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Parshat Tzav: When Eating Meat was a Sacrifice

By Richard H. Schwartz, Ph.D.

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And that which is left thereof [from the meal-offering] shall Aaron and his sons eat; it shall be eaten without leaven in a holy place; in the tent of meeting they shall eat it. . . . it is most holy as the sin-offering and the guilt-offering[1]

When the Jewish people were in the wilderness before they entered the land of Israel, the consumption of meat was associated with holiness. Every piece of meat consumed came from an animal sacrificed in the Mishkan (Sanctuary), an act meant to bring the worshiper closer to G-d. The word korban (sacrifice) is related to le-karev, to come close. Through the sacrifice, worshipers felt that they were giving themselves vicariously to G-d.

If an animal sacrifice was slaughtered in a place other than the altar of the Sanctuary, it was deemed unlawful, and the perpetrator was deserving of Divine punishment [2] (Once the Jewish people entered the land of Israel, eating meat outside holy spaces was permitted [3].)

In the times of the Mishkan the consumption of meat was not something taken for granted, as it generally is today. Each sacrifice had a definite purpose: to offer thanksgiving, to atone for a sin, to commemorate a holy day (such as the Korban Pesach, or Paschal Lamb), or to make one feel closer to G-d. Those offering a sacrifice felt that they were giving up something from their prized possessions. People owned animals as sources of labor or food, as well as a form of capital; hence slaughtering them in connection with the Temple rites was a sacrifice of a precious source of income and food. The animal was not considered just a distant commodity as is generally the case in today's world of corporate agriculture; rather, it was a creature that the owner raised and saw on a daily basis, and whose needs were a matter of personal responsibility and even concern. Since a mother animal and its offspring could not be slaughtered on the same day [4] those who offered sacrifices needed to be aware of familial relationships among animals to be offered as sacrifices.

Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, Chief Rabbi of Efrat, points out that worshipers were very much involved in the sacrificial process. For sin offerings, they were required to lean their hands on the animal, and make a confession prior to the act of slaughter. Rabbi Riskin explains that the emotional result on the one who brought the sacrifice and watched it being killed was to contemplate that because of their sin they deserved to be the ones on the altar. Thus they would experience feelings of teshuvah (repentance) and become transformed, worthy of a renewed lease on life[5].

The relatively small number of sacrifices performed daily meant that attention was given to the death of each animal. Sanctity was related to physical wholeness and perfection. The Kohanim (Priests) had to be free of bodily imperfections, and the animals to be sacrificed had to be free of blemishes. Hence, the notion of holiness was given physical expression in the concept of holiness of body and limb.

Far different is the eating of meat today. Rather than an infrequent act, many people in modern societies consume meat daily, if not more than once a day. Instead of an individual sacrifice of one person's animal in a special ceremony, animals are currently raised by mass-production procedures on “factory farms” in huge numbers. In place of slaughter by a Kohen (Priest) focusing his intention in the Mishkan imbued with holiness, today the slaughter is generally done by a shochet (ritual slaughterer) who slaughters hundreds of animals a day in an industrial facility.

Because of these major changes, the large-scale production and widespread consumption of meat today have negative effects that did not occur in the days of the Sanctuary. In some cases, these negative effects violate or compromise Halakhah (Jewish law),[6] and often contravene the ethical sensitivities that the Torah wishes to instill in us.

For example, while the Torah forbids tsa'ar ba'alei chayim, inflicting unnecessary pain on animals, most farm animals — including those raised for kosher consumers — are raised on "factory farms" where they live in cramped, confined spaces, and are often drugged, mutilated, and denied fresh air, sunlight, exercise, and any enjoyment of life, before they are slaughtered and eaten.

The Torah mandates that people should be very careful about preserving their health and their lives. Yet, numerous scientific studies have linked animal-based diets directly to heart disease, stroke, many forms of cancer, and other chronic degenerative diseases. In addition, modern methods of raising animals have raised new health threats, including the potential for the human variant of “mad-cow's disease,” bird flu, E-coli contamination, and other negative effects from the use of large amounts of hormones, pesticides, and other chemicals.

Judaism teaches that "the earth is the L-rd's"[7], and that we are meant to be G-d's partners and co-workers in preserving the world. In conflict with this ethic, modern intensive livestock agriculture contributes substantially to global warming, soil erosion and depletion, air and water pollution, overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the destruction of tropical rain forests and other habitats and other environmental damage. As a recent indication of just how significant this is, a November 2006 report from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization indicated that animal-based agriculture emits more greenhouse gases (18 percent, in CO2 equivalents) than the entire transport sector.[8]

While the Torah mandates bal tashchit, that we are not to waste or unnecessarily destroy anything of value, animal agriculture requires the wasteful use of grain, land, water, energy, and other precious resources. As one example, it is estimated that over half of the world's population will live in areas chronically short of water by the middle of this century; yet animal-based diets typically require up to 14 times as much water (to raise the animals) than diets completely free of animal products.

While Judaism stresses that we are to assist the poor and share our bread with hungry people, over 70% of the grain grown in the United States and over 40% of the grain grown worldwide are fed to animals destined for slaughter, while an estimated 20 million people worldwide die because of hunger and its effects each year. It takes up to 16 pounds of grain in a feedlot to produce one pound of meat. While a shift to plant-based diets would not in itself solve the problem of widespread hunger, it would free up grain, land, water, energy and other resources that could make a major difference.

There is a world of difference between the consumption of meat in the time of the sanctuary and today, with holiness replaced by speed, special events replaced by mass production, one sanctuary replaced by many slaughterhouses, and positive effects replaced by many serious negative consequences. Though the consumption of kosher meat is considered entirely ‘mutar’ (permissible) by the vast majority of Jewish authorities, perhaps it is time for the Jewish community to reconsider our diets, in a voluntary way, in efforts to restore holiness, kavannah and other positive Jewish values.

Suggested Action Items:

  • Consider substituting fruits and vegetables and other plant-foods for some or all of your meat consumption.

  • Avoid animal products that involve especially serious violations of tsa'ar ba'alei chaim (causing pain to living creatures), such as white veal and foie gras (produced by force feeding ducks and geese).
  • If you eat animal products, try to limit them to those that were raised more humanely, such as free-range, organic chickens and beef. However, since standards for such products are often vague, check that conditions for the animals are actually better.
  • Support efforts to improve the treatment of animals in animal agriculture.

Ricard H Schwartz Ph.D.-is Professor Emeritus, Mathematics, College of Staten Island; President of the [Jewish Vegetarians of North America] (JVNA); and co-founder and coordinator of the [Society of Ethical and Religious Vegetarians] (SERV). He advocates for animal welfare based on Jewish teachings in the United States and Israel. His writings inspired the 2007 documentary film, A Sacred Duty: Applying Jewish Values to Heal the World, directed by Lionel Friedberg.

[1] Leviticus 6:9.10

[2] Leviticius 17:3,4

[3] Deuteronomy 12:20

[4] Leviticus 22:26-28

[5] Rabbi Shlomo Riskin, “There, But For the Grace of G-d,” Jerusalem Post International edition, March 28, 1998)

[6] See, for example, the halakhic discourse of Rabbi Moshe Feinstein on not eating veal, in Igrot Moshe, Even Ha-ezer, Vol. IV, no. 92.

[7] Psalms 24:1

[8] “Livestock's Long Shadow,”

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The Power of Kids

Joan Kelley Walker with Todd Bender, founder of City Kidz in Hamilton

Growing up in small town Saskatchewan, I never really knew what bullying was. Our town was made up of around 200 people. I went to school with 36 kids and that was the whole school! Everyone knew each other. Back in the day I felt we were more labeled rather than bullied. You were the shy one; the dumb one or where you sat in your class determined your cool factor among peers. What grounded me though was family.

I consider myself blessed, and this year give thanks for family because as you eat your turkey and meet to feast, there are others who are part of a family you and I never knew growing up.


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Address: 7642 Palmer CT, Naples, 34113

Company Name: Jones and Co Realty
Office Phone: (239) 415-5881
Agent Name: Valentina Taft
Agent Phone: (239) 677-6882
Agent Email:
MLS # 218039187

Price: $1,299,000

7642 Palmer CT, Naples, 34113 Map This

Year Built: 2008
Bedrooms: 4+Den
Bathrooms: 4.0000
Square Feet: 3531
Pool: Yes

Virtual Tour: CLICK HERE

Listing Description

Elegantly remodeled luxury Executive Home, 4 bedrooms & Den, 5 baths, is striking with its beautiful floor plan. It is located in prestigious gated Classics Plantations Estates at Lely Resort, close to amazing Players Club with 3 Resort pools, restaurant, bars, fitness center,full Service Spa. Minutes to downtown Naples & the beaches. Circle driveway provides Grand Entrance, as soon as you circle Cul de Sac. House is on oversized 0.51 acre lot, lots of privacy, beautiful view on infinity pool with waterfalls & spa. Impact Resistance Windows & Doors,Travertine floor,Tray ceilings,Total home Surround sound, Kitchen with granite countertops, stainless appliances, best quality cherry 16"cabinets. Interior is designed to perfection & has abundant outdoor space .This spring house was remodeled:custom painted inside & outside, new wood floors installed in all 4 bedrooms & den,new crown molding everywhere,new water heater in garage and electric tankless water heater in Master suite, many new Light fixtures & new LED lighting, in spacious Laundry: new non-polished granite countertops, new Washer & Dryer, Huge 3+car Garage & its floor is redone & painted. Players Club Membership is Optional.

Property Features

  • Property Type: Single Family
  • Community: Lely Resort
  • Subdivision/Neighborhood: Classics Plantation Estates
  • View: Landscaped Area,Preserve,Wooded Area
  • Waterfront: No
  • Waterfront Description: None
  • Garage: Attached
  • Garage Spaces: 3.00
  • Carport:
  • Carport Spaces: 0
  • Windows: Arched,Other
  • Construction: Concrete Block
  • Roof: Tile
  • Additional Rooms: Family Room,Guest Bath,Guest Room,Home Office,Laundry in Residence,Screened Lanai/Porch,Den - Study
  • Appliances: Auto Garage Door, Cooktop, Dishwasher, Disposal, Dryer, Microwave, Refrigerator/Icemaker, Security System, Self Cleaning Oven, Smoke Detector, Washer
  • Interior Features: Built-In Cabinets, Cable Prewire, Closet Cabinets, French Doors, Laundry Tub, Pantry, Smoke Detectors, Tray Ceiling, Volume Ceiling, Walk-In Closet
  • Exterior Features: Outdoor Shower, Patio, Sprinkler Auto
  • Amenities: Billiards, Bocce Court, Business Center, Clubhouse, Community Pool, Community Room, Community Spa/Hot tub, Dog Park, Exercise Room, Fitness Center Attended, Full Service Spa, Golf Course, Hobby Room, Internet Access, Pickleball, Private Membership, Restau
  • Furnished: Negotiable
  • Foreclosure: No
  • Short Sale: No
  • Lot Size: F:130 - R:170 - B:170 - L:170
  • Acres: 0.5100
  • Road: Cul-De-Sac,Paved Road
  • Rear Exposure: NE
  • Restrictions: No Commercial,No RV,No Truck
  • Heat: Central Electric
  • Cooling: Ceiling Fans,Central Electric
  • Water: Central
  • Sewer: Central
  • Irrigation: Central,Reclaimed
  • Pets: No Approval Needed
  • Terms:
  • Possession: At Closing
Copyright 2018 Florida Gulf Coast Multiple Listing Service, Inc.; All rights reserved. Listing Courtesy of Jones & Co Realty. The data relating to real estate for sale on this flyer is the copyrighted and proprietary database of the Florida Gulf Coast Multiple Listing Service, Inc. Information provided for this property is thought to be reliable but is not guaranteed to be accurate; buyers are advised to verify facts before making the decision to purchase a property. No warranties, expressed or implied, are provided for the data herein, or for their use or interpretation by the user. Information provided is for consumer's personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing. Listing broker has attempted to offer accurate data, but buyers are advised to confirm all items.

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Thursday, 13 December 2018

Somerset Splendour

Sarah Bailey showcases her passion for Interior Design by blending the best features of a historic Georgian property with modern style and comforts to create a stunning family home.

Finding the right house in the perfect location is all about timing, as Sarah Bailey discovered in the summer of 2015, when a local agent found her the perfect centrally based property in the  city. This historic building, formerly used as offices and in a neglected state , was in the process of being renovated. Sarah could see past the building site and her interest sparked. Drawn to the classical Georgian architecture, with its elegant facade and stylish symmetrical simplicity.   ‘I fell in love with this house immediately,’ says Sarah, ‘particularly the long sweep of the entrance hallway leading to a beautiful, staircase with its winding handrail and light flooding down into the whole house through a light well. The rooms were spacious and well proportioned with original features and ample off street parking. With the location, space, garden and parking boxes ticked, Sarah could see the potential and once restored, she could lovingly create/turn it into a stunning family home to share with her two daughters, Morgan and Freya.

It felt like a lifetime waiting for the sale to complete and they moved in ten days before Christmas! Sarah hadn’t even made a start on her Christmas shopping as she wanted the move to be as light as possible. ‘It was all hands on deck buying and wrapping presents, creating a cosy family home to host dinner for twenty five on Christmas Day.’ The exciting vision of her beautiful Georgian home complete with 3 huge Christmas trees became a reality.

Sarah, runs her own interior design business in Bristol. Her creative flair and passion for beautiful furniture and furnishings is evident throughout her home.  She has effectively blended the property’s classical style influences with relaxed and cosy living areas. It works well as a transitional space between the grand Palladian facade and the stunning interior which showcases Sarah’s passion for Interior Design.

Sarah, runs her own interior design business in Bristol. Her creative flair and passion f
From the outset, Sarah’s financial constraints were her biggest frustration but she is a great believer that with patience, imagination and creativity you can transform anything within reason and budget. ‘ I am a perfectionist and wanted to create a perfect home,’ says Sarah, ‘this is a very large, 4 storey home and needed a lot of furniture to make it feel complete and homely.’

The large drawing room is has two zones, a relaxing one with the fireplace has the focal point and a dining area with a large extendable table seating. Sarah has reupholstered her chateau style dining chairs using brightly colored damask material. This adds a stunning pop of colour and compliments/blends in with the walls. Sarah chose a floral damask wallpaper from the Anna French, Seraphina collection inspired by a English gardener for the dining and drawing room.  ‘The rooms are large and we got through a lot of wallpaper!’ says Sarah, ‘I wanted to wallpaper all the walls rather than just a feature wall and this subtle, floral design doesn’t overpower the rooms. The soft yellow colour in the drawing room is a perfect compliment to the wooden floors.   Readapting the rooms started with the kitchen which was in a  country kitchen style.  She personalized the oak cupboards by painting them pale grey and replaced the small dark handles with large silver knob handles.  To create a contemporary sophisticated look a white stone worktop replaced the busy worktop. Sarah created a breakfast bar by replacing the original worktop on the island with an oversized one.  The overhang now accommodates seating for up to six people and the industrial stainless steel stools add a touch of urban chic to the room. The floor was initially painted in the same dramatic dark colour as the master bedroom but Sarah found it quite dark. ‘It’s at the bottom of the house and doesn’t get any direct sunlight, so I repainted the floor boards to a bright white and this transformed the space making it feel really light and airy,’ says Sarah

Choosing the right lighting transforms the mood and ambience of a room and Sarah’s love of grand chandeliers with a modern twist enhance each room. She is also a big fan of using feature mirrors wherever possible to create more light. She had to wait nearly a year for the stair runner but luckily her friends at Tailored Flooring made her an offer on her beautiful stair runner that she couldn’t refuse. It was the final touch to making the house feel really homely. ‘The look is very much about light, colour and texture,’ say Sarah

‘I have been involved in property all my life but this property was a real aspirational buy me,’ says Sarah, ‘ We are blessed living in a such a grand and beautiful historic house.’  Now lovingly restored into a warm and cosy home, makes her and her family now think of it as any normal home.'

 Kitchen: Sarah has personalised the traditional kitchen by painting the cupboards and adding polished chrome round knobs and cup handles for a more contemporary look. The kitchen is from Neptune range and painted in Dry Barley £66 for 5 Litres Conran, Terrano Adjustable Stool £219 SJP Interiors

Breakfast Room: Large, elegant, glass Chandeliers can totally transform a room, a classic choice making a big impression and compliment the period features of this room. Wallpaper is from the Seraphina Collection, Verey - Grey, £52 per roll. Anna French. The Mariah 14 arm black glass Chandelier, £795 Alexander & Pearl, is similar.  Elm Parquet Top Round Dining Table , £1418, Bedsite is similar.

Drawing room: Sarah has chosen yellow which compliments the touches of grey in this spacious light filled room. The wall paper from the Seraphina Collection, Verey- Citron £52 per roll  Anna French. Bespoke sofas from Andrew Martin

Guest Bedroom: Sarah has used antique pine furniture and some contemporary pieces to create the perfect blend of old and new. Original King Size Vintage Sleigh Bed, £895, French Finds Lts are similar, Chateau armchair £399 SJP Interiors. Scatter Cushions, from £25, John Lewis

Master BedroomThe floorboards, skirting and fireplace have been painted in a deep hue to contrast the pale grey walls for a dramatic effect. Floor painted in  Studio Green £110 per 5 Litres and the walls Dry Barley, £66 per 5 Litres, Conran. Super King Button Bed, £959, SJP Interiors.  Mimi Bedside Table, £225, Loaf is similar

Bathroom: The freestanding Tub adds a luxurious touch, while the marble tiles are practical and durable or The Freestanding tub offers a bath with view perfectly positioned next to large Georgian sash windows. Landmark Bath in Gun Metal Grey, £2499, Bathstore. Walls are painted in Purbeck Stone, £78 for 5 Litres, Farrow & Ball.

  • SJP Interior Design 0117 973 0880
  • Conran paints 0344 848 4000
  • Anna French 0207 737 6555
  • Andrew Martin 0207 225 5100
  • Neptune
  • Tailored flooring 0117 973 3393
  • Alexander & Pearl 0208 508 0411
  • Bathstore 0330 053 5661
  • Bedsite 0161 639 0994
  • Wayfair 0800 1690423
  • Farrow & Ball 01202 876141
  • John Lewis 0345 604 9049
  • Frenchfinds 01270 842445

 Words and Photos by Jo Sheldrake for 25 Beautiful Homes Magazine 2018


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Events Archive - Journalism research news
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*     *     *

The large mammals of the Pleistocene had just made it through about 100,000 years of ice-age cold and they had survived previous glacial/warming transitions before. This time was different, and most of those animals suddenly went extinct. Human populations across the continent all but disappeared as well, at a time that should have been ideal for continued growth and expansion. The warming trend came to an abrupt end over a very few years as the climate chilled rapidly. A mysterious black “mat” formed at the same time. No Clovis artifacts or skeletal remains of the large mammals have ever been found within that black-mat layer or above it. None of the more recent Paleoindian artifacts have ever been found below. What remains of that time-of-change today is a challenging mystery.

The more we learn of this period, the less we actually know for certain. Of course, the same can often be said about other times including the present. Perhaps we can draw parallels between the explosive climate and environmental changes so long ago and the changes we face today: challenges we now interpret with a mixture of science, supposition, belief, hope, fear, denial and always through the personal filters of our own biases. We humans, along with all of our living neighbors, exist in a fragile, ever changing environment that is occasionally buffeted by sudden, catastrophic shifts followed by yet another new equilibrium.

When first excavated in 1932, the exquisitely crafted, bi-facially fluted hunting implements of the Clovis people were thought to have been made by the first humans to populate North America. These ancient people were believed to have crossed the Bering Land Bridge fr
om Asia about 13,500 years ago. Their unique hunting points have since been found at over 50 sites across all of North America.

    It turns out the Clovis were not the first to arrive. Older, pre-Clovis human sites have since been found across the continent dating back nearly 50,000 years. Among the Clovis sites, some of those in what is now the southeast United States are older than those in the west, and the very oldest of the distinctive artifacts come from a site in southern Chile, throwing into question an orderly migration from Asia to Alaska and then across America. Another curiosity is that identical flaking and grinding techniques were used thousands of years earlier in southern France, Spain and Portugal, but not in Asia. Could the Clovis people have somehow migrated across the Atlantic from what is now Europe, perhaps along a northern route following the edge of the much denser ice packs of the time? Or, might they have come up from Australia traveling northward through South America? Another possibility is that the unique tools may represent a technology that was widely traded among Paleolithic cultures, or that individuals independently discovered the same special techniques in isolated locations over the span of many thousands of years.

CLOVIS TOOLS. Archaeologist Douglas Bamforth holds one of the Clovis tools

uncovered in 2008 when a fountain was being installed in a Boulder, Colorado yard.

(Photo by Glenn J. Asadawa, University of Colorado.)

Each discovery brings more mystery. By whatever means the special tools came to be in North America, they served those we now call the Clovis well for over 350 years near the end of the ice age, which was at least the fifth in repeating cycles of warming and cooling of the Earth. The climate prior to the extinctions seems to have been cooler and wetter than today — but with at least two periods of extended drought. As the glaciers retreated, sea levels rose and the “land bridge” between Asia and North America disappeared under water.

But, there was still much ice covering most of present-day Canada and dipping into the northern U.S. At the height of the ice age, Chicago’s skyscrapers (had they existed) would have been buried under at least a mile of ice.

Then it happened.

Click on Titles to Explore . . .

Where Do We Go From Here?
Most of us will do anything we can to avoid the loss of stability — indeed, the pain — of crisis. Yet, it is within this this time of disruption that a new beginning can be found.

Flowing With The Four Winds
Show Up
Be Receptive
Speak Your Own Truth
Don’t Be Attached to the Outcome

Driving Into a Prehistoric Dawn
This article is the start of a series
that takes a long view of our place
in history triggered by a personal experience of touching the distant past.

Something Strange Happened
Scientists debate the possible causes and meanings of a major crisis that occurred about 13,000 years ago. This second article in the series explores what is known of the rapid changes of that time, and explores possible causes.

What Might They (Someday) Think of Us?
After looking back to prehistoric events, consider now how our present time may be viewed from the far distant future.

The series concludes by checking in on some special artifacts of our own time awaiting discovery by those 13,000 years in the future.

Eating Away at Plastic Pollution
A Canadian teen gets tired of plastic bag clutter and finds a way to help nature

Friendly Skies of Rufus
Customer satisfaction may be at an all time low, but sometimes one person really can make a difference.

Future Articles . . .
The Hero’s Journey
Do we answer the Call of the Hero’s Journey or slip back into a continuing complacency?  The choice is ours as a society, and especially as individuals in choosing who we are and who we shall become.

Unintended Consequences
Galileo cautioned that protective efforts may lead to even greater damage.

Today’s solution may become tomorrow’s problem.

New Neural Networks

Bottom/Up Planning

The Problem with Panic
The responses that cause panic attacks today helped our ancestors survive and get us this far, but times have changed

Copyright 2011 by Gil Campbell. The contents of the joyofcrisis.com website are copyrighted with all rights reserved. However, we have a very liberal policy of sharing information and allowing duplication.
We ask that attribution be provided whenever possible, and we appreciate your contacting us for any and all reasons at editor@joyofcrisis.comWhere_Do_We_Go.htmlWhere_Do_We_Go.htmlFour_Winds.htmlFour_Winds.htmlPrehistoric_Dawn.htmlPrehistoric_Dawn.htmlWhat_Might_They.htmlWhat_Might_They.htmlWhat_Might_They.htmlSomewhere.htmlPlastic_Pollution.htmlPlastic_Pollution.htmlRufus_Factor.htmlRufus_Factor.htmlmailto:editor@joyofcrisis.comshapeimage_4_link_0shapeimage_4_link_1shapeimage_4_link_2shapeimage_4_link_3shapeimage_4_link_4shapeimage_4_link_5shapeimage_4_link_6shapeimage_4_link_7shapeimage_4_link_8shapeimage_4_link_9shapeimage_4_link_10shapeimage_4_link_11shapeimage_4_link_12shapeimage_4_link_13shapeimage_4_link_14shapeimage_4_link_15shapeimage_4_link_16

LONE SURVIOR. Only the Bison remains of all the large Pleistocene mammals of North America.

THE BLACK MAT OF MURRAY SPRINGS, AZ. The very dark layer is the precise dividing boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. Clovis tools and the bones of mammoths are found in the lower sediments but not within the black boundary or above.

(Photo by Douglas Kennett)

GLASS-LIKE CARBON. The glassy, top surface of this specimen, found in one of the Carolina Bays, is thought to have formed when cellulose was heated at 3200º C. The bottom portion has been identified as unburned Yellow Pine wood. The sample is consistent with material that would be left if a tree were impacted by a fast-moving, high-temperature shockwave. Such an intense blast would be immediately followed by a temporary vacuum. Further burning was prevented because of the lack of oxygen. (Firestone, 2009)

METEOR CRATER. This Arizona landmark was formed when a school-bus sized iron meteorite crashed into the Earth. (Photo: U.S. Geological Survey)

TUNGUSKA EVENT. Trees were scorched and flattened in a “butterfly pattern” by the shockwave caused as an extraterrestrial object exploded high in the atmosphere above a remote area in Siberia. Had the object arrived just five hours later, the city of St. Petersburg, Russia, would have been destroyed.

COMET FRAGMENTS. Above, Shoemaker-Levy breaking apart as it approaches Jupiter. (Composite Hubble photograph). Right, fragments of the comet enter the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. (Hubble photograph, NASA)

DIRECTIONS TO US. The cover of Voyager spacecraft compartment containing recorded sounds, pictures and greetings from the people of Earth. The starburst pattern at the lower left shows relative distances from our sun to easily identifiable quasars.

Voyager I, launched in 1977, is now the furthest man-made object from Earth, currently about 10 billion miles away in the far reaches of the outer solar system beyond Pluto.

(NASA photo)

To Learn More . . .

www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/clovis Online viewing of “Last Extinction” program, links to debate of various theories, and a computer animation of the effects of an airburst.

www.perigeezero.org A presentation of a “Unified theory of cultural heritage and geological history,” including evaluation of Carolina Bays evidence and a Google map linking bay orientation to a possible Great Lakes impact site.

We have no eyewitness accounts of what happened to the Clovis. Even with new discoveries and exploratory techniques — such as tracing the spread of ancestral RNA — the human journey through antiquity will always include both science and mythology. Indeed, the controversial Firestone and West also speculate that the collective memory of such momentous events as atmospheric explosions may survive in human mythology, perhaps as the Thunderbird of Native American culture.

This time of climate change and extinction is now known as the boundary between the 2.6 million years of the Pleistocene and the current, interglacial Holocene epochs. Within about 100 years of the event, human populations rebounded and were developing anew. The Clovis culture was gone but was then replaced by the Folsom culture, people who hunted bison instead of mammoths and left behind their own distinctive artifacts. The remaining ice sheets retreated as the Earth continued to warm, a trend which has extended to the present with only minor fluctuations.

After a few thousand years, agriculture and animal domestication slowly replaced the hunter-gatherer lifestyle for much of humanity. Stone tools gave way to metal — initially copper and iron — and then bronze, the first of many more man-made materials to come. Over time, roving clans settled into villages. Later consolidation and population growth led to towns, cities and now the suburbs. Pyramids were built and then skyscrapers. Human curiosity has continued to drive people to explore. Others again came to the “New World,” perhaps first in Viking longboats, then with Columbus, followed by Pizarro and Cortez seeking their mythological streets of gold. As so often happens, the newcomers killed and mated with the original inhabitants, overpowering the existing cultures through military strength and foreign beliefs. The transformation was not just one way, however, as even the conquerors were  changed into something new.

Barely a moment later, mankind discovered the awesome power of the atom, Neil Armstrong stepped onto the surface of the moon, Carl Sagan launched humanity’s greetings toward the stars, and our challenges became ever more complex.

Gil Campbell

Diamonds are formed when carbon is subjected to intense heat and pressure, usually over very long periods of time. However, nanodiamonds have a different molecular structure (hexagonal) and are formed quickly under extreme conditions such as that caused by an extraterrestrial collision with the Earth or the atmosphere. Nanodiamonds are typically found inside meteorites and at impact craters, but have not been associated with volcanic eruptions.

There is nothing unusual about space objects colliding with the Earth. Indeed, over 80 tons of extra-terrestrial materials fall on our planet every day, primarily as fine dust. After years of controversy, science has now pretty conclusively established that dinosaurs and about half of all animal species of the time were destroyed 65 million years ago by the impact of an asteroid that was over seven miles in diameter leaving a crater 120 miles wide and 1.5-mile-deep in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Earlier extinctions have also been linked to possible collisions, and there is believed to have been an atmospheric explosion of a comet over Asia 750,000 years ago. (To view a computer simulation of that event, go to the NOVA link at the end of this article.) In more recent times, the dramatic Meteor Crater in Arizona was formed when a 60,000-ton iron meteorite crashed into the Earth between 20,000 and 50,000 years ago. Very recently, on June 30, 1908, a presumed comet or low-density asteroid exploded over the remote region of Tunguska in Siberia leveling tens of thousands of trees, scorching the land, sending out a shockwave that circled the Earth twice, and putting so much dust into the atmosphere that people 6,000 miles away in London could read newspapers at night from the diffused light.

Critics of the Clovis-impact hypothesis cite a shortage of independently replicated and verified results, the lack of a definitive impact crater matching such a huge event, insufficient charcoal in lake sediments, and the possibility that evidence might have been overly concentrated by water seepage. Some also question Firestone and West for previously speculating about solar flares, galactic waves and algal nerve toxins as extinction causes.

The Clovis debate will continue for years. The lack of a “smoking gun” crater argues against a large, solid asteroid, but not necessarily against a comet — which is composed of ice and frozen gases as well as rocks — or even a loosely formed asteroid which would also break up high above the surface. No definitive crater has been found related to the Tunguska event either. Perhaps even more telling: the much larger Shoemaker-Levi comet impacting Jupiter in 1994 broke into over 20 pieces as it approached that planet. Had the collision been with Earth, it is possible that none of those fragments would have actually produced a crater, although the atmospheric explosions would have spread fiery destruction over vast areas, just as the proponents of the Clovis-impact hypothesis assert.

One particularly interesting Clovis site is Murray Springs in the southern Arizona town of Sierra Vista. It was here that Clovis artifacts, mammoth tracks and fossilized remains of large mammals were discovered in direct contact with the black mat. The upper surface of a mammoth fossil in that excavation was found to be highly magnetic and radioactive but the lower surfaces of the same fossil were not, leading to speculation that the mammoth was suddenly buried while actually in the process of being butchered.

Other possibly supporting evidence includes strange geologic structures called Carolina Bays that are found along the eastern U.S. seaboard from New England to Florida.

CAROLINA BAYS. Not easily identified until the advent of aerial photography,

these tear-drop shaped depressions may have resulted as a splatter pattern from debris

ejected when an object collided with the Laurentide ice sheet. Most of the 500,000

Carolina Bays are aligned toward the Great Lakes, while others point toward Hudson Bay.

While a high altitude airburst of a comet would have thrown extra-terrestrial material across the continent, these structures may represent a splatter pattern of material ejected from an actual collision. The alignment of the Bays points toward the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay indicating a possible collision with the Laurentide ice-sheet. Fifteen of these structures were investigated by Richard Firestone and found to contain markers similar to Clovis sites, including nanodiamonds.

Perhaps there was a different reason for those extinctions. Greenland ice core evidence shows that the 3000-year warming trend at the close of the ice age came to an abrupt end with average temperatures suddenly dropping 10º to 20º F. over just a few decades and possibly in only a few years. This extreme cooling ushered in a 1,400-year return to near ice age temperatures known as the Younger Dryas period. The new cold may have been too much for the already stressed animals and humans. This climate change affected most of the planet including Europe and Asia, with evidence of the shift found as far away as New Zealand. Some researchers even estimate that this climate disruption may have delayed human development by well over a millennium.

What caused the sudden reversal from 3,000 years of fairly steady warming to a return of ice age temperatures? Even if humans had managed to hunt all of the large mammals to extinction — all at once across the entire continent — they could not possibly have caused the new deep freeze. The Earth has experienced ice ages since long before the dinosaurs with five warming/cooling seesaws in just the past half million years. The sudden flip into the Younger Dryas cooling, however, was unique. Research by Wallace S. Broecker, an earth scientist at Columbia University, supports a now widely accepted theory: rapid climate change was caused by the disruption of the Great Atlantic Thermohaline Conveyor. This is the ocean current that cycles warm gulf-stream water from the tropics up to the northern latitudes. Such a disruption could have occurred had there been a sudden, large influx of fresh water into the Atlantic.

The source of that surge? The steady melting of ice sheets had formed a giant lake — Lake Agassiz — that was some 700 miles wide. Broecker proposes that geologic structures holding that water may have broken loose sending a huge pulse of fresh water through what is now the St. Lawrence Valley and into the Atlantic. The less dense fresh water then disrupted deep-water circulation and cut off the northward flow of warm salt water.

LAKE AGASSIZ. This illustration shows the full extent of the fluctuating meltwater body that

overflowedseveral times over a period of 5,000 years as the Laurentide ice sheet retreated.

Arrows indicate various flood routes. (Illustration from Levington and Teller, 2003

The sudden cooling would then have reinforced itself by causing more sea ice to form, further blocking the flow of warm water to the north. Although the disruption of the Atlantic Conveyor is now widely accepted as the cause of the Younger Dryas cooling, questions remain about the exact source of the fresh water. Also, evidence of a sufficient flood channel has not been identified, although more recent channels are clearly visible across eastern Canada. According to Broecker, the newer channels may have obliterated earlier evidence, or the “big flush” might have flowed under the remaining ice sheets. Very recently, Mark Bateman of the University of Sheffield, UK, identified the Mackenzie River as the likely path flood waters followed into the Arctic Ocean.

Another recent hypothesis may actually tie together the extinctions, loss of human populations, and the sudden climate change all in one concise, but controversial package. In May, 2007, Arizona geophysicist Allen West, James Kennett of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Richard Firestone of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, presented evidence to the American Geophysical Union that a comet had broken up in the atmosphere with the force of multiple nuclear detonations, instantly igniting anything that could burn as a superheated shockwave rushed across North America. Their evidence is found within the very base of that mysterious black mat that is often just above Clovis artifacts. They initially investigated sediments at Clovis and other sites across North America and in Europe, and have since analyzed more.

The black mat itself is a thin, carbon-rich layer composed of organic matter, especially dried algae strands, essentially pond scum that was left by stagnant water. At the very base of this layer is a narrow band coinciding with the beginning of the Younger Dryas. That band contains charcoal, soot, carbon spherules, and glass-like carbon, all materials associated with intense wild fires. The same layer also contains nanodiamonds, magnetic grains, and higher-than-normal levels of iridium, uranium, and thorium as well as a unique isotope of extra-terrestrial helium that is trapped within carbon fullerenes. The highest concentrations of these materials are found at the northern sites, and the same band has been identified in Greenland ice.

In a geologic flash — and perhaps literally in a flash — some 35 species of large mammals, including American camels and horses, mastodons, woolly mammoths, rhinos, giant ground sloths, tapirs, dire wolves, short-faced bears and saber-toothed cats all went extinct across North America.The only large survivor was the bison. In 1967, Archeologist Paul Martin proposed his “overkill” hypothesis that the Clovis hunters were responsible for the extinctions through their hunting. Another researcher, Ross MacPhee, countered that the extinctions could have been caused by a new “hyper-disease” spread through contact with colonizing humans. Both theories point toward the Clovis hunters as being responsible for the extinctions and the destruction of their own environment. Surviving humans reverted to the earlier, more sustainable hunter-gatherer lifestyles until agriculture finally came along at least a thousand years later.

Strange Happened

12,900 Years Ago

What is now known as The Last Great Ice Age was drawing to a close. Mammoths, mastodons and other large mammals roamed the continent we have since named North America. The climate had been warming for about 3,000 years and an advanced prehistoric human culture — the Clovis — had been thriving for 350 to 500 of those years.

Then, in just a geologic heartbeat everything changed.

NEXT:  What Might They (Someday) Think of Us?

There are some special artifacts of today waiting

to be found in the far distant future.

Click here for References.

PREVIOUS:  Driving Into a Prehistoric Dawn

Another time of change completely beyond the

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James Neiss

has been a member since Feb 2013 and goes by Jneiss.

In 1979 I became a student of photography as a senior in High School and continues to be so to this day.

I studied art photography in college, but found Photojournalism after. For more than 25 years I have worked at the Niagara Gazette in Niagara Falls, NY.

Photojournalism has so many rules. I get to break some here.

Find me at: http://jamesneiss.com

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Just Write Right | Articles for Authors

For all the aspiring authors out there, this is for you. Enjoy!

Welcome to my Blog | Just Write Right!

So you’d like to learn to write right do you? Well you’ve taken the right step toward this all powerful knowledge of great writing by searching for it. You’ve arrived at my blog at a very exciting time for me, as I have just created this soon to be masterpiece! Unfortunately a byproduct of the just having created it is that it’s a little bare around here…

So sit tight, buckle up and enjoy the ride! I hope you check in often as we learn to Write Right together!

Sincerely, Angela


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Monday, October 26, 2009

What Is Punch Needle Rug Hooking

Punch Needle Rug Hooking is know by many names from Nantucket to Tuffing When I was small my Mother used a tool that made these loops the same as many of the newer punch needle tools used and manufactured today. I have her old punch needle tool and others from my little punch needle collection and will share a picture of them along with other tools that made this wonderful punch needle loops.

Today I will try to give a simple understanding of this wonderful art form. Punch Needle is an old needle art. The best record dating this art, and that I can find is one stated in several books that it was first found here in North America in the 1800's. These wonderful punch needle rug covers were made for the expensive rugs imported from foreign countries. These covers were used in front of the fireplace on the hearth to keep Sparks and the likes from harming the expensive floor rugs that were imported to this country.

How it worked then and now;
Punch needle is worked through a design on burlap, using a punching tool, hand spun dyed wool yarn.
No frame was used in earlier times, the ladies simple laid the designed fabric, face up across their lap tucking the fabric ends under the side of there legs. It did take to long for someone to come up with a better way and the frame came into being.

Picture will be up for your enjoyment tomorrow:

copyright 2010

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Creative needlework from A to Z, both old and new designs to make and enjoy.


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They could also report on prime hazards, crank out threat histories, and make superior, more educated selections to just take possibility-dependent preventive action on excellent management program enhancements.Nova-QMS software along with the Novatek Schooling Management method empower your Business to scale back hazard and maximize employee effic… Read More

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jake rhoadesAn Edmond, Oklahoma man has been selected as the new Fire Department Chief for the City of Kingman. City Manager John Dougherty has announced the hiring of Jake Rhoades.  “I’m excited to have such a strong, dynamic leader taking over for a solid, vibrant, great long-time Fire Chief in Chuck Osterman,” Dougherty said. Osterman is retiring at the end of the year, following a 38 year career with the city.   Rhoades was one of 25 people from 17 states to apply for the post. He and Assistant Kingman Fire Chief Keith Eaton were the finalists considered before Dougherty selected Rhoades.   Rhoades has 22 years of experience in the fire service. He served as Fire Chief in Edmond for nearly two years, saying he resigned in August due to department infighting.    Rhoades said he is pleased to find another Chief’s position so quickly, and to inherit a department that has been administered so well.    “The fortunate thing for me is that Chief Osterman and the City of Kingman have been doing it so well for a long time,” Rhoades said. He recognized he’ll be the new kid on the block, stepping into a tight-knit firefighter fraternity.    “That’s always a challenge, coming in from the outside. I’ve done it a couple of times in my career,” Rhoades said. “That’s what leadership is founded on. That’s one thing I’ll have to work at, but it won’t take long for the guys to see that I am there for them and delivering the best service to the City of Kingman.”    Rhoades said he had an opportunity to see Kingman firefighters interact with the public when they recently waited tables at a fundraiser at Chilis.   “You could tell their level of customer service is tremendous,” he said. “And the level of support they have from the community is tremendous and that comes as a testament to what Chief Osterman has done over the years.”    Rhoades said he’ll soon visit Kingman to begin a housing search. His wife, a school teacher, and their 15 year-old son will be relocating to Kingman while their 21 year-old son may do so as well.
Rhoades will spend a week in early December job-shadowing Osterman before taking over the department in January at an annual salary of $102,000.


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Game Face

Today’s Photo:  Game Face

One of my favorite genres of photography is Street Photography.  To me, there is nothing better than catching a candid shot of person engaged in whatever it is that they are doing.  For me, it is also one of the most challenging.  I am not a “people” person and prefer to spend time alone and away from crowds.  I do try to push the edge of uncomfortable for me and sometimes I walk away with something that I am proud of.

I took this shot at Dixie Speedway last summer.  I spent an evening in the pits with my brother and two nephews, one happens to race.  I was walking around getting some shots of the cars and made it back by just in time to see my nephew getting ready to race…

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An Empirical Study of Factors Affecting Water Loss in Mexican Cities

Alejandro SalazarAdams, América N. LutzLey

Water losses are a major problem forwater utilities, as they affectthe environmental and financial sustainabilityof urban water services. The aim of this paper is toidentify the factors related to water losses in Mexican urban water utilities by means of regression analysis including variables related to operation costs, staff, water prices, consumption, climate, as well as demographic and socio-economic aspects of 73 urban localities. Results showthat water lossesare negatively and significantly associated to production costs, per capita consumption, persons per connection, and population. Water losses are positively and significantly associated to the number of staff per customer in a utility. Results are not conclusive on the effect of private management onwater losses.

Keywords: Water losses; physical efficiency; urban water utilities; mexican utilities; water management


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Biosorption of Cadmium on Spent Tea: Green Chemistry Approach

Aliya Fazal and Uzaira Rafique

Pollution load of cadmium into the receiving waters is a threat to water resources, thus limiting the clean energy production. During recent years biosorption has gained imperative credibility because of its good performance and low cost. The present research offers an effective green chemistry approach to waste management. Tea waste, a fibrous by-product during tea processing, has been used as an adsorbent of heavy metals, however, utilization of the spent tea needs to be explored. The optimum operating conditions are found to be 20 minutes contact time, adsorbent dose of 0.05 g, and induced metal ion concentration of 50 mg/L. Biosorbent has been specifically modified by oxidation, acetylation and isopropyl alcohol to understand the mechanism of cadmium adsorption from synthetic solution. The origin of the enhancement is investigated by observing the sorption behavior and the change in surface functional group concentrations by FTIR and active sites by Boehm method. The present study recommends spent tea as a cost effective and easily available substitute for conventional carbon based adsorbents for metal removal.

Keywords: Spent tea; sorption; modification; metals