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Integrating Prototyping Into Your Design Process

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Just like with any other UX research or design tool, context plays a critical role in determining how effective prototyping will be for you.

Prototyping is a big deal right now. We get wrapped up in mailing list threads, new tools are released at an astonishing pace, books are being published, and articles show up on Boxes & Arrows. Clients are even asking for prototypes. But here’s the thing… prototyping is not a silver bullet.

There is no one right way to do it.

However, prototyping is a high silver content bullet. When aimed well, a prototype can answer design questions and communicate design ideas. In this article, I talk about the dimensions of prototype fidelity and how you can use them to choose the most effective prototyping method for the questions you need answered.

The dimensions of fidelity

A prototype’s fidelity has the most influence over its effectiveness. Fidelity simply refers to how realistic the prototype is. Most of the time when we talk about a “high-fidelity” prototype we are referring to a prototype that has some visual or industrial design applied to it. But that leaves out what’s most important to UX designers, what it’s like to actually work with the prototype!

Fidelity is multidimensional.

Not only can you have a prototype that looks like a realistic product, but you can also have a prototype that works like a realistic product. I call these dimensions of fidelity “visual fidelity” and “functional fidelity.” By varying your prototyping methodology along these two dimensions you can ensure that your prototyping effort is successful given your particular context. Let’s take a look at some examples.

version w/ arrows

A prototype can be as simple as a series of hand-sketched wireframes that flow together. This is a good example of a low visual fidelity prototype. These wireframes show layout and functionality but have no visual design. Take the same wireframes, integrate a visual design, and your prototype has a high visual fidelity. While you might think of them as being similar, these two prototypes are most effective in two different situations.

That same series of sketches is also a low functional fidelity prototype. Moving through screens drawn on paper is much different than working with the developed system. But if you render those sketches in HTML, JavaScript, & CSS, they have a high functional fidelity. Working with an interactive prototype is very similar to working with the developed system. Again, high- and low-fidelity prototypes are most effective in two completely different situations.

After spending all this time talking about fidelity, I want to share one of my favorite quotes on prototyping. Bill Buxton said this in his Interaction08 keynote:

There is no such thing as high or low fidelity, only appropriate fidelity.

Appropriate Fidelity

“Appropriate fidelity” refers to a level of prototype fidelity that allows you to achieve the goals you’ve set for doing a prototype in the first place. By varying the fidelity of your prototype along the dimensions of visual design and functionality, you make your prototype more effective at achieving some goals and less effective for others.

bottom left Low Visual and Low Functional Fidelity

Very low fidelity prototypes are extremely useful to UX designers. Why? They can be made swiftly, changed without repercussion, and still help visualize a concept. Low visual & functional fidelity prototypes are helpful at answering large structural questions. Here are some examples:

  • Does the system have all the features required to support the user’s goals?
  • Does the workflow make sense at a high level?
  • Which UX concept works best?
  • Coming to consensus on a UX concept with stakeholders, e.g.“Is this what you meant?”

bottom right Low Visual and High Functional Fidelity

In my own practice, this is the type of prototyping I do most often. What I make are interactive, HTML interactive wireframes. Everything is black, white, and gray, but the interactions are extremely close to what they’d be in the developed system. These types of prototypes are effective in many situations:

  • Evaluating the usability of proposed designs for new systems
  • Exploring isolated interactions as a proof-of-concept
  • Validating UX design direction with stakeholders
  • Validating the implementation of requirements with stakeholders
  • Supplementing printed documentation for development teams
  • Performing remote testing

Remote testing has become more and more important over the last several years. At Evantage, we do approximately 75% of our user testing remotely. It would be difficult for us to get good data about our designs for modern, highly interactive sites if we were limited to representing those designs using low-to-medium functional fidelity prototyping techniques such as clickable PDFs or interactive PowerPoint presentations.

By prototyping isolated interactions at a high functional fidelity and testing them with users, I can get really good data about whether that interaction works before I base an application around it…. If those ideas are actually pretty slick, I can release the design with confidence instead of with gritted teeth.

I also want to expand on proof-of-concept testing. This technique supports creativity and innovation. By prototyping isolated interactions at a high functional fidelity and testing them with users, I can get really good data about whether that interaction works before I base an entire application around it. This allows me to explore my crazy ideas and find out if they are, in fact, crazy. But if it turns out that those ideas are actually pretty slick, I’ll know that and can release the design with confidence instead of with gritted teeth.

top left High Visual and Low Functional Fidelity

At first thought, these prototypes may not make much sense. Why bother making something look nice if it doesn’t work? Well, because how something looks can have a huge impact on how easy it is to use. A high visual and low functional fidelity prototype allows you to test that with users. You can print out screen images and do a paper prototype test with them, or you can image map some JPGs and do what I’ve heard termed a “slap and map” test from within a browser.

top right High Visual and High Functional Fidelity

High visual and functional fidelity prototypes are the Rolls-Royce of prototypes. They take more time and effort to build than a lower fidelity prototype and are correspondingly more complicated to manage. Most of the time, this extra cost isn’t worth it. But there are a few situations where it is:

  • Evaluating the usability of proposed UX designs for an existing system
  • Performing usability tests with non-savvy user groups
  • Supplementing printed documentation for offshore development teams

Prototype testing is all about data, right? In the first two situations above, the prototype’s high visual fidelity reduces the confounding factors a wireframey prototype can introduce into test results, thus maintaining the quality of your data. In the third situation, the high visual fidelity helps minimize the design communication and interpretation problems inherent in offshore development.

Integrating Prototyping Into Your Design Process

What I’ve talked about so far has focused on the tactical, on how to prototype effectively to achieve specific goals. What I want to talk about now is more strategic. How can you integrate prototyping effectively into your design process?

First off, do what you’d do to begin any organizational change. Start small. Find a small project, express the value of prototyping and your interest in doing it, and do it. It would be best to start with something richly interactive though, as prototyping is more crucial the more interactive a system is. Of course, make sure you use a prototype of the right visual and functional fidelity for your purpose.

People like shiny things that move. The cool factor of prototyping will be difficult to resist.

As you near completion of the prototype, make sure you walk through the prototype with the project’s stakeholders. Ask them if something like this was what they had in mind. This will impress them on two levels. First, people like to feel important, and you’re soliciting their opinions. Second, people like shiny things that move. The cool factor of prototyping will be difficult to resist. When these stakeholders are involved in future projects, it’s very likely they will actually request a prototype as a result of their first experience with you.

Once you get buy-in, you can start integrating prototyping into your process. But just like different methods of prototyping are more effective for answering certain questions, different business contexts call for different ways to integrate prototyping.

Corporate, Agile, Mature UX Practice

This situation is fast-paced and iterative, but as an employee (as opposed to a contractor or consultant) you have the opportunity to own the UX of your company’s products. In this situation, there are three points in the design process that prototyping can be of benefit.

  • Low visual and functional fidelity prototypes can help select good UX concepts from several that you develop at the beginning of a project.
  • High functional fidelity proof-of-concept prototypes can help develop those concepts into usable designs.

You can work with a dedicated prototyper to build a separate prototype using code that can be reused in the production system to build efficiencies into an Agile process.

Corporate, Waterfall, New UX Practice

In this situation, the organization might not be comfortable enough with UX design to support the development of multiple UX concepts. You might just have to begin developing the wireframes and prototypes to meet the organization’s need for documentation and measurable signs of progress. This situation relies heavily on the prototype for communicating and validating direction with project stakeholders, with user testing often not yet being a real possibility. Here’s how prototyping can help:

  • High functional fidelity prototypes can help you communicate better with stakeholders and get their input on your direction
  • These prototypes should also be used for user testing, if at all possible.
  • Walk through the interactive prototype at the same time you walk through the printed documentation for the developers during handoff.

When doing UX design for an external client, a lot of the magic is worked behind the scenes. The result is a process that is relatively unencumbered by internal politics. The challenge is to convey the importance of iterative prototyping to clients who sometimes feel like they’re paying for the same thing twice.

  • Sketch two or three of your design concepts into simple, low visual and functional fidelity prototypes and test them to decide which to go with. At this stage, testing can be very informal and done with anyone capable of putting themselves in the user’s shoes (e.g., other UX designers, customer service staff, or product managers who used to be users).
  • Build a small interactive prototype that shows the critical interactions, walk through it with stakeholders to validate your direction, then test with users.
  • Revise the prototype based on the test results, flesh it out to support more holistic tasks, and test again.
  • Revise the prototype and use it to supplement the paper documentation as you walk through both with the development team.

Just like with any other UX research or design tool, context plays a critical role in determining how effective prototyping will be for you. If you follow the simple guidelines above and prototype to an appropriate level of fidelity for your context, you will achieve your goals and improve your design. No firearms required.

Fred Beecher

Fred Beecher

Fred Beecher has been working in User Experience since 1998. In that time he’s seen UX mature from a field struggling to prove its value to one driving an explosion of innovation and economic growth. To help feed the ever-increasing demand this explosion has sparked, Fred designed and implemented the UX apprenticeship program he currently manages at The Nerdery in Minneapolis, MN. Fred is an established contributor in the UX world. In 2007, he authored the first official Axure training program, which he ran until 2012. He has written numerous articles and blog posts on prototyping, iterative design, and UX career development, and he has spoken on these topics at design conferences worldwide.
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25 thoughts on “Integrating Prototyping Into Your Design Process”

  1. Fred,

    This was a great overview. I completely agree with you that the point to emphasize about prototyping is not the tool itself, but the way that prototyping allows the team to focus on particular decisions related to information architecture without being distracted by issues of visual design. We’ve been prototyping in this way, the “Low Visual and High Functional Fidelity” way, for almost a decade now. We created a proprietary ‘grayscreen’ prototyping tool that we use to quickly build clickable, HTML prototype sites. Each page can be assembled either with stock generic content, like formatted lists, images, etc., or can have custom HTML placed in the content area. We use the latter approach most, which at first glance seems pretty low-fi. However, I’ve found that the simple HTML approach keeps us (not the client) focused on the basics rather than getting caught up in an unnecessary focus on ‘elegance’ and styling. Also, having the page layouts and functionality created with HTML allows us to make quick changes on the fly while we meet with our clients, rather than having to conclude our reviews, make changes, and then reconvene at a later time. All in all, the “Low Visual and High Functional Fidelity” approach enables a faster and more efficient process.

    There are some cases, though, in which a higher visual fidelity has been necessary. We usually won’t go beyond the “grayscreen” visual scheme, but we might get pretty specific with things like relative text sizes if the particular project might benefit. For example, in designing a business news site, we employed very specific type styles in the prototype so our designers could understand how the extremely dense news landing pages’ content was organized.

    I wrote a blog post ( back in April in response to watching a video of David Kelly, founder and CEO of IDEO Product Development, who said about prototyping that “You don’t find anything out until you start showing it to people.” One point that I emphasized was how important capturing feedback is. We have a commenting system built in that allows clients, project managers, designers and developers to contribute direction and feedback in context on a page by page basis. This is often essential for any one of our team members being able to properly interpret the prototype.

    – Chris

  2. This is a great article. I work in an innovation department were we constantly are producing conceptual models that are low fidelity, low functionality. Once we start working through our design process we narrow these into either low fidelity paper wireframe prototypes or low fidelity interactive prototypes. The one thing we constantly struggle with is testing of these. We are inside of a large fortune 500 company so to actually talk to existing customers is a pain. Any advice on how to build a database of test users that we can call up for quick test of a function? And advice on how many users do you typically talk to around validating a function…..

  3. Thanks for the article Fred. I agree very much that in organisations with waterfall methods (or remnants of waterfall methods), vetting ideas with prototypes of all levels of fidelity is very valuable.

    In waterfall environments the cost of barking up the wrong design tree is extremely high, so the idea of iterating a few designs amongst the design and stakeholder teams typically receives warm feedback. This is especially true if the UX, BA, or design professional has the ability to crank out some functional options. This is where tools such as Axure, and other tools that facilitate “highly functional” prototypes, are very valuable.

    One problem with waterfall structures is not that there’s no -desire- for user feedback, but that the viable opportunities for it tend to be limited to requirements gathering. Introducing new places to formally accept end-user feedback (such as a prototype vetting phase of design) may not be a hard sell for the organisation.

  4. Great post Fred. Too much of the time the decision on level of fidelity comes down to “what can we get done” without consideration for matching it to the intended goals.

    Zack, has your company considered building up an online community of existing customers that can be engaged to provide feedback on concepts? They can be rewarded for their participation with discounts or other material rewards, but sometimes the idea of having an “inside voice” is reward enough.

  5. Good article Fred, I totally agree with the “multidimensional fidelity” concept. We’ve used almost all kinds of combinations, and as you mentioned, they match different requirements. We used to create prototypes for the same product but with different fidelity combinations, it double the workload but it worth it. Recently we discovered a prototyping tool named “ForeUI”, I think its design conception is quite close to the “multidimensional fidelity” concept: it makes prototype skinnable so that we can move in the visual fidelity axis freely; it can export prototype to static image or PDF, and also be able to export as DHTML (which is interactive), thus we can move in the functional fidelity axis as well. We like ForeUI very much since it save our time to create many prototypes for different fidelities.

  6. Great breakdown of different approaches of obtaining valuable feedback from users. One thing I might add, which you elude to is the quickness of the turnaround of this feedback back to the various stakeholders, as well as gaining agreement of what to do with the feedback. The first point is key to demonstrating the effectiveness of injecting user feedback back into the design process loop but the feedback needs to be reported quickly enough to be considered, especially in an agile methodology. The second point of “gaining agreement” is important to getting that commitment to the prototyping process. There’s nothing worse than building a prototype, recruiting users, conducting the test, creating a report, etc… only to hear, “well, we’ll have to take care of those problems in phase 2,” when we all know that phase 2 never happens.

  7. Chris: You created your OWN prototyping tool? Wow, that is *very* impressive. And you’re right, tool agnosticism is really important. I’m not a great coder, so the HTML approach you take would be really difficult for me. I’m a huge Axure fan as it meets most of my needs when it comes to flexibility. It doesn’t have built-in commenting ability though, but we usually walk through our prototypes face-to-face with the client & collaborators, so it’s not hugely important for us.

    Zack: What Nicole said. : )

    Dariusz: I’ve seen the same sort of thing you have, large organizations adopting Axure & other tools to fix communication problems between BAs & developers. The problem with that is, though, that there’s a big user experience design shaped hole between those two groups that no tool can fix. I think, though, that adopting a tool might make that hole a little more obvious… even to people who aren’t accustomed to seeing it.

    Nicole: That is a *killer* idea. How come it’s not an article on B&A yet? Or an IA Summit presentation? Hint hint. : )

    Henry: Yeah, ForeUI’s “skinning” concept is really killer for iteratively upping both the visual & functional fidelity of your prototypes. I have to admit though… I’d like to see that functionality added to Axure. : )

    Brian: Yeah, you’re right. The two things I use prototypes for are testing & communicating. We like to present our prototypes to stakeholders as a group as we did in the old flat wireframe days. Stakeholders get it much more quickly though when they see it moving around. One thing I’ve run into lately, though, is that going too quickly to prototyping within consensus driven organizations (where EVERYONE has to have their say) can lead to a lot of re-work. In that situation, I’d recommend getting EVERYONE together to talk about their concerns first and then document them. Then when you show them your prototype, you can speak to aspects of it that address the concerns they brought up.

  8. Fred,
    Nice job on a very comprehensive post regarding the different levels of wireframing that should be incorporated into the design and development process. As mentioned, there are many methods and tools out there that can help accomplish these goals; it is all about finding the tool/method that is right for you/your company and the project at hand. Not every client needs a full-blown prototype, but some projects require extensive user testing. In your latest comment, you bring up a good point; just because you are seeking feedback from all the project stakeholders does not mean you need to listen to everyone. Additional feedback and perspectives can be quite valuable, but it can also be cumbersome and counterproductive, as you note. It is a good idea to take all the feedback into consideration, but also have a main decision maker who can give the final word.

    This article is a great resource! (and +1 to Nicole’s comment.)

  9. Fred, great article. I really like how you emphasize finding the appropriate level of prototype fidelity for the goal or, as you say early in the article, “how you can use them to choose the most effective prototyping method for the questions you need answered.” That’s perfect.

    You had me all geared up, then, to see you match up sample questions that need to be answered with the appropriate level of prototype fidelity. You started that with the Low Visual and Low Functional Fidelity prototype which you mentioned should help with questions like: “Does the system have all the features required to support the user’s goals?” or “Does the workflow make sense at a high level?”

    Why not carry that same matching of questions to the other prototype levels? For instance, the Low Visual and High Functional Fidelity prototype level should be matched with questions like: “How do I get stakeholder buy-in to proposed UX design direction?” or “How do I include a functional example to the pile of spec docs I’m handing over to the development team?”

    I think that’s all coherent, and helpful.

    I also wonder at times how much your audience often dictates what kind of prototype you are best using, particularly when using it within internal settings. Some people just can deal with or accept some types of prototypes over others. This is neither good or bad, just the way it is sometimes.

  10. Thanks for the article, very thorough. Here at Oshyn we’re often brought on board as the development partner, so we don’t get the opportunity to work through building the UX via prototyping. However I think prototyping, or at least using a lot of the prototyping tools out there like Axure RP and Protoshare, can add a lot of value for the developers as well by more closely aligning written requirements with what the client expects the final experience to look and feel like. In fact, you inspired me to write my own blog post about it!

  11. Just as an aside on this: Obviously, some types of interaction can be quite time-consuming to create to a level of fidelity that will get your initial design concepts across, particularity if you want to winnow down a number of variations on those designs. Over the last year or two, I’ve been surprised how the use of video can save a lot of fiddly work in this regard. So, when I want to get some feedback from colleagues about different approaches to a complicated interaction, I only work them up to the extent that I can then fake a smooth usage scenario in a screencast. I then send this out to colleagues (usually with some narration on the soundtrack as well as just the Boards Of Canada), who give me good feedback after watching it at their leisure. It takes a bit of practice to do (not least to get over hearing your voice stumble over your own words), but after a while it’s easy enough.

    Nice article by the way.

  12. I’m happy to see that prototyping seems to be increasing. Yet I am still surprised, despite praise lavished on axure, protoshare and the like, at the dearth of sufficiently dynamic web application “prototyping” tools.

    “Prototyping” a website takes little less time than creating one. Yet, even nearing 2010, there is rabid hunger for a good WEB APP prototyping tool that can mimic, if not actually provide, behavioral objects that are based on common js frameworks. As it is, creating even simple interactive prototypes is time consuming. This, I’d guess, is why you’re “prototyping isolated interactions” for testing?

  13. I explained these three dimensions a bit more eloquently commenting on this story a few years ago:

    Fidelity for prototypes can be roughly measured by 3 attributes: visual detail, functional depth, and technical reuse. The obvious trade-offs are the more realistic any of these attributes becomes, the most cost there is involved. The effort for including visual detail on each page I think is discounted above when you consider the cost of maintaining that consistent style over multiple pages, unless you increase the technical reuse attribute as well (CSS) which in turn provides more cost.

    I don’t think there’s a single silver bullet / best practice for how to prototype for every single project. One should consider who the prototype is for (investors? the client’s business analyst? end users in usability testing? your developers?) Each group will have different needs in each of the 3 attributes. Design your prototype to meet the needs of these interim users and you’ll find the right balance of cost/value for visual detail, functional depth, and technical reuse.

  14. I’m not an IA or UX designer, but rather I’m a UI Developer, so I’m usually handling the “front-end” of the project and making it all work with HTML/CSS/JS. Prototyping to me is a UI dev’s dream gig, because it involves putting the latest and greatest technologies to use without worrying about cross-browser compatibility (at least not for the prototype).

    The problem I see with prototyping tool’s like Axure is that they cannot keep up with the pace of emerging technologies. Web browsers today are fully capable of rendering SVG graphics, animations, video/audio, etc. – all with HTML/CSS and JavaScript. This combination, to me, is an ideal rapid prototyping environment with which any UI dev worth his/her salt could crank out impressive, clickable prototypes in a day or two.

    Lastly, if you plan it all out right, your prototype can actually get reused for the final product, since most web and desktop applications use HTML/CSS for structure and content.

    Plus, how much does an Axure license cost anyway? Less than an intern? 🙂

  15. “There is no such thing as high or low fidelity, only appropriate fidelity.”

    … worth the price of admission right there.

  16. Good article.

    I actually user Axure and agree they are not keeping pace to all the changes one needs to be able to present to clients, but I actually think its a wonderful product if it fits within your environment/workflow. I use to be a IA/front-end developer and spent lots of time creating html prototypes, but since I didn’t know JS all that much I did spend more time trying to get that part of the prototype working than spending on actually working thru solutions. What I like about Axure is that I do spend more time thinking through the solution than documenting on Visio and it takes me a lot less time than expected once you know how to use the program.

    I would agree if you are a high-level dev guy it wouldn’t be a great program to use, but I know within my environment, it has helped a lot and saved tones of time.

  17. Fred,

    Thanks for your post about prototyping it is a great article. Clients are always asking for prototypes or for mock-ups. But how can these prototypes be the most useful, and what is the right balance between functionality and visibility.

    At Miracle Technologies ( we also use prototypes for two different aspects. Firstly in the field of design, it is essential to integrate to prototyping methodology. It helps to achieve a greater customer satisfaction and it makes changing directions much easier.

    I think that prototypes are all useful especially in the field of design.

  18. Hi Fred,

    Thanks for a great article. I’m currently working with prototyping as a part of a technology-related course where we have to explore the possibilities of Adobe Fireworks when working with prototyping. In my process of prototyping, I came to a point where I needed some reflections on when a prototype is “done”, if you know what I mean. I designed the minimal interface purely in black and white, and afterwards got frustrated with the fact that I wasn’t aware of when I was done. I consulted my Polar Bear Book (I study Information Architecture at Aalborg University in Denmark and Morville & Rosenfeld’s work has sort laid the ground for what we work with) and they distinguished between these low-, medium- and high-fidelity prototypes/wireframes, but I wasn’t really satisfied with the way that draw lines between the different levels. I then found your definitions and they are spot on! Thank you so much!

    Content-wise, when is it appropriate to fill in actual content in a prototype? I can easily see myself always ending up with Low Visual and High Functional-fidelity prototypes, but when should one start to generate content into a prototyping? Never at all? For my specific assignment, I use “sample content” alongside greeked text.

    Thanks once again for your insights,

  19. Thanks Fred, great article.

    I’m just loving the term “appropriate fidelity”. Think I’ll bust that one out at my next project meeting to try and make me look smart 😉

    I’ve been creating prototypes in Flash for quite a while – seemed easier to create more complex interactions quickly – but am just entering the world of creating HTML prototypes in an attempt to create reusable elements and a deliverable that’s easier to conduct testing with (On-site and remotely).

    I’ve always felt creating HTML prototypes were far too time consuming and not reactive enough. A bit clunky I suppose. However, great work by these guys has changed my viewpoint;

    For me, the tighter this part of the design process becomes, the more it can be used. Unfortunately for me, most project budgets just doesn’t allow for it and people tend to forget what an essential part of the process prototyping is and how much it benefits any project, now matter how small.

    I’d really love to hear of any other tools/languages people use to make the creation of HTML prototypes more streamlined.

    Thanks again,

  20. Great article!

    I’m also very pleased to see that prototyping is coming into the mainstream. As a former developer who made the transition to IA several years ago, I always tried to encourage my colleagues to prototype as much as possible. I got a lot of push-back because so few of my colleagues knew (or wanted to learn) HTML.

    With the advent of tools like Axure and iRise, that seems to be changing. UX types are actually embracing prototyping. For simple brochure-ware websites, it’s not a big deal. But when you’re building actual web applications, the prototyping stage is crucial.

    Unlike wireframing, prototyping forces (and better enables) the entire team to think through all the precise interactions of every page and every control on that page. When you’re designing a very complex GUI design, with very robust logic, it’s very easy to miss all the possible logic landmines that a user may step on if you’re only sketching out pictures.

  21. Great article! We are using Balsamic Mockups for the low fidelity (grayscale) prototypes to get user feedback on structure, ease of use, etc. Works very well and provides some degree of interaction.

    @Nicole, would like to see an article on your “online consumer” thoughts!

  22. Pardon the shameless plug. You may find our book, Effective Prototyping for Software Makers, useful. It not only covers what is discussed above regarding “appropriate” Fidelity but addresses other aspects of prototyping as well – such as, defining prototyping content, determining prototyping characteristics, choosing a prototyping method, choosing a prototyping tool, etc., etc. Hopefully this is a helpful reference.

  23. Great post Fred, I’m currently in a Rapid Prototyping class and I found a lot of useful information here. The discussion on fidelity really helped me because I’ve had a little bit of trouble knowing when it was good to have a higher fidelity prototype and when a low fidelity prototype is needed. Actually for my final project in the class I’m going to be creating a website, you can look at it here and watch my progress if you are interested. It’s already set up but I will be adding many new components as the semester progresses because right now it is very unfriendly to users. I’m also planning on prototyping a laptop cooler for class so I’m hoping to get some pictures up as well.

    Anyway, just wanted to say thanks again for this post!

Comments are closed.

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iPad Info

Beverly Middle School students will receive 1-1 iPads this school year.

1. Review BMS Technology Presentation and the Device Use Agreement.
2. Print the agreement if they agree.
3. Sign the Device Use Agreement in order to receive an iPad.
4. Bring the signed Device Use Agreement to main office at BMS at 502 Cabot Street.

The BMS Technology Presentation should answer most of your questions, please review it carefully! This is the same presentation that has been shown to families during the building tours.


text:
BP Service
10700 W 87th Street, Lenexa, KS 66214 913.888.3444

View Topic

It's no surprise that your vehicle will drive better in the Clearview City area if all the wheels are pointed in the same direction. That's called wheel alignment. If your wheels are out of alignment you may notice that your vehicle pulls to one side or the other.

Something that you won't notice right away, but you will if you keep driving around Clearview City when you're out of alignment, is that your tires are wearing unevenly and fairly quickly.. That's because when the vehicle is pulling to one side, you have to steer it back straight. The outside of the tire just wears out fast because you're constantly turning, which can be very exhausting on a long road trip from the Clearview City area – fighting to keep the vehicle going straight down the road.

Some of the things that commonly throw a wheel out of alignment are slamming into a pothole in Clearview City, smacking a curb in Olathe or something like a rock in . And it doesn't have to be a big shock, it can just be the regular bumps and bangs of daily driving that add up and eventually take your vehicle out of alignment. That's why your owner's manual or Lenexa service advisor at BP Service may suggest having your alignment checked periodically.

With an alignment service at BP Service, we measure each wheel's alignment and to see where they are relative to factory specifications. While we have the vehicle on the alignment rack, we inspect the tires for wear as well as the suspension and steering components for damage or wear – things that can contribute to alignment problems. With some vehicles you can adjust all four wheels so we bring all wheels into alignment. On those vehicles where you can only adjust the front wheels, we bring the front into alignment relative to the rear.

Cost varies by whether or not it's two or four wheel adjustable. Four-wheel drive vehicles may have an additional charge because they're more difficult to align. At any rate, it's cheaper than having to replace tires every few months.

If it's been a while since you've had your wheels aligned, bring your vehicle to BP Service in Lenexa KS for an alignment check.

Wheels are aligned with specific settings for toe-in and toe-out, positive and negative camber, and positive and negative castor. Each vehicle model can have different settings. Poor alignment affects your handling and causes your tires to wear very quickly. At BP Service in Lenexa we install quality NAPA replacement parts. Give us a call at 913.888.3444 and let us help keep you safely and economically on the road.


text:
Paintings > Planes:  2000-1

The images here are the influence of living in East Boston near Logan Int'l Airport from 2000-2002. My interest in this subject lay with jet airliners as an icons of dislocation and a shrinking globe. This specific engagement with planes was curtailed by the events of 911 when one of these planes flew from Logan to NYC.


text:
The Brain and Genetics in Addictive Behavior

Addictive behavior is a major global health concern. Addiction is commonly defined as the repetitive use of substances or a repetitive pattern of behaviors that are harmful. It is believed that addiction is a brain disorder, meaning that it is caused by the impact of drugs or other addictive substances/influences on the brain and it can be modified by different environmental factors.

The presence of specific variants of some genes may promote or decrease the chances of developing an addiction. According to scientists, genetic factors may play an important role in determining both the vulnerability to addiction and the response to treatments aimed to cure addiction.

The Brain and Genetics in Addictive Behavior

One group of researchers demonstrated that polymorphisms in the genes encoding for opioid receptors and opioid ligands, and more specifically the MOPR gene (OPRM1), is associated with drug addiction. It has been found that one variant of this gene contributes to alcoholism and heroin addiction.

Another study has found that carriers of the same gene variant experience a more pronounced sensitivity to pain and decreased analgesic response to opioids, which means that they require higher doses of morphine in the management of pain, such as pain associated with cancer.

Heroin and Opioids

Some authors underlined that addiction to MOPR agonists, including heroin, has become epidemic in the 21st century. According to the same authors, the endogenous opioid system interacts with other neurotransmitter systems in the brain. More precisely, opioid receptors regulate the release of dopamine and serotonin, neurotransmitters with important roles in mood.

Additionally, the opioid system seems to interact with noradrenergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic pathways, as well as with neural growth factors. Furthermore, these studies indicate that chronic exposure to opiates alters gene expression in the brain, and this causes long-term changes in neuronal networks.

Activation of opioid receptors leads to changes in the expression of genes in the above-mentioned neurotransmitter pathways. Variations in the genes of those pathways may determine whether someone is more prone to the development of opiate addiction.

One very recent study published this year revealed that the use of cocaine and cocaine addiction are associated with certain variants of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, along with lower expression of this gene.

More specifically, the authors of the study compared the expression level of this gene in chronic cocaine users and healthy controls. Apart from significantly lower gene expression in the cocaine users, the carriers of some gene variants were at increased risk of cocaine addiction. In addition, they scored higher on depression scales.

It seems that the major challenge in understanding and treating addictive disorders is understanding why some individuals develop addiction while others do not. According to research findings, whether or not a person will become addicted depends largely on genetic factors, which contribute ~50% of the risk for addiction.

The processes in our brain are also important. It is well established that the rewarding effects of drugs and addictive substances, in general, are based on their ability to increase the level of dopamine in the brain. Accordingly, imaging studies have shown that individual variations in brain circuits modulated by dopamine, including circuits involved in the mechanisms of reward, contribute to the inter-individual variability in the vulnerability to addiction. Thus, it seems that the roles of genetic factors and brain pathways in the addiction may be intertwined via dopamine.

Alcohol and tobacco

Apart from drug addiction, addiction to alcohol seems to depend on genetics and is influenced by heritage. A recent study has investigated the effects of parental drinking on the use of alcohol in young adults. More than 3500 adolescents and their parents have been included in this prospective research. As results have indicated, young adults whose parents are moderate or high alcohol consumers are more prone to alcohol consumption than those young adults whose parents don’t consume alcohol or consume it in low quantities.

Alcohol and tobacco use represent leading global health risks, which are responsible for 3.3 and 6 million premature deaths per year respectively, according to the World Health Organization. Genetic factors were estimated to contribute 40-60% and 40-85% to the development of alcohol and tobacco addictions respectively.

Finding out which genetic variants are associated with alcohol and tobacco addictions would be an important step in understanding their underlying mechanisms and developing the effective therapies. Over the last years, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been performed in order to elucidate the role of certain genes and their variants in alcohol and tobacco use. These studies have recognized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP, i.e., gene variants with a difference in a single nucleotide) are important for developing these addictions.

For alcohol addiction, SNPs include polymorphisms in the KLB gene, as well as in the alcohol dehydrogenase gene cluster. In the latter, different variations of genes differently influence the metabolism of alcohol. In the case of tobacco use, the most evident variations have been detected in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes cluster.

However, only a small number of common genetic variants have been studied, and they account for a modest proportion of alcohol and nicotine addiction heritability. Thus, further investigation into the role of low frequency and rare genetic variants is required in order to fully understand the heritability of both alcohol and tobacco use.

In Sum

Considering all of these facts together, it seems that genetics does indeed play an important role in the development of addiction to substances such as opioids, alcohol, and tobacco. Some of these factors include differences in gene expression and gene variants in brain neurotransmitter pathways. Further research is needed in order to develop working strategies for treating heritable addictions.

Kreek, M.J., Levran, O., Reed, B., Schlussman, S.D., Zhou, Y., Butelman, E.R. (2012). Opiate addiction and cocaine addiction: underlying molecular neurobiology and genetics. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 122(10): 3387-3393. DOI: 10.1172/JCI60390

Shi, Q., Cleeland, C.S., Klepstad, P., Miaskowski, C., Pedersen, N.L. (2010). Biological pathways and genetic variables involved in pain. Quality of Life Research. 19(10): 1407–1417. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9738-x

Reed, B., Butelman, E.R., Yuferov, V., Randesi, M., Kreek, M.J. (2014). Genetics of opiate addiction. Current Psychiatry Reports. 16(11): 504. doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0504-6

Schote, A.B., Jäger, K., Kroll, S.L., et al. (2018). Glucocorticoid receptor gene variants and lower expression of NR3C1 are associated with cocaine use. Addiction Biology. doi: 10.1111/adb.12632

Volkow, N.D., Wang, G.J., Fowler, J.S., Tomasi. D. (2012). Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 52: 321-336. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625

Mahedy, L., MacArthur, G.J., Hammerton, G., et al. (2018). The effect of parental drinking on alcohol use in young adults: the mediating role of parental monitoring and peer deviance. Addiction. doi: 10.1111/add.14280

Marees, A.T., Hammerschlag, A.R., Bastarache, L., et al. (2018). Exploring the role of low-frequency and rare exonic variants in alcohol and tobacco use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 188: 94-101. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.026

Viatcheslav Wlassoff, PhD

Viatcheslav Wlassoff, PhD, is a scientific and medical consultant with experience in pharmaceutical and genetic research. He has an extensive publication history on various topics related to medical sciences. He worked at several leading academic institutions around the globe (Cambridge University (UK), University of New South Wales (Australia), National Institute of Genetics (Japan). Dr. Wlassoff runs consulting service specialized on preparation of scientific publications, medical and scientific writing and editing (Scientific Biomedical Consulting Services).
See All Posts By The Author

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Saturday, March 30, 2013

Good Economic News 3-30-13

Good Economic News

Here are just a few of the recent jobs announcements that have crossed my desk in recent weeks.

In Geismar, Louisiana, chemical maker Huntsman Corporation will expand and create 397 jobs.
In Muncie, Indiana, Delaware Dynamics, LLC, a provider of die casting services, will expand and add 13 employees. Congrats to economic developer Terry Murphy.
Macco Organiques, a maker of chlorides, will open a new facility in Paducah, Kentucky, creating 40 new jobs.
Aircraft builder Boeing will consolidate flight training services in Miami, Florida, creating 787 jobs.
NAPA Auto Parts will hire 700 people companywide.
In Hamilton, Georgia, poultry producer Koch Foods will expand and add 750 employees.
In Macon County, North Carolina, metal manufacturer Franklin Tubular Products, Inc. will locate a new facility and create 121 jobs.
In Monroe, Michigan, auto parts maker Hanwha L&C Alabama LLC will expand and create 70 jobs.
Standard Register, a business services provider, will locate a new operation in Jeffersonville, Indiana, creating 360 jobs.
In Marion County, South Carolina, Essex Holdings, Inc., a global resource company, will open a facility and hire 215 people.
Central Pennsylvania Institute of Science and Technology will expand its training facility and add 185 employees.
In Madison County, Indiana, truck body maker Warner Bodies, Inc. will expand and add 150 employees.
Martinrea Jonesville, a metal forming company, will open a new facility in North Adams, Michigan, creating 122 jobs.
Metal Shark Boats, a maker of watercraft, will expand in Jeanerette, Louisiana, creating 200 jobs.
Outokumpo Stainless Bar, a metal fabrication company, will expand in Chester County, South Carolina, adding 20 employees.
In New Albany, Indiana, jewelry producer Ronaldo Designer Jewelry, Inc., will open a new plant and hire 80 employees.
Kovatch Mobile Equipment, a maker of water hauling tanks, will expand in Nesquehoning, Pennsylvania, creating 100 new jobs.
Restaurant Hurricane Grill and Wings will expand and add 420 employees.
Peer Foods Group, Inc., a distributor of Food Products, will locate a new facility in Hancock County, Indiana, creating 80 jobs. Congrats to economic developer Skip Kuker.
In Richland County, South Carolina, Foil and Film packaging maker Constantia Hueck Foils will expand and add 15 employees.
In Grenada, Mississippi, sawmill operator Fly Timber will expand and create 30 new jobs.
In Kingsport, Tennessee, food maker Leclerc Foods will expand and create 40 new jobs.
Zehnder’s of Frankenmuth, a provider of hospitality products and services, will expand and create 69 jobs in Frankenmuth, Michigan.
XPO Logistics, a freight services provider, will expand its operation in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, adding 287 employees. Congrats to economic developer Jeff Edge.
Boyd Property Preservation, LLC will expand and create 104 new jobs in Whitfield County, Georgia and 300 in the State of Georgia.
In Kalamazoo, Michigan, consumer products maker Newell Rubbermaid will open a new facility, adding 100 employees.
In Robertson County, Tennessee, ProPack, a provider of fulfillment and freight forwarding services, will open a new facility and hire 22 people. Congratulations to Brand Acceleration client Robertson County Economic Development. Great job, Margot!
Multicraft International, a maker of auto parts, will expand in Pelahatchie, Mississippi, creating 30 jobs.
Insurance and benefits company MetLife, Inc. will create 2,600 new jobs in Charlotte and Cary, North Carolina.
In Rush and Tipton Counties, Indiana, seed producer DuPont Pioneer will expand and create 41 jobs. Congrats to Brand Acceleration clients Tipton County Economic Development Organization and Rush County Economic and Community Development Corporation.
Green Flash Brewing Company, a craft beer producer, will open a new brewing facility in Virginia Beach, Virginia, adding 41 employees.
ICE Recycling LLC, a recycling services provider, will expand in Florence County, South Carolina, creating 15 jobs.
Lockheed Martin will invest in a facility to make tanks for liquefied natural gas in New Orleans, Louisiana, creating 166 jobs.
Sears Home Services will add 500 employees companywide.
In Halifax County, North Carolina, lumber producer Meherrin River Forest Products, will locate a new operation and hire 40 people.
In Vermillion, South Dakota, software developer Eagle Creek Software Services will open a new operation and hire 1,000 people.
In Stafford County, Virginia, food maker Greencore Group plc will expand and add 350 employees.
80/20 Inc., a maker of aluminum products, will expand its operation in Whitley County, Indiana, creating 97 jobs.
In Frankfort County, Kentucky, Hayashi Telempu North America, a maker of auto parts, will open a new facility and hire 103 people.
In Ann Arbor, Michigan, Lyons Consulting Group, an e-commerce company, will open an office and hire 30 employees.
In Vance, Alabama, auto maker Mercedes-Benze Alabama will open a facility and create 500 jobs.
Global Green Lighting, a maker of lighting products, will open an assembly plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, creating 250 jobs.
In Indianapolis, Indiana, Celadon Trucking Services, Inc., a freight services provider, will open a driver training school and hire 500 employees.
In the cities of Holland and Walker, Michigan, Challenge Manufacturing Company, a maker of metal products, will expand and add 180 employees.
TITLE Boxing Club will add 2,500 employees companywide.
OFS Brands, a furniture and logistics company, will expand in Guilford County, North Carolina, adding 188 employees.
In Dodge County, Georgia, heat treating company Aremac Heat Treating LLC will locate a new facility and hire 60 people.
In Pulaski County, Virginia, vegetable producer Red Sun Farms will expand and add 250 employees.
Detroit Thermal Systems, LLC, a climate control business, will open in Romulus, Michigan, creating 300 jobs.
True Communications will expand and add 120 employees companywide.
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, IBM will create a new technology center and hire 800 people.
Otto Environmental Systems, Inc., a plastics maker, will expand in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, creating 32 new jobs.
TeleTech Holdings, Inc., a customer service provider, will expand in Paducah, Kentucky and hire 450 people.
In Augusta County, Virginia, dairy manufacturer Shamrock Farms will open a new facility and create 60 jobs.

Total Jobs Announcements: 16,876

Jim Walton
Brand Acceleration, Inc.
Branding // Marketing Communications // Public Relations
Indianapolis, Indiana: 317.536.6255
Fax: 317.222.1425
Charlotte, North Carolina: 704.230.0394
Atlanta, Georgia: 404.474.7980
Cell: 317.523.7380

Brand Acceleration is a full-service marketing communications, brand management and public relations firm with a focus on economic development, architecture, engineering and construction.

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Sticks and Stones: Tell a Girl She’s Beautiful

Tell a girl she is beautiful, she will believe it for a moment. Tell a girl she is ugly, she will believe it for a lifetime.  –Anonymous

Sticks and stones will break your bones, but words will never hurt you.

Something mysterious happens in those pre-teen years.  Somewhere between 10 and 14 the whole world turns upside down.  I remember thinking that no one understood me, everyone else was cool, and I was all alone.  Not true, but that’s how I felt.  Don’t most kids go through that?  Everything was so  d e e p  and depressing.  My journals from those days are doom and gloom all the way.  What made it that way?  Why are the middle school years often so dark for so many?

I remember in 7th grade, I had achieved safety patrol status and was stationed on bus patrol with a boy that I thought was quirky and cute.  He was the class clown and well loved by most.  I thought this might be a great opportunity to move up in status and MAYBE I would be someone that he would discover that he liked.  He clowned around as usual and we seemed to get along ok, although nothing earth shattering and romantic ever developed.  But one day I overheard his friends teasing him about spending all that time with me and that he must “love” me and we should be “going together” (the term for becoming boyfriend/girlfriend back in the day).  As he bowed up to defend himself from the teasing, and not knowing (I hope) that I was anywhere nearby, he let out a litany of insults and derogatory comments about me and how he could never–would never ever like someone like me.  This doesn’t even begin to cover all he said, but to give you an idea:

THAT girl?  She has anti-boobs!  Why is she even wearing a bra?  She’s a “crater-chest” (a very sensitive subject to a flat chested, buxom hopeful).  She’s a total dork and will NEVER have a boyfriend.  If she does, she’ll have to wear a bag over her head, ‘cause she us u-g-l-y.  She’ll probably die a spinster, unloved and alone.

….and on and on.

I was broken hearted.  Not because he would never be my boyfriend, but because he crushed my spirit.  He and his friends were the people that I desperately wanted to like me.  He spoke to all the fears that I already had–hating my gangly flat chested body, thinking I was ugly, feeling alone and unloved, wanting a boyfriend like my other friends but not having one.  He and his friends laughed at my expense.  I was the joke.  Do you ever recover from that?  Shortly thereafter, he began talking to me using those phrases.  Putting me down whether his friends were around or not.

Looking back, I see that he was trying to build himself up from an attack by his friends.  After all, aren’t class clowns usually the kids that are hiding a deep hurt or loneliness themselves?   I don’t think I ever completely recovered.  When I have doubts about the way I look, even now his words come back to confirm that I’m not good enough.  When I’m feeling a little lonely, his friends laughing at me echos in my mind..

I’ve moved on.  I know I am loved and I finally grew into a real bra size.  (God does answer prayer.)  My self worth is not set by others.  I am a precious child of God and he gave his one and only son for me.  I am a child of the King and I am loved. Life did not turn out as they predicted. I have an amazing husband who thinks I’m pretty hot and a beautiful daughter with whom I have a great relationship.  I feel blessed, and know that I am.

So I’m looking at my 13 year old daughter and wondering where she is on that topsy turvy scale?  How alone and uncool does she really feel?  Who is the thorn in her side at school?  What words have they said that will remain with her forever?  What is she experiencing now that will impact how she faces life?  And what in the world can I do to help?

We talk often and deliberately work to keep the communication lines open.  She’s in a great school and has great friends.  I already see that her 13 year old life is not like mine was, but she is still a middle schooler.  She still has strong emotions and deep, deep feelings.  I pray that I will not hurt her with my words and that whatever she is going through, she seeks the grace of God to overcome.

I’ll take sticks and stones any day over words.  And I will tell her that she is beautifully and wonderfully made in the image of God.


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Sunday, May 25, 2014

Why not veggies?

We're on a roll. Innovation is in full gear this year, evidenced by some recent posts highlighting cereal that doesn't require milk and some made from beans. The novel use of ingredients may be a significant way for new companies to gain a foothold in this challenging market.

Now we turn our attention to cereal made with vegetables! Bitsy's Brainfood is a company that's been making children's "smart snack foods" for a couple of years. Recently they expanded their offerings to include three vegan cereals that include veggies among other ingredients. This does make the cereals stand out from competition, especially for parents that are wanting highly nutritious foods for their children. Perhaps this is about marketing to a large degree, but the company highlights the highly nutritious qualities including the fact that they are organic, good sources of some key nutrients, without GMOs, among other things.

Currently the three varieties are Banana Squash Squares, Carrot Raisin Crunch and Fruit & Veggie 1,2,3. With limited retail distribution I haven't actually seen these for sale, but look forward to getting my hands on some to try.

So, what's next?

Thursday, May 15, 2014

Beans for Breakfast?

If you think my recent post on cereal with water marks innovation, you may be even more impressed with what Love Grown Foods has to offer. The health food cereal company has introduced Power O's, a new line of cereals made from navy beans, garbanzo beans, lentils and brown rice. The rice sounds right, but beans?

Why not? As more and more people seek after highly nutritious foods, the use of beans might be a unique selling point that stands out in the market. Of course, this cereal had better taste good if it's really going to make a difference. Power O's currently come in strawberry, honey, chocolate and original flavors, and that sounds intriguing. Nutritiously they contain 4-6g of protein per serving, low sodium, and 1.5g fat or less per serving.

I haven't tried Power O's yet. In fact, apart from online sales they don't appear to have wide retail distribution. Nevertheless, when I do get my hands on some I will definitely give them a spin for a review.

Sunday, May 11, 2014

Mornflake - just add water!

Life has been extremely busy the last month, and I haven't posted here for quite some time. With things starting to get back to normal, watch for lots over the next week!

In order to turn around the slump facing big brand cereals it is going to take innovation. And, one aspect innovation needs to address is convenience. From the across the pond in Great Britain we just might have one of those solutions.

Mornflake claims to be the oldest cereal company in the UK, but their latest idea is fresh and new. Their new Superfast cereal pots contain dried skimmed milk powder meaning that all you have to do is add cold water and you are ready to eat breakfast. No need to have milk around. A great idea for eating on the run, etc.

The biggest challenge is changing consumers habits and perceptions. The convenience factor could help people change their habits, but powdered milk also has mental barriers for some people to overcome. Nevertheless, if the cereal tastes great and is well marketed this could be a breakthrough.

There's no word when will these will be available in the U.S. Perhaps this is an idea some enterprising American company wants to undertake?


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Connellan Joins MRC Committee

Friday, 21st July 2006

The Melbourne Racing Club has announced the appointment of John Connellan, 52, to its Committee. Connellan (managing director of commercial building company Connelllan Industries) has been an MRC member since 2003 & an owner & breeder for over 25 years; for the past 4 years he has also served as a committee member of the Thoroughbred Club Of Australia.

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Intake Of Oranges Is Good For Preventing Kidney Stone Formation, Rheumatoid Arthritis And Lung Cancer.

Apr 19, 2018

To ensure optimal functioning of the kidneys and to maintain bone health, including phosphorus available in separate packets in all supermarkets. Thus, with the raising health concerns of using regular sugar in daily diet, nutrition daily, can lower the risk of breast cancer by 13-15%. Interaction Between Various Vitamins and Minerals Although, doctors ask you to take supplements with meals, it or boost your energy, and improve your overall health. Apart from the aforementioned list, there exist several other vitamins like B4, B8, nutrient content in an orange that weights around 130 grams. It is observed that the inner surface of cans is coated cabbage, fruits like peaches, apricots, fish liver oil, etc.

» Vitamin A: The role of this one, is to regulate the tissues severe allergic reaction has to be taken into consideration. Watermelons contain an amino acid called citrulline, which is used by becoming increasingly dependent on Blog de saúde processed food that lack these. Weight Gain and Vitamins In order to gain weight the healthy way, way attempt to replace the advice offered by an expert on the subject. Also, people suffering from hypothyroidism are advised to minimize the intake of cruciferous vegetables and should talk to of calcium, muscle health, and producing healthy red blood cells. Foods rich in this one, include some vegetables, anti aging agent Eases glaucoma and measles Dry hair, dry skin, brittle nails Low resistance to infections Poor night vision, decreased ability to see in poorly lit areas Untreated condition can lead to blindness.

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10810 LEGO® Duplo Push Train

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10810 LEGO® Duplo Push Train

All aboard the LEGO® DUPLO® Push Train!

Little engine drivers will love pushing this train around the track, stopping to load up the crates of fresh apples and pumpkins as they go. There's also a level crossing and a car to operate, so you can talk to your child about traffic safety while creating role-play stories together. LEGO® DUPLO® bricks are specially designed to be fun and safe for little hands. Includes 2 DUPLO figures.

  • Includes 2 LEGO® DUPLO® figures: a train driver and a car driver.
  • Features a buildable train with hinged roof, wagon, car, opening level crossing, train track and a buildable tree.
  • Encourage role-play between the 2 LEGO® DUPLO® figures.
  • Use the level crossing to talk to your child about road and railroad safety.
  • Accessory elements include crates for loading the train or car, flowers, and bricks decorated as apples and pumpkins.
  • LEGO® DUPLO® products are specially designed to besafe and suitable for small hands.
  • This set offers an age-appropriate building experience for ages 2-5.
  • Train with wagon measures over 3” (10cm) high, 11” (28cm) long and 2” (6cm) wide.
  • Car with LEGO® DUPLO® figure measures over 3” (9cm) high, 4” (11cm) long and 2” (7cm) wide.
  • For use with LEGO® DUPLO® trains only.
  • Combine with the 10506 Train Accessory Set, 10507 My First Train Set or 10508 Deluxe Train Set for even more LEGO® DUPLO® train fun!

Released in 2016


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Otti coverings are hand manufactured, individually, with moulding process, for this reason there may be differences of shades and size in mm between the tiles. This is not an error, the binding net will be rustic and unrepeatably unique, just like natural stone, in case of which there aren’t two identical pieces either. The concrete in this case means a quartz product of high hardness which has better properties than most natural stones, regarding its resistance to abrasion, possibility of cleaning and installing. In case of coloured tiles, the wear layer is coloured in several centimetres thick in its material. This provides the extreme durability.

As natural stones, the concrete tiles shall also be impregnated. The surface treatment protects the covering outdoor against weather conditions, and against other physical impacts indoor. The material of granular texture absorbs deeply the impregnation material therefore this is a durable solution but from time to time (depending on the use) it shall be repeated.

It is important that the surface - similarly to natural stones and other concrete elements - cannot be cleaned with acidic cleaners, but alkaline and neutral substances are suitable for its cleaning.

Persian floor covering

Just like a real Persian carpet deploying refined patterns, but it is made of stone. This is what the special flooring of Otti knows. The “Persian carpet” has its own life, it creates an interior by itself so it can be bravely used in almost every room, from the minimal to the nostalgic, rustic styles. It only needs space to complete itself and courage, and of course a bit of creativity and imagination. The professional background is provided by Otti from the best raw materials, using the most modern concrete technology.

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Weight 60 kg

3 cm

anthracite-ivory-moss green-terra sigillatta, ivory-naturan brown-Naples red

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30-45 day

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