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Critical Thinking About Statistics Essay

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Critical Thinking and Statistics

Statistics is an approach to research in which case data collected from a sample is used to draw conclusions about the population. To this end, statistics provides a crucial basis for decision-making, in addition to understanding population complexities. However, in the light of all their usefulness, statistics have one major flaw that cannot be overlooked -- since their creation is done by human beings and the counting and analyses therein based solely on human definitions, statistics can neither be regarded as magical, nor can they be taken as being always true. In this regard, statistics can mislead a reader as much as they can educate, and can lie just as much as they can depict the truth. The key to discerning good and bad statistics lies in the evaluation approach chosen; naivety and cynicism make people lose a great deal, but a critical mind-set leads a person to effectively evaluate any statistics presented to them and draw comprehensive conclusions.

One may ask; what then constitutes a critical mind-set? This text seeks to provide answers to this particular question, but before embarking on the main discussion, it would be prudent to briefly discuss the two other approaches to statistical thinking; naivety and cynicism (Best 15).

The Naive Mindset: this makes the presumption "that statistics are generally accurate, that they mean what they seem to mean" (Best 15). This mindset fully trusts any statistics presented to it, and neither questions why the figures are the way they are, nor wonders how the producers' interests could have come to play (Best 16).

The Cynical Mindset: this views statistics as nothing but manipulative efforts. In this regard, this mindset does not trust numbers, and neither does it, the people who produce them (Best 16). Cynical mindsets are always "suspicious of statistics; they are convinced that numbers are probably flawed, and that those flaws are probably intentional," and hence statistics can simply not be used to prove anything (Best 16).

The Critical Mindset: this is not hostile or negative, because it understands that even the best of statistics cannot be perfect (Best 17). All a critical mindset does is "evaluate numbers to distinguish between good statistics and bad statistics" (Best 17). This mind-set is, unlike the naive and cynic ones, statistically literate (Schield 1).

A critical mindset evaluates statistics presented to it on the basis of;

i) The study type used

ii) The sample used for the study

iii) The measurements derived

iv) The graphs generated from the gathered data

v) The claims and probability statements made from the data

vi) The study limitations

vii) The quantity of information provided to the end-consumer

(Source: Ganio 6)

Having recognized that no single statistic is perfect, a critical thinker is often more concerned about "whether a particular statistic's flaws are severe enough to damage its usefulness" (Best 17). Some of the questions asked would include; how broad is the definition; does it encompass an overflow of false positives, or leave out significant false negatives? How significant would the statistical change be, if the definition was changed? How does the sample or measurement choice influence the statistic? How would the statistic change if a different sample was used? Has the statistic been correctly interpreted, or is it more of a mutant statistic? How appropriate are the comparisons?

The Process of Critical Thinking

i) Fundamental Distinctions

Critical thinking begins with making three fundamental distinctions about presented statistics; causation vs. association, population vs. sample, and a test's quality vs. its predictive power (Schield 2).

Association vs. Causation: distinguishing causative statements from associative statements is a crucial step in critical thinking because it gives a feel of how strongly the evidence given supports the statistic or claim (Schield 2). A recent magazine article, for instance, claimed that violent TV programs have contributed to the rising rates of antisocial behavior and violent crime. The article expresses that;

The more violent TV entertainment a teenager is exposed to, the higher their chances of developing antisocial behavior

There is a positive association between TV violence and antisocial behavior

If teenagers watched less violent entertainment, "they would exhibit less antisocial behavior" (Schield 2).

At a glance, one would conclude that claim 3 is true as long as claim 2 is true. Critical thinking would, however, lead one to realize that the difference between the two is also the difference between causation and association, and that therefore, in as much as claim 2 provides evidence for 3's truth, its truth "is not sufficient to prove the truth of #3" (Schield 3).

Population vs. Sample: distinguishing between a population parameter and a sample parameter is an important component of critical thinking. Failure to make this distinction gives rise to the presumption that "a statistic obtained from a sample is actually a property of the entire population" (Schield 2). Taking, for instance, the claim that 70% of New York adults support the reduction of violent TV programs; unless the results were obtained from a census, this statistic is a result of a sample survey, and hence the terms 'New York adults' do not represent the adult population in New York, in its entirety (Schield 2).

The question that arises here has to do with the sample's degree of representativeness; was the sample collected from a neighborhood mostly inhabited by young adults? Was the sample reflective of New York's population in terms of size and composition?

A Test's Quality vs. Its Predictive Power: another fundamental component of critical thinking involves distinguishing between a test's quality, and its predictive power (Schield 3). Whereas quality "is measured on subjects whose disease status is known prior to the test; the predictive power of a test is measured on subjects whose disease status is unknown prior to the test" (Schield 3). Lack of statistical literacy leads readers to presume that a test's quality automatically reflects its predictive power, which may not always be the case.

ii) Statistic Interpretation

Interpretation has a lot to do with questioning. Having made the three distinctions above, and using the same as a guide, a critical thinker embarks on questioning the truth and representativeness of the statistics.

Is the statistic true?

In some cases the source of doubt is a simple error, but in others, statistics are intentionally "presented in a misleading function" so as to pass a judgment that satisfies the producer's interest (Schield 3). A critical thinker would be quick to notice any such deviations, given that statistics for consecutive years would, in most cases, not display very significant deviations (Schield 3). Establishing the truth entails making comparisons, and establishing the degree of correlation between the evidence given and the conclusions reached. One significant example is the case of the 1994 Statistical Abstract, which erroneously reported a birth rate of 189.5/1000, rather than 89.5/1000 among unmarried Blacks in 1991; more than double the rates reported in 1990 and 1992 (Schield 3). Without criticality, such an error would never have been spotted and corrected.

Is the Statistic Representative?

Sometimes "a true statistic has been selected just because it supports a particular claim -- not because it is representative" (Schield 3). Taking, for instance, a situation where a researcher seeks to reinforce the claim that the number of road accidents and deaths would rise if highway speed limits were raised; if they gathered data only from those states that display this trend, and ignored those that did not, they would end up with a statistic that is true but not representative (Schield 3). In such a case, the sample statistic, though true, would be nowhere near the population parameter (Schield 3).

Is the Statistic Factual, or is it Inferential

Inferential statistics include explanations, generalizations, and predictions, and hence, their truth-values are highly disputable (Schield 3). On the other hand, the truth-value of factual statistics…

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Lewis Christianity Creation Evil and Term Paper

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McGrath's comments above suggest periods of conceptual adjustment as observers of the Christian faith worked to make explanations for the presence, even the commonality, of sin as it exists in spite of God's innate goodness.

So again, to the idea that Christianity's incredible facets couldn't rationally be reached by outsiders to the faith with some guesswork does not hold up against the process by which we know Christianity came to be. McGrath points out that in this discussion on how best to reconcile sin with God's innate goodness, Christianity was in a place of coming into its own identity. Answering questions such as this quandary on the dualism of good and evil would be very much a part of 'guessing' the structure of Christian faith as it were, but directly within the framework allowed by the basic tenets relating to God, man and the universe.

The text by Lewis demonstrates this way of thinking by supplying a reason for man's sinfulness that is explained through a theological lens. For Lewis, the presence of a certainty with regard to the presence of God means that any discussion geared toward the reconciliation of human sinfullness also quite naturally predispose us toward some understanding of this in contradiction to the goodness of God. So for Lewis, the will toward sinfulness that is demonstrated in the universe is not unlike the will for insubordination demonstrated by human beings with free will to their human superiors. Accordingly, Lewis remarks, "the same thing arises in any regiment, or trade union, or school. You make a thing voluntary and then half the people do not do it. That is not what you willed, but your will has made it possible. It is probably the same in the universe. God created things which had free will. That means creatures which can go either right or wrong. Some people think they can imagine a creature which was free but had no possibility of going wrong; I cannot." (p. 131)

In addition to arguing that the presence of human sinfulness fits within the construct of a universe created by a good god, the text by Lewis concedes once again to a shortcoming where imagination is concerned. Perhaps this should be unsurprising for an author who would create works of enduring fiction which were highly derivative of Christian scriptures. For one whose process of creation occurred thusly, a certain admission to being unable to imagine the very concepts that predicate Christianity does not reveal much about the way that an outsider might guess or imagine. The consequence of Lewis' faith is an inability to imagine a universe in which this exact form of faith did not yet exist. However, because we as scholars studying human history do know this fact, we are hard-pressed to accept Lewis' ignorance to these things as a strong enough reason to blindly accept the certainty of Christianity. Our acceptance to this notion must begin first with a belief in the inherent truth of certain rules and must proceed to knowledge of therefore established facts.

Jesus Christ:

The same is true of Christian's origins, which center largely on the events relating to the birth, death and rebirth of Jesus Christ. Again, as we attempt to consider this narrative from the perspective that this is something which must be true because it could not have been imagined, we evaluate the claims relating to the history of Jesus as being deeply couched in pre-existent religious tradition and, consequently, we evaluate many of the myths surrounding Jesus as fitting into already established ideas about the omnipotence of God and the inherency of human sinfulness as discussed above. And certainly, the perceived connection between the martyrdom of Jesus and the occurrence of Original Sin in the Garden of Eden would help to fit Jesus into a narrative framework ordained by a just God. As the text by McGrath points out, "just as Israel knew God first as Redeemer and then as Creator, so did the early church first know Jesus as Lord and Savior, and then begin thinking about what this meant in Christological terms. Thus, in the order of Christian experience, the 'work' of Christ precedes all debates about his 'person.'" (p. 122)

In this regard, we can see that Christian ideology has preemptively removed the possibility of speculation, guessing and even historical inquisition where Jesus is concerned simply by elevating matters of his presumed divinity above biographical facts such as those relating to his practice of the Jewish faith. By considering this orientation, one might ultimately be able to prove and demonstrate that, in fact, Jesus was a person who lived according to the rules of Judaism and, in doing so, delivered to his followers a faith that was inherently formed by the forces which preceded it. In order for one to accept the statement provided above by McGrath, one would have to enter into the discussion with unempirical acceptance of certain ideas.

To this end, we consider the article by Polkinghorne, which demonstrates this very same circular approach to the relationship between Christianity and the scientific community. . For Polkinghorne, science and religion are not exclusive from one another. Quite to the contrary, this article contends that the two forces are actually deeply interdependent. On this point, Polkinghorne states that "here we are concerned, not with metaquestions about the patterns and structure of the physical world, but with metaquestions about how historical process is to be understood. This shift of attention corresponds to a transition from natural theology to a theology of nature. We are not now looking to the physical word for hints of God's existence but to God's existence as an aid for understanding why things have developed in the physical world in the manner that they have." (p. 118) The article by Polkinghorne suggests that it is actually possible to reconcile the relationship between faith and science by recognizing that faith has a role in the scientific process. Much like McGrath's assertion regarding Christianity and Jesus here above, in the author's view stated here above, if one is to begin scientific propositions initiating from the idea that God does exist, one may be able to 'prove' a host of claims regarding the certainty of creation claims or ideas about evolution. In other words, by promoting a process of scientific inquiry that starts with the acceptance of God, one does become capable of 'guessing' the constructs that define Christian beliefs. In other words, here especially, it is possible to see the fundamental flaw in the thinking by Lewis. As a rationally thinking outsider, one could plausibly arrive at many of the conclusions that are fundamental tenets of the Christian faith simply by beginning with the propositions of Godly design and human stewardship as denoted by the story of creation. So for Lewis to suppose that we might be unable to guess the things from which Christianity is derived shows a lack of imagination on the part of the author and a desire to dovetail the whole of his observations on the world, universe and man into a simple framework that begins and ends with an all-powerful and unseen creator.

For the rational outsider such as myself, it is actually quite easy to imagine a point in the history of mankind in which it was seen as necessary to construct as yet unreached conclusions about the relationship between man and the universe such as might have related to the contrast between God's goodness and human sinfulness or to the explanation's for the emergence of Jesus Christ. Moreover, I find it plausible that the evolution of man's understanding of this relationship must have surely involved the demand to fit explanations into certainly culturally or politically accepted molds of power distribution. Therefore, resources such as those examined here and especially that provided by Lewis, contrary to the ambitions of their authors, do far more to reveal the sociological and human vestiges of invention in the Christian faith than they do prove that God exists with a certainty not to be debated, questioned, studied or doubted.

Lewis, C.S., Mere Christianity. Harper San Francisco, 2001.

McGrath, A.E., Theology: The Basics, Wiley-Blackewell; 1st edition, 2004.

Polkinghorne, J., Belief in God in an…

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Life Insurance Blog

March 30th, 2011
in Life Insurance,premium financing
Using a Life insurance policy to your extreme advantage will help you truly understand what infinite banking really is.  We all know there are two major strategies that can help us build wealth.
  • Individuals can increase the dollar amount of money you make by getting a better paying job
  • Or you can increase the amount of money you keep in your pocket.

The Infinite Banking Concept or Strategy is a system that helps both individuals and businesses change out money that would have been normally lost as a debt and put higher amounts of interest and taxes back into your circle of wealth building.

You must take a really close look at  the money you spend for an entire lifetime to finance their lifestyle.  The Infinite Banking Strategy can be used to purchase cars, boats, appliances, education, healthcare, and many other items that are necessary in our world.   Consider that you now have the ability to recapture the money lost to these purchases. Put that next to a funding vehicle that utilizes tax advantages through the IRS tax codes and get a guaranteed growth; That in a nutshell is the Infinite Banking Concept.  Please call today to get a more detailed proposal for this strategy.

in affordable life insurance

Though you can use your life insurance to pay off your debts, it is better to avoid using up your affordable life insurance in making the debt payments. You should first try other debt pay off or reduction methods to become free of your debts like the simple debt management plan, debt settlement or debt consolidation. However, the life insurance policy is generally used to pay off the debts of a person after his death. There are mainly three ways in which you can use your life insurance to pay off the debts.

Ways to pay off debt through life insurance

A life insurance policy can help you to pay off the unpaid debts through three main ways and these are:

1. Withdrawing money from your life insurance policy – You can use the cash from your life insurance to pay off your debts. However, you will have to use your cash value insurance policy to pay off your debts rather than using the term life insurance. In cash value insurance, the cash value grows year after year with the tax-deferred interest. Once you have been able to accumulate good cash value, you can use the amount to pay off your debts. However, while doing so, you will have to go on making the monthly premiums on the insurance in order to maintain your policy.

2. Borrowing from your life insurance account – other than withdrawing money from your life insurance, you can borrow from the policy to pay off your debts. Here borrowing is same as any other kind of borrowings. That is you can take out a loan against the built up cash value of your insurance policy. Thus, you will have to pay back the amount that you are going to borrow against your policy, otherwise the value of your policy can get reduced. However, in case the policyholder dies before paying back the amount he had borrowed, the balance is then deducted from the policy and then the remaining balance is handed over to the beneficiary(s) of the policy.

3. You can also consider life settlement option – Another way in which you can use your life insurance to pay off your debts is through life settlement. This can be your option if you either transfer or sell off the policy to a third party in lieu of a certain amount of money. If you do so, you as a policyholder may be able to get an amount more than that of the cash surrender value of your insurance policy. But, the fact is that this amount which you will receive will be less than the amount which you would have received as death benefit.

Another thing that you should know about life settlement is that the person who buys the policy becomes the policyholder. As a result, he will have to be responsible for making the premium payments. Other than this, you won’t be able to opt for life settlement unless you are a senior citizen (more than 65 years of age). The life settlement proceeds are also taxable.

Jason Holmes is a regular writer with Debt Consolidation Care and is also a contributory writer with other financial sites. His expertise is woven around various aspects of the debt industry and with his e-books he tries to impart to people the different situations and simple solutions to get out of difficult situations. Some of his works include e-books like ‘Credit Score The Quintessential Therapy for a Happy Pocket’, Take Creditors and Collection Agencies to Small Claims Court’ and, My Story- From Depression To a Smile’.

in Life Insurance

Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida — As the name suggests, the coverage expenses in a term life insurance are meant for a particular period of time. After that duration, the policy expires. Then, it’s up to the policy holder to either renew the policy or let the coverage end. The beneficiary would receive the benefits if the policy holder dies within a set period or term. However, if the policy ends before his death, then the beneficiary receives nothing. As opposed to permanent life insurance, it does not provide saving components that could be used for wealth accumulation.

Since term insurance can be purchased in large amounts for a relatively small initial premium, it is well suited for short-range goals.  “The rates that are being offered by the many life insurance companies currently in the market place are highly competitive and affordable.  It pays for the consumer to make the carriers compete for their business,” according to Vince Bagni, managing partner of Paramount Life Insurance.  These include life insurance coverage to pay off a loan, or providing extra life insurance protection during the child-raising years, etc.

The duration of a term life insurance could range from the simplest one year to 10, 15, 20, and even 30 years. In a one year term, also referred to as the annual renewable term, the benefit is provided by the company only if the policy holder dies within that span. The amount of premium is according to the expected probability of the owner dying in the same year, whereas the level term life insurance has a fixed rate premium throughout the span of the contract. This is also a renewable term insurance, and the premium is based on the total cost of each year’s annual renewable term rates. The insurer makes the adjustment of rate along with the time value of money.

Initial affordability makes term life insurance convenient and an attractive option for the applicant.

Term life insurance policies have adjustable premiums. This means that the company may raise or lower premiums at some point specified in the policy. However, this is based on projected changes. These could include investment earnings, mortality experience, persistency and expenses. However, premiums may never be raised above the maximum premiums stated in the policy.

The level term policies allow the policyholder to continue coverage after the original coverage period of the policy. Every time the policy is renewed, the premium increases to the amount for the attained age of the insured at that time. This right is usually offered for a specific period, which varies depending on the type of policy.  Bagni states, “if you are coming to the renewal on your level term policy, you are not going to be happy with the renewal amount.  It makes a lot of sense to shop for a new level term.”

Term policies are convertible to age 75. This allows the policyholder to exchange a term affordable life insurance policy with a permanent insurance policy at any time while the policy is still in place

in affordable life insurance

There are more and more affordable life insurance options with all the companies vying for the business.   On top of that we are seeing people live longer than ever before.    With competition and different product lines that are designed for different lengths and flexibility,  it creates a lot of affordable life insurance options for consumers.   Term life insurance is almost a straight commodity if you have no interest in converting to a permanent plan ever.   Term rates have gone down so much it is pretty staggering.  A couple things to keep in mind is just because a company is saying that a policy could cost X doesn’t mean you could qualify for that rate.   The company who is actually showing up as the second, third, or fourth best quote may actually underwrite more favorably and end up being a better rate.

Other very affordable options are return of premium term,  which will return all premiums paid if you outlive the term.    This will cost more money than regular term, but few people ever die during the term of the policy.  It is especially affordable if you live through the term and get all your money back.   Guaranteed universal life is also considered to be  very good affordable option  and the most affordable for plans that are permanent (guaranteed to 100 or 105).  This type of plan is almost like a permanent term and lasts to 100 or so, but the premium never goes up and little if no cash value is built.

in Life Insurance

Life insurance is something that is often times not kept during retirement years.   With the opportunity to presumably self insure at that point, many people will drop their term or let it expire.   While this is a strategy of many, it is not always the best one to pursue.   You may assume you don’t need or want life insurance after retirement, but how do you truly know how you will feel when you reach that age.

We speak to clients everyday that are looking to qualify for coverage that are 60 years old and over.   They consistently say that they wish they had bought when they were younger or planned for some coverage into retirement.  With that being said, it is certainly very possible to still qualify for coverage and the premiums will be determined by health.  Premiums have become more and more affordable due to life expectancy increasing.

The amount of coverage and reason for coverage may be totally different than when the client was 35.  At 35, they might have had a primary focus of replacing income if a premature death occurred.   At 65, income replacement might be less important and it might be about estate planning, mortgage protection, and final expenses.    When you are looking at your financial plan it is important to consider changing items of importance in your life.   It is always a good idea to look at your plan every year or two, to make sure nothing has changed.  If something has changed it may be something to address, or it may simply be something to keep in mind going forward.

in Life Insurance

The best time to have life insurance is when you die or when you need access to money for opportunities and purchases.     The reason I say the best time to have life insurance is when you die, is so your family gets a death benefit.   It does you little good other than protect your income years, if you pass away with no insurance.   If you paid for term for 20 0r 30 years and now you die with no coverage, that is quite unfortunate.   Most assume that once you get to a point and you have accumulated enough money, you can self insure with your existing assets.  This is a strategy that the life insurance carriers certainly like as they don’t have to ever pay a death benefit.   All of the premiums paid during those years were pure profit to the company.   Only about two percent of term life policies ever actually pay a death benefit.

The other time it is great to have life insurance is when you need capital for whatever reason.  The reason could be  for investing or buying a new property or a car.  If you have a cash value policy, you can have access to the cash value that you have accumulated and you can borrow against it, to buy whatever you want.   I promise you will be happy when you want to make a down payment on a new home and there is enough money you can access in  your policy.   The other beautiful thing about a cash value policy is that it is permanent and your family will eventually get a tax free death benefit.

May 13th, 2010
in Life Insurance

Often times the service that is provided by a life insurance agent is underestimated.   You might think that the only thing the agent does is sell you the policy and then moves on.   We focus on providing great service to our customers during the underwriting process and after they are officially a policyholder.   I have heard many customers, say that they didn’t know who to call and had to call someone at a call center for a basic policy question in the past.   We are available to our customers at anytime to answer whatever questions they have and whatever adjustments they might need to make.   For example, if they need a change of beneficiary form or need to adjust their address, we help them with that.  If they have a claim, then we are there to help them through the process.

Another aspect of what we do from a service perspective is keeping them informed of any changes, updates, improvements in the industry.    It is important to know what is going on as changes can effect them.  On top of that, we stay in touch about their conversion options.   If they don’t already have a permanent life policy, such as whole life or universal life, it is important to keep them posted on options.   With most carriers there is the option to convert all or part of your policy to a permanent plan with no proof of insurance.   Clients are often not aware of this option and it can be of great benefit.   Service is an important component of what we offer our clients.

in Life Insurance

Since term life insurance is basically a commodity the life insurance carriers have had to make it very affordable to compete.   The ability to keep it cheap is centered around a few factors.   One is that the insurance companies rarely ever pay a death claim on a term policy.   Typically, less than two percent of people with term policies ever make a claim.    Since so few people actually die, it is a big money maker for the life insurance company.    It is a win for the consumer because they were able to get a good amount of coverage for a very reasonable price.

The other big factor in keeping the premiums down is that fact that life expectancy has increased.   People are living longer and that contributes to being able to offer reasonable rates to an aging population.   Over the last few years rates have come down to the lowest they have ever been.  In the last couple years, we have seen some companies have modest price increases due to their overall portfolio taking a hit financially.  To make up for their losses elsewhere they had to charge a little bit more for life coverage.

Another main reason, that rates are so cheap is the amount of competition.   With so many carriers offering life insurance at competitive rates, it is imperative to be in that ballpark to be successful selling term.  Some carriers are not trying to compete with their term products as their focus might be on high quality permanent plans.

in Life Insurance

Life Insurance is one of the best risk management tools that are available to businesses and individuals.   The loss of a key executive or key person for a company can be devastating in multiple ways to the company.  Not only do you lose someone who is integral in what you do as a company, but you have a need to find a replacement.   There is no telling whether you will be able to find a suitable replacement quickly or if you will even be able to find a comparable replacement.   The loss of this key person can affect sales, productivity, and overall morale.  Since the business will have all these obstacles with the passing of this person, it makes sense to have life insurance on that person.   If that person happened to pass away, it would provide a windfall of money that could go towards hiring a new employee and help offset losses in productivity and sales.

On the individual side, life insurance is a very powerful risk management tool as well.   It will guarantee that certain things will happen, even if you are no longer in the picture.   For example, that your income will continue, debts will be paid off,  and the kids will still go to college.   It is possible to get a very inexpensive term policy, that will guarantee the money will be there when your family needs it.   When you are building a financial plan for yourself, it is important to manage the risks that exist out there.   Make sure you take a look at your life insurance program and consider whether it is adequate to manage your risk.

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WWE Lunch Napkins 16ct

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Tag Archives: Banquet Halls In Mumbai

Lavish Wedding of the Year Arpita Khan & Aayush Sharma

Falaknuma Palace Hyderabad –  Arpita Khan’s Wedding

Taj Falaknuma Palace

Most spoken Wedding of the Year: Arpita Khan & Aayush Sharma

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Rachana Lucknowala, Vivaah – Wedding Décor stylist & creative consultant, has managed some of the most talked about celebrity weddings, including the most recent “Arpita Khan and Aayush Sharma wedding” a young modern couple belonging to Khan Family. In this piece Rachana shared what managing niche and celebrity weddings involve in terms of creative inputs and attention to minute details. She also discusses how destination wedding for niche clients cannot simply be the regular destination wedding.

Wedding Decoration At Taj Falaknuma, Hyderabad

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Arpita Khan’s wedding was managed as a celebrity wedding just like other high profile weddings in terms of décor and other essentials. Of course it had to be customized, and very exclusive. For Arpita Khan’s wedding the entire Khan family was excited as it was a wedding happening in the family after 16 years. The family evaluated every minute detail to make the event a grand celebration. From venue selection, to guest invites, to decor & catering everything was selected for the list of affluent personalities from all walks of life.

Entrance Decoration with floral Mandap Decoration

The Reception at Taj Land’s End, Mumbai.

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The decoration responsibility was assigned to “Vivaah” for the wedding which was held on 18th November, 2014 at Hyderabad and Reception in Mumbai on 21st November, 2014. The family decided to have pink and white as the theme of the wedding, which was suggested after considering their reputation, as the theme truly presents the royal image. The venue was decorated with the shades of white and pink with drapes, flowers and other decoration that brightened the marriage celebration.

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For evening reception, we insisted them to choose Victorian theme. The Victoria theme decoration with white drapes, flowers made guests feel the atmosphere of a royal wedding and Arpita herself felt not less than Queen Victoria.

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We got a lot of support from local agencies, and we also have a very strong team. As we have been in the industry for over 2 decades, it makes us specialist in destination wedding nationally and internationally. Vivaah is acknowledged as an expert for niche and high profile weddings. Our clientele consists of this very niche segment, and any wedding we decor is tailored as per taste & personality that spells class, elegance and grandeur.


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Passion for Property: Letting Agents in Chester and North West UK

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Letting fees information

The asking rent does not include letting fees. Depending on your circumstances and the property you select, Passion for Property may also apply the following up front fees.

  • Administration fees / Reference fees (including credit checks, bank, previous landlord, etc) covers up to 2 applicants - £285 per Application
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The above fees will be refunded if the Landlord withdraws from the let.

In the event the tenant withdraws after paying the fees these will be non refundable.


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Are you looking for Solutions for America in Distress

You are in the right place to find out about what is really going on behind the scenes in the patriot movement in America, including solutions from Oathkeepers, Anna Von Reitz, Constitutional Sheriffs, Richard Mack, and many more people who are leading the charge to restore America to freedom and peace. Please search on the right for over 2500 articles.
You will find some conflicting views from some of these authors. You will also find that all the authors are deeply concerned about the future of America. What they write is their own opinion, just as what I write is my own. If you have an opinion on a particular article, please comment by clicking the title of the article and scrolling to the box at the bottom on that page. Please keep the discussion about the issues, and keep it civil. The administrator reserves the right to remove unwarranted personal attacks. Use the golden rule; "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

Thursday, November 27, 2014

What's going on in Ferguson with Oathkeepers on site.

Oath Keepers !

Volunteers Peacefully Protect Ferguson Small Businesses

Oathkeepers protect buildings following Obama's National Guard stand down order
by | November 27, 2014

Stewart Rhodes of and Sam Andrews of St. Louis area Oathkeepers, realizing that Governor Nixon had already twice failed to protect local businesses, talk about how they organized volunteers to peacefully protect defenseless small businesses during Monday and Tuesday’s riots.

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Average Salary for Washington Radiology Associates Employees

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TOPICS > Politics

Gonzales Acknowledges ‘Mistakes’ in Ousting U.S. Attorneys

March 13, 2007 at 5:15 PM EDT

JUDY WOODRUFF: Today’s revelations that several White House officials coordinated with the office of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales in the firings of eight U.S. attorneys prompted outrage on Capitol Hill and renewed calls for Gonzales’ resignation.

New York Democrat Charles Schumer.

SEN. CHUCK SCHUMER (D), New York: We now have direct evidence that Attorney General Gonzales was carrying out the political wishes of the president in at least some of these firings.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Even Texas Republican John Cornyn, a close friend of Gonzales and the White House, was critical.

SEN. JOHN CORNYN (R), Texas: This has not been handled well.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Gonzales, who abruptly cleared his schedule today to deal with the unfolding crisis, said this afternoon he would take responsibility for the dismissals but would not step down.

ALBERTO GONZALES, U.S. Attorney General: I acknowledge that mistakes were made here; I accept that responsibility. And my pledge to the American people is to find out what went wrong here, to assess accountability, and to make improvements so that the mistakes that occurred in this instance do not occur again in the future.

Finally, let me just say one thing. I’ve overcome a lot of obstacles in my life to become attorney general. I am here not because I give up; I am here because I’ve learned from my mistakes, because I accept responsibility, and because I’m committed to doing my job.

JUDY WOODRUFF: In recent weeks, Justice Department officials had told members of Congress that the White House was not involved in the firings. But today’s news reports, quoting White House officials, revealed that the president himself and his senior adviser, Karl Rove, were referring complaints about several of the prosecutors to Gonzales.

Gonzales’ chief of staff Kyle Sampson resigned his position last night, as it was being disclosed he coordinated the firings with the White House counsel at the time, Harriet Miers.

In fact, two years ago, Miers went so far as to suggest firing all 93 U.S. attorneys, an idea that justice officials said was rejected as politically unwise. Sampson suggested instead a smaller number of attorneys be fired, using a little known Patriot Act provision that allows the president to name interim replacements without Senate confirmation.

In a September e-mail to Miers, Sampson wrote, quote, “We can get one, our preferred person appointed and, two, do it far faster and more efficiently at less political cost to the White House.”

When that plan was cleared by the White House a few days later, an e-mail from Sampson to Miers said one prosecutor, Bud Cummins, in Little Rock, Arkansas, is, quote, “in the process of being pushed out.”

According to news reports, President Bush told Gonzales last October that he had received complaints about some prosecutors not energetically pursuing voter fraud investigations. Two months later, on December 7th, seven of the U.S. attorneys were told by the Justice Department to resign.

One was New Mexico’s David Iglesias, who last week told the Senate Judiciary Committee that he was pressured to act on Democrat-focused corruption investigations by New Mexico Republicans Senator Pete Domenici and Congresswoman Heather Wilson, both of whom had also taken their complaints to the Justice Department.

Iglesias testified that he asked the justice official who phoned him why he was being fired.

DAVID IGLESIAS, Former U.S. Attorney, New Mexico: He said, “I don’t know, Dave. I don’t want to know, and I don’t think — I don’t want to know. All I know is this came from on high.” That was a quote, “on high.”

JUDY WOODRUFF: Today, Attorney General Gonzales said he stands by the firings, but acknowledged they should have been better explained.

ALBERTO GONZALES: When these U.S. attorneys were advised that changes were going to be made, quite frankly, they should have been told why those changes were being made, and I regret that that didn’t happen.

JUDY WOODRUFF: But Democrats made it clear they are not satisfied with the answers being given by the executive branch. California’s Dianne Feinstein.

SEN. DIANNE FEINSTEIN (D), California: This is now a much bigger issue than any of us ever believed it to be, and that it was strategized, that it was put together, that a number of people participated, and that, really, the first group to go was this group.

What I don’t like is it is so disingenuous. The right reason, the real reasons aren’t necessarily the reasons being given. And I think this is what drives this into a much more political venue.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy said he would likely call Rove, Miers and Sampson to testify on the firings.

Late this afternoon, counselor to the president Dan Bartlett, traveling with Mr. Bush in Mexico, responded to reporters’ questions about the fired federal prosecutors and the status of Attorney General Gonzales.

JOURNALIST: And the attorney general said — took responsibility for mistakes. Does the president still have full confidence in the attorney general?

DAN BARTLETT, Counselor to the President: He absolutely has full confidence in the attorney general, and the reason why he does is for exactly what he said today. He’s a stand-up guy.

He’s a person who comes to the job every day, doing the best he can to serve the United States of America. He takes that job very seriously. And when he saw problems, he’s pledged to the American people and to the United States Congress to fix those problems.

But I take issue with the fact that he is the fall guy in this. All the decisions that were made with regards to the removal of these U.S. attorneys were proper decisions.

What was not done properly and didn’t live up to standards of the attorney general and the Bush administration was the fact that Mr. Sampson didn’t share that information as freely as he should have with members of his own team there at the Department of Justice, who are going up to Congress to testify about this.

Mr. Sampson offered his resignation. He understood himself that he should have done a better job with this.

A case of 'political interference'

Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.)
Chair, Judiciary Committee
This has hurt law enforcement, from the top all the way down, to see this kind of political interference.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, for more on today's developments, we are joined by Vermont Democrat Patrick Leahy, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and California Republican Darrell Issa, he's a member of the House Judiciary Committee.

We also extended invitations to all nine Republican members of the Senate Judiciary Committee; all of them declined.

Senator Leahy, to you first. There are several layers to this story, if you will, several points of interest. And I want to start at the White House, at the top, with the president -- the disclosure today that the president said something to the attorney general some months ago about complaints he was hearing about these U.S. attorneys. Is that something that concerns you?

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY (D), Vermont: Well, that concerns me. I mean, the attorney general said today that it should have been better explained. Of course it should have.

One of the best ways of doing it would be to tell the truth right from the beginning; that hasn't happened. I told the attorney general this morning when I read the accounts in the newspapers how bitterly disappointed I was in him, in not telling the truth, and the administration not telling us the truth.

A lot of this goes back to -- you know, they've had six years of pretty much a rubber-stamp Congress, where nobody asked them any questions. Now, all of a sudden, they're having questions asked. They're having a very, very hard time actually answering them.

I'd recommend all they have to do is come forward, tell the truth. They haven't done that yet, not the complete truth. They haven't done it yet. I certainly hope they will.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Well, to try to help all of us better understand what happened here, because we're talking about several individuals at the White House, several at the Justice Department, we're also talking about the U.S. attorneys themselves, Senator Leahy, what I would like to get at first is, do you have a concern that the president raises with the attorney general or do you think that's an entirely appropriate thing for the president to have done?

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: They all serve at the pleasure of the president. I was a prosecutor, and I know what it's like when you have political interference, where somebody tries political interference in a prosecution. It spoils the whole system.

We find that Karl Rove, the president's adviser, I assume with the president's OK, wanted to get rid of a U.S. attorney in Arkansas because he had somebody -- nowhere near as qualified, but as an acolyte of his -- he wanted to put him in that place.

We had others. We know that public officials spoke to the president, spoke to the White House. It just does not smell right.

You know, when you have a normal turnover of U.S. attorneys, that's one thing, because then you nominate somebody else to come to the Senate for confirmation. You can ask these questions.

Here they were trying to use a loophole in the law to fire a number of people, put other people in, sends a chilling effect among the U.S. attorneys, but it also hurts the integrity and the independence of the U.S. attorneys.

People have to understand, this has hurt law enforcement, from the top all the way down, to see this kind of political interference.

Need for an explanation

Rep. Darrell Issa
The House and the Senate, Republican and Democrats, agree that this attorney general and everyone involved needs to come down and explain to us, not per se why the president chose to fire these people, but why we were deceived.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Representative Issa, also, let me stay with the White House here for just a moment and come to the role of the former White House counsel, Harriet Miers. We learned that, two years ago, she raised the idea of firing all U.S. attorneys or looking at that in the wake of the 2004 election. Is this something -- can you explain why this might have happened?

REP. DARRELL ISSA (R), California: Well, I think you have to state it slightly more accurately than the way it's characterized. After the new attorney general was in place, Harriet Miers said, at the end of their four years -- not four years of the president, but four years of their service -- should we have them all tender their resignations?

Presumably some of the resignations would be accepted; others would not. It was actually, as I understand it -- Attorney General Gonzales did push back and said this would be too disruptive to have so many turning over at once.

And then, for a period of over a year -- and this is the part that aggravates all of us, at least on the House side in Judiciary -- for over a year, there was a debate in which they looked at multiple U.S. attorneys, some of whom really should have been asked to go immediately, and others who perhaps were more in a gray area, and then had a mass firing.

Now, the White House doesn't owe the senator or myself an explanation of why they choose to get rid of any appointee. But once they give a reason, then we can hold them accountable. And that's what this is all about right now.

This is where the House and the Senate, Republican and Democrats, agree that this attorney general and everyone involved needs to come down and explain to us, not per se why the president chose to fire these people, but why we were deceived.

Both the House and the Senate were deceived by individuals who were given bad information and sent down to literally say what others, including Kyle Sampson, knew was not true. That kind of hubris by this administration has to be cleared up, and everyone responsible has to be held accountable.

JUDY WOODRUFF: So, Congressman, just to be clear, your concern is with the fact that all the facts weren't shared with the Congress. It's not what the Justice Department was doing?

REP. DARRELL ISSA: Well, here's -- well, the Justice Department...

JUDY WOODRUFF: In going over each one of these U.S. attorneys and using a set of criteria to decide whether they should stay or not, related to how they were pursuing cases of voter fraud?

REP. DARRELL ISSA: Well, no, that's one example you've given, but I'll give you one from today's discovery that has to do with Carol Lam in San Diego, where they wanted to know -- basically they were evaluating her failure to prosecute gun crimes and immigration, not one case, but the cumulative numbers, which were such deficits.

This is a legitimate reason to question whether somebody is implementing policy of the president and the stated policy of the attorney general. That was a legitimate reason either to get it fixed or ask her for her resignation. Those got muddies with these other issues.

I can't speak to every one of these U.S. attorneys, but I do expect this administration to give us now the details of the process, not because they owed it to us initially, but they owe it to us now because we've been deceived and, in our oversight, we have a right to know how we got told things which were not true.

I believe, at the end of the day, most, if not all, of these U.S. attorneys, they will have a justification, which we may not agree with, but which they have a right to have for why they terminated them. I don't believe, at this point -- and I don't know what the senator knows what I don't know -- but I don't believe right now that we're going to find out that any of these were terminated because of a specific prosecution.

However, the House and the Senate now must find out what is the truth of this.

Finding the facts

Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.)
Chair, Judiciary Committee
What I want to find out is what happened, why we've been given different stories. And I want those answers, not in an informal briefing; I want those answers in public, in sworn testimony, under oath before my committee.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Senator Leahy, I want to ask you to respond to that.

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: Well, you know, the fact of the matter is, the president has a right to replace people. Some wish he'd replace some earlier than he did.

But in the U.S. attorneys thing, the way this was done, it smacks of trying to influence, especially in several cases, prosecutions that are underway.

Now, maybe that's true, and maybe it's not. But when the attorney general comes up, gives us one misleading statement after another, and I've put him under oath when he comes up here, it raises too many questions.

I intend to bring the attorney general up here. I am requesting several other people to come up here, certainly Mr. Sampson, Ms. Miers, I assume eventually Karl Rove. If they don't come, then I'll seek to subpoena them up here, because the story changes almost every time we pick up the newspaper.

And then, when things that they were supposed to have told the Judiciary Committees comes out because the press found out, they say, "Oops, sorry. Forget about what we said yesterday. We have a new story for you."

That doesn't cut it at the highest level of government, at the White House level, at the Department of Justice. It certainly doesn't cut it when the attorney general says I have -- what was it? -- 110,000 personnel, I can't know what every one of them is doing.

Well, he certainly should know what his chief of staff, who sits just a few feet from him every single day, know what he was doing.

These stories that they've given us don't add up. And I think that we have -- and I've heard this from a lot of Republican senators who said the same thing -- get the facts. And that's what I'm going to do.

I just want -- first of all, I want to find the facts. Then I want us to go back to the way they're supposed to do it, that is, nominate a U.S. attorney. They come to the Senate for confirmation, and we get a chance to see whether this person is free of political motivations, but will work as a prosecutor should.

JUDY WOODRUFF: So, Senator, you're not prepared to go along at this point with the Senate majority leader, your colleague, Harry Reid, or Senator Chuck Schumer, who've already called for the attorney general to step down?

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: Well, any senator can say what they want. Of course, ultimately the president makes the decision whether he does or not. If the president feels that this kind of performance reflects the best of what his administration can offer, well, then that's going to have to be his choice.

What I want to find out is what happened, why we've been given different stories. And I want those answers, not in an informal briefing; I want those answers in public, in sworn testimony, under oath before my committee. As chairman, that's what I insist.

An obligation for oversight

Rep. Darrell Issa
We're not going to quit until every one of these people has testified and we know the whole truth about the failure to be candid about these firings.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Representative Issa, the e-mails that have come out, among other things, of the attorney general's chief of staff, Kyle Sampson, who just stepped down yesterday, some of the language in here, you know, talking about, in essence, going around Senate confirmation, choosing people, choosing new U.S. attorneys through a different route that would not require that, saying we'll be able to, quote, "do it far faster and more efficiently, at less political cost to the White House."

Can you explain that?

REP. DARRELL ISSA: Well, I certainly can explain that this kind of gamesmanship was not the intent under the Patriot Act that gave certain emergency powers.

And I think the White House understands that none of these seven do we expect to be appointed, except through the process that we've used in the past. And in California, we have a whole commission that does the pre-screening.

But I think it's important to realize that one of the parts of this story is this political interference they talk about. I was one of 19 members of the House, plus Senator Feinstein, who wrote to the president, to the attorney general, and to others, talking about a lack of prosecutions by one U.S. attorney.

So let's not mix whether or not these people should have been let go or the president had a right to do, with the fact that all of us want to know who led Congress astray. The House and the Senate were lied to, not by the people that were sent to the Hill, but by the people who sent them there. And every one of those people owes us a resignation.

And that's the difference, perhaps, between what the Democrats are walking around. If someone led us astray, they should resign. And I don't care how high it is: Anyone involved with this cover-up of giving us the truth needs to step down.

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: I find many areas where I'm in total agreement with the congressman. I would point out, however, whether they resign or not, I still intend to have them before the committee, under oath...

REP. DARRELL ISSA: And so do we.

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: ... because I don't ever want this to happen again. I don't care if it's a Democratic or a Republican administration.

JUDY WOODRUFF: So, Representative Issa, you're including the attorney general in that?

REP. DARRELL ISSA: I'm including anybody who would mislead, deliberately mislead the Congress, and the senator is absolutely right. Resigning doesn't change the fact that we're going to get to the bottom of who knew and failed to let us know what -- well, members of the government were being sent to us to give us false information.

That's not tolerable ever, by either party, because we have an obligation. We were simply using our legitimate oversight responsibility in the House and the Senate. And then we were lied to by well-meaning young men who came up to give testimony, that they were given false. And that irritates us beyond belief.

And if it's the attorney general who had a hand in it, then he will have to step down. It certainly included Kyle Sampson, and he has stepped down.

And the senator is right: We're not going to quit until every one of these people has testified and we know the whole truth about the failure to be candid about these firings.

JUDY WOODRUFF: Representative Darrell Issa and Senator Patrick Leahy, gentlemen, thank you both.

SEN. PATRICK LEAHY: Good to be with you.