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Cheap Flights From Melbourne, Australia To Caribbean

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United 05/09/2017 12/09/2017 $1,604
United 20/05/2017 30/05/2017 $1,757
United 13/10/2017 27/10/2017 $1,850
United 12/07/2017 22/07/2017 $1,980
United 12/07/2017 29/07/2017 $2,249
British Airways 20/05/2017 30/05/2017 $2,730
United 01/07/2017 08/07/2017 $2,943
United 01/01/2018 10/01/2018 $3,744

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Looking for cheap last minute flights or a weekend getaway? We've got you covered with weekend flight deals from Melbourne, Australia to Caribbean. The chart below shows the best last minute deals and cheap flights this weekend we could find.

Nassau 31/03/17 3/04/17 $2,717
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(BBC)   Bank allows you to call them to get money out of any ATM, without your card, without having to prove who you are. For some reason this has increased the amount of fraud happening   ( ) divider line
    More: Stupid, phone operators, debit cards
•       •       •

1790 clicks; posted to Business » on 06 Oct 2012 at 6:29 PM (4 years ago)   |   Favorite    |   share:  Share on Twitter share via Email Share on Facebook   more»

7 Comments     (+0 »)
View Voting Results: Smartest and Funniest
2012-10-06 04:13:58 PM

"Now, let me get this straight, Mr., ..uh.. Mr. White. You'd like to borrow $50,000 from our bank, but you have no collateral, you have no credit. You don't even have any I.D. Is that correct"?

"That's right".

"Mr. White, I'm sorry. This is not a charity. This is a business..."

"Uh, Harry, why don't you, uh, take your break now? I'll take care of.. uh.. Mr. White".

"Well.. okay. Thanks, Bob".

"That was a close one, wasn't it"?

"It certainly was".

"We don't have to bother with these formalities, do we, Mr. White? Huh"?

"What a silly Negro"!

"Just take what you want, Mr. White. Pay us back anytime. Or don't. We don't care".

"Tell me, do you know of any other banks like this in this area"?

2012-10-06 07:25:25 PM
I can haz free moneyz?
2012-10-06 08:04:55 PM
Hello, my name is Mr Burns
2012-10-06 09:39:17 PM
Some places require pin numbers, some don't.
2012-10-06 10:36:39 PM
Open borders for all!!!!!
2012-10-07 05:19:45 PM
They've been advertising this in the UK for months.

My spidey sense told me this was probably a good reason to not bank with Natwest
2012-10-08 01:37:37 PM

calbert: /obscure?

very, when was the last time eddie murphy did something funny on purpose?

/i would've include snl but their political skits are great.
//i think hulu might have the skit.
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text:
Patrick Coxall

Dedicated to those we love and miss dearly.

Moderator: Team Cub

User avatar
5+ Years
5+ Years
Posts: 3245
Joined: Sun Jul 13, 2008 10:05 pm
Zip Code: 45067
Tractors Owned: 1951 Cub
2-1955 Loboy w FH
a few plows, discs, mowers, blades, carrier & such
Several '61 CC Originals, CC Narrow Frames- 70 & 100's, 71, Couple 102's & 122's, 72, 124, 73, various CC options & implements #1 & 2 Trailers, 1963 Springfield, JD 770
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: OH, Trenton

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby dgrapes59 » Tue Jul 13, 2010 8:17 pm

Very unfortunate, condolences and prayers to the family and friends.

User avatar
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 1085
Joined: Thu Aug 28, 2003 2:11 pm
Zip Code: 21234
Tractors Owned: 1947 FCub 1948 FCub (FrankenCub), 1949 C, 1952 SA, 1963 IH 3414 Backhoe Diesel, 1960 Oliver 880 Diesel, 1945 Mack EF Fire Truck
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: MD, Baltimore and Freeland

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Carm » Tue Jul 13, 2010 8:19 pm

Terrible news. We had emailed off and on some.

User avatar
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 6534
Joined: Mon Jul 25, 2005 10:16 pm
Zip Code: 61944
Tractors Owned: -
55 F-Cub - snow plow and chains
3 Demonstrators Restored.
"Bette" - 22 mower
"Roxie" - 144 Complete Cults'
"Sandy"(Done) 193 Plow
1950 Demo, "Billie"
-(Woods 59")
Corn Stalk Cutter
23a Disc
2005 Mahindra w/FEL
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: IL, Paris just off of Interstate 70

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby John(videodoc) » Tue Jul 13, 2010 8:29 pm

Sad news for sure. I also enjoyed his posts. My prayers go out to his family as well....

User avatar
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 7147
Joined: Sat Feb 18, 2006 8:12 pm
Zip Code: 15101
eBay ID: lacrosseorgans
Skype Name: Mike.Hengelsberg
Tractors Owned: 1949 Cub "Merlin"
1955 Cub "Lewis"
Cub Trailer
A-60 Blade
Cub-22 Mower
193 Plow
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: PA, Allison Park (Am Hengelsberg)

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Hengy » Tue Jul 13, 2010 8:53 pm

I am shocked to hear this news! God bless him...

Eternal rest, grant unto him, oh Lord, and let perpetual light shine upon him. May his soul and the souls of all the faithfully departed, through the mercy of God, rest in peace!

Mike in La Crosse, WI
Mike (Happy as a Lark in Allison Park, PA)
Image Image

Check out my Restoration Thread (1955 Cub, Lewis)

User avatar
Cub Pro
Cub Pro
Posts: 28707
Joined: Sun Feb 02, 2003 8:37 pm
Zip Code: E1A7J3
eBay ID: ve9rhs
Skype Name: R.H. "Rudi" Saueracker, SSM
Tractors Owned: 1947 Cub "Granny"
1948 Cub "Ellie-Mae"
1968 Cub Lo-Boy
Dad's Putt-Putt
IH 129 CC
McCormick 100 Manure Spreader
McCormick 100-H Manure Spreader
Post Hole Digger
M-H #1 Potato Digger
Circle of Safety: Y
Twitter ID: Rudi Saueracker, SSM
Location: NB Dieppe, Canada

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Rudi » Tue Jul 13, 2010 9:36 pm

Thanks for letting us know. Pat and No-No have been exchanging Christmas cards and emails with us for a few years now. Em and I will have to send No-No our condolences. I shall miss him and his emails.
Confusion breeds Discussion which breeds Knowledge which breeds Confidence which breeds Friendship

Phillip W. Lenke
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 1481
Joined: Wed May 25, 2005 1:21 pm
Zip Code: 43449

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Phillip W. Lenke » Wed Jul 14, 2010 6:33 am

That just flat out breaks my Heart. I guess no one is exempt. I will miss him greatly.
Prayers for the family are up.
"Work Hard ,Play Often,Care Always"

User avatar
Lance Leitzel
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 716
Joined: Mon Oct 31, 2005 8:07 pm
Zip Code: 45011
Tractors Owned: 1960 Loboy
1974 154 Loboy
1968 72 Cub Cadet
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: Ohio, Liberty Township (Butler County)

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Lance Leitzel » Wed Jul 14, 2010 7:57 am

Oh gosh. I guess I'd better go clean my carb again (it was a running joke with him). Prayers for the family. Lance :cry:
Ego diligo meus tracti.
(I love my tractors)

User avatar
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 5642
Joined: Thu Jul 28, 2005 2:37 pm
Zip Code: 44645
eBay ID: kevinb2366
Tractors Owned: 47 Cub 48 Cub 50 H
Location: Marshallville Ohio

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby KETCHAM » Wed Jul 14, 2010 9:32 am

Sorry to hear,that is bad news.Kevin
47 CUB[Krusty] 49 CUB[Ollie] 50 H-- PLOWS DISCS MOWERS AND lots more stuff!!Life is to short -Have fun now cause ya ain't gonna be here long!!!!

User avatar
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Cub Pro
Posts: 2781
Joined: Tue Jan 10, 2006 12:03 am
Zip Code: 15522
eBay ID: grumpysales
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: PA. Bedford (Centerville)

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby grumpy » Wed Jul 14, 2010 10:09 am

Sad for sure. Prayers for the family. Grump
David Dee Mock-Leonard

Nothing is foolproof to a sufficiently talented fool.

Some days it's not worth chewing through the restraints

User avatar
Site Admin
Posts: 3354
Joined: Sat Feb 01, 2003 9:53 pm
Zip Code: 64075
Tractors Owned: 1947 Farmall Cub
104 Cub Cadet
Cub Cadet Original
Circle of Safety: Y
Twitter ID: @farmallcubcom
Location: MO, Oak Grove

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Dennis » Wed Jul 14, 2010 11:19 am

This is indeed heart breaking news and my sympathies go out to his wife Noelle, his family, and friends. I was shocked when I received the email reporting his untimely death and the tragic way it occurred. My heart and prayers go out to them.

Please, EVERYONE, be careful when enjoying these great old tractors. This underscores the need to always be vigilant in safe operations of older equipment. It requires each of us to be the safety devices that protect us and never fall into that complacency trap of feeling like we are always in control of the equipment.

I'm feeling the loss of a good friend,

Alan Riley
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 432
Joined: Wed Feb 05, 2003 11:49 pm
Zip Code: 71328
Location: LA, Deville

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Alan Riley » Wed Jul 14, 2010 12:16 pm

I'm very sorry to hear of Pat's death. He will certainly be missed.
Old Age: The phase of life when nothing works and everything hurts...

Charles (49) Mo
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 753
Joined: Sun Jan 02, 2005 4:28 pm
Zip Code: 63031
Location: St. Louis Mo.

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Charles (49) Mo » Wed Jul 14, 2010 7:17 pm

Our entire extended Cub family will miss him and his wit and wisdom.

User avatar
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 7703
Joined: Thu Aug 19, 2004 2:31 pm
Zip Code: 10314
Location: NY Staten Island & Franklin

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby beaconlight » Wed Jul 14, 2010 8:53 pm

Thanks BD. pat was a great member of the forum. I enjoyed his posts so much that one time when he had trouble locating a throwout bearing for a Cub, I sent him a package as a gift marked Happy Birthday so he wouldn't get hit with customs charges. After wards he made me promise to visit if I ever went to France.
I really liked the way he talked about his wife Noel as well. If I remember correctly he fixed up a house for his daughter too. God Bless him and his family

"Life's tough.It's even tougher if you're stupid."
- John Wayne

" We hang petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office."
- Aesop

User avatar
Buzzard Wing
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Cub Pro
Posts: 10465
Joined: Mon Aug 09, 2004 10:14 pm
Zip Code: 02840
Location: RI, Newport

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby Buzzard Wing » Fri Jul 16, 2010 5:47 pm

That is a tragedy for sure, made worse by it being a fellow Cubber. He was truly a witty and interesting person and will be sorely missed.
1971 Cub (Rufus) 1950 Cub (Cathy) 1965 Lo Boy Fast Hitch (Nameless III) 1970 Cub 1000 Loader & Fast Hitch (Lee)

jim turner
10+ Years
10+ Years
Posts: 1640
Joined: Sun Feb 02, 2003 1:09 pm
Zip Code: 64784
Circle of Safety: Y
Location: Mo, Sheldon

Re: A bit of bad news.

Postby jim turner » Fri Jul 16, 2010 7:14 pm

I sure hate too hear about this, I exchanged Christmas cards with them for a long time as well as a letter now and then, I especially remember the stories he told about the Church picnic when they all drove tractors there and had some mishaps. And also he sent us Christmas in Paris one time just a great man will be really missed by all of us who knew him.
Our thoughts and prayers go out to Noell and his family. RIP
Jim Turner

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Fashion Fill

There are few moments in a woman’s life, as important and memorable as her wedding day. Every woman consider her wedding day to be one of the most special days in her life. It is the culminate of her dreams. If there is one day in her life  where everything needs to be perfect, it is wedding day. It is the day where she will be the center of attention, that day she will remember for the rest of her life. There are few moments in a woman’s life, as important and memorable as her wedding day.

For every bride there is a perfect outfit waiting to be discovered. It will whisper enchantment when viewed, evoke emotions when befriended and inspire new beginnings when worn.  It is not easy for a girl to choose an outfit for her wedding day. So, here are some designs of 18 awesome outfits for wedding day wore by 18 famous celebrities..

William Kate’s Wedding Outfit

Gwen Stefani’s Wedding Outfit

Lady Diana’s Wedding Outfit

Ivanka Trump’s Wedding Outfit

Megan Fox’s Wedding Outfit

Salma Hayek’s Wedding Outfit

Princess Victoria’s Wedding Outfit

Khloe Lamar’s Wedding Outfit

Rhea Durham’s Wedding Outfit

Joanna Garcia’s Wedding Outfit

Alyson Hannigan’s Wedding Outfit

Blair Waldrof’s Wedding Outfit

Kate Hudson’s Wedding Outfit

Andrea Eppolito’s Wedding Outfit

Nicole Richie’s Wedding Outfit

Melania Trump’s Wedding Outfit

Hilary Duff’s Wedding Outfit

Kelly Clarkson’s Wedding Outfit

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text:
Fast Food Blogs

zaxbys wings and things

Zaxby's Wings & Things meal consists of five traditional or five boneless wings, three Chicken Fingerz, crinkle fries, Texas toast and a drink. You also get three decent sized pieces of celery and two sauces: the Zax Sauce and Ranch.

I've reviewed the Chicken Fingerz in the Buffalo variety before. I found them skinny and the "fingerz" I received tonight were no exception. The boneless wings, while not scrawny, were mostly breading. Generously drenched in sauce, they were tasty and filling, although I really felt like the wings and fingers could've been more substantial in the actual chicken department.

The crinkle fries are lightly seasoned and were a good companion, as was the slice of Texas toast. All in all, the breading probably filled me up more than anything else and I found that I was full before even finishing the sides. You could easily share this meal and, at almost $9 for the boneless and almost $10 for the traditional bone-in variety, you should.

Join us on Facebook to discuss this and many other Fast Food blog topics

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Providing fast food blogs, menus, locations and other information for over80 major chains

Since 2000, Fast Food Source has been the premier independent site dedicated to fast food lovers, offering fast food restaurant menus, and nutrition information, as well as fast food blogs, articles, forums, and fast food industry news. We offer fast food location information for over 50 cities and more than 80 fast food chains.

Recent Fast Food Restaurant Menu Updates

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text:
Monica D-Clements's Journal, 07 March 2013

I've been bullied for so long, i can't keep track anymore. I can look around my high school and have the thoughts of "shes so skinny.. why aren't I like that? I'd do anything to look like her. a tiny waist, awesome legs, she's just tiny. I bet she doesn't even have to try." and i'm tired of thinking these things. I just want to feel better, to look better. Now, I am in no way saying that looking good is the best, but maybe I need a confidence booster. Maybe if I loose all this weight, I can go back to my grade 10 year, and amaze all the people who looked at me and though "look at how fat she is!" or "Oh, keep on eating, pig. Drown yourself in those fattening foods that you eat" and all the people who thought I was so lazy, I couldn't do it. But that's my goal. TO amaze them all. They wont know what hit them next year. Maybe, Just maybe. I can do this. Scratch that, I WILL do this! BRING IT ON!
180.0 lb Lost so far: 0 lb.    Still to go: 50.0 lb.    Diet followed N/A.
on diet You: On a Diet

You can and you will!! BRING IT ON & KICK IT'S BUTT!!!
06 Mar 13 by member: Rubie-sue

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text:
Select Application:

Drug Utilization Review

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text:
- Click onto the port and a list of all available routes will be generated. In this list the blue booking symbol will lead to online booking or detailed route information.
- Lines: black = ferry / blue = freight ferry / green = train / dashed = ferry in seasonal operation

www.ferrylines.com uses cookies, to encrease visitors experiance. More informations here OK


text:
13. Lexicons

A Lexicon in Festival is a subsystem that provides pronunciations for words. It can consist of three distinct parts: an addenda, typically short consisting of hand added words; a compiled lexicon, typically large (10,000s of words) which sits on disk somewhere; and a method for dealing with words not in either list.

[ < ] [ > ]   [ << ] [ Up ] [ >> ]         [Top] [Contents] [Index] [ ? ]

13.1 Lexical entries

Lexical entries consist of three basic parts, a head word, a part of speech and a pronunciation. The headword is what you might normally think of as a word e.g. ‘walk’, ‘chairs’ etc. but it might be any token.

The part-of-speech field currently consist of a simple atom (or nil if none is specified). Of course there are many part of speech tag sets and whatever you mark in your lexicon must be compatible with the subsystems that use that information. You can optionally set a part of speech tag mapping for each lexicon. The value should be a reverse assoc-list of the following form

   '((( punc fpunc) punc)
     (( nn nnp nns nnps ) n)))

All part of speech tags not appearing in the left hand side of a pos map are left unchanged.

The third field contains the actual pronunciation of the word. This is an arbitrary Lisp S-expression. In many of the lexicons distributed with Festival this entry has internal format, identifying syllable structure, stress markigns and of course the phones themselves. In some of our other lexicons we simply list the phones with stress marking on each vowel.

Some typical example entries are

( "walkers" n ((( w oo ) 1) (( k @ z ) 0)) )
( "present" v ((( p r e ) 0) (( z @ n t ) 1)) )
( "monument" n ((( m o ) 1) (( n y u ) 0) (( m @ n t ) 0)) )

Note you may have two entries with the same headword, but different part of speech fields allow differentiation. For example

( "lives" n ((( l ai v z ) 1)) )
( "lives" v ((( l i v z ) 1)) )

See section Lookup process, for a description of how multiple entries with the same headword are used during lookup.

By current conventions, single syllable function words should have no stress marking, while single syllable content words should be stressed.

NOTE: the POS field may change in future to contain more complex formats. The same lexicon mechanism (but different lexicon) is used for holding part of speech tag distributions for the POS prediction module.

[ < ] [ > ]   [ << ] [ Up ] [ >> ]         [Top] [Contents] [Index] [ ? ]

13.2 Defining lexicons

As stated above, lexicons consist of three basic parts (compiled form, addenda and unknown word method) plus some other declarations.

Each lexicon in the system has a name which allows different lexicons to be selected from efficiently when switching between voices during synthesis. The basic steps involved in a lexicon definition are as follows.

First a new lexicon must be created with a new name

(lex.create "cstrlex")

A phone set must be declared for the lexicon, to allow both checks on the entries themselves and to allow phone mapping between different phone sets used in the system

(lex.set.phoneset "mrpa")

The phone set must be already declared in the system.

A compiled lexicon, the construction of which is described below, may be optionally specified

(lex.set.compile.file "/projects/festival/lib/dicts/cstrlex.out")

The method for dealing with unknown words, See section Letter to sound rules, may be set

(lex.set.lts.method 'lts_rules)
(lex.set.lts.ruleset 'nrl)

In this case we are specifying the use of a set of letter to sound rules originally developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratories. The default method is to give an error if a word is not found in the addenda or compiled lexicon. (This and other options are discussed more fully below.)

Finally addenda items may be added for words that are known to be common, but not in the lexicon and cannot reasonably be analysed by the letter to sound rules.

  '( "awb" n ((( ei ) 1) ((d uh) 1) ((b @ l) 0) ((y uu) 0) ((b ii) 1))))
  '( "cstr" n ((( s ii ) 1) (( e s ) 1) (( t ii ) 1) (( aa ) 1)) ))
  '( "Edinburgh" n ((( e m ) 1) (( b r @ ) 0))) ))

Using lex.add.entry again for the same word and part of speech will redefine the current pronunciation. Note these add entries to the current lexicon so its a good idea to explicitly select the lexicon before you add addenda entries, particularly if you are doing this in your own ‘.festivalrc’ file.

For large lists, compiled lexicons are best. The function lex.compile takes two filename arguments, a file name containing a list of lexical entries and an output file where the compiled lexicon will be saved.

Compilation can take some time and may require lots of memory, as all entries are loaded in, checked and then sorted before being written out again. During compilation if some entry is malformed the reading process halts with a not so useful message. Note that if any of your entries include quote or double quotes the entries will probably be misparsed and cause such a weird error. In such cases try setting

(debug_output t)

before compilation. This will print out each entry as it is read in which should help to narrow down where the error is.

[ < ] [ > ]   [ << ] [ Up ] [ >> ]         [Top] [Contents] [Index] [ ? ]

13.3 Lookup process

When looking up a word, either through the C++ interface, or Lisp interface, a word is identified by its headword and part of speech. If no part of speech is specified, nil is assumed which matches any part of speech tag.

The lexicon look up process first checks the addenda, if there is a full match (head word plus part of speech) it is returned. If there is an addenda entry whose head word matches and whose part of speech is nil that entry is returned.

If no match is found in the addenda, the compiled lexicon, if present, is checked. Again a match is when both head word and part of speech tag match, or either the word being searched for has a part of speech nil or an entry has its tag as nil. Unlike the addenda, if no full head word and part of speech tag match is found, the first word in the lexicon whose head word matches is returned. The rationale is that the letter to sound rules (the next defence) are unlikely to be better than an given alternate pronunciation for a the word but different part of speech. Even more so given that as there is an entry with the head word but a different part of speech this word may have an unusual pronunciation that the letter to sound rules will have no chance in producing.

Finally if the word is not found in the compiled lexicon it is passed to whatever method is defined for unknown words. This is most likely a letter to sound module. See section Letter to sound rules.

Optional pre- and post-lookup hooks can be specified for a lexicon. As a single (or list of) Lisp functions. The pre-hooks will be called with two arguments (word and features) and should return a pair (word and features). The post-hooks will be given a lexical entry and should return a lexical entry. The pre- and post-hooks do nothing by default.

Compiled lexicons may be created from lists of lexical entries. A compiled lexicon is much more efficient for look up than the addenda. Compiled lexicons use a binary search method while the addenda is searched linearly. Also it would take a prohibitively long time to load in a typical full lexicon as an addenda. If you have more than a few hundred entries in your addenda you should seriously consider adding them to your compiled lexicon.

Because many publicly available lexicons do not have syllable markings for entries the compilation method supports automatic syllabification. Thus for lexicon entries for compilation, two forms for the pronunciation field are supported: the standard full syllabified and stressed form and a simpler linear form found in at least the BEEP and CMU lexicons. If the pronunciation field is a flat atomic list it is assumed syllabification is required.

Syllabification is done by finding the minimum sonorant position between vowels. It is not guaranteed to be accurate but does give a solution that is sufficient for many purposes. A little work would probably improve this significantly. Of course syllabification requires the entry’s phones to be in the current phone set. The sonorant values are calculated from the vc, ctype, and cvox features for the current phoneset. See ‘src/arch/festival/Phone.cc:ph_sonority()’ for actual definition.

Additionally in this flat structure vowels (atoms starting with a, e, i, o or u) may have 1 2 or 0 appended marking stress. This is again following the form found in the BEEP and CMU lexicons.

Some example entries in the flat form (taken from BEEP) are

("table" nil (t ei1 b l))
("suspicious" nil (s @ s p i1 sh @ s))

Also if syllabification is required there is an opportunity to run a set of "letter-to-sound"-rules on the input (actually an arbitrary re-write rule system). If the variable lex_lts_set is set, the lts ruleset of that name is applied to the flat input before syllabification. This allows simple predictable changes such as conversion of final r into longer vowel for English RP from American labelled lexicons.

A list of all matching entries in the addenda and the compiled lexicon may be found by the function lex.lookup_all. This function takes a word and returns all matching entries irrespective of part of speech.

You can optionally intercept the words as they are looked up, and after they have been found through pre_hooks and post_hooks for each lexicon. This allows a function or list of functions to be applied to a word and feature before lookup or to the resulting entry after lookup. The following example shows how to add voice specific entries to a general lexicon without affecting other voices that use that lexicon.

For example suppose we were trying to use a Scottish English voice with the US English (cmu) lexicon. A number of entries will be inappropriate but we can redefine some entries thus

(set! cmu_us_awb::lexicon_addenda
	("edinburgh" n (((eh d) 1) ((ax n) 0) ((b r ax) 0)))
	("poem" n (((p ow) 1) ((y ax m) 0)))
	("usual" n (((y uw) 1) ((zh ax l) 0)))
	("air" n (((ey r) 1)))
	("hair" n (((hh ey r) 1)))
	("fair" n (((f ey r) 1)))
	("chair" n (((ch ey r) 1)))))

We can then define a function that checks to see if the word looked up is in the speaker specific exception list and use that entry instead.

(define (cmu_us_awb::cmu_lookup_post entry)
  "(cmu_us_awb::cmu_lookup_post entry)
Speaker specific lexicon addeda."
  (let ((ne
	 (assoc_string (car entry) cmu_us_awb::lexicon_addenda)))
    (if ne

And then for the particular voice set up we need to add both a selection part and a reset part. Thus following the FestVox conventions for voice set up.

(define (cmu_us_awb::select_lexicon)

    (lex.select "cmu")
    ;; Get old var for reset and to append our function to is
    (set! cmu_us_awb::old_cmu_post_hooks
       (lex.set.post_hooks nil))
       (append cmu_us_awb::old_cmu_post_hooks
               (list cmu_us_awb::cmu_lookup_post)))

(define (cmu_us_awb::reset_lexicon)

  ;; reset CMU's post_hooks back to original
  (lex.set.post_hooks cmu_us_awb::old_cmu_post_hooks)

The above isn’t the most efficient way as the word is looked up first then it is checked with the speaker specific list.

The pre_hooks functions are called with two arguments, the word and features, they should return a pair of word and features.

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13.4 Letter to sound rules

Each lexicon may define what action to take when a word cannot be found in the addenda or the compiled lexicon. There are a number of options which will hopefully be added to as more general letter to sound rule systems are added.

The method is set by the command

(lex.set.lts.method METHOD)

Where METHOD can be any of the following

Throw an error when an unknown word is found (default).

Use externally specified set of letter to sound rules (described below). The name of the rule set to use is defined with the lex.lts.ruleset function. This method runs one set of rules on an exploded form of the word and assumes the rules return a list of phonemes (in the appropriate set). If multiple instances of rules are required use the function method described next.

This returns an entry with a nil pronunciation field. This will only be valid in very special circumstances.

Call this as a LISP function function name. This function is given two arguments: the word and the part of speech. It should return a valid lexical entry.

The basic letter to sound rule system is very simple but is powerful enough to build reasonably complex letter to sound rules. Although we’ve found trained LTS rules better than hand written ones (for complex languages) where no data is available and rules must be hand written the following rule formalism is much easier to use than that generated by the LTS training system (described in the next section).

The basic form of a rule is as follows

This interpretation is that if ITEMS appear in the specified right and left context then the output string is to contain NEWITEMS. Any of LEFTCONTEXT, RIGHTCONTEXT or NEWITEMS may be empty. Note that NEWITEMS is written to a different "tape" and hence cannot feed further rules (within this ruleset). An example is

( # [ c h ] C = k )

The special character # denotes a word boundary, and the symbol C denotes the set of all consonants, sets are declared before rules. This rule states that a ch at the start of a word followed by a consonant is to be rendered as the k phoneme. Symbols in contexts may be followed by the symbol * for zero or more occurrences, or + for one or more occurrences.

The symbols in the rules are treated as set names if they are declared as such or as symbols in the input/output alphabets. The symbols may be more than one character long and the names are case sensitive.

The rules are tried in order until one matches the first (or more) symbol of the tape. The rule is applied adding the right hand side to the output tape. The rules are again applied from the start of the list of rules.

The function used to apply a set of rules if given an atom will explode it into a list of single characters, while if given a list will use it as is. This reflects the common usage of wishing to re-write the individual letters in a word to phonemes but without excluding the possibility of using the system for more complex manipulations, such as multi-pass LTS systems and phoneme conversion.

From lisp there are three basic access functions, there are corresponding functions in the C/C++ domain.

(lts.ruleset NAME SETS RULES)

Define a new set of lts rules. Where NAME is the name for this rule, SETS is a list of set definitions of the form (SETNAME e0 e1 ...) and RULES are a list of rules as described above.

Apply the set of rules named RULESETNAME to WORD. If WORD is a symbol it is exploded into a list of the individual characters in its print name. If WORD is a list it is used as is. If the rules cannot be successfully applied an error is given. The result of (successful) application is returned in a list.

(lts.check_alpha WORD RULESETNAME)

The symbols in WORD are checked against the input alphabet of the rules named RULESETNAME. If they are all contained in that alphabet t is returned, else nil. Note this does not necessarily mean the rules will successfully apply (contexts may restrict the application of the rules), but it allows general checking like numerals, punctuation etc, allowing application of appropriate rule sets.

The letter to sound rule system may be used directly from Lisp and can easily be used to do relatively complex operations for analyzing words without requiring modification of the C/C++ system. For example the Welsh letter to sound rule system consists or three rule sets, first to explicitly identify epenthesis, then identify stressed vowels, and finally rewrite this augmented letter string to phonemes. This is achieved by the following function

(define (welsh_lts word features)
  (let (epen str wel)
    (set! epen (lts.apply (downcase word) 'newepen))
    (set! str (lts.apply epen 'newwelstr))
    (set! wel (lts.apply str 'newwel))
    (list word
          (lex.syllabify.phstress wel))))

The LTS method for the Welsh lexicon is set to welsh_lts, so this function is called when a word is not found in the lexicon. The above function first downcases the word and then applies the rulesets in turn, finally calling the syllabification process and returns a constructed lexically entry.

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13.5 Building letter to sound rules

As writing letter to sound rules by hand is hard and very time consuming, an alternative method is also available where a latter to sound system may be built from a lexicon of the language. This technique has successfully been used from English (British and American), French and German. The difficulty and appropriateness of using letter to sound rules is very language dependent,

The following outlines the processes involved in building a letter to sound model for a language given a large lexicon of pronunciations. This technique is likely to work for most European languages (including Russian) but doesn’t seem particularly suitable for very language alphabet languages like Japanese and Chinese. The process described here is not (yet) fully automatic but the hand intervention required is small and may easily be done even by people with only a very little knowledge of the language being dealt with.

The process involves the following steps

All except the first two stages of this are fully automatic.

Before building a model its wise to think a little about what you want it to do. Ideally the model is an auxiluary to the lexicon so only words not found in the lexicon will require use of the letter to sound rules. Thus only unusual forms are likely to require the rules. More precisely the most common words, often having the most non-standard pronunciations, should probably be explicitly listed always. It is possible to reduce the size of the lexicon (sometimes drastically) by removing all entries that the training LTS model correctly predicts.

Before starting it is wise to consider removing some entries from the lexicon before training, I typically will remove words under 4 letters and if part of speech information is available I remove all function words, ideally only training from nouns verbs and adjectives as these are the most likely forms to be unknown in text. It is useful to have morphologically inflected and derived forms in the training set as it is often such variant forms that not found in the lexicon even though their root morpheme is. Note that in many forms of text, proper names are the most common form of unknown word and even the technique presented here may not adequately cater for that form of unknown words (especially if they unknown words are non-native names). This is all stating that this may or may not be appropriate for your task but the rules generated by this learning process have in the examples we’ve done been much better than what we could produce by hand writing rules of the form described in the previous section.

First preprocess the lexicon into a file of lexical entries to be used for training, removing functions words and changing the head words to all lower case (may be language dependent). The entries should be of the form used for input for Festival’s lexicon compilation. Specifical the pronunciations should be simple lists of phones (no syllabification). Depending on the language, you may wish to remve the stressing—for examples here we have though later tests suggest that we should keep it in even for English. Thus the training set should look something like

("table" nil (t ei b l))
("suspicious" nil (s @ s p i sh @ s))

It is best to split the data into a training set and a test set if you wish to know how well your training has worked. In our tests we remove every tenth entry and put it in a test set. Note this will mean our test results are probably better than if we removed say the last ten in every hundred.

The second stage is to define the set of allowable letter to phone mappings irrespective of context. This can sometimes be initially done by hand then checked against the training set. Initially constract a file of the form

(require 'lts_build)
(set! allowables
      '((a _epsilon_)
        (b _epsilon_)
        (c _epsilon_)
        (y _epsilon_)
        (z _epsilon_)
        (# #)))

All letters that appear in the alphabet should (at least) map to _epsilon_, including any accented characters that appear in that language. Note the last two hashes. These are used by to denote beginning and end of word and are automatically added during training, they must appear in the list and should only map to themselves.

To incrementally add to this allowable list run festival as

festival allowables.scm

and at the prompt type

festival> (cummulate-pairs "oald.train")

with your train file. This will print out each lexical entry that couldn’t be aligned with the current set of allowables. At the start this will be every entry. Looking at these entries add to the allowables to make alignment work. For example if the following word fails

("abate" nil (ah b ey t))

Add ah to the allowables for letter a, b to b, ey to a and t to letter t. After doing that restart festival and call cummulate-pairs again. Incrementally add to the allowable pairs until the number of failures becomes accceptable. Often there are entries for which there is no real relationship between the letters and the pronunciation such as in abbreviations and foreign words (e.g. "aaa" as "t r ih p ax l ey"). For the lexicons I’ve used the technique on less than 10 per thousand fail in this way.

It is worth while being consistent on defining your set of allowables. (At least) two mappings are possible for the letter sequence ch—having letter c go to phone ch and letter h go to _epsilon_ and also letter c go to phone _epsilon_ and letter h goes to ch. However only one should be allowed, we preferred c to ch.

It may also be the case that some letters give rise to more than one phone. For example the letter x in English is often pronunced as the phone combination k and s. To allow this, use the multiphone k-s. Thus the multiphone k-s will be predicted for x in some context and the model will separate it into two phones while it also ignoring any predicted _epsilons_. Note that multiphone units are relatively rare but do occur. In English, letter x give rise to a few, k-s in taxi, g-s in example, and sometimes g-zh and k-sh in luxury. Others are w-ah in one, t-s in pizza, y-uw in new (British), ah-m in -ism etc. Three phone multiphone are much rarer but may exist, they are not supported by this code as is, but such entries should probably be ignored. Note the - sign in the multiphone examples is significant and is used to indentify multiphones.

The allowables for OALD end up being

(set! allowables
      ((a _epsilon_ ei aa a e@ @ oo au o i ou ai uh e)
       (b _epsilon_ b )
       (c _epsilon_ k s ch sh @-k s t-s)
       (d _epsilon_ d dh t jh)
       (e _epsilon_ @ ii e e@ i @@ i@ uu y-uu ou ei aa oi y y-u@ o)
       (f _epsilon_ f v )
       (g _epsilon_ g jh zh th f ng k t)
       (h _epsilon_ h @ )
       (i _epsilon_ i@ i @ ii ai @@ y ai-@ aa a)
       (j _epsilon_ h zh jh i y )
       (k _epsilon_ k ch )
       (l _epsilon_ l @-l l-l)
       (m _epsilon_ m @-m n)
       (n _epsilon_ n ng n-y )
       (o _epsilon_ @ ou o oo uu u au oi i @@ e uh w u@ w-uh y-@)
       (p _epsilon_ f p v )
       (q _epsilon_ k )
       (r _epsilon_ r @@ @-r)
       (s _epsilon_ z s sh zh )
       (t _epsilon_ t th sh dh ch d )
       (u _epsilon_ uu @ w @@ u uh y-uu u@ y-u@ y-u i y-uh y-@ e)
       (v _epsilon_ v f )
       (w _epsilon_ w uu v f u)
       (x _epsilon_ k-s g-z sh z k-sh z g-zh )
       (y _epsilon_ i ii i@ ai uh y @ ai-@)
       (z _epsilon_ z t-s s zh )
       (# #)

Note this is an exhaustive list and (deliberately) says nothing about the contexts or frequency that these letter to phone pairs appear. That information will be generated automatically from the training set.

Once the number of failed matches is signficantly low enough let cummulate-pairs run to completion. This counts the number of times each letter/phone pair occurs in allowable alignments.

Next call

festival> (save-table "oald-")

with the name of your lexicon. This changes the cummulation table into probabilities and saves it.

Restart festival loading this new table

festival allowables.scm oald-pl-table.scm

Now each word can be aligned to an equally-lengthed string of phones, epsilon and multiphones.

festival> (aligndata "oald.train" "oald.train.align")

Do this also for you test set.

This will produce entries like

aaronson _epsilon_ aa r ah n s ah n
abandon ah b ae n d ah n
abate ah b ey t _epsilon_
abbe ae b _epsilon_ iy

The next stage is to build features suitable for ‘wagon’ to build models. This is done by

festival> (build-feat-file "oald.train.align" "oald.train.feats")

Again the same for the test set.

Now you need to constructrure a description file for ‘wagon’ for the given data. The can be done using the script ‘make_wgn_desc’ provided with the speech tools

Here is an example script for building the models, you will need to modify it for your particualr database but it shows the basic processes

for i in a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
   # Stop value for wagon
   echo letter $i STOP $STOP
   # Find training set for letter $i
   cat oald.train.feats |
    awk '{if ($6 == "'$i'") print $0}' >ltsdataTRAIN.$i.feats
   # split training set to get heldout data for stepwise testing
   traintest ltsdataTRAIN.$i.feats
   # Extract test data for letter $i
   cat oald.test.feats |
    awk '{if ($6 == "'$i'") print $0}' >ltsdataTEST.$i.feats
   # run wagon to predict model
   wagon -data ltsdataTRAIN.$i.feats.train -test ltsdataTRAIN.$i.feats.test \
          -stepwise -desc ltsOALD.desc -stop $STOP -output lts.$i.tree
   # Test the resulting tree against
   wagon_test -heap 2000000 -data ltsdataTEST.$i.feats -desc ltsOALD.desc \
              -tree lts.$i.tree

The script ‘traintest’ splits the given file ‘X’ into ‘X.train’ and ‘X.test’ with every tenth line in ‘X.test’ and the rest in ‘X.train’.

This script can take a significnat amount of time to run, about 6 hours on a Sun Ultra 140.

Once the models are created the must be collected together into a single list structure. The trees generated by ‘wagon’ contain fully probability distributions at each leaf, at this time this information can be removed as only the most probable will actually be predicted. This substantially reduces the size of the tress.

(merge_models 'oald_lts_rules "oald_lts_rules.scm")

(merge_models is defined within ‘lts_build.scm’) The given file will contain a set! for the given variable name to an assoc list of letter to trained tree. Note the above function naively assumes that the letters in the alphabet are the 26 lower case letters of the English alphabet, you will need to edit this adding accented letters if required. Note that adding "’" (single quote) as a letter is a little tricky in scheme but can be done—the command (intern "'") will give you the symbol for single quote.

To test a set of lts models load the saved model and call the following function with the test align file

festival oald-table.scm oald_lts_rules.scm
festival> (lts_testset "oald.test.align" oald_lts_rules)

The result (after showing all the failed ones), will be a table showing the results for each letter, for all letters and for complete words. The failed entries may give some notion of how good or bad the result is, sometimes it will be simple vowel diferences, long versus short, schwa versus full vowel, other times it may be who consonants missing. Remember the ultimate quality of the letter sound rules is how adequate they are at providing acceptable pronunciations rather than how good the numeric score is.

For some languages (e.g. English) it is necessary to also find a stree pattern for unknown words. Ultimately for this to work well you need to know the morphological decomposition of the word. At present we provide a CART trained system to predict stress patterns for English. If does get 94.6% correct for an unseen test set but that isn’t really very good. Later tests suggest that predicting stressed and unstressed phones directly is actually better for getting whole words correct even though the models do slightly worse on a per phone basis black98.

As the lexicon may be a large part of the system we have also experimented with removing entries from the lexicon if the letter to sound rules system (and stree assignment system) can correct predict them. For OALD this allows us to half the size of the lexicon, it could possibly allow more if a certain amount of fuzzy acceptance was allowed (e.g. with schwa). For other languages the gain here can be very signifcant, for German and French we can reduce the lexicon by over 90%. The function reduce_lexicon in ‘festival/lib/lts_build.scm’ was used to do this. A diccussion of using the above technique as a dictionary compression method is discussed in pagel98. A morphological decomposition algorithm, like that described in black91, may even help more.

The technique described in this section and its relative merits with respect to a number of languages/lexicons and tasks is dicussed more fully in black98.

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13.6 Lexicon requirements

For English there are a number of assumptions made about the lexicon which are worthy of explicit mention. If you are basically going to use the existing token rules you should try to include at least the following in any lexicon that is to work with them.

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13.7 Available lexicons

Currently Festival supports a number of different lexicons. They are all defined in the file ‘lib/lexicons.scm’ each with a number of common extra words added to their addendas. They are

The Computer Users Version of Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary is available from the Oxford Text Archive ftp://ota.ox.ac.uk/pub/ota/public/dicts/710. It contains about 70,000 entries and is a part of the BEEP lexicon. It is more consistent in its marking of stress though its syllable marking is not what works best for our synthesis methods. Many syllabic ‘l’’s, ‘n’’s, and ‘m’’s, mess up the syllabification algorithm, making results sometimes appear over reduced. It is however our current default lexicon. It is also the only lexicon with part of speech tags that can be distributed (for non-commercial use).

This is automatically constructed from ‘cmu_dict-0.4’ available from many places on the net (see comp.speech archives). It is not in the mrpa phone set because it is American English pronunciation. Although mappings exist between its phoneset (‘darpa’) and ‘mrpa’ the results for British English speakers are not very good. However this is probably the biggest, most carefully specified lexicon available. It contains just under 100,000 entries. Our distribution has been modified to include part of speech tags on words we know to be homographs.

A version of the CSTR lexicon which has been floating about for years. It contains about 25,000 entries. A new updated free version of this is due to be released soon.

A British English rival for the ‘cmu_lex’. BEEP has been made available by Tony Robinson at Cambridge and is available in many archives. It contains 163,000 entries and has been converted to the ‘mrpa’ phoneset (which was a trivial mapping). Although large, it suffers from a certain randomness in its stress markings, making use of it for synthesis dubious.

All of the above lexicons have some distribution restrictions (though mostly pretty light), but as they are mostly freely available we provide programs that can convert the originals into Festival’s format.

The MOBY lexicon has recently been released into the public domain and will be converted into our format soon.

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13.8 Post-lexical rules

It is the lexicon’s job to produce a pronunciation of a given word. However in most languages the most natural pronunciation of a word cannot be found in isolation from the context in which it is to be spoken. This includes such phenomena as reduction, phrase final devoicing and r-insertion. In Festival this is done by post-lexical rules.

PostLex is a module which is run after accent assignment but before duration and F0 generation. This is because knowledge of accent position is necessary for vowel reduction and other post lexical phenomena and changing the segmental items will affect durations.

The PostLex first applies a set of built in rules (which could be done in Scheme but for historical reasons are still in C++). It then applies the functions set in the hook postlex_rules_hook. These should be a set of functions that take an utterance and apply appropriate rules. This should be set up on a per voice basis.

Although a rule system could be devised for post-lexical sound rules it is unclear what the scope of them should be, so we have left it completely open. Our vowel reduction model uses a CART decision tree to predict which syllables should be reduced, while the "’s" rule is very simple (shown in ‘festival/lib/postlex.scm’).

The 's in English may be pronounced in a number of different ways depending on the preceding context. If the preceding consonant is a fricative or affricative and not a palatal labio-dental or dental a schwa is required (e.g. bench's) otherwise no schwa is required (e.g. John's). Also if the previous phoneme is unvoiced the "s" is rendered as an "s" while in all other cases it is rendered as a "z".

For our English voices we have a lexical entry for "’s" as a schwa followed by a "z". We use a post lexical rule function called postlex_apos_s_check to modify the basic given form when required. After lexical lookup the segment relation contains the concatenation of segments directly from lookup in the lexicon. Post lexical rules are applied after that.

In the following rule we check each segment to see if it is part of a word labelled "’s", if so we check to see if are we currently looking at the schwa or the z part, and test if modification is required

(define (postlex_apos_s_check utt)
  "(postlex_apos_s_check UTT)
Deal with possesive s for English (American and British).  Delete
schwa of 's if previous is not a fricative or affricative, and
change voiced to unvoiced s if previous is not voiced."
   (lambda (seg)
     (if (string-equal "'s" (item.feat
                             seg "R:SylStructure.parent.parent.name"))
         (if (string-equal "a" (item.feat seg 'ph_vlng))
             (if (and (member_string (item.feat seg 'p.ph_ctype)
                                     '(f a))
                      (not (member_string
                            (item.feat seg "p.ph_cplace")
                            '(d b g))))
                 t;; don't delete schwa
                 (item.delete seg))
             (if (string-equal "-" (item.feat seg "p.ph_cvox"))
                 (item.set_name seg "s")))));; from "z"
   (utt.relation.items utt 'Segment))

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This document was generated by Alan W Black on December 2, 2014 using texi2html 1.82.


text:
Day 2 TV Game: Galatasaray v Fenerbahce

28 March 2012

***Don't miss the clash of the two Turkish giants, Galatasaray and Fenerbahce, on day two of the EuroLeague Women Final Eight. You can also watch the rest of the Thursday games on FIBA Europe TV, under subscription.***

ELW Game of the Day Galatasaray v Fenerbahce 29/03
Cick to watch Galatasaray v Fenerbahce LIVE and for free on FIBA Europe TV, tonight at 19:45 CET

By Jeff Taylor

Nothing whets the appetite of a basketball fan in Turkey like a showdown between Fenerbahce and Galatasaray.

The fact that the two sides are meeting in the EuroLeague Women Final Eight at the Abdi Ipekci on Thursday makes the clash even more special.

Add to that Galatasaray's sense of urgency after their opening day defeat to Rivas Ecopolis, and the knowledge that superstar Diana Taurasi is going to pull out all stops in a bid to lead Gala past Fener, and the meeting has all the makings of a classic.

Fener pulled away from a resilient Beretta-Famila Schio on Wednesday, 74-58, while Rivas Ecopolis won 75-68 over Galatasaray.

After his team's triumph over Schio, George Dikeoulakos, the Fenerbahce coach, was asked about the club's rivalry with Galatasaray.

"For some people, this is a game of life and death," he said.

"For some people it's just a game.

"I would describe it as just a celebration."

Season So Far

  • Fenerbahce have had no equals in the EuroLeague Women, winning all of their games this season. Some of the shine was taken off their season, however, when Galatasaray beat Fener earlier this month in the Turkish Cup Final.
  • Galatasaray finished runners-up in Group A to Ros Casares after being swept by the Spanish side and losing at UMMC Ekaterinburg. Fenerbahce and Galatasaray are 19-3 in the Turkish league.

The Hot Hand

  • Ivana Matovic couldn't have been more accurate with her shooting on Wednesday while pouring in 25 points against Beretta-Famila Schio. She drilled 10 of 12 shots from the field and all five of her free-throws.
  • Tina Charles had 21 points on nine of 18 shooting for Gala in their setback to Rivas.

The X-Factor

  • Galatasaray need someone else who doesn't go by the name of Taurasi, Charles or Epiphanny Prince to make a major impact on the game and the point guard Isil Alben is capable of doing that, especially on defense.
  • Nevriye Yilmaz had just six points and three rebounds against Schio but can be a big headache for Galatasaray if she gets on a roll.

Key Match-Up

Penny Taylor vs. Diana Taurasi. Australia international Taylor was in peak form against Schio for Fenerbahce, scoring 24 points and crashing the boards. She is sure to spend much of Thursday night guarding Taurasi, and attacking the American when Fener have the ball.

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Home / Knowledge / News / Textiles / High yield elates cotton grower
High yield elates cotton grower
Nov '08
Cotton one of the core crops of Tajikistan, is considered to be one of the key foreign exchange earners for the country, contributes nearly 16 percent of total exports.

Khatlon and Sughd provinces are the main cotton growing areas in Tajikistan, accounting over 60 percent of the cotton harvest of the entire country.

Khatlon region has aimed to produce 331,900 tons of cotton during the ongoing fiscal year and has achieved around 73 percent of total target, by touching 244,000 tons mark.

This year, the District of Sarband has met its yearly production target of cotton. The region was able to cultivate around 2,317 tons of cotton till now.

Sughd province's cotton growers have yielded more than 83,500 tons of cotton, which is 48.7 percent of the target. They aim to cultivate 172,100 tons of cotton.

Tajikistan intended to produce around 552,200 tons of cotton during the whole year.

Experts are of the opinion, with such high growth, the country can expect a huge profit in exports this year.

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Decisive results are obtained only by the offensive. Aggressiveness wins battles. If you want to thrash a man go after him; don't wait for him to come to you. When attacking use every available man. Have every man in the proper place at th... Read more of The Theory Of Attack at Military Training.caInformational Site Network Informational
   Home - Science Fiction Stories - Western Stories

The Hatred Of Big Buffalo

From: Far Past The Frontier

The last of the sap had been reduced to sugar and made into a fine solid
cake weighing nearly two pounds, the night that the foregoing
conversation took place. With this as a present to the chief of the
Delawares, Ree and John set out early the following morning for Capt.
Pipe's town on the lake.

It was a beautiful day. The red buds on the trees were bursting into
green, in places, and in many sunny spots the spring plants and flowers
were shooting forth. All nature seemed to feel the same joy and freedom
the young pioneers felt as they journeyed through the valley and over the
hills toward their destination. Birds were singing on every hand. Crows
were flying here and there and calling lustily to one another from all

Once a young deer bounded toward the boys, then, after standing for a
moment, gazing with great, timid, bright eyes, wheeled and was away
again, springing over bushes and logs with a showy vigor as though it
were out only for a spring frolic. A wild turkey hen, wandering about in
search of a place for nesting, scampered softly out of sight as it caught
sight of the lads. A big woodchuck, fat and lazy, even after its
all-winter nap, circled around a tree, to whose trunk it was clinging,
thinking, perhaps, that it was always keeping just out of sight of the
human intruders upon its forest home, though it was badly fooled if such
were its opinion. A dozen times either boy could have shot it had he been
so disposed.

A myriad of ducks flew noisily from a stream near the lake in which they
were feeding as John threw a stone among them. He and Ree could have
killed a score of the wild fowls had they wished to do so, but they were
in no mood for it. They had not set out to hunt, and moreover, the fresh,
balmy air and invigorating sunlight, together with the delightful odors
of the spring-time, put upon them both a spell--a joy in living which
made it seem inhuman to harm any living creature that day.

This sense of gladness, of friendship with every thing the woods
contained, did not, however, prevent the boys from laying plans for the
capture of certain denizens of the forest's waters--the fish. They had
already noticed that the lake beside which the Delawares lived, also
other lakes not far away, and their own river, contained great numbers of
the finny tribe, but they had been too busy with other things to try
their hands at fishing. The opportunity for this fine sport, however,
caused them to deeply regret that they had brought nothing in the line of
fishing tackle with them.

"The Indians will surely have hooks, and spears, though," John

"If they haven't, we can make nets and spears too; I shouldn't be
surprised if we could contrive hooks as well," Ree answered.

"I wish we had a big mess of fish for dinner!" John exclaimed. "I'm
hungry as a bear."

His wish was realized sooner than he expected. As was their custom, the
Indians at once placed food before their visitors, and the fare was just
what John had wanted. There was one objection--the savages cooked the
fish without cutting off the heads, but the boys did this for themselves.
That they could not be over-particular in the wilderness, they had long
since discovered.

They learned that the Delawares had caught the fish with hooks made of
bones--evidently small wish-bones, and readily saw how they could make
just such hooks for themselves.

Capt. Pipe himself had received the boys, and it was in his lodge that
they were eating. He sat nearby gravely smoking his pipe, seldom speaking
except when spoken to. Gentle Maiden, the chief's comely daughter, was
sitting in a pleasant, sunny place just outside the bark hut, sewing with
a coarse bone needle, on some sort of a frock, the cloth for which was
from the bolt her father had secured from the young traders.

"Pretty as a picture, isn't she?" John whispered, glancing toward the
Indian girl. "Honestly, I never saw a white person more beautiful."

Ree made no reply, for at that moment Big Buffalo put his head into the
lodge. The boys had not seen him since early winter and both arose to
greet him; but he ignored their action, and pausing only a second, strode
haughtily away.

"What does that mean?" John asked in surprise.

"Has the Big Buffalo cause to be unfriendly?" inquired Ree of Capt. Pipe,
wishing to call the chief's attention to the Indian's apparent

"Buffalo heap big fool," Capt. Pipe grunted, and then in the Delaware
tongue he spoke to his daughter, and she arose and took a seat inside the
lodge, behind her father.

This incident filled Ree with misgiving though he was not sure enough
that he had cause for such feeling to mention it at that time. John was
differently impressed.

"Why," he exclaimed, "Big Buffalo is on a mighty high horse to-day! He
acts like a child that has been told it must wait till second table at a
dinner! I wonder if there is any love lost between him and the Gentle
Maiden?" he added in a whisper.

Ree did not answer, but now that they had finished dinner, signified
their wish to talk to Capt. Pipe about buying a canoe.

The chief said he would make a trade with them and asked what the boys
had to give. In return they asked to see the craft he proposed swapping,
and were then conducted to a hillside where a canoe had but recently been
dug out of the dry muck and earth in which it was buried over winter to
save it from drying, cracking or warping.

Ree and John examined the frail boat of bitter-nut hickory bark, with
much interest. It was about eleven feet in length, well constructed, and
water-tight. With it were a couple of light, nicely carved paddles.

John promptly pronounced the canoe a "regular macaroni" and laid down a
pair of brass buckles, signifying that he would give them for the skiff.

Capt. Pipe gravely shook his head.

"I'll add this," said Ree, and laid down a brand new hunting knife,
having a leather sheath.

The chief again shook his head, and a large number of Indians, who had
been lazily basking in the sun or idly paddling about the lake, and were
now gathered around to see the trade, also shook their heads.

"The thing isn't worth as much as we have offered," cried John, good
humoredly, "but I'll put in this," and he produced a large yellow silk
handkerchief, shaking it out, and holding it up to view in an attractive

Still Capt. Pipe shook his head and all his braves did the same, though
their eyes glistened.

Ree hesitated before adding more to their offer and while he did so, John
picked up the handkerchief and with no thought but to display it to good
advantage, turned to Gentle Maiden, who stood at her father's side. With
a quiet sweep of his hand he draped the bright cloth over the girl's
shoulder and arm.

The next instant a stinging blow struck him in the face and he staggered,
nearly falling. It was Big Buffalo's fist that had shot out at him.

John sprang toward the burly Indian and they grappled in a terrible
struggle. All had taken place so quickly that before Ree could reach
John's side, his friend's throat was in the redman's grasp and the breath
squeezed nearly out of him. Capt. Pipe also rushed in, and amid the yells
of the Indians, the chief and Ree soon separated the combatants.

The incident created so much excitement that the young Palefaces scarcely
knew what to do. But Ree's firm voice and quiet dignity, as he told the
chief that his friend had meant no offense, and should not have been
assaulted, had a quieting influence on the savages, and although John
could scarcely refrain from speaking the angry words he thought, he did
manage to hold his tongue, and Capt. Pipe soon restored order.

Big Buffalo slunk away like a whipped dog, as the chief berated him, and
the boys saw no more of him that day. How much better it would have been
had they never seen him again!

The bargain for the canoe was completed by Ree adding a second
handkerchief to their offer, as much as a peace offering as anything, and
then as it was growing late, and the disturbance had made the question of
buying more land a dangerous one to be brought up, at that time, the boys
departed. They shook hands with Capt. Pipe and the braves standing near,
and Fishing Bird went with them as they carried their canoe down to the
water and launched it.

While pretending to show the lads about handling the canoe, this friendly
Indian warned them to watch out for Big Buffalo; that he supposed them to
be admirers of Gentle Maiden, with whom he was in love, and would kill
them if he got a chance. Moreover, that he had set out to kill them when
they first arrived and would have done so but through fear of Capt. Pipe
with whom they had made peace.

The information Fishing Bird imparted, with the exception of the latter
part, was no news to the boys; but it was so disquieting that instead of
paddling about the lake until evening, as they had intended, they crossed
the water, carried their canoe overland to the river, and went directly

John was very blue over what had occurred, blaming himself for having
caused the trouble. Ree was not so much depressed. His nature was not one
of extremes; he was never hilariously merry, never completely dejected.

"It was no more your fault than my own, John," said he, as they talked of
Big Buffalo's display of malice. "You meant no harm, and if the ugly
fellow had not hated us to start with, he would not have taken offense so
easily. We may have some trouble with him, and again we may not. Capt.
Pipe will be on our side, I'm sure, for you heard what the chief said
about the rascal. The fact is, that in spite of all the stories we have
heard about Capt. Pipe and his cruelty, he has certainly been friendly
with us, and honest."

By talking in this way Ree restored John to a happier mood, and they were
both quite jolly again as they prepared and ate their supper. They looked
forward to many happy days in their canoe on the lake and river, and John
proposed to rig up a sail with the canvas which had been over their cart,
and by doing so to give the Indians quite a surprise.

That evening the boys turned their attention to making spears for
fishing. They used some seasoned hickory which Ree had put in the loft
during the winter for the making of bows, and were able to whittle stout,
sharp prongs out of that hard, tough wood. It was too late when the task
was completed, however, to try the spears that night, but the boys went
to bed promising themselves good sport the next evening.

Although it was still the month of March, the early spring of that year
enabled the young pioneers to begin at once active preparations for
planting corn, potatoes, beans and squashes. The brush cut during the
winter was so dry that it burned readily, and the green brush was easily
disposed of also, when piled upon the hot fires the dry wood made. In
this way the natural clearing was soon rid of the scattered undergrowth
upon it.

In a week or two the boys were ready to put the seed into the ground,
digging up a space a foot square wherever they planted a hill of beans,
corn, potatoes or squashes. It was slow work, nevertheless, and the
sturdy, youthful farmers were obliged to toil early and late.

The coming of Indians frequently interrupted the boys at their work, and
they came at last to continue their labor after greeting their visitors,
unless the latter wished to trade. This the redmen liked none too well.
They seemed to think their Paleface neighbors were devoting too much time
to agricultural pursuits, and they feared and hated any and all things
which threatened to turn their forests into farm lands. But Ree and John
agreed that, since they had bought the land of the Indians, they might as
well give the former owners to understand, first and last, that they
meant to do with it as they liked.

Big Buffalo was among a party which stopped at the cabin one day. He
refused food and made himself generally disagreeable. The boys, however,
ignored his ill humor and by paying no attention to him, showed that they
neither cared for his hatred nor feared him, even though they knew there
was murder in his heart.

Frequently strange Indians were among those who called and they asked the
boys to visit their towns, some of which were not many miles away, to
trade. As all of those Indians traversed the Portage trail or path, the
boys were reminded almost daily of the desirability of securing land for
a trading post, at the junction of the trail and the river. As they
talked the matter over and looked into the future, more and more did they
regret that the violent conduct of Big Buffalo had prevented their
prolonging their bargaining with Capt. Pipe on the occasion of their last
visit to him.

About this time, also, another reason arose for the two friends wishing
to visit Capt. Pipe again. It was the discovery that he had secured some
horses. During the winter he had had none of which the boys knew. Now,
they reasoned, if they could buy a horse, they would rig up their cart
and carry their furs to Pittsburg. It would be a much shorter and safer
trip than to undertake to reach Detroit, and they would require no
assistance. There was some probability, too, that among their friends in
Pittsburg they might get some word concerning Tom Fish.

It was one night when they had returned from fishing, bringing in a great
string of rock bass, that the lads talked this over, and at last
concluded to go again to the Delaware town, even at the risk of having
more trouble with Big Buffalo.

It seemed like a holiday after their hard work when, next day, the boys
found themselves in their canoe, gliding over the river's rippling waters
on their way to Capt. Pipe's home. They carried the craft overland to the
lake and soon approached the Indian village.

But suddenly as they drew near, the noise of many voices was borne to
them by the breeze. First loud, then low, the sounds came across the
water. Ree's face grew grave, and John, who had been whistling, abruptly

"Ree," he exclaimed, "that is the song of the war dance!"

"It means that the Indians are going on the warpath, as surely as we hear
it," was the answer. "Be on your guard, John. We will soon find out just
what it means; for we won't turn back now, even if we see the whole tribe
in war paint."

Next: Danger

Previous: A Maple Sugar Camp In The Wilderness

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Americans ill-prepared for health issues following natural disasters

Americans are ill-prepared to handle health conditions in the event of a natural disaster, according to a new survey commissioned by Healthcare Ready, a non-profit that works with the public and private sector to address healthcare resiliency before, during and after disasters. Of 1,122 adults surveyed, about three quarters were confident they could reach their local hospital in case of disaster. However, less than half (43 percent) said they could list all their prescriptions and dosages if a disaster forced them to leave their homes without medications or medical supplies. The results of the survey indicate an opportunity for the public and private healthcare sectors to come together to build and maintain the resiliency of communities, so that patients can be cared for and families are able to return to their lives as soon as possible after a disaster, Healthcare Ready Executive Director Emily Lord said in the announcement about the survey findings. Announcement


text:
Mallinson: Duct and pole access essential for 1000-times growth with 5G

Keith Mallinson

In recently-published "initial conclusions" to Ofcom's Strategic Review of Digital Communications the UK regulator presented its strategy to "make it easier for competing providers to build their own fibre networks, across as much of the UK as is practicable, by providing them with access to [BT] Openreach's network of underground ducts and telegraph poles." This is important to the development and growth of both fixed and mobile services.

Achieving predicted 1,000-times global mobile traffic growth from 2010 to 2025 is feasible, but dependent on extensive fibre and new network equipment deployments to provide increased coverage and capacity with mobile broadband evolution including LTE and 5G. This requires plentiful, low-cost supply for places to put the fibre and equipment. Opening competitive access to the ducts and poles of fixed operators and other utilities including power, water, sewerage and transport is essential for backhaul and for locating numerous additional network antennas.

One third of the way there
Mobile data traffic growth is on track for the 1,000-fold increase by 2025 I predicted in May 2011. I might not have been the first to make a 1,000-time prediction, but I do not recall anyone predicting how long it would take to get there. Figure 1 compares my predicted trend with figures in Ericsson's quarterly Mobility Reports. As anticipated, demand is being fuelled by orders-of-magnitude reductions in prices per gigabyte consumed as average use levels rise. According to Digital Fuel Monitor, monthly per-capital mobile data consumption ranged from 0.6 GB in Germany to 11.6 GB in Finland at an average price of €3.05 ($3.34) per GB with 4G in the European Union in 2H2015. Prior to the introduction of mobile broadband with HSDPA a decade ago, the quantum of measurement was one thousand times lower: pricing was about how much you paid per megabyte and data consumption was miniscule in comparison to today.

Figure 1: Predicted versus Actual Traffic Growth

The ongoing rollout of LTE worldwide and its enhancement with LTE Advanced, including carrier aggregation, LTE Advanced Pro and the introduction of 5G networks from 2020 will help ensure growth momentum is maintained, but additional new radio equipment and spectrum are insufficient. Fronthaul to antennas, backhaul to core networks, and everything in between requires massive amounts of fixed communications capacity. For example, multiple strands of dark fibre can be required in some designs to serve "massive MIMO" antenna arrays or numerous small cells in densely-populated or heavily-pedestrian areas. The small cells required for densification, using the frequencies above 20 GHz envisaged for 5G that have very limited propagation, may need to be located only tens of metres apart, on street furniture, for example, with connections to the rest of the network by fibre or wireless.

The UK's low-fibre diet is unhealthy
The supply of ducts and poles for fibre and places to locate network equipment must expand massively. Figure 2 -- taken from Ofcom's report -- shows how very little fibre has been deployed in many major nations, including the UK in particular. It seems BT tries to protect its existing copper investments rather than to allow them to become obsolete with competition from its own or competitors' fibre offerings.

Figure 2: Fibre Coverage to the Premises in OECD Nations, end-2015

Ofcom has shied away from forcing "structural separation" of Openreach from BT to improve matters. Instead, it intends to stick with the existing "functional separation" and to "reform the relationship between Openreach and BT Group to give the former greater independence and autonomy." I presume it believes this will encourage Openreach to do a better and more competitive job in opening up its supply of ducts, poles, dark and lit fibre, as well as copper-based offerings, to rival wholesalers and customers serving end users including alternative access providers and mobile operators.

UK mobile operators have fared better with fibre than other customers. Nevertheless, if widespread visions for growth with 5G vision are to be achieved, including fast speeds, high capacities and ultra-reliability, open access to significantly increased supply of passive infrastructure and lit fibre from BT's regulated Openreach division at low costs will be every bit as important as deploying the latest and most advanced radio access network equipment.

I remain optimistic about my growth predictions and visions for 5G; but with some reservations about the UK -- a nation in which one still cannot generally obtain a mobile signal in the capital city's underground "tube" system.

Keith Mallinson is a leading industry expert, analyst and consultant. Solving business problems in wireless and mobile communications, he founded consulting firm WiseHarbor in 2007. Find WiseHarbor on Twitter @WiseHarbor.


text:
The Rose & Crown - Luxury Boutique Hotels in County Durham

This authentic dales inn dating back to the 18th century stands on the green of this picturesque village in upper Teesdale offering great food and accommodation.

The fourteen bedrooms offer character, style and comfort with luxurious touches. Residents can also relax in the snug lounge or in the charming bar where a good selection of real ales meet an extensive wine list and choice of malt whiskies. Food can be enjoyed in the bar or oak panelled restaurant with a menu that reflects local produce and seasonality as well as demonstrating flair and imagination.

The surrounding area is perfect for walking and cycling with stunning open countryside and local attractions include High Force which is England's tallest waterfall and the Bowes Museum at Barnard Castle.

Conference Facilities - Rose & Crown

Ideal for small informal meetings with the emphasis on informality and good food. Great opportunities exist for team building and other outdoor activities. Special delegate rates available.

A superb value two night break to include; tea & scones on arrival, complimentary upgrade to a superior room (subject to availability), four-course a la carte dinner and full English breakfast. Available any two nights during September, October & November. Priced at just £89 per person per night based on two sharing. Free 3rd night in November (just breakfast & dinner to pay for).
SLEEPY SUNDAYS/LAZY MONDAYS- enjoy tea and scones on arrival, a complimentary glass of fizz before a four-course dinner, accommodation and full English breakfast for just £85 per person per night based on two sharing.

Six miles north west on B6277 from Barnard Castle to Middleton-in-Teesdale.

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Autumn Shades Break
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Phone: 01833 650213

Fax: 01833 650828

Barnard Castle
County Durham

DL12 9EB
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Single - £95
Double/Twin - £150
Suite - £210

AA 3 red stars (Inspectors' Choice) and 2 rosettes

'Taste Durham' Highest Quality Assured & Local Champion Award 2014


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Henry Hill and his friends work their way up through the mob hierarchy.

Henry Hill might be a small time gangster, who may have taken part in a robbery with Jimmy Conway and Tommy De Vito, two other gangsters who might have set their sights a bit higher. His two partners could kill off everyone else involved in the robbery, and slowly start to think about climbing up through the hierarchy of the Mob. Henry, however, might be badly affected by his partners’ success, but will he consider stooping low enough to bring about the downfall of Jimmy and Tommy? Written by Colin Tinto <[email protected]>

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Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie

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A company tries to shut down Mrs Brown’s fruit and veg stall. They can feck off.

When Moore Street market-trader Agnes Brown finds her livelihood under threat from a ruthless developer, she and her family embark on a campaign to save her stall, aided as only the Browns will be by a motley troop of blind trainee Ninjas, an alcoholic solicitor, and a barrister with Tourettes Syndrome. Written by Anonymous

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What comes to mind when someone says Islam?

What's the first thing that comes to mind when someone says Islam/Muslims?

Who is Allah and who is Muhammad?

We went out and asked non-muslims to not worry about being politically correct or offensive and answer these questions honestly. Something which my very good friend replied "No I can't do that, they'll hunt me down" And I said - "Okay so you think muslims are the kind of people that will hunt you down?" But when we asked the question what do you think of muslims/how have your interaction with muslims and fellow muslim students been  he replied we were all generally nice. The former opinion we concluded was one which had been construed as a result of the media portrayal of muslims and the issues in the Middle East. The latter opinion, a realisation made after thinking about the muslims he had actually known as people and interacted with and his friends.

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Eskom probes prepaid system

2012-02-01 17:50

Johannesburg - Eskom is investigating the cause of slow performance on its prepaid online vending system, the electricity parastatal said on Wednesday.

The system is used by prepaid customers to purchase electricity tokens.

Eskom added that while the system was not down, its performance was slow.

"Customers can still purchase their prepaid tokens but the process may take longer than normal," it said.

Eskom also had technical issues on its vending system last year.

"Remedial work has been done and the system is more stable but we are still working to improve the performance of the system."

  • Rich - 2012-02-01 19:49

    Er ..... make it simpler to pay, get an online system going dummies !!!! The only people that really pay, will not stand in line to buy tokens. This is not rocket science !!

      alansmartSnr - 2012-02-10 22:35

      Rich.. to them it's worse.. they'll think you're talking Space Physics. When you got cadres as managers and in some cases ex-gardeners as electricians (BE) you can't expect any better.

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There is a sort of Witchcrafts in those things, whereto the Temptations of the Devil would inveigle us. To worship the Devil is Witchcraft, and under that notion was our Lord urged unto sin. We are told in 1 Samuel 15:23, "Rebellion is as the sin of Witchcraft." When the Devil would have us to sin, he would have us to do the things which the forlorn Witches use to do. Perhaps there are few persons, ever allured by the Devil unto an Explicit Covenant with himself. If any among ourselves be so, my counsel is, that you hunt the Devil from you, with such words as the Psalmist had, "Be gone, Depart from me, ye evil doers, for I will keep the commandments of my God."

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20 Scientifically-Backed Ways To De-Stress Right Now


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Kaatru Veliyidai: Don’t expect a breezy, romantic story like OK Kanmani, says Karthi

Working with Mani Rathnam is a dream-come-true for most actors, and the hero of Kaatru Veliyidai, Karthi Sivakumar, confesses that he doesn’t feel differently.

The trailer gives us a quick glimpse of a clean-shaven Karthi in an air force uniform wooing his lady love, but it also reveals a few grim, intense moments—probably why the actor cautions us against expecting another Alaipayuthey or OK Kanmani.

During a brief interaction, Karthi, former assistant of Mani Rathnam, shares his experience of working with his mentor again as an actor, on working with Aditi Rao Hydari and talks of his experience playing Varun aka VC in Kaatru Veliyidai.

maxresdefault (1)

The poster for Kaatru Veliyidai.

How long have you been working on KV? What was your initial reaction on hearing about the role?

Karthi: We’ve been talking for some time; we were supposed to do another script earlier. But at that time I was doing Thozha and Kaashmora, and both the projects were not finished. The movies that were supposed to get over in October, were likely to continue until January or February 2016. I explained this to Mani sir, he told me to go ahead and finish them. He called me in March and told me he had a different script for me and that I’d be playing a pilot. I was taken back, but I knew this was going to be challenge and I took it up.

You worked as an assistant to Mani Rathnam for Ayutha Ezhuthu. You must have impressed him enough for you to have landed this role in KV?

Karthi: Do you think I would have any say in this? I’m still surprised that he called me for a role like this. I couldn’t even imagine myself playing this role and I don’t look like myself in the movie. I feel it’s a great move for me at this point in my career as I am able to showcase a different facet. As an actor that’s what gives me a kick: to behave and emote like a totally different person. I enjoy doing homework for my roles-trying to find out about the background of a person and everything.

This film really gave me that opportunity. How often do you come across a fighter pilot, right?

How is it to be directed by Mani Ratnam? Especially, while shooting those intense scenes?

Karthi: His direction is very interesting. He is a real director who gives you inputs for a performance in every scene, instead of just explaining where it comes in the movie and leave it at that. He also monitors how you would like to do it. When you explain it and he likes it, you feel kicked about it. He takes a lot of effort in translating the emotions on screen not just through the actors, but even through the backdrops. Those are the moments when you realise you’re working with the master.

Kaashmora poster.

Kaashmora poster.

You play a role that you haven’t played before. What kind of homework went into it?

Karthi: I play a squadron leader. I took basic flying lessons I met a fighter pilot who served in the Air Force. I also met up with my friend who is in the air base and spent time with him. I met up with officers who are in different stages in their careers and interacted with them. I went through cross-fit training and lost weight to fit the role.

The trailer also seems to have some grim, intense parts.

Karthi: It’s not a breezy romance; don’t come expecting another Alaipayuthey or OK Kanmani. It’s a different take on romance. Both the leads in the film are really strong individuals, who have been characterised powerfully. The story is about how they get along. It’s not all lovey-dovey. It’s not all going to be like Azhagiye…(song from the film) throughout. It’s an emotional love story set in the backdrop of Indian Air Force.

Your role in Kaatru Veliyidai is a departure from the massy entertainers that you normally appear in — save may be a Kaashmora or Thozha? Are you looking for more challenging roles now?

Karthi: What do actors do—we select from scripts that come our way. Whatever excites me—I take it up and do. You cannot decide every time, what you’re going to do next. I don’t want to repeat myself. Komban and Kaashmora came at the same time. I didn’t know which one to do first. There’s no pattern or strategy to how I pick my films. But I understand my roles have to give me scope to perform and have to be a bit emotional, because people still remember Paruthiveeran and want to see me in similar roles.

Was it overwhelming to work with Mani Rathnam and Rahman team? High expectations before the release?

Karthi: No I have grown up in that office, so there was no pressure. But it’s great to be on the sets interacting with Mani sir so much. It’s a character-driven story. As his assistant, our interaction was limited. Now that I’m back as an actor, he would sit with me and go over each scene and was open to my inputs. What more can you ask for?

Aditi is a newcomer—new to Tamil film industry. How was it working with her?

Karthi: She was waiting for this opportunity. She would come to the sets well-prepared, thorough with all the Tamil dialogues for an entire schedule. She has put in all her effort to make sure that she’s received well. When you have a co-star who’s geared up to do her best-that works to our mutual benefit.

You have always sported that moustache—but playing the role of Varun would mean sporting a clean-shaven look. Was it easy?

Karthi and Aditi Rao Hydari in Mani Ratnam's film.

Karthi: It was a big inner struggle to give up on my moustache. Mani sir encouraged me and said if it wasn’t looking good, we could grow it back again. But it looked okay.

There was a portion when I had to grow my beard, but after about 10 days I had to clean-shave and everyone on the sets was like, “Oh look, VC is back.” That’s how excited people were about my character. I met an officer who looked just like me, wearing the same aviators and the cap and I thought, “Not bad, I’ve copied him well.” I had to bring in the aura of being an officer in every frame and I used to worry if I was doing it well.

Every scene was difficult, but it feels good if you have something meaty to do, right? I was quite thrilled.

Your next project?

Karthi: My upcoming film is Theeran: Athikaram Ondru directed by H. Vinoth.

Published Date: Mar 21, 2017 04:05 pm | Updated Date: Mar 21, 2017 04:05 pm