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Electric generators at Grand Coulee Dam go online for the first time on March 22, 1941.

  • By Cassandra Tate
  • Posted 4/23/2011
  • HistoryLink.org Essay 9798

On March 22, 1941, two small service generators at Grand Coulee Dam go online for the first time, sending some 10,000 kilowatts of electricity into the Bonneville Power Administration’s transmission network. The generators were originally intended to produce power only for operations at the dam itself. They were "transformed from stand-ins to heroes" by demands for electricity by defense industries during World War II (The Seattle Times, March 23, 1941). An estimated 10,000 people assemble at the dam for ceremonies marking the symbolic unleashing of the nation’s largest hydroelectric facility. In contrast, there will be no hoopla -- no dignitaries, no bands, no crowds -- when the first of the dam’s 18 main generators goes into service on October 4, 1941, a date that marks the beginning of commercial power production at Grand Coulee.

Electric Horses

Grand Coulee Dam, located on the Upper Columbia River in Central Washington, was designed as an irrigation project in the 1920s and financed as a jobs program in the 1930s. The focus shifted to power production after the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, when the United States became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945) called "the arsenal of democracy." American manufacturers increased their production of planes, ships, and armaments for delivery to overseas Allies as well as for national defense. Engineers rushed to put generating equipment into place at Grand Coulee to meet the needs of Northwest defense industries, particularly the power-hungry aluminum industry. The production of aluminum, which was essential to airplane manufacturing at the time, requires huge quantities of electricity.

The dam was designed to include two power plants, each equipped with nine massive generators, each with a rated capacity of 108,000 kilowatts – enough to turn on all the lights in New York City. The service generators were located in the Left Powerhouse (so-named because it is located on the left side of the dam’s spillway), which was the first to be completed. A reporter thought they looked like toys compared to the behemoths that were lined up nearby. Nonetheless, "They started the horses of electric power galloping out of the Grand Coulee" (The Seattle Times, March 23, 1941).

Thousands of people crowded viewpoints around the damsite to watch the debut of the service generators. Bands played; dignitaries spoke; cameramen jostled for photos, and engineers readied the switches. Roosevelt, who had visited the dam twice before, did not attend but sent a congratulatory telegram. "This project will have served in two emergencies," he said, referring to the construction of Grand Coulee. "It served to provide much useful employment at a time eight years ago when it was important that we find at once a means of avoiding complete economic stagnation, and it will serve now to provide the power to make aluminum for airplanes and otherwise to speed our protective arms" (The New York Times, March 23, 1941).

Chief Jim James, a member of the San Poil tribe on the Colville Reservation, was on hand, wearing buckskins and eagle feathers. James had also participated in groundbreaking ceremonies at Grand Coulee on July 16, 1933. "Pride and humility mingle in our hearts today," he said. "We Red Americans are glad to join the White Americans to celebrate the beginning of generation of power" (The Seattle Times, March 23, 1941).

Governor Arthur B. Langlie (1900-1966) told the crowd that the dam would not only help meet defense needs but would give America a new frontier.

The generators were able to operate at only about half their capacity because there was not yet enough water behind the dam. Even so, the excitement was palatable. At 1:30 p.m., a switch was thrown and Units No. 1 and No. 2 began feeding kilowatts into a transmission line stretching 238 miles away to Bonneville Dam, headquarters for the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA). From there, the first trickle from Grand Coulee would become part of the stream of electricity flowing from BPA to towns, businesses, and industries around the Northwest. Meanwhile, outside the powerhouse, a band launched into "America the Beautiful."

Power Buckle of the Northwest

There were no bands, no message from the president, and no fanfare seven months later when the dam began producing real power for the outside world. The Seattle Times didn’t even send a reporter to cover the commissioning of the first main generator on October 4, 1941, relying instead on a brief wire service story. The account pointed out that the generator was larger by one-third than any other in service anywhere in the world at that time: 22 feet high, 45 feet in diameter, producing more than 100 megawatts of electricity an hour. An unnamed official from the Bureau of Reclamation was quoted as saying the generator would become "a prime factor in preserving the democratic way of life" (The Seattle Times, October 5, 1941).

But the New York Times gave the story only one paragraph, from the Associated Press, published two days after the generator was activated.

Five more generators were rushed to completion in the Left Powerhouse before the end of the war in 1945. The last of the 18 generators in the two original powerhouses went into service on September 14, 1951, giving Grand Coulee an installed capacity of 1,974,000 kilowatts and making it, for a while, the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.

A third powerhouse was completed in 1974. It was equipped with six generators that together more than doubled the output of the original 18. Newer dams in China, Brazil, Paraguay, and Venezuela have since pushed Grand Coulee to fifth largest in the world (as of 2011), but it continues to generate more electricity than any other dam in the United States.

Sources: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, "Lake Roosevelt: The Story of the Columbia Basin Project," National Park Service website accessed March 2011 (www.nps.gov); "First Power Flows from Coulee Dam," The Seattle Sunday Times, March 23, 1941, p. 1; Richard L. Neuberger, "Coulee Dam Spurs Aluminum Output: First Generators are Switched Into Operation at Mammoth Hydroelectric Project," The New York Times, p. E-10; "Coulee Dam Begins Producing Energy," Ibid., March 23, 1941, p. 28; United Press, "Vast Power of Coulee Dam Is Put Into Service," The Seattle Times, October 5, 1941, p. 1; Associated Press, "Grand Coulee Turns on Power," The New York Times, October 6, 1941, p. 13; HistoryLink.org Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Grand Coulee Dam" (by Cassandra Tate), http://www.historylink.org/ (accessed March 2011).

Related Topics:   Environment | Infrastructure | Rivers

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Leon v. Chase, Complaint, Superior Court for the State of California for the County of Los Angeles, Case No. BC 568553, 2015

Pleadings and Briefs

This case involves discrimination based on disability. The complaint, filed by the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF) against JPMorgan Chase and  individual co-defendants alleges discrimination on the basis of disability, failure to accommodate disability, failure to engage in the interactive process, violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act, and termination in violation of public policy.

According to the complaint, the HIV positive plaintiff had been a Chase employee since June 2010. In July 2012, after a physician recommended an adjustment in work schedule, the plaintiff requested an accommodation from Chase. Chase allegedly denied the doctor-ordered schedule modifications.

The plaintiff filed a discrimination charge with the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission, both of which issued notices of right-to-sue based on this claim.

PDF icon Leon v Chase 383.09 KB

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Hockey Headlines

Wednesday, 5 January 2011

Antler Banter: Volume 13

Antler Banter returns today after having celebrated a great 2010, and we look forward into 2011 as the AHL's Manitoba Moose push forward through their schedule. We'll look back at the year-ending and year-beginning games against the Chicago Wolves as well as the most recent two-game stand against the Abbotsford Heat. Four big games as we embark on this week's Antler Banter! Don't forget to check out the Moose website for all your Manitoba Moose news and information. If you're interested in attending a Manitoba Moose game, please click here for seating information, ticket pricing, and availability. The Moose close the "games in-hand" situation in this week's Hardcore Hockey!

Predator Or Prey?

The Moose welcomed their old IHL rvials in the Chicago Wolves to MTS Centre for their annual New Year's Eve game on December 30. Just as it has been in the past, another fun-filled night was hosted by the Moose as they battled the Wolves on the ice. Peter Mannino was the goaltender of choice for Chicago while Eddie Lack took to the nets for the Moose.

A defensive tandem gets the first nod on this evening as the pairing of Nolan Baumgartner and Mark Flood were on their games tonight. Baumgartner and Flood both recorded a goal and an assist, ended the night with a +2 rating each, and had a combined six shots from the blueline. Their only fault came on the powerplay late in the game when Chicago scored a goal, but they could hardly be faulted on the penalty kill for that goal. Both men played a very good game, and they really helped Eddie Lack on the night in both zones. Flood, as a bonus, received the second star of the game!

How about that Marco Rosa guy? He was invisible for all of October and November for the most part, but has sprung back to life in the lineup as he recorded another goal and an assist with a +1 rating. Rosa has been playing much better in the offensive zone while still contributing in the defensive zone. Being a veteran player, it is expected that he would lead the team once again, and it appears he's rounding into form, albeit at the turn of the new year, once again.

Eddie Lack looked very sharp, and nearly earned another shutout had it not been for a Mark Matheson goal with three seconds remaining. Lack made a number of spectacular saves on the night, including several with his glove, to deny the Wolves on a number of chances. Lack was definitely deserving of his first star designation in this game.

Close the books on 2010, kids, as the Moose hung another win on the standings with a 4-1 victory over the Wolves. The Moose are making these games in-hand on the rest of the division count, and these points will go a long way down the stretch when every team is battling for an extra point or two. Good on the Moose for a big non-divisional win! With the win, the Moose improve to 18-10-4 on the season!

Wolves Bite Back

The second game of the two-game series went Saturday, and the Moose were looking to open the 2011 calendar year in the same way they ushered out 2010: a win. The Wolves were looking to bounce back after a lacklustre first game in Winnipeg, and they sent former Moose 'tender and current Moose killer Drew McIntyre to the nets. Manitoba responded with Eddie Lack once again, so the stage was set for another battle between these rival teams.

Manitoba's powerplay continues to click after going through a lengthy dry spell. The Moose powerplay converted one of three opportunities tonight, and continues to look dangerous while playing with the extra attacker. Good teams make their opponents pay when they take penalties, and the Moose are starting to make that happen with some regularity.

Sergei Shirokov had another strong game as he notched his tenth goal of the season and finished the night with a +1 rating. The speedy Russian looked dangerous whenever he was around the puck, and he ended the game with a team-high three shots. Shirokov's play is continually improving - a strong sign of the coaching staff's confidence in him.

The Wolves played much better than they did the night before, limiting Manitoba to a season-low 16 shots during the game. The Moose did capitalize on two of those shots, but their lack of pucks on net hurt them in this one as the Chicago Wolves skated to a 3-2 victory. With the loss, the Moose fall to 18-11-4 on the season.

Putting The Heat On The Heat

The Moose visited Abbotsford, British Columbia on Monday as they began a two-game series against the Abbotsford Heat in a divisional match-up. I've made it clear here on Antler Banter that divisional games are of the utmost importance in terms of earning points, so these games against the Heat were of some importance in the standings. Tyler Weiman got the start for the Moose, and the Heat sent Matt Keetley out to guard the twine.

Mario Bliznak had himself a good night as he posted a goal and an assist against the Heat. However, the checking centerman played himself into a +3 rating to lead the team. Bliznak doesn't light the scoresheet on fire often, but his overall play on Monday night was one of his better games this season. Bliznak is always a plucky competitor, but this kind of contribution makes a world of difference for the Moose's overall success.

I've spoken about Marco Rosa's re-awakening above, and he continued his solid play against the Heat as he notched a shorthanded goal on the evening. With a delayed penalty, Weiman went to the bench to even up the offensive skaters on the ice. It wasn't long before Nolan Baumgartner threaded a pass through to Rosa who found some room on the top shelf to put the puck. Shorthanded goals kill teams that are trailing, so kudos to the Moose for essentially driving the nail into the coffin midway through the second period.

Tyler Weiman certainly deserves some credit for his solid play as he stopped all 27 shots he faced in his first game in some time. Head coach Claude Noel elected to ride the hot goalie in Eddie Lack, but Weiman showed that he was ready to step in when Lack needed a break. Weiman earned his first AHL shutout this season with his solid play, making an incredible 17 saves in the third period alone!

The Moose stomped the Heat's fire out as they blanked the home team by a 4-0 score. The Herd grabbed an important two points in the opener of this two-game series, and will look to add another crucial two points tomorrow night. With the win, the Moose improve to 19-11-4 on the season.

Dare I Say "En Fuego"?

The Moose and Heat renewed their division rivalry on Tuesday as the Heat looked to bounce back after being shut out the night before. The Moose looked to continue their winning ways as they aimed to improve their standing in the AHL's North Division. Claude Noel rode the hot goalie again, letting Tyler Weiman start his second straight game. Leland Irving took to the nets for the Heat.

It's easy to give Sergei Shirokov a mention after scoring the overtime winner in this game, but Shirkov's two games in Abbotsford have been his best back-to-back series of the season in my estimation. Shirokov scored the game-winner on the powerplay in overtime, but he put four shots on Irving during the evening and looked dangerous every time he touched the puck yet again. Remember that Hodgson guy? Shirokov has stepped up in a big way to fill the scoring void, and his defensive game is getting better each and every day.

Defenceman Kevin Connauton put a show on for the Vancouver Canucks' scouts in the crowd when he picked up a loose puck in the neutral zone, swooped in on Irving, and roofed a backhander that had more than a few people in the crowd applauding. Connauton may not be ready to make the jump to the Canucks yet, but the young Moose defender is showing that he's making strides in the AHL, and that's good for him in the long run. Defensively, Connauton didn't really stand out, but that's also a sign that he's doing his job well in his own zone.

Tyler Weiman had another strong game as the Moose needed an extra 33 seconds on top of the regular 60 minutes to earn a victory. Shirokov's powerplay goal in overtime propelled the Moose to a 2-1 overtime win, giving them four points over the Heat in the two games. With the win, the Moose improve to 20-11-4 on the season, and are the hottest team in the AHL right now at 8-1-1 in their last ten games!

Former Beasts Of The East

The Moose have a pair of games at MTS Centre against the Hershey Bears on Friday and Saturday this week. The Bears are surprisingly in fourth-place in the AHL's East Division, trailing first-place Wilkes-Barre/Scranton by 13 points! However, they sit a mere two points behind the second-place Charlotte Checkers, so the Bears still have the talent to be dangerous.

The Moose need to continue to play as well as they have over the last ten games. Defensively, the Moose have been using a seven-man unit on the blueline with Joel Perrault being hurt in Abbotsford. This unit has worked very well in keeping opponents at bay, and they'll need to bring their A-game against the Bears. Points against non-divisional teams will come in handy down the stretch, so there's only one thing to say: DO IT!

Until next time, keep your sticks on the ice!

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Oct. 3rd, 2010

Thoughts on culture...

      So, I went to the Greek Festival with my volleyball team last night. As we watched kids our age doing traditional greek dances, I was acutely aware of my own lack of culture. As a non-religious, white American, there's nothing I can really can call "part of my heritage." All holidays that could remotely fall into that category (Christmas, Thanksgiving, etc.) have become such market holidays that they aren't really part of one culture anymore. Because immigrants, when coming to America, tended to adopt English customs, I think of such customs as national, regardless where you came from. There's no traditional garb or song or dance that I feel particularly connected to. Maybe I'm just so used to English culture that it doesn't seem very special anymore. Whee, the waltz, the suit. Englishmen were stiffs.

    I don't know. It's not really a big deal, but I was feeling rather generic.

Sep. 1st, 2010

    A small bird flew into our window today. I watched it ricochet off the glass and land on our back porch. It sat there, befuddled, blinking. I watched it for a few minutes, waiting for it to gather its wits and fly away. But it just sat there, little and yellow and confused.

    I ran downstairs to grab a box, hoping it would still be there when I returned. Stuffing a dish towel into the container, I ran outside as it started to drizzle. I put on a glove and slowly kneeled beside it. Putting my hand around it, I waited for it to struggle, but it let me scoop it into the box without a sound.

   I brought the bird back inside and waited for my dad to come home. While making myself a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, I watched the little bird. If it heard a loud noise it would look around, but mostly it would rest with closed eyes. As I began to eat my sandwich, the power went out. The rain came down harder and I was glad we were both inside.

   Dad came home a few minutes later. He fastened some clamps to our porch, under an overhang, and we rested the box on top of them, lashing the box down with a bungee cord. As I got ready for volleyball, he asked, "If it doesn't make it, would you like me to tell you it flew away, or the truth?"

  The truth, I replied, even though I knew he was kidding.

   When my parents picked me up, they told me it had flown away after all. I'm glad, even though a part of me says some other calamity will befall it tomorrow. I felt like I had done something that mattered. I hope the bird thinks so too.

Aug. 31st, 2010

YA grin

Gold Edition

Badges: 0

Capone, Cyndaquil, Lv. 9
Raja, Sentret, Lv. 6
Jasper, Spearow, Lv. 7
Morgan, Caterpie, Lv. 6
Zuzu, Zubat, Lv. 4

   Yes, we're a young squad, but we will do great things! A youth with long, red hair (my rival, Axel) is out being a dick and it's up to us to slap some sense into him. I haven't lost anyone yet and I don't intend to any time soon. LEVEL CRUNCHING TIME.

   Also, if anyone has a nickname suggestion, I'm open to it. I'm bound to run out of ideas soon!

Let's try this again.

   Dang, I suck. Lost Rambo in my battle with May, caught a Roselia, lost her in my battle against Wally, and died while fighting a Psychic. Game Over.

Kirk has not lost hope though. It's back to Johto, where, armed with Capone the Cyndaquil, he faced the challenge again. Professor Elm has a job for him...

Aug. 30th, 2010

YA hug

Fuck yeah, new team member.

Badges: 2

Rambo, Lv. 17 Beautifly
Helga, Lv. 12 Magikarp

and introducing...
MELVIN, Lv. 13 Gulpin

Okay, he is just a giant stomach, but he can actually attack, unlike Helga. PLEASE EVOLVE YOU STUPID FISH. Or at least learn Tackle...

Busted up Team Aqua harassing some engineers. Suckers, beat by a giant butterfly. WHAT NOW?

The body count increases...

R.I.P. Hive Queen. You had so much potenial. And could Cut and Flash. Damn.

   And with only two pokemon, one a useless fish, Kirk enters Slateport City.
horse-drawn carriage

Pokemon has sucked me in, again.

     I've taken on the Nuzlocke challenge guys. For those of you who don't know, the Nuzlocke challenge originated with this webcomic: www.nuzlocke.com/. It consists of two basic rules:

1) If a pokemon faints, you must release it. It has, for all intents and purposes, died.
2) You may only catch one pokemon per area, and it must be the first one you encounter. If you accidentally knock it out or it sucks, too bad.
   The purpose of this is to make the game a little more fun and challenging, as well as to force you to catch pokemon you may not normally want and develop a bond with them. You should nickname all of your pokemon to further the latter goal.

    I've undergone the challenge in Pokemon Sapphire, as a male trainer named Kirk (because I can). I'm a little ways into the game and I've discovered that I'm a slightly reckless trainer. Sadly, I've already lost four pokemon: Skiver, my Zigzagoon; Maria, my Whismur; Alpha, my Poochyena; and Flamish, my Marshtomp. Yes, I killed my starter. I'm horrible.

    Now I have three pokemon on my team, as well as the first two badges. My pokemon are Hive Queen, the Nincada (lv. 11); Helga, the Magikarp (lv. 9); and Rambo, the Beautifly (lv. 12). I'm outside of Dewford Town, working my way through the Granite Cave to deliver a letter to Steve. I already lost my chance a pokemon when I encounter an Abra. Stupid Teleport.

    Anyway, I'm going to write about my journey, I suppose, because I never post about anything. If you feel so inclined (to procrastinate) feel free to join me and take on the challenge yourself!

Jun. 25th, 2010

East Coast Visit, Day Seven

I've been in New Haven. Leaving for New York tomorrow. Hopefully we'll see some shows!

I've decided to apply to Harvard. The tour and info session really impressed me. But, we'll see whether or not I get in.

On my trip, for the first time, I've 1) gone into a comic book shop/ bought comics, and 2) sat at a bar!

Exciting times :)

Jun. 20th, 2010

East Coast Trip Day 2

Hello LiveJournal, long time no post. As some of you may know, I'm in Cambridge right now. My parents and I are looking at colleges on the east coast. We've just been hanging out so far, but the plan is to visit Tufts tomorrow and take a tour of Harvard the next day (we've been walking around Harvard a lot, but we decided to take an actual tour as well). After that...more colleges, but I don't know the order for sure.

Cambridge is pretty darn cool. Well not literally, it's been hot and humid apart for a thirty-second rainstorm earlier today. But I like the people. You can't go three feet without being a stone's throw from a street musician. Also, at least half of the conversations I overheard were in other languages, which just made me smile.

One of the biggest highlights so far has definitely been the Harvard Museum of Natural History. The animals they have on display will blow your mind. I was pretty much just freaking out the whole time because of how freaking amazing the earth is. It was incredible.

In other news, I finally finished Xenocide, by Orson Scott Card, after reading it for what feels like four months. I also started and finished Ender's Shadow, which was phenomenal. I guess that's what happens when you actually have time on your hands.

Anyway, I hope everyone's having a great start of the summer and a lovely Father's Day. I hope to see everyone sometime this summer!

Mar. 10th, 2010

kiba underwear

My house just got a new dishwasher. Usually I am quite adverse to change, however, I am rather more adverse to washing dishes again after taking them out of the dishwasher. That's just stupid...

I also drove by myself for the third time since I got my license on Monday (the first two times were to and from volleyball practice in the dark and the rain). While I am a functioning driver, I'm not so great at knowing where I am or the general layout of the surrounding area. So, when attempting to get back on an awkward street that starts two-way, but becomes one-way, I ended up driving in boxy zigzags for a while. BUT I FIGURED IT OUT EVENTUALLY.

Also, I am taking the SAT on Saturday.

Previous 10


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I won't do your donkey work for you Ebay 2005-03-18

Yesterday I got a phishing scam in my mailbox, purporting to be from Ebay, and requesting me to confirm my cardnumber. Apart from the obvious scam alert that was immediately ringing in my ears on reading "confirm" and "card number", I've never even used Ebay (yes, I'm one of those people).

Nice as I try to be, though, I generally make a quick attempt at forwarding the mails to whichever company they pretend to be, to help them get it stopped. So in Ebay's case I tried forwarding it to [email protected], assuming that was a reasonable choice. Not being directly affected to this, I wasn't

Apparently so must other people, because they have an autoresponder there. However I was less than pleased with the response:

If you received this message after attempting to report an email that
appears to have come from eBay but actually directs you to another
you must forward the message to us again by using the forward function
of your email program. Make certain that [email protected] is in the "to"
field. Do not alter the subject line, add text to your message or
forward the email as an attachment.

Now, I can understand that they have a preferred address to receive this to, but they are already receiving mail to [email protected], and I'd think phishing scams would be one of the best candidates for an address like that.

They're also telling me not to alter the subject line, add text to the message or forward it as an attachment, all of which will require me to change settings on my mail program to forward this to them, this before a human has looked at the damn message I sent

If I were to spend time doing this for all the junk I receive, I'd never be doing anything else. I'm happy to forward a message to them. I'm not happy to do it twice and jump through hoops to warn them about something that doesn't affect me in the least.

Looking at Ebay's homepage, there is a link to their "security center" as the only obvious alternative. However, going through that link brings you to multiple choice hell, after which you're kindly prompted to log in or register. I'm not going through their security links because I want to be an Ebay user - I'm going through it to report a fraud problem.

So from now on, whenever I receive a mail claiming to be from Ebay, I'll click the "spam" button in my mail client and hopefully it will soon be trained to give Ebay the same automated treatment they gave me.

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Home » Archive

Articles tagged with: Fear Factory

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[5 Feb 2017 | No Comment | ]

Santiago, Chile based metal band Half Blood have released the second single, “Adamas”, off of their debut, eponymous full length EP. Due to release mid 2017, Half Blood is self-produced with vocal production by Logan Mader (Gojira, Cavalera Conspiracy, Fear Factory).

“Adamas” means “unconquerable, invincible,” from ancient Greek, and the song is all about living your convictions, being yourself without compromise. Be honest to yourself and with the people around you. – Manuel Castillo (Vocals)
About Half Blood:
HALF BLOOD was created in late 2014 when Manuel Castillo (ex-Dissors) and Pablo Abatte (Nueve Círculos) began the search for a new live and studio, professional sound. Javier Contreras (ex-Dissors) later …

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[19 Apr 2013 | No Comment | ]
Fear Factory – Denver

There are some bands that are so solid you know you are going to be amazed every time you see them. Fear Factory is one of those bands. Although being hit with a monster blizzard diehard fans still managed to make it out. FF was joined by local acts Kill Syndicate and Moth. Photos by Matthew Zinke of Matthewknowsphotos

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[23 May 2012 | No Comment | ]
Fear Factory Concert Pics and Exclusive Video Interview with Dino Cazares

I have heard this album and it is packed with neck wrecking industrial ingenuity. It’s way too early to start naming “Albums of the Year” but I am definitely slapping The Industrialist on the board for future reference.

Cover Features, Who's Hot! »

[20 Jul 2010 | No Comment | ]
Dino Cazares:  The Riff Master

A master of his craft who has manifested his own signature sound, guitarist Dino Cazares has not only demonstrated how ardent his passion is for music, but also unparalleled work ethic.

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[19 May 2010 | No Comment | ]

After a successful winter tour that they were personally invited to perform on by Dez Fafara of Devil Driver, Providence Rhode Island’s THY WILL BE DONE arehitting the road again on another US tour.

Cover Features, Who's Hot! »

[28 Feb 2010 | 3 Comments | ]
Fear Factory: Mechanized and On The Move

The first time I heard Fear Factory I was working in a cube farm for one of those soul assimilation companies. I remember putting Fear Factory’s second album Demanufacture in the CD player and slapping on the head phones and having a 45 minute HOLY SHIT! moment.


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Monday, August 03, 2015

More Than 100 Nazi Extermination Remarks, 1939-1944 (Updated Chronological List)

Author: Jonathan Harrison
1) Wetzel and Hecht, 25.11.39: "We are indifferent to the hygienic fate of the Jews. Also for the Jews the basic principle is valid, that their propagation must be curtailed in every possible way." [Die Frage der Behandlung der Bevoelkerung der ehemaligen polnischen Gebiete nach rassenpolitischen Gesichtspunkten, 25.11.39, NO-3732].

2) Koppe, 18.10.40: "[The] so-called Sonderkommando Lange, assigned to me for special tasks, was detached to Soldau in East Prussia from 21 May to 8 June, 1940, as per agreement with the Reich Main Security Office [RSHA]. During this period, it successfully evacuated 1,558 mental patients from the Soldau transit camp" [source].

3) Goebbels 31.1.41: "Mit Bouhler Frage der stillschweigenden Liquidierung von Geisteskranken besprochen. 40000 sind weg, 60000 müssen noch weg. Das ist eine harte, aber auch notwendige Arbeit. Und sie muß jetzt getan werden. Bouhler ist der rechte Mann dazu" [source].

4) Staatssekretäre meeting, 2.5.41: "There is no doubt that as a result many millions of people will be starved to death if we take out of the country the things necessary for us” [Aktennotiz über Ergebnis der heutigen. Besprechung mit den Staatssekretären über Barbarossa, 2.5.41, 2718-PS, IMT XXXI, pp.84-85, English translation in NCA V, p.378; cf. Alex J. Kay, ‘Germany's Staatssekretäre, Mass Starvation and the Meeting of 2 May 1941’, Journal of Contemporary History, 41/4, October 2006, pp.685-700]

5) Backe, 23.5.41: "This will inevitably result in an extinction of industry as well as of a large part of the people...” [Wirtschaftspolitische Richtlinien für die Wirtschaftsorganisation Ost vom 23.5.1941, erarbeitet von der Gruppe Landwirtschaft, 23.5.41, EC-126, IMT XXXVI, pp.135-57. English translation in NCA, VII, pp.295-306, here p.305].

6) Hitler, 16.7.41:
Nobody shall be able to recognize that it initiates a final settlement. This need not prevent our taking all necessary measures - shooting, resettling, etc. - and we shall take them.

But we do not want to make any people into enemies prematurely and unnecessarily. Therefore we shall act as though we wanted to exercise a mandate only. At the same time we must know clearly that we shall never leave those countries" [Vermerk über die Besprechung am 16.7.1941, L-221, IMT XXXVIII, pp.86-94, here p.87; English translation NCA VII, pp.1086-1093, here pp.1086-1087]
7) Höppner 16.7.41:
4. This winter there is a danger that not all of the Jews can be fed anymore. One should weigh honestly, if the most humane solution might not be to finish off those of the Jews who are not employable by means of some quickworking device. At any rate, that would be more pleasant than to let them starve to death.

5. For the rest, the proposal was made that in this camp all the Jewish women, from whom one could still expect children, should be sterilized so that the Jewish problem may actually be solved completely with this generation [source and German scan].
8) Heydrich 17.7.41: "Above all, the following must be discovered: all important functionaries of State and Party, especially professional revolutionaries . . . all People’s Commissars in the Red Army, leading personalities of the State . . . leading personalities of the business world, members of the Soviet Russian Intelligence, all Jews, all persons who are found to be agitators or fanatical Communists. Executions are not to be held in the camp or in the immediate vicinity of the camp . . . The prisoners are to be taken for special treatment if possible into the former Soviet Russian territory [502-PS; scan of German text]."

9) Goebbels 20.7.41:
Just as the fist of an awakened Germany has struck this racial filth, the fist of an awakened Europe will surely follow. Mimicry will not help the Jews then. They will have to face their accusers. The court of the nations will judge their oppressor.

Without pity or forgiveness, the blow will strike. The world enemy will fall, and Europe will have peace [source and source].
10) Himmler, 1.8.41: "Explicit order from the R[eichs]F[ührer-]SS: All Jews must be shot, drive Jewish women into the swamps" [source, p.138].

11) Goebbels citing Hitler 20.8.41: "But I will not rest or be idle until we too have gone all the way with the Jews" (Goebbels' diary in Browning, p.320).

12) Hübner 5.9.41: "we don’t treat the Jews with kid gloves the east already many a Jew no longer lives" (source here).

13) Deutche Zeitung in der Niederlanden, Nr. 98, 10.9.41, p.2: "Dieser teuflische Plan entpuppt such bei naeherem Zusehen als ein Vernichtungsfeldzug gegen die Wolgadeutschen. Ihre planmaessige Ausrottung ist das Ziel die Gewalthaber in Kreml [source]."

14) Voelkische Beobachter, 11.9.41, p.1 (VB 254), headline: "Die Wolgadeutschen sollen nach Sibirien verbannt werden. Unter dem Vorwand der "Umsiedlung" voellige Ausrottung der letzten 400 000 Bauern deutscher Abstammung" cited in Wolfram Meyer zu Uptrup, Kampf gegen die "jüdische Weltverschwörung" : Propaganda und Antisemitismus der Nationalsozialisten 1919 bis 1945. Berlin: Metropol, 2003, p.387 (courtesy of Nick Terry).

15) Rosenberg 12.9.41: "Stalin now was also going to expel the remaining 400,000 Volga Germans to Siberia, that is, to murder them" [source].

16) Wolfgang Diewerge, Das Kriegsziel der Weltplutokratie. Dokumentarische Veröffentlichung zu dem Buch des Präsidenten der amerikanischen Friedensgesellschaft Theodore Nathan Kaufman “Deutschland muß sterben” (“Germany must perish”) (Berlin: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1941):
Who Should Die — Germans or Jews?

Here a modest point may be permitted: There are about 20 million Jews in the world.

How would it be if one wanted to treat 20 million Jews according to the proposal of their racial comrade Kaufman rather than 80 million Germans? Then peace would certainly be assured. For the Jew is the troublemaker, the warmonger, everywhere in the world [source and source].
17) Rasch, 17.9.41: "There is only one possibility, which the German administration in the General Gouvernement has not sufficiently understood for a long time, the solution of the Jewish problem by extensive labor utilization of the Jews. This will result in a gradual liquidation of the Jews, a development which corresponds to the economic conditions of the country." [source].

18) EM 101, 2.10.41: "Sonderkommando 4a in collaboration with Einsatzgruppe HQ and two Kommandos of police regiment South, executed 33,771 Jews in Kiev on September 29 and 30, 1941"

19) Hitler, 6.10.41: Jews of Vienna and Berlin "verschwinden" [source].

20) Reichenau, 10.10.41: "Therefore the soldier must have full understanding for the necessity of a severe but just revenge on subhuman Jewry. The Army has to aim at another purpose, i.e. the annihilation of revolts in hinterland, which, as experience proves, have always been caused by Jews [source and source]."

21) Alnor, 11.10.41: "Especially the shooting of women and children, who sometimes had to be taken to the execution site screaming, has been the source of general horror. The rather compliant mayor of Libau […] appeared personally before me and pointed out the agitation throughout the city. Also officers asked me if this cruel manner of executing even children was necessary. In any cultured state and even in the Middle Ages it was not allowed to kill pregnant women. Here even that was not taken into consideration.[…] I am of the opinion that this will one day turn out to be a serious mistake. Unless one also liquidates thereafter all elements participating therein. (Es sei denn, dass man alle dabei mitwirkenden Elemente auch anschlieβend liquidiert)[Bericht des Gebietskommissars Libau, gez. Alnor, an den Generalkommissar Lettland, Drechsler, 11.10.1941, VEJ 7, pp.556-57 (Dok. 200), translation by Roberto Muehlenkamp here].

22) Richter file memo, Bucharest, 17.10.41 (enclosed in 3319-PS): "According to information today from director General Lecca, 110,000 Jews are being evacuated from Bukovina and Bessarabia into two forests in the Bug River Area. As far as he could learn, this action is based upon an order issued by Marshal Antonescu. Purpose of the action is the liquidation of these Jews." (PS-3319, NCA VI, p.34 and IMT Ninety-Second Day: Wednesday, 27th March, 1946 (Part 2 of 10))

23) Hitler, 21.10.41: "By exterminating this pest, we shall do humanity a service of which our soldiers can have no idea [source]."

24) Wurm 23.10.41:
Dear Party Comrade Rademacher!
On my return trip from Berlin I met an old party comrade, who works in the east on the settlement of the Jewish question. In the near future many of the Jewish vermin will be exterminated through special measures (source note 82).

25) Hitler, 25.10.41: "This criminal race has the two million dead from the World War on its conscience, now again hundreds of thousands. No one can say to me: we can't send them in the morass! Who then cares about our people? It is good if the terror we are exterminating Jewry goes before us." [source and source]

26) Wetzel, 25.10.41: "As things now are, there are no objections if the Jews who are not capable of work, are eliminated with the Brackian remedy" [source].

27) Wagner, 13.11.41: "non-working prisoners of war in the prison camps are to starve" [Gerlach, Kalkulierte Morde, p.801, citing AOK 18 Chef des Stabes, Merkpunkte aus der Chefbesprechung in Orscha am 13.11.41, NOKW-1535].

28) Lohse, 15.11.41:
I have forbidden the unauthorized ("wild") executions of Jews in Libau because the manner in which they were carried out was irresponsible.

Will you please inform me whether your inquiry of October 31 should be interpreted as a directive to liquidate all the Jews in Ostland ? Is this to be done regardless of age, sex, and economic requirements (for instance, the Wehrmacht's demand for skilled workers in the armament industry)? Of course the cleansing of Ostland of Jews is a most important task; its solution, however, must be in accord with the requirements of war production. [source].
29) Goebbels 16.11.41: "The Jews are receiving a penalty that is certainly hard, but more than deserved. World Jewry erred in adding up the forces available to it for this war, and now is gradually experiencing the destructon that it planned for us, and would have carried out without a second thought if it had possessed the ability. It is perishing according its own law: “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”" [source and source].

30) Goering, 11.41: "This year, 20 to 30 million people will die of hunger in Russia. Perhaps it is a good thing that this is happening, because certain peoples must be decimated" [source].

31) Rosenberg 18.11.41: "In the east some six million Jew still live, and this question can only be solved in a biological eradication of the entire Jewry of Europe. The Jewish question is only solved for Germany when the last Jew has left German territory, and for Europe when not a single Jew lives on the European continent up to the Urals. ...for this reason it is necessary to expel them over the Urals or eradicate them in some other way" (source).

32) Hitler, 28.11.41: "Germany's objective would then be solely the destruction of the Jewish element residing in the Arab sphere under the protection of British power." [source]

33) Hitler 1.12.41:
Now, he who destroys life is himself risking death. That's the secret of what is happening to the Jews. Whose fault is it when a cat devours a mouse? The fault of the mouse, who has never done any harm to a cat?

This destructive role of the Jew has in a way a providential explanation. If nature wanted the Jew to be the ferment that causes peoples to decay, thus providing these peoples with an opportunity for a healthy reaction, in that case people like St.Paul and Trotsky are, from our point of view, the most valuable.

By the fact of their presence, they provoke the defensive reaction of the attacked organism. Dietrich Eckart once told me that in all his life he had known just one good Jew : Otto Weininger, who killed himself on the day when he realised that the Jew lives upon the decay of peoples.

It is remarkable that the half-caste Jew, to the second or third generation, has a tendency to start flirting again with pure Jews. But from the seventh generation onwards, it seems the purity of the Aryan blood is restored. In the long run nature eliminates the noxious elements.

One may be repelled by this law of nature which demands that all living things should mutually devour one another. The fly is snapped up by a dragon-fly, which itself is swallowed by a bird, which itself falls victim to a larger bird. This last, as it grows old, becomes a prey to microbes, which end by getting the better of it. These microbes, in their turn, find their predestined ends.

If we had more powerful microscopes, we would discover new worlds. In the absolute, moreover, nothing is either great or small. Things are big or little by the standard one selects.

What is certain, in any case, is that one cannot change anything in all that. Even a man who takes his own life returns finally to nature—body, soul and mind.

The toad knows nothing of his previous existence as a tadpole, and our own memory serves us no better as regards our own previous state. That's why I have the feeling that it's useful to know the laws of nature—for that enables us to obey them.

To act otherwise would be to rise in revolt against Heaven. If I can accept a divine Commandment, it's this one: "Thou shalt preserve the species [source].
34) Jaeger report, 1.12.41: "I am of the view that the sterilization program of the male worker Jews should be started immediately so that reproduction is prevented. If despite sterilization a Jewess becomes pregnant she will be liquidated [source]."

35) Lohse, 2.12.41: "I request most emphatically that the liquidation of Jews employed as skilled workers in armament plants and repair workshops of the Wehrmacht who cannot be replaced at present by local personnel be prevented [source]."

36) Seraphim, 2.12.41:
Scooping off the agricultural surplus in the Ukraine for the purpose of feeding the Reich is therefore only feasible if traffic in the interior of the Ukraine is diminished to a minimum. The attempt will be made to achieve this
1. by annihilation of superfluous eaters (Jews, population of the Ukrainian big cities, which like Kiev do not receive any supplies at all);

2. by extreme reduction of the rations. allocated to the Ukrainians in the remaining cities;
3. by decrease of the food of the farming population [Bericht Prof. Seraphim mit Anschreiben der Rüstungsinspektion Ukraine, 2.12.41, 3257-PS. IMT vol. XXXII, 71-75, here p.74; translation in NCA, vol. 5, p.996].
37) Goebbels on Hitler's address to the Gau and Reich leaders of 12.12.41: "As concerns the Jewish question, the Führer is determined to make a clean sweep. He had prophesied to the Jews that if they once again brought about a world war they would experience their own extermination. This was not just an empty phrase. The World War is there, the extermination of Jewry must be the necessary consequence. This question must be seen without sentimentality. We are not here in order to have sympathy with the Jews, rather we sympathise with our own German people. If the German people have now once again sacrificed as many as 160,000 dead in the Eastern campaign, then the authors of this bloody conflict must pay with their lives." [source

38) Rosenberg, 14.12.41: "comments on the New York Jews did not perhaps have to ... be somewhat altered. [...] I took the position not to speak about the extirpation (Ausrottung) of the Jews. The Führer agreed with this attitude and said they saddled us with the war and they brought the destruction; it would be no wonder if they were the first to feel the consequences." [source

39) Frank 16.12.41:
This war would only be a partial success if the whole lot of Jewry would survive it, while we would have shed our best blood in order to save Europe. My attitude towards the Jews will, therefore, be based only on the expectation that they must disappear. They must be done away with. I have entered negotiations to have them deported to the East. A great discussion concerning that question will take place in Berlin in January, to which I am going to delegate the State Secretary Dr. Buehler. That discussion is to take place in the Reich Security Main Office with SS-Lt. General Heydrich. A great Jewish migration will begin, in any case.

But what should be done with the Jews? Do you think they will be settled down in the 'Ostland', in villages? This is what we were told in Berlin: Why all this bother ? We can do nothing with them either in the 'Ostland' nor in the 'Reich kommissariat'. So liquidate them yourself.

Gentlemen, I must ask you to rid yourself of all feeling of pity. We must annihilate the Jews, wherever we find them and wherever it is possible, in order to maintain there the structure of the Reich as a whole. This will, naturally, be achieved by other methods than those pointed out by Bureau Chief Dr. Hummel. Nor can the judges of the Special Courts be made responsible for it, because of the limitations of the framework of the legal procedure. Such outdated views cannot be applied to such gigantic and unique events. We must find at any rate a way which leads to the goal, and my thoughts are working in that direction.

The Jews represent for us-also extraordinarily malignant gluttons. We have now approximately 2,500,000 of them in the General Government, perhaps with the Jewish mixtures and everything that goes with it, 3,500,000 Jews. We cannot shoot or poison those 3,500,000 Jews, but we shall nevertheless be able to take measures, which will lead, somehow, to their annihilation, and this in connection with the gigantic measures to be determined in discussions from the Reich. The General Government must become free of Jews, the same as the Reich. Where and how this is to be achieved is a matter for the offices which we must appoint and create here. Their activities will be brought to your attention in due course." (source).
40) Kube, 16.12.41: "Is the slaughter to be carried out by the Lithuanians and Letts, who are themselves rejected by the population here? I couldn't do it. I beg you to give clear directives [in this matter], with due consideration for the good name of our Reich and our Party, in order that the necessary action can be taken in the most humane manner." [source].

41) Himmler, 18.12.41: "Judenfrage/als Partisanen auszurotten" [source].

42) Braeutigam 18.12.41:
in reply to your letter of November 15, 1941

The Jewish question has presumably been clarified meanwhile by means of verbal discussion. In principle, economic considerations are not to be taken into account in the settlement of the problem. It is further requested that any questions that arise be settled directly with the Higher SS and Police Leader. [source].
43) Schroeder, 23.12.41: most of Riga's population had "gratification and hopes for a complete elimination of the Jews" (Angrick & Klein, p.163, citing LVVA, P 70-5-44, 29-30, Der SSPF Latvia, KdO, Report of 23.12.41).

44) Salitter 26.12.41:"Of the Bolsheviks, however, no Latvian wants to know, as there is rarely a family that has made it through the Soviet occupation without blood sacrifices. Their hatred is especially directed at the Jews. They have therefore from the moment of liberation until now participated copiously in the extermination of these parasites. However, as I found out especially regarding the railway personnel, they cannot understand why Germany brings the Jews to Latvia instead of having exterminated them in its own country [scan of German text; translation kindly provided by Roberto Muehlenkamp]."

45) EM 156, 16.1.42: "On November 30, 1941, 10,600 Jews were shot in Riga. The action was led by the Higher SS and Police Chief. One officer and 20 men of Einsatzkommando took part." [source]

46) Wannsee Protocol 20.1.42: "The possible final remnant will, since it will undoubtedly consist of the most resistant portion, have to be treated accordingly, because it is the product of natural selection and would, if released, act as a the seed of a new Jewish revival (see the experience of history)" (source).

47) Hitler 23.1.42: "For my part, I restrict myself to telling them they must go away. If they break their pipes on the journey, I can't do anything about it. But if they refuse to go voluntarily, I see no other solution but extermination" [source]

48) Hitler 30.1.42: "We are fully aware that this war can end either in the extermination of the Aryan people or in the disappearance of Jewry from Europe. I said as much before the German Reichstag on September 1, 1939. I wish to avoid making hasty prophesies, but this war will not end as the Jews imagine, namely, in the extermination of the European-Aryan people; instead, the result of this war will be the annihilation of Jewry. For the first time, the old, truly Jewish rule of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,” will obtain" (Domarus).

49) Hitler, 3.2.42: "So the Jew smacks his thighs to see how his diabolic stratagem has succeeded. He bears in mind that if his victims suddenly became aware of these things, all Jews would be exterminated. But, this time, the Jews will disappear from Europe [source]."

50) Kube, 6.2.42: "because the ground in White Russia is frozen down to a depth of two meters, other possibilities were also not available" (Browning, p.394).

51) Mueller 18.2.42: "'where you cut wood, that is where the chips fall,' and the Jewish enemy will always try to exaggerate as much as possible the measures being taken against him in the hope of arousing pity and to achieve the cancellation of these steps. Since they began taking action against this enemy, he has been trying by means of anonymous letters to avoid the destiny that is appropriate to him [source and source]."

52) Hitler, 22.2.42: "The Jew will be identified! The same battle which Pasteur and Koch had to fight must be led by us today. Innumerable sicknesses have their origin in one bacillus: the Jew! Japan would also have got it had it been remained open any longer to the Jew. We will get well when we eliminate the Jews" [source].

53) Hitler, 24.2.42: "Today the idea of our National Socialist, and that of the fascist revolution, have conquered great and powerful states, and my prophecy will find its fulfillment, that through this war Aryan humankind will not be annihilated, but the Jew will be exterminated. Whatever the struggle may bring with it or however long it may last, this will be its final result. And only then, with the removal of these parasites, will a long period of understanding between nations, and with it true peace, come upon the suffering world" [source].

54) Rosenberg, 28.2.42: "Anyhow, with a certain amount of understanding for goals aimed at by German politics, dying and deterioration could have been avoided in the extent described. For instance, according to in- formation on hand, the native population within the Soviet Union are absolutely willing to put food at, the disposal of the prisoners of war. Several understanding camp commanders have success- fully chosen this course. However in the majority of the cases, the camp commanders have forbidden the civilian population to put food at the disposal of the prisoners, and they have rather let them starve to death." [Rosenberg an Keitel. Betr.:Kriegsgefangene, 28.2.42. 081-PS, IMT XXV, pp.156-161, here p.157. English translation NMT, III, pp.126-130, here 127].

55) Final Solution conference, 6.3.42: "it was in no way tenable to keep the half-Jews permanently alive" [source and source, pp.5-6].

56) Goebbels, 6.3.42: "Everywhere the Jews are busy inciting and stirring up trouble. It is therefore desirable that many of them must pay with their lives for this. Anyway, I am of the opinion that the greater the number of Jews liquidated, the more consolidated will the situation in Europe be after this war. One must have no mistaken sentimentality about it. The Jews are Europe's misfortune. They must somehow be eliminated, otherwise we are in danger of being eliminated by them" (source).

57) Rademacher 24.3.42: The stronger the German victory looms, the greater and more urgent becomes the tasks of the Referat, because the Jewish question must be solved in the course of the war, for only so can it be solved without a world-wide outcry (Browning, p.83, citing PA, Inland II 347/3, Rademacher to Schroeder, 24.3.42)

58) Goebbels, 27.3.42:
Beginning with Lublin, the Jews in the General Government are now being evacuated eastward. The procedure is a pretty barbaric one and not to be described here more definitely. Not much will remain of the Jews. On the whole it can be said that about 60 per cent of them will have to be liquidated whereas only about 40 per cent can be used for forced labor.

The former Gauleiter of Vienna, who is to carry this measure through, is doing it with considerable circumspection and according to a method that does not attract too much attention. A judgment is being visited upon the Jews that, while barbaric, is fully deserved by them. The prophesy which the Fuehrer made about them for having brought on a new world war is beginning to come true in a most terrible manner. One must not be sentimental in these matters. If we did not fight the Jews, they would destroy us. It's a life-and-death struggle between the Aryan race and the Jewish bacillus. No other government and no other regime would have the strength for such a global solution of this question. Here, too, the Fuehrer is the undismayed champion of a radical solution necessitated by conditions and therefore inexorable. Fortunately a whole series of possibilities presents itself for us in wartime that would be denied us in peacetime. We shall have to profit by this.

The ghettoes that will be emptied in the cities of the General Government now will be refilled with Jews thrown out of the Reich. This process is to be repeated from time to time. There is nothing funny in it for the Jews, and the fact that Jewry's representatives in England and America are today organizing and sponsoring the war against Germany must be paid for dearly by its representatives in Europe - and that's only right." [source].
59) Turner, 11.4.42: "Already some months ago, I shot dead all the Jews I could get my hands on in this area, concentrated all the Jewish women and children in a camp and with the help of the SD got my hands on a "delousing van," that in about 14 days to 4 weeks will have brought about the definitive clearing out of the camp, which in any event since the arrival of Meyssner and the turning over of this camp to him, was continued by him. Then the time is come in which the Jewish officers to be found in prisoner of war camps under the Geneva Convention find out against our will about their no longer existing kinfolk and that could easily lead to complications" (source).

60) Goebbels 27.4.42: "I talked to the Fuehrer once more in detail about the Jewish question. His attitude is unrelenting. He wants, under all circumstances, to push the Jews out of Europe. That is right. The Jews have brought so much misery to our continent that the severest punishment meted out to them is still too mild....[source]."

61) Wetzel, 27.4.42 first extract: "Thus for the territories to be taken into consideration here there results a total population of 51 million. The number of those to be in principle evacuated according to the plan should thus be actually higher than foreseen in the plan. Only if one assumes that the about 5 to 6 million Jews who live in this area are already removed prior to the evacuation one reaches the number of 45 million alien peoples mentioned in the plan. The plan’s considerations, however, show that the Jews are still included in the mentioned 45 million [source and translation]."

62) Wetzel, 27.4.42 second extract: "An evacuation of the Jews also mentioned in the plan is no longer necessary due to the solution of the Jewish question. An eventual transfer of the Jews still remaining after the end of this war to forced labor camps in the northern Russian and Siberian territory is no "evacuation". Of the alien peoples to be considered for evacuation there thus remain to be discussed only the Poles, Western Ukrainians (it is not quite clear if by "Galicians" the plan means Poles or Ucranians) and White Ruthenians..[source]."

63) Wetzel, 27.4.42 third extract: "It should be clear that one cannot solve the Polish question by liquidating the Poles like the Jews. Such a solution of the Polish question would incriminate the German people until a distant future and take away our sympathies everywhere, especially as all other neighboring peoples will have to count on being treated similarly when the time comes
[source and translation]."

64) Goebbels 29.4.42: "The SD gave me a police report on conditions in the East. The danger of the Partisans continues to exist in unmitigated intensity in the occupied areas. The Partisans have, after all, caused us very great difficulties during the winter, and these difficulties have by no means ceased with the beginning of spring. Short shrift is made of the Jews in all eastern occupied areas. Tens of thousands of them are liquidated [source]."

65) Greiser, 1.5.42: "It will be possible to conclude the action of special treatment of about 100,000 Jews in the area of my Gau, authorized by yourself with the agreement of the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt, SS-Obergruppenführer Heydrich, within the next 2-3 months. I hereby ask for authorization to use the existing and trained special detachment after the Jewish action in order to free the Gau of a danger that takes a more catastrophic shape every week.

There are 230,000 identified ethnic Poles with tuberculosis in the Gau area. The number of Poles with open tuberculosis is estimated at ca. 35 000. […]

Though it is not possible to tackle this popular plague in the Old Reich with corresponding draconian measures, I think I can take the responsibility of proposing to you that here in the Warthegau the cases of open tuberculosis among the Polish people are extirpated
[source and translation]."

66) Triska 12.5.42: "Nach Transnistrien wurden die 28 000 Juden in deutsche Dörfer gebracht! Inzwischen wurden sie liquidiert" [scan; transcription also here].

67) Bräutigam, 5.42: "A considerable portion of the Jews in Transnistria have died" (Browning, p.93, citing NG-4817 and  T 120/6737/E510802).

68) Goebbels 15.5.42: "A report from Paris informs me that a number of those who staged the last acts of terror have been found. About 99 per cent of them are eastern Jews [Ostjuden]. A more rigorous regime is now to be applied to these Jews. As far as I am concerned, it would be best if we either evacuated or liquidated all eastern Jews still remaining in Paris. By nature and race they will always be our natural enemies anyway [source]."

69) Brack, 23.6.42: "Among 10 millions of Jews in Europe there are, I figure, at least 2-3 millions of men and women who are fit enough to work. Considering the extraordinary difficulties the labor problem presents us with, I hold the view that those 3 millions should be specially selected and preserved. This can, however, only be done if at the same time they are rendered incapable to propagate. About a year ago I reported to you that agents of mine had completed the experiments necessary for this purpose. I would like to recall these facts once more. Sterilization, as normally performed on persons with hereditary diseases, is here out of the question, because it takes too long and is too expensive. Castration by X-ray however is not only relatively cheap, but can also be performed on many thousands in the shortest time. I think, that at this time it is already irrelevant whether the people in question become aware of having been castrated after some weeks or months once they feel the effects [source]."

70) Decree 24.7.42: "Pregnancies and births in the ghetto are prohibited; pregnancies have to be terminated; pregnant women will be shot." [YVA 048 B12/4 cited in USHMM, Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto, p. 22; Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust. The Kovno Ghetto Diary, entry for July 24, 1942, New York, 2011; Wolfram Wette, Karl Jäger. Mörder der litauischen Juden, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p.139].

71) Luther 26.7.42: "subjected to special treatment" [source: T/1023].

72) Himmler, 28.7.42: ""The Führer placed on my shoulders the implementation of this very difficult order. The responsibility cannot be taken away from me in any case." [source].

73) Kube, 31.7.42:
I myself and the SD would certainly much prefer that the Jewish population in the district general of White Ruthenia should be eliminated once and for all when the economic requirements of the Wehrmacht have fallen off. For the time being, the necessary requirements of the Wehrmacht who is the main employer of the Jewish population are still being considered. The clear anti-Jewish attitude of the SD and the difficult task of the units in White Ruthenia to deliver again and again new Jewish transports from the Reich to their destination, both put an undue strain on the physical and spiritual strength of men of the SD and diverts them from their real purpose, which lies in the White Ruthenian region itself."

I should therefore be grateful if the Reich Commissioner could see his way to stop further Jewish transports until the partisan threat has finally been overcome. I must make 100 percent use of the SD against partisans and against the Polish Resistance Movement, both of which demand the use of the full strength of the SD units, which are none too strong as it is. [NMT IV, p.193].
74) Bene, 13.8.42: "Since my above mentioned report the situation has considerably changed. After the Jews had found us out and got to know, what is behind the deportation and labor service in the East, they no more report for the weekly shipments. Of 2000 Jews called up for this week only about 400 showed up. In their homes the called up Jews cannot any longer be found [German text, English translation]."

75) Hitler, 30.8.42: "It is here in Russia that Communism shows its true face. We must undertake a campaign of cleaning-up, square metre by square metre, and this will compel us to have recourse to summary justice. The struggle with the terrorists will be savage warfare in the real sense. In Estonia and Latvia these bands have all but ceased to be active ; but until Jewry, which is the bandits' Intelligence Service, is exterminated, we shall not have accomplished our task [source]."

76) Thierack 14.9.42: "With regard to the destruction of asocial life, Dr Goebbels is of the opinion that the following groups should be exterminated: Jews and gypsies unconditionally, Poles who have to serve 3-4 -years of penal servitude, and Czechs and Germans who are sentenced to death or penal servitude for life or to security custody [Sicherungsvorwahrung] for life. The idea of exterminating them by labor is the best. For the rest however, except in the aforementioned cases, every case has to be dealt with individually. In this case, of course, Czechs and Germans have to be differently judged. There may be cases where a German sentenced to 15 years of penal servitude is not to be considered asocial, but in contrast to this a person sentenced to penal servitude up to 8 years may be [source]."

77) Thierack 18.9.42: "Delivery of asocial elements [asozialer Elemente] while serving penal sentences to the Reich Leader SS to be worked to death [zur Vernichtung durch Arbeit]. Persons under security detention, Jews, gypsies, Russians, and Ukrainians; Poles with more than 3-year sentences; and Czechs and Germans with more than 8-year sentences, will be turned over without exception, according to the decision of the Reich Minister of Justice [source and scan of German text]."

78) Hitler, 30.9.42: "The wire-pullers of this insane man in the White House have managed to pull one nation after another into this war. Correspondingly, however, a wave of anti-Semitism swept over one nation after another. And it will continue to do so, taking hold of one state after another. Every state that enters this war will one day emerge from it as an anti-Semitic state. The Jews once laughed about my prophecies in Germany. I do not know whether they are still laughing today or whether they no longer feel like laughing. Today, too, I can assure you of one thing: they will soon not feel
like laughing anymore anywhere. My prophecies will prove correct here, too" [Domarus].

79) Himmler, 9.10.42: ""Nevertheless, the Jews are supposed to disappear from there as well, according to the wishes of the Führer." [source]

80) Thierack 13.10.42: "With a view to freeing the German people of Poles, Russians, Jews, and gypsies and with a view to making the Eastern territories which have been incorporated into the Reich available for settlements for German nationals, I intend to turn over criminal proceedings against Poles, Russians, Jews, and gypsies to the Reichsfuehrer SS. In so doing I base myself on the principle that the administration of justice can only make a small contribution to the extermination of members of these peoples. The Justice Administration undoubtedly pronounces very severe sentences on such persons, but that is not enough to constitute any material contribution towards the realization of the above-mentioned aim [source and scan of German text]."

81) Besprechungsniederschrift der Besprechung über die Endlösung der Judenfrage, 27.10.1942, p.2: "Having regard to this, it was agreed that the proposal to sterilize all half-Jews of the first degree should be approved [source and source]."

82) Himmler, 27.10.42: "Therefore I order, in spite of economic considerations, the destruction and obliteration of the Ghetto of Pinsk. 1000 male workers may be spared, in the event that the operation allows for this, to be made available to the Wehrmacht, for the production of wooden prefabricated huts. These 1000 men must be kept in a well-guarded camp, and if security not be maintained, these 1000 are to be destroyed [source and source]."

83) Hitler, 8.11.42:
There is only one thing left, that is to fight. Just as I said at a certain moment to the internal enemies: "It is not possible to come to an understanding with you peacefully; you want force, so now you'll get it." And these internal enemies have been taken care of.

Another power, too, which was very strong in Germany has meanwhile been able to learn from experience that the National Socialist prophecies are no mere phrases; it is the main power to which we owe all this misfortune-international Jewry. You will recall the Reichstag session at which I declared: "If Judaism imagines by any chance that it can bring about an international world war for the extermination of the European races, the result will not be the extermination of the European races, but the extermination of the Jews in Europe [source].
84) Blome, 18.11.42:
Therefore, something basic must be done soon. One must decide the most efficient way in which this can be done. There are three ways to be taken into consideration:

1. Special treatment of the seriously ill persons.

2. Most rigorous isolation of the seriously ill persons.

3. Creation of a reservation for all TB patients [source].
85) Himmler, 10.12.42: "abschaffen" of 600,000 to 700,000 French Jews  [source]

86) Greiser, 21.11.42: "In your letter of 27 June 1942 you gave me permission to give special treatment to Poles who are proven to be infected with open and therefore incurable pulmonary tuberculosis. This special treatment of the seriously sick can of course only take place after the whole population in the territory of my Gau has been examined to find out who is curable and who is incurable. The examinations are to start soon in accordance with the method of Prof. Dr. Hohlfelder, who will be assigned to this Gau in a few weeks with his X-Ray-Battalion. The first utilization of this method is estimated to be possible in aproximately half a year [source]."

87) Goebbels, 14.12.42: "Jewry must pay for its crime just as our Fuehrer prophesied in his speech in the Reichstag; namely, by the wiping out of the Jewish race in Europe and possibly in the entire world" [source].

88) Himmler, 29.12.42: "Jews executed 363.211" [source]

89) Goebbels, 2.3.43: "Goering realizes perfectly what is in store for all of us if we show any weakness in this war. He has no illusions about that. On the Jewish question, especially, we have taken a position from which there is no escape. That is a good thing. Experience teaches that a movement and a people who have burned their bridges fight with much greater determination than those who are still able to retreat" [source].

90) Strauch, 8-10.4.43: "When the civil administration arrived it already found economic enterprises operated by the Wehrmacht aided by Jews. At a time when the Bielorussians wanted to murder the Jews, the Wehrmacht cultivated them. In that way Jews reached key positions and it is difficult today to remove them completely, for then the enterprises are liable to be destroyed, something we cannot allow ourselves. I am of the opinion that we can confidently say that of the 150,000, 130,000 have already disappeared. 22,000 are still alive in the area of the Gebietskommissariat." [Shalom Cholawsky, The Jews of Bielorussia during World War II, Amsterdam, 1998, p.64, citing Protokoll über die Tagung der Gebietskommissare, Hauptabteilungsleiter und Abteilungsleiter des. Generalkommissars in Minsk vom 8.April bis 10.April 1943. YV TR-10/808; also in Erich Haberer, ‘The German police and genocide in Belorussia, 1941-1944. Part I: Police deployment and Nazi genocidal directives’, Journal of Genocide Research, 2001, 3 (1), p.13, citing CSA-Minsk 370/1/1263/126-45].

91) Hitler, 17.4.43: "Where the Jews were left to themselves, as for example in Poland, gruesome poverty and degeneracy had ruled. They were just pure parasites. One had fundamentally cleared up this state of affairs in Poland. If the Jews there didn't want to work, they were shot. If they couldn't work, they had to perish. They had to be treated like tuberculosis bacilli, from which a healthy body could be infected. That was not cruel, if one remembered that even innocent natural creatures like hares and deer had to be killed so that no harm was caused. Why should one spare the beasts who wanted to bring us Bolshevism more? Nations who did not rid themselves of Jews perished" [source].

92) Berger, 19.4.43, NO-628: "In Hungarian Government circles there exists a well-founded fear that the accession to the confederation will be tied up with compulsion to liquidate the Jews [source]."

93) Brandt, 20.4.43: "The Reichsführer-SS has received your report on "The Final Solution of the European Jewish Question". He wishes that "special treatment of the Jews" not be mentioned anywhere [Brandt an Korherr, 20.4.43, BA NS19/1570, also NO-5196]

94) Himmler April 1943 Kharkov speech:
The decision, therefore, lies here in the East; here must the Russian enemy, this people numbering two hundred million Russians, be destroyed on the battle field and person by person, and made to bleed to death.

It is my opinion - and here, I believe, I am speaking to men [p. 3] who already understand this - that we must conduct the war and our campaign on these lines:-how can we take the most men from the Russians-dead or alive? We shall do it by killing them or taking them prisoner and [p. 4] really putting them to work, by endeavoring to gain as much control as possible over any territory we occupy, and by leaving empty of people any territory we dispose of, any areas we make over to the enemy. Either they must be deported and will be used as labour in Germany for Germany, or they will just die in battle. To hand people back again, giving the enemy workers once more and enabling him to recruit again,-that I think, taking the broad view, would be absolutely wrong. That could not be advocated [source].
95) Goebbels 9.5.43:
None of the Führer’s prophetic words has come so inevitably true as his prediction that if Jewry succeeded in provoking a second world war, the result would be not the destruction of the Aryan race, but rather the wiping out of the Jewish race

The Jews laughed in Germany too when they first saw us. They are not laughing any longer. They chose to wage war against us. But that war is turning against them. When they planned a war to totally destroy the German nation, they signed their own death warrant [source and source].
96) Goebbels, 13.5.43: "At noon I mentioned this to the Fuehrer. He believed the Protocols were absolutely geniune.... The Jewish question, in the Fuehrer's opinion, will play a decisive role in England.... In all the world, he said, the Jews are alike. Whether they live in a ghetto of the East or in the bankers' palaces of the City or Wall Street, they will always pursue the same aims and without previous agreement even use the same means. Once might well ask why are there any Jews in the world order? That would be exactly like asking why are there potato bugs? Nature is dominated by the law of struggle. There will always be parasites who will spur this struggle on and intensify the process of selection between the strong and the weak. The principle of struggle dominates also in human life. One must merely know the laws of this struggle to be able to face it. The intellectual does not have the natural means of resisting the Jewish peril because his instincts have been badly blunted. Because of this fact the nations with a high standard of civilization are exposed to this peril first and foremost. In nature life always takes measures against parasites; in the life of nations that is not always the case. From this fact the Jewish peril actually stems. There is therefore no other recourse left for modern nations except to exterminate the Jew...." [source].

97) Tauebner judgment 24.5.43: "The accused shall not be punished because of the actions against the Jews as such. The Jews have to be exterminated and none of the Jews that were killed is any great loss. Although the accused should have recognized that the extermination of the Jews was the duty of Kommandos which were set up especially for this purpose, he should be excused for considering himself to have the authority to take part in the extermination of Jewry himself. Real hatred of the Jews was the driving motivation for the accused. In the process he let himself be drawn into committing cruel actions in Alexandriya which are unworthy of a German man and an SS-officer. These excesses cannot be justified, either, as the accused would like to, as retaliation for the pain that the Jews have caused the German people. It is not the German way to apply Bolshevic methods during the necessary extermination of the worst enemy of our people. In so doing the conduct of the accused gives rise to considerable concern. The accused allowed his men to act with such vicious brutality that they conducted themselves under his command like a savage horde [source]."

98) Ley 5.43: "We swear we are not going to abandon the struggle until the Last Jew in Europe has been exterminated and is actually dead. It is not enough to isolate the Jewish enemy of mankind - the Jew has got to be exterminated!" [source]

99) Guenther, 31.5.43:
On 13th April, 1943, the former German dentist Ernst Israel Tichauer and his wife, Elisa Sara Tichauer, nee Rosenthal, were committed to the court prison by the Security Service. Since that time all German and Russian Jews who were turned over to us had their golden bridgework, crowns, and fillings pulled or broken out. This happens always one to two hours before the respective action. Since 13th April, 1943, 516 German and Russian Jews have been finished off. On the basis of a definite investigation gold was taken in only two actions - on 14th April, 1943, from 172, and on 27th April, 1943, from 164 Jews. About 50 per cent. of the Jews had gold teeth, bridgework, or fillings. Hauptscharfuehrer Rube of the Security Service was always personally present, and he took the gold along, too. Before 13th April, 1943, this was not done [source].
100) Lohse, 18.6.43:
The fact that Jews receive special treatment requires no further discussion. However, it appears hardly believable that this is done in the way described in the report of the General Commissioner of 1 June 1943. What is Katyn against that? Imagine only that these occurrences would become known to the other side and exploited by them! Most likely such propaganda would have no effect only because people who hear and read about it simply would not be ready to believe it."

"To lock men, women, and children into barns and to set fire to them does not appear to be a suitable method of combatting bands, even if it is desired to exterminate the population. This method is not worthy of the German cause and hurts our reputation severely [source].
101) Himmler, 19.6.43: "the evacuation of the Jews, despite the disturbances this will cause in the next 3 to 4 months, is to be radically expedited and must be endured" [source].

102) Himmler 4.10.43: I shall speak to you here with all frankness of a very serious subject. We shall now discuss it absolutely openly among ourselves, nevertheless we shall never speak of it in public. I mean the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish race [source].

103) Himmler, 6.10.43: "I ask you that what I tell you in this circle you will really only hear and never talk about it. The question came up to us: What do to with the women and children? I decided to find a very clear solution also in this respect. This because I didn’t consider myself entitled to exterminate the men, that is, to kill them or to have them killed, and to let the children grow up as avengers against our sons and grandsons. The difficult decision had to be taken to make this people disappear from the earth. For the organization that had to carry out the task if was the most difficult we had so far. It has been carried out without, as I consider myself entitled to say, our men and our leaders having taken harm to their spirit and soul. The path between the possibilities existing here, to either become crude and heartless and no longer to respect human life or to become weak and collapse to the point of nervous breakdowns, the path between this Scylla and Charybdis is horrendously narrow" [source and source].

104) Goebbels 9.10.43: "Regarding the Jewish question, he [Himmler] gives a very unadorned and frank picture. He is of the conviction that the Jewish question can be solved by the end of this year. He advocates the most radical and most severe solution, namely to exterminate Jewry, bag and baggage. Of course, if brutal, this is a consistent solution. Because we must take on the responsibility of entirely solving this question in our time. Subsequent generations will doubtlessly no longer dare address this problem with the courage and obsession as we are able to do today." [source]

105) Streicher, 11.43: "This is not a Jewish lie." [source]

106) Himmler, 16.12.43: "Thus I have basically given the order to also kill the wives and children of these partisans, and commissars. I would be a weakling and a criminal to our descendants if I allowed the hate-filled sons of the sub-humans we have liquidated in this struggle of humanity against subhumanity to grow up." [source]

107) Himmler 26.1.44: "Largest stabilisation in the G.G. since the solution to the Jewish question. – Race war. Total solution. Not allowing avengers to rise against our children." [source]

108) Greiser, 14.2.44: "The reduction of the population will be carried out by the Sonderkommando of SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Bothmann, which operated in the area previously. The RF will issue an Order instructing SS Hauptsturmfuehrer Bothmann and his Sonderkommando to leave their station in Croatia and be available for service in the Wartheland." [source]

109) Foreign Office, Inf. XIV, 'Anti-Jewish action abroad', 28.4.44, 3319-PS: "The physical elimination of Eastern Jewry would deprive Jewry of its biological reserves. Its present structure was characterized by its association with the three World-Powers. That association became obvious in the Soviet-Union through the ideological combination of Jewry and Bolshevism in England by the penetration of the leading class and in the United States by the occupation of decisive key positions in high finance. The Jewish question must be solved not only in Germany but also internationally."

110) Himmler, 5.5.44: "The Jewish question has been solved within Germany itself and in general within the countries occupied by Germany. It was solved in an uncompromising fashion in accordance with the life and death struggle of our nation in which the existence of our blood is at stake [..] You can understand how difficult it was for me to carry out this military order which I was given and which I implemented out of a sense of obedience and absolute conviction. If you say:'we can understand as far as the men are concerned but not about the children`, then I must remind you of what I said at the beginning. In this confrontation with Asia we must get used to condemning to oblivion those rules and customs of past wars which we have got used to and prefer. In my view, we as Germans, however deeply we may feel in our hearts, are not entitled to allow a   generation of avengers filled with hatred to grow up with whom our children and grandchildren will have to deal because we, too weak and cowardly, left it to them." [source].

111) Himmler, 25.5.44: "Another question which was decisive for the inner security of the Reich and Europe, was the Jewish question. It was uncompromisingly solved after orders and rational recognition. I believe, Gentleman, that you know me well enough to know that I am not a bloodthirsty person; I am not a man who takes pleasure or joy when something rough must be done. However on the other hand, I have such good nerves and such a developed sense of duty - I can say that much for myself - that when I recognise something as necessary I can implement it without compromise. I have not considered myself entitled - this concerns especially the Jewish women and children - to allow the children to grow into the avengers who will then murder our fathers and our grandchildren. That would have been cowardly. Consequently the question was uncompromisingly resolved."  [source]

112) Himmler, 21.6.44:
It was necessary to resolve another big question. It was the most horrible task and the most awful assignment that any organization could receive: the solution of the Jewish question. I want to say a few words on the matter to this group with complete candor. It's good that we had the hardness to exterminate the Jews in our territory. Don't ask yourselves how difficult it would have been to carry out such an order, even though, as soldiers, I might say you would understand. But thinking critically as German soldiers, you can see that the order was essential. Because we wouldn't have been able to withstand the aerial bombing if we had had the Jews in our cities. I am also convinced we would not have been able to hold the Lemberg front of the Generalgouvernement if the big ghettos in Lemberg, Krakau, Lublin, and Warsaw had still been there. We cleaned out the last one, the big ghetto in Warsaw, in summer 1943. In Warsaw there were 500,000 Jews. I tell you this number confidentially. It took us five weeks of street fighting. Just the same, I want to answer a little question that surely you must have. The question is, of course you had to kill the adult Jews, I understand that, but how could you do the same to the women and children? So I have to tell you something: The children will be grown one day. Do we want to be so improper that we say, no, no, we're too weak to kill children. Our children can deal with them. Our children will fight that one out. But the Jewish hate, small today, will be big tomorrow, and the grown avengers will attack our children and grandchildren, who will then have to deal with them. I am convinced that this will be the case even if Adolf Hitler does not survive. No, we cannot shirk our responsibility to kill all the Jews. That would have been cowardly and therefore we adopted a clear solution to the problem, as difficult as it was [source].


text:
Home Care Agencies, Workers Split Over NY Wage Hike

Lawmakers in New York are currently at odds over a minimum wage hike, prompting health care workers in the state to take to the capital to urge action on the proposed increase to $15 an hour. But industry groups fear the uptick could be detrimental to home care agencies if the state doesn’t properly fund it.

The state Legislature remains split on Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo’s plan to raise the minimum wage over the next five years after recently releasing separate budget proposals, with the Republican-controlled Senate rejecting the wage hike and the Democratic-majority Assembly including it, along with $200 million to offset increased costs to employers in the first year.

Workers attending the rally at the capital earlier this week claim higher wages will provide the security they need for basic expenses, but some industry groups back the Senate’s move to exclude it from its budget proposal. Still other organizations like the New York State Association of Health Care Providers (HCP) support increased wages for home care employees, though they believe any plan’s implementation must be “responsibly funded.”

“As an industry primarily funded by Medicaid, home care agencies cannot absorb any additional wage mandates without the funding in place to support it,” HCP President Claudia Hammar said in a statement. “Years of spiraling costs, declining Medicaid reimbursements and unfulfilled promises of relief from the state have placed New York’s home care agencies in crisis, jeopardizing their financial viability and their ability to continue caring for the state’s most vulnerable populations within their homes.”

HCP represents more than 350 home care agencies across the state, primarily providing long-term home care services for elderly, disabled and chronically ill residents.

The phased-in minimum wage hike could begin as early as July 1, and would require $239 million from state and federal Medicaid to fund the increase for the home care industry alone in fiscal year 2016-17, according to HCP estimates. That number skyrockets to $755 million the following year.

But current pay makes it a struggle to afford bills and rent, Shirley Newsome, a home care worker in her 50s, told Crain’s New York. Her current pay of $10 an hour is even lower when clients are unexpectedly hospitalized or placed in a nursing home, she said.

Health care union 1199 SEIU applauded the inclusion of the wage hike and funds in the Assembly’s budget, and workers receiving higher pay could save the state money if they no longer qualify for Medicaid, said Helen Schaub, the New York state director of policy and legislation for the union.

Still, the funding falls short of what the increase will likely cost health care providers. While for some that’s a step in the right direction, others like the Home Care Association of New York (HCA) support the Senate’s exclusion of a wage increase.

“Though negotiations are ongoing, we appreciate the Senate’s recognition of the wage impact on home care and other sectors, and we urge its continued recognition of this impact in the next stages of negotiations,” Joanne Cunningham, President of HCA, said in a statement.

Written by Kourtney Liepelt