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Hi all

My pbc is gradually worsening and my bilirubin has risen and albumen dropped a bit but i am suffering really badly with trying to keep warm...i havd the heating way up and have to usefleeces to get /keep warm.has anyone else got a similar prob and does anyone know if its a symptom which gets worse as the disease gets worse.i am end stage and borderline txp asessment.cheers cazer.

72 Replies

  • Hi camera before my transplant I was constantly cold it become that bad it was a running joke with my friends, even in summer I was living in my winter coat and other does tie in with you saying your end stage...

    Am sorry I can't be any more helpful but it's just another effect with have to cope with. hope you get your gift soon x

  • I did put cazer bloody spell check x

  • I cant spell anymore im on phone pad and its small but im even worse with predictive!!

    Thanks for reply...just made me think i was a bit doolally...i go on 21st fo next check up 3monthly....not yet made it onto to list..

    Consult says im nearing asessment dont know if coldness will have any bearing.were you on the list when you got was bad last winter but im going to end up completely housebound !!

    Cheers cazer(camera) ha ha

  • I wasn't on list when I started getting colder actually I had to grindstone and bear for about 18 months bleurghhhh!! thing is they don't really assess you on symptoms it's always blood's, I was in hospital every week for about 5 months getting drained I thought that would of pushed them but it didn't it is frustrating when you feel like things are getting worse but your bloody blood's could be fine!!

    My best friends were hot water bottles If I had to go out I would have one with me haha also microwave heating pads and about 5 pairs of socks and thermals some reason if my feet and hands were warm I could cope better... also plenty of hot fluids be it tea, herbal or normal, coffee cup of soups. which hospital would you be referred to for your transplant assessment?

  • I go to qe have been going 17 yrs..

    Yes i know what you mean it doesnt matter what you feel like just the ukeld is 51 but bili is31which o gather is no where near high enough...albumin 28 thats the only one they seem to take notice of.

    Hows your txp if u dont mind me asking...take it you are still nocturnel !!! will get some more socks and gloves !!!! thanks for help.x

  • Sorry I couldn't be more helpful. your defo under the best transplant hospital as my consultant regretted not referring me to qe.

    Txp is amazing as soon as I woke up from anaesthetic I felt great. strange thing is I got so used to being cold that I am currently trying to adjust to body having a thermostat what works now lol I was sweating for first 2 weeks. sleep patterns still up the wall and I still tired easily but need to build strength and stamina up slowly.

  • No you have been it long since txp..

    I am champing at the bit as after feeling ill for 17 yrs i just want to get on with.i know theres not enough organs and qe is good but i was only 36 when first ill so it feels like a huge chunk of my life has disappeared to pbc .

    Try not to moan but sometimes gets the better of me !!!! cazer.

  • God I can understand completely. I was 34 so no way suffered as long as you but I think different conditions make it progress quicker or slower but the frustration I get you I got gradually worse over 5 years. I had txp a month ago yesterday x I was put on list in February of this year x

  • Wow you are doing well to be up and about and so with it after such a short time...congravts to

  • Thanks hunni let me know how you get on xx

  • Thanks i will.cheers cazer

  • Hi, I asked my husband's liver doctor about his being cold - since he used to like being cool, and I liked it warmer, now it is reversed. He laughed and said that is one of the questions he gets a lot from older women about their husbands and suggested I will need to get used to it. He said part of the problem is that with a bad liver the muscle and fat just melt off and liver disease caused you to be cold.

    Wishing you all the best and hopefully it will ease up a bit.

  • Cazer, you really have my sympathies. It takes me hours to get warm and then the front door gets opened, sucks the heat out and I have to start from scratch again. I,m sitting here in a woolly hat, that seems to help if you,ve not tried it yet. (longjohns!). anne x x

  • I tried a dry towel heated in the tumble dryer then wrapped round my was lovely but didnt last long.!!cazer.

  • The best way I have heard the coldness issue explained is this. Your liver is like your furnace/ boiler in your central heating system . When it is not working to its full capacity all the radiators in your house won't be as warm . Your blood supply goes through your liver , your liver provides about 20% of your heat source to your blood . So therefore you can expect to feel colder. Even little flexes of muscle will provide some heat so even if its just jiggling a leg , it will help a little. The worst bing is to try and stay immobile , you just feel colder. We shiver for a purpose , it generates heat when we feel cold.

  • Yes definitely a symptom. I remember wearing a hoodie and coat in the middle of the summer.

  • Hi Cazer, I used to feel cold as well. I remember the house used to boiling hot according to my husband but for me it was still cold.

    Hopefully you go on the list soon and get you gift.

    In the mean time get yourself some nice fleecey night gowns and cover yourself up.

  • Thanks at least i know its a common problem.cazer

  • I have been very cold as my blood not clotting so very thin. Have you had yours checked recently.

  • Yeah it was okay unless its changed in last fee weeks

    Cheers cazer.

  • Cazer, sorry 😞 I was constantly cold before my transplant. Even in warm weather i was wearing jumpers cardigans etc. I've heard it many times now off other people in clinic saying how cold they were and some of us still are. I'm so cold too. Dressing gown jumper the lot last night and 2 duvets. My albumin has dropped also in 2 weeks from 26 to 20. Not sure what the normal range is i just know they stressed in my letter " her albumin continues to fall, we will keep a very close eye on this". My bili has gone from 38 to 23. Like i said I'm freezing. Coincidence with the bloods? Like i said though since my transplant it feels like my thermostat has broken. Hope you feel warmer n better soon. Good luck 🍀 with everything. When i went to type your name it came up Fazer. Your gonna have so many names soon 😂.

  • Hi well I am very cold during day and evening and then over hot at night..mostly middle of night..I am way over menopause so not sure what is happening! Re Liver transplant, I am not on list yet and I am 66 so it it seems that I never will be on it due to age.....Just got to get on with every day instead and compared to many of you I got chirossis late..23 years after pbc diagnosed .so I am lucky I suppose...good luck all.

  • Thanks....youve got 4 yrs isnt it 70...???

    Might be wrong but depends how poorly you wishes cazer.x

  • Hi cazer , that's a great post ! And one I was going to ask myself . I too suffer with the cold . The other night I had socks , slippers , the long bootee type , fleece onesie , pyjamas , dressing gown and a hoody !! Heating on , electric basket (( bliss )) as I was so so cold , I worry about my heating bill 🙁 I did not know this was due to the liver ! So thank you for brining this up Hun , glad I'm not on my own , yes Sheri was cold too that evenings too bless her . I am not on any transplant list , have no idea what condition my liver is in as I'm trying to get my dr to refer me to have regular check ups . So annoyed to the fact I'm thinking of going private now . Best wishes .. Linda X oh when I typed your name I it said cases 😂😂. Bless X

  • Hi there thanks millie.

    Its wierd isnt ive never seen mention of it before even though i been on the websites quite a lot and diag 17 years.also have read numerous copies of pbc mag.

    At least we know we are not going mad..i was being to wonder what the heck was happening.

    Try the dry towel heated in tumbler its lovely....short but a few seconds of bliss.

    My son has taken to wearing shorts poor love!!! and my long suffering just puts up with it most of time

    Also find the achy /fidgety legs worse if im cold.

    Best wishes...

    Cazer fazer cases etc etc

    Mad cat woman is my other name

  • omg were all known as crazy cat ladies now. There's a few of us 😂

  • Crazy cat ladys cat tyson will sit on my shoulders and is a good neck warmer.xx

  • I've got 2 rescues ones brain damaged he is like a baby but so cute. That's Ollie. Lola -Twix is getting on now she's a chunky cat who likes to eat n sleep 💤 occasionally she will chase her own shadow 😂 but a bit too much effort for her. My other Rocky was abandoned 3 yrs ago by people round the corner who did a bunk and dumped him. I hate people at times. The only trouble with Rocky is he attacks dogs and i have a rescue dog. It's hard work at times. All my cats sleep with me Ollie is on the pillow next to me his spot. Crazy cat ladies rule 100% xx😻

  • We have a brother and sister which we has as kittens from a local farm..they fight but then cuddle up togeather.they love to come and lie on my bed am and eve they do go in utility at night but mainly cause they would bounce around all night as they are only 5 so still quite lively!!!

    We had a lovely rescue who had to be put to sleep when he got ill he was 17/18...we think ge had been hit and headbutted as he was scared to death of touching faces and if you put your arms out towards in the early days he would visibly flinch abd run took me 3 weeks of patience to get him to come out of a box we gave him to hide in you say how can people be so

  • awww bless. That's awful. Ollie had had his tail broken and been swung and hit his head on the wall or floor causing the damage. He was 7weeks old. Rocky stays in my utility room as he's used to being outdoors. Lola doesn't go out anymore and if Ollie hears a car he lies flat in the middle of the road. He will venture in the back garden in summer under supervision. Rocky comes and goes as he pleases. He likes to be out at night i like him in. Typical tom. He comes back in around 4:30am. I've waited up before now even though he gets in and out by himself. People who hurt animals have no place in this world. I detest it with a passion. Xxx

  • They sound brill nutty biy brill...poor things i bet they love you so

  • love them more i reckon 😀 xxxx

  • Oh that's so cute ! My Millie God bless her used to snuggle up with her daughter Lottie , they were so close . Wen Millie passed away boy did she know it ☹. We all did , life has not been the same . I now have a 5 month old kitten Called holly , she is a live wire ! But so funny to watch , not yet used to the other cats ash yet . That's cute ! My Millie and Lottie and Ruby use to sleep on the top of my bed too . That's such a shame about your rescue cat . So upsetting isn't it .. Oh I despise anyone who is cruel to any animal . Vile heartless people xxx

  • Awww how lovely is that .. To adopt Hun , that's such a loving thing . Too many people bet kittens and puppies , once they start to grow they don't want them , or the fact is they can't handle them as kittens . I had Molly I bought private . She was my first cat in 2008 I had her when I was first diagnosed with Cirrosis . She had a litter of 5 beautiful kittens , one one stillborn thioigh . I kept one from the litter thinking it was a boy . Until around 5 months old I notice md she was on heat lol, so Marco became Millie .. Millie had another set of kittens , I kept another one Lottie , then Lottie had kittens and I kept Ruby . Molly went out one day and never came back . Was so to upset .. So was left with the 3 girls who all were spayed and chipped . Then 8 weeks ago I had the hard decision to have Millie out to sleep , she had an agressive tumor under her tongue , she had been Vomiting blood that morning yet she seemed fine even the njght before , yes I could have taken her home but the vet said it was a way to say goodbye as this cancer would progress so fast she only had weeks to live if that , so I decided not to allow her to suffer . I have her ashes but can't look at them .. So I now have Lottie who is 6 , her sister Ruby who is nearly 5 , and little holly who is 5 moths old and spayed . Love my Cats , they are my company . I hate and detest anyone who mistreats any animal . Boy that I'd one thing I would Steo into intervene if I saw it happening ..😡😡🌹xx

  • Sos phone went flat.they arw so much part otf families and lives arnt sos you lost your other one to tumour that was same for ours was so hard to say put him to sleep but felt must kinder for doing it...cried a lot 17 son cried buckets but he spent hours cuddling him and could eventually put his face as long as part covered by a hand up to the cats face...but that was a hangup that stayed with him from being a veryy young cat.

    ..your poor one with the broken tail !!!!!

    Xx cazer m.c.l.

  • sad but you did the right thing. It has to be done at times. Bless you both. Our animals are our babies. Xx Sheri Another m.c.l

  • Hi cazer , fazer , cat women lol , your welcome , I has never read that feeling cold was due to the liver either , after numerous searches on the web I came across. Nothing . Well I have an appointment pre booked to see my dr next Friday afternoon. To talk about my health and I have asked him to refer me for regular scans and a fibroscan , I am not under any hospital and boy getting proper care . Last scan was 2 yrs ago . I'm glad I'm not on my own . My best friend can't seem to grasp it . She moaned the other day about me living in a sauna 😂😂. Can't be helped can it . So you were diagnosed 17 yrs ago ? Wow .. Your doing great ! Yes i am going to do that tumblr dryer trick thank you . Sounds heavenly . Omg restless feet !! I have that too !! Non stop ! Good grief . So there's a lot more to this illness than I thought .. Brilliant post Hun .. So thank you ... Take care , wrap up warm 🔥🔥.. From one crazy cat lady to another ..

  • Heh hope you get some sense out of gp...are you in england...if so i may be wrong but if you can get a private consultation then if they feel they need to keep seeing you they may keep you on as nhs...please dont take that as gospel cause i could be completely wrong but its certainly worth asking the question.

    Good luck.i go to qe birmingham on 21 st hoping some change to get on that wishes....m.c.lady.p.s. i have trained my cat to sit on my shoulders like bob the cat and hes a good hotwater bottle.xx

  • Hi cazer , I live in Birmingham . Not under the QE as yet , was under city hospital till they discharged me last year . I was going to go private if I was getting nowhere with my doctor , so will see what happens Friday , I wil let you know , Oh so you go the QE ? you from Birmingham or surrounding areas ,? Massive hospital but great liver unit . One of he best . Oh hope you manage to get on that list ! Fingers crossed 👍. 😂😂. Well my c. L . Friend you do have him well trained . Mine would not do that ever . My lap yes . That's about it . Xxx

  • I think hes a bit daft but very loving i have a nice photo of him on my shoulders but i look scary wil try and get a good one of both of us ha ha!!!

    We are somerset ...bit of a trip but worth it i original consult down here was friends with prof elias when i was first diag and as i had just had a prem baby they sent me up as i was still pretty ill even when i wasnt pregnant.cheers cazer

  • Aww . I think that is how a cat shiould be 😂 Funny and loving .. Oh yes you must do ! I will look forward to seeing that one . Oh you're quite a trip away then ? I think there is a lot of people from everywhere that go to the QE , My dad went there for his pet scan when he had cancer . Great hospital . Oh I see , that was good then ! Wow .. Bless you . That must have been such an emotional time fit or you all 😮.. Thank god you all pulled through 💕💕🌸

  • i saw private first and they kept me on the NHS. After the first visit

  • I was thinking about going private .. ❤Xx

  • it's not really worth the money. I saw several specialists before i saw the right one. Spent thousands when it should have been picked up well before it had. See how you go on this week first xx❤

  • Really ? Yet you would think that the treatment would be nice better and faster , that's bad ! Thanks for the advice sheri . Xxx ❤. Hope your feeling better 🌹

  • it's faster n treated better which is wrong everyone should be treated the same but money talks. I spent money from being passed to doc to doc. Some charging 250 a consultation then the tests. I've paid 2000 for a blood n urine test. Times that by around 8 times. It's no cheap at all. I'm awake still not feeling right but a bit more human thanks xxx

  • That's true , we should all be treated equally were health is can concerned Jeeze ! That's s lot of money 😳. I could afford it but it's the principle isn't it . Glad your slightly better , so Strange as I was like that last week ! My friend has end stage liver disease and recently diagnosed with HE , she is freeing the same today . Your welcome Hun 🌸Xxx

  • save your money for better things. That's my advice. Charged me 5000 for liver biopsies and 3hrs care afterwards. Had to do it twice, at the end of the day its money for my kids and grandkids when I'm no longer here. Can't grumble with the recent care I've been getting on the NHS. Very grateful to them xxx♡.♡

  • That's a lot of money !! I could not afford that . I have given my daughter and sons and sister money this last year . Plus I'm going to see take that on 3 June . Vip , best seats , hotel overnight and full English ( won't eat all that ) plus we get on before Anyone else . It's in Birmingham but it's nice to know before and after the concert we can chill. In the hotel . Wasn't cheap either ! Oh I had good care when I was in back in 2008 , so can't say anything as not been since xxx

  • hope you enjoy it. 😀 it is a ridiculous amount of money that i feel was wasted through so called professionals' not picking up on it first time or where they being greedy? Xxx❤

  • Ithink the only way you can work round not spending too much is to get referal for a private consult which you pay for then get moved onto nhs books after this..

    So it needs to a consultant that you could be seen by through nhs as well e.g a liver consult.thats what my mum did and she only paid one fee.

    Try asking your gp if you dont get any sense.good sorry sheri that you had a rough time with your private experience

  • Hi cazer , thank you , I was not aware that I could ask my doctor to see a private consultant . At present I don't even have a consultant at all , this is why I want to see a hepetologist not a gastroenterologist. I want a full MOT of the liver and surrounding organs . I don't think that's not unreasonable considering I have had nothing in over two years .apart from an LFT in June that I requested myself . I will see what happens Friday . Either way I will get what I want . I am now in touch with Alan Hyde at the QE . Liver dept , he has been giving me good advice and has invited me to a meeting with other people of the same situation . Thing is it's a long way from me and don't drive . So means taxi fare of around £25. That's good isn't it about your mum , I will

    Make sure I do everything in my power . I will keep you posted .. Thank you so much . Your Care. Linda X

  • Do please check that is still the case as it was a while ago also you still need doc to refer you but if there is say 3/6 to wait you can ask for that first appt privately.

    Then make very clear that you cant pay for any tests and hopefully at this point you will get moved sidesways imto nhs.its really just queue jumping but if you got ages to wait it might be worth a try

    Sheri please dont tjimk i was criticising you spending and if we are desperate enough we would all do what ever we can to get answers.its so infair that you got passed aroumd and charged for privilage if they didnt know they sjould have sent to someone and not charged you..

    But hindsite is just one of those things not.much use till afterwards

    Love cazer.xx

  • Hi cazer , sorry my phone has not been working till today , well I'm on my way to the docs now in this freezing cold .. I have my list including I want my flu jab done . I will see what happens and I will let you know Hun .. Hope all is good with you .. Take care Love Linda X

  • I know now i could have gone to my gp to be referred but not then. Did it out of desperation and i suppose i was stupid. Had 2 major surgeries by a urologist privately he didn't notice anything on Ct scans etc. Kidney specialist didn't notice CKD. The mind boggles at time. Thankyou C c.c.l xxx

  • Yeah didnt realise there was a prob umtil 4months pregnant with 4th one and wouldnt recommend a dodgy ..

    Pbc and 4 kids.we had to have homehelps as i couldnt cook bath a baby or even hardly get up and down stairs so i am very lucky we all survived to tell the tale!!!!x

  • Should say dodgy liver !!

  • Think i wont be able to rememeber whos got which cats...cuddles to them all

  • and back to yours xx

  • Should have said how did appt go ?

  • Oh , my appointment is Friday afternoon . I have been trying to get a earlier cancellation but no luck xx

  • Cuddles back to your cats xx

  • Hugs to you both.xx

  • saw the QE this morning on BBC 1. Program called the hospital bed. 11am. It looks very much like Leeds St James's does. The way its set out. 😀

    hugs to all c.c.l. Xxx

  • Same here ! Oh the Queen Elizabeth' is massive ! Has a great liver unit too 😊❤Xx

  • good program isn't it? 😀 xxx😍

  • Oh I love it , I like any sort of program like that 😉❤Xxx

  • haha. Me too. Watch them all. Realized life isn't like casualty or holby city though lol xxx

  • Oh I know ! Nothing like the tv shows that's why I never watch them lol

  • Hugs to you too cazer 💕Xx

  • hugs cazer *♡*xx

  • Left my phone behind by mistake...came home 13emails !!! thought ..

    Cor whats all this then i realised it was the chat about ..the bed...ha ha .not to miss out by being..i do get quite excited when i see qe on telly ..and proclaim theres my if i own it!!! but i do like the new air ambulance ones and 24hrs in a n e unless theres big cuts and that is a bit too gory!!

    Anyway hugs to both of you and keep up the good

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Hi now what or who is this you ask so I am about to tell you.. It is a band/ tribute act.

( pic is a diff band ballroom glitz which I saw pre illness)

After the two sets of disappointment over dads two cancelled ops, I had emptied by diary for December, not to mention used three days of my leave for cancelled operations!

I saw a gig or tribute band advertised in a nearby market town.. you can google the band .

I went to see them friday night and had a fabulous time with some dancing and drinking (I had a lift). I met my friend Karen there she had a stroke at 39 and has battled back to near fitness at 47 years old.. she uses two folding sticks now mainly for balance and confidence but can dance but has me or some one nearby in case any wobbles.

I dressed sensibly flat boots legging and a top.. the venue has chairs and the odd table round the dancefloor/ ball room ,

The played abba, queen, some rock , some twist and shout stuff, adele etc huge catalogue of stuff and great atmosphere .

2 Replies

  • Great to hear you had a fabulous time on friday you certainly deserve it after all you ahve been through recently. Hope it has lifted your spirits and that things get better for you and dad gets his operation soon.

    take care and chin up

  • Excellent :o) Glad you had a good one......... Good for the soul x

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new to all this...bit scary!!! i saw the consultant for the first time today...he didnt say exactly that its scleroderma but he did mention that...well systemic sclerosis along with raynauds ....wants to send me for a heart scan and lung test...had bloods taken which turned both arms completely navy blue when the tourniquet was put on...the dr and consultant were both impressed at the colour...think i scared the poor nurse though..have hoorendous heartburn being controlled with omepazole and my hands really are achy. any advice or tips/websites to help me understand more greatly apprieciated

many thanks

10 Replies

  • Hello Kerry

    Systemic Sclerosis /scleroderma are the same thing. Heart and lung test are normal and loads of blood tests ..... Heartburn also part the the disease.

    Best thing for you is to contact the Raynauds and Scleroderma Association who have loads of information on the above ...

    Welcome aboard x

  • ah bless you Kerry !! Anteater gives wise advice !! is definitely a great place to start, and it sounds as though you may have a diagnosis before the disease takes a hold. Which is an advantage, as when caught and treated in the early stages, scleroderma causes less damage which could potentially be life threatening.

    And although there is currently no cure, there is a lot more understanding about the disease and its suppression than there used to be, only a decade ago.

    Check out my 'about' section on here !!

    and to endorse Anteaters sentiments, Welcome aboard !! and know that you are not alone ! even if those close around you do not fully understand what you are going through, there are people here who are more than happy to share the scleroderma and raynauds challenge - myself included :) x

  • BTW - who did you go and see ? If you saw Prof Denton, from personal experience, you are in the BEST medical care :)

  • Kerry you sound a mirror image of me, i am still waiting diagnosis and have nail foil capilliary next week.Where abouts are yuo ? i am in lincolnshire

  • The tests help to find our more about you and it is important. The more tests the better. Don't worry about them. Go on talking to us and Welcome.

    Best wishes.

  • I'm pretty new to this too. I've had diffuse systemic sclerosis and raynaulds for about 18 months. Seemingly endless tests, but get them all. Knowledge is power and all that. Feeling much better than I did a few months ago. Having people to talk to on here helps no end. Welcome to this exclusive club :-)

  • thanks for your support and hands really ache today after being prodded and poked moving from northumberland to cambridgeshire in the next few months so that will be a pain...but im going to write everything down as i wont remember half the stuff!!!

  • lollipop the closest hospital to me will probably be peterborough

  • Kerry

    You could always ask your GP to refer you to the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead - it will be quite a way for you to travel but it is an EXCELLENT unit and the knowledge is fantastic. Like Living-the dream says you will be in the best medical care x

  • thanx for that anteater...i'll wait for now and see how things go but will remember this because i know now you can be referred to whereever...i dont know what the rheu dept is like in peterborough but no doubt i'll find out x

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'The Voice's' Dia Frampton: I'm Jealous Of Xenia's Voice, It's Amazing!

Wed, June 22, 2011 4:30am EST by 16 Comments

Dia Frampton gave another completely unique and gorgeous performance with her rendition of ‘Losing My Religion’ tonight, but she says she doesn’t have ‘anything over’ Xenia!

The Voice really brought out everyone’s best performances tonight and Dia Frampton seems like she’s going to be giving frontrunner Javier Colon a run for his money. Dia, who performed her own rendition of “Losing My Religion” by R.E.M, is known for her unique versions of popular songs. But although she was America’s favorite on Team Blake, she says she’s jealous of her competition — Xenia!

“Xenia’s awesome and I’m jealous of her voice. It’s amazing. I feel like if she put out a record tomorrow, I’d buy it,” Dia admitted to

Dia and Xenia have grown really close to each other throughout the competition. Just last week Xenia told that she views Dia as a “big sister figure” and admitted they love going to Panda Express together!

Dia confirmed they were close friends now and told, “That’s why it’s really hard because I don’t feel like I have anything over her.” She continued, “Tomorrow I’m so hesitant because I’m going to be sad if she leaves, I’m going to be sad if I leave and it’s just hard.”

But despite the competitive aspect of her relationship with Xenia, who was selected by Blake Shelton to pass into the next round last week, Dia says she’d love to collaborate with the 16-year-old artist. “I still feel like no matter what happens, I want to write some songs for her or something you know. She hasn’t written [anything] yet. I was telling her, ‘Get a guitar and learn some chords and you’ll find there’s so much stuff you want to get out there and you’re a natural songwriter’ and if she’s not then we’ll work on stuff to pull that creative energy out. But I’d love to write with her.” also asked Dia if she’d practiced putting her guitar down to start clapping and she revealed, “I practiced it both ways. I didn’t expect to get such an awesome reaction!” The crowd was already clapping along with Dia but when she started the double clap the audience instantly followed her direction.

Do you think Dia will make it into the next round? Watch The Voice tomorrow for the final results and check back with us for more from backstage and the red carpet!

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Awesome country farm house with updates! Features include exposed beams, soaker tub, stainless appliances, 2 fireplaces, storage building and carport! All sitting on 5 acres minutes from Lebanon and Carthage!
Walk Score®:
Last Checked For Updates: 7 hours 6 minutes We update property info including price, photos, sale status and more as soon as it’s available. ago Status: Active Views: 7
MLS #1780817 , Listed on 11/14/16 by BLACKWELL REALTY AND AUCTION
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MLS Listing Information for 100 Kennys Bend Ln

Interior Features

  • 2 Fireplaces

  • Electric Range
  • Stove Range
  • Electric Oven
  • Single Oven

Living Room Dim.

  • 15 X 15

  • Crawl

Kitchen Dim.

  • 14 X 10

  • First Bedroom: 13x15; Second Bedroom: 11x13; Third Bedroom: 10x15

Floor Coverings

  • Laminate

Dining Room Dim.

  • 11 X 12

Exterior Features

  • Carport
  • Gravel Driveway

Stories Desc.

  • 1 Story

  • Siding

Lot Size

  • 5.0 Acres

# of Stories

  • 1

  • Electric
  • Central

  • Septic Tank

  • Electric
  • Central

  • City Water

Elementary School

  • Union Heights Elementary

Middle School

  • Union Heights Elementary

High School

  • Smith Co High School

Additional Information

  • Smith

  • 0

Property Sub-type

  • Site Built

Listing Broker

Current Taxes

  • 493

Home Value Estimates

Home value estimates unavailable for this home.

Price History for 100 Kennys Bend Ln

Date Event Price Source
11/14/16 New Listing $182,900 RealTracs
06/27/12 Sale $135,000 Public Records

Schools Information for 100 Kennys Bend Ln

From Public Records
School District: Score
Smith County School District

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Public Record Information for 100 Kennys Bend Ln

Beds 0
Full Baths 2
Partial Baths 0
Property Type Single Family Residence
Sq. Ft. 1584
Lot Size 218236
Year Built 1920
FIPS 47159
APN 048 01003 000
Source Public Records

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Monthly Payment**:
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Houses for sale near 100 KENNYS BEND LN
This 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom Single Family home for sale in Carthage, TN is currently listed for $182,900. Featuring a lot size of 5.0 Acres, 100 Kennys Bend Ln was built in 1920 and has been on homesforsale.century21.com for 26 days.

This listing is provided courtesy of BLACKWELL REALTY AND AUCTION. Interested in viewing more homes for sale near 100 Kennys Bend Ln Carthage, TN 37030? You can search all Carthage MLS listings, find a real estate agent, get a home value estimate and more on homesforsale.century21.com.
Local real estate services provided by:
CENTURY 21 Premier
CENTURY 21 Premier
126 Long Hollow Pike
Goodlettsville, TN 37072

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100 Kennys Bend Ln Carthage, TN 37030 $182,900
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The accuracy of all information, regardless of source, including but not limited to open house information, square footages and lot sizes, is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be personally verified through personal inspection by and/or with the appropriate professionals. The data contained herein is copyrighted by RealTracs and is protected by all applicable copyright laws. Any unauthorized dissemination of this information is in violation of copyright laws and is strictly prohibited.

Copyright 2016 RealTracs. All rights reserved.

Data last updated: Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 8:27 PM. Properties in listings may have been sold or may no longer be available.


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3212 Rimrock Road

Billings, MT 59102

Billings Elementary School District , Billings High School District
4bed 3bath 3,300sq ft $151 / sq ft SFR
Lot Size1.9acre Built1953 On site148days
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students, students per teacher
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Remodeled property with almost 2 acres. Open spaces inside and out with tile, large kitchen, natural light in every room!
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Last Checked For Updates: 10 hours We update property info including price, photos, sale status and more as soon as it’s available. ago Status: Active Views: 10
MLS #263648 , Listing provided courtesy of METRO, REALTORS L.L.P
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MLS Listing Information for 3212 Rimrock Road

Interior Features

  • Hood

Exterior Features

  • Ranch

Lot Description

  • Interior

Lot Size

  • 1.9 Acres

  • Attached
  • Oversized

Roof Type

  • Asphalt

Garage Spaces

  • 2

Other Buildings

  • Shed

  • Gas Floor

  • Septic Tank

Elementary School

  • Boulder

Middle School

  • Will James

High School

  • Senior High

Additional Information

  • Yellowstone

  • Residential 9600

Property Sub-type

  • Single Family

Listing Broker

Current Taxes

  • 3786

Price History for 3212 Rimrock Road

Date Event Price Source
New Listing $499,900 MT_BAR

Schools Information for 3212 Rimrock Rd

From Public Records
Elem. School District: Score
Billings Elementary School District
H.S. School District: Score
Billings High School District

Saved Places

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Public Record Information for 3212 Rimrock Rd

Beds 4
Full Baths 2
Partial Baths 0
Property Type Single Family Residence
Sq. Ft. 1672
Lot Size 81327
Year Built 1953
FIPS 30111
APN 03103234122070000
Source Public Records

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Houses for sale near 3212 RIMROCK RD
This 4 bedroom, 3 bathroom Single Family home for sale in Billings, MT is currently listed for $499,900. Featuring a lot size of 1.9 Acres, 3212 Rimrock Road was built in 1953 and has been on homesforsale.century21.com for 148 days.

This listing is provided courtesy of METRO, REALTORS L.L.P. Interested in viewing more homes for sale near 3212 Rimrock Road Billings, MT 59102? You can search all Billings MLS listings, find a real estate agent, get a home value estimate and more on homesforsale.century21.com.
Local real estate services provided by:
CENTURY 21 Hometown Brokers
CENTURY 21 Hometown Brokers
1605 Shiloh Road
Billings, MT 59106

Website provided and owned by CENTURY 21 Hometown Brokers.
3212 Rimrock Road Billings, MT 59102 $499,900
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The information being provided by Billings Association of Realtors is for the consumer's personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumer may be interested in purchasing. Any information relating to real estate for sale referenced on this web site comes from the Internet Data Exchange (IDX) program of the Billings Association of Realtors. Hometown Brokers is not a Multiple Listing Service (MLS), nor does it offer MLS access. This website is a service of Hometown Brokers, a broker participant of Billings Association of Realtors. This web site may reference real estate listing(s) held by a brokerage firm other than the broker and/or agent who owns this web site.

The accuracy of all information, regardless of source, including but not limited to open house information, square footages and lot sizes, is deemed reliable but not guaranteed and should be personally verified through personal inspection by and/or with the appropriate professionals. The data contained herein is copyrighted by Billings Association of Realtors and is protected by all applicable copyright laws. Any unauthorized dissemination of this information is in violation of copyright laws and is strictly prohibited.

Copyright 2016 Billings Association of Realtors. All rights reserved.

Data last updated: Thursday, December 8, 2016 at 5:20 PM. Properties in listings may have been sold or may no longer be available.


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Leupold 10x42 BX-1 Rogue Porro Binocular

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Product Description

The 10x42 BX-1 Rogue Porro Binocular from Leupold is a compact optic featuring a Porro prism design and a fully multicoated optical path. Leupold outfitted this binocular with BAK4 prism glass, and its Porro prism configuration displays more depth of field than roof prism designs. The resulting image transmitted by the Rogue binocular has lifelike depth and is crisp across its 63° apparent viewing angle. In addition to its optical features, the Rogue binocular also has a rubber-armored nitrogen-filled housing that equips the Rogue binocular for slip-resistant, fogproof performance.

Optical Performance
  • 10x magnification, 42mm objectives
  • BAK4 Porro prisms
  • Fully multicoated optics
  • 63° apparent viewing angle
  • 16mm eye relief
Use and Handling
  • Twist-up eyecups
Construction Details
  • Nitrogen-filled fogproof and waterproof housing
  • Rubber armored body with black finish
  • 24 oz weight

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Press Releases

HootSuite Activates Affiliate Program – Pro Customers Can Earn Commissions for Referrals

HootSuite – makers of the popular social media dashboard tool – announce an affiliate program allowing premium users to earn commissions when referring new customers to the Premium plans and University program.

Jan. 11, 2010 VANCOUVER, CANADA – HootSuite is ringing in the new year by annoucing the HootSuite Affiliate Program designed to help enthusiastic customers monetize their recommendations.

Starting immediately, HootSuite Pro and Enterprise plan holders can earn substantial commissions by referring customers to the HootSuite Pro and Enterprise products as well as the HootSuite University learning program.
Promotional Resources

The affiliate commission rate is 50% of the referred customer’s first payment on eligible products and includes credit for basic (free) plan holders who upgrade within 60 days of original click. Program payouts to affiliates begin via PayPal upon reaching a minimum threshold.

Affiliate Program participants can manage multiple campaigns, monitor account status, and track campaign success using a dynamic dashboard. Further, they can access a library of pre-built HootSuite marketing tools to share the products with their audience. Resources include promotional banners with built-in tracking codes and campaign-specific links to add to blogs, sites and social networks, or to share via chat and opt-in email channels.

Continued Growth

HootSuite offers social media dashboards for web and mobile platforms which allows businesses and individuals to manage multiple profiles on Twitter, Facebook, Linkedin and more. The affiliate program is the next step for the fast-growing company who recently passed the one million user threshold.

HootSuite CEO Ryan Holmes explains the reasons behind this marketing initiative:

“We wanted to give something back to the million plus HootSuite fans and supporters. Many of these hardcore users have been recommending HootSuite for a long time, and now they have a way create an income stream by sharing a tool they already enjoy. Our users know the product very well and we couldn’t have gotten to where we are at without their help and support.”

The company also recently announced expansion to Japan, translated web and mobile tools into more international languages, and won the Mashable Award (formerly Open Web) for Best Social Media Tool.

Affiliate dashboard screenshot

Affiliate account overview screenshot


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Hotels in Terville

  • guests

Hotel rooms in Terville

There are not so many hotel rooms in Terville, just 1, still everyone can find an offer to suit his choice. The most common offers in this city are hotels, they count 1 out of 1, and their prevalent location is central district. According to our practice, it is the most profitable to book a hotel in the east of Terville, as it is the location of the hotels with optimal cost and quality offers along with the cheap hotels. Taking into account the small size of the city, there is no need to dwell hotel reservation on the location: the road to the city center would take less then half an hour, so one can book a hotel in any district of Terville. The most populated with hotels district of Terville is the center, 100% of cheap hotel rooms are concentrated here. Terville is a truly multifaceted city, here everyone can find a hotel of his choice: a business person, a young couple or a family with little children. Take a look at our selection of the cheap hotel rooms in Terville to make a well-informed choice for your reservation!

Best hotels in Terville

Hotels in Terville are spread around the city within the distance of 0.1 kilometers, while 1 hotels are located directly in the city center. The most popular accommodations in Terville is Le Cocon de Saint Pierre located in a 0.1 kilometers from the city center.
The best hotels are here and now. Try them!
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text:
Hardcore florist
Summary Packages Portfolio
Hardcore Florist was born because the traditional multi-bajillion dollar wedding industry bores me to tears with it's white-bread-cookie-cutter blah-ness. They cram lackluster trends down your throat until you explode with homogeneity. To that I say: nah, be your damn selves. Incorporate what makes you warm and cozy, and screw the trends. I'm here to help you visualize your wildest floral dreams. I dork out over textures and colors and thrive on being challenged with out of the box requests. My clients are some of the most wildly intelligent, hilarious and lovely bunch of people that I have ever met. They have a strong sense of self and don't give a single poop what people think of them. Most importantly, I'm in love all types of love and believe that your celebration should be as unique as you are.

Does this sound like you? If yes, please contact me for a free consultation.
bridal bouquets
Outdoor white curvy wedding dresses
Pink rose wedding bouquet
Other projects


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Load Shifting Under Voluntary Residential Time-of-Use Rates

  • Douglas W. Caves
  • Joseph A. Herriges
  • Kathleen A. Kuester

Time-of-use (TOU) pricing has emerged in recent years as a popular rate program, offering utilities both a more efficient pricing mechanism and a tool for load management. Initial experiments with TOUpricing were generally designed to provide evidence on customer response to mandatory TOU rates, while residential TOU rates are currently being applied on a voluntary basis. In this paper evidence is provided on customer response in Pacific Gas and Electric's voluntary TOUrate experiment. Comparing the results to those obtained in earlier mandatory experiments, volunteers are found to have a greater ability to shift usage in response to TOUrates than comparable customers on mandatory rates.

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Article provided by International Association for Energy Economics in its journal The Energy Journal.

Volume (Year): Volume 10 (1989)
Issue (Month): Number 4 ()
Pages: 83-99

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Handle: RePEc:aen:journl:1989v10-04-a06
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An Economic Response to Unsolicited Communication

  • Loder Theodore

    (University of Michigan)

  • Van Alstyne Marshall

    (Boston University & MIT)

  • Wash Rick

    (University of Michigan)

If communication involves some transactions cost to both sender and recipient, what policy ensures that correct messages -- those with positive social surplus - get sent? Filters block messages that harm recipients but benefit senders by more than transactions costs. Taxes can block positive value messages, and allow harmful messages through. In contrast, we propose an ``Attention Bond,'' allowing recipients to define a price that senders must risk to deliver the initial message.The underlying problem is first-contact information asymmetry with negative externalities. Uninformed senders waste recipient attention through message pollution. Requiring attention bonds creates an attention market, effectively applying the Coase Theorem to price this scarce resource. In this market, screening mechanisms shift the burden of message classification from recipients to senders, who know message content. Price signals can also facilitate decentralized two-sided matching. In certain limited cases, this leads to greater welfare than use of even ``perfect'' filters.

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Article provided by De Gruyter in its journal The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy.

Volume (Year): 6 (2006)
Issue (Month): 1 (March)
Pages: 1-38

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Handle: RePEc:bpj:bejeap:v:advances.6:y:2006:i:1:n:2
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Broadband telecommunications in rural America: Emerging infrastructures for residential service

  • Calabrese, Andrew
  • Jung, Donald
Registered author(s):

    This article reviews the recent history of rural telecommunications policy in the USA and assesses the social significance of emerging patterns of infrastructure development in the residential market. Rural America provides an interesting laboratory for experimenting with the shared and divergent interests of two major players in broadband telecommunications which are mainly at odds, namely the telephone and cable industries. These interests, and their significance for current political and economic developments in rural America, are analysed in detail below. A brief overview of rural telecommunications development in the state of Indiana is provided for illustrative purposes.

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    Article provided by Elsevier in its journal Telecommunications Policy.

    Volume (Year): 16 (1992)
    Issue (Month): 3 (April)
    Pages: 225-236

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    Handle: RePEc:eee:telpol:v:16:y:1992:i:3:p:225-236
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Modeling the Demand for Currency Issued in Turkey

  • Ozge Akinci

The purpose of this study is to investigate the empirical relationship between real money balances, real income, and the opportunity cost variables in Turkey using quarterly data between the periods 1987Q1-2003Q3. The estimation results reveal that long run demand for real cash balances depends on real income, interest rate on government securities and the exchange rate. The long run elasticity of income is close to one with the opportunity cost variables carrying the expected signs. Based on the cointegration and the weak exogeneity test results, single equation error correction model is specified and estimated. The estimated models disclose the fact that the income and the interest rate effects is much smaller in the short run than the long run, whereas exchange rate influence is more pronounced in the short run.

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Article provided by Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in its journal Central Bank Review.

Volume (Year): 3 (2003)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
Pages: 1-25

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Handle: RePEc:tcb:cebare:v:3:y:2003:i:1:p:1-25
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  1. Johansen, Soren & Juselius, Katarina, 1990. "Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration--With Applications to the Demand for Money," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 52(2), pages 169-210, May.
  2. Sunil Sharma & Neil R. Ericsson, 1998. "Broad money demand and financial liberalization in Greece," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 417-436.
  3. Johansen, Soren, 1988. "Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 12(2-3), pages 231-254.
  4. Heller, H Robert & Khan, Mohsin S, 1979. "The Demand for Money and the Term Structure of Interest Rates," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 87(1), pages 109-29, February.
  5. Jean-Claude Nachega, 2001. "A Cointegration Analysis of Broad Money Demand in Cameroon," IMF Working Papers 01/26, International Monetary Fund.
  6. Defne Mutluer & Yasemin Barlas, 2002. "Modeling the Turkish Broad Money Demand," Central Bank Review, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, vol. 2(2), pages 55-75.
  7. Johansen, Soren, 1995. "Likelihood-Based Inference in Cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Models," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198774501, December.
  8. Choudhry, Taufiq, 1995. "High inflation rates and the long-run money demand function: Evidence from cointegration tests," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 17(1), pages 77-91.
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MRS2IR_SIM: MATLAB function to simulate trajectories of a Markov regime-switching (MRS) model with 2 independent regimes

  • Joanna Janczura
  • Rafal Weron

MRS2IR_SIM(P,PARAM,MODEL,STARTVALUE,KSI_0,T,N) generates N trajectories of a Markov regime-switching (MRS) model with 2 independent regimes: (i) an AR(1) process in the base regime X(t+1)=phi_1*X(t)+c_1+sigma_1*|X(t)|^g_1*N(0,1), (ii) and a Gaussian (MODEL='G'), lognormal ('LN'), Pareto ('P'), Weibull ('W') or exponential ('E') distributed spike regime. P, PARAM and KSI_0 are the transition matrix, model parameters and probabilities classifying the first observation to one of the regimes, respectively, returned by MRS2IR_EST. STARTVALUE is the starting point for the simulated trajectories and T is the length of the trajectories.

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Software component provided by Hugo Steinhaus Center, Wroclaw University of Technology in its series HSC Software with number M11005.

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Programming language: MATLAB
Requires: MATLAB (tested on MATLAB ver. 7.9).
Date of creation: 03 Oct 2011
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:wuu:hscode:m11005
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Increasing Returns to Education: Theory and Evidence

  • Alison Booth

    (Economics Program, RSSS, ANU)

  • Melvyn Coles
  • Xiaodong Gong

We model educational investment and labor supply in a competitive economy with home and market production. Heterogeneous workers are assumed to have different productivities both at home and in the workplace. We show that there are increasing returns to education at the labor market participation margin, and that these depend directly on the elasticity of labor supply with respect to wages. Thus the increasing returns to education problem will be most relevant for women or other types with large enough home productivity. We estimate a three equation recursive model of working hours, wages and years of schooling, and find empirical support for the main predictions of the model.

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Paper provided by Centre for Economic Policy Research, Research School of Economics, Australian National University in its series CEPR Discussion Papers with number 522.

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Length: 44 pages
Date of creation: May 2006
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Handle: RePEc:auu:dpaper:522
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  1. Patricia F. Apps & Ray Rees, 1999. "Individual versus Joint Taxation in Models with Household Production," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 107(2), pages 393-403, April.
  2. Rios-Rull, Jose-Victor, 1993. "Working in the Market, Working at Home, and the Acquisition of Skills: A General-Equilibrium Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(4), pages 893-907, September.
  3. Reuben Gronau, 1976. "Leisure, Home Production and Work--The Theory of The Allocation of Time Revisited," NBER Working Papers 0137, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  4. Alison Booth & Melvyn Coles, 2010. "Education, Matching, and the Allocative Value of Romance," Journal of the European Economic Association, European Economic Association, vol. 8(4), pages 744-775, 06.
  5. Card, David, 1999. "The causal effect of education on earnings," Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 30, pages 1801-1863 Elsevier.
  6. Rosen, Sherwin, 1983. "Specialization and Human Capital," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 1(1), pages 43-49, January.
  7. Paul Gomme & Richard Rogerson & Peter Rupert & Randall Wright, 2004. "The business cycle and the life cycle," Working Paper 0404, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.
  8. Alison Booth & Hiau Kee, 2009. "Birth order matters: the effect of family size and birth order on educational attainment," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 22(2), pages 367-397, April.
  9. Daron Acemoglu, 1996. "A Microfoundation for Social Increasing Returns in Human Capital Accumulation," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 111(3), pages 779-804.
  10. Susumu Imai & Michael P. Keane, 2004. "Intertemporal Labor Supply and Human Capital Accumulation," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 45(2), pages 601-641, 05.
  11. Orley Ashenfelter & Cecilia Rouse, 1997. "Income, Schooling, and Ability: Evidence from a New Sample of Identical Twins," NBER Working Papers 6106, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  12. Florence Jaumotte, 2003. "Female Labour Force Participation: Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 376, OECD Publishing.
  13. Paul J. Devereux & Sandra E. Black & Kjell G. Salvanes, 2005. "The more the merrier? The effect of family size and birth order on children's education," Open Access publications 10197/310, School of Economics, University College Dublin.
  14. Alison Booth & Melvyn Coles, 2007. "The Impact Of Fiscal Policy On Labor Supply And Education In An Economy With Household And Market Production," CAMA Working Papers 2007-08, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
  15. John Pencavel, 2002. "A Cohort Analysis of the Association between Work Hours and Wages among Men," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 37(2), pages 251-274.
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A Note on Contestability in the Canadian Banking Industry

  • Jason Allen
  • Ying Liu

The authors examine the degree of contestability in the Canadian banking system using the H-statistic proposed by Panzar and Rosse (1987) and modified by Bikker, Spierdijk, and Finnie (2006). A modification is necessary because the standard approach of controlling for size using total assets leads to an upward bias in the H-statistic. The authors propose a variety of model specifications and test for contestability using detailed quarterly balance-sheet data from 2000 to 2006. Contrary to Bikker, Spierdijk, and Finnie (2006), the authors find that the Canadian banking sector is in equilibrium and characterized by monopolistic competition. This result is in line with earlier studies of the Canadian banking sector (Nathan and Neave 1989) as well as cross-country studies that use cruder measures of Canadian banking inputs (Claessens and Laeven 2005). As in Bikker, Spierdijk, and Finnie (2006), the authors show that projecting revenue on total assets leads to an upward bias regarding the level of competition.

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Paper provided by Bank of Canada in its series Discussion Papers with number 07-7.

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Length: 23 pages
Date of creation: 2007
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Handle: RePEc:bca:bocadp:07-7
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Firm Entry, Firm Exit, And Urban-Biased Growth

  • Yu, Li
  • Jolly, Robert W.
  • Orazem, Peter

We introduce a taxonomy that classifies industries using three criteria: net growth in the number of firms; the interrelationship between firm entry and firm exit; and the degree of urban-bias in industry growth. We show that in 9 of 15 two-digit NAICS industries investigated, there is evidence of urban bias consistent with a comparative advantage to starting a business in urban markets. The urban advantage is due primarily to faster firm entry rates. Urban and rural firms have similar firm exit rates, consistent with a presumption that there are equal expected profit rates conditional on entry across markets. Urban areas grow faster because they induce faster firm entry and not because urban firms are more likely to succeed.

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Paper provided by Iowa State University, Department of Economics in its series Staff General Research Papers Archive with number 13108.

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Date of creation: 27 Aug 2009
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:isu:genres:13108
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Growth Economics and Reality

  • William A. Brock
  • Steven N.Durlauf

This paper questions current empirical practice in the study of growth. We argue that much of the modern empirical growth literature is based on assumptions concerning regressors, residuals, and parameters which are implausible both from the perspective of economic theory as well as from the perspective of the historical experiences of the countries under study. A number of these problems are argued to be forms of violations of an exchangeability assumption which underlies standard growth exercises. We show that relaxation of these implausible assumptions can be done by allowing for uncertainty in model specification. Model uncertainty consists of two types: theory uncertainty, which relates to which growth determinants should be included in a model, and heterogeneity uncertainty, which relates to which observations in a data set comprise draws from the same statistical model. We propose ways to account for both theory and heterogeneity uncertainty. Finally, using an explicit decision-theoretic framework, we describe how one can engage in policy-relevant empirical analysis.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 8041.

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Date of creation: Dec 2000
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8041
Note: EFG
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  1. Howard Pack, 1994. "Endogenous Growth Theory: Intellectual Appeal and Empirical Shortcomings," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 55-72, Winter.
  2. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
  3. Barro, Robert J, 1996. "Democracy and Growth," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 1-27, March.
  4. Canova, Fabio, 1999. "Testing for Convergence Clubs in Income per-capita: A Predictive Density Approach," CEPR Discussion Papers 2201, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  5. Evans, P, 1996. "Using Panel Data to Evaluate Growth Theories," ISER Discussion Paper 0397, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
  6. Levine, Ross & Renelt, David, 1992. "A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 942-63, September.
  7. Quah, Danny T, 1996. "Convergence Empirics across Economies with (Some) Capital Mobility," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 95-124, March.
  8. Sims, Christopher A, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(1), pages 1-48, January.
  9. James L. Heckman, 1999. "Causal Parameters and Policy Analysis in Economcs: A Twentieth Century Retrospective," NBER Working Papers 7333, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  10. Durlauf, S.M. & Johnson, P.A., 1995. "Multiple Regimes and Cross-Country Growth Behavior," Working papers 9419r, Wisconsin Madison - Social Systems.
  11. Easterly, W & Levine, R, 1996. "Africa's Growth Tragedy : Policies and Ethnic Divisions," Papers 536, Harvard - Institute for International Development.
  12. Nazrul Islam, 1995. "Growth Empirics: A Panel Data Approach," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 110(4), pages 1127-1170.
  13. Durlauf, Steven N. & Kourtellos, Andros & Minkin, Artur, 2001. "The local Solow growth model," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 928-940, May.
  14. Robert J. Barro, 1991. "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 106(2), pages 407-443.
  15. McAleer, Michael & Pagan, Adrian, 1985. "What Will Take the Con Out of Econometrics?," CEPR Discussion Papers 39, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  16. Paul M Romer, 1999. "Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth," Levine's Working Paper Archive 2232, David K. Levine.
  17. N. Gregory Mankiw & David Romer & David N. Weil, 1990. "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth," NBER Working Papers 3541, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  18. Desdoigts, Alain, 1999. "Patterns of Economic Development and the Formation of Clubs," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 305-30, September.
  19. T. Paul Schultz, 1999. "Health and Schooling Investments in Africa," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 13(3), pages 67-88, Summer.
  20. T. Paul Schultz, 1998. "Inequality in the Distribution of Personal Income in the World: How it is Changing and Why," Working Papers 784, Economic Growth Center, Yale University.
  21. Chamberlain, Gary, 2000. "Econometrics and decision theory," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 255-283, April.
  22. Itzhak Gilboa & David Schmeidler, 1989. "Maxmin Expected Utility with Non-Unique Prior," Post-Print hal-00753237, HAL.
  23. Xavier Sala-i-Martin, 1997. "I just ran four million regressions," Economics Working Papers 201, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
  24. Granger, Clive W. J. & Uhlig, Harald F., 1990. "Reasonable extreme-bounds analysis," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 44(1-2), pages 159-170.
  25. Andrew B. Bernard & Steven N. Durlauf, 1994. "Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis," NBER Technical Working Papers 0159, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  26. Galor, Oded, 1996. "Convergence? Inferences from Theoretical Models," CEPR Discussion Papers 1350, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  27. Prescott, Edward C, 1998. "Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 39(3), pages 525-51, August.
  28. Pritchett, Lant, 2000. "Understanding Patterns of Economic Growth: Searching for Hills among Plateaus, Mountains, and Plains," World Bank Economic Review, World Bank Group, vol. 14(2), pages 221-50, May.
  29. Wolcott, Susan & Clark, Gregory, 1999. "Why Nations Fail: Managerial Decisions and Performance in Indian Cotton Textiles, 1890–1938," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, vol. 59(02), pages 397-423, June.
  30. Jeffrey A. Frankel & David Romer, 1996. "Trade and Growth: An Empirical Investigation," NBER Working Papers 5476, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  31. Xavier Sala-I-Martin & Gernot Doppelhofer & Ronald I. Miller, 2004. "Determinants of Long-Term Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(4), pages 813-835, September.
  32. Stewart, Mark B., 1984. "Significance tests in the presence of model uncertainty and specification search," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 16(3-4), pages 309-313.
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International Comparison of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) policy

  • Furuoka, Fumitaka

The introduction of the ODA Charter in 1992 can be seen as Japan’s official pledge to pay more attention to political conditions in recipient countries and to impose political conditionalities on them. However, in practice, the Japanese government has continued using foreign aid as a diplomatic tool to pursue own economic interests. In this paper, in order to determine the quality of Japanese foreign aid, Japan’s ODA will be compared with the foreign aid of other countries. In term of quantity, the amount of Japan’s ODA is impressive. In 1989, Japan topped the US as the biggest donor of foreign aid among all aid donor countries. Despite the impressive quantity of Japanese foreign aid, the ratio of Japan’s ODA to GNP in 1999 was 0.27 percent, which was lower than the average ODA ratio to GNP among DAC members (0.39 percent). Denmark was the country with the highest ratio (1.06 percent) followed by the Netherlands (0.82 percent). In term of geographical distribution, a prominent characteristic of Japan’s ODA is that Asia, especially East Asian countries, receives the biggest share of Japanese aid. Far East Asia received 54.5 percent of this amount, and South and Centra Asia received 19.2 percent. African countries in South of the Sahara were left far behind receiving only 9.5 percent of total Japanese bilateral aid, while the African countries in North of the Sahara received only 2.1 percent. Furthermore, Grant Share (GS) of Japan’s ODA was 39.6 percent, while the DAC’s average rate of GS that year was 77.8 percent. Among DAC members, the Scandinavian countries, Australia and New Zealand had a very high GS, almost 100 percent. Germany’s and France’s GS were nearly 80 percent. These figures show that Japan’s GS has been one of the lowest among DAC members. Also, Japan’s untied aid ratio became one of the highest of the DAC

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Paper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 11899.

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Date of creation: 24 Feb 2009
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Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:11899
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  1. Furuoka, Fumitaka, 2007. "Japan’s foreign aid sanctions policy toward African countries," MPRA Paper 5947, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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Canadian Money Demand Functions Cointegration¨CRank Stability

  • Alfred A. Haug

    (York University, Canada)

This paper applies conventional tests (Johansen, 1995) and new tests (Chao and Phillips, 1999) for cointegration to long¨Crun money demand functions using historical Canadian data back to 1872. If cointegration is found, recently proposed tests by Quintos (1998a) for stability of the cointegration rank are carried out. The paper focuses on two spans of data: one span starting in 1872, the other in 1957 or 1968. Annual data are used for the former span, and annual and quarterly data for the latter. The preferred money demand specification involves M1.

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Paper provided by York University, Department of Economics in its series Working Papers with number 2002_10.

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Length: 23 pages
Date of creation: Oct 2002
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:yca:wpaper:2002_10
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  1. Andrews, Donald W K & Monahan, J Christopher, 1992. "An Improved Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 60(4), pages 953-66, July.
  2. Andrews, Donald W K, 1993. "Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change with Unknown Change Point," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 821-56, July.
  3. Bordo, Michael D & Jonung, Lars & Siklos, Pierre L, 1997. "Institutional Change and the Velocity of Money: A Century of Evidence," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 35(4), pages 710-24, October.
  4. Donald W.K. Andrews, 1988. "Heteroskedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 877R, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University, revised Jul 1989.
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Tagged: Black Lagoon

Sympathy and Subtlety in Black Lagoon

In my previous article about the series Black Lagoon I wrote predominantly about its first season and the often repulsive and unsympathetic violence of it. The characters within were alienating – the sympathetic fish-out-of-water protagonist was often more than simply the butt of jokes but actively presented as an impediment to the expected lifestyle of those he was forced upon. What this did was make the group of characters that would usually be presented as relatable and entertaining seem particularly unlikeable not in a comedic fashion but in a way which undermined how entertaining the series ended up being. Many of the conflicts, once the initial introductions were out of the way, were ultimately petty and inconclusive ones with high body counts but no real catharsis in the violence.

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The Monotony of Violence in Black Lagoon

A screencap from the opening credits of “Black Lagoon”

The term “gratituous violence” is nowadays almost interchangeable with “explicit violence” when talking about media; both are used to describe intensely violent works such as horror films and crime fiction. However, there is a distinction between them that is highly subtle and which quite clearly places them as opposites as critical viewpoints. Gratituous violence is that which is unnecessary in narrative terms – it is there to titillate or elicit a basic response of excitement or revulsion. There is a quite specific sense of intent in the word “gratituous” that implies the content is unneeded. “Explicit” violence has no such intent or quality distinction; it is simply violence which is graphically depicted.

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