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Legal Terms

Legal Terms

To put an end to; to cancel out.

Abatement of Action
A suit which has been set aside and ended.

One who is absent from his usual place of residence or domicile.

Absent; proceeding without defendant being present.

Accomplice - A partner in a crime or a person who knowingly and voluntarily participates with another in a criminal activity.

A finding of not guilty by judge or jury.

To put off a court hearing until another time or place.

A judgment rendered by the court after a finding of guilt.

Ad Litem
Comes from Latin meaning for the "purposes of the lawsuit." For example, a guardian ad litem is a person appointed by the court to protect the interests of a minor or legally incompetent person in a lawsuit.

Pertinent and proper to be considered in reaching a decision.

Advice or caution by the court to the jury respecting their duty or conduct as jurors, and the purpose for which evidence may be considered.

Affidavit of
A form signed by the defendant under oath attesting to inability to pay.

Circumstances that may be considered as magnifying, or adding to, the degree of punishment.

Aggravated Arson
Deliberately setting fire with specific intent to cause injury or damage structures where defendant has been previously convicted of arson, the damage exceeds $5m, or at least 5 residences were damaged.

Aggravated Battery
Unlawful use of force against another such as using a dangerous weapon.

Aggravated Mayhem
Causing permanent disability or disfigurement with specific intent to cause the injury and with extreme indifference to well-being of other person.

Aggravated Trespass
Unlawfully entering property of another with specific intent to carry out prior threat of serious bodily injury.

Aggravated Factors
Any factors associated with the commission of a crime which increase the seriousness of the offense.

Aggregate Term
The total length of imprisonment.

Aid and Abet
to help or assist, in committing a crime.

To say, declare, or charge that something is truce even though it is not proved yet.

A statement or claim that is made and has not been proved to be true or false.

Known by another name; or means "also known as" which A.K.A. is short for.

Money the court orders you to pay to a spouse or ex-spouse.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
A mediation program for certain misdemeanor offenders.

Amicus Curiae (A-MI'KUS KU'RIE)
Someone that gives advice to the court about the law in a case, but is not part of the case. Comes from Latin for "friend of the court."

Answer to Demand
A document filed by the State Attorney's Office responding to a demand for discovery by a defense attorney, setting forth witnesses in the case, information about the case, and allowing duplication of case information/reports.

An application, lodged by the defendant or the State Attorney's Office, requesting a review of the case by the court of appeal.

Appearance of the defendant in court to enter his/her plea to charges.

Assistant State Attorney
State employee designated by the State Attorney to prosecute defendants.

Asylum State
The state holding the fugitive.

Attorney of Record
The attorney retained/assigned to represent a client.

Cash or surety posted to procure the release of a defendant and to ensure his or her future appearance in court, compelling him/her to remain in the jurisdiction of the court.

Person who is in charge of security in the court. Bailiffs are picked by sheriffs.

Illegal beating or physical violence or control of a person without their permission.

Bench Trial
A trial without a jury. A judge decides the case.

Bench Warrant
An order given by the judge (or "bench") to arrest a person who didn't do what the court ordered. For example, didn't go to court when they were supposed to.(See Warrant)

Somone who gets something from a trust.

Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
The burden of proof in a criminal case requiring that the jury be convinced that every element of a crime has been proven by the prosecution.

Bond Amounts
Cash or surety to be posted for release on bail.

Bond - Surety
A certificate posted by a bonding company to the sheriff releasing defendant.

Bond - Supersedeas
The bond set by court during the appeal procedure posted with the Clerk of Court.

The breaking or violating of a law, right, obligation, or duty either by doing an act or failing to do an act.

Burden of Proof
When one person in the case has to prove more than the other person.

A writ to the Sheriff to arrest an accused person.

Capias - Instanter
Issuance of the arrest order with court direction to bring the accused before court immediately with no bond.

Capital Offense
A crime that you can get the death penalty for committing.

A lawsuit. Or a complaint filed in criminal, traffic, or civil court.

The number of cases a judge has in a specific time.

Cease and Desist Order
An order of an administrative agency or court prohibiting a person or business from doing something.

Saying that something is true or an exact reproduction.

Certified Copy
A document that is authenticated, signed, and sealed by the Clerk of Court.

Term used in a jury trial when attempting to excuse a juror.

A judge's private office.

In criminal law, each thing the defendant is accused of. (See Count).

Charges - Multiple
A case with more than one count of offenses listed in the Information or charging document.

Charging Document
A Citation, Information, Indictment, Petition, 923.01, or Notice to Appear indicating that the named person is accused of committing a specific criminal offense or civil infraction.

Chief Judge
Presiding or Administrative Judge in a court.

Child Support
Money paid by a parent to help support a child or children.

Circuit Court
Court that hears felony cases.

Circumstantial Evidence
All evidence that is indirect. Testimony not based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in dispute.

A Court Order or Summons that tells a defendant what the charges are. Also tells the defendant to go to court and/or post bail.

This type of case involves private rights and remedies of citizens.

Civil Procedure
The rules and process by which a civil case is tried and appealed, including the preparations for trial, the rules of evidence and trial conduct, and the procedure for pursuing appeals.

The statement of a right to money or property.

Class Action
A lawsuit brought by one or more persons on behalf of a larger group.

Officer of the court who files pleadings, motions, judgments, etc., issues process, and keeps records of court proceedings.

Clerk of Court
County office that receives all original paperwork on each criminal case.

Closing Argument
Counsel's final statement to the judge or jury after all parties have concluded their presentation of evidence.

Person accused of committing the same criminal incident with other defendant(s).

1. Property that is pledged as security against a debt. 2. A person belonging to the same ancestry (a relation), but not in a direct line of descent.

Community Control
Form of probation restricting defendant's movements.

Community Service
Work performed as punishment for a crime. It may also be performed instead of a fine, or as a condition of probation.

Companion Cases
Cases involving more than one defendant arrested on the same criminal incident. (Codefendant cases.)

Compensatory Damages
Money that one person must pay another to cover the cost of a wrong or injury. (See Damages)

Person who wants to start a court case against another person. In a civil case, the complainant is the Plaintiff. In a criminal case, the complainant is the state.

When someone admits out loud or in writing that they committed a certain kind of crime.

Conflict Attorney
One of a pool of attorneys who is appointed on a rotation basis when the public defender has a conflict of interest such as representing a codefendant.

Contempt of Court
Act of disrespect to the court; willful disregard of the court's authority.

Conflict of Interest
When you have two different interests at the same time. For example, a lawyer who represents two sides at the same time can't be fair.

Consecutive Sentences
Successive sentences, one beginning at the end of another, imposed against a person convicted of two or more violations.

A written agreement to obey a decision or deal.

The cause, price, or impelling influence which makes a party enter into a contract.

Where two or more persons intentionally agree to commit crime and do an act towards committing the crime.

Contempt (Of Court)
Disobeying a court order. Punishment can be a fine or jail.

Postponing a trial or hearing to a later date. (See Adjournment)

Controlled Substances
Any drug identified by law whose availability is restricted. Unless otherwise specified, a drug, substance, or immediate precursor which is listed in any schedule in Health & Safety Code sections 11054, 11055, 11056, 11057 or 11058.

(1) A person who has been found guilty of a crime and is serving a sentence for that crime; a prison inmate. (2) To find a person guilty of an offense by either a trial or a plea of guilty.

Corroborating Evidence
Supplementary evidence that tends to strengthen or confirm the initial evidence.

One or more lawyers who represent a client. Also, legal advice.

Each separate charge (or statement) in a criminal case. (See Charge).

To forge, to copy or imitate, without authority or right, and with the purpose to deceive by passing off the copy as genuine.

County Court
Court that hears misdemeanor, traffic cases, municipal ordinance violations, etc.

County Jail
A building or structure used to put alleged criminals or convicted criminals of local area crimes.

A judge or group of judges whose job is to hear cases and carry out justice.

Court Appointed Counsel
A defense attorney assigned by the court to represent a defendant who cannot afford to hire an attorney.

Court Clerk
Courtroom personnel who attends court sessions and prepares record of court proceedings in conformance with statutes, policies, and the direction of a Judge; swears in witnesses and juries; maintains exhibits offered in evidence.

Court Date Notice
A written form used to bring the accused to court.

Court Order
A decision made by a judicial officer that gives someone certain rights or tells someone to do something.

Court Reporter
Maintains a verbatim record of court events. What is recorded is called a Transcript.

Court Appeals
In some states, the highest appellate court, where it is the Court's decision whether to hear the case.

The section of a courthouse in which the judge presides over the proceedings.

Something you do, or don't do, that breaks a law. If you are found guilty, you can be punished by: death; jail or prison; fine; being removed from office; being unable to hold any office of honor, trust, or profit.

Criminal Case
A court case that starts because of a crime.

Criminal Record
(1) Arrest record. A written account listing all the instances in which a person has been arrested. (2) A form completed by a police officer when a person is arrested.

When the other side's lawyer asks a witness questions in a hearing or trial.

(1)When someone is under the physical control of the court to make sure they go to court when they're supposed to; (2) when the judge sends a person to jail after they are found guilty of a crime; (3) the care and control of children.

Money that the losing side must pay to the winning side to make up for losses or injuries. There are two kinds of damages: (1) "compensatory," meaning money to pay for the actual cost of an injury or loss; and (2) "punitive" or "exemplary", meaning an amount of money that's more than the actual damages. This is a punishment for willful or malicious acts.

A court's Judgment or decree that settles a dispute. (See also Decree, Judgment.)

A court decision. It can be (1) "interlocutory," which means it is not a final decision, or (2) "final," which means all issues of the case are settled.

When one person hurts another person's character, fame, or reputation by making false and malicious statements that are not protected by law.

Person accused of a crime.

In a civil case, the facts or arguments presented by the defendant to show why the plaintiff doesn't have a right to the relief asked for. In a criminal case, the reasons why a defendant should not be convicted of the charge(s).

Defense Attorney
In a criminal case, the lawyer that represents the accused person (called the "defendant").

To make a misrepresentation of an existing material fact, knowing it to be false or making it recklessly without regard to whether it is true or false. To practice fraud; to cheat or trick. To deprive a person of property or any interest, estate, or right by fraud, deceit or artifice.

Deferred Payment
Court grants additional time to pay a fine.

When a jury, for either a civil or criminal case, goes into the jury room to discuss the evidence and testimony and reach a verdict.

Deliquency Court
The division of the Juvenile Court hearing cases where juveniles have been charged with committing a crime.

Delinquency, Juvenile
Antisocial behavior by a minor; especially behavior that would be criminally punishable if the minor were an adult, but instead is usually punished by special laws pertaining only to minors.

Demand for Discovery
Demand by the defense attorney to the State Attorney to furnish material information on a case.

Demanding State
The state seeking the return of a fugitive.

De Novo
Starting a case all over again as if it had not been heard before. In Latin, novo means "new." (Trial de Novo)

Dependency Court
The division of the Juvenile Court hearing cases of child abuse and neglect.

Written or oral testimony given under oath in front of an authorized third person like a court reporter. Depositions take place outside of the court. They allow the parties to get a record of a person's testimony, or to get testimony from a witness that lives far away. They can help the lawyers prepare their court papers called "pleadings." (See also Discovery.)

A legal attack on a document as to sufficiency.

Detention Hearing
The initial hearing in Dependency Court soon after the child has been removed from the parent.

Directed Verdict
Dismissed by a judge.

Form of discipline of a lawyer resulting in the loss (often permanently) of that lawyer's right to practice law.)

Discharge of Bond
A court order to release bond, usually once the case is disposed.

The gathering of information (facts, documents, or testimony) before a case goes to trial. Discovery is done in many ways, such as through depositions, interrogations, or requests for admissions. It can also be done through independent investigation or by talking with the other side's lawyer.

Discovery Motion
A motion to have evidence disclosed to the moving party.

To terminate legal action involving outstanding charges against a defendant in a criminal case.

Dismissal with Prejudice
When a court dismisses a case and will not allow any other suit to be filed on the same claim in the future.

Dismissal without Prejudice
When a court dismisses a case, but will allow other suits to be filed on the same claim.

The final action of a case.

Dispositional Hearing
The hearing held after a petition is sustained (allegation found true), to determined whether the child will become a dependent of the court, where the child will reside, and what reunification services, if any, will be provided to the parent.

A marriage that is ended by a judge's decision, also known as a "divorce." (Compare to Nullity.)

Dissolution of Marriage
The act of terminating a marriage; divorce; but the term does not include annulment.

A list of cases pending before the court.

D. O. C.
Department of Corrections/State Prison facility.

Domestic Violence
An assault committed by one member of a household against another.

The place where a person has his or her permanent legal home. A person may have several residences, but only one domicile.

Double Jeopardy
The constitutional prohibition under the Fifth Amendment against a person being put on trial more than once for the same offense.

Due Process of Law
The regular way that the law is administered through the courts. The U.S. Constitution says that everyone has to have a day in court, has the right to be represented by a lawyer, and the right to benefit from court procedures that are speedy, fair, and impartial.

Consists in any illegal imprisonment or threats of bodily harm in order to coerce the will of another and inducing him to do an act contrary to his free will.

Electronic Monitoring
Use of an electronic device to keep an eye on where a sentenced person is in community and to restrict his or her activities, instead of putting the person in jail.

A legal way for children to become adults before they are 18. Once a child is emancipated, his or her parents don't have custody or control of him or her anymore.

Taking property by a person to whom the property has been entrusted.

Eminent Domain
The right of the state to take private property for public use after giving fair compensation to the owner.

To sign your name on a document to authorize its contents or transfer (as in a check that is endorsed to transfer money).

Enter a Guilty Plea
The formal statement before the court that the accused admits committing the criminal act.

A defense to criminal charges alleging that agents of the government induced a person to commit a crime he or she otherwise would not have committed.

Money or a written instrument such as a deed that, by agreement between two parties, is held by a neutral third party (held in escrow) until all conditions of the agreement are met.

Estreature of Bond
A court order to forfeit bond to the county.

Et Al
In Latin, this means "and others." Refers to parties not included in the formal name of a court case.

Et Seq
An abbreviation for et sequentes, or et sequentia. Latin meaning "and the following," ordinarily used in referring to a section of statutes.

Et Ux
In Latin, this means "and wife."

Any proof legally presented at trial through witnesses, records, and/or exhibits.

Evidence Log
A list of all items entered as evidence in trial (exhibits).

Excessive Force
Use of unreasonable amount of force by police officer.

person or company named in a will to carry out the will's instructions and requests. The executor is usually supervised by the probate court.

Any paper or object offered in court that is marked for identification or evidence.

To clear or blame or to relieve from responsibility.

Ex Parte
A court procedure with only one side. For emergencies only.

Ex Parte Proceeding
The legal procedure in which only one side is represented.

Expert Testimony
Testimony given in relation to some scientific, technical, or professional matter by experts, i.e., person qualified to speak authoritatively by reason of their special training, skill, or familiarity with the subject.

Expert Witness
Experts in medicine, forensics, etc., who testify at trial.

Destroy, obliterate and wholly strike out the criminal history record of a person's case.

The act of obtaining the property of another person or threatened force, violence, or fear.

Surrender by one state to another of a person accused or convicted of an offense outside its own territory and within territorial jurisdiction of the other, with the other state which is competent to try him/her demanding his/her surrender.

Factual Basis
The underlying facts supporting a defendant's guilt or Nolo Contendere plea.

Crime carrying a penalty of possible incarceration in state prison. A serious crime that can be punished by more than one year in prison or by death.

A person that acts for another person's benefit, like a trustee or guardian. It also means something that is based on a trust or confidence.

Fifth Amendment
Among other rights, the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees that a person cannot be forced to present self-incriminating testimony in a criminal proceeding.

The Clerk’s office’s official recording of minutes and all documents signed by the judge.

When a judicial officer or jury says something is a fact.

First Appearance
Accused’s right to see a judge within 24 hours of arrest. This is the initial appearance of an arrested person before a judge to determine whether there is probably cause for his or her arrest. Generally, the person comes before a judge within hours of the arrest, and are informed of the charges against him or her and of his or her rights to a preliminary hearing, to counsel, and to bail. No plea is asked for at this time. Also called Initial Appearance.

Florida Statutes
A listing or book of the laws of the state of Florida.

Procedure by which mortgaged property is sold on default of the mortgagor in satisfaction or mortgage debt.

Fost Care
A program that gives money to a person, family, or institution to raise someone else's child.

Fourteenth Amendment
Among other matters, the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits states from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without adequate Due Process.

Deceiving someone on purpose in a way that financially hurts others.

A person who flees from one state to another to avoid prosecution.

A legal process that allows part of a person's wages or property to be withheld for payment of a debt.

General Jurisdiction
Refers to courts that have no limit on the types of criminal and civil cases they may hear.

Grand Jury
A group of 16 to 23 citizens that listen to the prosecutor's evidence of criminal allegations and decide whether there is probable cause to believe a person committed a crime and to charge then with that crime.

Grand Theft
Taking a carrying away personal property of another person of value in excess of an amount set by law with the intent to deprive the owner or possessor of it permanently.

Grantor or Settlor
The person who sets up a trust

A foundation or basis; points relied on.

A person appointed by will or by law to assume responsibility for incompetent adults or minor children. If a parent dies, this will usually be the other parent. If both die, it probably will be a close relative. In Juvenile Dependency cases, once a guardian is appointed, dependency may be terminated.

Guardian Ad Litem
An adult appointed by a court who represents a minor child or legally incompetent person. (See also Ad Litem).

A court proceeding where a judge chooses someone to care for a person under age 18 or to manage the minor's estate (property), or both. In some states, conservatorship of an adult is called guardianship.

Guilty Plea
When a person admits in court that he or she is guilty of a crime.

Habeas Corpus
A means to bring the defendant before the court to determine whether he/she is being detained unlawfully. The term comes from Latin.

A formal court proceeding with the judge and opposing sides present, but no jury.

Hearing Proceedings
Record of testimony/evidence entered.

Hearing, Preliminary
The hearing given to person accused of crime, by a magistrate or judge, to determine whether there is enough evidence to warrant the confinement and holding to bail the person accused.

Statements by a witness who did not see or hear the incident in question, but heard about it from someone else. Hearsay usually can't be used as evidence in court.

Holding Cell
A temporary location inside a courthouse where prisoners are held before and after their court appearance.

Hung Jury
A jury whose members cannot agree upon a verdict.

Implied Consent
Requirement to take a chemical test when arrested for driving under the influence.

The act of putting or confining a man in prison, or the restraint of a man's personal liberty.

Cannot be admitted as evidence in a trial or hearing.

To put in jail or prison.

Liability for loss is shifter from one person held legally responsible to another.

An obligation to provide compensation (usually money) for a loss, hurt or damage.

A formal charging document issued by a Grand Jury to the Court wherein the named person(s) is accused of committing a specific crime.

A defendant unable to afford a private defense attorney. These clients are represented by the public defender or a conflict attorney.

An undisclosed person who confidentially discloses material information of a crime to the police, which is usually done in exchange for a reward or special treatment.

A formal charging document issued by the State Attorney wherein the named person is accused of committing a specific offense.

A non-criminal traffic/marine offense.

Initial Appearance
In criminal law, the hearing at which a judge determines whether there is sufficient evidence against a person charged with a crime to hold him or her for trial. The Constitution bans secret accusations, so initial appearances are public unless the defendant asks otherwise; the accused must be present, though he or she usually does not offer evidence. Also called First Appearance.

Initial Proceedings
The first court appearance of a defendant on a charge.

A court order that says a defendant can't perform, or must perform, a specific act. (See Restraining Order.)

Process by which the State Attorney makes up a criminal file, files upon the case, etc.

The purpose to use a particular means to bring about a certain result.

A person who is certified as being able to translate, orally or in writing, spoken or sign language into the common language of the court.

Written questions asked by one party in a lawsuit for which the opposing party must answer them in writing.

An action by which a third person who may be affected by a lawsuit is permitted to become a party to the suit. Differs from the process of becoming an Amicus Curiae.

Invoke the Rule (of sequestration)
Separation and exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom while testimony is being offered from other witnesses.

A place of confinement that is more than a police station and less than a prison. It is usually used to hold persons convicted of misdemeanors or persons awaiting trial.

Risk to a defendant of possible conviction and punishment. In a criminal case, the defendant is usually said to be "in jeopardy" after the preliminary hearing has taken place and the jury has been sworn in.

An elected or appointed public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a court of law.

The official document of a judge’s disposition (decision) of a case and sentence of a defendant.

(1) The legal authority/power of a court to hear and decide a case. (2)The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases. ( 3) the territory, subject matter, or persons over which lawful authority may be exercised by a court.

Member of the jury.

Juror, Alternate
Additional juror impaneled in case of sickness or disability of another juror.

A group of citizens picked according to law and authorized to decide a case.

Jury Box
The specific place in the courtroom where the jury sits during the trial.

Jury Foreman
The juror who is in charge of the jury during deliberations and speaks for the jury in court when announcing the verdict.

Jury, Hung
A jury which is unable to agree on a verdict after a suitable period of deliberation.

Jury Trial
A trial that is heard and decided by a jury.

A child under the age of 18 years. (See also Minor.)

Stealing or theft.

Lesser Included
Any less serious offense whose definition is included within the definition of the original charge.

Combination of rules and principles of conduct made known by legislative authority, derived from court decisions, and established by local custom.

An action between two or more persons in the courts of law, not a criminal matter.

To obtain money by legal process through seizure and/or sale of property.

Legal debts and obligations.

The right to keep a debtor's property from being sold or transferred until the debtor pays what he or she

A motion requesting that the court not allow certain evidence that might prejudice the jury.

A police identification procedure by which the suspect to a crime is exhibited, along with others, before the victim or witness to determine if the victim or witness can identify the suspect as the person who committed the crime.

A party, or side involved in a lawsuit.

A case, controversy, or lawsuit.

Local Rules
A set of rules you have to follow to start a court case. Every county and court has different local rules.

Violation of a professional duty to act with reasonable care and in good faith without fraud or collusion. This term is usually applied to such conduct by doctors, lawyers, or accountants.

A judicial command or order proceeding from a court or judicial officer, directing the proper officer to enforce a judgment, sentence, or decree.

Manslaughter, Involuntary
Unlawful killing of another, without malice, when the death is caused by some other unlawful act not usually expected to result in great bodily harm.

Manslaughter, Voluntary
Unlawful killing of another, without malice, when the act is committed with a sudden extreme emotional impulse.

Material Witness
In criminal trial, a witness whose testimony is crucial to either the defense or prosecution.

A process in which people that are having a dispute are helped by a neutral person to communicate so they can reach a settlement acceptable to both.

Mental Incapacity
Where a person is found to be incapable of understanding and acting with discretion in the ordinary affairs of life due to a loss of reasoning faculties.

A child under the age of 18 years. (See also Juvenile).

A written accounting of what took place in court.

Miranda Rights
Requirement that police tell a person who is arrested or questioned their constitutional rights before they question him or her: specifically, the right to remain silent; that any statement made may be used against him or her; the right to an attorney; and if the person cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed if he or she desires.

A crime that is less serious than a felony and is usually punishable by fine, penalty, forfeiture, or confinement (usually for a brief term) in a place other than prison (such as a county jail).

A trial that has been ended and declared void (of no legal effect) due to prejudicial error in the proceedings or other extraordinary circumstances.

Mitigating Circumstances
Facts which do not constitute a justification or excuse for an offense but which may be considered as reasons for reducing the degree of blame.

A spoken or written request that one side makes to ask the judge to make a decision or an order on a specific point.

Oral or written request made by a party to an action before, during, or after a trial asking the judge to issue a ruling or order in that party's favor.

Motion Denied
Ruling or order issued by the judge refusing the party's request.

Motion Granted
Ruling or order issued by the judge approving the party's request.

Motion in Limine
A written motion which is usually made before or after the beginning of a jury trial for a protective order against prejudicial questions and statements.

Motion to Mitigate Sentence
A motion to reduce sentence.

Motion to Quash
A request to make something null or ineffective, such as to "quash a subpoena."

Motion to Seal
A motion to close a record to public inspection.

Motion to Sever
A request usually by defense, to have a separate trial as to either jointly tried defendants or jointly charged counts.

Motion to Suppress
A request that the court prohibit the introduction of illegally obtained evidence at a criminal trial.

When someone fails to be as careful as the law requires to protect the rights and property of others.

No Contest
A defendant neither admits nor denies the charges, letting them stand as is.

No-Fault Proceedings
A civil case in which parties may resolve their dispute without a formal finding of error or fault.

No File/Unfiled Disposed
State Attorney's Office does not file on a case.

No Information
Document indicating formal charges will not be filed by the State Attorney’s Office.

No Probable Cause
Insufficient grounds to hold the person who was arrested.

No True Bill
A finding by a Grand Jury that there is no probable cause to decide that a crime has been committed.

To drop prosecution of by entering a nolle prosequi on the courts records.

Nolle Prosequi (Nol-Pros)
Decision by a prosecutor not to go forward with charging a crime. It translates, "I do not choose to prosecute." Also loosely called nolle pros. A declaration that the plaintiff in a civil case or the prosecutor in a criminal case will drop prosecution of all or part of a suit or indictment.

Nolo Contendere
Same as pleading guilty, except that your plea cannot be used against you in civil court. This can only be used in traffic or criminal court. From the Latin for "I do not wish to contend."

Non Compos Mentis
Not of sound mind; insane.

Non-Jury Trial
A case tried by a judge.

Not Guilty
The form of a verdict in criminal cases where the jury acquits the defendant.

Notary Public
A person authorized to certify a person's signature, administer oaths, certify that documents are authentic, and take depositions

Written information or warning. For example, a notice to the other side that you will make a motion in court on a certain date.

Notice of Motion
A notice to the opposing party, that on a certain date a motion will be made in court.

That activity which arises from unreasonable, unwarranted or unlawful use by a person of his own property, and producing such material annoyance resulting in damage.

Something that is legally void.

Nunc Pro Tunc
An entry made now for an act done previously and to have the effect as if it were done on a prior date.

When a witness promises to tell the truth in a legal proceeding.

Oath of Indigency and Order Appointing Counsel
A document signed by the defendant under oath before the judge stating he/she is without funds to retain an attorney. The judge may then declare the defendant indigent and sign an order appointing counsel.

A formal protest made by a party over testimony or evidence that the other side tries to introduce in court.

Objection Overruled
A ruling by the court upholding the act or omission of the opposing party.

Objection Sustained
A ruling by the court in favor of the party making the objection.

One who commits a crime, such as a felony, misdemeanor, or other punishable unlawful act.

On a Person's Own Recognizance

Release of a person from custody without the payment of any Bail or posting of Bond, upon the promise to return to court.

A judge's written explanation of a decision of the court or of a majority of judges. A dissenting opinion disagrees with the majority opinion because of the reasoning or the principles of law on which the decision is based. A concurring opinion agrees with the decision of the court but offers further comment.

(1) act of opposing or resisting. (2) confronting another.

Oral Argument
The part of the trial when lawyers summarize their position in court and also answer the judge's questions.

Order to Show Cause
Court order that makes someone go to court to explain to the judge why he or she did not follow the rules.

Order, Court
(1) Decision of a judicial officer; (2) a directive of the court.

A regulation made by a local government to enforce, control, or limit certain activities.

Original Jurisdiction
The court in which a matter must first be filed.

A judge's decision not to allow an objection. A decision by a higher court finding that a lower court
decision was wrong.

Own Recognizance
Release of a person from custody without the payment of any bail or posting of bond.

Prosecutor’s Alternative Division (not in Brevard Co.); settlement of a case without prosecution.

A person with legal skills, but who is not an attorney, and who works under the supervision of a lawyer or who is otherwise authorized by law to use those legal skills.

When the chief executive of a state or country releases a convicted person from the punishment given him or her by a court sentence.

Pretrial Diversion Program for certain misdemeanor offenders.

A conditional release from a correctional facility of a prisoner who has served part of the term/sentence to which he/she was sentenced.

One of the sides of a case. The person who started the case is called the plaintiff or petitioner. The person being sued is called the defendant or respondent.

A prison or place of confinement where convicted felons are sent to serve out the term of their sentence.

People (Prosecution)
A state, for example, the People of the State of Florida.

A false statement made on purpose while under oath in a court proceeding.

Petit Jury or (Trial Jury)

A group of citizens that listen to the evidence presented by both sides at trial and figure out the facts in dispute. Criminal juries are made up of 12 people; civil juries are made up of at least 6 people.

A court paper that asks the court to take action. For example, in juvenile cases, the Petition starts the
court case. (Compare MOTION.)

A person who presents a petition to the court.

The one bringing the charges against the accused.

Defendant’s answer to the charge.

Plea Bargain
An agreement between the prosecutor and the defendant. It lets the defendant plead guilty to a less serious charge, if the court approves.

Plea Negotiations
Negotiations between the State and the defense for a fair disposition of the case, and requiring approval of the court.

Written statements filed with the court that describes a party's legal or factual claims about the case and what the party wants from the court.

A writ commanding the Clerk of Court to issue a subpoena or summons.

Pre-Sentence Investigation
A background investigation of the defendant by Probation and Parole Services which is provided to the sentencing judge, State Attorney, and defense attorney.

Pre-Trial Intervention
A county program to aid certain qualified defendants by diverting them from court proceedings upon successful completion of the program.

Probable Cause
Reasonable belief that a crime was committed and that the named person committed the crime.

Pre-Trial Release
Release of a defendant after arrest and before any court appearance date.

Prima Facie
On the face of it; factually.

Suspension of a sentence, with or without adjudication of guilt, and placing the defendant under supervision of the Department of Corrections Probation and Parole Services for a specified period of time, and with conditions of behavior.

Post Conviction
A procedure by which a convicted defendant challenges the conviction and/or sentence on the basis of some alleged violation or error.

To put off or delay a court hearing.

Power of Attorney
Formal authorization of a person to act in the interest of another person.

A court decision in an earlier case that the court uses to decide similar or new cases.

Preliminary Hearing
The hearing available to a person charged with a felony to determine if there is enough evidence (probable cause) to hold him for trial.

Preliminary Injunction
In civil cases when it is necessary to preserve the status quo prior to trial, the court may issue this or a temporary restraining order ordering a party to carry out a specified activity.

The planning of a crime before the crime takes place, rather than committing the crime on the spur of the

An inference of the truth or falsity of a proposition or fact, that stands until rebutted by evidence to the

Pretrial Conference
Any time both sides of the case go to court before trial. In criminal cases, it's usually when the defendant and prosecutor talk about settling the case.

Term meaning previous conviction(s) of the accused.

Prior Conviction
As used in Superior Court pleadings, an allegation that defendant has previously been imprisoned.

A federal or state public building or other place for the confinement of persons. It is used as either a punishment imposed by the law or otherwise in the course of the administration of justice. Also known as penitentiary, penal institution, adult correctional institution, or jail.

Privileged Communications
Confidential communications to certain persons that are protected by law against any disclosure, including forced disclosure in legal proceedings. Communications between lawyer and client, physician and patient, psychotherapist and patient, priest, minister, or rabbi and penitent are typically privileged.

Probable Cause
A good reason to believe that a crime has or is being committed; the basis for all lawful searches, seizures, and arrests.

The judicial process to determine if a will of a dead person is genuine or not; lawful distribution of a decedent's estate.

Probate Court
The court with authority to deal with the estates of people who have died.

A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court releases a convicted defendant under supervision of a probation officer that makes certain that the defendant follows certain rules, for example, gets a job, gets drug counseling.

Probation Officer
One who supervises a person placed on probation and is required to report the progress and to surrender the them if they violate the terms and conditions of the probation.

Pro Bono
Legal work done for free. From the Latin meaning "for the public good."

Procedural Law
The method, established normally by rules to be followed in a case; the formal steps in a judicial proceeding.

An offer of proof as to what the evidence would be if a witness were called to testify or answer a question.

Act or law that forbids something.

Promissory Note
A written document that says a person promises to pay money to another.

Any fact or evidence that leads to a judgment of the court.

Proof of Service
A form filed with the court that proves that court papers were properly delivered to someone.

Pro Per
Person who presents their own cases in court without lawyers (See also IN Propia Persona and Pro Se.)

Pro Se
Person who presents their own cases in court without lawyers (See also Pro Per and Pro Se.)

Prosecuting Attorney
A public office who prosecutes criminal cases for the state. See Prosecutor and State Attorney.

The party that starts a criminal case and files criminal charges. The prosecution is the lawyer for the state. A common name for the state's side of the case.

A trial lawyer representing the government in a criminal case and the interests of the state in civil matters. In criminal cases, the prosecutor has the responsibility of deciding who and when to file charges.

Public Defender
A court appointed attorney for those defendants who are declared indigent (cannot afford a lawyer).

Public Defender Lien
Upon order of the Judge, a fee paid to the county by the defendant for legal services rendered by the Public Defender.

Punitive Damages
Money awarded to an injured person, over and above the measurable value of the injury, in order to punish the person who hurt him.

To clean or clear, such as eliminating inactive records from court files; with respect to civil contempt, to clear the noncompliance that caused the contempt finding.

To overthrow, to vacate, to annul or make void.

Quasi Judicial
Authority or discretion vested in an officer whose actions are of a judicial character, such as General Magistrate or Child Support Hearing Officers.

Quid Pro Quo
Something for something; giving one valuable thing for another.

Quickie Order (Short form order)
A form used by a judge directing that some action be taken.

Rap Sheet
A written summary of a person's criminal history.

Reasonable Doubt, Beyond a
The degree of certainty required for a juror to legally find a criminal defendant guilty. An accused person is entitled to acquittal if, in the minds of the jury, his or her guilt has not been proved beyond a "reasonable doubt"; that state of mind of jurors in which they cannot say they feel a persisting conviction as to the truth of the charge.

Evidence presented at trial by one party in order to overcome evidence introduced by another party.

Recall Order
Order recalling a Warrant/Capias.

The Clerk’s office’s official recording of minutes and all documents signed by the judge.

The continued, habitual, or compulsive breaking the law after having been convicted of prior offenses.

The practice which enables an accused awaiting trial to be released without posting any security other than a promise to appear before the court at the proper time. Failure to appear in court at the proper time is a separate crime.

The official papers that make up a court case.

A judge excuses himself from hearing/considering a case due to some conflict.

To bring back to a previous condition. When bail that had been forfeited, exonerated, or reduced is reestablished in its original amount.

Opportunity for the side that opened the case to offer limited response to evidence presented during the Rebuttal by the opposing side.

A forsaking, abandoning, renouncing, or giving over a right.

(1) When an appellate court sends a case to a lower court for further proceedings; (2) to return a prisoner to custody.

The transfer of a fugitive from the asylum state to the demanding state.

Release on Own Recognizance (ROR)
Release of a prisoner with no bond by a judge.

If you are the person that answers the original Petition, you are the respondent. Even if you later file an action of your own in that case, you are still the respondent for as long as the case is open.

Giving something back to its owner. Or, giving the owner something with the same value, like paying to fix his or her property .

An action of a higher court in setting aside or revoking a lower court decision.

Reversible Error
A procedural error during a trial or hearing sufficiently harmful to justify reversing the judgment of a lower court. (See Prejudicial Error.)

To change or take back.

Rule of Court
An order made by a court having competent jurisdiction. Rules of court are either general or special; the former are the regulations by which the practice of the court is governed, the latter are special orders made in particular cases.

A financial punishment meant to make someone obey the law. For example, a judge can order someone to pay for not following court orders.

A form used for sentencing utilizing the points system mandated by the legislature.

Clerk of the Court symbol of authenticity.

The closure of court records to inspection, except to the parties.

Sealing a criminal record
To close a criminal record, make unavailable, confidential, or exempt from public record.

Search and Seizure
A person or place is searched and evidence useful in the investigation and prosecution of a crime is taken. The search is conducted after an order is issued by a judge.

Search Warrant

An order that tells the police to search a specific place to find specific people or things. A judge can order a search warrant if there is probable cause.

Second Appearance
Court appearance after initial proceedings in which the state may file an Information, the defendant is discharged, or continuance for another appearance.

Claim that an act was legally justifiable because it was necessary to protect a person or property from the threat or action of another.

Acts or declarations by which one implicates oneself in a crime.

The official document of a judge’s disposition (decision) of a case and sentence of a defendant.

The hearing where the court determines a person's punishment.

Sequestration of Witnesses
Keeping all witnesses (except plaintiff and defendant) out of the courtroom except for their time on the stand, and cautioning them not to discuss their testimony with other witnesses. Also
called separation of witnesses. This prevents a witness from being influenced by the testimony of a prior witness.

Service of Process
The delivery of legal papers to the opposing party. The papers must be delivered by an adult aged 18 or older that is not involved in the case and that swears to the date and method of delivery to the recipient.

When both sides reach an agreement that solves the case before the judge or jury makes a decision.

Elected officer of a county whose job is to conserve peace within his or her territorial jurisdiction as well as aid in the criminal and civil court processes.

Show Cause Order
An order issued by the court requiring a person to appear and show why some action should not be taken.

A conference between the judge and lawyers, usually in the courtroom, out of hearing of the jury and spectators.

Signature Bond
A signature bond sometimes secured by a mortgage or real property but usually unsecured.

Defamation of a person's character or reputation through false or malicious oral statements. See Defamation.

Small Claims Court
A court that handles civil claims for $5,000 or less. People often represent themselves rather than hire an attorney.

Speedy Trial
A rule of law wherein the defendant must be brought to trial within 90 days for misdemeanor and 175 days for felony (as guaranteed by the 6th Amendment of the United States.)

Standard of Proof
There are essentially three standards of proof applicable in most court proceedings. In criminal cases, the offense must be proven Beyond a Reasonable Doubt, the highest standard. In civil cases and neglect and dependency proceedings, the lowest standard applies by a mere Preponderance of the Evidence, (more likely than not). In some civil cases, and in juvenile proceedings such as a permanent termination of parental rights, an intermediate standard applies, proof by Clear and Convincing Evidence.

Stare Decisis
The doctrine that courts will follow principles of law established in previous cases. Similar to Precedent.

Statement, Closing
The final statements by the attorneys to the jury or court summarizing the evidence that they have established and the evidence that the other side has failed to establish. Also known as Closing Argument.

Statement, Opening
Outline or summary of the nature of the case and of the anticipated proof presented by the attorney to the jury before any evidence is submitted. Also known as Opening Argument.

Statement of Fact
Any written or oral declaration of facts in a case.

Statement of Particulars
A detailed statement of the offense charged, sufficient to enable the defendant to properly prepare his/her defense.

A law passed by Congress or a state legislature.

To agree to something.

(1) to delete or remove. (2) To dismiss an allegation before sentencing. (3) A serious violent felony prior conviction that is charged as a prior allegation, e.g. a second strike, or third strike.

An official order to go to court at a certain time. Subpoenas are commonly used to tell witnesses to come to court to testify in a trial.

Subpoena Duces Tecum
Court process requiring a witness to produce requested documents or other materials, at a specific time/date.

To substitute one person for another in a legal claim.

To commence legal proceedings for recovery of a right.

Summary Judgment
When the judge decides a case without going to trial. The decision is based on the papers filed by both sides.

(1) A notice to a defendant that he or she has been sued or charged with a crime and is required to appear in court. (2) A jury summons requires the person receiving it to report for possible jury duty.

To stop or put an end to someone's activities.

To maintain, to affirm, to approve.

To put to oath and declare as truth.

Sworn Complaint Affidavit
A sworn, witnessed complaint filed with the Clerk of Court initiating a criminal case.

Temporary Relief
Any form of action by a court granting one of the parties an order to protect its interest pending further action by the court.

Temporary Restraining Order (TRO)
A court order that says a person must not do certain things that are likely to cause harm that can't be fixed.

A will disposing of personal property. (See Will.)

Oral evidence at a trial or deposition.

Time Served
A sentence given by the court to a convicted criminal equal to the amount of time that the criminal was incarcerated during the trial.

When a person is hurt because someone did not do what he or she was supposed to do. The most common tort action is a suit for damages as a result of an automobile accident.

A record of everything that is said in a hearing or trial.

A formal denial of allegations.

A court process in which the issues of fact and law are heard and decided according to legal procedures so a judicial officer or jury can make a decision.

Trial, Court (Bench)
A trial where the jury is waived and the case is seen before the judge alone.

Trial, Speedy
The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution guarantees the accused to an immediate trial in accordance with prevailing rules, regulations and proceedings of law.

True Copy
An exact copy of a written document.

A legal device used to manage real or personal property, established by one person (the Grantor or Settler) for the benefit of another (the Beneficiary). A third person ( the Trustee) or the grantor manages the trust. In Traffic - Trust is an account into which bail is posted to insure appearance or compliance until the case is settled.

The person or institution that manages the property put in trust.

An absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties to a contract, and contract terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other party.

That which is contrary to or in conflict with the federal or state constitutions.

Undue Influence
When someone pressures the person making a will (called testator) to include or leave out people or things from his or her will. This can be a reason to challenge a will.

Under the Influence
Any abnormal mental or physical condition which is the result of indulging in any degree in intoxicating liquors, and which tends to deprive one of that clearness of intellect and control of himself which he would otherwise possess.

Unlawful Assembly
At common law, the meeting together of three or more persons, to the disturbance of the public peace, and with the intention of forcible and violent execution of some unlawful private enterprise.

Unfiled Disposed/No File
State Attorney's Office does not file on a case.

To render an act void; to set aside.

Vacate Estreature
A court order that cancels the bond forfeiture.

The findings of a judge or jury at the end of a trial.

A person who is the object of a crime or civil wrongdoing.

Violation of Probation
A new allegation against a defendant for non-compliance with a previous probation condition related to a criminal sentence.

Voir Dire
Examination of a jury panel by the judge, defense counsel, and the State Attorney for selection to serve on a case. Latin meaning "to speak the truth."

W, X,Y,Z

Waiver of Extradition
A form signed before a judge in which the defendant voluntarily submits to be picked up by a foreign jurisdiction waiving his rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

A writ issued by a judge authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search, or to do other acts incident to the administration of justice.

Warrant, Arrest
Commands a peace officer to arrest and bring before the court the person accused of an offense for purpose of commencing legal action.

Warrant, Search
A written order directing a law enforcement officer to conduct a search of a specified place and to seize any evidence directly related to the criminal offense.

A legal paper that says what a person wants to happen to his or her personal property after the person dies. A will can be changed or cancelled at any time before a person dies. (See Testament.)

Withhold of Adjudication
The judge withholds the judgment of guilt/conviction on an offense.

1. A person called testify about what he or she saw, heard, or knows. 2. To sign your name to a document for the purpose of authenticity.

Witness Stand
The space in the courtroom occupied by a witness while testifying.

Witness, Defense
A non-hostile witness that is called by the defense counsel to assist in proving the defense's case.

Witness, Expert
Qualified by knowledge, skill, experience, training or education to provide a scientific, technical or specialized opinion of the subject about which he or she is to testify. That knowledge must not be generally possessed by the average person.

Witness, Hostile
An uncooperative witness.

Witness, Material
A witness who can give testimony relating to a particular matter that very few others, if any, can give.

Witness, Prosecution
The person whose complaint begins a criminal prosecution and whose testimony is mainly relied on to secure a conviction at the trial.

A written document/order requiring the performance of a specified act, or giving authority and commission to have it done.

Writ of Certiorari
An order by the appellate court used when the court has the discretion on whether or not to hear an appeal.

Writ of Execution
A court order that tells the sheriff to enforce a judgment.

Writ of Mandate
A petition used to compel the court, officer, or agency to perform a duty required by law or to compel a court to assume jurisdiction and exercise its discretion after its refusal to act.

Writ of Habeas Corpus Ad Prosequendum
A writ of the court ordering that a prisoner be brought before the court to be prosecuted.

Writ of Habeas Corpus Ad Testificandum
A writ of the court ordering that a prisoner be brought before the court to testify.

Written Plea of Not Guilty
A defendant's plea in writing to the court. In the felony court, this plea may only be filed by counsel.


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New in our webshop

Chrysanthemum Limoncello (new)

Lilium Oriental Tabledance

Lilium Oriental Master

Rose Tacazzi pink (new)

Now servicing the following regions:

West Midlands, East Anglia South,
South West, South East, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Bedfortshire, Oxfordshire

Bringing the freshest flowers direct to you

"We have used Flora Direct from since they first opened. We are very happy with the price and quality of flower. They are always very obliging and friendly and will go to any lengths to provide excellent customer service. The web site is user friendly and there is a very good choice of flower"

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Direct contact

Office (HQ)

: +44 800 998 9686

 : hello@floradirect.co.uk

Come and join in, leave us your feedback or check out some more work on Facebook, Google+ and Twitter
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Cassia fistula L.

  • Family : FABACEAE
  • Family (As per The Plant List) : Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
  • Subfamily : Caesalpinioideae
  • Species : Cassia fistula
  • Species Name (as per The Plant List) : Cassia fistula L.
  • Common name : Indian Laburnum, Golden Shower, Purging fistula
  • Vernacular name : Aragwadha (San.); Sonhali, Amalthus (Hin.); Kakke mara, Konde mara (Kan.)
  • Collection Nos : KFP 481, KFP 11050
  • Collector(s) Name : S.B.Manohar & B.Gurudev Singh
  • Key identification features : A medium-sized ornamental tree with small spreading canopy. Bark is copper brown in colour, more or less smooth, crusty when old and exfoliating. Leaves are pinnately compound with large leaflets. Flowers are about 3 cm across, bright yellow in arrestingly beautiful drooping sprays. Fruit is a long, indehiscent, cylindrical pod with numerous seeds.
  • Habit : Tree
  • Native : India, China, South-east Asia
  • Comments : Common in deciduous to semi-evergreen forests. Also, planted in gardens. The fruit pulp is a strong purgative.
  • Conservation Status : Not Evaluated (NE)
  • Collection Locality : M.M.Hills (Chamarajnagar)
  • Distribution Locality : Bagalkot, Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chamrajnagar, Chikamagalur, Chikkaballapur, Chitradurga, Dakshina Kannada, Davanagere, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Hassan, Haveri, Kodagu, Kolar, Koppal, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Ramanagara, Shimoga, Tumkur, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Yadgir
  • Floras referred : Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976 - Hassan; Gowda, 2004 - Sringeri; Ramaswamy & Razi, 1973 - Bangalore; Seetharam et al., 2000 - Gulbarga; Rao & Razi, 1981 - Mysore; Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990 - Coorg; Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2003 - Udupi; Manjunath et al., 2003 - Davanagere

Herbarium Specimen(s)

Line Drawings

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Creative Commons License
Digital Flora of Karnataka by Herbarium JCB is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://florakarnataka.ces.iisc.ernet.in.


text:
Saturday, August 31, 2013

A lot more pictures should have been shared, but I kept forgetting to take pictures. Thats something I used to always remember, was to take a picture of something that I thought was fun. I have to remember!

1 comment:

  1. Wow! I'm really loving your blog so far, very impressed!

    Thanks for contacting me on IFB I'm actually so glad I came across your blog, it's one of my favourites that I have come across in a long time! It's so unique and very raw!

    Please check out my blog if you get the chance, nothing on yours but it's a work in progress ;)

    I'm definitely gonna be following you on your fashion journey, have already joined via GFC and will check out your other links shortly :)

    black leather, pink frosting xx

    P.S. I know you said you don't like your pink hair but I LOVE it, especially when you do it up with the double buns. I think it looks so arty! x


text:
 Rheology Courses and Education Services at Fluid Dynamics

RHEOLOGY TESTING AT FLUID DYNAMICS                                         (908) 200-5823

Copyright 2015.  Fluid Dynamics, Inc. All rights reserved.

Strain sweep   Frequency sweep   Viscosity   Yield stress   T2SR   Rheology Course   Powder Rheology  Registration

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For many years, we have offered custom, tailored hands-on rheology courses and workshops in experimental rheology testing methods.  This includes both steady shear viscosity testing and oscillatory measurements.  The objective of our rheology course is to cover many of the experimental difficulties that one encounters in testing both complex and simple fluids and soft solids.  Generally these courses are quite small to give individuals sufficient time to master some of the basics in using our rheometers and viscometers.  A great deal of emphasis is placed on terminology, definitions, equations and methods.  Examples are provided based on our experimental experience of significant sources of error in handling and testing various types of samples and products.

Contact us for our schedule for the balance of 2015 and we will be posting our schedule for 2018 soon.

Simply Rheologytm

Call us to discuss your particular interests and needs


text:
Where’s The LUV?
AirTran Merger: A Marriage Of Inconvenience For Passengers
Tuesday, September 16, 2014
It wasn’t so much a merger, it was Southwest eliminating a competitor.
What do you get when you merge one low-cost airline with another? At Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson airport, it’s higher fares and fewer flights.
This should be no surprise. Haven’t we learned from the wave of airline mergers in recent years; Delta-Northwest, United-Continental and American-US Airways, that the aftermath is consistently higher fares and more fees?
In 2011 Southwest bought AirTran Airways for $1.4 billion, a deal that was rubber-stamped by the Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy and Consumer Rights then sailed through the Department of Justice.
It was such a smooth review process, it resembled a charade to trick the public into thinking someone was in charge and looking out for their best interests.
Southwest made an almost effortless segue into the Atlanta air service market.
It took over AirTran’s main hub which previously competed directly with Delta Airlines in many markets. Southwest then cut several routes from Atlanta.
The Cranky Flier
Before the merger, AirTran operated a connecting hub at Hartsfield-Jackson with 220 daily departures, while Southwest plans to drop that to about 125 in January. Total reduction: more than 35 percent.
Also, Southwest-AirTran’s market share at Hartsfield-Jackson has shrunk from 16 percent to 11 percent, while Delta’s has increased from nearly 78 percent to nearly 83 percent over the last four years.
Obviously, no entity has been more pleased with the merger results than Delta. The loss of AirTran took away the very competitive fares once available as a result of AirTran’s presence. Now Delta no longer has to worry about pricing pressure.
Airtran’s last scheduled flight from Atlanta will be on December, 28, 2014.  After that, Southwest will be in total control of operations.”
Southwest’s Snowjob
Experts, industry insiders, and the community were all duped. Southwest was welcomed with open arms and was considered a big win for customers because it finally created competition against the old guard of legacy carriers like Delta, American and United.

Southwest’s marketing department advertised all over Atlanta at the start of the takeover, hyping that “they’re bringing lower prices to Atlanta”.

Gary Kelly, Southwest’s chairman and CEO proclaimed, “It’s about us bringing more competition, bringing more low fares. I think [Southwest’s daily departures from Atlanta] could grow significantly … We’ll have more flights than what they [AirTran] have today when all is integrated.”
Consumer expert Clark Howard, who was also taken in by Southwest’s siren song now acknowledges, “It’s been a real disappointment to some people in Atlanta. People who were interested in discount fares have come to realize that Southwest’s prices are not as aggressive as AirTran’s.”
Aviation consultants BoydGroup International, said that for the third quarter of 2013, the average one-way domestic airfare out of Atlanta increased by 20.6 percent compared with the same period in 2012.
Fares have risen for the consumer due to Southwest’s higher prices and Delta matching them.
AirTran Flying Off Into The Sunset
AirTran was founded in 1993 as ValuJet.
It had an inexpensive business class, allowing you to upgrade for as little as $50. That included checked baggage and even a free cocktail in-flight.
When you fly Southwest, you don’t have a business class or the ability to reserve seats.
AirTran was playing a key role in keeping prices low at Atlanta, which was lost in the merger. The myth was that Southwest was keeping the major carriers in line on prices. But after AirTran was eliminated, Southwest joined the majors and began increasing its prices everywhere.
And while AirTran operated flights from Hartsfield-Jackson to six Caribbean destinations, Southwest as of January 2015 will operate only two: Cancun and Punta Cana.
Antitrust attorney Joe Alioto filed a lawsuit challenging the Southwest-AirTran deal, claiming travelers have suffered from reduced competition. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals threw out the lawsuit, and Alioto has asked the Supreme Court to take up the case.
“Airlines are so concentrated that they are functioning as an oligopoly to raise prices, to curtail service because of the elimination of significant rivals,” Alioto said. “It’s awful.”
With three and a half months before the AirTran brand is retired, It looks like it will continue to serve these cities until the last day:
Orlando (MCO) based AirTran Flight Attendants say goodbye to their MCO base. another milestone toward the end of the AirTran operation.
Total daily flights: 164. Of course, everything ends on December 29th when AirTran’s 21-year history comes to a close.
ATL’s Future
Southwest’s reductions could reduce the Atlanta airport’s growth plans for years to come.
Earlier this year, a master plan update was delayed as planners scaled back traffic forecasts because of Southwest’s dismantling of AirTran’s hub. That is likely to contribute to reduced demand for more gates and concourses and delay the need for a sixth runway.
It’s a turnabout for this airport, where AirTran rapidly grew through the mid-2000s.
AirTran sought to gain a critical mass with its Atlanta hub by offering low fares and more flights. That sometimes led to it lose millions of dollars.
But Southwest, which boasts a 41-year profit streak, does not operate a traditional “hub-and-spoke” network. Southwest focuses on point-to-point service, instead of connecting passengers through a hub. Employment at the Atlanta airport has fallen from 5,300 pre-merger to 3,500 now.
No Going Back
Diana Moss, v
ice president of the American Antitrust Institute said there is little accountability when merger results turn out different from Justice Department expectations. “Once the merger has gone through, there’s no DOJ going back to the airlines saying, ‘Okay you guys, let’s see what you promised us.’ “
Last week Southwest unveiled a new logo amid a brand overhaul that includes a new look for its aircraft.

Despite bringing affordable air travel to the masses, Southwest is no longer the industry’s low-cost leader. Bargains are few and far between.

In sum, good news if you enjoy the cattle call of Southwest.
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Hope Center Lives Up to Its Name

575892_457511851001316_1963025490_nBY SHARI TURNER

This story isn’t about me but about a man who wholeheartedly believes in sharing the good news and good works with all in his community. His name is Pastor Mike Maleski, and he is the pastor of Living Hope Community Church in Nescopeck, Pennsylvania.

Four years ago, God gave him a dream of reaching those in need of food, clothing, household essentials, medical supplies and much more. He along with a small group of people prayed for God to bless this dream and He did. In miraculous ways, God put it on another man’s heart to donate a building and equipment to give birth to the idea. Today the building houses what is known as the Hope Center of Nescopeck, Pennsylvania. From this building, people who are in need of clothing can receive clothing for free from Doreen’s Closet. People in need of food can receive food for free from the food pantry, along with free medical supplies from the Good Neighbor Project and free household items from the household essentials department if they were part of a natural disaster. The Hope Center also houses a Pregnancy Care Center that offers free pregnancy counseling. The center also has a program called NUTS (Neighbors United To Serve) where volunteers go out into the community and do service projects along with the Handyman Ministry through which senior citizens, who are unable to make small home repairs, can get these projects done by the volunteers.

All of these ministries have been blessed beyond our imaginations and supported by the community who donates the items needed. Most importantly, everyone who walks though the doors of the Hope Center is given the message of the gospel, and free Bibles are handed out. This can only be done by the blessings of our one true God and the faithfulness of continued prayer that takes place on a regular basis in the evenings at the Hope Center.

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The changes foodservice companies face with the entry into force of the new Food Information for Consumers Regulations at the end of the year

New regulations surrounding sign-posting of information about allergens contained in food bought out-of-home will come into force in the EU in December 2014.

The Food Information for Consumers Regulations will have a significant impact on the food industry as they will require all food operators to inform consumers on whether any of the 14 allergens in the regulations are contained in the food they sell or serve.

The legislation is vital to ensure that those with food allergies and intolerances can feel confident about eating out-of-home. According to Allergy UK, the UK is one of the top three countries in the world for the highest incident of allergies. Recent studies have confirmed a significant increase in the incidence of food allergies, particularly amongst children (Allergy UK) with six to eight per cent of children having a proven food allergy (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2011).

Like other food service providers, Sodexo is implementing processes to ensure that the company will be prepared to face these significant changes.

Sodexo’s strong track record in the healthcare and education sectors - in which allergen-awareness is crucial – has put it in a leading position to cater for customers with food allergies.

One of the most important undertakings for any foodservice business in the lead up to December will be the need to have a comprehensive database of ingredients, complete with relevant allergens data. Since 2009, when Sodexo became an early signatory of the Food Standards Agency’s calorie labelling initiative, the company has been collecting nutritional data from suppliers, including data about allergens. This information has now been stored in Sodexo’s central ingredients and online recipe database and will be used to help staff provide the relevant information to consumers.

Given the scale of Sodexo’s business and the vastly different food environments it operates in, the database will act as the basis for Sodexo’s approach to ensuring full compliance with the regulation, with a tailored information delivery process for different site settings.

Most importantly, Sodexo’s experience shows that companies will need to put in place a clear line of command and responsibility for allergen information collection and dissemination at each site. ‘Allergen coordinators’ are employed at each school catered for by Sodexo to ensure that all pupils are supported when deciding on meal choices.

A necessity in the run-up to December will be that foodservice companies train their relevant staff on the changes in the legal requirements, the processes they are putting in place to comply and the sources of information on the allergens contained in the ingredients used.

In order to ensure that Sodexo’s teams are prepared, a tailored training programme has been put in place. Information about safely managing allergens has always formed an important part of the ‘Food Passport’ food safety training.

In readiness for the regulatory change, this will be supplemented with extra training and briefing sessions, including an e-learning programme as well as face-to-face sessions.

While the new regulation clearly presents challenges for the foodservice industry, it is vital that customers with food allergies feel confident about eating safely out-of-home and have exciting and interesting options they can choose from.

Author: Wan Mak, Head of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sodexo UK and Ireland

Find out more about Sodexo by viewing their company profile, here.

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22.11.2015 at 20:00 Maugul:
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Tuesday, 19 July 2016

TUSCANY Italian & American Grill Restaurant Fridays Barbecue Buffet At Putrajaya Marriott Hotel IOI Resort City Sepang Selangor

TUSCANY Italian & American Grill
Thank Goodness It's BBQ Fridays
Tuscany Italian & American Grill is an Italian-style restaurant located at Putrajaya Marriott Hotel in IOI Resort City, Sepang. A warm and welcoming trattoria serving up tasty, down to earth fare of central and southern Italian dishes to whet your taste buds.

Be tempt with the sights, sounds and smell of good old fashioned Italian cuisine emanating from the restaurant. Its cozy, semi-casual style of dining would definitely put everyone at ease to just be themselves and have a good time.

Chef  Izzat Bin Rosli of Tuscany Italian & American Grill

Everyone having a good time having Chef Izzat barbecuing their choice of meat right before their eyes! Yummy-licious, catering to ravenous carnivores eaters!

Tuscany offers both an indoor dining or outdoor shaded Al Fresco seating with wooden bench and chairs creating an oasis to relax and unwind, as well as good food and mesmerizing live music; calming ambiance to make you feel like home.

Meaty Indulgence

T.G.I.B.F" or Thank Goodness It's BBQ Fridays is Tuscany's latest food promotion starting from July 15, 2016. Now, Tuscany takes meat lovers on a gastronomic journey of pure meaty indulgence, serving up guilty pleasures of juiciest ribs, brisket, tenderloin, chicken and fresh seafood in their latest promotion only on every Friday night!

Finger-Licking Juicy Ribs

 Oven Roasted Beef Brisket

Dig in the Oven Roasted Beef Brisket that comes with choices of dipping sauces in between while waiting for your barbecue meats to be ready. Enjoy it together with some delicious roast garlic, cherries tomatoes, potatoes wedges, and capsicum too if you like. Great offering that sits well with the meat aficionados.

Roast Beef Slices

Over the years, Tuscany is known for serving mouth watering barbecue spread at value for money prices, taking pride in what it does. This brick-and-mortar location is serving what's regularly called the best barbecue in Putrajaya. T.G.I.B.F. is devoted to producing the best-tasting barbecue they possibly can, and they won't sacrifice that quality to feed more customers.

Meaty Haven

Tuscany's Fridays Barbecue Buffet focus on only serving high quality meat and offers the freshest food for a wholesome meal. The meat station gives diners the freedom to handpick their favourite choice of meat to be barbecued right before their eyes while the salad station allows them the flexibility to produce their own salad.

Each piece of meat is lightly seasoned with salt and pepper. It does not need marination of the meat as it is flavourful in the meat's natural flavour and juice.

Freshly Barbecue Seafood

For those lacking the appetite for beef or lamb, the fresh sizzling platter of seafood provided a change which is tantalizing and filling yet not too overwhelming on the palate.

Freshly Grilled Before Your Eyes

Enjoy your seafood as well as other meaty dishes served just right at the grilling station. The highlight from the seafood station has to be the super size King Prawns. While you can have the squids and butter fish, my best recommendation would be to savour the fresh and succulent meaty bigger size King Prawns.

Choices Of Chicken Wings & Jumbo Sausages

Seafood of Squids, King Prawns, Butter Fish

There's also the extra large-in-size jumbo Chicken Sausages and the Tandoori Chicken Sausages for the hot-dogs fans. My family only managed to down these two jumbos sausages on sharing portion that night!

Man does not live on meat alone, and accompanying the mains are sides of salads, cheeses, buns, fruits and soup as well.
Amazing Salad Station

Meanwhile, remember to balance your diet with the amazing spread of a wide selection of salad such as Romaine, Butter lettuce, Boston, Batavia, Lolta Rosa, Frisee, Red leaf, Green leaf and much more to choose from. Truly a healthy alternative to eat along with the grills and barbecue food items.
Boxful Of Salad

I have a field-day choosing my favourite choice of greens in making my fresh and crunchy personal bowl of salad. Everything is very fresh thus you can be rest assured that it's truly of good premium quality.

 Cold Meat Selection
Beef Salami, Beef Pastrami & Turkey Ham

Chicken Loyar Mushroom, Chicken Meatloaf, Chicken Peppercorn, Smoked Chicken Breast
From Left to Right

Spoilt-For-Choice With The Variety Of Cheeses
Home Made Buns & Breads

Multi Grain & Seeds Bread

Pasta Dishes & Their Sauces

Pasta lovers must leave some "tummy space' for these adorable home made pasta such as Agnolotti Spinach Smoked Salmon, Tortelloni Seafood, Ravioli Chicken and Penne Pasta. These pasta choices are best enjoyed with their authentic Napolitana Sauce (pure tomato vegetarian sauce), Beef Bolognese Sauce and creamy Carbonara Sauce too.

Fruits Tower

Besides the salad, cheese and pasta, balance your diet with a variety of local and imported fruits serving beautifully on the three tier cake stand.

Linzer Pie

Wrap up your taste palette with Tuscany's mean dessert selection extended up to six types of sweet and appetizing pies such as follows:

Linzer Pie

Totally in love with Linzer Torte or Linzer Pie, the oldest known pie in the world. Remember to taste this Austrian pastry originated from city of Linz in Austria in 1696!

Chocolate Pie

Blueberry Crumble Pie

Walnut Pie

Apple Pie

Strawberry Pie

Lovely Family of Musician - The Marcelo's Band

My hubby and I have a wonderful and enjoyable time listening to the talented family - The Marcelo's playing live, belting out love ballads and oldies to soothe our soul and refresh our spirits. With everything in place, good food and great music, we could stay up all night long just listening to the melodic and angelic voices of The Marcelos.

Good Food, Great Company & Mesmerizing Music ~ practically sums up my lovely evening at Tuscany Italian & American Grill Restaurant at IOI Marriott Hotel, Putrajaya last week!

Pricing Starts From: RM 110 Nett Per Adult & RM67 Nett Per Child
*Buffet includes a glass of House Wine or Mocktail
*Additional Wine/Mocktail Carafes going for RM 40 Nett per carafe (serves up to 4)

Tuscany Italian & American Grill
IOI Resort City
62502 Sepang Utara
Tel: 03 - 8948 8888

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  1. MEAT ENTHUSIASTS, Raise your hand! Tuscany Putrajaya Marriott Hotel having a "T.G.I.B.F ~ Thanks Goodness, It's BBQ Fridays" Barbecue Buffet on every Friday at their Italian-American Grill Restaurant serving up guilty pleasures of pure meat buffet of juiciest ribs, brisket, tenderloin, chicken, King Prawns, squid & Jumbo size premium Sausages! More BBQ story >

  2. My hubby and I have a wonderful and enjoyable time listening to the talented family - The Marcelo's playing live, belting out love ballads and oldies to soothe our soul and refresh our spirits. With everything in place, good food and great music, we could stay up all night long just listening to the melodic and angelic voices of The Marcelos.

  3. Great blog post!!! its worth to read this. I found out some more great stuff to read.

    Catering Palm Beach


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This Tasty Life

osteria mozza / los angeles

Mary is a San Diego native and has been a food blogger for 11+ years. She is an avid reader, a lover of puppies, and loves trying new food. Foods she loves: sweets, peanut butter, pasta, Triscuit crackers with cream cheese, and extra nuts on top of her sundaes. Food she dislikes: pickles, really spicy food, runny eggs, olives, and too much arugula.

10 Responses

  1. leanne says:

    Burricotta sounds like the most heavenly type of cheese ever. EVER.

    I’ve always wanted to eat (or make) a raviolo with the egg yolk inside. One of these days….

    Did Osteria have the salted caramel pudding like Pizzeria Mozza does? I find it hard to not order that for dessert.

    • mary says:

      Hi Leanne – I think burricotta is heavenly. I really loved the honeycomb they added with it, too. It was so tasty! Your dessert question just reminded me that I forgot to post pictures of the menu, hah. They did not have salted caramel pudding and I can’t believe I didn’t order that when I went to Pizzeria Mozza. Obviously I will need to revisit again STAT.

  2. Jinxi says:

    OMG, both cheeses sound amazing. I didn’t know that raviolo meant a giant ravioli, hehe. It amused me a lot.

    • mary says:

      Hi Jinxi! I don’t think it necessarily means giant, but in my mind that’s how I like to think of it 🙂 Oh man, I think you’d love all of the cheeses here, too! You’re my cheese friend.

  3. What an amazing dinner. I’ve yet to try Pizzeria Mozza here in SD because of the mixed reviews but maybe I will go since we don’t have Osteria.

    Anddd I need burricota in my life now plus so impressed you had calf brains AND quail in one dinner, you adventurous you!

    • mary says:

      Hi J.S. – I like Pizzeria Mozza but I waited awhile before trying it out. Yes. Burricota. It wants to be in your life and know you. You must go meet it! I’m also impressed I tried calf brains without making a face. I just shrugged my shoulders and ate it. Hooray!

  4. Alyssa Andersen says:

    For the record, I am a HUGE fan of cheese, just not of mozzarella. And the grilled octopus was the best I’ve ever had.

  5. All those cheeses sound so tempting! What a fun food road trip!

    Heh heh, seedy motel.

    • mary says:

      So, so seedy. I can’t believe I didn’t take any photos. I subconsciously did not want to remember it but oh… I will remember it indeed. 🙂

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It’s Time For An Attitude Revolution

Did you know that you do not have to be some sort of super woman or man to live a full, healthy, happy life? Over the next coming days I am going to introduce you to some special women I have met whilst on my journey to wellness and wellbeing. I know that these women […]

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Friday, June 3, 2011

Can You Be and Effective Direct Sales Leader?

Most natural born leaders know they are leaders and have what it takes to be a successful leader in a direct sales company. It’s already in their personality. But if you’re not a natural born leader how do you know if you have what it takes to be that good leader? Leadership can be taught and it can be learned, thankfully. Many effective and highly successful leaders have learned how lead and make money and so can you.

Here are some of the things that you can examine and do to increase leadership ability. These things do take time, effort and even some money. Remember, there is no better investment than helping others grow as well as helping yourself at the same time.

The first thing you should do is examine yourself. Ask yourself some questions like:

• What areas am I strong in? Am I naturally social or am I more reserved and shy? If you are naturally social, then you won’t have a problem talking to people. However if you are naturally shy, then you will need to work on this. I recommend you take some classes or read some books on growing your self-confidence. Toastmasters is a fabulous organization that helps people get over the fear of speaking and it helps in learning to be comfortable in social situations.

• Am I organized and do I know how to prioritize my time? If you are not a naturally organized person, you are going to have to set up some type of structure on your team so you can be organized. Your team will require your assistance on this so you have to learn some effective methods. Also if you’re horrible at prioritizing your time, you can learn that too. Take some time management classes and start writing everything down in a calendar and schedule it.

• Am I an available leader? Will I make time for my clients and recruits? Do I get annoyed if they call at an unscheduled time with an urgent matter or emergency? How will you handle that? You will need patience and understanding. Setting office hours will help cut down on the emergencies, but you need to be available when your team needs you as well.

• How’s my attitude? Do I know that I make mistakes and own up to them? Do I quickly learn from my mistakes or do I let them get me down? If you allow your mistakes or the mistakes of others for that matter, bring you down and you have a defeatist attitude all the time, you won’t be a successful leader. Knowing how to learn from your mistakes and improve is a plus.

Good leadership takes patience, strength, perseverance and a good attitude. When you have all of those traits combined you have what it takes to be a good leader. These tips, coupled with the continued training on your part will teach you to be a good leader and take your direct sales team to the top.

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  1. Hi I am brand new to the forum. I just recently purchased 4 patented claims in California. I have 1000s of tons of rich tailings to process. I picked out my 2 ton per hour mill equipment and need a financial partner. Any ideas? I'm not interested in taking this public and selling stock. Just a partner who wants a fair return on investment. My shafts are still loaded enough to set off my metal detector for AU but that's later down the line. I have enough material to run for years without having to start blasting...


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Author Topic: NeDiO14 (ESXi-VM), discovery not clearing old entries, by design?  (Read 1947 times)

Francesco M

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Dear all

I've just started testing NeDi using the ESXi image and a bunch of HP and Cisco switch, doing manual discovery from the User/Profile page.
The discovery is working but if I change something in the setup (i.e. move switch connection from port 9 to 11) and run discovery again in the Topology/Links table the old 9 entry (LLDP) still shows up and it looks like the two devices are connected on both ports.
If I clean the DB from shell and run discovery again the real network setup is discovered correctly.
Not sure if this is by design and the clean up of the db run from cron jobs only.

Another thing, not a real problem, based on the content of the seedlist switches might end up or not in the node page (I'd rather no).
I mean that if I enter only the IP of the core switch in the seedlist NeDi discovery correctly also the other switches, they are listed in the devices page but all the switches (except the core) are listed also in the node page.
If I enter the full subnet in the seedlist the device are discovered correctly and the node page only list real node.

Best Regards

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Re: NeDiO14 (ESXi-VM), discovery not clearing old entries, by design?
« Reply #1 on: October 22, 2015, 12:08:46 AM »
Both (obsolete links and nodes that are actually devices) will retire automatically. The default is 30 days and can be changed in nedi.conf
Please consider Other-Invoices on your NeDi installation for an annual contribution, tx!


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Author Topic: A New Hope (looking for new members)  (Read 373 times)

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Offline muffin man

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A New Hope (looking for new members)
« on: September 10, 2014, 09:11:45 PM »
Looking for an alliance that is fun and a bit nuts? Consider joining A New Hope

we will train you and help you out to the best we can

Yes, we are a fairly new alliance, but our officers all come from many sfc universes. We are steadily climbing the ranks (#23) overall.
We all want to have a good time with the game.

Below is some of the things we will offer you

1) Defense of our members in our hubs
2) Opportunity for group attacks
3) Motivated members desiring growth, in the game and in real life.
4) no booting you out for limited playing time or real life issues.
5) an active bunch of players that want to have fun.

If you would like to join A New Hope fleet free to click on our tag ANH or search for us in the alliance search screen

thanks for your time

recruitment team
if your not a pirate then you can all Walk the plank as we take your DSP, resource and pride