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Comparison of bird beaks, displaying different shapes adapted to different feeding methods. Not to scale.

The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure of birds that is used for eating and for preening, manipulating objects, killing prey, fighting, probing for food, courtship and feeding young. The terms beak and rostrum are also used to refer to a similar mouth part in some dicynodonts, Ornithischians, cephalopods, cetaceans, billfishes, pufferfishes, turtles, Anuran tadpoles and sirens.

Although beaks vary significantly in size, shape, color and texture, they share a similar underlying structure. Two bony projections—the upper and lower mandibles—are covered with a thin keratinized layer of epidermis known as the rhamphotheca. In most species, two holes known as nares lead to the respiratory system.

Although the word beak was, in the past, generally restricted to the sharpened bills of birds of prey,[1] in modern ornithology, the terms beak and bill are generally considered to be synonymous.[2] The word, which dates from the 13th century, comes from the Middle English bec, which itself comes from the Latin beccus.[3]

The bony core of the beak is a lightweight framework, like that seen on this barn owl's skull.

Although beaks vary significantly in size and shape from species to species, their underlying structures have a similar pattern. All beaks are composed of two jaws, generally known as the upper mandible (or maxilla) and lower mandible (or mandible).[4] The upper, and in some cases the lower, mandibles are strengthened internally by a complex three-dimensional network of bony spicules (or trabeculae) seated in soft connective tissue and surrounded by the hard outer layers of the beak.[5][6] The avian jaw apparatus is made up of two units: one four-bar linkage mechanism and one five-bar linkage mechanism.[7]

A gull's upper mandible can flex upwards because it is supported by small bones which can move slightly backwards and forwards.

The upper mandible is supported by a three-pronged bone called the intermaxillary. The upper prong of this bone is embedded into the forehead, while the two lower prongs attach to the sides of the skull. At the base of the upper mandible a thin sheet of nasal bones is attached to the skull at the nasofrontal hinge, which gives mobility to the upper mandible, allowing it to move upwards and downwards.[2]

Position of vomer (shaded red) in neognathae (left) and paleognathae (right)

The base of the upper mandible, or the roof when seen from the mouth, is the palate, the structure of which differs greatly in the ratites. Here, the vomer is large and connects with premaxillae and maxillopalatine bones in a condition termed as a "paleognathous palate". All other extant birds have a narrow forked vomer that does not connect with other bones and is then termed as neognathous. The shape of these bones varies across the bird families.

The lower mandible is supported by a bone known as the inferior maxillary bone—a compound bone composed of two distinct ossified pieces. These ossified plates (or rami), which can be U-shaped or V-shaped,[4] join distally (the exact location of the joint depends on the species) but are separated proximally, attaching on either side of the head to the quadrate bone. The jaw muscles, which allow the bird to close its beak, attach to the proximal end of the lower mandible and to the bird's skull.[8] The muscles that depress the lower mandible are usually weak, except in a few birds such as the starlings and the extinct Huia, which have well-developed digastric muscles that aid in foraging by prying or gaping actions.[9] In most birds, these muscles are relatively small as compared to the jaw muscles of similarly sized mammals.[10]

The outer surface of the beak consists of a thin horny sheath of keratin called the rhamphotheca,[2][8] which can be subdivided into the rhinotheca of the upper mandible and the gnathotheca of the lower mandible.[11] This covering arises from the Malpighian layer of the bird's epidermis,[11] growing from plates at the base of each mandible.[12] There is a vascular layer between the rhamphotheca and the deeper layers of the dermis, which is attached directly to the periosteum of the bones of the beak.[13] The rhamphotheca grows continuously in most birds, and in some species, the color varies seasonally.[14] In some alcids, such as the puffins, parts of the rhamphotheca are shed each year after the breeding season, while some pelicans shed a part of the bill called a "bill horn" that develops in the breeding season.[15][16][17]

While most extant birds have a single seamless rhamphotheca, species in a few families, including the albatrosses[11] and the emu, have compound rhamphothecae that consist of several pieces separated and defined by softer keratinous grooves.[18] Studies have shown that this was the primitive ancestral state of the rhamphotheca, and that the modern simple rhamphotheca resulted from the gradual loss of the defining grooves through evolution.[19]

The sawtooth serrations on a common merganser's bill help it to hold tight to its fish prey.

The tomia (singular tomium) are the cutting edges of the two mandibles.[20] In most birds, these range from rounded to slightly sharp, but some species have evolved structural modifications that allow them to handle their typical food sources better.[21] Granivorous (seed-eating) birds, for example, have ridges in their tomia, which help the bird to slice through a seed's outer hull.[22] Most falcons have a sharp projection along the upper mandible, with a corresponding notch on the lower mandible. They use this "tooth" to sever their prey's vertebrae fatally or to rip insects apart. Some kites, principally those that prey on insects or lizards, also have one or more of these sharp projections,[23] as do the shrikes.[24] Some fish-eating species, e.g., the mergansers, have sawtooth serrations along their tomia, which help them to keep hold of their slippery, wriggling prey.[25]

Birds in roughly 30 families have tomia lined with tight bunches of very short bristles along their entire length. Most of these species are either insectivores (preferring hard-shelled prey) or snail eaters, and the brush-like projections may help to increase the coefficient of friction between the mandibles, thereby improving the bird's ability to hold hard prey items.[26] Serrations on hummingbird bills, found in 23% of all hummingbird genera, may perform a similar function, allowing the birds to effectively hold insect prey. They may also allow shorter-billed hummingbirds to function as nectar thieves, as they can more effectively hold and cut through long or waxy flower corollas.[27] In some cases, the color of a bird's tomia can help to distinguish between similar species. The snow goose, for example, has a reddish-pink bill with black tomia, while the whole beak of the similar Ross's goose is pinkish-red, without darker tomia.[28]

A thrush's culmen is measured in a straight line from the tip of the beak to a set point — here, where the feathering starts on the bird's forehead.

The culmen is the dorsal ridge of the upper mandible.[29] Likened by ornithologist Elliott Coues to the ridge line of a roof, it is the "highest middle lengthwise line of the bill" and runs from the point where the upper mandible emerges from the forehead's feathers to its tip.[30] The bill's length along the culmen is one of the regular measurements made during bird banding (ringing)[31] and is particularly useful in feeding studies.[32] There are several standard measurements that can be made—from the beak's tip to the point where feathering starts on the forehead, from the tip to the anterior edge of the nostrils, from the tip to the base of the skull, or from the tip to the cere (for raptors and owls)[33]—and scientists from various parts of the world generally favor one method over another.[32] In all cases, these are chord measurements (measured in a straight line from point to point, ignoring any curve in the culmen) taken with calipers.[31]

The shape or color of the culmen can also help with the identification of birds in the field. For example, the culmen of the parrot crossbill is strongly decurved, while that of the very similar red crossbill is more moderately curved.[34] The culmen of a juvenile common loon is all dark, while that of the very similarly plumaged juvenile yellow-billed loon is pale towards the tip.[35]

The gonys is the ventral ridge of the lower mandible, created by the junction of the bone's two rami, or lateral plates.[36] The proximal end of that junction—where the two plates separate—is known as the gonydeal angle or gonydeal expansion. In some gull species, the plates expand slightly at that point, creating a noticeable bulge; the size and shape of the gonydeal angle can be useful in identifying between otherwise similar species. Adults of many species of large gulls have a reddish or orangish gonydeal spot near the gonydeal expansion.[37] This spot triggers begging behavior in gull chicks. The chick pecks at the spot on its parent's bill, which in turn stimulates the parent to regurgitate food.[38]

Depending on its usage, commissure may refer to the junction of the upper and lower mandibles,[39] or alternately, to the full-length apposition of the closed mandibles, from the corners of the mouth to the tip of the beak.[40]

A young starling with a bright yellow gape

In bird anatomy, the gape is the interior of the open mouth of a bird, and the gape flange is the region where the two mandibles join together at the base of the beak.[41] The width of the gape can be a factor in the choice of food.[42]

The gape flange on this juvenile house sparrow is the yellowish region at the base of the beak.

Gapes of juvenile altricial birds are often brightly coloured, sometimes with contrasting spots or other patterns, and these are believed to be an indication of their health, fitness and competitive ability. Based on this, the parents decide how to distribute food among the chicks in the nest.[43] Some species, especially in the families Viduidae and Estrildidae, have bright spots on the gape known as gape tubercles or gape papillae. These nodular spots are conspicuous even in low light.[44] A study examining the nestling gapes of eight passerine species found that the gapes were conspicuous in the ultraviolet spectrum (visible to birds but not to humans).[45] Parents may, however, not rely solely on the gape coloration, and other factors influencing their decision remain unknown.[46]

Red gape color has been shown in several experiments to induce feeding. An experiment in manipulating brood size and immune system with barn swallow nestlings showed the vividness of the gape was positively correlated with T-cell–mediated immunocompetence, and that larger brood size and injection with an antigen led to a less vivid gape.[47] Conversely, the red gape of the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) did not induce extra feeding in host parents.[48] Some brood parasites, such as the Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (C. fugax), have colored patches on the wing that mimic the gape color of the parasitized species.[49]

When born, the chick's gape flanges are fleshy. As it grows into a fledgling, the gape flanges remain somewhat swollen and can thus be used to recognize that a particular bird is young.[50] By the time it reaches adulthood, the gape flanges will no longer be visible.

Falcons have a small tubercule within each nare.

Most species of birds have external nares (nostrils) located somewhere on their beak. The nares are two holes—circular, oval or slit-like in shape—which lead to the nasal cavities within the bird's skull, and thus to the rest of the respiratory system.[51] In most bird species, the nares are located in the basal third of the upper mandible. Kiwis are a notable exception; their nares are located at the tip of their bills.[21] A handful of species have no external nares. Cormorants and darters have primitive external nares as nestlings, but these close soon after the birds fledge; adults of these species (and gannets and boobies of all ages, which also lack external nostrils) breathe through their mouths.[11] There is typically a septum made of bone or cartilage that separates the two nares, but in some families (including gulls, cranes and New World vultures), the septum is missing.[11] While the nares are uncovered in most species, they are covered with feathers in a few groups of birds, including grouse and ptarmigans, crows, and some woodpeckers.[51] The feathers over a ptarmigan's nostrils help to warm the air it inhales,[52] while those over a woodpecker's nares help to keep wood particles from clogging its nasal passages.[53]

Species in the bird order Procellariformes have nostrils enclosed in double tubes which sit atop or along the sides of the upper mandible.[51] These species, which include the albatrosses, petrels, diving petrels, storm petrels, fulmars and shearwaters, are widely known as "tubenoses".[54] A number of species, including the falcons, have a small bony tubercule which projects from their nares. The function of this tubercule is unknown. Some scientists suggest it may act as a baffle, slowing down or diffusing airflow into the nares (and thus allowing the bird to continue breathing without damaging its respiratory system) during high-speed dives, but this theory has not been proved experimentally. Not all species that fly at high speeds have such tubercules, while some species which fly at low speeds do.[55]

The rock dove's operculum is a mass at the base of the bill.

The nares of some birds are covered by an operculum (plural opercula), a membraneous, horny or cartilaginous flap.[56][57] In diving birds, the operculum keeps water out of the nasal cavity;[56] when the birds dive, the impact force of the water closes the operculum.[58] Some species which feed on flowers have opercula to help to keep pollen from clogging their nasal passages,[56] while the opercula of the two species of Attagis seedsnipe help to keep dust out.[59] The nares of nestling tawny frogmouths are covered with large dome-shaped opercula, which help to reduce the rapid evaporation of water vapor, and may also help to increase condensation within the nostrils themselves—both critical functions, since the nestlings get fluids only from the food their parents bring them. These opercula shrink as the birds age, disappearing completely by the time they reach adulthood.[60] In pigeons, the operculum has evolved into a soft swollen mass that sits at the base of the bill, above the nares;[61] though it is sometimes referred to as the cere, this is a different structure.[62] Tapaculos are the only birds able to move their opercula.[51]

Some species, such as the puffin, have a fleshy rosette, sometimes called a "gape rosette",[63] at the corners of the beak. In the puffin, this is grown as part of its display plumage.[64]

Birds from a handful of families—including raptors, owls, skuas, parrots, turkeys and curassows—have a waxy structure called a cere (from the Latin cera, which means "wax") or ceroma[65][66] which covers the base of their bill. This structure typically contains the nares, except in the owls, where the nares are distal to the cere. Although it is sometimes feathered in parrots,[67] the cere is typically bare and often brightly colored.[21] In raptors, the cere is a sexual signal which indicates the "quality" of a bird; the orangeness of a Montague's harrier's cere, for example, correlates to its body mass and physical condition.[68] The cere color of young Eurasian scops-owls has an ultraviolet (UV) component, with a UV peak that correlates to the bird's mass. A chick with a lower body mass has a UV peak at a higher wavelength than a chick with a higher body mass does. Studies have shown that parent owls preferentially feed chicks with ceres that show higher wavelength UV peaks, that is, lighter-weight chicks.[69]

The color or appearance of the cere can be used to distinguish between males and females in some species. For example, the male great curassow has a yellow cere, which the female (and young males) lack.[70] The male budgerigar's cere is blue, while the female's is pinkish or brown.[71]

The nail is the black tip of this mute swan's beak.

All birds of the family Anatidae (ducks, geese, and swans) have a nail, a plate of hard horny tissue at the tip of the beak.[72] This shield-shaped structure, which sometimes spans the entire width of the beak, is often bent at the tip to form a hook.[73] It serves different purposes depending on the bird's primary food source. Most species use their nails to dig seeds out of mud or vegetation,[74] while diving ducks use theirs to pry molluscs from rocks.[75] There is evidence that the nail may help a bird to grasp things; species which use strong grasping motions to secure their food (such as when catching and holding onto a large squirming frog) have very wide nails.[76] Certain types of mechanoreceptors, nerve cells that are sensitive to pressure, vibration or touch, are located under the nail.[77]

The shape or color of the nail can sometimes be used to help distinguish between similar-looking species or between various ages of waterfowl. For example, the greater scaup has a wider black nail than does the very similar lesser scaup.[78] Juvenile "grey geese" have dark nails, while most adults have pale nails.[79] The nail gave the wildfowl family one of its former names: "Unguirostres" comes from the Latin ungus, meaning "nail" and rostrum, meaning "beak".[73]

Rictal bristlesEdit

Rictal bristles are stiff hair-like feathers that arise around the base of the beak.[80] They are common among insectivorous birds, but are also found in some non-insectivorous species.[81] Their function is uncertain, although several possibilities have been proposed.[80] They may function as a "net", helping in the capture of flying prey, although to date, there has been no empirical evidence to support this idea.[82] There is some experimental evidence to suggest that they may prevent particles from striking the eyes if, for example, a prey item is missed or broken apart on contact.[81] They may also help to protect the eyes from particles encountered in flight, or from casual contact from vegetation.[82] There is also evidence that the rictal bristles of some species may function tactilely, in a manner similar to that of mammalian whiskers (vibrissae). Studies have shown that Herbst corpuscles, mechanoreceptors sensitive to pressure and vibration, are found in association with rictal bristles. They may help with prey detection, with navigation in darkened nest cavities, with the gathering of information during flight or with prey handling.[82]

Egg toothEdit

This Arctic tern chick still has its egg tooth, the small white projection near the tip of its upper mandible.

Full-term chicks of most bird species have a small sharp, calcified projection on their beak, which they use to chip their way out of their egg.[83] Commonly known as an egg tooth, this white spike is generally near the tip of the upper mandible, though some species have one near the tip of their lower mandible instead, and a few species have one on each mandible.[84] Despite its name, the projection is not an actual tooth, as the similarly-named projections of some reptiles are; instead, it is part of the integumentary system, as are claws and scales.[85] The hatching chick first uses its egg tooth to break the membrane around an air chamber at the wide end of the egg. Then it pecks at the eggshell while turning slowly within the egg, eventually (over a period of hours or days) creating a series of small circular fractures in the shell.[86] Once it has breached the egg's surface, the chick continues to chip at it until it has made a large hole. The weakened egg eventually shatters under the pressure of the bird's movements.[87] The egg tooth is so critical to a successful escape from the egg that chicks of most species will perish unhatched if they fail to develop one.[84] However, there are a few species which do not have egg teeth. Megapode chicks have an egg tooth while still in the egg but lose it before hatching,[86] while kiwi chicks never develop one; chicks of both families escape their eggs by kicking their way out.[88] Most chicks lose their egg teeth within a few days of hatching,[83] though petrels keep theirs for nearly three weeks[87] and marbled murrelets have theirs for up to a month.[89] Generally, the egg tooth drops off, though in songbirds it is reabsorbed.[87]

The color of a bird's beak results from concentrations of pigments—primarily melanins and carotenoids—in the epidermal layers, including the rhamphotheca.[90] Eumelanin, which is found in the bare parts of many bird species, is responsible for all shades of gray and black; the denser the deposits of pigment found in the epidermis, the darker the resulting color. Phaeomelanin produces "earth tones" ranging from gold and rufous to various shades of brown.[91] Although it is thought to occur in combination with eumelanin in beaks which are buff, tan, or horn-colored, researchers have yet to isolate phaeomelanin from any beak structure.[92] More than a dozen types of carotenoids are responsible for the coloration of most red, orange, and yellow beaks.[93] The hue of the color is determined by the precise mix of red and yellow pigments, while the saturation is determined by the density of the deposited pigments. For example, bright red is created by dense deposits of mostly red pigments, while dull yellow is created by diffuse deposits of mostly yellow pigments. Bright orange is created by dense deposits of both red and yellow pigments, in roughly equal concentrations.[94] Beak coloration helps to make displays using those beaks more obvious.[95]

Birds are capable of seeing colors in the ultraviolet range, and some species are known to have ultraviolet peaks of reflectance (indicating the presence of ultraviolet color) on their beaks.[96] The presence and intensity of these peaks may indicate a bird's fitness,[68] sexual maturity or pair bond status.[96] King and emperor penguins, for example, show spots of ultraviolet reflectance only as adults. These spots are brighter on paired birds than on courting birds. The position of such spots on the beak may be important in allowing birds to identify conspecifics. For instance, the very similarly-plumaged king and emperor penguins have UV-reflective spots in different positions on their beaks.[96]

In general, beak color depends on a combination of the bird's hormonal state and diet. Colors are typically brightest as the breeding season approaches, and palest after breeding.[37]

The beaks of the now-extinct Huia (female upper, male lower) show marked sexual dimorphism

The size and shape of the beak can vary across species as well as between them; in some species, the size and proportions of the beak vary between males and females. This allows the sexes to utilize different ecological niches, thereby reducing intraspecific competition.[97] For example, females of nearly all shorebirds have longer bills than males of the same species,[98] and female American avocets have beaks which are slightly more upturned than those of males.[99] Males of the larger gull species have bigger, stouter beaks than those of females of the same species, and immatures can have smaller, more slender beaks than those of adults.[100] Many hornbills show sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of both beaks and casques, and the female huia's slim, decurved bill was nearly twice as long as the male's straight, thicker one.[101]

Color can also differ between sexes or ages within a species. Typically, such a color difference is due to the presence of androgens. For example, in house sparrows, melanins are produced only in the presence of testosterone; castrated male house sparrows—like female house sparrows—have brown beaks. Castration also prevents the normal seasonal color change in the beaks of male black-headed gulls and indigo buntings.[102]

Three barn owls threatening an intruder. Barn owl threat displays usually include hissing and bill-snapping, as here

Birds may bite or stab with their beaks to defend themselves.[103] Some species use their beaks in displays of various sorts. As part of his courtship, for example, the male garganey touches his beak to the blue speculum feathers on his wings in a fake preening display, and the male Mandarin duck does the same with his orange sail feathers.[104] A number of species use a gaping, open beak in their fear and/or threat displays. Some augment the display by hissing or breathing heavily, while others clap their beaks.[105]

A number of species, including storks, some owls, frogmouths and the noisy miner, use bill clapping as a form of communication.[106]

Heat exchangeEdit

Studies have shown that some birds use their beaks to rid themselves of excess heat. The toco toucan, which has the largest beak relative to the size of its body of any bird species, is capable of modifying the blood flow to its beak. This process allows the beak to work as a "transient thermal radiator", reportedly rivaling an elephant's ears in its ability to radiate body heat.[107] Measurements of the bill sizes of several species of American sparrows found in salt marshes along the North American coastlines show a strong correlation with summer temperatures recorded in the locations where the sparrows breed; latitude alone showed a much weaker correlation. By dumping excess heat through their bills, the sparrows are able to avoid the water loss which would be required by evaporative cooling—an important benefit in a windy habitat where freshwater is scarce.[108] Several ratites, including the common ostrich, the emu and the southern cassowary, use various bare parts of their bodies (including their beaks) to dissipate as much as 40% of their metabolic heat production.[109] Alternately, studies have shown that birds from colder climates (higher altitudes or latitudes and lower environmental temperatures) have smaller beaks, lessening heat loss from that structure.[110]

When billing, northern gannets raise their beaks high and clatter them against each other.

During courtship, mated pairs of many bird species touch or clasp each other's bills. Termed billing (also nebbing in British English),[111] this behavior appears to strengthen pair bonding.[112] The amount of contact involved varies among species. Some gently touch only a part of their partner's beak while others clash their beaks vigorously together.[113]

Gannets raise their bills high and repeatedly clatter them, the male puffin nibbles at the female's beak, the male waxwing puts his bill in the female's mouth and ravens hold each other's beaks in a prolonged "kiss".[114] Billing can also be used as a gesture of appeasement or subordination. Subordinate gray jay routinely bill more dominant birds, lowering their body and quivering their wings in the manner of a young bird food begging as they do so.[115] A number of parasites, including rhinonyssids and Trichomonas gallinae are known to be transferred between birds during episodes of billing.[116][117]

Usage of the term has spread beyond avian behavior; "billing and cooing" in reference to human courtship (particularly kissing) has been in use since Shakespeare's time,[118] and derives from the courtship of doves.[119]

Beak trimmingEdit

Because the beak is a sensitive organ with many sensory receptors, beak trimming (sometimes referred to as 'debeaking') is "acutely painful"[120] to the birds it is performed on. It is nonetheless routinely done to intensively farmed poultry flocks, particularly laying and broiler breeder flocks, because it helps reduce the damage the flocks inflict on themselves due to a number of stress-induced behaviors, including cannibalism, vent pecking and feather pecking. A cauterizing blade or infrared beam is used to cut off about half of the upper beak and about a third of the lower beak. Pain and sensitivity can persist for weeks or months after the procedure, and neuromas can form along the cut edges. Food intake typically decreases for some period after the beak is trimmed. However, studies show that trimmed poultry's adrenal glands weigh less, and their plasma corticosterone levels are lower than those found in untrimmed poultry, indicating that they are less stressed overall.[120]

A similar but separate practice, usually performed by an avian veterinarian or an experienced birdkeeper, involves clipping, filing or sanding the beaks of captive birds for health purposes – in order to correct or temporarily alleviate overgrowths or deformities and better allow the bird to go about its normal feeding and preening activities.[121] Amongst raptor keepers, this practice is commonly known as "coping".[122]

Bill tip organEdit

The bill tip organ is a region found near the tip of the bill in several types of birds that forage particularly by probing. The region has a high density of nerve endings known as the corpuscles of Herbst. This consists of pits in the bill surface which in the living bird is occupied by cells that sense pressure changes. The assumption is that this allows the bird to perform 'remote touch', which means that it can detect movements of animals which the bird does not directly touch. Bird species known to have a 'bill-tip organ' includes members of ibisis, shorebirds of the family Scolopacidae, and kiwis.[123]

There is a suggestion that across these species, the bill tip organ is more well developed among species foraging in wet habitats (water column or soft mud) than in species using a more terrestrial foraging. However, it has been described in terrestrial birds too, including parrots, who are known for their dextrous extractive foraging techniques. Unlike probing foragers, the tactile pits in parrots are embedded in the hard keratin (or rhamphotheca) of the bill, rather than the bone, and along the inner edges of the curved bill, rather than being on the outside of the bill.[124]

See alsoEdit

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  • Samour, Jaime, ed. (2000). Avian Medicine. London, UK: Mosby. ISBN 0-7234-2960-X.


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Barbell strategy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

In finance, a Barbell strategy is formed when a Trader invests in Long and Short duration bonds, but does not invest in the intermediate duration bonds. This strategy is useful when interest rates are rising; as the short term maturities are rolled over they receive a higher interest rate, raising the value.[1] The opposite strategy is referred to as the Bullet strategy.

A barbell strategy is one of several different types of portfolio strategies that is designed to create a reasonable return on the investments that are part of the asset portfolio. Essentially, the barbell strategy is built around the concept of focusing on the maturities of the securities in the portfolio by making sure the maturity dates are either very close or at a distant date. It is similar to the laddered approach.[2]

The key to employing a barbell strategy is seeking to include bonds and other securities set to mature either in the short term or the long term. While it is always a good idea to include a mix of investments with a variety of maturation dates, this approach concentrates those dates at opposite ends of the spectrum. This means that two blocks or groups are created within the portfolio, rather than having securities that mature consistently from one period to the next.[3]

The barbell strategy allows for a quick turnover of a significant amount of the assets in the portfolio at one time. For example, attention should be paid to the block of short-term investments, so they can all be rolled over into new short-term investments as they reach maturity. Typically, this leads to an increase in the value of the investments that are turned over, thus increasing the overall value of the investment portfolio.[4]

Theoretical Results[edit]

Under simplistic assumptions about forward rates, a bar-bell portfolio comprising only the shortest dated bond and the longest on offer has been shown to maximize modified excess return.[5]

Other Types of Barbell Strategies[edit]

One variation of the barbell strategy involves investing 90% of one's assets in extremely safe instruments, such as treasury bills, with the remaining 10% being used to make diversified, speculative bets that have massive payoff potential. In other words, the strategy caps the maximum loss at 10%, while still providing exposure to huge upside.[6] This strategy works best during periods of high inflation for three reasons: High interest rates makes put options cheaper in accordance to the Black Scholes option pricing formula, stocks crashes have historically occurred during periods of high interest rates (2000, 1987, 1998, 2007, etc.), and a high interest rate helps finance the trader's bankroll for when the market doesn't crash, which is most of the time. With interest rates still at zero, this strategy is much less effective. 30-year bonds pay more, but are very volatile. Foreign and corporate bonds are also quite volatile and far from risk free.[6]

External links[edit]

  1. ^ Cohen, Marilyn. "The Barbell Strategy". Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  2. ^ Adams, Katie. "How do I use a barbell strategy?". Investopedia. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  3. ^ Smith, Jim. "The Barbell Investment Strategy". The College Investor. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  4. ^ Cohen, Marilyn. "The Barbell Strategy". Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  5. ^ Cotton, Peter. "When A Bar-Bell Bond Portfolio Optimizes Modified Excess Return". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  6. ^ a b Marjanovic, Boris. "Profiting From Market Randomness". Seeking Alpha.

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Clowes Memorial Hall

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University
Clowes Memorial South Side
Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University is located in Indiana
Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University
Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University
Location of Clowes Memorial Hall in Indiana
Address 4602 Sunset Avenue
United States
Coordinates 39°50′25″N 86°10′11″W / 39.840278°N 86.169722°W / 39.840278; -86.169722
Owner Butler University
Operator Butler University
Capacity 2,096
2,172 possible
Opened October 18, 1963
Years active 1963–present

Clowes Memorial Hall officially known as "Clowes Memorial Hall of Butler University" is a theatre located on the campus of Butler University, in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. Opened October 18, 1963, it hosts numerous significant concerts, orchestras, musicals, plays, and guest speakers.

Clowes Hall was dedicated to the memory of Dr. George Henry Alexander Clowes. Clowes was the former director of biochemical research for Eli Lilly and Company. He maintained a lifetime love of the arts. With the help of his wife and Butler University, the Clowes Fund was created to help build what is now Clowes Memorial Hall. The building was designed by architects Evans Woollen III of Woollen, Molzan and Partners and John Johansen.

The building was originally intended to be used by both Butler University and the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. This joint venture continued until 1984 when the orchestra purchased, renovated, and moved to the historic Hilbert Circle Theatre on Monument Circle in Downtown Indianapolis.

Notable performances[edit]

In addition to being the former home of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra, Clowes Memorial Hall has been home to a number of significant music performances and productions. In 2011, Adam Lambert recorded his Glam Nation Tour at the venue for the Glam Nation Live CD/DVD set.

Tours of Clowes Hall are available on weekdays, at no charge, from 8:30 AM to 4:00 PM. Tourists are given a brief history as well as a behind-the-scenes tour of the building.

Seating capacity[edit]

Seating area Capacity
Main Floor 1,218
First Terrace and Boxes 307
Second Terrace and Boxes 289
Third Terrace and Boxes 282
Pit Seating
(limited viewing seats)
Total capacity 2,172

External links[edit]


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Höxter an der Weser)
Jump to: navigation, search
Town hall
Town hall
Coat of arms of Höxter
Coat of arms
Höxter   is located in Germany
Coordinates: 51°46′N 9°22′E / 51.767°N 9.367°E / 51.767; 9.367Coordinates: 51°46′N 9°22′E / 51.767°N 9.367°E / 51.767; 9.367
Country Germany
State North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region Detmold
District Höxter
 • Mayor Alexander Fischer (SPD)
 • Total 157.89 km2 (60.96 sq mi)
Elevation 96 m (315 ft)
Population (2015-12-31)[1]
 • Total 29,589
 • Density 190/km2 (490/sq mi)
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Postal codes 37651–37671
Dialling codes 05271, 05531, 05275, 05277, 05278
Vehicle registration HX
Website www.hoexter.de

Höxter (German pronunciation: [ˈhœkstɐ]) is a town in eastern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the left bank of the river Weser, 52 km north of Kassel in the centre of the Weser Uplands. The main town's population is around 15,000, and with outlying centres, about 30,000. It is the seat of the Höxter district.

As part of North Rhine-Westphalia's municipal reforms, the collective municipality of Höxter came into being on 1 January 1970, formed out of the eleven communities of the former Amt of Höxter-Land, the main town, and the community of Bruchhausen from the former Amt of Beverungen. The communities in question voluntarily merged to pool their resources and bring about a unified administration. These constituent communities are:

  • Albaxen
  • Bosseborn
  • Bödexen
  • Brenkhausen
  • Bruchhausen
  • Fürstenau
  • Godelheim
  • Lüchtringen
  • Lütmarsen
  • Ottbergen
  • Ovenhausen
  • Stahle

Höxter (Latin Huxaria) in the time of Charlemagne was a villa regia, and was the scene of a battle between his forces and the Saxons. Under the protection of the Abbey of Corvey it gradually increased in prosperity, and became the chief town of the principality of Corvey. Later it asserted its independence and joined the Hanseatic League.[2]

Höxter was located on the important long distance trade-route known as Hellweg. Rivalry with Corvey Abbey and the nearby town known as Corvey increased and in 1265, the burghers of Höxter allied themselves with the Bishop of Paderborn. Their troops destroyed the town of Corvey and damaged the abbey. The town never recovered and over the following decades reverted to a small village. This event also marked the beginning of the long period of decline of the abbey.[3]:8

Höxter suffered severely during the Thirty Years' War. In 1634, Imperial troops laid siege to the town in what became known as the Blutbad von Höxter (massacre of Höxter).[3]:8

After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 it was united with Brunswick; in 1802 it passed to Nassau and in 1807 to the Kingdom of Westphalia, after the dismemberment of which, in 1814, it came into the possession of Prussia.[4]

In 2005, an explosion within a house in the historic town centre damaged the town hall and many other significant buildings and resulted in three deaths. Work has started on the rebuilding of the damaged area but is expected to continue for many years.

Albaxen had its first documentary mention, under the name Albachtessen, on the occasion of the neighbouring Corvey Abbey's founding in 822, and by 900 it was already known by its current name. The Albaxen parish church was likewise first mentioned in the 9th century. The Tonenburg, a mediaeval building complex near Albaxen – not truly a castle as the name suggests – was built in 1350 by Corvey Abbey.

In 854, Lüchtringen was first mentioned under the name Lutringi (12 different spellings, including Luhtringi and Luchtringi) in Corvey Abbey's annals and beginning in 1230 it belonged to the fourth archdeaconate of Höxter-Corvey of the Bishopric of Paderborn. Before it became Prussian in 1813, Lüchtringen belonged to the Principality of Orange-Nassau in Fulda from 1803. In 1970, Lüchtringen lost its independence and became a constituent community of Höxter.[5]

Lüchtringen is North Rhine-Westphalia's easternmost community.

The town's main manufactured products are linen, cotton, cement and gutta-percha latex, and there is also a considerable shipping trade.

Höxter also has long been an important garrison town and the presence of the military continues to play a large role in the local economy.[6]

Arts and culture[edit]

Regular culinary events in Höxter are "Höxter Kulinarisch" and the "Fischer- und Flößertage" ("Fishermen's and Raftsmen's Days"). At these events, gastronomy and the advertising community get together and present culinary delights.

Half-timbering at the Haus Litto, Marktstraße 13

Höxter has a medieval town hall and historic houses with high gables and carved façades from the 15th and 16th centuries. Many of the buildings in this area were damaged or destroyed by the great explosion in 2005. The most notable of the churches is the Protestant church of Saint Kilian, with a pulpit dating from 1595 and a font dating from 1631. The Weser is crossed here by a stone bridge about 150 m in length, erected in 1833.

On the Brunsberg abutting the town is an old watchtower, said to be the remains of a fortress built by Widukind's brother Bruno.

Attractions in Höxter include:

  • The extensively preserved mediaeval town structure is made up of half-timbered buildings, among which are found a few examples of the Weser Renaissance style. Notable among these are the Adam-und-Eva-Haus on Stummrige Straße and the old Dechanei (Deacon's House) on the marketplace, featuring over 60 carved rosettes, none of them identical.
  • On Höxter's outskirts lies Schloss Corvey, formerly Corvey Abbey, on the bank of the Weser. The abbey church has a Carolingian crypt as well as an imposing westwork. Furthermore, the poet Hoffmann von Fallersleben, who wrote Das Lied der Deutschen, worked here as a librarian and is buried next to the church.
  • As part of the Erlebniswelt Renaissance ("Renaissance Adventure World"), there is a town walk with the theme "market", on which visitors may solve a murder case from 1617.
  • The Obermühle Höxter ("Höxter Upper Mill") is a former watermill that once belonged to Corvey Abbey. Today it houses the Mühlencafé.
  • The Tonenburg (see History above)

There are many sport clubs in Höxter. The biggest club is the Höxter Handball and Athletics Club (HLC Höxter), which furthermore offers fitness courses, swimming, aquajogging, back gymnastics, badminton and judo. There is also the Höxter-Weserbergland Football Arena. There, on two indoor courts on artificial turf, the year round, the newest generation of football can be played.

Town council[edit]

The town council's 44 seats are apportioned as follows, in accordance with municipal elections held on 30 August 2009:[7]

Note: UWG is a citizens' coalition.

The mayor is Alexander Fischer, SPD (since 2009).

Coat of arms[edit]

Höxter's oldest known seals date from the 13th century, the same century during which the town was granted town rights. The current arms, showing an ecclesiastical structure, have been used since the 19th century, and are modelled after the second seal, known from 1285. The arms were granted once again in 1970.[1]

Town twinning[edit]

Höxter maintains partnership links with the following places:

Höxter is served by five railway stations: Höxter Rathaus, Ottbergen, Brakel (Höxter), Lüchtringen and Godelheim, all on the Altenbeken–Kreiensen line. The line is run by NordWestBahn who run the Egge-Bahn towards Paderborn and Holzminden. The Sollingbahn also terminates at Ottbergen, and links to Northeim in Lower Saxony.

All public transport in Höxter can be used on the integrated fare system within the Paderborn-Höxter Local Transport Association (Nahverkehrsverbund Paderborn-Höxter).

Notable people[edit]

Much of this article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.

  1. ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen". Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW (in German). 18 July 2016.
  2. ^ Kampschulte, Chronik der Stadt Höxter (Höxter, 1872)
  3. ^ a b Arnhold, Elmar (2015). Architekturführer Corvey (German). Kotyrba Verlag, Braunschweig. ISBN 978-3-942712-18-7.
  4. ^ Kampschulte, Chronik der Stadt Höxter (Höxter, 1872)
  5. ^ Lüchtringen – Geschichte einer Ortschaft, published by Heimat- und Verkehrsverein e. V. Lüchtringen, first edition, 1998
  6. ^ "Bundeswehrstandort Höxter (German)". Broschure.de. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  7. ^ http://alt.wahlergebnisse.nrw.de/kommunalwahlen/2009/Gem_raete/c762020kw0900.html

External links[edit]


text:
Peter J. Katzenstein

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Peter J. Katzenstein
Born Peter Joachim Katzenstein
(1945-02-17) February 17, 1945 (age 72)
Hamburg, Germany
Alma mater Harvard University
London School of Economics
Swarthmore College
School Constructivism
Institutions Cornell University
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Harvard University
Main interests
International relations

Peter Joachim Katzenstein (born February 17, 1945) is the Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University. Recognized by the journal Foreign Affairs as a "renowned scholar of international relations" in 2013,[1] Katzenstein specializes in Asian (particularly Japanese) as well as European (particularly German) roles and norms in international relations. His main concentration lies in the study of culture, religion, identity, and regionalism in the interstate system, for which he is known as a proponent of constructivist thinking. He is often associated with the school of neoliberal institutionalism through his joint projects with Robert Keohane. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Personal life[edit]

Peter Katzenstein was born on February 17, 1945 in Hamburg, Germany. He is currently married with two children, and resides in Ithaca, New York.

Katzenstein was educated in Germany in Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before moving to the United States, where he ended up receiving a B.A. from Swarthmore College in 1967, majoring in Political Science, Economics, and Literature. The next year he earned an M.Sc. from the London School of Economics, and six years later he received his Ph.D. from Harvard University with thesis titled Disjoined Partners: Austria and Germany since 1815. His first stint as teacher came in 1971 when he served as a teaching fellow in the Government Department at Harvard. The following year he became a part-time instructor in Comparative Politics of Western Europe at the University of Massachusetts. From 1973 to 1977 he served as an Assistant Professor of Government at Cornell, before becoming an Associate Professor for three years until 1980. From 1980 to 1987 he was a Professor of Government, before finally accepting the position he holds to this day as the Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies at Cornell University. Katzenstein speaks German and English.

Katzenstein served as President of the American Political Science Association (2008–09). He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987 and the American Philosophical Society in 2009. He was the recipient of the 1974 Helen Dwight Reid Award of the American Political Science Association for the best dissertation in international relations; of the American Political Science Association's 1986 Woodrow Wilson prize for the best book published in the United States on international affairs; and, together with Nobuo Okawara, of the 1993 Masayoshi Ohira Memorial Prize. One of his edited volumes, The Culture of National Security, was selected by Choice magazine as one of the top ten books in international relations in 1997. Katzenstein has been a Fellow at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study, the Stanford Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Woodrow Wilson Center and the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. In addition he has held numerous fellowships, and he continues to serve on the editorial boards and academic advisory committees of various journals and organizations, both in the United States and abroad.

Since 1982 Katzenstein has served as the editor of over 100 books that Cornell University Press has published under the imprint of the Cornell Studies in Political Economy.

Since joining the Cornell Government Department in 1973 Katzenstein has chaired or been a member of more than one hundred dissertation committees. He received Stephen and Margery Russell Distinguished Teaching Award from Cornell University College of Arts and Sciences in 1993, and, in recognition of sustained and distinguished undergraduate teaching, was made one of Cornell University's Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Fellows in 2004.

Katzenstein has written or served as a primary editor of nearly 40 books. His Anti-Americanism in World Politics (Cornell University Press, 2007) was co-authored with Robert Keohane; his best-known work, A World of Regions: Asia and Europe in the American Imperium, was published in 2005. His Comparing Policy Network: Labor politics in the U.S., Germany and Japan (Cambridge University Press, 1995) was co-authored with Yutaka Tsujinaka.

External links[edit]


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Talk:"Hello, World!" program

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Picture is not representative[edit]

A GUI "Hello World" program, written in Perl

Hello world is essentially supposed to be the simplest program in a given language. The one in the picture goes beyond its remit and is not representative. I'll be back with a counterproposal if no objections. (talk) 03:16, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

Hi. I agree. It needs cropping. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 12:11, 14 July 2014 (UTC)
Done, thanks. (talk) 11:20, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

I've replaced it with File:TI_BASIC_HELLO_WORLD.png, which is the simplest, clearest example I could find on Commons. --McGeddon (talk) 14:16, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

@McGeddon: hi. You know, I find it extremely strange that an article chokeful of source code samples must also show an image that has a source code in it.
Best regards,
Codename Lisa (talk) 01:33, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
It is a bit strange, but there should probably be a code example in the lead somewhere to convey just how simple "one of the simplest programs possible" is in practice, so that the lead can stand alone. A code example in text and a less oblique output photo would also work. --McGeddon (talk) 07:50, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
No, it is totally strange. Lead section is supposed to be a simplified summary of the entire article and since source codes are gobbledegook to most people, they mustn't be in the lead, image or not.
Best regards,
Codename Lisa (talk) 08:39, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
Good point. But in the absence of any simple, clear, thumbnail-legible screenshots of a hello-world program's output on Commons, I think this may be our best illustration of what a hello world program looks like on a screen, for now. (The PSP image further down is non-standard and cluttered, and the machine-tool photo too oblique.) I'll see if I can find anything better out there. --McGeddon (talk) 09:02, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
Oh, don't you worry about that. I can create one easily enough. I have JavaScript example ready. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 10:20, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
P.S. There is also File:Msgbox.png. Codename Lisa (talk) 11:19, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
The caption ('A "Hello World" program...') is not correct because the image shows the output from a program. I'm afraid I don't have a suggestion about fixing the caption as I'm not convinced that showing "Hello World" is very useful. Johnuniq (talk) 10:43, 25 July 2014 (UTC)
I choose that caption because it matches the article's lead. The lead defines such a thing as 'a "Hello world" program'. Program itself is an abstract concept; only its output or source code can be captured. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 11:19, 25 July 2014 (UTC)

FWIW, I disagree that the pic in the lead shouldn't show any code. The article is about a program, not an application. Showing window with a string and an OK button is meaningless and not representative of most hello world programs, which would have a command-line interface. Lastly, I object to the claim that a code example is gobbledegook in this context. This is an article about programming, not about end-user applications. So I'd rather have File:TI_BASIC_HELLO_WORLD.png. (talk) 09:22, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

A program is an application by definition. It doesn't matter how simplistic or how extensive the coding is, it's still an application. And I agree with not having a picture of an example "Hello World" program being shown. Showing the code for the benefit of the non-programmer who reads the entry won't make them understand the point of the Hello World program any better. And for those of us who have written the program in a class, it wouldn't have any further benefit.

--RayGhost-Use way as no way; Use limitation as no limitation 19:06, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

If one looks at the history of this article, one sees that it was at one point an utterly unnavigable mess of mostly non-working pieces of example code. The existance of one example in a particular language quickly resulted in fans of other languages wanting their own represented, and the entire thing spiralled utterly out of control. It was repeatedly culled, and each time someone came back and reinserted "just one example" or "just a few". But it never would stay "just a few".

The result was a broadbased consensus at that time to move the entirely too huge list of hello world examples to wikibooks, and keep only two examples: the original (in B) and the first widely known (in C). In order to keep well-intentioned editors from putting back in their pet languages, an explicit hidden comment was inserted into the text.

Now, it appears that in the years since (it really has been that long) someone moved the Wikibooks content to a WP article, List of Hello world program examples, and some of those examples were placed here. And the list became long, and it was again culled. And then it became long again, and I have just removed it again.

User:Andy Dingley did not exactly revert my removal: instead he came back and replaced "some" examples, producing an even longer section than the one I removed. I think this is not appropriate, given in particular the list of hello world programs article, which any user wanting specific examples can obviously peruse.

The other general concern I have is about code in Wiki articles. In my opinion, the wiki is not a good place for code snippets, because they invariably end up being "corrected" or "refactored" by persons who are not necessarily terribly competent when it comes to programming. The result is that after some time has passed, many of the examples in fact end up not working properly.

There are numerous sites and resources on the internet with huge lists of hello world programs and I see no reason why we should not link them here. But putting them on WP is wrongheaded. Consensus for many years was that we have no examples on this page other than the original two. Has consensus changed? Eniagrom (talk) 11:18, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

I would agree that "a mess of examples" is not a good thing. If you read the history and the talk: archives here, you might also note that I'm one of the editors who has been most active in removing such.
"a broadbased consensus" [to only] "B & C". Where? There has been no such consensus.
This article does not need a list of "my favourite language", but at the same time it does need true examples. Not as language samples, but as examples of what a Hello World program looks like, for the benefit of the general principle. Readers of this article need to see what such a program looks like, and (most importantly) why one would bother. Hello World in JavaScript is trivial - why would any programmer even care to write it? It makes much more sense for more difficult languages like assembler.
My edit was to re-add examples for JavaScript, Java and Assembler. I have no particular attachment to these languages but JavaScript is contemporary and as simple as it gets, Java is contemporary and demonstrates how a modern language might still need to be more verbose. Assembler is obscure these days, but it highlights just how much work can still be needed to get Hello World up and running. I believe these three limited examples convey something of value at the level of a general article on Hello World and thus belong here.
You also removed the note on the Arduino and the use of non-text output devices in the Hello World context. Why?
Finally, I'd point out that it's not Bold - Revert - Edit war again because I KNOW I'M RIGHT. Andy Dingley (talk) 11:33, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
I don't actually agree that examples add anything whatsoever to the article, but for the purposes of discussion, let's assume that I did. We are then in a position where we pick a few languages, a few examples, as representative. How do you decide which languages to choose? Maybe you WP:DGAF and just choose a few arbitrarily, trying to get good coverage of programming lengths or styles or what have you. Good on you! But then someone who is less DGAFy than you comes along and wonders, why is Java here, but not C#? Why is C here, but not C++? Or D?
The thing about the previous consensus -- and it was a consensus, as evidenced by the block comment that has been in the article text ever since we all made the decision years ago, and which has been mostly the status quo for this article since that time -- is that it was a hard and fast rule that was perhaps too limiting, but it was fair. The two examples had *objective* justification. When someone asked why C and not C++ -- as they did, you can see it in talk page archive -- there was an actual response to be had. C was the first widely published example that launched the general trend. Similarly so for B: it was not widely published but it is the first extant example. No one could accuse the editors of playing language favoritism. We weren't choosing Java over C# for political reasons -- and among programmers, language choice is nearly always political -- and so there was never any need to justify that decision.
Because there is no objective reason to prefer Java over C#, there is no objective reason to complain when someone adds a C# example. The list of examples has just increased by one. Since you DGAF, maybe you remove the Java example, but then a Java affecionado will ask the same question in the opposite direction. This is not idle supposition on my part: the current content of the list of hello world program examples is a derivative of what this page used to look like. It had several versions of Hello World in x86 assembler, because why should MASM syntax be better than TASM, or NASM, or GAS? It gets out of hand. It did not come under control until we decided to be serious about not letting anyone put their pet language in.
This is why, even if I agreed that a few choice examples improve the article, I would be forced to say no to adding them. But I don't actually think they add anything. I would not hold this opinion if repositories of hello world examples were difficult to find on-line. But they aren't. Much to my own chagrin, WP currently has a huge list of them at another article. And even if it didn't, there are many, many, many sites with lists of code in every single language under the sun already out there. And better maintained and spam-free repositories of such programs can even be linked here, at no cost to us.Eniagrom (talk) 12:41, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
I have no objection, other than a weak one to pointless churn, if someone replaces a comparable Java example with a C## one. Adding another example though would be a problem as it would fail to add any value from the standpoint of this article (Java practice is largely comparable to C##). You seem to have little faith in WP's ability to maintain an article. You claim that code can't be kept valid, you claim that having one example leads to a plethora. What evidence do you have for this, or that they can't be pruned? Andy Dingley (talk) 13:33, 1 October 2014 (UTC)
I think I covered all of this in my previous comment quite adequately. You may not care which, but many programmers definitely do. They will object to one over the other, and growth or churn will be the only ways to prevent warring over what is included and what isn't. As for evidence, as I believe I stated, I have this article's entire history. Do you want diffs?Eniagrom (talk) 13:59, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

Purpose section should have major modification[edit]

The first paragraph is decent enough. But the rest of the paragraphs.. they don't make much sense to me. In the programming and computer systems courses I've had, I've never heard the Hello World program used as a "sanity test" for the compiler and system. Yes..the section needs a major modification in not just accurate sourcing and just how the section is worded.

--RayGhost-Use way as no way; Use limitation as no limitation 19:06, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

possible source of "hello, world" quote[edit]

Hi, maybe a possible source for the "hello, world" wording could be added?[1] --Kjoonlee 18:48, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

Memory is dim now. What I do remember is that I had seen a cartoon that showed an egg and a chick and the chick was saying, “Hello, world”.

Few criticism has been done to this example, but Mark Guzdial, Elliot Soloway said in Teaching the Nintendo Generation to Program that the example is not engaging enough and that while apt for a time of mainly text as main media, is not suited for more current times:

We have used “Hello, World!” for the past 25 years because text was the medium that was easiest to manipulate with the given technology. Today’s technology can manipulate sound, graphics, and video with the same responsiveness and ease. Today’s technology produces the media that “kids these days” are consuming. These same kids can produce their kind of media using today’s technology. In fact, they want to. And they’ll learn programming to do it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by (talk) 14:09, 27 December 2015 (UTC)

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The New York Times/Robert Goddard

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A Severe Strain on Credulity[edit]

As a method of sending a missile to the higher, and even highest, part of the earth's atmospheric envelope, Professor Goddard's multiple-charge rocket is a practicable, and therefore promising device. Such a rocket, too, might carry self-recording instruments, to be released at the limit of its flight, and conceivable parachutes would bring them safely to the ground. It is not obvious, however, that the instruments would return to the point of departure; indeed, it is obvious that they would not, for parachutes drift exactly as balloons do. And the rocket, or what was left of it after the last explosion, would have to be aimed with amazing skill, and in dead calm, to fall on the spot where it started.

But that is a slight inconvenience, at least from the scientific standpoint, though it might be serious enough from that of the always innocent bystander a few hundred or thousand yards away from the firing line. It is when one considers the multiple-charge rocket as a traveler to the moon that one begins to doubt and looks again, to see if the dispatch announcing the professor's purposes and hopes says that he is working under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution. It does say so, and therefore the impulse to do more than doubt the practicability of such a device for such a purpose must be -- well, controlled. Still, to be filled with uneasy wonder and express it will be safe enough, for after the rocket quits our air and and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left. To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few and fit, are licensed to do that.

His Plan Is Not Original[edit]

That Professor Goddard, with his "chair" in Clark College and the countenancing of the Smithsonian Institution, does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react -- to say that would be absurd. Of course he only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.

But there are such things as intentional mistakes or oversights, and, as it happens, Jules Verne, who also knew a thing or two in assorted sciences -- and had, besides, a surprising amount of prophetic power -- deliberately seems to make the same mistake that Professor Goddard seems to make. For the Frenchman, having got his travelers to or toward the moon into the desperate fix riding a tiny satellite of the satellite, saved them from circling it forever by means of an explosion, rocket fashion, where an explosion would not have had in the slightest degree the effect of releasing them from their dreadful slavery. That was one of Verne's few scientific slips, or else it was a deliberate step aside from scientific accuracy, pardonable enough of him in a romancer, but its like is not so easily explained when made by a savant who isn't writing a novel of adventure.

All the same, if Professor Goddard's rocket attains a sufficient speed before it passes out of our atmosphere--which is a thinkable possibility -- and if its aiming takes into account all of the many deflective forces that will affect its flight, it may reach the moon. That the rocket could carry enough explosive to make on impact a flash large and bright enough to be seen from earth by the biggest of our telescope -- that will be believed when it is done.

This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1923. It may be copyrighted outside the U.S. (see Help:Public domain).


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Cohen's name is well-known in the billionaire slash trader circles, and his once-mighty SAC Capital, the "indestructible" hedge fund, used to be huge back in the day. But it came crashing down later, and Black Edge follows the biggest insider trading investigation ever. If you love best-sellers like The Big Short and such, then you'll definitely appreciate Sheelah Kolhatkar's wit, smarts and amazing journalistic grip.

The previous 2 decades marked a huge shift on the political/economic landscape of the United States and the rest of the world. The birth of a group of ridiculously-rich financiers had a great impact on the planet's future. These enormous resources allowed a tiny bunch of folks to write new rules that suit them best and to exploit 'em to the fullest.

So, how did it come to this? Why couldn't we predict and/or prevent this? Read Black Edge and you'll find out! Kolhatkar's meticulous research shows exactly how Mr. Cohen turned into one of the wealthiest and dirtiest men in modern-day finance. However, when the JD (Justice Department) finally caught up to him, there was not much he or anybody else could do. This fella and his "buddies" never built anything in their lives or invented new tech.

No, they made their fortune on speculation and insane bets that made them rich. Yes, they could just as easily fail, but they were lucky, in a way. And now they're not only stupid rich, but also have a huge influence over society. Today, hedge funds are operating with +/- 3 trillion (!) in assets, and the rush for money makes the traders do unthinkable things just to get to the top of their game. Black Edge is a gold-mine for all those folks that want to learn how Wall Street works and who the key players are.

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Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications

Lithium-Batteries-Advanced-Technologies-and-ApplicationsFirst developed in the late 1980s, lithium-ion batteries now power everything from tablet computers to power tools to electric cars. Despite tremendous progress in the last two decades in the engineering and manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries, they are currently unable to meet the energy and power demands of many new and emerging devices. This book sets the stage for the development of a new generation of higher-energy density, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries by advancing battery chemistry and identifying new electrode and electrolyte materials.

The first chapter of Lithium Batteries sets the foundation for the rest of the book with a brief account of the history of lithium-ion battery development. Next, the book covers such topics as:

  • Advanced organic and ionic liquid electrolytes for battery applications
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Each of the sixteen chapters has been contributed by one or more leading experts in electrochemistry and lithium battery technology. Their contributions are based on the latest published findings as well as their own firsthand laboratory experience. Figures throughout the book help readers understand the concepts underlying the latest efforts to advance the science of batteries and develop new materials. Readers will also find a bibliography at the end of each chapter to facilitate further research into individual topics.

Lithium Batteries provides electrochemistry students and researchers with a snapshot of current efforts to improve battery performance as well as the tools needed to advance their own research efforts.

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Equiteq Deal Insight: U.S. Healthcare Consulting

Private equity appetite for North American healthcare-focused advanced analytics capabilities remains hot as EQT announces its acquisition of Press Ganey for ~$2.35bn

Healthcare Consulting

Quote - US Healthcare Consulting Blog
In our last quarterly M&A update, we highlighted NTT’s landmark acquisition of Perot Systems as one of the major IT services transactions that would complete this summer. Perot Systems is strong in the U.S. healthcare segment and received bids from a number of prolific strategic technology buyers across the globe. The strong interest in the transaction reflected continued deal activity in the broader U.S. healthcare services sector, a segment which is benefiting from the reforms created by the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010. In addition to the provision of traditional consulting and outsourcing services, analytics models and tools are important for healthcare providers to consider the necessary organizational changes required as part of the ACA reforms. The growth opportunities for consulting companies with advanced analytics capabilities has resulted in a number of recent landmark acquisitions in this space, many notably involving the private equity buyer community.

Healthcare Consulting Table
Last week, Press Ganey, a leader in the provision of patient experience measurement, agreed to be acquired by Swedish investment firm EQT for an Enterprise Value of approximately $2.35 billion. Press Ganey monitors patient satisfaction for healthcare providers in the U.S. by offering surveys, advanced analytics and strategic consulting services. It was acquired by private-equity firm Vestar Capital Partners from American Securities in 2008 for around $673 million according to Bloomberg. The business was listed on the NYSE in May 2015 and Vestar remained invested as Press Ganey then made a number of bolt-on acquisitions including a patient-survey firm called Avatar from the Riverside Company.  Overall returns from the IPO in a little more than one year were approximately 62% according to the Press Ganey investor press release.

Press Ganey marks the first time EQT has invested in North America and forms part of a number of recent material acquisitions in U.S. healthcare-focused advanced analytics consulting businesses. In February, Veritas Capital sold Truven Health Analytics to IBM for $2.6 billion and in April the investment firm agreed to acquire Verisk Analytics’ healthcare services business for $820 million. In June, MedAssets-Precyse acquired Equation, a financial and clinical healthcare analytics and consulting business. MedAssets-Precyse was formed following Pamplona Capital Management’s acquisition of MedAssets, a healthcare performance improvement business, for approximately $2.7 billion at the end of last year. Pamplona merged MedAssets with its existing portfolio business, Precyse, a health information management company, which it acquired in June of 2015.

We are in regular dialogue with both the strategic and financial buyers that are active in the market for healthcare-focused consulting businesses and are unsurprised to see the high levels of private equity appetite for advanced analytics capabilities in this space. As discussed in our recent blog covering private equity buyers, this buyer group typically looks for investments in hot sectors, where the service offering is enhanced by a proprietary expertise. Along with private equity, a broad range of strategic acquirers in the consulting sector are telling us that healthcare remains an industry of strategic importance for them. Furthermore, we continue to receive strong interest across large strategic buyers for opportunities that have unique analytics capabilities, which can be scaled across their organizations and provide synergies through enhancing the buyer’s existing service offerings.

*Financial and operational data, including rumoured Enterprise Value, utilize various third party sources including recent Press Ganey investor data. **Data sourced from Bloomberg.

If you’re considering the question “Who will buy my firm?” and would like to get our insights on your market position, valuation potential and exit options in an online call or meeting tailored to you then please contact strategyreview@equiteq.com

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5 Tips for Achieving a Dewy & Natural Face

Creating your ideal dewy and natural face is a lot like discovering the perfect LBD. This is a classic look that’s easy to build upon for a night out, or dress down on the regular. Once fool-proofed, this routine usually becomes a staple in anyone’s collection of go-to’s. Keep these tips in mind when forging your own perfect formula:

1. Moisturize, Moisturize, Moisturize

No matter what makeup style you’re aiming for, moisturizing should be an essential step in everyone’s beauty routine. It’s especially important when you’re trying to create a healthy and radiant glow, so be generous with this step.

Try: Clinique Dramatically Different Moisturizing Lotion+™ ($14.50-$27)
Nature’s Way® Extra Virgin Coconut Oil ($14.57)

2. Let Your Skin Breathe

For a more natural feel, opt for a tinted moisturizer instead of your favorite full-coverage foundation. Tinted moisturizers tend to let the skin breathe a little more — giving your face an organic and luminous cover. Depending on the brand, tinted moisturizers usually build up to a medium coverage — perfect for this style!

Try: Laura Mercier® Tinted Moisturizer ($44)
NARS® Pure Radiant Tinted Moisturizer ($45)

3. Invest in a Great Sponge

Beauty products are only as good as the tools used to apply them, so make sure to invest in a great sponge. Using a damp sponge works wonders for creating a dewy face — it helps products blend naturally onto your skin, leaving your face looking clear and lively.

Try: BeautyBlender® Original ($20)
Real Techniques® Miracle Complexion Sponge ($6)

4. Highlighting is Key

Nothing says glowy and bright quite like a hint of highlighter! Dab a little onto your cheek bones, the bridge of your nose and right under the arch of your brows to freshen up your look. This step really seals the deal for a dewy face. However, please note that a little goes a long way with this stuff.

Try: NARS® Illuminator ($30)
NYX Cosmetics Dose of Dew Face Gloss ($9)

5. Say No to Setting Powders

Now that you’ve completed your work, its time to set your visage! Since you’re aiming for a glowy face, I recommend steering clear of setting powders (they usually work better for matte finishes). Instead, reach for a finishing spray to lock in your makeup all day long.

Try: MAC Cosmetics Prep + Prime Fix+ ($24)
Smashbox™ Photo Finish Primer Water ($32)

Photo Credit: Lucas Bejarano

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