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Translated from the Greek.

Chapter I.—On the Inspiration of Holy Scripture, and How the Same is to be Read and Understood, and What is the Reason of the Uncertainty in it; and of the Impossibility or Irrationality of Certain Things in it, Taken According to the Letter.

(The translation from the Greek is designedly literal, that the difference between the original and the paraphrase of Rufinus may be more clearly seen.)

1.  Since, in our investigation of matters of such importance, not satisfied with the common opinions, and with the clear evidence of visible things,28122812    τῇ ἐναργείᾳ τῶν βλεπομένων. we take in addition, for the proof of our statements, testimonies from what are believed by us to be divine writings, viz., from that which is called the Old Testament, and that which is styled the New, and endeavour by reason to confirm our faith; and as we have not yet spoken of the Scriptures as divine, come and let us, as if by way of an epitome, treat of a few points respecting them, laying down those reasons which lead us to regard them as divine writings.  And before making use of the words of the writings themselves, and of the things which are exhibited in them, we must make the following statement regarding Moses and Jesus Christ,—the lawgiver of the Hebrews, and the Introducer of the saving doctrines according to Christianity.  For, although there have been very many legislators among the Greeks and Barbarians, and teachers who announced opinions which professed to be the truth, we have heard of no legislator who was able to imbue other nations with a zeal for the 350reception of his words; and although those who professed to philosophize about truth brought forward a great apparatus of apparent logical demonstration, no one has been able to impress what was deemed by him the truth upon other nations, or even on any number of persons worth mentioning in a single nation.  And yet not only would the legislators have liked to enforce those laws which appeared to be good, if possible, upon the whole human race, but the teachers also to have spread what they imagined to be truth everywhere throughout the world.  But as they were unable to call men of other languages and from many nations to observe their laws, and accept their teaching, they did not at all attempt to do this, considering not unwisely the impossibility of such a result happening to them.  Whereas all Greece, and the barbarous part of our world, contains innumerable zealots, who have deserted the laws of their fathers and the established gods, for the observance of the laws of Moses and the discipleship of the words of Jesus Christ; although those who clave to the law of Moses were hated by the worshippers of images, and those who accepted the words of Jesus Christ were exposed, in addition, to the danger of death.

2.  And if we observe how powerful the word has become in a very few years, notwithstanding that against those who acknowledged Christianity conspiracies were formed, and some of them on its account put to death, and others of them lost their property, and that, notwithstanding the small number of its teachers,28132813    οὐδὲ τῶν διδασκάλων πλεοναζόντων. it was preached everywhere throughout the world, so that Greeks and Barbarians, wise and foolish, gave themselves up to the worship that is through Jesus,28142814    τῇ διὰ ᾽Ιησοῦ θεοσεβεία. we have no difficulty in saying that the result is beyond any human power,28152815    μεῖζον ἤ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον το πρᾶγμα εἶναι. Jesus having taught with all authority and persuasiveness that His word should not be overcome; so that we may rightly regard as oracular responses28162816    χρησμούς. those utterances of His, such as, “Ye shall be brought before governors and kings for My sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles;”28172817    Matt. x. 18. and, “Many shall say unto Me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not eaten in Thy name, and drunk in Thy name, and in Thy name cast out devils?  And I shall 351say unto them, Depart from Me, ye workers of iniquity, I never knew you.”28182818    Cf. Matt. vii. 22, 23.  Now it was perhaps (once) probable that, in uttering these words, He spoke them in vain, so that they were not true; but when that which was delivered with so much authority has come to pass, it shows that God, having really become man, delivered to men the doctrines of salvation.28192819    σωτήρια δόγματα.

3.  And what need is there to mention also that it was predicted of Christ28202820    προεφητεύθη ὁ Χριστός. that then would the rulers fail from Judah, and the leaders from his thighs,28212821    ἐκ τῶν μηρῶν. when He came for whom it is reserved (the kingdom, namely); and that the expectation of the Gentiles should dwell in the land?28222822    ἐπιδημήσῃ.  For it is clearly manifest from the history, and from what is seen at the present day, that from the times of Jesus there were no longer any who were called kings of the Jews;28232823    οὔκ ἔτι βασιλεῖς ᾽Ιουδαίαν ἐχρημάτισαν. all those Jewish institutions on which they prided themselves—I mean those arrangements relating to the temple and the altar, and the offering of the service, and the robes of the high priest having been destroyed.  For the prophecy was fulfilled which said, “The children of Israel shall sit many days, there being no king, nor ruler, nor sacrifice, nor altar, nor priesthood, nor responses.”28242824    Cf. Hos. iii. 4.  Quoted from the Septuagint.  And these predictions we employ to answer those who, in their perplexity as to the words spoken in Genesis by Jacob to Judah, assert that the Ethnarch,28252825    Termed by Rufinus “Patriarch.” being of the race of Judah, is the ruler of the people, and that there will not fail some of his seed, until the advent of that Christ whom they figure to their imagination.  But if “the children of Israel are to sit many days without a king, or ruler, or altar, or priesthood, or responses;” and if, since the temple was destroyed, there exists no longer sacrifice, nor altar, nor priesthood, it is manifest that the ruler has failed out of Judah, and the leader from between his thighs.  And since the prediction declares that “the ruler shall not fail from Judah, and the leader from between his thighs, until what is reserved for Him shall come,” it is manifest that He is come to whom (belongs) what is reserved—the expectation of the Gentiles.  And this is clear from the multitude of the heathen who have believed on God through Jesus Christ.

3524.  And in the song in Deuteronomy,28262826    Deut. xxxii. also, it is prophetically made known that, on account of the sins of the former people, there was to be an election of foolish nations, which has been brought to pass by no other than by Jesus.  “For they,” He says, “moved Me to jealousy with that which is not God, they have provoked Me to anger with their idols; and I will move them to jealousy with those which are not a people, and will provoke them to anger with a foolish nation.”28272827    Deut. xxxii. 21.  Now it is possible to understand with all clearness how the Hebrews, who are said to have moved God to jealousy by that which is not God, and to have provoked Him to anger by their idols, were (themselves) aroused to jealousy by that which was not a people—the foolish nation, namely, which God chose by the advent of Jesus Christ and His disciples.  We see, indeed, “our calling, that not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble (are called); but God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise; and base things, and things that are despised, hath God chosen, and things that are not, to bring to nought the things which formerly existed;”28282828    Cf. 1 Cor. i. 26–28. and let not the Israel according to the flesh, which is called by the apostle “flesh,” boast in the presence of God.

5.  And what are we to say regarding the prophecies of Christ in the Psalms, there being a certain ode with the superscription “For the Beloved,”28292829    Ps. xlv. 1, 2. whose” tongue” is said to be the “pen of a ready writer, who is fairer than the sons of men,” since “grace was poured on His lips?”  For a proof that grace was poured on His lips is this, that although the period of His teaching was short—for He taught somewhere about a year and a few months—the world has been filled with his teaching, and with the worship of God (established) through Him.  For there arose “in His days righteousness and abundance of peace,”28302830    Cf. Ps. lxxii. 7. which abides until the consummation, which has been called the taking away of the moon; and He continues “ruling from sea to sea, and from the rivers to the ends of the earth.”28312831    Ps. lxxii. 8.  And to the house of David has been given a sign:  for the Virgin bore, and was pregnant,28322832    ἐτεκε καὶ ἐν γαστρὶ ἔσχε, καὶ ἔτεκεν υἱόν. and brought forth a son, and His name is Emmanuel, which is, “God with us;” and as the same prophet 353says, the prediction has been fulfilled, “God (is) with us; know it, O nations, and be overcome; ye who are strong, be vanquished:”28332833    Cf. Isa. viii. 8, 9.  for we of the heathen have been overcome and vanquished, we who have been taken by the grace of His teaching.  The place also of His birth has been foretold in (the prophecies of) Micah:  “For thou, Bethlehem,” he says, “land of Judah, art by no means the least among the rulers of Judah; for out of thee shall come forth a Ruler, who shall rule My people Israel.”28342834    Cf. Mic. v. 2 with Matt. ii. 6.  And according to Daniel, seventy weeks were fulfilled until (the coming of) Christ the Ruler.28352835    Cf. Dan. ix. 25.  And He came, who, according to Job,28362836    Cf. Job xl. and xli. has subdued the great fish,28372837    τὸ μέγα κῆτος. and has given power to His true disciples to tread upon serpents and scorpions, and all the power of the enemy,28382838    Cf. Luke x. 19. without sustaining any injury from them.  And let one notice also the universal advent of the apostles sent by Jesus to announce the Gospel, and he will see both that the undertaking was beyond human power, and that the commandment came from God.  And if we examine how men, on hearing new doctrines, and strange words, yielded themselves up to these teachers, being overcome, amid the very desire to plot against them, by a divine power that watched over these (teachers), we shall not be incredulous as to whether they also wrought miracles, God bearing witness to their words both by signs, and wonders, and divers miracles.

6.  And while we thus briefly28392839    ὡς ἐν ἐπιτομ*. demonstrate the deity of Christ, and (in so doing) make use of the prophetic declarations regarding Him, we demonstrate at the same time that the writings which prophesied of Him were divinely inspired; and that those documents which announced His coming and His doctrine were given forth with all power and authority, and that on this account they obtained the election from the Gentiles.28402840    διὰ τοῦτο τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ἐθνῶν ἐκλογῆς κεκρατηκότα.  We must say, also, that the divinity of the prophetic declarations, and the spiritual nature of the law of Moses, shone forth after the advent of Christ.  For before the advent of Christ it was not altogether possible to exhibit manifest proofs of the divine inspiration of the ancient Scripture; whereas His coming led those who might suspect the law and the prophets not to be divine, to the clear conviction that they were 354composed by (the aid of) heavenly grace.  And he who reads the words of the prophets with care and attention, feeling by the very perusal the traces of the divinity28412841    ἴχνος ἐνθουσιασμοῦ. that is in them, will be led by his own emotions to believe that those words which have been deemed to be the words of God are not the compositions of men.  The light, moreover, which was contained in the law of Moses, but which had been concealed by a veil, shone forth at the advent of Jesus, the veil being taken away, and those blessings, the shadow of which was contained in the letter, coming forth gradually to the knowledge (of men).

7.  It would be tedious now to enumerate the most ancient prophecies respecting each future event, in order that the doubter, being impressed by their divinity, may lay aside all hesitation and distraction, and devote himself with his whole soul to the words of God.  But if in every part of the Scriptures the superhuman element of thought28422842    τὸ ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον τῶν νοημάτων. does not seem to present itself to the uninstructed, that is not at all wonderful for, with respect to the works of that providence which embraces the whole world, some show with the utmost clearness that they are works of providence, while others are so concealed as to seem to furnish ground for unbelief with respect to that God who orders all things with unspeakable skill and power.  For the artistic plan28432843    ὁ τεχνικὸς λόγος. of a providential Ruler is not so evident in those matters belonging to the earth, as in the case of the sun, and moon, and stars; and not so clear in what relates to human occurrences, as it is in the souls and bodies of animals,—the object and reason of the impulses, and phantasies and natures of animals, and the structure of their bodies, being carefully ascertained by those who attend to these things.28442844    Σφόδρα τοῦ πρὸς τί καὶ ἕνεκα τίνος εὑρισκομένου τοῖς τούτων ἐπιμελομένοις, περὶ τὰς ὁρμὰς, καὶ τὰς φαντασίας, καὶ φύσεις τῶν ζώων, καὶ τὰς κατασκευὰς τῶν σωμάτων.  But as (the doctrine of) providence is not at all weakened28452845    χρεοκοπεῖται. (on account of those things which are not understood) in the eyes of those who have once honestly accepted it, so neither is the divinity of Scripture, which extends to the whole of it, (lost) on account of the inability of our weakness to discover in every expression the hidden splendour of the doctrines 355veiled in common and unattractive phraseology.28462846    ἐν εὐτελεῖ καὶ εὐκαταφρονήτῳ λέξει.  For we have the treasure in earthen vessels, that the excellency of the power of God may shine forth, and that it may not be deemed to proceed from us (who are but) human beings.  For if the hackneyed28472847    καθημαξευμέναι. methods of demonstration (common) among men, contained in the books (of the Bible), had been successful in producing conviction; then our faith would rightly have been supposed to rest on the wisdom of men, and not on the power of God; but now it is manifest to everyone who lifts up his eyes, that the word and preaching have not prevailed among the multitude “by persuasive words of wisdom, but by demonstration of the Spirit and of power.”28482848    1 Cor. ii. 4.  Wherefore, since a celestial or even a super-celestial power compels us to worship the only Creator, let us leave the doctrine of the beginning of Christ, i.e., the elements,28492849    τῆς στοιχειώσεως. and endeavour to go on to perfection, in order that the wisdom spoken to the perfect may be spoken to us also.  For he who possesses it promises to speak wisdom among them that are perfect, but another wisdom than that of this world, and of the rulers of this world, which is brought to nought.  And this wisdom will be distinctly stamped28502850    ἐντυπωθήσεται. upon us, and will produce a revelation of the mystery that was kept silent in the eternal ages,28512851    χρόνοις αἰωνίοις. but now has been manifested through the prophetic Scriptures, and the appearance of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, to whom be glory for ever and ever.  Amen.

8.  Having spoken thus briefly28522852    ὡς ἐν ἐπιδρομῇ. on the subject of the divine inspiration of the 356holy Scriptures, it is necessary to proceed to the (consideration of the) manner in which they are to be read and understood, seeing numerous errors have been committed in consequence of the method in which the holy documents28532853    τὰ ἅγια ἀναγνώσματα. ought to be examined;28542854    πῶς δεῖ ἐφοδεύειν. not having been discovered by the multitude.  For both the hardened in heart, and the ignorant persons28552855    οἱ ἰδιῶται τῶν ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς. belonging to the circumcision, have not believed on our Saviour, thinking that they are following the language of the prophecies respecting Him, and not perceiving in a manner palpable to their senses28562856    αἰσθητῶς. that He had proclaimed liberty to the captives, nor that He had built up what they truly consider the city of God, nor cut off “the chariots of Ephraim, and the horse from Jerusalem,”28572857    Cf. Zech. ix. 10. nor eaten butter and honey, and, before knowing or preferring the evil, had selected the good.28582858    Cf. Isa. vii. 15.  And thinking, moreover, that it was prophesied that the wolf—the four-footed animal—was to feed with the lamb, and the leopard to lie down with the kid, and the calf and bull and lion to feed together, being led by a little child, and that the ox and bear were to pasture together, their young ones growing up together, and that the lion was to eat straw like the ox:28592859    Cf. Isa. xi. 6, 7.  seeing none of these things visibly accomplished during the advent of Him who is believed by us to be Christ, they did not accept our Lord Jesus; but, as having called Himself Christ improperly,28602860    παρὰ τὸ δέον. they crucified Him.  And those belonging to heretical sects reading this (statement), “A fire has been kindled in Mine anger;”28612861    Cf. Jer. xv. 14. and this, “I am a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation;”28622862    Cf. Ex. xx. 5. and this, “I repent of having anointed Saul to be king;”28632863    Cf. 1 Sam. xv. 11. and this, “I am a God that maketh peace, and createth evil;”28642864    Cf. Isa. xlv. 7. and, among others, this, “There is not wickedness in the city which the Lord hath not done;”28652865    Cf. Amos iii. 6. and again this, “Evils came down from the Lord upon the gates of Jerusalem;”28662866    Cf. Mic. i. 12. and, “An evil spirit from the Lord plagued Saul;”28672867    Cf. 1 Sam. xvi. 14; xviii. 10. and countless other passages like these—they have not ventured to disbelieve these as the Scriptures of God; but believing them to be the (words) of the Demiurge, whom the Jews worship, they thought that as the Demiurge was an imperfect and unbenevo357lent God, the Saviour had come to announce a more perfect Deity, who, they say, is not the Demiurge, being of different opinions regarding Him; and having once departed from the Demiurge, who is the only uncreated God, they have given themselves up to fictions, inventing to themselves hypotheses, according to which they imagine that there are some things which are visible, and certain other things which are not visible, all which are the fancies of their own minds.  And yet, indeed, the more simple among those who profess to belong to the Church have supposed that there is no deity greater than the Demiurge, being right in so thinking, while they imagine regarding Him such things as would not be believed of the most savage and unjust of mankind.

9.  Now the cause, in all the points previously enumerated, of the false opinions, and of the impious statements or ignorant assertions28682868    ἰδιωτικῶν. about God, appears to be nothing else than the not understanding the Scripture according to its spiritual meaning, but the interpretation of it agreeably to the mere letter.  And therefore, to those who believe that the sacred books are not the compositions of men, but that they were composed by inspiration28692869    ἐπιπνοίας. of the Holy Spirit, agreeably to the will of the Father of all things through Jesus Christ, and that they have come down to us, we must point out the ways (of interpreting them) which appear (correct) to us, who cling to the standard28702870    κανόνος. of the heavenly Church of Jesus Christ according to the succession of the apostles.  Now, that there are certain mystical economies made known by the holy Scriptures, all—even the most simple of those who adhere to the word—have believed; but what these are, candid and modest individuals confess that they know not.  If, then, one were to be perplexed about the intercourse of Lot with his daughters, and about the two wives of Abraham, and the two sisters married to Jacob, and the two handmaids who bore him children, they can return no other answer than this, that these are mysteries not understood by us.  Nay, also, when the (description of the) fitting out of the tabernacle is read, believing that what is written is a type,28712871    τύπους εἶναι τὰ γεγραμμένα. they seek 358to adapt what they can to each particular related about the tabernacle,—not being wrong so far as regards their belief that the tabernacle is a type of something, but erring sometimes in adapting the description of that of which the tabernacle is a type, to some special thing in a manner worthy of Scripture.  And all the history that is considered to tell of marriages, or the begetting of children, or of wars, or any histories whatever that are in circulation among the multitude, they declare to be types; but of what in each individual instance, partly owing to their habits not being thoroughly exercised—partly, too, owing to their precipitation—sometimes, even when an individual does happen to be well trained and clear-sighted, owing to the excessive difficulty of discovering things on the part of men,—the nature of each particular regarding these (types) is not clearly ascertained.

10.  And what need is there to speak of the prophecies, which we all know to be filled with enigmas and dark sayings?  And if we come to the Gospels, the exact understanding of these also, as being the mind of Christ, requires the grace that was given to him who said, “But we have the mind of Christ, that we might know the things freely given to us by God.  Which things also we speak, not in the words which man’s wisdom teacheth, but which the Spirit teacheth.”28722872    1 Cor. ii. 12, 13, and 16 ad fin.  And who, on reading the revelations made to John, would not be amazed at the unspeakable mysteries therein concealed, and which are evident (even) to him who does not comprehend what is written?  And to what person, skilful in investigating words, would the Epistles of the Apostles seem to be clear and easy of understanding, since even in them there are countless numbers of most profound ideas, which, (issuing forth) as by an aperture, admit of no rapid comprehension?28732873    Μυρίων ὅσων κἀκεῖ, ὡς δἰ ὀπῆς, μεγίστων καὶ πλείστων νοημάτων οὐ βραχεῖαν ἀφορμὴν παρεχόντων.  And therefore, since these things are so, and since innumerable individuals fall into mistakes, it is not safe in reading (the Scriptures) to declare that one easily understands what needs the key of knowledge, which the Saviour declares is with the lawyers.  And let those answer who will not allow that the truth was with these before the advent of Christ, how the key of knowledge is said by our Lord Jesus Christ to be with those who, as they allege, 359had not the books which contain the secrets28742874    ἀπόῤῥητα. of knowledge, and perfect mysteries.28752875    παντελῆ μυστήρια.  For His words run thus:  “Woe unto you, ye lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge:  ye have not entered in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered.”28762876    Luke xi. 52.

11.  The way, then, as it appears to us, in which we ought to deal with the Scriptures, and extract from them their meaning, is the following, which has been ascertained from the Scriptures themselves.  By Solomon in the Proverbs we find some such rule as this enjoined respecting the divine doctrines of Scripture:28772877    The Septuagint:  Καὶ σὺ δὲ ἀπόγραψαι αὐτὰ σεαυτῷ τρισσῶς, εἰς βσυλὴν καὶ γνῶσιν ἐπὶ τὸ πλάτος τῆς καρδίας σου · διδάκω οὖν σε ἀληθῆ λόγον, καὶ γνῶσιν ἀληθῆ ὑπακούειν, τοῦ ἀποκρίνεσθαί σε λόγους ἀληθείας τοῖς προβαλλομένοις σοι.  The Vulgate reads:  Ecce, descripsi eam tibi tripliciter, in cogitationibus et scientia, ut ostenderem tibi firmitatem et eloquia veritatis, respondere ex his illis, qui miserunt te.  “And do thou portray them in a threefold manner, in counsel and knowledge, to answer words of truth to them who propose them to thee.”28782878    Cf. note 4, ut supra.  The individual ought, then, to portray the ideas of holy Scripture in a threefold manner upon his own soul; in order that the simple man may be edified by the “flesh,” as it were, of the Scripture, for so we name the obvious sense; while he who has ascended a certain way (may be edified) by the “soul,” as it were.  The perfect man, again, and he who resembles those spoken of by the apostle, when he says, “We speak wisdom among them that are perfect, but not the wisdom of the world, nor of the rulers of this world, who come to nought; but we speak the wisdom of God in a mystery, the hidden wisdom, which God hath ordained before the ages, unto our glory,”28792879    1 Cor. ii. 6, 7.  (may receive edification) from the spiritual law, which has a shadow of good things to come.  For as man consists of body, and soul, and spirit, so in the same way does Scripture, which has been arranged to be given by God for the salvation of men.  And therefore we deduce this also from a book which is despised by some—The Shepherd—in respect of the command given to Hermas to write two books, and after so doing to announce to the presbyters of the Church what he had learned from the Spirit.  The words are as follows:  “You will write two books, and give one to Clement, and one to Grapte.  And Grapte shall admonish 360the widows and the orphans, and Clement will send to the cities abroad, while you will announce to the presbyters of the Church.”  Now Grapte, who admonishes the widows and the orphans, is the mere letter (of Scripture), which admonishes those who are yet children in soul, and not able to call God their Father, and who are on that account styled orphans,—admonishing, moreover, those who no longer have an unlawful bridegroom,28802880    παρανόμῳ νυμφίῳ. but who remain widows, because they have not yet become worthy of the (heavenly) Bridegroom; while Clement, who is already beyond the letter, is said to send what is written to the cities abroad, as if we were to call these the “souls,” who are above (the influence of) bodily (affections) and degraded28812881    τῶν κάτω νοημάτων. ideas,—the disciple of the Spirit himself being enjoined to make known, no longer by letters, but by living words, to the presbyters of the whole Church of God, who have become grey28822882    πεπολιωμένοις. through wisdom.

12.  But as there are certain passages of Scripture which do not at all contain the “corporeal” sense, as we shall show in the following (paragraphs), there are also places where we must seek only for the “soul,” as it were, and “spirit” of Scripture.  And perhaps on this account the water-vessels containing two or three firkins a-piece are said to lie for the purification of the Jews, as we read in the Gospel according to John:  the expression darkly intimating, with respect to those who (are called) by the apostle “Jews” secretly, that they are purified by the word of Scripture, receiving sometimes two firkins, i.e., so to speak, the “psychical” and “spiritual” sense; and sometimes three firkins, since some have, in addition to those already mentioned, also the “corporeal” sense, which is capable of (producing) edification.  And six water-vessels are reasonably (appropriate) to those who are purified in the world, which was made in six days—the perfect number.  That the first “sense,” then, is profitable in this respect, that it is capable of imparting edification, is testified by the multitudes of genuine and simple believers; while of that interpretation which is referred back to the “soul,” there is an illustration in Paul’s first Epistle to the Corinthians.  The expression is, “Thou shalt not muzzle the mouth of the ox that treadeth out the corn;”28832883    Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 9 and Deut. xxv. 4. to which he adds, “Doth God 361take care of oxen? or saith He it altogether for our sakes?  For our sakes, no doubt, this was written:  that he that plougheth should plough in hope, and that he who thresheth, in hope of partaking.”28842884    Cf. 1 Cor. ix. 9, 10.  And there are numerous interpretations adapted to the multitude which are in circulation, and which edify those who are unable to understand profounder meanings, and which have somewhat the same character.

13.  But the interpretation is “spiritual,” when one is able to show of what heavenly things the Jews “according to the flesh” served as an example and a shadow, and of what future blessings the law contains a shadow.  And, generally, we must investigate, according to the apostolic promise, “the wisdom in a mystery, the hidden wisdom which God ordained before the world for the glory” of the just, which “none of the princes of this world knew.”28852885    Cf. 1 Cor. ii. 6, 7, 8.  And the same apostle says somewhere, after referring to certain events mentioned as occurring in Exodus and Numbers, “that these things happened to them figuratively, but that they were written on our account, on whom the ends of the world are come.”28862886    1 Cor. x. 11.  And he gives an opportunity for ascertaining of what things these were patterns, when he says:  “For they drank of the spiritual Rock that followed them, and that Rock was Christ.”28872887    1 Cor. x. 4.  And in another Epistle, when sketching the various matters relating to the tabernacle, he used the words:  “Thou shalt make everything according to the pattern showed thee in the mount.”28882888    Cf. Ex. xxv. 40 and Heb. viii. 5.  Moreover, in the Epistle to the Galatians, as if upbraiding those who think that they read the law, and yet do not understand it, judging that those do not understand it who do not reflect that allegories are contained under what is written, he says:  “Tell me, ye that desire to be under the law, do ye not hear the law?  For it is written, Abraham had two sons; the one by the bond-maid, the other by the free woman.  But he who was by the bond-maid was born according to the flesh; but he of the free woman was by promise.  Which things are an allegory:28892889    ἀλληγορούμενα.  for these are the two covenants,” and so on.  Now we must carefully observe each word employed by him.  He says:  “Ye who desire to be under the law,” not “Ye that are under the law;” and, “Do ye not 362hearthe law?”—“hearing” being understood to mean “comprehending” and “knowing.”  And in the Epistle to the Colossians, briefly abridging the meaning of the whole legislation, he says:  “Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of a festival, or of a new moon, or of Sabbaths, which are a shadow of things to come.”28902890    Col. ii. 16.  Moreover, in the Epistle to the Hebrews, discoursing of those who belong to the circumcision, he writes:  “who serve for an ensample and shadow of heavenly things.”28912891    Heb. viii. 5.  Now it is probable that, from these illustrations, those will entertain no doubt with respect to the five books of Moses, who have once given in their adhesion to the apostle, as divinely inspired;28922892    ὡς θεῖον ἄνδρα. but do you wish to know, with regard to the rest of the history, if it also happened as a pattern?  We must note, then, the expression in the Epistle to the Romans, “I have left to myself seven thousand men, who have not bowed the knee to Baal,”28932893    Rom. xi. 4; cf. 1 Kings xix. 18.  [3 Kings according to the Septuagint and Vulgate enumeration.  S.] quoted from the third book of Kings, which Paul has understood as equivalent (in meaning) to those who are Israelites according to election, because not only were the Gentiles benefited by the advent of Christ, but also certain of the race of God.28942894    τινὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ θεῖου γένους, i.e., Israelites.

14.  This being the state of the case, we have to sketch what seem to us to be the marks of the (true) understanding of Scriptures.  And, in the first place, this must be pointed out, that the object of the Spirit, which by the providence of God, through the Word who was in the beginning with God, illuminated the ministers of truth, the prophets and apostles, was especially (the communication) of ineffable mysteries regarding the affairs of men (now by men I mean those souls that make use of bodies), in order that he who is capable of instruction may by investigation, and by devoting himself to the study of the profundities of meaning contained in the words, become a participator of all the doctrines of his counsel.  And among those matters which relate to souls (who cannot otherwise obtain perfection apart from the rich and wise truth of God), the (doctrines) belonging to God and His only-begotten Son are necessarily laid down as primary, viz., of what nature He is, and in what manner He is the Son of God, and what are the causes of His 363descending even to (the assumption of) human flesh, and of complete humanity; and what, also, is the operation of this (Son), and upon whom and when exercised.  And it was necessary also that the subject of kindred beings, and other rational creatures, both those who are divine and those who have fallen from blessedness, together with the reasons of their fall, should be contained in the divine teaching; and also that of the diversities of souls, and of the origin of these diversities, and of the nature of the world, and the cause of its existence.  We must learn also the origin of the great and terrible wickedness which overspreads the earth, and whether it is confined to this earth only, or prevails elsewhere.  Now, while these and similar objects were present to the Spirit, who enlightened the souls of the holy ministers of the truth, there was a second object, for the sake of those who were unable to endure the fatigue of investigating matters so important, viz., to conceal the doctrine relating to the previously mentioned subjects, in expressions containing a narrative which conveyed an announcement regarding the things of the visible creation,28952895    περὶ τῶν αἰσθητῶν δημιουργημάτων. the creation of man, and the successive descendants of the first men until they became numerous; and other histories relating the acts of just men, and the sins occasionally committed by these same men as being human beings, and the wicked deeds, both of unchastity and vice, committed by sinful and ungodly men.  And what is most remarkable, by the history of wars, and of the victors, and the vanquished, certain mysteries are indicated to those who are able to test these statements.  And more wonderful still, the laws of truth are predicted by the written legislation;—all these being described in a connected series, with a power which is truly in keeping with the wisdom of God.  For it was intended that the covering also of the spiritual truths—I mean the “bodily” part of Scripture—should not be without profit in many cases, but should be capable of improving the multitude, according to their capacity.

36415.  But since, if the usefulness of the legislation, and the sequence and beauty28962896    γλαφυρόν. of the history, were universally evident of itself,28972897    αὐτόθεν. we should not believe that any other thing could be understood in the Scriptures save what was obvious, the word of God has arranged that certain stumbling-blocks, as it were, and offences, and impossibilities, should be introduced into the midst of the law and the history, in order that we may not, through being drawn away in all directions by the merely attractive nature of the language,28982898    ὑπὸ τῆς λέξεως ἑλκόμενοι τὸ ἀγωγὸν ἄκρατον ἐχούσης. either altogether fall away from the (true) doctrines, as learning nothing worthy of God, or, by not departing from the letter, come to the knowledge of nothing more divine.  And this also we must know, that the principal aim being to announce the “spiritual” connection in those things that are done, and that ought to be done, where the Word found that things done according to the history could be adapted to these mystical senses, He made use of them, concealing from the multitude the deeper meaning; but where, in the narrative of the development of super-sensual things,28992899    ἐν τῇ διηγήσει τῆς περὶ τῶν νοητῶν ἀκολουθίας. there did not follow the performance of those certain events, which was already indicated by the mystical meaning, the Scripture interwove in the history (the account of) some event that did not take place, sometimes what could not have happened; sometimes what could, but did not.  And sometimes a few words are interpolated which are not true in their literal acceptation,29002900    κατὰ τὸ σῶμα. and sometimes a larger number.  And a similar practice also is to be noticed with regard to the legislation, in which is often to be found what is useful in itself, and appropriate to the times of the legislation; and sometimes also what does not appear to be of utility; and at other times impossibilities are recorded for the sake of the more skilful and inquisitive, in order that they may give themselves to the toil of investigating what is written, and thus attain to a becoming conviction of the manner in which a meaning worthy of God must be sought out in such subjects.

16.  It was not only, however, with the (Scriptures composed) before the advent (of Christ) that the Spirit thus dealt; but as being the same Spirit, and (proceeding) from the one God, He did the same thing both with the evangelists and the apostles365,—as even these do not contain throughout a pure history of events, which are interwoven indeed according to the letter, but which did not actually occur.29012901    Οὐδὲ τούτων πάντη ἄκρατον τὴν ἱστορίαν τῶν προσυφασμένων κατὰ τὸ σωματικὸν ἐχόντων, μὴ γεγενημένων · οὐδὲ τὴν νομοθεσίαν καὶ τὰς ἐντολὰς πάντως τὸ εὔλογον ἐμφαίνοντα .  One ms. reads γεγενημένην, referring to ἱστορίαν, on which one editor remarks, “Hic et in sequentibus imploro fidem codicum!”  Nor even do the law and the commandments wholly convey what is agreeable to reason.  For who that has understanding will suppose that the first, and second, and third day, and the evening and the morning, existed without a sun, and moon, and stars? and that the first day was, as it were, also without a sky?  And who is so foolish as to suppose that God, after the manner of a husbandman, planted a paradise in Eden, towards the east, and placed in it a tree of life, visible and palpable, so that one tasting of the fruit by the bodily teeth obtained life? and again, that one was a partaker of good and evil by masticating what was taken from the tree?  And if God is said to walk in the paradise in the evening, and Adam to hide himself under a tree, I do not suppose that anyone doubts that these things figuratively indicate certain mysteries, the history having taken place in appearance, and not literally.29022902    διὰ δοκούσης ιστορίας καὶ οὐ σωματικῶς γεγενημένης.  Cain also, when going forth from the presence of God, certainly appears to thoughtful men as likely to lead the reader to inquire what is the presence of God, and what is the meaning of going out from Him.  And what need is there to say more, since those who are not altogether blind can collect countless instances of a similar kind recorded as having occurred, but which did not literally29032903    κατὰ την λέξιν. take place?  Nay, the Gospels themselves are filled with the same kind of narratives; e.g., the devil leading Jesus up into a high mountain, in order to show him from thence the kingdoms of the whole world, and the glory of them.  For who is there among those who do not read such accounts carelessly, that would not condemn those who think that with the eye of the body—which requires a lofty height in order that the parts lying (immediately) under and adjacent may be seen—the kingdoms of the Persians, and Scythians, and Indians, and Parthians, were beheld, and the manner in which their princes are glorified among men?  And the attentive reader may notice in the Gospels innumerable other passages like these, so that he will be convinced that in the histories that are literally re366corded, circumstances that did not occur are inserted.

17.  And if we come to the legislation of Moses, many of the laws manifest the irrationality, and others the impossibility, of their literal29042904    ὅσον ἐπὶ τῷ καθ᾽ ἑαυτοὺς τηρεῖσθαι. observance.  The irrationality (in this), that the people are forbidden to eat vultures, although no one even in the direst famines was (ever) driven by want to have recourse to this bird; and that children eight days old, which are uncircumcised, are ordered to be exterminated from among their people, it being necessary, if the law were to be carried out at all literally with regard to these, that their fathers, or those with whom they are brought up, should be commanded to be put to death.  Now the Scripture says:  “Every male that is uncircumcised, who shall not be circumcised on the eighth day, shall be cut off from among his people.”29052905    Gen. xvii. 14.  And if you wish to see impossibilities contained in the legislation, let us observe that the goat-stag is one of those animals that cannot exist, and yet Moses commands us to offer it as being a clean beast; whereas a griffin, which is not recorded ever to have been subdued by man, the lawgiver forbids to be eaten.  Nay, he who carefully considers (the famous injunction relating to) the Sabbath, “Ye shall sit each one in your dwellings:  let no one go out from his place on the seventh day,”29062906    Ex. xvi. 29. will deem it impossible to be literally observed:  for no living being is able to sit throughout a whole day, and remain without moving from a sitting position.  And therefore those who belong to the circumcision, and all who desire that no meaning should be exhibited, save the literal one, do not investigate at all such subjects as those of the goat-stag and griffin and vulture, but indulge in foolish talk on certain points, multiplying words and adducing tasteless29072907    ψυχρὰς παραδόσεις. traditions; as, for example, with regard to the Sabbath, saying that two thousand cubits is each one’s limit.29082908    τόπον ἑκάστῳ εἶναι δισχιλίους πήχεις.  Others, again, among whom is Dositheus the Samaritan, condemning such an interpretation, think that in the position in which a man is found on the Sabbath-day, he is to remain until evening.  Moreover, the not carrying of a burden on the Sabbath-day is an impossibility; and therefore the Jewish teach367ers have fallen into countless absurdities,29092909    Εἰς ἀπεραντολογίαν ἐληλύθασι. saying that a shoe of such a kind was a burden, but not one of another kind; and that a sandal which had nails was a burden, but not one that was without them; and in like manner what was borne on one shoulder (was a load), but not that which was carried on both.

18.  And if we go to the Gospel and institute a similar examination, what would be more irrational than (to take literally the injunction), “Salute no man by the way,”29102910    Luke x. 4. which simple persons think the Saviour enjoined on the apostles?  The command, moreover, that the right cheek should be smitten, is most incredible, since everyone who strikes, unless he happen to have some bodily defect,29112911    εἰ μὴ ἄρα πεπονθώς τι παρὰ φύσιν τυγχάνοι. smites the left cheek with his right hand.  And it is impossible to take (literally, the statement) in the Gospel about the “offending” of the right eye.  For, to grant the possibility of one being “offended” by the sense of sight, how, when there are two eyes that see, should the blame be laid upon the right eye?  And who is there that, condemning himself for having looked upon a woman to lust after her, would rationally transfer the blame to the right eye alone, and throw it away?  The apostle, moreover, lays down the law, saying, “Is any man called, being circumcised?  Let him not become uncircumcised.” 29122912    1 Cor. vii. 18.  In the first place, anyone will see that he does not utter these words in connection with the subject before him.  For, when laying down precepts on marriage and purity, how will it not appear that he has introduced these words at random?29132913    εἰκῆ.  But, in the second place, who will say that a man does wrong who endeavours to become uncircumcised, if that be possible, on account of the disgrace that is considered by the multitude to attach to circumcision.

All these statements have been made by us, in order to show that the design of that divine power which gave us the sacred Scriptures is, that we should not receive what is presented by the letter alone (such things being sometimes not true in their literal acceptation, but absurd and impossible), but that certain things have been introduced into the actual history and into the legislation that are useful in their literal sense.29142914    καὶ τῇ κατὰ τὸ ῥητὸν χρησίμων νομοθεσίᾳ.

36819.  But that no one may suppose that we assert respecting the whole that no history is real29152915    γέγονεν. because a certain one is not; and that no law is to be literally observed, because a certain one, (understood) according to the letter, is absurd or impossible; or that the statements regarding the Saviour are not true in a manner perceptible to the senses;29162916    κατὰ τὸ αἰσθητόν. or that no commandment and precept of His ought to be obeyed;—we have to answer that, with regard to certain things, it is perfectly clear to us that the historical account is true; as that Abraham was buried in the double cave at Hebron, as also Isaac and Jacob, and the wives of each of them; and that Shechem was given as a portion to Joseph;29172917    Cf. Gen. xlviii. 22 and Josh. xxiv. 32. and that Jerusalem is the metropolis of Judea, in which the temple of God was built by Solomon; and innumerable other statements.  For the passages that are true in their historical meaning are much more numerous than those which are interspersed with a purely spiritual signification.  And again, who would not say that the command which enjoins to “honour thy father and thy mother, that it may be well with thee,”29182918    Cf. Ex. xx. 12 and Eph. vi. 2, 3. is useful, apart from all allegorical meaning,29192919    χωρις πάσης ἀναγωγῆς. and ought to be observed, the Apostle Paul also having employed these very same words?  And what need is there to speak of the (prohibitions), “Thou shalt not commit adultery,” “Thou shalt not kill,” “Thou shalt not steal,” “Thou shalt not bear false witness?”29202920    Cf. Ex. xx. 13–16.  And again, there are commandments contained in the Gospel which admit of no doubt whether they are to be observed according to the letter or not; e.g., that which says, “But I say unto you, Whoever is angry with his brother,”29212921    [Matt. v. 22.] and so on.  And again, “But I say unto you, Swear not at all.”29222922    Matt. v. 34.  “And in the writings of the apostle the literal sense is to be retained:  “Warn them that are unruly, comfort the feeble-minded, support the weak, be patient towards all men;”29232923    1 Thess. v. 14. although it is possible for those ambitious of a deeper meaning to retain the profundities of the wisdom of God, without setting aside the commandment in its literal meaning.29242924    Εἰ και παρὰ τοῖς φιλοτιμοτέροις δύναται σώζειν ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, μετὰ τοῦ μὴ ἀθετεῖσθαι τὴν κατὰ τὸ ῥητὸν ἑντολην, βάθη Θεοῦ σοφίας.  The careful (reader), however, will be in doubt29252925    περιελκυσθήσεται. as to certain points, being unable to show without 369long investigation whether this history so deemed literally occurred or not, and whether the literal meaning of this law is to be observed or not.  And therefore the exact reader must, in obedience to the Saviour’s injunction to “search the Scriptures,”29262926    John v. 39. carefully ascertain in how far the literal meaning is true, and in how far impossible; and so far as he can, trace out, by means of similar statements, the meaning everywhere scattered through Scripture of that which cannot be understood in a literal signification.

20.  Since, therefore, as will be clear to those who read, the connection taken literally is impossible, while the sense preferred29272927    ὁπροηγούμενος. is not impossible, but even the true one, it must be our object to grasp the whole meaning, which connects the account of what is literally impossible in an intelligible manner with what is not only not impossible, but also historically true, and which is allegorically understood, in respect of its not having literally occurred.29282928    ῞Ολον τὸν νοῦν φιλοτιμητέον καταλαμβάνειν, συνείροντα τὸν περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν λέξιν ἀδυνάτων λόγον νοητῶς τοῖς οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀδυνάτοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀληθέσι κατὰ τὴν ἱστορίαν, συναλληγορουμένοις τοῖς ὅσον ἐπὶ τῇ λέξει, μὴ γεγενημένοις.  For, with respect to holy Scripture, our opinion is that the whole of it has a “spiritual,” but not the whole a “bodily” meaning, because the bodily meaning is in many places proved to be impossible.  And therefore great attention must be bestowed by the cautious reader on the divine books, as being divine writings; the manner of understanding which appears to us to be as follows:—The Scriptures relate that God chose a certain nation upon the earth, which they call by several names.  For the whole of this nation is termed Israel, and also Jacob.  And when it was divided in the times of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the ten tribes related as being subject to him were called Israel; and the remaining two, along with the tribe of Levi, being ruled over by the descendants of David, were named Judah.  And the whole of the territory which the people of this nation inhabited, being given them by God, receives the name of Judah, the metropolis of which is Jerusalem,—a metropolis, namely, of numerous cities, the names of which lie scattered about in many other passages (of Scripture), but are enumerated together in the book of Joshua the son of Nun.29292929    ἐν ᾽Ιησοῦ τῷ τοῦ Ναυῆ.

21.  Such, then, being the state of the case, the apostle, elevating our power of 370discernment (above the letter), says somewhere, “Behold Israel after the flesh,”29302930    1 Cor. x. 18. as if there were an Israel “according to the Spirit.”  And in another place he says, “For they who are the children of the flesh are not the children of God;” nor are “they all Israel who are of Israel;”29312931    Rom. ix. 6, 8. nor is “he a Jew who is one outwardly, nor is that ‘circumcision’ which is outward in the flesh:  but he is a Jew who is one ‘inwardly;’ and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter.”29322932    Rom. ii. 28, 29.  For if the judgment respecting the “Jew inwardly” be adopted, we must understand that, as there is a “bodily” race of Jews, so also is there a race of “Jews inwardly,” the soul having acquired this nobility for certain mysterious reasons.  Moreover, there are many prophecies which predict regarding Israel and Judah what is about to befall them.  And do not such promises as are written concerning them, in respect of their being mean in expression, and manifesting no elevation (of thought), nor anything worthy of the promise of God, need a mystical interpretation?  And if the “spiritual” promises are announced by visible signs, then they to whom the promises are made are not “corporeal.”  And not to linger over the point of the Jew who is a Jew “inwardly,” nor over that of the Israelite according to the “inner man”—these statements being sufficient for those who are not devoid of understanding—we return to our subject, and say that Jacob is the father of the twelve patriarchs, and they of the rulers of the people; and these, again, of the other Israelites.  Do not, then, the “corporeal” Israelites refer their descent to the rulers of the people, and the rulers of the people to the patriarchs, and the patriarchs to Jacob, and those still higher up; while are not the “spiritual” Israelites, of whom the “corporeal” Israelites were the type, sprung from the families, and the families from the tribes, and the tribes from some one individual whose descent is not of a “corporeal” but of a better kind,—he, too, being born of Isaac, and he of Abraham,—all going back to Adam, whom the apostle declares to be Christ?  For every beginning of those families which have relation to God as to the Father of all, took its commencement lower down with Christ, who is next to the God and Father of all,29332933    Πᾶσα γὰρ ἀρχὴ πατριῶν τῶν ὡς πρὸς τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεὸν, κατωτέρω ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἤρξατο τοῦ μετὰ τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεὸν καὶ πατέρα. being thus the Father of every soul, as 371Adam is the father of all men.  And if Eve also is intended by the apostle to refer to the Church, it is not surprising that Cain, who was born of Eve, and all after him, whose descent goes back to Eve, should be types of the Church, inasmuch as in a pre-eminent sense they are all descended from the Church.

22.  Now, if the statements made to us regarding Israel, and its tribes and its families, are calculated to impress us, when the Saviour says, “I was not sent but to the lost sheep of the house of Israel,”29342934    Matt. xv. 24. we do not understand the expression as the Ebionites do, who are poor in understanding (deriving their name from the poverty of their intellect—“Ebion” signifying “poor” in Hebrew), so as to suppose that the Saviour came specially to the “carnal” Israelites; for “they who are the children of the flesh are not the children of God.”29352935    Rom. ix. 8.  [See Dr. Burton’s Inquiry into the Heresies of the Apostolic Age (Bampton Lectures), pp. 184, 185, 498, 499.  S.]  Again, the apostle teaches regarding Jerusalem as follows:  “The Jerusalem which is above is free, which is the mother of us all.”29362936    Gal. iv. 26.  And in another Epistle:  “But ye are come unto mount Zion, and to the city of the living God, to the heavenly Jerusalem, and to an innumerable company of angels, to the general assembly and to the Church of the first-born which are written in heaven.”29372937    Heb. xii. 22, 23.  If, then, Israel is among the race of souls,29382938    ἐν ψυχῶν γένει. and if there is in heaven a city of Jerusalem, it follows that the cities of Israel have for their metropolis the heavenly Jerusalem, and it consequently is the metropolis of all Judea.  Whatever, therefore, is predicted of Jerusalem, and spoken of it, if we listen to the words of Paul as those of God, and of one who utters wisdom, we must understand the Scriptures as speaking of the heavenly city, and of the whole territory included within the cities of the holy land.  For perhaps it is to these cities that the Saviour refers us, when to those who have gained credit by having managed their “pounds” well, He assigns the presidency over five or ten cities.  If, therefore, the prophecies relating to Judea, and Jerusalem, and Israel, and Judah, and Jacob, not being understood by us in a “carnal” sense, indicate some such mysteries (as already mentioned), it will follow also that the predictions concerning Egypt and the Egyptians, Babylon and the Babylonians, Tyre and the Tyrians, Sidon and the Si372donians, or the other nations, are spoken not only of these “bodily” Egyptians, and Babylonians, and Tyrians, and Sidonians, but also of their “spiritual” (counterparts).  For if there be “spiritual” Israelites, it follows that there are also “spiritual” Egyptians and Babylonians.  For what is related in Ezekiel concerning Pharaoh king of Egypt does not at all apply to the case of a certain man who ruled or was said to rule over Egypt, as will be evident to those who give it careful consideration.  Similarly, what is said about the ruler of Tyre cannot be understood of a certain man who ruled over Tyre.  And what is said in many places, and especially in Isaiah, of Nebuchadnezzar, cannot be explained of that individual.  For the man Nebuchadnezzar neither fell from heaven, nor was he the morning star, nor did he arise upon the earth in the morning.  Nor would any man of understanding interpret what is said in Ezekiel about Egypt—viz., that in forty years it should be laid desolate, so that the footstep of man should not be found thereon, and that the ravages of war should be so great that the blood should run throughout the whole of it, and rise to the knees—of that Egypt which is situated beside the Ethiopians whose bodies are blackened by the sun.

23.  And perhaps as those here, dying according to the death common to all, are, in consequence of the deeds done here, so arranged as to obtain different places according to the proportion of their sins, if they should be deemed worthy of the place called Hades;29392939    τοῦ καλουμένου χωρίου ᾅδου. so those there dying, so to speak, descend into this Hades, being judged deserving of different abodes—better or worse—throughout all this space of earth, and (of being descended) from parents of different kinds,29402940    καὶ παρὰ τοισδε, ἤ τοῖσδε τοῖς πατράσι. so that an Israelite may sometimes fall among Scythians, and an Egyptian descend into Judea.  And yet the Saviour came to gather together the lost sheep of the house of Israel; but many of the Israelites not having yielded to His teaching, 373those from the Gentiles were called.…And these points, as we suppose, have been concealed in the histories.  For “the kingdom of heaven is like a treasure hid in a field; the which when a man hath found, he hideth, and for joy thereof goeth and selleth all that he hath, and buyeth that field.”29412941    Matt. xiii. 44.  Let us notice, then, whether the apparent and superficial and obvious meaning of Scripture does not resemble a field filled with plants of every kind, while the things lying in it, and not visible to all, but buried, as it were, under the plants that are seen, are the hidden treasures of wisdom and knowledge; which the Spirit through Isaiah29422942    Cf. Isa. xlv. 3. calls dark and invisible and concealed, God alone being able to break the brazen gates that conceal them, and to burst the iron bars that are upon the gates, in order that all the statements in the book of Genesis may be discovered which refer to the various genuine kinds, and seeds, as it were, of souls, which stand nearly related to Israel, or at a distance from it; and the descent into Egypt of the seventy souls, that they may there become as the “stars of heaven in multitude.”  But since not all who are of them are the light of the world—“for not all who are of Israel are Israel”29432943    Rom. ix. 6.—they become from seventy souls as the “sand that is beside the sea-shore innumerable.”

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Selma Blair looks very thin after breakup: normal but no excuse for that outfit?

These photos recently came out of actress Selma Blair over the weekend in which her sweater was popping open and showing her bony chest area. Selma gets papped a lot for some reason which doesn’t seem proportional to her level of fame, so she possibly didn’t know she would be photographed here before she stepped out for a walk. She’s shown with her absolutely adorable 16 month-old son, Arthur. That baby is precious! These are some very gorgeous candids of that little boy, and you can see on Selma’s face that she’s playing along but didn’t expect to see paparazzi. Selma was wearing sweatpants, some Uggs, and an oversized cardigan with nothing on under it. A weight-sleuth consulted by Radar says Selma is underweight and points out that she lost weight after breaking up with her baby’s father in September. They estimate her weight at just 80 pounds or less, which sounds inaccurate to me but I’m not a decent judge of weight. Here’s part of Radar’s story, with more at the source:

“She looks extremely malnourished and at 5’3″ can only weigh 75 to 80 pounds,” nutritionist and The Hamptons Diet author, Dr. Fred Pescatore, who has not treated the star, told RadarOnline.com in an exclusive interview.

As we previously reported, Blair, 40, and fashion designer Jason Bleick, 42, broke up in September after reportedly “fighting non-stop” and have since strived hard to be amicable for the sake of their 16-month-old son, Arthur, but the stress has made her a shadow of her former bubbly, healthy looking self.

“I’d say she’s definitely a thin person now, and does look gaunt and sunken-in,” Jackie Keller, CEO of NutriFit and author of Body After Baby exclusively revealed to Radar, explaining how heartbreak can have a devastating affect on someone’s eating habits.

“Splitting up a home is one of the most traumatic experiences one can go through, even if it is something that both people want to do. It’s not unusual to your lose appetite and it is very common to forgo eating since it can seem like more of a chore than a necessity,” she explained.

“Additionally, sleep can be very disrupted (thus causing bags under the eyes and a haggard look), as you try to adjust to a new normal, which can also lead to weight fluctuations.

“Coincidentally, statistics show that as many women gain weight as lose it after divorce, so it’s very individual,” added Keller.

[From Radar Online]

Just among people I know, I’ve seen more weight loss like this after a breakup than weight gain, so it’s interesting for me to hear that just as many people gain weight. Selma is probably going through some stress and lost more weight than she intended. I don’t think we should concern troll her over it. If we didn’t see her chest area she wouldn’t look as thin.

As for her outfit she looks like a tired mom who wanted to take her kid out to play and didn’t expect someone there with a camera. Still, I would have thrown on a t-shirt or cami under that sweater and would have worn jeans with it. That’s just me. I’m not a sweatpants kind of person, but I’ve also lived in Europe for years and over there you don’t even wear your gym clothes outside of the gym. I like how casual it is in America, though, it feels really freeing to me that I don’t have to get all made up to leave the house. It’s not like I ever have to worry about getting papped, though.

That is one happy toddler. These pictures scream “good mom” to me more than anything else. Look at how she’s running with that little push car. I miss that time. I’ve been hugging and kissing my kid a lot more lately. Every time I turn on the news I’ve been crying my eyes out.

photo credit: Cad/FameFlynet Pictures

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54 Responses to “Selma Blair looks very thin after breakup: normal but no excuse for that outfit?”

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  1. Astrid says:

    I’m a gaining type of girl. I don’t understand how people loose weight in a break up

  2. blaugaro says:

    Seeing these photos, I was thinking about Anne Hathaway’s comments and I think they really apply here: it is a candid moment of a mother playing with his son. This is a moment in which you feel vulnerable, and not a red carpet. I find it mean to talk about her chest in this case. By the way, I like Selma even more after these photos.

    • Becky1 says:

      I completely agree. She’s out playing with her child-she’s not on a red carpet or at some type of event. There’s something about her I’ve always liked. She comes across as a genuine person.

      In terms of her weight, she’s always been a thin woman. Some of us just have bony chests. I’m a normal weight (5’6″ and 125 lbs.) but my chest still looks somewhat bony. That’s just my body build.

  3. Lilalis says:

    Bony chest, but her legs look pretty normal. Nowhere near 80 lbs.

    Sometimes I look like this when I take my son to daycare, I know these off days. But at least I manage to wear a bra and if I didn’t find the time to wash my hair, I cover it.

    Her son is very cute though!

  4. RN says:

    Thank goodness no one was hanging around outside my house most mornings when my kids were little. I would have been featured as a “don’t” on multiple websites.

    I can lose weight very quickly under stress. I simply cannot eat. I remember once only being able to choke down a few spoonfuls of cereal in the morning and not eating the rest I the day. It was weeks before I could eat again normally, and the weight melted off of me (which I could ill afford). Thankfully, it’s been years since that one traumatic incident and I’ve never lacked an appetite since. I hope Ms. Blair recovers quickly.

  5. Effy says:

    I always lose weight when am not happy, and when am happy, i gotta exercise to keep the weight off. hmm!
    Always a fan of Selma, her baby is cute.

  6. Chickenlishus says:

    I would wear that cardigan every day!

  7. Annie says:

    I’m gonna say that first shot looks either shopped or the lighting messed with to make the ribs more prominant, since her thighs look normal and she looks just fine in all the other shots.

    • Aotearovian says:

      This is one instance where I don’t think there’s anything sinister going on in terms of image manipulation. People carry weight differently and are prone to fat deposits in different areas – her upper body is likely the first area she loses from, which is the case for many of us.

  8. Faye says:

    She looks to be of normal weight — no way she is 75-80 lbs. Some people just are bonier in the chest area, even if they’re slender in a normal way elsewhere. I know from personal experience!

    It must be rough to go through a breakup with such a young child. I wish her well, and wish the press would leave her alone

  9. Elceibeno08 says:

    What an adorable toddler. I don’t mean to be mean, but she could use to gain some weight.

  10. Ida says:

    What a load of rubbish. The woman is clearly not underweight. Her chest is simply very narrow and bony. I am quite flat chested and narrow and my ribs would protrude as well if I was running after a little kid wearing a baggy sweater. I weigh around 120 pounds by the way, so by no means underweight.

  11. k says:

    I feel dirty for looking at these candids of her with her kid. I wish paparazzi would just stick to the red carpet.

  12. Justyna says:

    I don’t know how they can estimate her weight so precisely and say she is malnourished by looking at these pictures. She is thin, that’s obvious but she wears baggy pants and cardigan and her legs and stomach might look perfectly healthy underneath. She just might have a body type like me – bony chest is a problem even when I gain weight. It all goes straight to my tighs and I’m sure my chest would be bony even if I gained 50 pounds.

    That part about Europe is so true. Maybe not about every single country but many of them. I wish we were more open but no, there is this pressure to look our best even when we are doing groceries. When I was younger I wouldn’t go out to walk my dog without changing my clothes and doing some make-up. Now I don’t care and I go in my stay-at-home-sweatpants but I know I’m judged for it. I never wear heels and I’m a fan of jeans, boots, cardigan/jacket combo but most of my female friends from the uni are always looking like they are expecting paparazzi hiding behind the bushes – full make-up, high-heels, even now in winter, always fashionable accessorries etc.

    • Aotearovian says:

      Whereabouts in Europe are you? That wasn’t my experience living in Spain, where most people seemed to dress quite casually – but then, I was in Salamanca, not Madrid or Barcelona, so maybe it’s a big-city thing? I’m certain I would be thrown out of Paris for offences against the sartorial municipal bylaws :)

      • Justyna says:

        I’m from Poland. Many older women from where I live are still very casual with their clothes and most men still don’t care what they wear, although Bieber-fever is unfortunately alive among teenage boys but young and middle-aged women in here are very fashion-oriented. I’m not saying they have a great taste, because there are as many hits as misses but the number of younger women in full make-up, wearing heels and whatever is seen as fashionable at the moment even while doing groceries or playing in parks with their children is much bigger than those in comfortable sneakers and trousers. We have very warm summers but also very cold winters but most of the new trends come from countries with warmer climate and I cringe every day right now when I see those poor fashion-victims almost freezing to death in their spring-coats, shorts/mini-skirts and sliding on ice in their 4/6-inch pumps. I see Victoria Beckham-wannabes every single day. Even my own mother is one of them. She doesn’t own a single pair of flats or jeans.

    • Nina W says:

      I’m a super casual American, California is very laid back on the dress code but I do dress to leave the house. I don’t wear sweat or yoga pants out. I may dress like a teenage boy but I do have some rules. However if I was an exhausted Mom with a little cutie, I would go to the park in sweats and feel no guilt at all.

  13. aims says:

    I wish i had that problem. I seemed to have the feed bag on after my break up. She looks fine.

    She looks like a great mom. I agree, after watching tv for the past four days. It makes you want to hold your children a little bit tighter.

  14. poppy says:

    we’re the same height and same (unfortunate) pear shape. don’t think she is near 75-80lbs, probably 95lbs. still, very small for a regular person but probably not ‘deathly’ for a screen actor.
    one thing i learn from celebrities/celebitchy is that everyone has their own idea of what proper under garments are! i’m a (mostly) naturalist top and bottom but i would find it odd to wear panties (which selma has on) but no shirt. live and learn!

  15. truthful says:

    what an adorable lil babyeee!!

    uh, yeah, I eat my comfort foods and deal with it quietly.

    I have never gained a bunch of weight, from anxiety but let’s just say, everyone told me I looked great–but inside I was dying.

  16. pikerj says:

    I’ve seen these pictures on a few websites, and while I agree that she looks ‘skinny’, I think the reason her chest area looks like that is because she’s slim and just had a baby. After pregnancy and especially after breastfeeding, your chest area just changes. I’m at a healthy weight and my chest can look pretty awkward from some angles when Im not wearing a bra, or wearing an unflattering shirt. I think its just a bad angle and a difference in how her weight is carried post-partum.

  17. Kate says:

    No earthly way she us only 80 lbs. What a stupid thing for someone to say without physically examining someone. He probably saw the one photo of her bony chest and puked out that ridiculous opinion.

  18. jasmine says:

    she doesn’t look thin. she’s just got an ugly chest

  19. Elj says:

    I’m so glad the child didn’t inherit her hairline. Her hairline is WEIRD.

  20. Eny says:

    Sorry, but in this pics she looks like Benicio Del Torro

  21. F5 says:

    What’s wrong with her “outfit”?

  22. kj says:

    Every time I go through a breakup I lose weight and interest in dolling up for awhile and every single time I think “thank god I’m not famous and have paparazzi and people online judging me.” Cause trust me I’ve looked A LOT worse. :)

  23. Claire says:

    Didn’t they pass some law in the US that said celebrities were not allowed to be photographed while doing family activities with their kids?

    I know we see the photos all the time but I thought I remembered reading it had been disallowed…?

  24. Violet says:

    Selma might weigh as little as 80 lbs. She’s quite short (barely over 5′ so she probably only weighs about 100 lbs normally, since the camera adds 10 lbs) plus it’s possible she’s wearing longjohns or tights under her sweatpants, adding warmth and padding.

    In any case, she looks quite gaunt and unhealthy. But she seems to be having fun with her son, which is sweet to see.

    • Nina W says:

      No way is she 5′ 3″ and 80 lbs. I’m 5′ 4″ and not overweight and I weigh 40 lbs heavier than that. I am not as slightly built as she but she is surely closer to 100 than 80. Height adds weight as a general eye ball guess-timator. If a woman is 5′ they probably weigh at least 100 lbs. Each inch adds about five pounds or so. She just looks really tired to me (naturally with all she has going on).

  25. Hope says:

    Omg that kid is soooo adorable! What an angel

  26. Tinka says:

    There’s no excuse for wearing Uggs, ever.

    And as a person who loses appetite when having bigger problems, I hope her stress levels (and such) will soon settle. Gaining weight back isn’t necessarily very easy – if that is even the problem here. Kind of unfair for a doctor to go say these things about her without even knowing or meeting her. It could be just a bad angle, some women just seem to have a “bony” chest, even if they are “normal size”.

    • the original bellaluna says:

      Totes agree about the loss of appetite during stress.

      But UGGS? Those are a ‘thing’ and always will be. At least from where I’m from.

      (Not those nasty, furry, E-Wok-looking things that so many poseurs wear; but the normal, de rigueur UGGs of the surfers. There IS a reason for UGGs!)

      So let us not hate on the UGGs.


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Home >> More Marketing news >> This Article

Apple Facing Another Trademark Dispute for its Newest Products

Published on:

Note -- this news article is more than a year old.

Apple is facing another trademark problem with one of its products after an Australian firm expressed surprised following this week's launch by Apple of its HealthKit product.

The problem being that there is an Australian firm of the same name, offering essentially a fairly similar service already.

In a blog post, the CEO of the Australian firm said he first heard of the issue when he received an email the morning after the Apple launch asking if his company had done a trademark deal with Apple.

He hadn't.

As he puts it: "Even the way they write it is the same as us. I'm flattered that they like our name so much and that it's a ringing endorsement for our market opportunity (which we already knew)."

He added though that he feels let down by the company, which could have easily done a simple domain name or trademark search before launching its product.

He hasn't said what, if any action the company will take against Apple, but he had publicly called on Apple to respond to the issue.

It's not the first time that Apple has had problems with trademarks, as it has had to settle iPhone and iPad trademark disputes in a number of countries, and had to sign a quick license with the Swiss railway after using its iconic clock design in the iOS software.

On the web: HealthKit

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Rafi Mohammed

Rafi Mohammed

Sales Representative
CENTURY 21 Innovative Realty Inc., Brokerage*
  • 416-876-2610
  • 416-298-8383
  • 416-298-8303
  • 3-2250 Markham Road
    Toronto, ON M1B 2W4
Contact Me

Welcome to Century21 Innovative Realty

As a CENTURY 21® Real Estate professional, I am dedicated to providing you with the highest quality service possible. My personal knowledge of the local Real Estate market is combined with the power of the CENTURY 21 brand - the most recognized name in Real Estate today.

Let me assist you in finding your dream home, in a neighborhood that is right for you, and in the price range you want. Or if you are interested in selling a property, I also have the expertise to help you get the fastest sale possible and at the best price.

I look forward to the opportunity of working for you!

Real estate market in Canada
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0.22 acres
41.484755203 -95.217920467
Est. Monthly $61 recalculate
0.22 acres

903 Jones Circle
Walnut, IA 51577

Explore This Property

Vacant Land - Ready to build your dream home? This lot is ready for your contractor to start. Utilities are there and ready to hook up as well as water, sewer and cable. Call a REALTOR today for more information and other lots available in the area.
MLS # 20151968
Listed By CENTURY 21 Dement Realty

Have A Question? Contact Office Contact CENTURY 21 Dement Realty

CENTURY 21 Dement Realty
1706 East 7th Street
Atlantic, IA 50022
CENTURY 21 Dement Realty
1706 East 7th Street Atlantic, IA 50022
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  • Lot Description: Level
  • Lot Size: Under 1/2 Acre, 0.22 Acres
  • Property Description: Community Living
  • Road Type: City / Town Street
  • Style: Not Applicable
  • Zoning: Residential

  • Purchase or Lease Opportunities

    Traditional Mortgage
    30 year mortgage at 4.75% APR
    $61Your estimated monthly payment
    $2,40020% Down Payment
    $12,000 $10,800
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    *Neither Century 21 Real Estate LLC nor any of its franchisees or other affiliated companies provides, or is in any way responsible, for any product or service offered by Home Partners of America.

  • Elementary School
    Grades PRESCHOOL-6 | Public School

    WALNUT, IA 51577

    Total Students 200
    Student Teacher Ratio 11:1

    School Rating

    1 star View School Details
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    Explore area schools below or for more information

    Local Area Information for Walnut, IA 51577

    Median Age: 47.3
    Married: 53.7%
    Number of Households: 485
    Households with Children: 103
    • Occupancy Types
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      Community information and market data Powered by Onboard Informatics. Copyright ©2016 Onboard Informatics. Information is deemed reliable but not guaranteed. * Based on a 30-year fixed rate of 4.75% with 20% down. The estimated payment is offered for convenience and is not an offer of credit. Due to market fluctuations, interest rates are subject to change at any time and without notice. Interest rates are also subject to credit and property approval based on secondary market guidelines. The rates shown are based on average rates for our best qualified customers. Your individual rate may vary. Rates may differ for FHA, VA or jumbo loans.
      Sources: Maponics, LLC and Onboard Informatics ©2016. School Performance data by SchoolDigger.com. School Review data by Niche.com. This information is provided for general informational purposes only and should not be relied on in making any home-buying decisions. School information does not guarantee enrollment. Contact a local real estate professional or the school district(s) for current information on schools. This information is not intended for use in determining a person's eligibility to attend a school or to use or benefit from other city, town or local services.
      The Vacant Land located at 903 Jones Circle, Walnut, IA 51577 is currently for sale. 903 Jones Circle, Walnut is listed by CENTURY 21 Real Estate for $12,000. If the property located at 903 Jones Circle, Walnut, IA isn't what you're looking for, search Iowa real estate to see other houses for sale in Walnut.


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EU lawmakers complete set of biggest financial reforms since euro introduction

Times Colonist: The European Union's Parliament on Tuesday completed the biggest overhaul of the bloc's financial system since the introduction of the euro currency, passing laws to minimize the risk and cost posed by failing banks

... "Tuesday's votes are a huge step," said Bert Van Roosebeke of the Centre for European Policy, a Germany-based think-tank . "But now the decisions will have to be implemented, the work isn't over." ...read more


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To provide educational resources for women in the fields of nursing or secondary math and science education.

Applicants must be:

- Females with a permanent address in Boone, Ogle, Stephenson, or Winnebago County;
- An undergraduate sophomore or junior, or enrolled in a graduate program for the following year, at a four-year college, university, or graduate school; and
- Intend to teach math and/or science at the secondary level or major in nursing.

This award is offered by Zeta Chapter, Delta Kappa Gamma.

Taking into consideration the background and criteria of this scholarship, why are you the best candidate to receive it? You may want to discuss your past academic or personal achievements, leadership skills, community and school involvement, or obstacles you’ve overcome.

Robert (Bob) and Karen Harter both taught in the Rockford and Harlem Public School systems retiring in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Bob was science department head, taught junior high math and science at Lincoln Junior High in Rockford and tutored secondary math at Rockford University Learning Resource Center. Karen was an elementary teacher, district reading consultant, and Title 1 Director in the Harlem system as well as a math and reading diagnostician at Rockford University Learning Resource Center. She also volunteered in the Learning Resource Center office.

This recruitment grant was established by Karen in memory of Bob's teaching career. Because they have relatives in the medical field, the grant is also open to females in the nursing field.

Deadline: February 1

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Star Wars Meets Macross In Anime Fan Film

Star Wars Meets Macross In Anime Fan Film - 2015-03-24 15:55:32

So over the course of four years, some guy by the name of Paul Johnson has put together an unbelievable short film about an Imperial assault on a small rebel fleet. The entire seven and a half minute film is done in the style of classic 80s anime such as Zeta Gundam or Macross, with all the high-G turns and missile trails that entails. There’s a bit of 3D animation in there, as well as some obvious roto-scoping, and a heavily 80s influenced relentless guitar riff during combat. However, the most surprising thing, especially for LucasArts fans of the day, are all the callbacks to the legendary TIE Fighter space simulation combat game put out by the company back when they still had a respectable legacy.

Everything from the front/rear shield configuration to in-game missile notifications are lovingly lifted from the original game, and it’s all combined with that obsessive, otaku attention to detail in combat that ignore actual physics in exchange for incredibly cool. If you ever wanted to see how an 80s anime studio would handle a Star Wars space battle, you owe it to yourself to check this out.


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• Leatt USWE H4 Hydration System - Ex Display

      • Currently Unavailable
      • We’re very sorry but we don’t know when this item will be back in stock.

  • Previously on display in our retail showroom
  • Brand new and unused
  • Still in original packaging

USWE H4 Hydration System

The H4 is the largest pack which USWE make.  This is the one - it will easily carry required tools plus 2.5 litres of fluid whilst staying still across bouncy terrain.  It will fit a trail tool, pliers, keys, phone, wallet, chain tool, small socket set, anything you need to stay maintained

We like them due to the robust and quality construction, the space but most of all the fact that when set up and adjusted correctly they just don't move or bounce like other packs so no tugging at shoulder straps or repositioning whilst you ride.

Key features

  • Loads of options for tools & personal belongings
  • Easy (and cheap!) to replace hydration bladder
  • Easy to unscrew adaptor cap plus silicone drink tube and 90 degree bite valve
  • 2.5 litre hydration bladder
  • Total Capacity 9.5L
  • Delivery costFREE
  • Delivery toUnited States of America
  • 365 Days return or exchange

    If you're not completely satisfied with an item you may return it within 12 months of purchase. We'll give you a full refund if the item hasn't been used or the component hasn’t been fitted.

    More information on returns
  • Pay by Bank Transfer, PayPal or Card

Buying Guide

  • We've got everything you need to know in our buying guide.


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Directory Search Results
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1 match was found for Tennis Tournments
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For an alphabetized list of these results CLICK HERE.
Tennis Everyone
Mark Birman
PO Box 757
87 Turkey Ridge Road
Halcott Center, NY 12430
(845) 254-4400
(845) 254-5341
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4 Not-So-Basic Spring 16' Trends

Spring is just around the corner and what better way to bring in the new season then with a few trendy pieces. I'm usually not one dive head first into trends because well, they're just that, trends! Here today, gone tomorrow! But I must admit, there's a few I'm currently enjoying that I figured I'd share! So, here's my top four not-so-basic trends for s/s 16!

*click the pic to be taken to the product*