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Project 1: Vinculin stabilizes nascent adhesions and establishes lamellipodium-lamella border in migrating cells Ingo Thievessen, R. Ross The actin cytoskeleton at the leading edge of migrating cells consists of two actin networks, the lamellipodium (LP), characterized by fast polymerization-driven retrograde actin flow and the lamellum (LM) with slow myosin II (myoII) mediated actin flow. The engagement of LP actin to the ECM via nascent integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FA) establishes the flow velocity gradient between LP and LM. Nascent adhesions then elongate and mature via myoII LM actin flow. How integrins are connected to the retrograde actin flow is not known. Using primary murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) deficient for the vinculin gene (Vcl), we sought to test the hypothesis that vinculin mediates the coupling of actin retrograde flow to the ECM in FA. Our results suggest that vinculin stabilizes nascent FA by coupling to lamellipodial actin flow, thus establishing the flow velocity gradient between LP and LM and promoting the maturation of nascent adhesions. This implicates vinculin as an essential component in linking the dynamic actin cytoskeleton to the ECM during cell migration. This work was done in collaboration with Bob Ross, and has been presented at Cell Biology Society meeting and Gordon Conference and a manuscript describing these results was published in the JCB this past yearProject 2: Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions Project 2:Specific protein-interactions regulate the three-dimensional nanoscale organization of vinculin within focal adhesions L.B. Case, G. Shtengel, H.F. Hess, S. Campbell C.M. Waterman Specific protein-interactions regulate the three-dimensional nanoscale organization and conformation of vinculin within focal adhesions. L.B. Case, G. Shtengel, M. Baird, M. Davidson, S. Campbell, H.F. Hess, C.M. Waterman Previous studies have shown that FAs have a conserved stratified nanoscale structure, with an integrin signaling layer (ISL) 10-20 nm from the plasma membrane, an actin regulatory layer (ARL) 100 nm from the membrane that extends into the stress fiber, and a force transduction layer (FTL) that spans these two layers. Vinculin is an FA protein that functions in signaling, force transduction, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Vinculin has at least 10 binding partners distributed throughout the FA including paxillin in the ISL, talin in the FTL, and actin in the ARL. We hypothesize that vinculin interacts with distinct binding partners within distinct FA layers to regulate its activation and mediate its functional specificity. To test this, we utilized point mutants to perturb specific protein interactions and assayed their nanoscale localization, activation state, and binding stability in FAs. Our results suggest a model in which inactive vinculin is recruited to the ISL near the plasma membrane in FA by a weak interaction with paxillin. We speculate that this localization puts vinculin in proximity of multiple ligands that promote activation, which allows a shift to the FTL and ARL where interactions of activated vinculin with talin and actin promote FA stabilization. We are assaying additional vinculin mutants to provide further evidence for this model. A Manuscript describing this work is being prepared for publication Project 3: Active organization of integrins in focal adhesions Vinay Swaminathan, Pontus Norenfeldt, Joseph Matthew, Timothy Springer, Satyajit Mayor Integrins are transmembrane ECM receptors that link the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and the cytoskeleton and play a crucial role in the immune response, cell migration and tissue morphogenesis. ECM-engaged integrins cluster together with proteins that mediate their signaling functions and linkage to the cytoskeleton to form focal adhesions that grow and turn over in an actin and myosin II dependent manner. How actin and myosin mediate the clustering and organization of integrins during activation, focal adhesion growth and turnover is not known. We utilized fluorescence emission anisotropy imaging of cells expressing GFP-tagged integrins to analyze the evolution of integrin organization during focal adhesion dynamics in migrating fibroblasts and to test the role of integrin activation and actomyosin contractility in this process. By employing specific perturbations we are attempting to understand how the association of focal adhesion components and the acto-myosin machinery affect the organization of integrins during the formation of mature adhesions. Project 4: A novel actin-adhesion structure involved in nuclear positioning requires the formin FMN2 Colleen T. Skau and Clare M. Waterman Active asymmetric positioning of the nucleus in nondividing cells is critical to a variety of cell functions, including cell migration, particularly in complex 3D environments. Based on the importance of integrin-FAK signaling in controlling nuclear orientation in migrating fibroblasts, we hypothesize that adhesion of the cell body to the extracellular matrix is likely critical in nuclear positioning. Furthermore, involvement of LPA/Rho signaling in nuclear orientation suggests a role for the actin cytoskeleton in nuclear positioning. We therefore hypothesize that the actin cytoskeleton, working with adhesions, exerts force on the nucleus through its connections to the nuclear lamina via proteins spanning the nuclear envelope. Although proteins that bind actin at the nuclear envelope have been identified, it is unclear specifically which adhesion/ actin structures mechanically couple the nucleus to the extracellular matrix to control active nuclear positioning. To address this question, we examined the interplay between actin, adhesions and the nucleus in live and fixed mouse embryonic fibroblasts using fluorescence microscopy. We identified novel adhesive structures located underneath the nucleus termed subnuclear adhesions that are compositionally and dynamically distinct from canonical focal adhesions found near the leading edge of migrating cells. Unlike focal adhesions at the leading edge, subnuclear adhesions assemble in bursts toward the front of the cell and translocate along the ventral surface of the cell. Additionally, we find that subnuclear adhesions contain a distinct set of proteins from leading edge adhesions, and that these proteins assemble with distinct kinetics. Subnuclear adhesions, like leading edge adhesions, have a specific set of actin filaments associated with them. These subnuclear actin fibers connect to subnuclear adhesions not leading edge adhesions, and we have found that they physically impinge upon the nucleus and help control nuclear shape. We have previously identified the actin nucleation factor formin FMN2 in a screen of adhesion components. We now find that the formin FMN2 localizes underneath the nucleus and is important for these subnuclear actin fibers, which are likely involved in known active positioning mechanisms of the nucleus in migrating cells. Together, our data reveal a previously unidentified mechanism for control of nuclear position via a novel structure connecting the actin cytoskeleton, which impinges upon the nucleus, to the extracellular matrix underneath the cell body.

Project Start
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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Zip Code
Plotnikov, Sergey V; Sabass, Benedikt; Schwarz, Ulrich S et al. (2014) High-resolution traction force microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 123:367-94
Thievessen, Ingo; Thompson, Peter M; Berlemont, Sylvain et al. (2013) Vinculin-actin interaction couples actin retrograde flow to focal adhesions, but is dispensable for focal adhesion growth. J Cell Biol 202:163-77
Shtengel, Gleb; Galbraith, James A; Galbraith, Catherine G et al. (2009) Interferometric fluorescent super-resolution microscopy resolves 3D cellular ultrastructure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:3125-30
Gardel, Margaret L; Sabass, Benedikt; Ji, Lin et al. (2008) Traction stress in focal adhesions correlates biphasically with actin retrograde flow speed. J Cell Biol 183:999-1005
Sabass, Benedikt; Gardel, Margaret L; Waterman, Clare M et al. (2008) High resolution traction force microscopy based on experimental and computational advances. Biophys J 94:207-20


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Ways to Refurnish an Attractive Washroom

Whether you decide to make a huge renovation or merely merely transform some of your washroom components, it is constantly essential to take your demands as well as your design into factor to consider. Take your time and obtain assist from your plumber if you need it. Air-Conditioning-Edmonton

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Tuesday, July 14, 2009

Groups Remind Of Great Lakes 2009 Meetings

Jul 14: The Healing Our Waters-Great Lakes Coalition, consisting of more than 100 environmental, conservation, outdoor recreation organizations, zoos, aquariums and museums representing millions of people, whose common goal is to restore and protect the Great Lakes, issued a release reminding of the upcoming public comment meetings on the State of the Great Lakes 2009 report [See WIMS 6/19/09].

Jeff Skelding, campaign director for the HOW Coalition said, “This report clearly shows the need for Congress to act to restore the Great Lakes. Toxic pollution, invasive species and climate change threaten not only our health and quality of life, but the region’s economy. The U.S. House and Senate can advance Great Lakes restoration and economic recovery by fully funding the $475 million Great Lakes Restoration Initiative.” President Obama this year introduced a $475 million Great Lakes Restoration Initiative [See WIMS 6/29/09], which has been passed in Senate committee and the full House of Representatives.

Next week, the EPA will kick-off a series of public comment sessions in the Great Lakes states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin to examine the initiative. The hearing schedule is: July 21, Milwaukee, WI; July 22, Chicago, IL; July 23, Merrilville, IN; July 27, Cleveland, OH; July 28, Erie, PA; July 29, Rochester, MI; August 3, Lansing, MI; and August 4, Duluth, MN.

Access an announcement from HOW and link to additional information and meeting specifics (click here). Access the Great Lakes Restoration website for more information (click here).


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Wake Up

“The illustration on this bottle represents not only what it feels like to first chug some Mountain Dew but also the reaction one might have upon first seeing this unique design and packaging.”

UPSO (Toledo, OH)

UPSO is a Toledo, OH-based graphic artist, curator and publisher.He has worked with brands such as Kid Robot, MTV and Converse, and his artwork has been displayed in magazines, books and on gallery walls around the world. Since 2001, he has published the critically-acclaimed art magazine, Faesthetic, and has worked as a curator for companies like Threadless and Scion. UPSO.ORG

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It wasn’t so long ago that a number of Republican senators actually thought happy thoughts about cap-and-trade or carbon pricing — before they got on board with the official GOP talking points and started referring to any climate policy as a “job-killing national energy tax.”

We were just kidding: Let’s have a flashback moment with some of the GOP’s most notable flip-floppers:

Lisa MurkowskiSen. Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska):  Last month, she led an unsuccessful attempt to stop the EPA from controlling carbon emissions.  But just two years ago, she cosponsored a cap-and-trade bill. Here’s what she was saying then:

I do support the cap-and-trade concept because I believe it offers the opportunity to reduce carbon, at the least cost to society. The signal about future prices sent to electric power-plant operators will hopefully stimulate spending on low- and zero-carbon renewable energy plants now.

Richard LugarSen. Richard Lugar (R-Ind.): He has proposed climate legislation that completely avoids any mention of carbon caps or pricing.  Two years ago, he felt a little differently:

I’m impressed with the fact the Chicago Climate Exchange, maybe as a prelude to some type of cap-and-trade or carbon-pricing system in our country, has at least established a price for carbon.

Lindsey GrahamSen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.): He’s become the poster boy of GOP flip-floppers, bailing out on the comprehensive climate and energy legislation he created with Sens. John Kerry (D-Mass.) and Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.) and now lining up behind Lugar’s toothless bill. Three months ago, he said this:

I have no problem with trading as long as you don’t devastate the economy. This is what solved acid rain. Some people on my side say, “Just create incentives.” I say that’s opening up the Treasury to every group in the country. I want to set emission standards and let the best technology win.

Scott BrownSen. Scott Brown (R-Mass.): Once he started running for the U.S. Senate, Brown picked up his party’s  “cap-and-tax” mantra with gusto. But only two years ago, while supporting a version of a cap-and-trade bill in the Massachusetts legislature, he was of a different mind:

Reducing carbon dioxide emission in Massachusetts has long been a priority of mine. Passing this legislation is an important step … towards improving our environment.

John McCainSen. John McCain (R-Ariz.): With his recent swing to the right, McCain’s become one of the leaders of the GOP’s “cap-and-tax” chorus.  Yes, this is the same guy who cosponsored the first cap-and-trade bills in the Senate in 2003, 2005, and 2007, and who said this during his run for the White House in 2008:

A cap-and-trade policy will send a signal that will be heard and welcomed all across the American economy. And the highest rewards will go to those who make the smartest, safest, most responsible choices.

"elephant never forgets" logo

Come to the dark side:  Steve Benen, writing in Washington Monthly, digs deeper into the morphing of the GOP into carbon-cap naysayers:

Cap-and-trade — any version of it — has been deemed wholly unacceptable by Republicans this year. But given the intense opposition to the idea, it’s easy to forget that Republicans used to consider cap-and-trade a reasonable, market-based mechanism that was far preferable to command-and-control directives that the right found offensive.

Such a deal:  Grist’s David Roberts points out that the Republican alternatives to comprehensive climate legislation would not only do little to control carbon emissions, but also would cost more:

The whole point of pricing carbon is that it pays for all the incentives. The Waxman-Markey bill and the Senate climate bill would both reduce the deficit; Republican alternatives (and Bingaman’s weak-ass energy bill) would increase it. Good climate policy is good fiscal policy.

Birds of a feather: If they fight a comprehensive climate and energy bill, expect Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-Nev.) to zero in on both Republicans and Democrats who last month voted for Murkowski’s resolution to reduce the EPA’s power to reduce carbon emissions. That should be Congress’ job, they pontificated.  Brad Johnson at The Wonk Room has more on Reid’s response to “climate peacocks.”

If you drill it, he will come: One Republican congressman who will never be accused of flip-flopping on energy and climate change is Joe Barton of Texas. He’s scored a perfect 100 percent on the American Petroleum Institute’s Voter Guide. To honor Barton’s unceasing loyalty to fossil fuels, the National Wildlife Foundation has named him to the “Big Oil All Star Team” and even given him his very own baseball card.

For once, he’s not sorry.


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News & Updates

News & Announcements

GSA meetings are held every other Monday in the Price Center 4th Floor Forum unless stated otherwise. Meetings are open to public.

September 8th, 2016

The Graduate Student Association is excited to welcome the incoming graduate students for the 2016-2017 academic year! They will be joining us for orientation on September 14th.

June 1st, 2016

GSA Meetings for the 2015-2016 academic year officially concluded last night! Three special guests joined us: Prof. Gabriele Wienhausen (Director of Teaching & Learning Commons), Dr. Paul Roben (AVC of Innovation & Technology Commercialization), and Sharon Van Bruggen (Director of University Centers). Several resolutions, charges, and Constitutional amendments were then passed during CM #15. First, the second vote on amendments to the Constitution passed with a vote of 38-0-1. The Marketing and Communications Committee Charge was then approved as a special committee with a vote of 25-5-5, while the amendments to the Officer Bylaws (Marketing Coordinator) were tabled indefinitely with a vote of 26-3-2. Cory Stevenson then presented on CR11: Supporting UCSD Student Email Account Preservation, which passed with a vote of 30-1-0. The next resolution was presented by Beatriz Ramirez, CR12: Literature Building Apparent Campus Cluster Petition, and was passed after several amendments with a vote of 24-1-4. CR13: Circulation of DAC State of the Campus EDI Report was presented by Sophia Hirakis and Tara-Lynnne Pixley in conjunction with the State of the Campus EDI Report and passed with a vote of 25-0-1. Finally, the special committee charge for the International Student Workgroup was updated for the '16-'17 academic year, presented by Juan Carmona Zabala and passing with a vote of 26-0-0.

For information about what Council has done this year, please take a look at our Meeting Minutes and Resolutions page. For reports the Executives have produced, check out our GSA Reports section. The agendas for the 2015-2016 academic year can be found at the Meeting Schedule page. We will be back in session on October 3rd, 2016, in the Price Center Forum under the leadership of Garrett Bredell.

May 17th, 2016

GSA held the second to last council meeting of the year last night. The council heard from Prof. William Hodgkiss, the Senior Associate Vice Chancellor of Academic Planning & Resources, who shared the structure of university administration and answered questions related to grant funding. Council unanimously approved changes to the Election Bylaws which were presented by the Election Committee. Council then heard a presentation on amendments to the Officer Bylaws, with the addition of the Marketing and Communications Coordinator, which will be voted on in CM #15. Council then passed the 2016-2017 Financial Budget with a vote of 39-0-2. The Governing Documents Committee proposed some amendments to the Constitution, which passed the first vote 38-0-3. A second vote is needed to finalize the changes to the Constitution, which will take place in CM #15. Finally, council heard from Whitney Russell on an advising and mentorship resolution that will be voted on in the next council meeting. The final council meeting will take place on May 31st at 6pm in the Price Center Forum.

May 3rd, 2016

GSA had the 13th council meeting of the year last night. GSA was joined by the Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs, Juan Gonzalez, for a Q&A. GSA approved changes to the University Centers Advisory Board (UCAB) Charge and heard a presentation on amendments to the Election Bylaws by the Election Committee. Troy Kokinis, chair of the C4 committee and the GSA Outreach Coordinator, presented the C4 Spring report and GSA voted and approved CR10: Report from the C4 Committee (19-0-2). GSA then voted to approve the Council Parliamentarian position, sponsored by Nathaniel Wood-Cohan and Cory Stevenson, with a vote of 15-7-2. GSA also decided to vote on the Marketing Coordinator position during CMs #14 and #15 after hearing a presentation by Matt Cohen and Cory Stevenson. Teresa Zimmerman-Liu, the Vice President of Academic Affairs, reported on the follow-up to the TA & GSR Resources report and outlined steps to take if funding is lost. Mukanth Vaidyanathan, Vice President of Financial Affairs, presented the budget for the 2016-2017 academic year which will be voted on during CM #14. Sophia Hirakis presented on faculty mentorship, with a resolution to come during CM #14. With only two council meetings left this year, GSA has a lot left to do!

April 19th, 2016

For the 12th council meeting of the year, GSA had three special guest presentations from Joel Tolson (Grad specialist at Career Services Center), Dr. Christina Lambert (Grad specialist psychologist at Counseling and Psychological Services), and Catherine Friedman (Library Administrator). They discussed graduate student specific resources at UC San Diego. We then concluded the 2016-2017 GSA executive elections, welcoming the 6 new elected officers beginning July 1st. GSA Council then voted on an update to the campus pub investment, in which CR09: Update to Campus Pub Investment passed with a vote of 24-0-2. GSA heard presentations on the University Center Advisory Board (UCAB) charge, the creation of a Council Parliamentarian position, and on the conversion of Chief of Staff to Vice President of Internal Affairs. Additionally, GSA approved Chandler Purrity to the VC EDI Diversity Council and approved three funding requests. With only three council meetings remaining, the Graduate Student Association still has a lot of initiatives remaining!

April 18th, 2016

Upon completion of the GSA Executive 2016-2017 elections, the Graduate Student Association is proud to announce the incoming GSA elected executives for the next year!

President: Garrett Bredell

Vice President of Academic Affairs: Tatiana Zavodny

Vice President of External Affairs: Mark Derdzinski

Vice President of Financial Affairs: Sara Rivera

Vice President of Student & Campus Affairs: Betty Ramirez

Vice President of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Affairs: Martin Boston

The incoming executive board terms in on July 1st. Until then, contact the current executive board at

March 30th, 2016

The 2016 Winter GSA Executive Report is now available! Read about what GSA was up to during the Winter quarter here. To see a full list of GSA reports, click here.

March 10th, 2016

The last GSA Council Meeting of the quarter began with a presentation on the 2016-2017 GSA Election procedure. The GSA elections will take place on Monday, April 4th at 6pm in the Price Center Forum. For questions about the election process, please contact the Elections Committee at GSA then voted and approved CR07: Campus Pub Investment, in which they approved the use of $100,000 to be invested into the campus pub. GSA then voted and approved CR08: Proposed Changes to the Student Organization Membership Policies, in which GSA clarified their stance on membership rules under the Center for Student Involvement. We then had a presentation on amendments to the Judicial Bylaws, on the Student Regent selection process, on the External Affairs legislative report, and on the Office of Students with Disabilities.

Feb. 23rd, 2016

GSA Council Meeting #9 featured a Q&A with the Director of Transportation Services, Charles Kindred. He discussed changes to parking on campus and alternative commuter options. Gabriela Hoffmann from the International Student Center then spoke about the resources offered at the ISC and asked for feedback from GSA. Claire Maniti, the UCAB Chair, gave an updated on the Pub renovation project with blueprints of the new Pub layout in the Old Student Center. Dan Jacobsen (GSA VP Campus) and Mukanth Vaidyanathan (GSA VP Finance) presented a resolution on GSA investment in the Pub, which will be voted on in CM #10. The International Graduate Student Workgroup Charge was then presented by Juan Carmona Zabala, Celia Symons, and Tara-Lynne Pixley (VP Diversity) which will work on solutions for problems international students have faced. GSA council then approved CR06: UC Investment in Fossil Fuel Equities by a vote of 17-6-7. Finally, the Elections Committee asked for nominations for the 2016-2017 GSA Elections. The GSA Elections will be on April 4th at 6pm. Any graduate and professional student can run for an executive position, but they must be nominated by a current GSA representative or executive. For more information, check out the Elections page.

Feb. 10th, 2016

The third GSA council meeting of the quarter was held on February 8th. Cory Stevenson, the Co-Chair of the Associated Residential Community Housing Advisory Committee (ARCHAC) and the graduate student representative of the Building Advisory Committee (BAC) spoke about new housing plans for East Campus. Two different housing projects are underway: Mesa Nueva (~1300 graduate students) and Nueva West (~1000 graduate students). A town hall will be hosted by GSA and Housing soon to discuss the new projects and hear feedback. Additionally, Teresa Zimmerman-Liu, the Vice President of Academic Affairs, made a presentation on UC divestment in fossil fuels. GSA will soon take a stance on fossil fuel divestment by the UC system.

Jan. 29th, 2016

GSA is excited to announce the Winter Quarterly Free For All will be held next Friday, February 5th, from 6-11PM in the Price Center Ballroom.  This year the theme is “On the Boardwalk”, and the event is free for all graduate students and a guest. Check out our events page and our Facebook page for more details.

Jan. 27th, 2016

The second council meeting of the quarter was held on January 25th. The Dean of Graduate Division held a Q&A about various initiatives the campus is currently working on. The Inclusivity Board Charge and amendments to the Financial Bylaws were unanimously approved. Additionally, CR05: Dependent Health Insurance Reform for 2016-'17 was unanimously approved with a vote of 33-0-2. This resolution lowers the dependent health insurance rate to the level of graduate students. Previously, partners and children of graduate students had to pay a higher price to join the Student Health Insurance Plan (SHIP). They will now have the option to pay the same rate as graduate and professional students for the 2016-'17 academic year.

Jan. 12th, 2016

The Graduate Student Association had their first council meeting of Winter quarter on January 11th. The GSA was joined by the Chancellor, Vice Chancellor of Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, Vice Chancellor of Resource Management & Planning, the Assistant Vice Chancellor of Housing, Dining, and Hospitality, and the Dean of Graduate Division. The Chancellor announced plans for a new graduate student housing complex with a capacity of 1,000 students. This is in addition to Nueva Mesa that is currently underconstruction that will be housing 1,400 graduate and professional students.

Dec. 14th, 2015

The 2015 GSA Executive Fall Report is now available! Check out the report to learn about what GSA Council and Executives did for graduate students this past quarter. Email if you have any questions or comments for the GSA Executives.

Dec. 1st, 2015

Amendments to the Election and Officer bylaws were approved at the UCSD GSA council meeting last night. Additionally, the Code of Conduct was passed as a council document (29-7-6). Two resolutions were passed--CR03: The Koala and Media at UC San Diego (32-2-3) and CR04: Campus Climate (17-6-2).

Nov. 17th, 2015

UCSD GSA heard presentations from Ombuds and the University Centers Advisory Board at the council meeting last night. Additionally, the Vice President of Academic Affairs presented the results of the Academic Resources Report. The Election Committee and Governing Documents Committee proposed changes to the election and officer bylaws, respectively, that will be voted on at the next council meeting.

Nov. 3rd, 2015

At the third council meeting of the quarter, UCSD GSA passed CR02: Revised Metrics for the CHE Collective. Additionally, the Student Fee Advisory Committee (SFAC) presented on the background of SFAC and the recent Town Hall hosted by the committee.

Oct. 31st, 2015

UCSD GSA hosted its annual Halloween Free for All last night in the Price Center Ballroom East. Over 1,000 graduate students attended the event. Congratulations to costume contest winners Leeloo, Team Rocket, and Adventure Time. Information on upcoming events can be found on our facebook page.

Oct. 20th, 2015

UCSD GSA passed CR01: Continuing Support of Mental Health in the second council meeting of the quarter by a vote of 41-1-0 (Y-N-A). This resolution allocates funds to hiring a full time psychologist who is designated to work exclusively with graduate students. Additionally, the council voted on the charges for the Library Graduate Advisory Committee and the Campus Events Planning Committee.

Oct. 8th, 2015

UC San Diego will be hosting the Student Advocates for Graduate Education (SAGE) Fall summit this upcoming weekend! Approximately 30 graduate students from across the country will be visiting UC San Diego to discuss national advocacy! Check out the SAGE website for more details on what SAGE advocates for.

Oct. 6th, 2015

The Graduate Student Association had its first council meeting of the year. The agenda for the meeting can be found here. Lisa Maxwell, director of National Conflict Resolution Center (NCRC) was a special guest and hosted a diversity advantage workshop. Five funding bills were voted on and approved by council.


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GTA Wiki

Rhino Tank

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For the tank in early games, see Tank.
"60 tons of fun. A heavily-armored battle tank with a 1,500hp turbine engine and a 120mm cannon, the Rhino delivers a hell of a lot of bang for your buck. Much like its namesake, the Rhino is slow on the turn, surprisingly fast on the charge, and generally terrifying to anyone in the vicinity. One of the few vehicles still manufactured in America. Great for doomsday preppers."
Warstock Cache & Carry description.

The Rhino, commonly referred to in police chatters simply as the Tank, is a military tank featured in every game of the franchise after Grand Theft Auto III, with the exception of Grand Theft Auto IV and its episodes.

Like its predecessor in Grand Theft Auto 2, the Rhino appears when the player attains a six star Wanted Level or upon entering Fort Zancudo in Grand Theft Auto V. In the 3D era, the Rhino can be avoided without much difficulty because of its slow speed and bad handling, but it's extremely deadly if the player attempts to engage one, and the soldier driving it always carries strong weapons. Also, when successfully stolen, authorities can bust the player due to the Rhino's slow speed. When it hits a vehicle, the vehicle most of the time explodes straight away; if not, it starts to burn instead. In Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars however, this does not happen. Law enforcement tends not to use the main cannon of the Rhino, except in GTA Chinatown Wars and Grand Theft Auto V, in which the gun causes massive damage and usually kills the player. The Rhino is practically invincible to small arms fire and crashes; only Satchel Charges, dozens of other explosives & rockets, and the Police Maverick's mounted gun can inflict damage. The exception being the Rhino Tank in Grand Theft Auto V; where small arms can eventually cause fatal damage and roughly 6 rounds from an RPG or sticky bombs will cause the engine to catch fire and explode. Additionally, flame weapons such as the Molotov cocktail and flamethrower are able to damage the tank. Note that it is also possible to destroy a Rhino with conventional ordnance, but it takes a staggering amount and a long time to do so. In Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories, if the player can get the Rhino up and onto the tracks of the subway or the El-Train, the incoming train cars will destroy the tank on impact.

In Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and GTA: Liberty City Stories, it's possible to carjack a Rhino and even store one in a safehouse garage. Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories removes the ability to carjack the Rhino and unlike the other games where a Rhino spawn point is found, the tank is locked until a certain mission is completed (and even then the PlayStation 2 version of the game keeps the Rhino locked).

While the Rhino only pursues the player in Fort Zancudo in GTA V and Grand Theft Auto Online, it is even more dangerous than before, as for the first time in the series, NPC-Controlled Rhinos will not hesitate to use their weaponry against the player.

3D Universe

In Grand Theft Auto III, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, the Rhino does not appear to be directly based on any real life military vehicle. However, its front end does bear some resemblance to that of the 6-wheeled M93 Fox reconassaince vehicle, and the sides belong to the design of the Panhard ERC 90. Its features also resemble the seemingly original and chunky design reminiscent of a modified M3 Stuart, but with a front that more closely resembles that of an M4 Sherman. The Rhino's weapon configuration and chassis are similar to the equipment of the LAV-600. Because of its heavy construction, with doors on both sides that can easily be damaged with even the slightest hit, and a truck-style 3-axle drivetrain with visible wheels, the turret can only be rotated by pressing buttons, which makes precise shooting almost impossible.

In its original appearance in GTA III, the Rhino assumes a stark appearance with little detail on its armored body. The GTA: Vice City rendition, however, saw the addition of a variety of equipment to the vehicle, as well as the enlargement of the turret's barrel. The GTA: Liberty City Stories and GTA: Vice City Stories variants follow the design cues of the GTA III and GTA: Vice City renditions, with the turret barrel of the GTA: Liberty City Stories rendition even being of the same size and length as that in GTA: Vice City, although the GTA: Vice City Stories variant is even longer.

In Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, the Rhino looks like an M1 Abrams and it is much more realistic than its predecessors. This variant of the Rhino features a beige (desert) camouflage, a normal tank entrance hatch in the front, and a new drive-train with 12 smaller wheels. The design overhaul gives a great deal more realism to the tank's appearance.

It also has a new steering system, which finally allows the player to make very tight turns. The turret is operated with the mouse (PC) or right thumb-stick (PlayStation 2), which allows the player to aim more precisely--however, this means the Rhino can no longer fire backwards on pursuers while keeping the camera pointed forward for steering. The Rhino in GTA: San Andreas is also heavy enough to push aircraft, making a Rhino an ideal vehicle to push the Andromada (after blow up all vehicles is activated) from "Stowaway" to their hanger at Verdant Meadows.

Interestingly enough, none of the pre-Grand Theft Auto IV versions have caterpillar tracks, unlike their real world counterparts; this is likely due to tracks being too complex for the game's engine to render.

HD Universe

The Rhino does not appear in GTA IV. It is assumed that Rockstar's goal of making GTA IV more realistic than previous Grand Theft Auto entries led to the tank being cut from the game as the layout of Liberty City/Alderney does not allow much by way of tanks. In GTA IV's first DLC, The Lost and Damned, the text files for a Rhino tank are included, even though it never appears in game. It is later replaced with the APC in The Ballad of Gay Tony. Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars reintroduces the Rhino with an appearance similar to the M7 Priest. The GTA: Chinatown Wars Rhino bears the distinction of being the first Rhino to ever be depicted as having tracks.

The Rhino returns in Grand Theft Auto V, resembling the Leopard 2A4, and, like GTA: Chinatown Wars, is depicted as having tracks, making it overall the most realistic rendition of the vehicle in the series to date (despite being modeled after a non-American military vehicle). It features a powerful main cannon and 2 unusable machine guns, one beside the main gun, and one on the roof. Like the GTA: San Andreas rendition, there is a hatch to the driver's seat, but on the left side of the tank. The turret is again controlled by the right thumb-stick, but with greater accuracy than earlier versions of the tank, enabling it to turn very quickly and even aim at pursuing helicopters above. For the first time in the series, the cannon is considered to be a solid object, and can be used as a rudimentary battering ram to push or swipe objects out of the way. Care must be taken around Pedestrians, however; carelessly knocking them down with the cannon may attract the attention of any nearby police officers.

Current Design Gallery

Version History Gallery

Grand Theft Auto IIIGrand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories

The Grand Theft Auto III rendition of the Rhino remained unchanged through the games it appeared, having destructive capabilities thanks to its ramming power and a powerful turret cannon. Any vehicle rammed by a Rhino will explode, even with a light amount of force, ideal for sorting out traffic and roadblocks on a certain extend. The Rhino is bullet-proof and explosion-proof and as such it is immune to all weapons except the Flamethrower and Molotov Cocktails.

A main disadvantage of this version is that its handling is pretty inferior compared to other heavy vehicles, as, even at low speeds, it has wide turning radius. While its top speed is average, it has very low acceleration, mainly due to its rather huge mass. The slow speed and presence of doors on the sides makes the player easily vulnerable to being busted by a police officer, or any other lawman (especially when the doors are missing). It has a working handbrake, but because of its wide turning radius and dual rear axles, it is difficult to tighten turns with it. The tank is quite bouncy, so its wheels easily lose contact with the ground. Its small ground clearance, bouncy suspension and low torque makes this tank a poor choice when driving off-road, or even through small barriers. A trick on this version is that the player is able to reach high speeds by rotating the turret towards the rear of the tank and start shooting. The recoil from the cannon will propel the tank forwards, and vice versa.

The Rhino has better handling in Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, but otherwise functions the same as the Grand Theft Auto III and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City rendition.

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

The Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas rendition performs almost identical to the GTA III model, except by being much bulky and heavier than before. It has a bit better off-road abilities, better acceleration and grip, but it still cannot go through high obstacles. It handles better on road as well, thanks to its multiple wheels. This version also replaces the traditional handbrake in favour of a steering mode (in a similar fashion to the Monster), allowing it to make extra tight turns. Because of the more realistic access hatch, it is more difficult for the player to get busted.

Its destructive capabilities appears to be upgraded as well, as the Turret can be aimed upwards and can be used to shoot down aircraft, such Police Mavericks. Also, damage caused to other vehicles is determined by the amount of force actually used in the tank: slight touches only push other vehicles, harder hits causes a vehicle smoke or set in on fire, and the hardest hits instantly destroys a vehicle.

Although the Rhino is still a tough vehicle, is is quite more vulnerable to damage, as colliding several times with other tanks will make it start smoking and explode. It will also explode if exposed to fire damage or if it gets upside down. While driving the Rhino, one should be careful not to drive through the flames left behind by vehicles that have exploded, as these will set the Rhino on fire doing massive damage and usually destroying it.

The player can still use the turret trick to accelerate, however, because of the camera in San Andreas, the player cannot see anything in front of him while the cannon is aimed rearward. Switch to First-Person view or Cinematic view camera once the cannon is aimed rearward.

3D Universe Overview

Vehicle Statistics - 3D Universe
(0-60 mph in Seconds)
Top Speed
(mph / kmh)
Gears Engine Drivetrain
(kg / lbs)
N/A 50 / 80 4 Diesel AWD 18000 / 39683 (GTA III, GTA VC)
25000 / 55116 (GTA SA - GTA VCS)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Cannot be observed

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars

Due to the introduction of treads in Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars, the Rhino appears to be much slower than in the 3D Universe, but gains a minor advantage in that it can turn while in a stationary position and is much controllable.

The durability of the game's Rhino, however, is turned down a notch, being more vulnerable to explosive damage than previous renditions; a pristine Rhino will begin burning as a whole after receiving seven direct hits from a Rocket Launcher or 3 shots from another Rhino's turret. This can be noticed at higher wanted levels, as the Military will use their Rhinos at full potential, being a bigger threat to the player's tank, especially when being outnumbered by them. Because of its slow speed and presence of side doors, the player can be easily busted by a police officer, or any other lawman, so caution must be taken.

Grand Theft Auto V

The Rhino in Grand Theft Auto V still remains as one of the toughest vehicles in the game, as well as the most destructive one.

The handling of this tank, while not perfect, is fairly good. The tracks allow it to turn reasonably well, and it is quite fast for its size, as well as being adept at driving off road thanks to its traction, though its tracks can occasionally cause it to become stuck on solid objects. It also allows the Rhino to pass over many small vehicles with ease, as well as pushing larger ones with almost no trouble. The tank's main gun barrel now has collision detection, and striking other objects with it can cause the tank to flip or become stuck, but with a correct use, it can sort out vehicles without the needing of shooting, especially when the target is too close to the tank. The hatch location is still an advantage, as the player cannot be busted easily, however, it means it is much harder to hijack and even to enter.

While the Rhino remains as the most resistant vehicle, the vehicle is more vulnerable to various factors. The tank can take about 3-4 tank shells, 5-6 RPG shots or 7-8 Grenade Launcher shots before exploding, making it an advantage to survive at what is usually an instant kill. The armor appears to be more prominent on the front but not much on the rear, as attacking the back of the tank give chances to open the fuel tank, leaving a fuel trail behind the tank which can be ignited, immobilizing the tank after a few minutes (although the turret remains operational). When this happens, large amounts of smoke coming out the back engine and beeping is a sign that the Rhino is losing power. The blast radius of explosions will also cause damage to the tank, especially vehicles that are crushed by the tank itself, being a potential threat to destroy it. The tank's cannon is aslo dangerous when its shots impacts very close to the tank's hull, so the player have to avoid using the cannon in closed areas (i.e. alleyways), at targets that are close to the tank (sometimes, the subsequent explosion will occur right next to the tank) or going directly to flammable places.

The Rhino in Grand Theft Auto Online has been made weaker over the course of several title updates so it only takes 4 Sticky Bombs or 3 attached to a car, 3000 Minigun rounds, or 2-3 RPG rounds to blow it up.

GTA V Overview

Vehicle Statistics - Grand Theft Auto V
(0-60 mph in Seconds)
Top Speed
(mph / kmh)
Gears Engine Drivetrain
(kg / lbs)
Fuel Tank
Size (litres)
N/A 34 / 55 1 N/A AWD 60000 / 132277 100
Website Statements [?] / Badges
N/A N/A N/A 1500HP Turbine Engine (Website) N/A 60000 / 132277 N/A
Observed / First-Person Speedometer (Enhanced version)
No first person speedometers No first person speedometers 1 N/A Continuous track Cannot be observed Cannot be observed
Rockstar Games Social Club

Image Gallery

Prominent Appearances in Missions

3D Universe

In the tank, the player can perform Vigilante missions, which means catching and killing suspects. The Rhino isn't necessarily the best vehicle to do this mission (especially not in games where the Hunter is available) because the player risks increasing his own wanted level at an accelerated rate due to the tank's penchant for collateral damage. On the other hand, if the player cannot complete the missions with the other, comparatively flimsy police vehicles, the Rhino might be better. If the player can intercept the enemy vehicles, rather than chasing them, the player may be able to strike the targets with the tank instead of firing on them. This method cuts down on the wanted level the player receives, which may help him avoid having to fight the military on some occasions.

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

In GTA Vice City, there is a mission in which the player has to steal a tank, Sir, Yes Sir!. Its doors are closed, so the player needs to wait until the driver hops out to buy some doughnuts, or kill the soldier on top of the tank. This tank has a self-destruct mechanism which the player must disable before it destroys the tank.

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

During "Green Goo", a Rhino is seen being carried by a freight train, but can't be obtained.

Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories

During the mission "Shogun Showdown", the Yakuza are storing weapons in a warehouse and along with that Toni Cipriani finds a Rhino which he later destroys by detonating it with a bomb.

HD Universe

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars

In GTA Chinatown Wars, during the mission Deadly Xin, Xin Shan ask the player to use a NOOSE Rhino parked at Francis International Airport to create havoc, diverting the police from his own machinations.

Grand Theft Auto V

In GTA V, the Rhino is most prominently featured in the mission The Paleto Score. The military will fly them in via Cargobobs and drop them off to use against Michael, Trevor, and Franklin. The Rhinos in this mission shoot slower than normal and miss more frequently. This is probably done for balancing purposes to give the player more of a chance of escaping them or fighting them off (obviously, a Dozer as the one used in the mission is too slow to dodge tank shots in normal gameplay).

Several Rhinos also appear during the fourth Rampage, where the military use them to try to kill Trevor. To obtain one, simply pull the soldier out of the tank and get in, then complete the rampage with the tank. Afterwards, drive it to Trevor's hangar at Sandy Shores Airfield.

Grand Theft Auto Online

The Rhino is the protagonist in Rhino Hunt Adversary Mode, where a maximum of six players equipped with Sticky Bombs and off-road vehicles must kill one or two players on board of Rhinos.

Notable Owners

Grand Theft Auto III

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

  • Two spawn in eastern Area 69, in two large hangars near the airstrip where two Hydras spawn. Entering the base gives a five-stars wanted level to the player, though it should not be a problem to the player. Only during and after Black Project.
  • Will spawn underneath the overpass going above the end of Grove Street after 100% completion is achieved.
  • Can be spawned using a cheat (see Cheats in GTA San Andreas page).
  • The military will pursue CJ at a six-star wanted level, sometimes using Rhinos. You can get it only if it was left by its driver. Provided that the player has enough health, this is relatively easy to achieve. All the player needs to do is exit their vehicle or approach a occupied Rhino on foot, which will prompt the Rhino's driver to get out. The player must then contend with the soldier's Carbine Rifle and enter the tank. Finally, they must get away fast enough before the soldier jumps on to the tank, opens the hatch and Busts them.

Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories

  • Spawns in Fort Staunton when 100% is achieved.
  • Spawns during the 6 star wanted level.

Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories

  • Inside the Fort Baxter military base, it is there from the beginning of the game and locked until the mission Over The Top is done.
  • Driven by the army when the player gets a 6 star wanted level. As with the Rhino at Fort Baxter, they remain locked until the completion of Over The Top unless set on fire. Note: in the original PS2 version of the game, the Rhinos remain inaccessible, even after completing Over the Top, but in the double pack version, the Rhinos are almost always unlocked.

Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars

  • Available for purchase from the Auto Merchant when the main story is complete, at $10000.
  • Can be found in a fenced-off warehouse area at the southern end of Francis International Airport; activates Fast Tracks. Players will warp outside a parked Rhino at the starting point regardless of whether or not the player completes or fails the mission (Note: To be used normally, the Rhino must be entered, before the player quits the side mission and reenter the Rhino quickly, or start a Vigilante or taxi mission and entering the Rhino). One should note there is always a civilian Patriot next to the tank, which possibly be meant to represent a Humvee.
  • Driven by military when the player gets a 6 star wanted level but they are inaccessible.

Grand Theft Auto V

  • Can be found at Fort Zancudo. The military will use Rhinos to shoot at the player once inside the base. These can be hijacked, but not stored in any garage.
  • Can be purchased for $3,000,000 from Warstock Cache & Carry in single player. The Rhino will spawn in the protagonist's aircraft hangar.

Grand Theft Auto Online

  • Except GTA V, Rhinos in all previous 3-D console based games have vulnerability that's inverse to their real life counterparts. This means real life tank are invulnerable to fire based weapons, such as flame throwers and molotovs. This is because the tanks have baffles and blockers in the engine area to specifically block out the flames and smoke. Also, modern tanks have what is known as the "NBC" or Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical filtration system. This system sucks in air from specific filtered and baffled air intakes with the pressure of the interior kept slightly higher so smoke and other "dirty" air can not sneak it, making it even more invulnerable to fires and smoke. Explosives, however, are another story, especially with stuff such as IED (Improvised Explosive Devices) and modern anti-tank missiles.
  • The Rhino is able to honk a horn, similar to civilian vehicles. The horn sound is that of commercial trucks.
  • The Rhino may get its name from a World War II era German tank destroyer, the Nashorn, the name being the German word for 'rhinoceros.'

3D Universe

  • The Rhinos in both GTA Vice City and GTA San Andreas fire rounds similar to air burst rounds. The main differences are the way the rounds will explode on contact but if fired into the air they will detonate in mid air. This is because tank rounds, other than solid armor-penetrators such as APFSDS (Armor Piercing Fin-stabilized Discarding Sabot), all have timer fuses (rounds such as HEAT, High-Explosive Anti-Tank or HEMP, High-Explosive Multi-Purpose). This not only arms the tank shell after a safe distance, but also detonate them after the timer is expired so as not leave a live round on the battlefield to harm friendly forces or civilians later.
  • The Rhino Tank before GTA San Andreas may be inspired by the same vehicle from Warhammer 40.000, by its striking resemblance, specifically the Predator variant with no sponson guns.
  • In GTA San Andreas, the vehicle is completely bulletproof and near explosion-proof, requiring more than 12 hits from a Rocket Launcher and 5 hits from a Hydra. It is vulnerable to fire, however. The Rhino is also somewhat vulnerable to being rammed by other Rhinos, and its turret will catch fire and explode, killing the occupant if it is rammed enough.
  • In GTA LCS and VCS, the Rhino has a CVT transmission, as the engine makes no gear shifts.
  • Low-detailed LOD models of the Rhino in GTA San Andreas appear to assume a design more similar to older Rhinos. This difference is apparent when the player views one of the tanks from afar.
  • In GTA San Andreas, it is impossible to pop the Rhino's tires.
  • Despite its size, it is possible to successfully park (and therefore save) the Rhino inside the Johnson House garage in GTA San Andreas.
  • In GTA San Andreas, the Rhino only weights 25 tons according to the handling.cfg.
  • Sometimes in GTA Vice City, GTA Liberty City Stories and GTA Vice City Stories when you use a cheat to spawn a Rhino while standing on the road it will sometimes spawn on top of you and trap the protagonist inside the Rhino. The only way to get out the Rhino is to suicide or reload a save file, but no damage is dealt on the player.
  • A glitch that involves one of the health cheats in San Andreas creates a whole new axle dead center in the drive train. (Confirmed in the PS2 and PC version)
  • The artwork for GTA LCS shows the Rhino with tracks but in-game it doesn't have tracks.
  • In GTA San Andreas, if one enables the "vehicle of death" cheat and engages a Rhino tank, the Rhino will explode while the player is unharmed.
  • There is a glitch in the Xbox version of GTA III, where the player is able to park the Rhino anywhere and it will stay in that exact spot and not disappear.

HD Universe

  • The stated 1500 horsepower turbine engine is likely a reference to the Honeywell AGT1500 turbine engine which also pushes 1500 horsepower, found in the M1A1 Abrams tanks (to which the Rhino Tank takes some inspiration from).
  • Though the tank is said to weigh 60 tons in GTA V, it is significantly easier to move with the Cargobob than the Barracks. This is most likely programming oversight, as even military trucks don't typically weigh more than a few tons.
  • The Grenade Launcher in-game appears to fire fragmentation rounds, which in reality would have little to no effect against tank armor, making the six grenades it takes to set the tank aflame highly unrealistic; this is likely done for balancing purposes.
  • Considering the Rhino's hull layout, it's very unrealistic. The driver opens a hatch and sits in one of the sides of the tank, where the treads pass under the main body panels. This is incorrect, as the driver and/or cab will occupy the tread's zone and the last will be passing through it. The correct layout is that the driver would be sitting in the middle of the hull, where the tank's periscopes are located.
    • Though hard to see the underside, one can see the left tread passing through a piece of the vehicle. This piece is actually the main cab.
  • Rarely, the Rhino Tank's treads shows like they were popped like a car's wheel. However, since the Rhino can only reach a determined speed, this factor doesn't affect the vehicle negatively. This issue is seen often when exploding vehicles with the tank, evidenced when it catches fire.
  • Like its GTA: San Andreas predecessor, it fires air burst rounds which explode mid air after a short period of time if they do not hit a solid object.
  • In GTA Online, the Mugger is able to pull someone out of the Rhino and drive away with no difficulty.
  • The Rhino Tank tends to spin wildly around if the player drives backward off a cliff or ramp.
  • In GTA V, if damaged enough, smoke will emit from the back. There will be also a beeping alarm. It gets more intense if the tank is heavily damaged.
  • In GTA: CTW, a player enters a Rhino like they would in a normal car. When wanted by the law enforcement, this fact, combined with the tank's top speed in the game, makes it easy for the police to yank Huang out and bust him.
  • In GTA: CTW, there is a glitch where if you have a 3-star wanted level or higher, and you speed into the area where the Rhino is at Francis International Airport, it is possible for the Rhino to despawn. This only happens in the iOS version.
  • When engaging a Rhino, it is advised to shoot the back of the tank. It appears that the back is weaker than other parts, and shooting the back with anything explosive may result in the gas tank leaking, and immobilizing the tank after a few minutes (the turret will be still operational however).
    • This is realistic, since the back of real tanks is less armoured than the sides and front. The roof of a real tank has even less armor.
  • The tank ordered from Warstock Cache & Carry in singleplayer is different than tanks found in Fort Zancudo and ordered in GTA Online. It lacks a few armor parts on the sides and the front, lacks the Browning MG on the turret, and has a turret hatch opened. The performance remains the same however.
    • After the 1.16 update, the tank ordered in singleplayer now looks like its Fort Zancudo/GTA Online counterpart.
  • After the 1.17 update, the tank gains a turret camera view and the turret no longer spins fast when the player enters the tank and rotates the camera on the opposite direction of the cannon while isn't inside it.
  • In the enhanced version, variable horns have been added for the Rhino. The horn available is randomized.
  • Despite being a 1 seater, the Rhino actually has 2 seats, as defined in the game, but the passenger seat is normally inaccessible without glitches or cheats. The Passenger, however, cannot man the turret or fire from the vehicle.

See Also

  • Tank, GTA 1, GTA 2 and GTA Advance equivalents.
  • Royal Pain, GTA London 1969 equivalent.
  • Tiger Tank, GTA London 1961 equivalent.
  • APC, The Ballad of Gay Tony equivalent.

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text:
Have searched for many solutions to find a effective way to remove Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 but all of them didn’t work? What do I do in this situation? This post will tell you what you want.

How do i get rid of Win32/OLmarik.TDL4?

Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 is a new Trojan detected by Avast Anti-virus. It is so stubborn that user was unable to clean the infection as you can see. This avast warns for Generic28.CMJO notification pops up roughly every 5 minutes. Once your computer was infected with Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 virus, then your anti-virus AVAST keeps on popping up stating “Threat detected!”, you cant see any of the entries to remove Trojan dropper but your PC is definitely infected. Yes, it is because the virus mutates every time then when users are trying to remove it only with no luck. All the instructions they see state look in extensions. They do not see anything in extensions. Many of them recently downloaded Torrent or movies and read that may be where they got it from. What is worse, users got the nasty search engine virus except this problem and while they removed it from their homepage, programs, internet options and computer it still shows up when they type an incorrect HTTP address. So they want to know every time i start my computer i get the error message “Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 was detected”. How can i fix it? Well, since the anti-virus program just pick it up but couldn’t delete it completely, you must find an efficient way to save your computer well. Luckily, you can get rid of OLmarik.TDL4 virus from your machine with the tutorial here.

To save your computer, live chat with YooSecurity experts now, or you can follow the manual removal guide below to get your problem fixed. (For advanced computer users)

What the best solution to eliminate OLmarik.TDL4 virus if my anti-virus didn’t work?

Having trouble with OLmarik.TDL4 virus for it can’t be deleted by the anti-virus program? Once of the victims said:”unfortunately I seem to be the victim of Generic28. I’ve tried a number of different anti-virus/malware programs to get rid of this thing, but I can’t seem to get rid of it. I am thinking I need to go in and remove the infection myself, but I’m not exactly what you would call “computer savvy.” Think you can help me with this? If your computer is infected with OLmarik.TDL4. You kept warning not only in normal mode but in safe mode and running windows 7 and have run anti-virus software. It seems Avast quarantined the Trojan but cannot get rid of it . You can not do anything to remove the virus as you were stuck. Many users are so frustrated with this virus. Luckily they can fix the problem with guide here. Manual removal of AGeneric28. Virus step by step guide is below.

Best Way to Remove Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 Trojan Horse Step by Step:

Firstly, please restart your computer and get in safe mode with networking:

Please follow these steps to get rid of Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 virus manually:
Step 1: Press CTRL+ALT+DEL or CTRL+SHIFT+ESC. Open the Windows Task Manager.
If that didn’t work, try another way. Press the Start button and click on the Run option. This will start the Run tool. Type in task-mgr and press OK. This should start the Windows Task Manager

Step 2: Within the Windows Task Manager click on the Processes tab. Find the process by name. random.exe related to Win32/OLmarik.TDL4. Then scroll the list to find required process. Select it with your mouse or keyboard and click on the End Process button. This will kill the process.

Video Show You on How to Modify or Change Windows Registry:

Step3: Remove malicious files of Win32/OLmarik.TDL4

Step4: Delete malicious registry entries of Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 virus.

“EnableShellExecuteHooks”= 1 (0x1)

As what you can see, Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 is really a very horrible virus which can finally destroy your computer system. And please don’t consider auto delete method since there is no such anti-virus can really remove Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 completely. Don’t download free software to take a chance. This can only waste your time and bring in much more viruses. All the instructions above are prepared for those who have much computer knowledge and are familiar with this kind for virus. Before you start to do the removal work, please consider it seriously. On the other hand, all the instructions above is aim at the common infection situation. As for Win32/OLmarik.TDL4, there are many variables according to different computers. What’s worse, as time goes by, Win32/OLmarik.TDL4 may start its variation. Just like what is mentioned above, this virus infection is a cascaded infection. The related files may be changed. Unless you have much knowledge about this virus, it’s very hard for you to do the removal work.

Note:If you failed to remove this virus with the method above, please consult YooSecurity certified professionals to remove it completely.

Published by Leo R. Oscar & last updated on November 26, 2012 7:39 am

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Has your browser been performing inappropriately lately? Always been redirected when surfing the Internet to a certain webpage named apype.com and other unwanted sites? Do you have any idea of this pop-up new homepage? As a matter of fact, this apype.com is a browser hijacker which can bring constant damage to your computer.

apype.com Browser Hijacker Description

apype.com is a particular web page that shows on your browser forcibly as a real search engine. Even though it seems to provide you with abundant content online, all the searching results given by this apype.com are actually sponsored by hackers who aim at infecting computers and collecting money from the victims all over the world. Similar to Alnaddy.com browser redirect virus, apype.com virus will forcibly redirect all your online activities to unwanted places where lots of other viruses and malware hidden inside.

A Screen-shot of apype.com Browser Redirect Virus

To be infected by a browser redirect virus like apype.com, you may have accidentally opened hacked web sites. Other than going to hacked websites, downloading free unknown programs or receiving spam emails could all lead to this browser hijacker infection. Once the infection is done, apype.com browser redirect virus will secretly change several default settings of your computer so that it won’t be easily got rid of by antivirus software. The minute you go online from this fake search engine, you will start to be redirected to unwanted web sites and results. You cannot log on where you are supposed to be and all the results you get are not real. Due to the fact that a browser hijacker is created by hackers with special purposes, apype.com browser hijacker has been enabled to escape from antivirus programs. Therefore, to completely get rid of it, a manual removal process will be needed.

To save your computer, you can manually remove this apype.com browser hijacker by yourself from the following manual steps. Or you can get help from YooSecurity Online Expert now.

What Can apype Browser Hijacker Do:

1. It can change your homepage forcibly and redirect you to unwanted sites.
2. It can download Trojans without your permission in order to bring more viruses, malware and spyware to damage your computer.
3. Create system vulnerabilities to bring more viruses, malware and spyware to damage your computer.
4. Allow remote hosts to follow all your activities under created system so as to collect valuable information.

A Step-by-step Manual Removal Guide

Since your antivirus programs cannot deal with this apype.com browser redirect virus successfully, you will need to manually delete it by following these steps given as below. And in case any mistakes might happen during the process, please spend some time on making a backup before getting started:

Step 1: Open Windows Task Manager to end [apype.com]. To do that, press Ctrl+Alt+Del keys at the same time or right click on bottom Task Bar.

Step 2: Go to Folder Options from Control Panel. Under View tab, select Show hidden files and folders and non-select Hide protected operating system files (Recommended) then click OK.

Step 3: Go to Registry Editor. First press Windows+R keys and then type regedit in Run box to search.

Step 4: Delete the following files and registry entries associated with Alnaddy.com browser hijacker.
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System “DisableRegedit” = 0
HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\{rnd }

Video on How to Modify or Change Windows Registry:

Computer has become a necessity in many parts of our life. But sometimes it can get sick or infected by viruses. apype.com is one kind of category of the computer viruses. Once being infected, your computer will start acting weirdly. Your browser homepages will be changed to this unfamiliar page. And if you go online from there, all the searching results you get are not real. They are associated with this apype.com browser redirect virus. Once you land on there, Trojan viruses hidden in these links will be able to sneak into your computer and bring further damage, RCMP virus is the one. Money is the most targeted goal of this browser redirect virus. To achieve that, apype.com browser hijacker can simply redirect you to a fake sign up web page where you need to fill out the forms with valuable personal information. Remote hackers will be able to collect that if you follow the on-site instructions on the fake web sites. Therefore, it is better to get rid of this apype.com browser redirect virus as soon as possible!

Notice: Annoyed by this apype.com browser hijacker a lot? Due to the fact that this virus names and infected files can be various as time goes by, the manual removal requires expertise. If you still cannot get rid of apype.com browser hijacker from the above instructions, please contact YooSecurity Online PC Expert now for future assistance.

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Saturday, April 28, 2012

Latest publications out

After several rounds of writing and revising, this has been a good start to the year in publication terms.  I have just had my third academic article published, which I am especially pleased with.  It’s in Third World Quarterly and is on the Islamist political party, Hamas, and its vision of development.  I’m happy with it because it’s the first Palestine/Middle East related article I’ve published.  The others have been Latin America-oriented and based on my PhD topic.  Also, it got accepted with no demand for changes, which was surprising.  Anyway, I certainly hope that people find it of interest.

As for the other articles, both are related to my PhD years and deal with education in Brazil and Chile.  The one on Chile is a relief, especially as I was never sure if it would actually be published or not.  I wrote the original draft more than four years ago and the process dragged on and on.

On top of these articles, I have just submitted a few others (either first drafts or revisions), which – fingers crossed – should lead to further publications in the next year or so.  One is on European aid to the Palestinian Authority and the other on Brazil’s poverty reduction and alleviation programmes.  I just hope they are both accepted!

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Starfish PBX goes public

Starfish PBX takes the very popular Asterisk telephony platform and adds an open source, fully functional web management interface. Asterisk allows you to be your own private branch exchange; think of it as your own telephone company. You can setup extensions in your home or office, configure an intercom system, implement a hold system with music, manage voice mail, and integrate Voice over Internet Protocol. Starfish PBX, available in alpha release today, aims to make Asterisk available to a wider user base by simplifying the interface used to setup and maintain the system.

[via Digg]

23 thoughts on “Starfish PBX goes public

  1. jason, how do you qualify the ‘asterisk is garbage’ statement. I run asterisk (via elastix) as the base of the telecom system of a $100M company with 30 systems with a few hundred sip calls in flight between locations in private trunks and out to/from customers with vitelity(primarily). Asterisk has been a solid performer for me.

    I have been pretty interested in something like freeswitch i do admit. Not so interested in yate, seen to many complaints about lack of maturity in the code but freeswitch is basically an asterisk guy that is doing what asterisk should do for version 2.x of asterisk. Like to see a real product come out of freeswitch rather than a ‘project’ though.

    I am not sure what this starfish is offering that elastix or freepbx doesnt?(trixbox is purposely absent as their quality has plummeted rescently).

    Anyway, ill check out the site if it ever comes back up but with a casual interest.

  2. “think of it as your own telephone company”

    How can you qualify that statement? Does it have it’s own SS7 direct access, access to routing tables and other assorted things that cost even the smallest LLU/CLEC’s millions each year? That’s a rather sweeping disapointint statement even from you Hackaday

  3. I have been looking for something similiar to this for a while now. I have been interested in this type of solution for a long time. But what hardware is required for the server? CPU,RAM etc is not what i mean but rather: Can i use this with a PCI modem or does it require some sophisticated HW solution?

  4. So starfish is a “mee-too” doing exactly what Freepbx and Trixbox does?

    Can someone tell me how this is any different than the several easy to install and maintain versions of asterisk out there?

    Also to the guy that says asterisk cant handle volume, you never tried it. I had an asterisk system 5 years ago handling 10,000 calls an hour at a call center.

  5. neckbeard: ss7 can be had in asterisk. also routing table are very well supported in asterisk. before you go slamming it because it is open source and other asterisk projects are a h*ll of a lot cheaper than mainstream systems. People are just afraid of it because of the cost of lack of knowledge on the product.

  6. This is fine but I dont see what this does that elastix or vanilla freepbx doesnt do better.

    I am reserving any excitement for new OSS PBX stuff until freepbx3 goes stable. Choice of asterisk or freeswitch, slick new interface (there is a beta you can demo).

    asterisk is great but freeswitch has a ton of promise. I think that freeswitch is arguably more stable than asterisk now and just seems to be getting better and better and a brisk pace.

  7. I got to the website just fine. checked out some screenies. not sure why they only have a deb package though. I think the centos/rh kernel is tuned more appropriately for voip ootb.

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Soldering Challenge To Challenge You

[Rick] knew that the blinking, beeping microcontroller kits that are commonly used for educational soldering workshops just would not cut it for a serious combat among SMD reworking professionals. The “Soldering Challenge” he created to fill this gap is a little PCB with eight difficulty levels from large through hole components to the smallest hand solderable SMDs. After assembly, the circuit assesses the skill level of the soldering aspirant based on a built-in scoring system.

soldering_challenge_ongoingThe challenge is meant to be played on a time limit. There are no two same-sized components of different value, so contestants may focus on soldering fast. Little rubber pads on the backside of the board provide for good ground contact in the curves. After the starting signal, you will be confronted with a few through hole resistors, a capacitor, different LEDs and a DIP-8 IC. Here it’s all about the speed and efficiency as you tackle a track full of bends and cut-off resistor legs. Over the course of the challenge, the components get smaller and smaller, until you finally reach the 0603 level, with a tiny SC-85 MOS-FET and a TSSOP 555 timer at the finishing line.
Continue reading “Soldering Challenge To Challenge You”

Soldering Small Components for a Video DA

Video DA Board

Video distribution amplifiers are used to amplify a video signal and split it into multiple outputs so multiple displays can be driven. They are also used to correct the gain of an incoming video signal. [Andrew] was having trouble with the video signal from an interferometer, and found the issue was caused by a low output gain. His solution was to build his own video distribution amplifier.

The THS7374 appeared to be the perfect chip for this application. It’s a four channel video amplifier IC, and only requires a few passive components to run. The only problem was the package: a 14 pin TSSOP with 0.65 mm pitch. Not fun to solder by hand, especially if you don’t have a PCB.

[Andrew]’s solution was to build his own breakout out of copper-clad board. He worked under a microscope and cut out a pattern for the part, then soldered 30 AWG wire to the pins to make connections. After cleaning off any copper that could cause a short, the board was working, and the video waveform looked great on an oscilloscope.

After testing, even more gain was needed. [Andrew] ended up cascading two of the amplifiers. This method of prototyping doesn’t look easy, but could be worth it when you need a single board.

Launchpad not limited to value line chips

Wanting to use my TI Launchpad as more than just a development board I thought I’d do a few experiments using it as an in-system programmer. After a few tripping points I was able to get it working and then some. It seems that the device is not limited to just the value line of microcontrollers it was intended to support. In the image above I’m using it to program an MSP430F2272 which is a pretty powerful little chip with 32 KB of program space. Click through the break for more information on the setup.

Continue reading “Launchpad not limited to value line chips”


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Halo Nation

The Coin's Fault

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The Coin's Fault is an achievement in Halo: The Master Chief Collection. This achievement is obtained when a player activates Cortana's terminal on the level Cortana.

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Richard Sawyer Sworn In As Police Captain

By Patrick Cronin

Hampton Union, Tuesday, January 10, 2005

[The following article is courtesy of the Hampton Union and Seacoast Online.]

HAMPTON -- Police officer Richard Sawyer traded in one badge for another this past Friday afternoon when he was officially sworn in as captain for the Hampton Police Department.

Town Clerk Arleen Andreozzi swore in Sawyer in the selectmen's meeting room as his wife, Dawn, and 4-year-old daughter, Isabella, looked on.

"Now everyone knows why it takes me so long to get dressed in the morning," Sawyer joked as his wife, who is a sergeant at the Greenland Police Department, pinned on his new badge.

Sawyer joins Capt. Timothy Crotts as Chief Jamie Sullivan's second in commands.

While Crotts is in charge of the Administrative Service Bureau, Sawyer will command the day-to-day operations of the department.

The position became vacant earlier this month when Sullivan became chief of the department replacing Bill Wrenn who retired to become the new head of the state prisons.

"I'm very happy that I get to continue working with Chief Jamie Sullivan," Sawyer said. "I worked close with him when he was operations captain. Now I'm going to be taking over his role and I'm excited about the challenge."

Sullivan said Sawyer was the most suited to fill his former role.

"He was the perfect fit for the job," Sullivan said. "We are very excited and pleased to have him on the team and he's going to make the management team that much stronger," Sullivan said. "Lt. Sawyer is a very well respected and capable leader of the department. He is respected by the guys within the department and is a hardworking individual."

Sawyer joined the ranks of the Hampton Police Department in 1996.

He currently oversees the mounted patrol unit and is the team leader for the crisis negotiating squad of the Seacoast Emergency Response Team.

Sawyer started his career as a part-time police officer in Rye in 1989 and then a full-time officer for the North Hampton Police Department.

Over the years, he has received several commendations and awards for service above and beyond the call of duty.

He is a Winnacunnet High School graduate and recently completed his college degree at Springfield College.

He became a police officer after serving as a U.S. Marines Corps reservist.

"My father was a deputy U.S. Marshall so I always had an interest in law enforcement," Sawyer said. "I wanted to try it so I joined part-time and made up my mind that this is the career I wanted."

While he lives in Stratham with his wife and child, Sawyer said he considers Hampton his second home.

"I have either lived or worked in Hampton since 1979," Sawyer said. "I consider Hampton to be my home away from home."


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Saturday, February 27, 2010

from: Camilo E.
date: Fri, Feb 26, 2010 at 2:28 PM
subject: my tattoo

My name is camilo and i write from Venezuela, i just want to know if you can help me to translate my tattoo because i think that is not what i want for my skin jajaja. I went to a tattoo store and i look the chinese and japanese letters that they offer. I ask to the guy if i can tattoo my name initials and he say YES!!!!.

Well, i send a photo of my tattoo to see if you can translate for my.

I appreciate your help.

Best regards.

Gibberish font strikes again.

  1. Pathetic.

    But the interesting thing here is the third "character" here.

    It might give us a little insight into the mysterious character for "Y" which I could not decipher from the gibberish font before. I now see that it might in fact be two characters: 林拳.

    Or even squashed and rearranged parts of three characters 林寺拳.

    I can only guess that, considering the "martial arts" theme of the rest of the font, it may have came from the name 少林寺拳法.

  2. More about that character, for 林拳, 林 is written smaller, why should it be?

  3. @Ulas,

    Good question! I have no idea...

  4. Maybe they think the 林 is a component of the overall character, so it was tattooed smaller.

  5. If the name in question had this "Mc" starter, which is predominant on Scottish and Irish surnames, this might be rational...but this time...they even have the wrong character smaller :)

  6. @Solari,

    Maybe it was something like that.

    Perhaps something like this was written in vertical script:

    But the person copying it for the font didn't know which parts went together as characters or which were parts of the same character.

    Or maybe it was only:

    And again they just left off the 少 and thought 林拳 was one character, so they tried to make it all fit into a square by making the 林 bit smaller.

    But there's just no telling what someone with no knowledge of Chinese will do while trying to copy hanzi.

  7. If one insists on getting something tattooed in Japanese one should use Katakana as it is designed for transliterating western words into something readable for the Japanese. In Katakana my first name transliterates into "FiRiPu" (Philip - L and R being interchangeable). It is by no means an exact transliteration, but it is accurate enough not to be embarrassing should a Japanese speaker ever read it.

  8. Plus in gibberish font it would be "CEYC" which is weird.

  9. 安功林拳安? Is there a significance as to why the second character = 功? but written as 工 + ㄌ[L / l in Zhuyin Fuhao?]


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NH Mama loving life. Co-Author (w/ my daughter) of Positive Girl - The Power of Your Thoughts. Fueled by coffee, great convos & optimistic thoughts! Brandy Ellen, Virtual Assistant is a work from home entrepreneur. Question about this post or something found within it? Read my Disclosure Policy as well as Terms of Use.

16 thoughts on “How To Engage Facebook Fans”

  1. This is great advice. I’ve been struggling with trying to be more active on my Facebook Fan page – it’s not as easy as it seems, especially when you feel like you’re talking to yourself all the time lol!

  2. This is awesome advice. I try to get some fb fan convo going but fail hard at it usually 🙁 I’ll have to try more of these tips though.

  3. Great advice! Putting a custom welcome page on my FB page is at the top of my to do list 😀

  4. so very true and more and more companys hopefully will go this route I see so many leaving their fan pages not taking about anything at all not even current topics of the weather. really makes for bad PR in my opinion because i think even asking costumers for feed back is important

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Asparagus Casserole (TNT)

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Asparagus Casserole (TNT)

Post by pstarkoski on Mon Jan 19, 2009 5:16 am

Asparagus Casserole

1 to 1-1/2 lb. fresh asparagus
10-3/4 oz. can creamy chicken mushroom soup
1/2 cup shredded Cheddar cheese
1/2 cup mayonnaise
1 TBSP. grated onion
8 to 10 crushed butter crackers (like Ritz Crackers)
Clean, trim and blanch asparagus for 1 to 2 minutes. Drain and pat dry. Place in a lightly buttered casserole dish. In a mixing bowl combine the soup, cheese, mayonnaise, and onion. Mix well. Pour mixture over the asparagus and bake covered for about 30 to 40 minutes at 375. During the last 10 minutes of baking, remove cover and sprinkle with crushed cracker crumbs.
Serves 4.

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Tuesday, May 24, 2011

Female Models

Scott Mendelson: Weekend Box Office: Bridesmaids Scores, Thor Repeats on Top, Priest Survives

There was an undue amount of pressure for Bridesmaids&nbsp this weekend, as the Judd Apatow-produced film had to shoulder the burden of being a test case for the bankability of female-ensemble comedies.

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As you know very well that ALLAH says in the Quran that “Allah Jise Chahe Marta Hey Our Jise Chahe Zinda Rakhta Hey” – (الله جسے چاہے مارتا ہے - اور جسے چاہے زندہ رکھتا ہے). Here we are going to share with you a video of plane crash, so after the plane crash no one can leave this beautiful world, every one was save – its miracle really.

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Print This Post Print This Post

A Good Sleep For… Strong Bones?

Written by Wellness Club on June 25, 2014 – 1:28 pm -

By Nurse Mark

Could bone health be improved in seniors by getting a better night’s sleep? If that better sleep involves melatonin the answer could be “Yes”!

We have long praised the benefits of a good sleep in our HealthBeat News articles, and we have also warned of the dangers of achieving sleep with drugs – especially the newest crop of drugs known as “Z-drugs”, such as Ambien and Lunesta. Check out Sleeping Pills – It Just Gets Worse if you need to review.

Our alternatives are improved sleep “hygiene”, and supplements like magnesium, Kavinace, Lavella, and of course melatonin. For more information and suggestions review our recent article Get a Good Night’s Sleep: Your Checklist

Now according to recent research melatonin can not only help seniors get a good night’s sleep, it can also help to strengthen their bones too.

Researchers from McGill University in Canada have just this month published a paper describing their work with melatonin and aging lab rats (really – I couldn’t make this stuff up!) where they found significant improvements in bone density and strength in the animals given supplements of melatonin.

You can read the full McGill University news article here: Melatonin Makes Old Bones Stronger – but for those who want the punch line, this is what the article concludes:

The researchers found that there was a significant increase in both bone volume and density among the rats that had received melatonin supplements. As a result, it took much more force to break the bones of rats that had taken the melatonin supplements, a finding that suggests to the researchers that melatonin may prove a useful tool in combating osteoporosis.

Now, to be fair, this is not exactly “new” news – researchers have long been aware of the relationship between melatonin and the health of so-called “hard tissues” like bones and teeth. Here is what another, earlier research paper concluded:

The above analyzed data indicate that melatonin may be involved in the development of the hard tissues bone and teeth. Decreased melatonin levels may be related to bone disease and abnormality. Due to its ability of regulating bone metabolism, enhancing bone formation, promoting osseointegration of dental plant and cell and tissue protection, melatonin may used as a novel mode of therapy for augmenting bone mass in bone diseases characterized by low bone mass and increased fragility, bone defect/fracture repair and dental implant surgery.

Reference: Jie Liu, Fang Huang, and Hong-Wen He. Melatonin Effects on Hard Tissues: Bone and Tooth. Int J Mol Sci. May 2013; 14(5): 10063–10074.
Published online May 10, 2013. doi:  10.3390/ijms140510063

Indeed, a quick search of PubMed using the terms “melatonin” and ‘bone” returns hundreds of articles discussing the positive effects of melatonin on bone and dental health.

So, do you really need more reasons to supplement your melatonin and get a good night sleep?

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Disclaimer: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. No information on this website is intended as personal medical advice and should not take the place of a doctor's care.


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Massager for head "Murashka": benefit, reviews

Today is quite common for a head massager "creepy."Use it obvious why it has become popular, and no one is surprised his strange sight.He is at home.He is with friends.It can be seen in the women's handbag and in the business portfolio.

Action massager "creepy Antistress" is intertwined with the basic aspects of oriental massage techniques Shiatsu, whose main goal - the reduction of headaches, relaxation, improvement of general health.People who have tried to act to head massager "creepy", left laudatory reviews.

Hailing from East

Such a device was first manufactured healers from the far east, when it became a popular method of Shiatsu head massage.Many people think about the question of whether the need for a head massager "creepy."Benefits (reviews confirm this), clearly there.

problem of stress, fatigue, headaches and poor health has always existed, no matter how serene and simple it may seem time several centuries ago because of our rapid urban century.

Since ancient times in medicine in

the East, this technique was used for pain.It is based on the teachings of the philosophy of Qi movement of positive energy entering her circulation invisible channels-meridians, the main of which are arranged in a specific configuration on the head.

It is this technique is in the impact of the principle of massage touch that carries a head massager "creepy anti-stress."In the Japanese version of this massage is translated simply "finger pressure."

Made massager "creepy Anti" in development, some of which came from the ancient healers, and their exercise, taking into account current knowledge about the materials.

Meridian Shiatsu

The submission Shiatsu on the head of each person are invisible meridians, which circulates energy.They must be in strict accordance particular.When it breaks down, may illness, headaches, insomnia and other sleep disorders, feeling of causeless tiredness, poor state of mind and so on.

People who have used it, it is recommended for the head massager "creepy."Benefits (photo in the article demonstrate the process of massage) is undeniable, because there is an active stimulation of specific points.The objective of this type of head massage is that by pressing in various exact locations to balance and lead to a harmonious relationship all the channels meridians.Shiatsu Therapy aims to give the body the necessary balance lost by diagnosing the most strong and weak channels.

Kirlian photographed these meridians and thus proved their existence.

points relaxation

Shiatsu technique takes into account the location of points on the surface of the head, which gives a soothing massage, a relaxing effect.

They are located as follows.One - on the forehead, in the middle of the beginning of the hair growth.Next it is slightly higher than the highest point of the ear.Another - at a distance from the middle 1/3 hairline on the forehead, in the direction of the upper corner.

points of growth and health of hair

is useful to know the point, the work that stimulates hair growth and metabolism in their bulbs.They are located on the sides and 2 cm above the hairline midline neck.And another - in the middle of an imaginary line that connects the upper point of the ears.

Points fatigue

And another important point, which relieves the pressure on the feeling of tiredness in the neck and the shoulder girdle.They are located on the top of the central region of the nape.And this valley, which is located below the bulging space behind the ear diagonally.

The comfortable massage for the head, "creepy"?The benefit of it is to stimulate these points.

Methods of massage and the result

This procedure is recommended a person to calm down, relax.Breathing should be slow and deep.We need to find just the rhythm that gives peace of mind and relaxation.

should not seek to push harder.It will not add to the efficiency and deliver discomfort.Only pleasant sensations gives head massager "creepy."Use it in a calming, relaxing.Feedback from customers confirms that it works very effectively.The direction of movement - toward the top of the head.

start manipulating masseur "creepy" should be at the highest point of the head movements, as if the head covering.Then conducted smooth movement in the downward direction, and then - from front to back.

duration of massage takes about 5 minutes.Some peculiar periodicity is not provided.Conduct a massage can be every time there is a need or a desire to relax.When the massage heads are better close your eyes and for them not to open procedures.

to massage "Goosebumps" very easy, alone.But it can be done with the help of another person using the massager head "creepy anti-stress."Reviews of him only positive.

If during movement suddenly some place gets hurt, then this is the area where the accumulated fatigue or illness.Such a place should be in addition to massage.

Indispensable capillary massage, which gives you a head massager "creepy."The use of it is in conjunction with virtually all the nerve endings on the scalp.This is done by means of longitudinal movements of the twelve heads massager, each dressed in a latex tip.

Since the beginning of the massage on his head, and then all over the body a feeling of ants running around.Then it spreads throughout the body.As a result, almost all the muscles relax, as well as:

  • reduces pains in the head, a feeling of physical and emotional fatigue.
  • reduces the severity of the negative phenomena of perception of the world.
  • gradually begins to get rid of insomnia, poor sleep anxiety.
  • decreases headache.With regular massage, it will be less and less, and then can completely come to naught.
  • improve hair condition.

In addition, this massage gives a lot of pleasant feelings and emotional pleasure of use.Even those who doubt its effectiveness, thinking, Do not buy a head massager "creepy anti-stress."

of consumers

Many fans found today head massager "creepy anti-stress."Use it proved many who freed him with the help of pain, irritability, fatigue.Of consumers indicate that it is convenient to operate.His take on the road, making them a massage and in the journey.It is quite compact and endures harsh mechanical effects in a crowded suitcase.Use them at any time.