meet metabolic needs at the time.

Species that fast either spend their entire lives or part of the year in productive polar, subpolar, and temperate waters where they can feed intensely to form a blubber layer. Other than ice-breeding seals, migrating marine mammals have feeding grounds located pole-ward of the breeding areas.

II. Why Migrate?

Any strategy has associated costs and benefits. Natural selection weighs the costs and benefits of migrating; if the benefits are greater than the costs, a species will migrate. Different areas have different proximate currencies, with energy acquisition important in the feeding areas and reproductive success important in the breeding/calving areas. Feeding success, however, lias a direct influence on reproductive success, the ultimate currency, for survival of the genes of an individual. For cetaceans, migration occurs for food and reproduction. Pinnipeds migrate for these reasons as well as for molting.

TABLE I Energy Acquisition

Mysticetes” (except bowhead whales) Elephant seals”

Some male otariids” (on breeding grounds) Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicns)” Hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)” Polar bears (females can hibernate) Most phocids

Recently weaned pinnipeds (some exploratory swimming around haul-out site) Nonfasting Odontocetes Female otariids Some phocids Polar bears Sirenians Otters “A true migratory species.

A. Pinniped Patterns

Pinnipeds are central-place foragers, moving from haul-out sites to feeding grounds at varying distances. Large-scale movement awav from a haul out reduces pressure on local resources and has other benefits as well. Because predators ma)’ congregate around haul outs, an individual can reduce its chance of being killed by a predator by reducing the number of entrances to and exits from the water. Dive profiles of elephant seals suggest that while they feed along an entire migration route, there are areas with a higher frequency of deep dives, suggesting intense, localized feeding. Some of these highly productive areas are associated with seamounts. These seals make deep foraging dives for deep-water prey. The areas around their haul outs are seasonally productive and support a number of mysticete species. Therefore, productivity is not the key; rather it is productivity of a certain type of prey that makes migration beneficial. Some otariids make daily excursions from haul-out sites in search of food. For a lactating pinniped, large movements increase the time spent away from a pup, resulting in less rapid pup growth. While increased entrances and exists from the water increase the probability of being killed by a predator, the sheer number of other seals entering and exiting the water reduces the per capita probability of attack.

B. Mysticete Migration

The feeding grounds of baleen whales are in productive cold waters so it is clear why they migrate to these areas. A question remains as to why they must migrate to warm waters for reproduction. Four reasons have been suggested for migration to warm water breeding and calving areas. The first is to minimize thermal stress on calves. This is likely not a problem for a newborn calf. Smaller mammals with less insulation are able to survive in those conditions. Because of its large body size, a calf is not thermally stressed.

The second reason to move to warm waters is resource tracking, i.e.. following prey. By definition, this is not migration. While an individual, school, or population is moving, movement results in reduced resource variability, as prey are always in the vicinity.

Killer whale predation on calves has been a suggested reason for mysticete migration. By migrating to warm, relatively killer whale-free waters to give birth, calf mortality would be reduced.

The final reason to migrate is essentially an evolutionary holdover: individuals migrate because their ancestors did. The evolutionary holdover hypothesis includes feeding and reproduction into a life history strategy. Intense feeding leads to energy storage as the short-term goal that maximizes reproductive success, the ultimate, evolutionary goal. Natural selection favors individuals that are successful at migrating, feeding, and reproducing.

C. Pleistocene Conditions

The productive waters of the higher latitudes have changed significantly over the past 20,000 years. These changes likely had a profound influence on regional productivity, affecting migration routes, destinations, and foraging areas of many cetaceans, pinnipeds, carnivores (bears, otters) and sirenians (Steller’s sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas). Increased ice extent and land emergence of the Pleistocene made current feeding grounds unavailable to gray whales (Eschrischtius robustus), bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), beluga whales (Delphi-naptrus leucas), narwhals (Monodon monocerous), walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursi-1111s), and other seals. The North Atlantic north of 45° was an ice-bearing polar sea with conditions similar to the Antarctic Convergence, resulting in a larger, more productive sea than at present. The distance between productive cold water and warmer water was much less, resulting in relatively little or no distance between feeding and breeding/calving areas (Fig. 3). In the Southern Ocean, an equator-ward shift in isotherms was in response to a northward extension of ice. The Antarctic convergence was 5° north of its current position.

D. Present Oceanographic and Migratory Conditions

At the glacial maxima, cold, productive waters were closer to the equator than at present. At these latitudes, the number of hours of sunlight per day were not as seasonally extreme as at the poles. Assuming that mid and lower latitude waters are relatively unchanged from Pleistocene conditions, the only difference would be the retreat of cold waters toward the poles. As cold, productive waters retreated toward the poles, sunlight for photosynthesis became more variable over the course of a year, leading to intense seasonal peaks in production followed by reduced production in winter. Over time, whale distribution followed the pole-ward retreat of fronts of productive oceans.

This explains the summer distribution of baleen whales, but does not address the need to migrate to warm waters for reproductive activities. Many species of marine mammals, and mammals in general, have highly seasonal reproductive strategies in order to time births relative to optimal environmental conditions. Day length is a cue for seasonal breeding in a number of birds and mammals. Photoperiod is an important seasonal cue because it is invariant from year to year. This means that the timing of reproduction and migratory movements can be the same from one year to the next. The advantage is that an individual can maximize its use of seasonal prey resources as well as seasonally available mates.

Both circadian (daily) and circannual (yearly) cycles use light as a cue: however, the specific cues from light, or zeitgc-bers, vary. Circadian signals are dawn and dusk, whereas circannual signals are perceived as the ratio of number of light to dark hours in a 24-h period. Thus both cycles are used for seasonal cues. Other cues may act as secondary synchronizers, although these, such as food availability, are more variable.

The pineal gland is responsible for time keeping in birds and mammals via the production of melatonin, as well as other compounds. The number of hours of darkness per 24 hr is “counted’ by the biosynthesis of melatonin, which is produced more in hours of darkness. At seasonal scales, as winter approaches, the hours of daylight decrease and hours of darkness increase. In a given 24-hr period, the amount of melatonin produced increases, suppressing gonadal activity. In many mammals the breeding season of females corresponds to periods of decreasing daylight per 24 hr. Increasing daylight after the winter solstice is responsible for triggering estrus. Pineal glands are exceptional in size in polar species such as the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddcllii), northern fur seal, and walrus, species that live where day length is most variable.

Post-Pleistocene distribution of the polar front in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lines represent the southern extent of sea surface temperature relating to the polar front. Numbers associated with each line are thousands of years before present. Whale movement from warm-water calving/breeding waters to cold productive feeding waters would have been similarly truncated toward the equator in the past. The equator-ward extension of cold water meant that productive seasons were probably longer in the past than at present due to increased hours of daylight.

Figure 3 Post-Pleistocene distribution of the polar front in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lines represent the southern extent of sea surface temperature relating to the polar front. Numbers associated with each line are thousands of years before present. Whale movement from warm-water calving/breeding waters to cold productive feeding waters would have been similarly truncated toward the equator in the past. The equator-ward extension of cold water meant that productive seasons were probably longer in the past than at present due to increased hours of daylight.

As productive waters retreated pole-ward, cetacean distribution shifted accordingly, changing the overall lighting regime from more or less equal hours of dark and light to one with more hours of darkness in winter, with resultant gonadal suppression. In addition, production decreases in winter so there is no benefit to stay in colder waters.

Individuals need to move to a lighting regime that switches on the gonads. In migrating animals, a shift in the lighting regime on the feeding grounds may trigger migration toward the equator. As an individual approaches the equator, the hours of daylight per 24 hr increase. In addition, after December 21, the fewest hours of daylight in the Northern Hemisphere, and June 21, the fewest hours of daylight in the Southern Hemisphere, the number of hours of daylight per 24 hr begins to increase. The rate change in the lighting regime reaches its maximum at the equinoxes. Together, these result in reduced melatonin levels and restored gonadal activity, which triggers mating behavior. This may be a triggering mechanism in the evolution of migratory behavior in mysticetes.

Testosterone and its metabolites trigger migratory behavior in some animals. Male California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) spend the bulk of the year hauled out in large bachelor groups. By June, they have left their haul-outs in central and northern California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska and migrated to the Channel Islands off southern California. Here, breeding occurs as males set up territories and defend females against other males with whom they spend most of the year in relatively peaceful coexistence. Once migration back to the feeding grounds is triggered in July, an individual is exposed to increasing hours of daylight per 24 hr as it swims pole-ward. One benefit from such a signal is that it is invariant from year to year.

Curiously, the peak migration of gray whales is variable from year to year. The initiation of the southward migration to the breeding grounds may be linked to a change in foraging success or some other environment factor, such as the formation of sea ice. Individuals may be able to override these signals. Extended feeding seasons for baleen whales occur on occasion as prey are uncharacteristically available in late full. For example, blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) were observed feeding on euphausiids in late November in Monterey Bay, California. Whales generally leave the area in late September.

In some cases, not all members of a migratory species actually migrate in a given year. For example, in every location where minke whales (B. acutorostrata and B. bonaerensis) feed, individuals are observed in winter.

III. Orientation and Navigation

The mechanisms of orientation, plotting their location at any time, and navigation, directing movement from one location to another, are not known. Individuals are often seen in the same locations from one year to the next. In the interim, they have traveled thousands of kilometers, indicating that marine mammals use some type of cues for orientation and navigation between migratory destinations. Organisms tend to meander if they lack orientation and navigation cues. Therefore, marine mammals must know where they are at a given time (orientation) and where thev are going next (navigation).

At the initiation of migration, a direction must be selected. Advancing ice may simply eliminate certain directions as a choice, displacing individuals toward the equator. In higher latitudes, changes in sea conditions influence prev availability, which may also trigger the migratory response.

Cues may vary over time and the course of migration. For example, once migration is initiated, the only cue necessary is which overall direction to travel: north, south, east, or west. Celestial navigation has been suggested as one mechanism of navigation. In the north/south directions, the relative location of the sun in the skv can be monitored. This may be as simple as “keep sunrise on the left side when migrating to the breeding ground and on the right side when migrating to the feeding ground” or as complicated as estimating latitude as a function of position of the sun. Navigation by star location has also been suggested as a mechanism.

Another possible large-scale cue is the direction of a major current if an animal is moving against it. Near the equator in the Northern Hemisphere, western boundary currents move from south to north, while eastern boundary currents move from north to south. Coastal processes and minor currents cause the deformation of major currents at higher latitudes, resulting in the formation of gyres and eddies. Migrating whales may use these currents for a free ride.

Magnetite in the brains of some species has been implicated as a mechanism by which individuals could track changes in the earth’s magnetic field. Mass strandings often occur at the same location. These locations may have anomalies in the local earth’s magnetic field, which cause whales to become disoriented and strand. A tantalizing example of the possibility of using magnetic cues is seen in humpback whales (Megaptera no-vaeangline) migrating from Hawaii to Southeast Alaska. Tracks were within 1° of magnetic north.

At smaller scales, other cues could be used. For example, while mvsticetes do not have a true sense of smell, they do have a well-developed Jacobsen’s organ. This may allow them to “taste” differences in water mass composition. For example, freshwater from ice melt or riverine input might provide a “taste trail” to a rich feeding ground, as a lens of fresh water floats on denser salt water.

Routes to and from feeding and breeding grounds may be variable or essentially a retracing of the migratory path. Male humpback whales migrate south from the Gulf of Maine relatively far offshore, while the return trip is much closer to shore. Gray whales along the west coast of North America probably migrate between calving lagoons in Baja California and feeding grounds in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas by following contours of the coastline. Gray whales migrate along the same nearshore corridor in both migratorv directions. There is spatial or temporal segregation based on age class or gender. Northern elephant seals disperse from haul-out sites into the Gulf of Alaska: however, males go further north than females.

In cases where a baleen whale species has a sufficiently long lactation period, offspring can learn migration routes and feeding locations from their mothers. In instances where offspring are weaned prior to reaching the feeding grounds, offspring are left to make exploratory migrations in hopes of finding suitable feeding grounds. This may be one reason that populations of some minke whales are segregated according to age class.

IV. Physiology of Migration

Marine mammals have a suite of physiological adaptations for energy allocation and fasting, as well as storage and mobilization of fats to and from blubber stores. Fats are the most important energy source, as lipids hold more energy per unit weight than other forms. Lipids are also less bulky than protein or carbohydrates because no water is required for storage. During feeding on productive feeding grounds, hyperphagia promotes increased lipid synthesis, fat uptake, and rate of fatty acid synthesis. Storage of fats occurs when the supply in blood exceeds metabolic demand. Mobilization of fats occurs when the demand for energy in blood exceeds supply.

However, little is known about hormonal activity in relation to migratorv movements. Prolactin is a hormone responsible for promoting milk production and lactation in mammals. It has the effect of increased fattening in birds. If there were a similar effect on mammals, it would be of importance. For pinnipeds, where lactating females leave pups for one to a few days, increased fat storage for milk is vital. A lactating female mysticete on the feeding ground would store fat relatively faster. This would not only provide for milk for the offspring, but also help in restoring the female’s blubber laver for subsequent migration back to the breeding/calving grounds.

V. Effects of Migration

Marine mammals may have localized seasonal effects on their feeding grounds. For example, nutrient recycling may be enhanced locally in bays and inlets used by groups of feeding humpback whales in Alaska. Benthie feeders such as gray whales and walruses represent a disturbance mechanism to these communities. Disturbance opens areas for colonization and settlement of pelagic larvae of benthie species. Other coadaptations occur in barnacles living on gray whales that have timed spawning activities to coincide to when whales are in the calving lagoons. Whales, barnacles, and thus released gametes of barnacles are concentrated in limited areas.

VI. Metapopulation-Removal Migrations

Stock boundaries are delineated by mark and recapture analysis, genetic, biochemical, demographic differences, or other techniques. These differences give the impression of little or no flux of individuals between stocks. Evidence from photographic identification studies of humpback whales in the North Pacific Ocean suggests that some differences may be artificial as individuals move between stocks. Within an ocean basin, stocks can be viewed as a metapopulation, which is a number of populations connected by the dispersal of individuals between them. If a species is distributed into populations spread over a sufficiently large area, environmental conditions are more or less independent between areas; therefore a catastrophe in one area will not affect other populations. Dispersal reduces the risk of population extinction by minimizing the effects of chance environmental changes or changes in population demography. Further, genetic heterozygosity is maintained and the population is less likely to exhibit genetic problems.

A Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) metapopulation has been explored in Alaska. In the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, these sea lions have declined by 50% since the 1960s. However, Steller sea lions from Southeast Alaska south to Oregon have remained stable or slightly increased during this time. Evidence from Alaska and the Aleutian Islands suggests that fragmentation will occur, with rookeries being reduced in size and eventually becoming extinct. One reason for hope would be if the population in Southeast Alaska became a source of dispersers into the Aleutian population. The Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus) experienced a recent population decline with habitat fragmentation throughout its range. Large expanses of unsuitable habitat separate major pupping sites, with little chance of dispersal between the two remaining large populations, although each separate population may be viable over time.

VII. Migration, Movement, and the Future

One of the main reasons to construct models of movement and migration patterns is to develop descriptive and predictive models to study the effects of changing environmental conditions. Migration in marine mammals evolved within the context of constantly changing environmental conditions. Species had to adapt to deal with novel situations and conditions. A polar front in the Pleistocene as described earlier retreated at a rate that allowed individuals to adapt to its changing distribution. Climatologists predict that global temperatures will increase by as much as 4.5°C in the next century. While it is clear that marine mammals are capable of adapting to changing environments, they might not be able to adapt at a rate commensurate with that of the change in environmental conditions in the near future. The potential implications are profound, and the environmental effects are not entirely clear.

Global warming will likely have variable effects depending on latitude, with polar and temperate regions affected to a greater extent than more tropical areas. Because these areas represent feeding grounds for migratory as well as resident species, understanding these effects is of considerable importance. The effect on marine mammals will likely be through changes in the distribution of resources in space and time. Key to survival will be how individuals respond to changes in resource distribution over space and time, and how this affects reproductive success.

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San Agustín Archaeological Park

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requests Approved
10,400 USD
Total Amount Approved
ID Approved Date Title Step
747 December 21, 1995 Workshop to provide the terms of reference for a management plan for the Archaeological Park of San Agustin
Decision: Approved
Decision by: Chairperson
Approved Amount: 10,400 USD
Amount Implemented: 10,400 USD
Balance Available on Request: 0 USD
Decision Date: Dec 21, 1995
Previous Id: 1996-021
Type: conservation
Category: culture


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Social Media Marketing - PR vs SEO - Where Does it Fit? |

Social Media Marketing - PR vs SEO - Where Does it Fit?

Social Media Marketing - PR vs SEO - Where Does it Fit?

By Kevin Gibbons / September 9, 2009

There’s an interesting discussion in Communicate Magazine today asking where does social media marketing fit? Is this better suited for a PR agency or an SEO specialist?

Social Media Marketing
Image credit: Matt Hamm

There are some excellent arguments provided by both Andrew Girdwood for SEO and Abigail Harrison for PR. In theory, Abigail is completely right and should win this argument hands down – PR is about creative thinking and building publicity around excellent ideas. When successful, this earns the right to grab a large amount of attention, creating great brand awareness and potentially leading to huge profits for their clients.

But how does PR translate online?

I’m sure there are some great PR agencies out there, who really “get it” and understand how to integrate an offline marketing/PR campaign with an online and social media marketing strategy. Here are 50 PR and marketing experts on Twitter (some from an SEO background) who undoubtedly could make the transition to social media with little difficulty.

But in my (admittedly biased) opinion I would side towards Andrew’s point of view. Obviously this isn’t true for all PR agencies, but I’ve found that many have long been solely focused on offline promotion – aware of the potential of social media, online PR etc – but they seem to lack the understanding and knowledge of how to implement this as a strategy.

Plus without using social media on a day-to-day basis, they’re unlikely to have the connections and online community which is available to many SEO’s who are actively online and can instantly get the ball rolling to drive social media bookmarking votes, Twitter retweets, new Facebook fans, RSS subscribers etc.

Does this mean social media is an SEO campaign?

No, not entirely – and if I’m going to be fair, there are probably a lot of search marketing agencies who don’t get social media either. But in order to understand the type of stories which attract attention, find the most suitable social media audiences for specific content to be pushed and spotting the reason why your blog has 7 subscribers with a Digg button containing 2 votes for each story – I think SEO’s are generally better equipped to achieve this.

Why not use both?

As a search marketing agency, we’ve managed to do an excellent job of copywriting and promoting blog content for our clients. This has obviously stemmed from our own blogging experiences and knowledge picked up along the way. Blog marketing is a service which I think SEO agencies should be able to provide reasonably easily and hit the ground running in terms of blog setups, ideas for different social media audiences, content creation and promotion. In my opinion there’s no real need for a PR agency here, but they would be very useful when looking to reach local or national media for a creative post, interesting research/survey or breaking news story.

At the moment SEO’s may like to think they can be great at PR too, likewise PR agencies also want to do it all and smoothly move into online promotion. But let’s face it, the best SEO agency in the world would struggle to create a such an effective PR/marketing campaign as Compare the Meerkat (to be honest even most PR agencies would too). But at the same time, most PR agencies would struggle to do such a good job at integrating this online and promoting their clients using social media marketing. That’s without even considering how your search strategy plays a part!

So where do you think social media fits?

Judging by the responses I’ve seen so far, unsurprisingly it’s very mixed – with PR guys having the opinion that social media is a PR service and SEO’s thinking this is a digital marketing task. It would be interesting to see if anyone else thinks PR and SEO/digital could work well together, I could certainly see it heading that way in the future – if it’s not already.

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What? They didn't retire that for AJ. Lol

I lot of my favorite former White Sox players wore 12 like Steve Lyons, Julio Cruz and Jim Morrison. Even Soderholm.
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Monday, May 28, 2012

How Bad is Fructose? David Despain Interviews Dr. John Sievenpiper

In my article "Is Sugar Fattening?", I discussed a recent review paper on fructose, by Dr. John Sievenpiper and colleagues (1).  It was the most recent of several review papers to conclude that fructose is probably not inherently fattening in humans, but that it can be fattening if it's consumed to excess, due to the added calories.  Dr. Sievenpiper and colleagues have also written other papers addressing the metabolic effects of fructose, which appear to be fairly minor unless it's consumed to excess (2, 3, 4, 5).  The senior author on these studies is Dr. David Jenkins at McMaster University.  David Despain, a science and health writer who publishes a nice blog called Evolving Health, recently interviewed Dr. Sievenpiper about his work.

It's an interesting interview and very timely, due to the recent attention paid to fructose in the popular media. This has mostly been driven by a couple of high-profile individuals-- an issue they discuss in the interview.  The interview, recent papers, and sessions at scientific conferences are part of an effort by researchers to push back against some of the less well founded claims that have received widespread attention lately.

Monday, May 21, 2012

Lower Blood Pressure Naturally

Recently, Chris Kresser published a series on dietary salt (sodium chloride) and health (1).  One of the issues he covered is the effect of salt on blood pressure.  Most studies have shown a relatively weak relationship between salt intake and blood pressure.  My position overall is that we're currently eating a lot more salt than at almost any point in our evolutionary history as a species, so I tend to favor a moderately low salt intake.  However, there may be more important factors than salt when it comes to blood pressure, at least in the short term.

Thursday, May 17, 2012

Beyond Ötzi: European Evolutionary History and its Relevance to Diet. Part III

In previous posts, I reviewed some of the evidence suggesting that human evolution has accelerated rapidly since the development of agriculture (and to some degree, before it).  Europeans (and other lineages with a long history of agriculture)  carry known genetic adaptations to the Neolithic diet, and there are probably many adaptations that have not yet been identified.  In my final post in this series, I'll argue that although we've adapted, the adaptation is probably not complete, and we're left in a sort of genetic limbo between the Paleolithic and Neolithic state.

Recent Genetic Adaptations are Often Crude

It may at first seem strange, but many genes responsible for common genetic disorders show evidence of positive selection.  In other words, the genes that cause these disorders were favored by evolution at some point because they presumably provided a survival advantage.  For example, the sickle cell anemia gene protects against malaria, but if you inherit two copies of it, you end up with a serious and life-threatening disorder (1).  The cystic fibrosis gene may have been selected to protect against one or more infectious diseases, but again if you get two copies of it, quality of life and lifespan are greatly curtailed (2, 3).  Familial Mediterranean fever is a very common disorder in Mediterranean populations, involving painful inflammatory attacks of the digestive tract, and sometimes a deadly condition called amyloidosis.  It shows evidence of positive selection and probably protected against intestinal disease due to the heightened inflammatory state it confers to the digestive tract (4, 5).  Celiac disease, a severe autoimmune reaction to gluten found in some grains, may be a by-product of selection for protection against bacterial infection (6).  Phenylketonuria also shows evidence of positive selection (7), and the list goes on.  It's clear that a lot of our recent evolution was in response to new disease pressures, likely from increased population density, sendentism, and contact with domestic animals.

Monday, May 7, 2012

Beyond Ötzi: European Evolutionary History and its Relevance to Diet. Part II

In previous posts, I described how Otzi was (at least in large part) a genetic descendant of Middle Eastern agriculturalists, rather than being purely descended from local hunter-gatherers who adopted agriculture in situ.  I also reviewed evidence showing that modern Europeans are a genetic mixture of local European hunter-gatherers, incoming agricultural populations from the Middle East, neanderthals, and perhaps other groups.  In this post, I'll describe the evidence for rapid human evolution since the end of the Paleolithic period, and research indicating that some of these changes are adaptations to the Neolithic (agricultural/horticultural/pastoral) diet.

Humans have Evolved Significantly Since the End of the Paleolithic

Evolution by natural selection leaves a distinct signature in the genome, and geneticists can detect this signature tens of thousands of years after the fact by comparing many genomes to one another.  A landmark paper published in 2007 by Dr. John Hawks and colleagues showed that humans have been undergoing "extraordinarily rapid recent genetic evolution" over the last 40,000 years (1).  Furthermore:

Saturday, May 5, 2012

Media Appearances

Last October, I participated in a panel discussion organized by the Harvard Food Law Society in Boston.  The panel included Drs. Walter Willett, David Ludwig, Robert Lustig, and myself, with Corby Kummer as moderator.  Dr. Willett is the chair of the Harvard Department of Nutrition; Dr. Ludwig is a professor of nutrition and pediatrics at Harvard; Dr. Lustig is a professor of clinical pediatrics at UCSF; and Kummer is a food writer and senior editor for The Atlantic


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#580 - 02/25/14

One year today!

Claudia A. Fullerton

#579 - 02/25/14

My name is Minky, and I am a nicotine addict. I have stopped nicotine for 2 years, 1 hour, 30 minutes and 5 seconds (730 days). I've not smoked 10951 death sticks, and saved $2,257.23. I've saved 38 days and 34 minutes of my life.

I just had to stop by and thank Joel and all the people who helped me quit, and to encourage you all who are just starting to quit. It can be done!!

Smoke Free for Keeps!!

#578 - 02/24/14

One Year Today! Hello everyone. I haven't been on the board for a few months as I was finding it hard to keep up with a full time job, my AA activities and being on the forum regularly. But ... today is my 1st smoke free Birthday so I wanted to share that with everyone, to say thank you for all the support I had in my early days and also to offer hope to anyone who might be struggling.

I have had good days and challenging days (as is normal) but I haven't found it necessary to put nicotine in my body for 365 days, one day at a time:) I rarely think about cigarettes and when I do the thoughts are fleeting. I don't ever want to forget the last few months (or years) of my smoking life - I still read a few pages of John's book each morning or an article or two from Joel's library so that I don't forget to remember.

My life is so much richer - I handle stress much easier, I am 100% calmer and I look much younger! I also am running much further and am much fitter. Thank you everybody! Xx

Kay S

#577 - 02/24/14

One year ago today I put out my last cigarette.

Marcia Nyhuis Fromkin

#576 - 02/23/14

I started when I was 13 ... 13!! I look at a 13 year-old today and can't imagine them smoking. Then, I smoked 1 pack + a day for the next 30 years. I was also unfortunate enough to end up with a huge drinking problem as well. On nights I drank, it wasn't uncommon to smoke 2+ packs. The cigarettes always compromised the quality of my life and I knew it. It never "added" anything to my life except odor and an unhealthy feeling.

On a fateful day one year ago, almost to this day, I woke up hungover and miserable, as I had thousands of times before. But this time, something was different. I knew I couldn't go on like that anymore and somehow I knew that no matter what life threw at me from that moment forward, come hell or high water, there were 2 things I wouldn't be doing, and that's smoking or drinking. I wanted to live too badly and there was nothing left to do with those two but die. I had to reach an all time low before I stopped. I hope others can do it way before then.

#575 - 02/22/14

After 20 long years, today 22 February 2014, I can say I am 1 year-old in my smoke free life. Going cold turkey was the only true way for me. The only thing I truly regret is not doing it sooner. For all you ex-smokers congratulations and for those about to jump aboard, by all means do it.

E Mtz

#574 - 02/22/14

ONE YEAR TODAY!!!!! I almost forgot, hubby reminded me of the date!!

Tracey Gipe

#573 - 02/18/14

I year ago today I smoked my last cigarette ...smoke and nicotine!

Lynne Reilly

#572 - 02/18/14

One year without a single puff of smoke. I feel great knowing I don't have to rush to the store anymore to buy cigs whenever I run out, or frantically look for places where I can smoke, or feel dizzy, tired and out of breath, or hiding my nasty addiction to my loved ones.

Feels great to be finally free.

Carmichael Keane C. See

#571 - 02/17/14

This week marked my 2year no smoking anniversary. I quit cold turkey using a lot of info on the WhyQuit site. I quit after realizing that I could not quit for life, but I could quit for 4 days......4 days got the nicotine out of me and that THEN I could think rationally.

I stayed no smoking by facing every trigger I had face on. ASAP There were hundreds of them. I won't say it was easy but I can say it is incredibly do-able. Ask me anything ... except to borrow a cigarette.

Joseph Nova

#570 - 01/29/14

Thanks Joel and John for your magnificent free internet resources to assist nicotine addicts. I smoked on and off for 50 years, in my student years up to a pack a day but averaging about 12 a day for extended periods of years with intermittent times of not smoking, up to three years, but always taking it up again. I used to say "giving up smokes is easy, anyone can do it, it's staying off them that's really hard." But as Yul Brynner famously said after being diagnosed with fatal lung cancer "Whatever you do, don't smoke."

Reading your books and understanding something of cognitive behaviour therapy finally tripped the psychological switch for me. Admitting I was clinically a nicotine addict was the key. I've been smoke three for four months and although I've given up many times before only to resume, this time it feels completely different. For anyone reading this wanting to quit, if I can do it, you too can do it, admit you're an addict, then just NEVER TAKE ANOTHER PUFF.

The desire to smoke may still sometimes arise when "trigger" states of mind or some social circumstances occur but I always break through with a simple mantra of my own : "sucking poisonous fumes is not going to help, it'll only make things worse." Hope this helps.

Congratulations to all the Turkeys who have beaten Big Tobacco and Big Pharmaceutical without it costing you anything except self-education and willpower. Going Cold Turkey is cool!

Melbourne, Australia

#569 - 01/06/14

Just over a year for me. I tossed the butts December 29th 2013. I never thought I could do it, but It was done!

Peter Benko

#568 - 01/02/14

1 year ago I quit smoking. NTAP. Never looked back. If I did it you can do it!!!!

Susana Carpena

#567 - 01/01/14

Even after 24 years of smoking, I'm now 1 year smoke free, 10,000 cigarettes not smoked & $2200 saved. I still have cravings from time to time, but what a sense of accomplishment! I can now run 5 miles without feeling winded, my senses of taste and smell are so much better, circulation to my fingers and toes has improved, and my teeth are visibly whiter. A much better trade-off than the fleeting sense of (false) relief offered by cigarettes. For those of you quitting this New Years, I wish you the best of luck - it's SO worth it, so hang in there!!!

Jason Green

#566 - 01/01/14

Today I am one year nicotine free. If I can do it anyone can.

Jonathan Wilson

#565 - 01/01/14

I passed one year on 28th December 2013. It feels so good.

Alison Connick

#564 - 01/01/14

One year... Never thought I'd make it, never say it was easy, but the pride I feel inside tonight made it sooo worth it!

Maria Schamel-Atwood

#563 - 01/01/14

yeeeeeeey 1 year today ....365 days nicotine free..10,935 cigarettes not smoked.........thanks for all the support and encouragement throughout the year ........so one day at the time bring on year 2

Swampsnake Fiftyseven

#562 - 01/01/14

A year ago I had just past 11 days. I celebrated my success silently as I was closet smoker or so I thought. More accurately I was a smoker who lied to myself and others. I some how thought I didn't smell.

If you are a closet smoker and are starting your quit realize that others do know you are a smoker. If ready to admit to those around you then use this forum. I don't think I would have made it without the support and education of this forum. I'm still an addict but will always remember NTAP

Martin McCaffrey

#561 - 12/31/13

This 63 year old man who smoked for 49 years is proud to say that today I turned GOLD! Thanks to the knowledge on this site I knew what was coming and how to fight it. I am proof that age or length of time smoked doesn't matter. An addict is an addict at any age. My quit went pretty much according to the book. I read the new members starting out and I remember how hard it was for me also. I can only say please watch the videos and read some articules. Most importantly take advantage of the support here; it will get easier. 16000 cigarettes I did not smoke this year. 40 a day, it is possible! NTAP one day a a time, Thanks Turkeyville!

Bill Smith

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Page created January 2, 2014 and updated June 9, 2015 by John R. Polito


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Reporting Bugs

From Audacity Wiki
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Think you've found a bug in Audacity? Having trouble getting it to work? This page describes how to report this to the development team in a way that will help us find and fix the problem as quickly as possible.

Warning icon We are no longer accepting bug reports for the legacy Audacity 1.2.x or the 1.3.x series as these are now obsolete. Please use the latest 2.0.x version instead.

Here are examples of bad or useless bug reports that are likely to just be ignored:

*  "Audacity crashed! Please fix it."
*  "It isn't working properly. I have done everything I can."
*  "I can't hear anything"

If you want your bug report to be useful to us, read on.

1.  First, make sure your problem isn't merely an Audacity feature you haven't found yet! You can find immediate answers to many common questions on the Frequently Asked Questions in the Manual and on this Wiki. You can use the search box top right of the main Audacity website to search that website or the Wiki and Forum, or you can search this Wiki from the search box at the left hand side of any page.
2.  Next, please check your problem isn't already known about. Check the Release Notes for the current version of Audacity, plus the Known Issues page for known issues reported since the last release. Some problems are entirely specific to particular operating systems, so please check our pages for known Windows, Mac and Linux/Unix problems. It's also possible issues may come up that haven't yet made it to the Frequently Asked Questions or the Wiki. So please search our Forum. If you don't see your isssue, please consider registering on the Forum and asking our active user community for help directly. A lot of difficulties that arise turn out not to be bugs at all, and getting help will solve the problem.
Advanced users can also search Audacity Bugzilla for the complete current bug list. For information on using Bugzilla, see Bug Lists.
3.  If you've gone through the above steps without success, you may have found a bug we don't know about, so please tell us about it! Very often problems are only found and fixed when they are reported to us by users trying to do a particular task in Audacity. Please give us reports of possible bugs by sending an email to our feedback address . Please note that we won't necessarily reply, unless we need more information from you, but all reports will be investigated. Please include all the following six pieces of information in your bug report, so our developers can deal with the problem effectively with the minimum of correspondence:
* The exact three-digit version of Audacity you are running for example 2.0.2. You can always find this by clicking Help > About Audacity in the program (or Audacity > About Audacity if you are on a Mac computer).
* If not downloaded from our website, where you obtained Audacity from - for example was it purchased from some other website, bundled on a CD with a hardware product, or obtained from the distributor of your Linux/Unix operating system?
* What operating system you are running including the exact version (for example Windows XP, Windows 7, Mac OS X 10.6.2, Linux Ubuntu Precise).
* What exactly you are trying to do (for example, import a WAV audio file, use an effect, or record from a microphone attached to a mixer).
* What is preventing you doing that, including the exact text of any error messages given.
* If Audacity is crashing or freezing, please give us exact steps which always reproduce the crash on your computer (for example, open an AUP (Audacity Project) file, then use the "Amplify" effect). On Mac, a crash report will help us, as will a backtrace on Linux/Unix.

The above information will give us a good bug report to go on.

If you can give us more information...

With 1.3.12 and later we have a couple of important bugs which only show very occasionally and which we are particularly keen to track down. If you see these, and are pretty familiar with Audacity, some additional information could really help us. Let us know if you think there is something else that might be relevant to making the bug appear.

Please don't forget the standard information... we still need to know what operating system and what version of Audacity you were using (Help > About Audacity or Audacity > About Audacity on Mac).

(Bug 35) Crash on importing audio: We've heard of this happening when importing WAV and AIFF files.

  • What is the size of the file being imported in MB or GB?
  • What is your project rate bottom left of the Audacity window?
  • Did you copy in the WAV/AIFF or read it directly from source when Audacity asked (or how is this set in the Import / Export Preferences)?
    • If you "read directly", were you interacting with the waveform whilst the audio was loading?

(Bug 137) Potential issues when reopening saved projects. Not everyone will be affected, but we recommend exporting as WAV or AIFF for full safety before closing the project. Please help us if you see these issues so we can release a 2.0 version in the near future.

  • Projects reopen with any of "Missing Audio Data Block File(s)", "Problems Reading Sequence Tags" or "Orphan Block File(s)" errors. Silenced audio may result.
Warning icon
  • If you see these errors, we recommend choosing the options to "Treat missing audio as silence" or "Continue without deleting" the orphans.
  • Note: it is known that projects with more than 2^31 samples (just over 13.5 hours at 44100 Hz) will not re-open correctly. We don't need you to report this.
  • Projects reopen with silenced audio without warning. Various symptoms may be seen either after reopening the project, or may have already occurred when the project was last open. Please look out for these:
    • Errors saving a project or the autosave file, suggesting the disk may be full or not writable when there is no such problem (if this happens, try exporting the audio as WAV)
    • Unwanted renaming or moving of .au files within the project; multiple or duplicated .aup files or project folders appearing within the same project
    • Unexplained crashes or corrupted audio.

Please let us know whenever you see the errors or symptoms listed above. Are there any steps you took when the project(s) were previously open that could enable us to reproduce the problem? We believe having multiple projects open at once, having projects open in file manager programs or having a long project with many tracks are among the causes. Also do you have an virus checker enabled, if so, what brand/type?

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PTP/designs/rm extensions

< PTP | designs

The following sections detail some additional resource manager functionality that will be included in the 3.0 release of PTP.

Services Framework

RDT provides a services framework for configuring the various services required for remote project operation. It is proposed that this services framework be moved to a separate set of plugins at the top level: org.eclipse.ptp.services.core and org.eclipse.ptp.services.ui. The core plugin will provide the service and service provider extension point and interfaces. The UI plugin will provide a configuration wizard, wizard page templates, and configuration page templates.

Service Model

Service Configuration

Services Configuration Wizard

The PTP resource manager concept will be extended to include the management of all services that relate to resources required for application development. These will include:

  • Launch
  • Debug
  • Project location (filesystem)
  • Build
  • Indexing

A configuration wizard will provide a means of configuring all these services in one process. The following images show an example of how the configuration wizard will operate.

1. On entry, the wizard will display a standard page.

Wiz 1.png

2. The following pages will be contributed by the services. In this case, the project location service has contributed a wizard page that allows the user to select a local or remote project location.

Wiz 2.png

3. If the user selects a remote location, the wizard will display a page that allows the user to configure the remote location properties.

Wiz 3.png

4. The wizard will continue displaying pages for each service that has contributed wizard pages. Before the wizard completes, it will display a page that shows all services that have been configured, and allows the user to add and/or change the configuration of services. Selecting the "Configure..." button for a particular service will re-invoke the wizard pages for that service.

Wiz 4.png

Resource Manager View

The resource manager view displays the status of resource managers. It will be extended to display the status of all the services associated with the resource manager, in addition to the existing PTP concept of resource management (launch/monitoring). It will remain in the PTP core plugin.

Default Resource Manager

The view has been enhanced to support the notion of a "default" resource manager. The default resource manager can be used by tools that require access to the service configuration associated with the resource manager.

  • Adds "Select Default Resource Manager" to current context menu (enabled if RM is running)
  • The selected resource manager is annotated in the view
  • RM selection listeners can be registered, and are notified when a new default RM is selected
  • The method getSelected() returns null if no RM selected, otherwise returns selected RM
    • Default is no RM selected
  • Stopping a selected resource manager fires a selection event (with null) and returns to the default
  • The selected resource manager is persisted. When the resource manager is restarted:
    • It will be selected provided no other RM has been selected
    • The selection even will fire
    • If the RM fails to start due to an error, it will still remain the selected RM

RM selection interfaces are accessed from the PTPUIPlugin class by retrieving the RMManager.

PTPUIPlugin Class

public RMManager getRMManager()
Retrieve the RMManager class

RMManager Class

IResourceManager getSelected()
Return the currently selected RM, or null if no RM is selected
void addRMSelectionListener(IRMSelectionListener listener)
Add a listener that will be notified when an RM is selected
void removeRMSelectionListener(IRMSelectionListener listener)
Remove a listener that will be notified when an RM is selected

Resource Manager Configuration Extensions

  • The IResourceManagerConfiguration interface will be extended to provide persistent attribute information:
void put(String key, String value)
save the (key, value) pair in the resource manager configuration
String get(String key)
retrieve the value associated with the key from the resource manager configuration