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Outdoor Survival Techniques

outdoor survival techniques

by Dave Scott

I have spent much of my life practicing outdoor survival techniques and searching for lost or injured people in the backcountry and over the years one thing has become exceedingly clear to me, no one expects to get lost. Often it is this complacency combined with a lack of mental and physical preparation that gets people killed in the wilderness.

I am commonly asked by my students and friends "How do I live through a full survival situation?". Most often I respond to this question with a sigh followed by the statement "Well, it's complicated."

Every survival scenario that one might encounter is really unique unto itself and requires different outdoor survival techniques. There are so many things that can factor in to a situation that it is really impossible to completely answer this question. Weather conditions; terrain; materials available for shelter, and fire; availability of drinkable water; physical tools available; skills level of the individual; comfort in the outdoors; potential injuries; not to mention if anyone even knows that you are missing; all factor in to a particular survival situation.

However, even with the complexities described above one can still prepare themselves for any potential situation giving themselves a much greater chance at survival with the proper outdoor survival techniques. The key word there was prepare, meaning in advance. One of my survival skills mentors told me once "You never want to be trying something for the first time when you need it to save your life." I now consider this the golden rule of survival, preparedness.

I commonly divide outdoor survival techniques into three major categories: Mental preparation, physical skills, and tools available. Each of these three categories is equally important and one must not discount any one of them.

Mental preparation:

Though no one anticipates getting lost, you can still prepare yourself mentally for this scenario. In fact, often the act of being aware of the risk of getting lost or injured while in the backcountry can prevent a survival situation in the first place by creating an atmosphere of greater awareness.

One of the most important outdoor survival techniques is the ability to remain calm, or calm yourself if you panic, and look at the situation with a clear creative mind. Panic is your worst enemy in any type of life or death situation. Being aware that most people have the tendency to panic in these types of situations and being on the look out for the symptoms of panic in yourself is an important part of your outdoor survival techniques and knowledge.

If you feel yourself beginning to panic stop what you are doing, sit down, take some deep breaths and calm yourself. You will not be able to help yourself or others if you are not of clear mind.

outdoor survival techniques

Physical Skills:

Be honest with yourself about your skills with outdoor survival techniques and practice the skills of survival in controlled circumstances before you are placed in a potentially life threatening situation. Practice making fires in various weather conditions utilizing natural materials. Build a shelter near your house or while on a camping trip and spend the night in it. If you get too cold you can always abandon the shelter and climb back into your bed or sleeping bag. In the morning revisit the shelter, figure out what went wrong, correct it, and try again.

When you are out hiking constantly quiz yourself on what materials you would use to build a fire, where you would build a shelter to protect you from the elements and how it would be constructed, where the closest water sources are etc as a way to practice your outdoor survival techniques.

Supplement your physical outdoor survival techniques by creating a survival pack for yourself. You can fit all of the necessities in a small waist pack that you can take out into the field with you when hiking or hunting. A small pack containing well thought out materials can make all the difference in the world in a life or death situation.

Students of outdoor survival techniques often have a goal of having the ability to survive any situation with nothing but the clothes on their backs. However, one must recognize that to have this ability one must put in many years of practice and intense training. Be honest about where your skills are at and pack your survival pack accordingly, your life may depend on it.

Even if you never find yourself in a life or death survival situation, an increase in your ability to take care of yourself in the outdoors using proper outdoor survival techniques will bring a sense of freedom and self sufficiency that is very rewarding. Remember, learning to survive in the wilderness is a lifelong journey where the individual pursuing the knowledge and freedom is constantly evolving and growing. In the western world we are often quick to just want to know a skill immediately. With something as complex as outdoor survival techniques this is not possible. So don't be hard on yourself if you only practice these things every now and then. Even practicing a little bit here and there adds up to a great deal of knowledge experience over time. Perhaps most importantly it is vital to just enjoy the process, have fun, and appreciate all of the amazing places and connections that you will make along the way. Good luck on your journey.

Recommended outdoor survival techniques pack item list:

These are the basic things that I would put in a day use waist pack. You would be surprised at how little space all of this will take up (small fanny pack) and how little it weighs. When you are not using it for hiking it is good to keep the pack in your car for emergency situations.

Make sure that you put everything in plastic baggies so your stuff won't get wet, plus the baggies will come in handy for collecting plants and/or hauling and storing water.

  • Lighter

  • Quality matches (in a plastic baggie) waterproof matches are great. If they aren't strike anywhere matches make sure you keep the striker from the box.

  • Small flint striker

  • Some type of flexible sealable water container (available at REI)

  • Non-folding knife (make sure it is sharp): I really like a brand of knife called "Frost" or "Mora" they are really cheap (in the $15 dollar range) very durable, great for carving and splitting wood, and they are really easy to sharpen. I personally like the Frosts Craftsmen's Mora Knife Model 760 with a plastic handle vs the wood handled knives which I think are less durable. You can order them online at many online knife stores, like the following link http://www.swedishknives.com/ or you can purchase them at the Alderleaf School Store.

  • Some type of quick fire starter (Vaseline soaked cotton balls work very well): Warm the Vaseline in the oven (or microwave) in a bowl. Watch out it can get very hot and burn you badly if you over heat it. Saturate each cotton ball with the Vaseline and then place the soaked balls in a small container that won't leak if the Vaseline warms up in the sun. A lot of cotton balls can be jammed into a small container. Each ball will burn on its own for quite a long time and work great for fire starting. They can be started with matches, lighter, or flint striker. Try them out when you soak them so that you can get an idea of how they work. One advantage to these is that they are cheap and completely waterproof.)

  • Emergency poncho (if you use it be really careful not to rip it) get a bright colored one for high visibility and potentially signaling rescue

  • Thick black trash bag

  • Compass

  • Small pencil and note pad (not critical, but can come in handy)

  • Small first aid kit: Antibiotic ointment, band aids, Benadryl, pain killers, one or two gauze pads for larger wounds and a small amount of medical tape (you can buy really small first aid kits from REI prepackaged and add a few essentials to them like Benadryl.

  • Some type of light metal cup (water containers are one of the hardest things to create in a survival situation so this cup will allow you to boil water and cook food (soups, teas, and stew)

  • Iodine tabs for water purification

  • Small saw (can be small cable finger saw to save space if needed, some work better than others) tip- put sticks through the end rings instead of your fingers. Some people prefer to pack a multi-tool containing a saw in their packs.

  • Small foil emergency blanket (this can be used to waterproof a shelter and make it warmer by reflecting the heat back on to you, as a ground cloth, or to reflect the heat of a fire back onto you or into your shelter.

  • Small flashlight with extra batteries (small LEDs work great but make sure it is a light that has a steady on-off button, not one that you have to constantly hold on)

  • A few hard candies or throat lozenges

  • A couple of packets of Emergen-C

  • chapstick

  • Small whistle

  • Signal mirror

  • 1 or 2 Original style power bars (two reasons for original 1. They taste terrible so you won't be tempted to eat it unless you are really needing it. 2. The wrapper can be used as eye protection from the sun just like sunglasses {try it, the wrapper is see through when you put it up to your face but will block out the sun. It is especially important in snow conditions to protect your eyesight})

  • Paracord (the type with a bunch of smaller strands inside) this is strong stuff and if needed you can pull out the smaller strands and use them for other projects like traps, fishing, or shelter making)

  • A couple of small fishing hooks, weights, and some light fishing line (10 yards or so should work. I like 4 or six lb test) you can put this stuff all in a small film canister or similar container.

  • I like to put a couple of small dry flies (for fly fishing) in as well for floating on the top of the water (make sure they have barbed hooks on them as opposed to un-barbed which are for catch and release. You will want to catch and eat) I recommend the mosquito flies since mosquitoes are everywhere, fortunately and unfortunately.

  • Candle (great for starting fires or warming a snow cave) I personally like the 12 hour beeswax candles, but they are a bit bulky.

  • A small container of sunscreen can be good to add

  • Also, they sell DEET wipes in individual packets now for keeping the bugs off (trust me they can really drive you mad and you will wish you had this if you don't pack it. They really take up almost no space at all)

  • If you want to get fancy you can buy some steel wire small game snares and put them in the pack as well.

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Plan to give offshore sites and habitats special protection

Almost 4000 square miles of wildlife-rich sea off the coast of Britain could receive protection under plans unveiled by the UK Government today.

Seven areas have been earmarked to become Britain’s first offshore special areas of conservation (SAC), providing conservation of sea life and habitats such as sandbanks, submarine structures and cold water coral reefs.

Five of those areas are in Scottish waters, including Braemar Pockmarks, 150 miles east of Orkney; Darwin Mounds, 100 miles north-west of Cape Wrath; Scanner Pockmark, 115 miles off the north-east coast; Stanton Banks, south of the Outer Hebrides; and Wyville Thomson Ridge, between the Faroe islands and Scotland.

The sites are intended to form part of a network of marine protected areas which the government says it wants to see in place by 2012 – and which may eventually cover up to 40% of the UK’s seas.

The SAC status will provide tighter control over any ongoing or planned activity in those areas, such as oil and gas developments, fisheries or wind farms.

A 12-week public consultation is being launched today, and the government’s conservation advisers, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, will then decide whether to recommend that the sites are submitted to Europe for approval as SACs.

If they are approved by the European Commission under the EU Habitats Directive, they will be assessed on a case-by-case basis to see what protection is needed.

Jonathan Shaw, Marine, Landscape and Rural Affairs Minister, said: “The UK has one of the richest marine environment in the world. We want to bring conservation standards at sea up to the level of those that we have on land, to give greater protection to sea life.

“I want to see a network of marine protected areas around the UK by 2012, and these seven new proposed offshore areas would be a big part of that.”

Currently, protected marine areas are limited to coastal and inshore sites conserving habitats, marine species and birds.

The UK has a well-developed network of land-based nature reserves including Local Nature Reserves, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) and European Sites. Scotland has a several protected environments including sites such as Ben Nevis, the Clyde Valley Woods in Lanarkshire, the Isle of May off Fife, and the Loch Lomond Woods, which are already classified as Special Areas of Conservation.

Solene Quennehen

The Herald

20 December 2007

This article is the work of the source indicated. Any opinions expressed in it are not necessarily those of National Wind Watch.

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Turquoise Necklace w/Spiny Oyster Shell Corn by Robert Tenorio

This necklace is made from Kingman turquoise. The beads are rounded one by one. Traditional Tenorio necklace. The beads at graduated from 12mm. The necklace is 21 inches long. The "corn" is made from red spiny oyster shell. It is 1.25 inches long and 1.25 inches wide.
Price:   $360.00

Windmill Trading Company
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United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Government and regulator at odds -- Paying for offshore transmission

Should power lines from offshore wind farms belong to a licensed transmission owner, with generators recovering the costs through agreed charges? Or should offshore wind generators own and operate the transmission infrastructure from their projects, bearing all the upfront costs? These are the two choices facing the British wind industry in a public consultation exercise on a regulatory regime for offshore transmission.

Britain's energy regulator, Ofgem, and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) have jointly launched the consultation on one of the key issues needing resolution before any of the project sponsors behind the UK's second round of larger offshore wind farms is willing to invest in their multi-million pound projects.

"The development of round two offshore wind has a vital part to play in reaching our renewable energy targets," says energy minister Malcolm Wicks. "It is critical to introduce a regime that allows offshore wind farms to connect at an acceptable cost both to developers and electricity customers."

The long awaited consultation has been delayed due differences between the DTI and Ofgem over recovery of offshore transmission costs. Ofgem favours exposing wind generators to the full economic force of locational signals for siting wind farms, so that projects are sited where their overall costs will be cheapest. The DTI believes, however, that capping transmission costs for project developers through a system of limited charges could provide the additional support needed for round two projects to be viable. Its view is revealed in an analysis of predicted costs and revenue accompanying the consultation.

The study shows that under a range of scenarios, offshore wind projects would have a negative net present value. "This is the closest I have seen the DTI to stating that there could be a funding gap for round two projects," says Richard Ford from the British Wind Energy Association (BWEA).

Fifteen round two projects were granted development licences in December 2003 in three areas off the British coast: the outer Thames estuary, the Greater Wash, both on the English east coast, and northwest England. The projects range in size from 64 MW to 1200 MW and have a combined capacity of 7.2 GW. A study by network consultants Econnect, released earlier this year, shows that the most economic method of connecting each wind farm would be by 132 kV or 245 kV cables, each capable of transmitting 200 MW to 350 MW of offshore wind capacity to customers on shore. Typically, one or two cables would link smaller projects with the onshore grid, while larger projects would need three to five cables (Windpower Monthly, March 2005).

The Econnect study concludes there may be economies of scale to be gained in a few cases where two offshore wind farms could share the same transmission link. But a full-blown grid of offshore transmission cables would not be viable, it says.

Ofgem and DTI are seeking views on two options. The first is a licensed price control approach, similar to the transmission regime that operates throughout the onshore British grid: the offshore connection would belong to a transmission owner who recovers the cost through charges on users of the system under price controls agreed with Ofgem. The second is a "licensed merchant" approach, where the generator would meet all the costs of developing the connection links and receive a licence to transmit through them. This is the model used for round one projects.

The consultation document points out that under a price control approach there is more scope for stranded assets, since inefficient investments would be borne by consumers, not generators. It would also be more complex and lengthy to implement because Ofgem would need to agree to investment decisions ahead for each year of a price control period. This could delay offshore projects and risk the government missing its 2010 renewable energy target. An advantage, however, would be consistency with onshore arrangements where the National Grid Company (NGC) is the transmission system operator for Great Britain. The offshore transmission lines could either be operated by NGC or by a separate transmission owner.

The government worries, however, that high charges could deter offshore developers. "It might be appropriate to find a way of capping these charges," says the document. The shortfall would be recovered from other system users -- either all generators and suppliers, or a single category of system users.

A licensed merchant approach, on the other hand, would need relatively "light touch" regulation. It could also be introduced sooner. But the government is concerned that developers could again be deterred from investing in offshore wind -- this time by having to meet all the costs of developing the transmission links and raising finance which would push up the end price of wind power.

Richard Ford believes most offshore developers responding to the consultation will prefer the price control approach, with NGC as system operator. This method is the most flexible for the design of offshore networks. It is the most consistent with existing connection arrangements and also with the "shallow charging" policy adopted onshore, and is therefore less discriminatory to offshore users than the licensed merchant approach, he says.

Ford points out that some developers are likely to be ready to commit to investing in their projects before the arrangements are fully in place and the system operator appointed. "Companies may want to crack on and start putting assets in the sea before the i's are dotted and the t's crossed," he says. "It would be wrong for those assets to be treated differently from subsequent projects. We would need them to be brought into the regulatory arrangements in some equitable fashion."

The consultation closes October 19. The government and Ofgem hope to publish their decision by the end of the year, with all regulatory arrangements finalised and implemented by the end of 2007.

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Iran to harness a new resource, World Bank finances 10 MW

The Iranian government has ordered its first wind farm. The project is the first to be financed by the World Bank and will be commissioned early next year. A breakthrough, not only on the Iranian market but also in the entire wind industry's relations with the World Bank.

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Offshore site chosen

Electricity producer Electrabel and dredging company Jan De Nul have agreed to build what is being billed as the largest European offshore wind plant. It will be built in the North Sea about 12 kilometres off the coast of Knokke-Heist, the most affluent, most residential and most northeastern Flemish shoreside community.

The site, the "Plain of the Raan," was chosen after a detailed study carried out by both partners in collaboration with Tractebel, of which Electrabel is a subsidiary. The first phase is to consist of about 50 turbines with a combined capacity of 100 MW. Later the facility will be increased to 400 MW. The first 100 MW will guarantee an annual production of 300 million kWh. An average Belgian family yearly consumes about 3,500 kWh.

For the moment the two companies are working on the required environmental impact study which must be finished before the end of this year. Coastal residents, the regional authorities and all interested parties will be consulted. Electrabel and Jan De Nul are aiming to complete construction by 2004.

Another offshore player, consortium C-Power, earlier announced its intention to build a 100 MW wind plant on the Westende sandbank off the middle of Belgium's coastline some five kilometres offshore (Windpower Monthly, June 2000). C-Power includes wind turbine manufacturer Turbowinds, public electricity distributor Interelectra, and dredging group Dredging International. Belgian's only existing large wind farm, on the harbour wall at the port of Zeebrugge, was built in 1985 as a pioneer project by a company from which Turbowinds has descended and by Interelectra.

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2011 Afianes Begleri Ikaria

2011 Afianes Begleri Ikaria

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The Importance of Pre-approval Before Your Home Search

    With Denver being such a competitive market, pursuing pre-approval before you start the home search process will only benefit you in the long run.  If you need help with the pre-approval process, we have steps in place to guide you in the right direction!

    It can can be frustrating when all you want to do is check out a house that recently came on the market and the realtor that you contacted seems reluctant to show unless you have been pre-approved.  Why is that needed? Here’s why the pre-approval process is so vital in your home search……..

    1.It shows that you are eligible to purchase a house

    According to an article at realtor.com: Real estate agents prefer showing homes to buyers with a pre-approval letter, because it shows the buyer is financially capable of purchasing. Agents need to know if you can really buy a home.  That said, a pre-approval letter isn’t mandatory to tour a home.  It just might not be in their best interest, so don’t be surprised if you get some pushback if you say you don’t have pre-approval.

    2. A pre approval letter also benefits you

    As the article continues: If you don’t take the time to get pre-approval, it’s not just the real estate agent’s time you’re wasting—it’s possibly yours as well.“There is no sense in wasting your own time and that of an agent to see homes until you are ready to purchase,” says Rosanne Nitti, a Realtor with RMN Investments & Realty Services in Laguna Beach, CA.

    Getting a pre-approval letter should be one of your first steps in the home-buying process, she says. “Then when you see something you like, you can act on it.” As a buyer, that ability to act quickly gives you an edge over other people who don’t have certification from a mortgage lender.

    3. Helps to narrow your search and define a price range

    If you don’t know what you can afford, you may be looking out of your price range and again, wasting your time and energy.  It can be emotionally draining when you think you have found the house of your dreams, only to find out that you are not qualified to purchase it!

    4.Will give you more leverage when negotiating with the seller

    Another good reason to get pre-approved before your house search. Sellers will take you more seriously as a potential buyer and if you submit an offer, will give it priority over others that have not been reviewed by a lender.

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Certified Public Accountant licensing

CPA licensing is obtained through the state of Michigan. To become licensed as a CPA in Michigan, an applicant must complete requirements in: education, work experience and examinations.

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Uniform CPA examination

Applicants for the Uniform CPA Examination are required to have a baccalaureate degree with a concentration in accounting from an accredited college or university, consisting of 24 semester hours of accounting principles, including auditing, and 24 semester hours of general business subjects. The accounting principles include study in financial accounting, managerial accounting including cost accounting, accounting systems and controls, United States federal taxation and governmental/fund accounting.

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Fuego volcano: the deadly pyroclastic flows that have killed dozens in Guatemala

By Dave McGarvie, The Open University and Rebecca Williams, University of Hull.

Dozens of people have been killed, and with many more missing, after Volcán de Fuego (Fuego) in Guatemala erupted on June 3 2018.

In recent years, Fuego has regularly ejected small gas and ash eruptions, which hold little risk to surrounding populations. But Fuego also has a reputation for producing larger explosive eruptions. These larger eruptions have two main primary hazards – falling ash and bombs (collectively known as tephra), and pyroclastic flows. Of these two, pyroclastic flows are the big killers, and are responsible for the deaths from the latest eruption. So, just what are these flows and why are they such killers? And what can people do to avoid them?

Footage taken from a road bridge over a dry valley from on June 3 at Fuego shows what appears to be a soft and billowing ash cloud gently flowing down the volcano. It looks innocuous. Spectators and officials watch mesmerised, but then the cloud moves into the valley and heads directly towards the bridge. Unease spreads and soon alarms sound before people rush away just in time. Footage shows the ash cloud quickly pass under and then over the bridge. These spectators escaped death by seconds, as this benign-looking ash cloud is the notorious killer that is a pyroclastic flow.

Pyroclastic flows (also known as pyroclastic density currents) contain a hellish combination of hot rock fragments (pyroclasts), superheated air, and volcanic gases. You can expect temperatures of 100-600°C and they can travel fast – very fast on steep slopes. Speeds generally range between 70-200mph, but they have been recorded reaching 450mph. As they are heavier (denser) than air, they tend to be funnelled into valleys. But their higher density also gives them momentum, so they can travel up the sides of valleys, and even over mountains. The worst place to be when a pyroclastic flow is on the move is in a valley, which is why the spectators at the road bridge were lucky to escape.

What surprised many volcanologists (including us) is that people were actually standing and taking pictures while watching this billowing cloud descend. It is certainly a hypnotic and beautiful phenomenon to observe, but any volcanic cloud moving even vaguely in your direction is a clear sign to flee. This suggests that further education of people living in and around Fuego of its volcanic hazards would not only be helpful, it would save lives.

It is rare that eruptions from Fuego produce such large pyroclastic flows that travel so far. This leaves the authorities in an impossible situation. Because if you create exclusion zones based on worst-case scenarios, then decades if not centuries may pass without a worst-case eruption. And all that time people will be grumbling about good and fertile land being inaccessible without good reason.

Other deadly incidents

One notorious example of a pyroclastic flow happening elsewhere was the eruption of Mount Pelée on the island of Martinique on May 8 1902. Pyroclastic flows destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre and killed an estimated 30,000 people. Only a handful survived, one of whom was a prisoner in a jail cell. This was the largest loss of life from a pyroclastic flows in the past two centuries.

One of the most famous historical examples of the devastation and loss of life caused by pyroclastic flows is what happened at Pompeii and Herculaneum when Vesuvius erupted in 79AD. An important lesson from this eruption is the fickleness of human memory. Because Vesuvius had been dormant for at least 700 years, it wasn’t recognised as a potential threat.

Volcanologists know from their studies that the frequency of large eruptions at a specific volcano may be one every few centuries or every few thousand years. But on a human time scale these numbers lose impact because there may be no aged relatives around who remember past eruptions, and so a complacent sense of “all is well” pervades.

Many communities living around volcanoes have other more immediate concerns, including other natural hazards. It’s an unresolved paradox. The eruption of Vesuvius produced a number of pyroclastic flows which led to the deaths of at least 1,400 people, and the burial of the settlements by volcanic material. Recent excavations revealed evidence of a new type of death from this eruption – a person being struck by a large block, possibly carried by one of the pyroclastic flows.

It is too early to tell what will happen next with Fuego. But given its recent history, this eruption is an unusually large and extreme event. Fortunately, these tend to be infrequent. It is sincerely hoped that there will be no sudden repeat of the large and far-travelled pyroclastic flows that took so many lives. Whatever happens, there will be a huge amount of work to do in rebuilding communities and working through collective grief.

Credit: The Conversation

Image: Victor B

The Conversation
What happens to wildlife in a city that never sleeps?

What happens to wildlife in a city that never sleeps?

Forecast: Thiem vs Zverev Roland Garros QF

Forecast: Thiem vs Zverev Roland Garros QF


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Legal Information: North Carolina

Restraining Orders

View all
July 25, 2018

A quick overview of the legal system

The legal system is divided into two areas: civil law and criminal law. Separate courts control these two areas of the law.

One thing that some might find confusing about the legal system is the difference between civil cases and criminal cases. In domestic violence situations, there may be both civil and criminal cases occurring at the same time as a result of the same violent act. You may want to pursue both civil and criminal actions for maximum protection. The major differences have to do with who takes the case to court and the reason for the case.

Civil Law
In a civil domestic violence action, you are asking the court to protect you from the person abusing you. You are not asking the court to send that person to jail for committing a crime. However, if the abuser violates the civil court order, s/he may be sent to jail for the violation. In a civil case, you are the person bringing the case against the abuser and, generally, you have the right to withdraw (drop) the case if you want to.

Criminal Law
The criminal law system handles all cases that involve violations of criminal law such as harassment, assault, murder, theft, etc.  A criminal complaint involves the abuser (defendant) being charged with a crime. In a criminal case, the prosecutor (also called the district attorney) is the one who has control over whether the case against the abuser continues or not.  It is the county/state who has brought the case against the abuser, not the victim. It is possible that if you do not want the case to continue (if you do not want to “press charges”), the prosecutor might decide to drop the criminal charges but this is not necessarily true. The prosecutor can also continue to prosecute the abuser against your wishes and could even issue a subpoena (a court order) to force you to testify at the trial.

For more help and information on the NC legal system, please contact a local legal assistance program at the NC Finding a Lawyer.


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Woodstock Aqueduct Company

Celebrating 130 years.

The beginnings...

The subject of supplying the village of Woodstock with pure and wholesome water from some of the outlying streams of the town "began to be agitated" about the year 1878. It wasn't until January, 1879 at a village meeting where O.P. Chandler, Justin F. Mackenzie, and Charles Chapman were appointed to a committee to “inquire as to the feasibility of obtaining a supply of water from Blake Hill, or other hills of the vicinity.” On January 5, 1880, the committee reported their findings and estimated that such a project would cost $17,000. The report was accepted and ordered to lie on the table. In 1880, an act was passed by the Legislature incorporating the Woodstock Aqueduct Company. By the 11th section of this act, the village was authorized to contract with said corporation for supplying said village with water for fire purposes, for watering the streets, and for other uses, and applying the same for a term not exceeding ten years.

The company was incoporated in the summer of 1886 with a capital stock of $36,000, in shares of $50 each. The project was under the management and direction of the following persons: J.J. Randall, designing engineer; T. William Harris, constructing engineer and subcontractor; R.D. Wood & Co., contractors. In early June, 1887, work commenced on the reservoir which was built about two and a half miles westerly of the village on Thomas Brook, at an elevation of 260 feet above the Town Hall. With an insufficient number of workers in the region, the construction company brought in a large number of Italian laborers to work. Eventually, ten other nationalities were represented on the project. Within two months these hardy men had nearly completed the dam.

Original reservoir.jpg

The Original Reservoir

The original reservoir had the capacity of about 2.5 million gallons. The dam was constructed with a packed earth embankment about ninety feet wide at the bottom and eight on the top, with a stone and cement core. The remnants of the original dam gate (which was constructed out of cedar) can be seen in the photograph on the left.

The Project Continues...

The mains included 13,310 feet of eight-inch cast iron pipe, extending from the reservoir to the center of the village, 2,012 feet of six-inch cast iron pipe and 14,350 feet of four-inch cast iron pipe (including a four-inch supply from the Williams Brook or Saw-mill Brook to “strengthen” the supply) which totals nearly 7 miles of pipe. The mains were laid six feet underground and gates were placed to shut off any street if so desired. In late October, workers closed the reservoir gates and the waters slowly rose behind the dam. Within two weeks, the new impoundment was full and water was released into the mains. Only two pipes sprung leaks. To demonstrate the pressure present in the system, the village fire department attached a one-inch diameter hose to the hydrant located near the Congregational Church and shot a powerful stream of water directly over its high steeple.

The water started flowing into homes and businesses in late November, 1887. “The water is pure, clear, palatable and soft, enough for all household purposes. It is being used for cooking and drinking by all who have it, and to say that they are delighted with it feebly expresses the satisfaction manifested.”

“The STANDARD is this week for the first time printed by water power, the water being supplied by the Woodstock Aqueduct Company and our machine the Chicago Motor. It works to perfection and to say that it is a comfortable thing ‘to have in the house’ but faintly expresses our satisfaction. No fuel, no fire, no heat, no smoke, no dust, no care—really a wonderful little servant, always ready and always reliable.”

"The water is safe and pure..."

There were 28 hydrants in the Village and 2 in West Woodstock. According to the 1st Annual Report of the Woodstock Aqueduct Company in November 30, 1888, the company made $1,584.07. The following year's Annual Report states, “There are now in force 122 services, the rental from which and from the village in 1889 will amount to $2,024." The company’s directors at the time were: Frederick Billings, F.N. Billings, Justin F. Mackenzie, F.S. Mackenzie, W.E. Johnson, L.O. Greene, F.W. Wilder.


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Clarinet Institute - Free Sheet Music

Clarinet CE/Moderator
Staff member
This is a fantastic resource. Great music by past and new composers - complete scores. I'm not sure if it passes any legal boundaries or not though but according to the site it is.

most of the links work though my be slow at times

Carl H.

Distinguished Member
Distinguished Member
Anybody know of anything like this for symphonic parts? Every once in a while I get a part that is so heavily marked up it is practically illegible. It would be nice to be able to download a clean part.

Brassica Oleracea
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Carl H.

Distinguished Member
Distinguished Member
Bookmarked that!

Wouldn't you know, the Tchaik they had was one of those marked up parts I muddled through.
I've seen IMSLP and the clarinet institute, they're both great resources. IMSLP is supposed to be all copywrited out and Clarinet Institute is supposed to be played in places where nobody will care, from what I've been lead to believe. I never researched any of the information, I trust my friends too much I guess.


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Computer Opertor/ Data Entry/Sales Job in Kaushambi - Ghaziabad

rupeeRs.7000 - Rs.12000
locationKaushambi - Ghaziabad, Delhi
personContact Person: Bhawna

Posted On: 24 Jun 2018

Job Details

Experience NeededFresher / 0 - 6 Months
QualificationGraduate / Female Only
RequiredExcel , Word, Computer Basis Knowledge
Company NameCorpthrive

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Job InfoHandle Customer'S Inbound And Outbound Calls. Solving Queries, Telling Them About Products / Offers / Services
Job Timing9:30 Am - 6:30Pm | Monday To Saturday

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Interview Time11:00 Am - 4:00Pm | Monday To Saturday
Contact PersonBhawna
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Corpthrive Company has vacancy of Computer Opertor/ Data Entry/Sales job in Delhi(Kaushambi - Ghaziabad) city.

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Admiral Mark P. Fitzgerald, USN (Ret.)

The Middle East in Flames

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    Jul 24, 2014 @ 6:00 PM
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    Fleet Landing Windward Commons
2014-07-24 18:00 2014-07-24 19:00 America/New_York The Middle East in Flames No description. Fleet Landing Windward Commons

About the Speaker

Admiral Mark Fitzgerald was born in Winchester, Mass., and graduated from Northeastern University, Boston in June 1973. He was commissioned in 1973 and retired from active duty on 1 December 2010. He currently consults with numerous defense and commercial maritime and aviation contractors. He is Chairman of the Board of the Association of Naval Aviators and Vice Chairman of the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. He holds a Master’s degree in Aeronautical Systems Engineering from the University of West Florida (1975) and attended the Naval War College, Newport, R.I (1983-84).

From November, 2007 to October 2010, he was Commander, Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Fitzgerald with operational responsibility for NATO missions in the Balkans, Iraq and the Mediterranean, and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe/Africa, responsible for providing overall command, operational control, and coordination of U.S. Naval forces in the European and African Command.

Selected for flag rank in September 1998, he was deputy commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, commanded Joint Task Force Determined Response in Aden, Yemen (2000) and Carrier Group 8 / Theodore Roosevelt Battle Group during Operation Enduring Freedom (2001-2002). He served as director, Air Warfare, Director, Naval Warfare (2003-2004), and Commander, 2nd Fleet/Director, Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence (2004-2006). In December 2006 he was the director, Navy Staff in the Pentagon.

Fitzgerald flew the A-7E Corsair II during numerous sea tours and commanded VA-46 (1990-1991) aboard USS John F. Kennedy (CV 67) leading the first Navy strike on Baghdad during the opening hour of Operation Desert Storm. He assumed command of Carrier Air Wing 14 (1994-95) while deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) supporting Operation Southern Watch.

During his career, Fitzgerald was assigned as deputy commander, Joint Air Force Component Commander for Provide Promise Yugoslav Operations and assistant commander for Deny Flight NATO operations (1993) and executive assistant to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (1996-98).

Fitzgerald’s awards include the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal (3 awards), Defense Superior Service Medal, Legion of Merit (4 awards), Distinguished Flying Cross with Combat V (2 awards), Bronze Star (2 Awards), Defense Meritorious Service Medal (2 awards), Air Medals, and numerous individual, Campaign and Unit awards as well as numerous foreign awards. He has logged over 4,800 flight hours and has over 1,100 carrier arrested landings from the decks of 13 aircraft carriers.

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The World's 10 Sleepiest Animals

Everyone knows that the sloth is a world championship sleeper, but did you know these other animals are too?

Animals play a crucial role in nature and are an essential part of the eco-system. Some animals (both domestic and wild) are very active and sleep for only a few hours each day while others sleep all day long. These heavy sleepers wake up only to feed. Since the sleeping pattern of these animals is determined by their need to hunt, determining the exact amount of time they sleep is challenging. Some of the sleepiest animals in the world include:

10. Spiny Anteater

Also know as Echidnas, spiny anteaters are egg-laying mammals which belong to the Tachyglossidae family. They feed on termites and ants. Spiny anteaters reside in New Guinea and Australia. They are brown or black colored, medium-sized animals which are covered with coarse spines and hair. Echidnas resemble the true anteaters from South America and some spiny animals like porcupines and hedgehogs. Spiny anteaters sleep for over 12 hours per day.

9. Pig

With over a billion live pigs at any given time, the domesticated pigs are the most populous mammals found on earth. They are omnivorous and eat a wide variety of food. Wildboars, the ancestors of all domesticated pigs, are one of the most widespread large mammals in the world. Their subspecies are native to some of the harshest climates in the world which includes Eurasia, Japan, India, Ireland and Africa. Pigs sleep for 13 hours per day, just like cats.

8. Cat

#8 Cat

Cats are small, furry carnivorous animals which are known as house-cats when they are kept indoors. They are the most famous house pets in the world and are valued for their ability to hunt rats and companionship. Cats can sleep for about 13 hours per day. They are nocturnal creatures which hunt at night, and they sleep mostly during the day. They are predators by nature, and the sleep helps them reserve energy for stalking, running, climbing, and pouncing.

7. Squirrel

They are small-medium sized creatures belonging to the Sciuridae family. They are native to Africa, Eurasia, Americas, and they were introduced in Australia by humans. When they are not outside looking for food and jumping on trees, squirrels spend most of their time sleeping. They sleep for about 14 hours a day in their nests. Their diet is rich in fat and carbohydrates which causes them to sleep. Squirrels sleep from early evening to the early morning.

6. Hamster

Hamsters are small rodents which belong to the subfamily Cricetinae which live underground in the wild. They are crepuscular creatures which hide underground during the day to avoid being hunted by predators. Since they are very simple to breed in captivity, hamsters have become very popular house pets. A hamster has an elongated cheek pouch which it uses to carry food back to its burrow. They are stout-bodied creatures with a silky, thick fur. Hamsters sleep for over 14 hours per day. They feed on vegetation, fruits, seeds, and at times burrowing insects.

5. Lemur

#5 Lemur

A lemur is a strepsirrhine primate which is native to Madagascar. Ranging in weight from 0.0661 pounds to 20 pounds, lemurs share various traits with all the other primates including the five divergent digits with nails instead of claws. They have an elongated and laterally compressed nail on their second toe known as the toilet-claw which they use for grooming and scratching. Lemurs behave like monkeys, and they reside on trees. They are omnivorous creatures which feed on fruits, vegetables, and meat. They are heavy sleepers which sleep for approximately 16 hours daily.

4. Opossum

Also know as a possum in the southern parts of the United States, an Opossum is a small sized marsupial which grows to the size of a cat. They originated from South America and their unspecified reproductive habits, and flexible diet makes them the best colonizers and survivors in diverse conditions. They are commonly found in Canada. These creatures sleep for over 19 hours, and they only have 5 hours to look for food.

3. Armadillo

Armadillos are prolific diggers which vary in weight from 0.187 to 119 pounds. Giant armadillos are about 59 inches long. Currently, all the extant species of Armadillo are in South America while Paraguay is home to 11 species. Even though they have very short legs, these nine-banded creatures can move very fast. They use their claws to dig for food. In the United States, they are found in Florida, South Carolina, and Texas. Their diet varies from insects to grubs while some species feed entirely on termites and ants. Armadillos are beautiful creatures with leather armor shells. They burrow underground to either rest or sleep during the day. Armadillos sleep for about 19 hours daily.

2. Sloth

#2 Sloth

They are arboreal animals which are famous for their slow movement. Their slowness is attributed to their drowsy reflexes and poor circulatory systems. Sloths spend a majority of their life hanging upside-down on trees in the tropical forests in Central and South America. They perform most of their essential activities like mating, eating, sleeping and even giving birth on trees. There are two types of sloths, the maned sloths which have three toes and the Unau which has two toes. They have eighteen teeth for grinding food and a rough tongue. They have round heads, immovable eyes, and short tails. They can move faster in water than on land. Sloths are active for only 5 hours per day and they sleep for 19 hours.

1. Koala

Koalas are the closest living relatives of the wombats. They are found in the coastal regions of Queensland, New South Wales, and Tasmania. Koalas are recognized by their large head, tailless bodies, spoon-shaped nose, and fluffy ears. They weigh between 9-33 pounds and their body lengths range from 24 to 33 inches. They reside in the open eucalyptus woodlands and the leaves make up a majority of their diet. Female koalas give birth to one offspring after every 12 years. They give birth to an underdeveloped offspring which crawls into their mother’s pouches and live there for up to 7 months. They sleep for about 22 hours per day which is the reason why they are considered to be one of the sleepiest animals on earth.

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According to a recent report from GolfWeek, the PGA's offices have been hacked and infected with what appears to be the "BitPaymer" ransomware. That's the same strain that recently hit the town of Matanuska-Susitna, in Alaska, forcing city officials to resort to the use of typewriters for a week until they got their system back.

The interesting thing about this is the fact that BitPaymer isn't a new ransomware strain.  It's actually been in the wild for quite some time. Until very recently, it's kept a low profile and hasn't been widely used.

That appears to be changing.  While the recent spike in BitPaymer infections can't be called a serious trend on the web as a whole, it is true that the ransomware is suddenly getting a surge of attention from hackers.

One of its hallmarks is the fact that the people using it tend to demand much higher ransom amounts than average to decrypt files locked by the malicious software.  Unfortunately for those affected by it, BitPaymer is quite secure, so victims have no choice but to pay up or restore their files from their most recent backup.

This represents a disturbing event on two fronts.  First, it seems that no target is safe from hacking, not even something as innocuous as golf.  Second, if the current trend continues, (and there's no reason to think that it won't), we're going to be hearing more about BitPaymer attacks in the weeks and months ahead.

As ever, vigilance is the best defense.  Make sure your IT staff is aware of this latest threat to system security. It may be time for another round of email education for all employees, to stress the importance of not opening messages from unknown parties and being wary of downloading files or clicking links unless the sender's identity can be confirmed.

Used with permission from Article Aggregator


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DAVID WOODS: Summer scones can be made at the last minute

Lemon and elderflower scones
Lemon and elderflower scones

It will soon be National Cream Tea Day (Friday, June 29) and the most important element is the scone. David Woods, executive head chef of the Sofitel London Gatwick, has a refreshing twist on an old favourite.

Whichever way you say the word ‘scone’, it conjures up images of lazy English summer afternoons. They are so quick to make and use such simple ingredients that you can rustle them up at the last minute for unexpected guests.

David Woods

David Woods

Make them especially summery by adding elderflower. These lacy blooms are currently on show in our hedgerows and are easy pickings. I prefer to wait for the berries, which I poach and use as a compote, but the flowers are delicious when turned into a syrup and used in cold drinks. And they add a subtle fragrance to traditional scones or cakes.

La Brasserie is Sofitel’s 2 AA rosette restaurant. To book a table call 01293 567070 or email SLG@sofitelgatwick.com.

Follow us on Twitter. Like us on Facebook. Share your cream tea recipes with us on Instagram by tagging @SofitelLondonGA.

Lemon and Elderflower Scones

Makes 10-12 scones

500g plain flour

20g baking powder

70g caster sugar

100g butter, chilled

150ml milk

1 large egg

Zest of two lemons

50g mixed peel (optional)

50ml elderflower syrup (shop bought or homemade)

Sift the flour and baking powder together into a large bowl and stir in the caster sugar. Cut the butter into cubes and rub into the dry ingredients with your fingertips until it resembles breadcrumbs. Stir in lemon zest and mixed peel (if using).

Mix the egg and milk together and stir into the dry ingredients, working it into a dough. Tip out onto a floured surface and knead until smooth. Don’t over work it.

Roll out to 3cms thick and use a round cutter to cut out circles. Lightly grease a baking tray and line it with baking paper or silicone. Place the scones on the tray and bake at the top of a hot oven, without the fan on, 180oC for 14 mins, turning the tray round half way through the cooking time. Cool on a wire rack and serve with whipping or clotted cream and your favourite jam.

To make elderflower syrup: put 100ml of water and 100g sugar into a saucepan and fill it with the elderflowers, stalks removed. Use a wooden spoon to push the flowers into the water and bring to the boil. Boil for five minutes. Leave to cool then strain out the flowers.

Chef’s tip

Put elderflowers into the bottom of a tall glass with lemon zest, a squeeze of lemon juice and sugar to taste. Crush with a wooden spoon and top up with sparkling mineral water for a refreshing summer drink.

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• In a Spoof Video, Lay Steers Enron To Places No Firm Has Gone Before

    If former Enron Corp. Chairman Kenneth Lay testifies before Congress this week, he won't be showing up dressed as Captain Kirk.

    But in an in-house spoof video made four years ago for a sales event of Enron's retail energy-services unit, Mr. Lay was shown piloting the Starship Enterprise as part of Enron's quest to expand its influence to every corner of the universe.

    Popular on WSJ


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• Property Firm Savills Buys Control Of Weatherall's Europe Operations

    FRANKFURT -- U.K. property company Savills PLC said it has acquired 51% of property consultant Weatherall Green & Smith's continental European operations for 3.2 million pounds ($5.4 million).

    The move is one more in a wave of mergers in the property-services sector as multinational corporations and investors increasingly demand cross-border services.

    Popular on WSJ


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• Trump Team’s Rewrite of Low-Income Lending Rules Falters

    Impatient with other banking regulators, Comptroller of the Currency Joseph Otting to move forward alone

    WASHINGTON—Talks have faltered among banking regulators on how to start rewriting requirements for banks to make loans in poorer neighborhoods, prompting one of the agencies—the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency—to move on its own as early as next week.

    If the discord continues, it could imperil the Trump administration’s push to rewrite the law, which affects billions of dollars of bank loans and investments in lower-income neighborhoods.

    Popular on WSJ


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Innovations that improve quality of life

Food & Biobased innovations that improve quality of life

The world around us is changing rapidly. Raw materials are becoming increasingly scarce, greenhouse gasses are affecting the climate and we are witnessing an increase in health problems as a result of overnutrition and undernutrition. Prosperity promotes progress, but also gives rise to new problems. Finding solutions for these problems calls for the practical application of extensive professional expertise, smart innovations and scientific knowledge. Wageningen Food & Biobased Research helps producers, governments and consumers make the right choices and bring about innovation.


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Wittner 5403 Metronome  (Open Box)
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Beautiful, spring-wound metronome.

Made by expert German craftsmen, the 5403 is a classic metronome that is simple accurate and steady. In an age in which electronics dominate, this beautiful piece is a standard in metronome design. It keeps time with the future, yet has roots in the past.

Classic, elegant. Order soon.

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Margaret Winney

By Patty Burnside Garrison

Margaret was born about 1857 in Indian Territory.  She was married to Isaac Winney who was born 1854.  They had a daughter in 1877, Fannie Scott Winnie.  The Winneys lived near Grove during the years 1885-1900.  They are listed on the Seneca Census of 1898.

The Senecas of Sandusky and the Mixed Senecas and Shawnees moved to Indian Territory from Ohio in 1832.  They were assigned their permanent reservation, beginning at the northeast corner of the Cherokee cession of 1828 and lying between the Neosho River and the Missouri boundary south of the Quapaw country.  These tribes, organized under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act of June 26, 1936, are now known as the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma and the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma.*

This basket was hand made by Margaret Winney and was one of the artifacts purchased in 1911-1912 by Dr. Charles Marius Barbeau during his visits to the Wyandotte and Seneca Nations in Oklahoma .

Baskets were valued objects.  They were used at maple syrup gathering time as containers.  The Hurons and the Iroqouis used “mocoks,“ containers made of elm bark into which they placed fire-heated stones.  This process resulted in a very dark product.

*From The Inter-Tribal Council, Inc., Newsletter, December 1975

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Podcast: What the Paid Sick Leave Trend Means for HR

Hosted by: David Weisenfeld

Paid sick leave is rapidly becoming one of the most significant trends affecting employers today. While there are no federal requirements affecting private employers as of yet, California, Connecticut and Massachusetts are among the states that have passed laws expanding employee rights in this area, and an increasing number of cities have done so as well.

On this podcast, Littler Mendelson employment attorneys Mark Phillis and Pam Salgado discuss what employers need to know from a compliance standpoint. "Unfortunately, with respect to paid sick leave the Pandora's Box is already open," says Phillis. "There are a number of paid sick leave ordinances out there and the specific requirements in each create quite a headache for multistate employers."

What the Paid Sick Leave Trend Means for HR

May 11, 2016

Meanwhile, Salgado notes that what often trips up companies are implementation issues, such as how much notice an employee has to give and when an employer can ask for certification. She says, "As employers are trying to figure out how to administer a paid sick leave policy, it's important for them to have all of the stakeholders at the table."

Additional Resources:

Paid Sick Leave by State and Municipality

Webinar: How Paid Sick Leave is Affecting Employers


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Training and Development

Your induction will provide you with all the information you need to quickly get to know about your role, your team and the wider business so that you feel fully integrated and ready to reach your full potential.

You will have regular catch-ups with your manager to discuss your objectives, performance and any additional support you may need. We also appreciate that our employees may wish to develop their careers in different ways so we provide a variety of different learning opportunities which fall into four broad categories:

  • Programmes leading to a professional or academic qualification. We encourage and support individuals who wish to study for relevant professional and academic qualifications and to pursue continuous professional development. This includes Actuarial, Pensions Administration and Investment study opportunities amongst others.
  • Programmes relating to the enhancement of skills. These include internal and external development providing technical training, for example on the use of software packages and specialist training relating to the skills that employees require for their job.
  • Personal development training. This can sometimes be referred to as soft skills training and refers to things like giving and receiving feedback; motivational skills; time management etc.
  • Health and safety training where appropriate.

At XPS we believe our people are our greatest asset and that we should invest in that asset.  We also believe that all our employees have the potential to grow, both in their role and personally and we endeavour to provide opportunities to support this.


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Man arrested in Yakima for attempted homicide

YAKIMA, Wash. - An attempted homicide suspect was arrested in Yakima on Friday.

The Pacific Northwest Violent Offenders Task Force arrested Devon Lowe on Landon Avenue in the morning, according to Yakima Police spokesman Mike Bastinelli.

He was a fugitive wanted out of Kittitas County, police said.

Yakima police assisted with locating the suspect and making the arrest.

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City approves budget with six mill tax increase

After a heated public hearing, the city council adopted its budget for the upcoming fiscal year, which comes with a six-mill tax hike.

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Thomas Hayden Sr. has not been seen in years. His wife, Virginia, believes the police have her in their sights.

On Jan. 18, 2012, a man walking along Conewago Road in Dover Township made a grisly discovery.

It was a sealed, plastic Foodsaver bag "containing blood-stained items, skin and hair," according to a criminal complaint filed by the Northern York County Regional Police. One of the bloody items was a piece of a queen-sized sheet, the manufacturer's tag still affixed.

The items were sent to the state police crime lab for testing. DNA extracted from the hair and blood staining the sheet was entered in the national DNA database.

There were no matches.

For five years, the discovery remained a mystery.

UPDATE: Missing Dover Twp. man mystery: Stepdaughter brought back to PA to face charges

* * *

On Jan. 21, 2017, Kim Via, who lives in Louisiana, called the state police in Carlisle to ask them to check on her father, Thomas Hayden Sr.

When police went to the address in Carlisle, it touched off a byzantine investigation that either may solve, or deepen, the mystery about what may have happened to Hayden, who apparently has been missing since 2011.

The investigation resulted in Hayden's stepdaughter, 43-year-old Connie Lynn Pender, being charged last week with theft and tampering with public records. A warrant for her arrest has been issued.

Pender, who now lives in Austin, Texas, is accused of notarizing forged signatures of her stepfather on the deed to his house and the title to his trailer, police said.

Pender's mother, Virginia Hayden, 66, of Dover Township, used the deed with the allegedly forged signature to buy her husband's share of the house for $1, Northern York County Regional Police Sgt. John Migatulski wrote in the charging documents. Virginia Hayden later sold the house for $135,000. Virginia Hayden also allegedly sold the trailer using the forged title, telling the buyer that her husband had been in a motorcycle accident and no longer needed the trailer.

And while the lengthy criminal complaint deals mostly with Thomas Hayden Sr.'s disappearance, and the extensive police investigation into it, no charges have been filed against Virginia Hayden. Nor have police concluded just what happened to Thomas Hayden, having received what they say are conflicting explanations for his disappearance from his wife.

More: Zachary Witman murder case: Where things stand in the mysterious case of fratricide

First efforts to find him

Via thought her father was living with Virginia Hayden in the Carlisle area, but she was unsure. She had been estranged from her father since October 2005. She said she had tried calling him, but her stepmother always told her he didn't want to speak to her. Via went so far as to hire a private investigator to locate her father. The investigator came up empty.

A trooper who went to check on him at the address Via gave was greeted by Virginia Cooksey, Virginia Hayden's granddaughter. She told the trooper that her grandmother had lived at an apartment at the address, but her grandfather had never lived there. She told the trooper that she hadn't seen her grandfather in seven years, police said.

The next day, Jan. 22, 2017, a state police trooper spoke with Virginia Hayden, who told him that her husband "had left Pennsylvania one night in 2011 to seek medical treatment for ALS," according to the criminal complaint filed against her daughter.

Police said Virginia Hayden gave two different accounts of her husband's departure, that he left with an overnight bag and that he was picked up by his brother, Spencer Hayden, one night. Spencer Hayden told police later that he didn't do any such thing.

When investigators pointed out that she had given two different accounts, police said she had no explanation for it.

Related: Even when police officers are killed, murders can go unsolved for decades

Virginia Hayden shares her story

On Friday, during a nearly two-hour conversation in an apartment outside Carlisle where Virginia Hayden is living with a friend, she said her daughter, Pender, didn't do anything wrong. Virginia Hayden said she doesn't know what happened to her husband or where he is.

As she sat on the chaise end of sectional sofa in the living room of the second-floor apartment in South Middleton Township, Cumberland County, she spoke slowly, her crystal blue eyes shining in the dim sunlight when she looked toward the outside patio.

She said she could not recall the date or time she last saw her husband, whom she met and married in 1998. But she remembered that Thomas Hayden left on his own, and she remembered who he went with, though she declined to name that person. She said that person now denies it, adding "It's my word against his."

Police reported that Virginia Hayden had told her daughter, Carolyn Cooksey, that Thomas had gone to Mexico to get treatment for ALS, Lou Gehrig's Disease.

During the conversation on Friday, Virginia Hayden repeated that she believed her husband had gone for treatment of some disease, but she couldn't remember the name of the disease.

Thomas Hayden Sr., his daughter Kim Via, and his wife, Virginia Hayden, pose for a photograph while Thomas Hayden Sr., and his wife visited Via at her home in Louisiana sometime between 2000 and 2003. (Submitted)

He's dead to her

Carolyn Cooksey told police when they interviewed her that she had received phone calls from her mother in 2011 that made it sound as though the couple was on their way to Mexico. She said the last time she saw her stepfather was in the fall of 2011. She said she had a Christmas party at her home in Maryland in 2011 and Thomas Hayden didn't attend.

The police checked Thomas and Virginia Hayden's passport records and found that neither had ever traveled to Mexico. They also checked Thomas Hayden's medical records, which gave no indication that he had ever been diagnosed with ALS.

At the time of Thomas Hayden's disappearance, the couple lived in a condo in the Ashley Farms development in Dover Township. The address, 3060 Barley Circle, was also listed as the address for Pender's notary business. She had become a certified notary on June 12, 2012.

When police checked the Barley Circle address, they found that Virginia Hayden no longer lived there, that she had sold the condo to a man named Robert Denoncourt on Nov. 14, 2014.

Denoncourt told police that Virginia Hayden had said her husband was dead.

On Friday, Virginia Hayden said she's told many people that her husband is dead. "Because," she said, "to me, he is."

She described her husband as being abusive, but she didn't want to give details.

"You've never been married to a man that scares you so bad that the day he decides to leave, you pray to God he doesn't come back," she said. "You pray to God he forgets about you."

Also of interest: Spring Grove woman's killer was a neighbor who wanted to be more than friends, police say

Also of interest: List: Unsolved York County homicides

'Tom was lucky ...'

Denoncourt told police several household items were included in the sale of the house, including a queen-size bedroom suite, and that several items were to be removed from the house before the sale, including a large rubber mat that covered the garage floor.

When police reviewed the deed for the house, they found that on Nov. 3, 2014, about a year before Virginia Hayden sold the house to Denoncourt, she bought her husband's share of the property for $1. The deed transfer showed that Pender served as the notary for the transaction.

Police hired a handwriting expert to review Thomas Hayden's signature on the deed transfer and compare it to Thomas and Virginia Hayden's signatures. The expert determined Thomas Hayden's signature had been written by his wife, according to court documents.

On Friday, Virginia Hayden didn't discuss her husband's signature on the deed. But she said she has been signing her husband's signature since soon after they married. "Going back to 2000, I signed everything for Tom," she said. Asked why that was, Virginia Hayden said she did everything for him. "Tom was lucky he wiped his own ass," she said. "Tom wouldn't lift a foot to get a drink."

More: Cold cases: 'Feisty' Tina Knaub disappeared in 1984

Blood in the bag and Hayden DNA

Less than a week after police spoke with Denoncourt, they interviewed Spencer and Owen Hayden, Thomas Hayden's brothers. Both said they had neither seen nor spoken to Thomas Hayden since October 2010. They denied ever picking their brother up to take him for medical treatment.

DNA samples acquired from Spencer and Owen Hayden were compared to the DNA that had been found on the items found in the Foodsaver bag about five years earlier. The test results indicated that it was likely that the hair, skin and blood found in the bag belonged to a sibling of Spencer and Owen Hayden by a factor of 403 billion times.

The police investigation also revealed that Virginia Hayden apparently had given some thought about disposing bodies.

Carolyn Cooksey told police that her mother once "spoke of feeding a body to pigs," and how the pigs would eat everything but the skull. Virginia Hayden's grandson, Michael Harris, Pender's son, said he "had conversations with his grandmother about getting rid of bodies," which usually happened when they were watching TV, according to the criminal complaint. Harris said his grandmother told him that if you feed a body to pigs, the pigs will eat everything but the hair. She also discussed other ways to get rid of a body, including that you need to stab a body before you put it in water or else it will float.

She also told him if someone is on nitro spray for a heart condition, you can overdose that person with it and it would appear to be a heart attack.

Harris told police he didn't think the conversations were odd, rather that "she was cool to talk to."

Asked about these conversations, Virginia Hayden smiled. "If those people remember, Tom said it," she said. "It's funny they're gonna put it on me."

She said she and her husband would talk about things like that often. Asked why they talked about getting rid of bodies, Virginia Hayden said of her husband, "You don't know his background."

She wouldn't elaborate.

Harris told police that he was close to his grandparents, but that he hadn't seen his grandfather in several years. He said after his grandfather disappeared, his grandmother gave him a credit card bearing Thomas Hayden's name. Harris, who was in high school at the time, simply thought it was "free money."

More: Meet the 101 York County killers who are serving life without parole

'I will be watching ...'

Carolyn Cooksey gave police a letter she got from her mother, purported to be from Thomas Hayden. In the letter, Thomas Hayden was purported to have written that he was sick and asked Carolyn Cooksey to "be there for her mother." He also purportedly wrote that his family didn't care about him. The letter concluded, "I will be watching I am counting on you."

The police handwriting expert concluded that Virginia Hayden wrote the letter, not Thomas Hayden.

A dark joke, a grim search

In February, police interviewed the Haydens' former next-door neighbor from Barley Circle, Carol Bobb, who said her husband knew Thomas Hayden well, that they would sit on the front porch and talk for hours. When police asked her if she'd seen Thomas Hayden recently, she said she'd heard from his wife that he had moved to Mexico for ALS treatment and had died there.

Bobb said it was odd that one day Thomas Hayden just disappeared. She said she and her son-in-law would joke that Thomas Hayden was buried in the back yard because when he went missing, Virginia Hayden had a new concrete slab, doubling the size of the patio, poured behind her house.

Police later searched the property with dogs trained to detect corpses. They found nothing.

ALSO OF INTEREST: Human remains: Testing reveals new info about mysterious bones found in West Manchester

'Tom left for Mexico'

Police reviewed Thomas Hayden's Medicare and Medicaid records and discovered that the last time he had been seen by a doctor was Sept. 27, 2011. He had another appointment scheduled for Oct. 25, but it was canceled by Virginia Hayden, who said her husband was no longer in the area. It seemed out of character to investigators. Medical records going back to 2006 showed that Thomas Hayden routinely went to medical appointments.

Virginia Hayden said that just as she always signed her husband's name, she always made and canceled appointments for her husband if he wanted her to.

Police also checked Social Security and bank records and found that the payments continued to be deposited in the couple's joint account since Thomas Hayden's disappearance. The payments totaled $116,765. Bank records showed that only one debit card had been issued for the account and most of the deposits and withdrawals from the account occurred in Central Pennsylvania, where Virginia Hayden lived.

Virginia Hayden said Friday that she has closed that account.

Police also obtained records of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and found that Virginia Hayden had bought a .357-caliber handgun from a store in York Oct. 2, 2011. Asked about it later, Virginia Hayden told police that she had sold the gun through a dealer in East York. ATF records, though, indicated that the gun hadn't been sold.

Police executed a search warrant for Virginia Hayden's home and found a lock box containing Thomas Hayden's driver's license, his Social Security and Medicare cards and his passport. Virginia Hayden's day planner was also in the box. The Nov. 1, 2011, entry read "Tom left for Mexico."

The entry for the next day read "lunch with Connie."

Police also found a Foodsaver system. Her daughter Carolyn Cooksey had previously told police that her mother always had one.

Virginia's conflicting accounts

When police interviewed Virginia Hayden, they say she gave conflicting accounts of what may have happened to her husband. She told police Thomas Hayden left sometime in 2011 and took $40,000 in cash from her when he did. She said she spoke to him recently, but couldn't provide a phone number. Nor could she recall the dates or times they spoke.

She told police that when she told her daughter Carolyn Cooksey that her husband had gone to Mexico, it wasn't the truth.

When police asked Virginia Hayden if she knew her husband's whereabouts, she said "maybe you ought to check the grave of my second husband for him," police wrote in court documents.

Her other husbands

Virginia Hayden hasn't had a lot of luck with husbands. Thomas Hayden was her third husband. Her first two spouses are deceased, she said.

Her first  husband, Edward Claybaugh, hanged himself after they had divorced, she said. Her second husband, Floyd Fogle, was a lot older than her, she said. "He had a massive heart attack," she said.

Police did check Fogle's grave in Ladiesburg, Maryland, and found nothing untoward.

But Virginia Hayden said police have led her to believe they suspect she had something to do with all three of her husbands' deaths.

"From what I'm understanding, they think I killed them, too," she said.

When asked directly if she did kill Thomas Hayden, she said, "No."

Police also asked her why she tells everyone her husband is dead, but she told police she doesn't know where he is. She said it's embarrassing to tell people he left her.

A daughter's goal

Northern York County Regional Police filed charges against Connie Pender on Dec. 12.

The investigation into Thomas Hayden's disappearance continues.

Kim Via, his daughter, said she wants to find out what happened to her father. "I have a father I love dearly who I was kept from and now I don't know where he is," she said.

She called herself a "daddy's girl," and said being cut out of his life and never really knowing why has been difficult. In January of this year, she said, she decided to try to get some answers.

She still hasn't.

"Right now," she said, "that's my goal, to find him or a body."

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More stories of interest

Watch a video below to learn about the longtime cold case in the murder of Anne Elder:

Anne Elder was murdered 43 years ago. Rick Lee lays out the timeline of events in this cold case. Rick Lee and Sean Heisey, York Daily Record

READ: Cold case revived: In '97, murder suspect was trying to free his father, cops say

READ: Even when police officers are killed, murders can go unsolved for decades

READ: Zachary Witman murder case: Where things stand in the mysterious case of fratricide

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Work Out & Win

News | Mary Anne Swanstrom | March 30, 2018

Work out at a Heart of the Valley YMCA branch from March 1st through April 30th, and not only will you have fun, get fit and make friends, you’ll gain confidence and create a solid routine for your healthier lifestyle! You’ll also earn a great incentive gift.

Here’s how: Pick up a punch card at your Y. Earn 10 points and get your card punched at the YMCA Member Services Desk for every day you work out at the Y. Turn your card in during the month of May to receive your prize.
100 points = Y microfiber workout towel
150 points = Y coffee shop go-cup
250 points = Y insulated lunch bag and salad box set
350+ points = Y bluetooth earbuds

Here are the rules: Limit one card per Y Member. Must be age 16 or older. Program members are not eligible. Card may only be punched by a YMCA Staff Member. Limit one punch per day. Self-punched cards are voided and may not be turned in for prizes. Some prize quantities are limited, and a different prize of equal or greater value may be substituted.

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Loading Events

Confessions, Bonneville EP Launch

Fri Sep 14 @ 7.30 pm - 10.30 pm

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York’s sharpest record label, Young Thugs, present Bonneville, in the haunting surroundings of one of York’s beautiful churches.
This is the launch of her debut EP, Confessions.
We had an inkling of Bonneville’s wickedly funny brilliance in The Lungs, her wry alt-country duo set-up with songwriter Theo Mason Wood, later reborn as a fully-fledged four-piece, Gwen. Guesting with South Bank Suicide Club showed other quirky sides of a performer who appears to move effortlessly from menacing faux-saccharine pop to edgy off-kilter story-songs. You get the feeling she could go absolutely in any direction and triumph. Now she’s flying solo, but well supported by a host of York’s finest, with a set of deceptively sweet-sounding lyrics that lay bare a young world of fun, experiment and excitement. The three-song EP set is tinged with a contemplative edge of regret and apology, but underlying this, the listener is left in no doubt that Bonnie Milnes can dig deep and emerge with an understated determination to grow and learn from her adventures. It’s an exhilarating debut, an offering that hints at a huge career not much further down the line.
YorkMix covered the release of the video for the first track, Chimpanzee earlier this year:

Gorilla wanders round York in cracking new music video

Listen to the other tracks, Matthew In The Bathroom, and the wistful New Lady, on Spotify:

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Something quite startling happened in a close House race in northern Virginia this year. The Washington Post endorsed the incumbent Republican, Barbara Comstock. Comstock has been a familiar figure in the region for decades, but not in a way that would typically earn the Post's admiration. In the 1990s, as chief counsel to the House Oversight and Reform Committee, she made the Clintons sweat with investigations into their hydra-headed scandals. She served three terms in the Virginia House of Delegates, winning each time in a district that leaned Democrat. In 2014, she ran for and won seat she now holds by a 16-point margin.

In a year when the two major-party presidential nominees are dismaying and demoralizing, it's a relief to pay tribute to a politician who is honorable, able and worthy.

Comstock knocked on 10,000 doors in each of her races for the House of Delegates, and was dogged and diligent about constituent service. From transportation to cyber security to snow emergencies, she filled her district's inboxes with helpful information and offers of assistance.

Virginia's sprawling 10th congressional district extends from the close-in suburbs of Washington, D.C., all the way to the Shenandoah Valley bordering West Virginia. It's a great district for a fearful flyer (not that Comstock is, just saying). But accessibility is double-edged sword. Most of the district lies within a couple of hours' drive from the capital (some parts much closer), but that means the representative is expected at pretty much every event. A scroll through Comstock's Facebook page shows that she almost never begs off. She is like Zelig - everywhere. I once asked her how many nights per week she attends events. She allowed as how it's usually seven: an Indian-American meet and greet; a Korean barbeque night; a high-tech conference (the Dulles corridor is the Washington area's Silicon Valley); a high school homecoming; a veterans' event; a film festival; a maternity home; a firefighters open house; a breast cancer awareness event; a Columbus Day parade (in the rain).

For 34 years, the district was represented by Republican Frank Wolf, whose particular passion was human rights. Since leaving Congress, he has worked with the Wilberforce Initiative, defending victims of religious persecution. Comstock has upheld the tradition, cosponsoring two pieces of legislation on human trafficking, demanding that the Obama administration devise plans to defeat ISIS, and initiating legislation to label ISIS' crimes against Christians and others as "genocide."

The 10th district was happy with Wolf, but that doesn't make it a safe Republican seat. It went for Romney by a margin of just 1 percent in 2012 and for Ken Cuccinelli by just one point in the 2013 governor's race. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee targeted Comstock in 2015, hoping to make her a "one-term wonder." They got a huge assist - not from Democrats, who had trouble drafting a challenger, but from Republicans. Trump is trailing by about 10 points in Virginia, and is loathed in suburban communities like Fairfax County. GOP consultant Tucker Martin tweeted, "He's at 29 percent in VA. Which is what you would get if you got nominated, burnt down Monticello, and then went on vacation until November." (Actually, RCP puts Trump at 39 percent in Virginia, but the point stands.)

LuAnn Bennett, a real estate executive whose own domicile has raised questions (the Washington Free Beacon reports that Bennett lived at the Ritz-Carlton in the District of Columbia and only acquired a rental in the district eight days before declaring her candidacy), offers the usual Democratic Party talking points: equal pay for women (which has been law since 1963), a minimum-wage increase to $15 per hour, universal pre-K and paid family leave. She unintentionally provoked laughter at a Loudoun Chamber of Commerce appearance when she praised the ACA for "making health care more affordable."

Through constituent service, opposition to Obamacare, support for defense, outreach to minorities and hostility to grandstanding government shutdowns, Comstock earned the endorsements of every major newspaper in her district. Bennett is struggling to hang Trump around Comstock's neck. But Comstock never endorsed Trump, and in the aftermath of the Access Hollywood tape's release, condemned his statements as "vile, disgusting and disqualifying."

If the Republican Party is going to survive post-2016, Barbara Comstock is exactly the sort of leader to help it rise from the rubble. She could be, she should be, the new face of the party.

Mona Charen is a Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center. To read features by other Creators Syndicate writers and cartoonists, visit the Creators Syndicate webpage at