text:
NetBSD-Users archive

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Re: pthreads condition variables wrote:
> The problem here is when all 256 threads wake up at the same time, they
> will all try to lock the same mutex, creating a lot of contention.
> Because the data is partitioned into 256 parallel regions, each thread
> works on a different data set, hence no need for mutual exclusion.

From what I understand, it is the traditional worker thread model from Butenhof, which is based on what you say, except that the processed data is shared between threads (not your case).

You could split up the thing in 1/2, 1/3, 1/4... with multiple conditional variables, so that you reduce by an order of magnitude the contention on the different mutexes, without relying to the "one condvar per thread" model (actually, that is two, one to signal that there is data to process, and one to signal that the processing just finished).

IMHO, the "one condvar model to wake them all" is too much of a bottleneck, as when one of the region is filled, the associated thread is waiting for the 255 other regions to be filled (right when you will issue the broadcast).

> When
> a thread wakes up, it immediately calls pthread_mutex_unlock, which
> seems to be redundant, but necessary to allow other threads to continue.

No, it is necessary as the mutex protects a shared state, like a work queue. If the mutex_cond_wait returned with the mutex unlocked, there could be two threads working on the same queue at a time, generously poping/pushing items in it without locking, which is bad.

> The alternative is to have each thread sleep on its own private
> condition variable and mutex. This would require calling
> 'pthread_cond_signal' for each thread, that is 256 time in total.
> So is there a way to design a function similar to
> pthread_cond_broadcast, that doesn't cause each thread to lock the same
> mutex when it wakes up?

You mean a function to wake up different sleeping threads without relying to mutex protection? Seems hard, especially when you have to handle spurious wakeups.

Note that NetBSD uses adaptive mutexes, which means that the thread waiting on a mutex will spin-wait for it if the thread that acquired the mutex is concurrently running. This avoids unnecessary sleeps.

There's perhaps another solution, with a different locking model, or with lockfree algorithms. I don't know. You should try comp.programming.threads.

Jean-Yves Migeon

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Source-Changes-D archive

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Re: CVS commit: src/tests/syscall

On 5/29/11 1:57 PM, Matthias Scheler wrote:
Modified Files:
        src/tests/syscall: t_pollts.c

Log Message:
Also use ATF_REQUIRE_EQ_MSG() instead of ATF_REQUIRE_MSG() to avoid
crashes if one of the required conditions isn't met.

It could be a bug in the macro. I tried changing the last ATF_REQUIRE_EQ_MSG call in the program to ATF_REQUIRE_MSG but it did not fail. And I tried adding an explicitly-failing ATF_REQUIRE_MSG and did not see a crash either...

Could you provide some more details and/or a stack trace please?

Julio Merino / @jmmv

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text:
Subject: Re: squid now reveals a new kernel problem.
To: Charles M. Hannum <>
From: Darren Reed <>
List: tech-kern
Date: 10/29/1999 09:53:59
In some email I received from Charles M. Hannum, sie wrote:
> (Greg A. Woods) writes:
> > [ On , October 28, 1999 at 16:44:16 (-0400), Charles M. Hannum wrote: ]
> > > Subject: Re: squid now reveals a new kernel problem.
> > >
> > > I don't see what's surprising about this.  fdalloc() put the struct
> > > file (`fp') into the process's file descriptor table, but your ffree()
> > > call did not remove it.  Any future operation on that file descriptor
> > > -- including cleanup during process exit -- will thus walk a stale
> > > pointer.
> > >
> > > You should have used fdrelease() instead.
> >
> > There's no call to fdalloc() -- only falloc().
> That was a typo.  The point stands; you *must* remove the pointer from
> the file descriptor table, which you're not doing.
> > Indeed my idea to mimic the other routines and use ffree() survived
> > testing twice as long in a relatively heavy production environment
> > without even exhibiting any of the previous symptoms of the problem I
> > was trying to solve in the first place, and only failed in a new
> > scenario.
> Note that sys_socket(), sys_socketpair(), sys_pipe(), sys_open() and
> sys_fhopen() -- which are all the routines that use ffree() -- do this
> explicitly.
> In short, both your change and Darren's are clearly
> in{sufficient,correct}.

Perhaps you'd like to add some man pages to section 9 which document
the required behaviour here ?  I notice that fdalloc(9), ffree(9), etc,
all seem to be missing.  Knowing which one(s) needs to be called when
clearly seems to be the problem here.  I must apologize for not knowing
the kernel backwards and not having read all the relevant source.

btw, whilst our changes are clearly (to you) insufficient/incorrect,
they did survive testing (to some extent) by both of us.  Given that
I discussed this problem before patching (I'm not sure if I posted
the patch to tech-kern), the correct calling of routines can't be
that obvious if you didn't pickup the problem then and neither did
anyone else.  (Had I the time right now, I'd verify what I actually
sent to tech-kern regarding this matter.)  Personally, I'd like to
thnk Greg for testing it in a scenario where correct operation is
required, leading to the discovery of the problem.


text:
Subject: Re: download-vulnerability-list bug?
To: Alistair Crooks <>
From: None <>
List: tech-pkg
Date: 10/21/2002 21:59:59
>Please pay attention to the comment at the top of the
>pkg-vulnerabilities file - that's why it was put there - and add a
>dummy line containing a comment if the size would otherwise decrease.

	i know the above comment, however, i don't think it actually work well.
	please look at the message which started the thread again.
	for instance, if the previous person who have committed the file has
	N letters in his account (like "christos", 8 letters)
	and the next person who commits has M letters (like "agc", 3 letters),
	a dummy garbage has to be added if the commit adds less than
	N-M letters???  i don't think it a reasonable rule.


text:
Subject: HTTP support for pkg_add(1)
To: None <,>
From: Thomas Klausner <>
List: tech-pkg
Date: 10/30/2003 09:39:17

Some time ago, I added support for getting packages via HTTP to
pkg_add.  The pkgsrc version has now been synced (thanks, Johnny!)
so here's the formal announcement :)

With the latest pkg_add from pkgsrc or -current, you can
or add to your PKG_PATH environment variable,
and installing packages via HTTP should now run as transparently
as installing them via ftp previously was.

Visiting should return a directory style
listing, but handcrafted HTML should also be ok, as long as there
are no paths in the filenames -- those are stripped.

I've tested it with Apache and bozohttpd.

If you find problems, please use send-pr(1).


text:
SPUG: Minimal Perl web site & notification requests

Itay Furman itayf at u.washington.edu
Tue Jun 14 23:18:30 PDT 2005

On Sun, 12 Jun 2005, Tim Maher wrote:

> And used what other "standard format" instead?  Like it or not,
> standards are important, and MS-Word is the current standard for the
> publishing industry.

Do they actually use MS-word to _typeset_ the documents, or is it
just a submission standard format?  Is MS-word aware of things
like ligatures and kerning? and hyphenation?  These are the bread
and butter of high quality typography; convenience macros for
automating references, indexing, whatever, come next.

>> I am announcing now that I refuse to deal with a publisher who
>> not only uses MS-word but then complains that it takes too long and has to
>> charge extra.
> The publisher is /not/ charging the readers extra because the
> author has to submit the manuscript in MS-Word format.

Don't count on that.  Since Word does not support automated high
quality typography, and has lame macro facilities, someone _else_
has to do the job, and the customers will pay for this. Had you
started with fonts and format similar to what the publisher uses,
so the page count would not change significantly, I am sure there
would have been an overhead due to the converstion to Word.

itayf at u.washington.edu   /   +1 (206) 543 9040   /   Seattle, WA

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text:
Whether you've got a big fund or a petite one for your kitchen remodeling project, it's knowledgeable to try to brand confident your overheads doesn't whorled out of powerfulness as the function continues. There are a cipher of ways you can act inside your budget, formation with staying on top of every dollar that goes out.

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Copyright © 2006 Jeanette J. Fisher

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text:
Without a Deadline

From the Ask Tom mailbag –

What happens if someone isn’t focused on a timeline? We have a number of people who need to be strategic and who need to maintain a number of balls (projects) in the air, but those projects tend to focus on a “perfect outcome” without a time-frame.

One of the biggest mistakes managers make, is assigning tasks without a deadline. Lots of chocolate messes start out this way. All projects have a deadline, whether stated or not.

  • The manager thinks “by Friday,” the team member thinks by “next month.”
  • The manager thinks this task has priority over all other tasks. The team member thinks this task has second priority over all other tasks.
  • The manager expects to see a draft plan by Friday. The team member hasn’t heard from the manager by Thursday, so stops working on the task, thinking it is no longer important.

A task (goal, objective, project) is not a “WHAT.” It’s a “WHAT, BY WHEN.”

One thought on “Without a Deadline

  1. AnyaWorkSmart

    Yes, that simple – It’s a “WHAT, BY WHEN.” Small elaboration – always say by when and do not substitute it with duration (like “it will take 8 days”), that opens the gate for the same multiple interpretations as Tom mentioned above.

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text:
A Community of Wine Lovers
 Welcome guest! Home | Contact Us | Register | Mobile | Please login
2005 Delicato Old Vine Zinfandel (750ml) [Printable View]
Producer: Delicato Family Vineyards   details
Appellation: California - United States
Type: red
Varietal: Zinfandel
Maturity: Drink
Rating: n/a
Est. Price: n/a
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text:
Home / Education & Social Sciences / Distance learning and the educational use of wikis

Distance learning and the educational use of wikis

Assistant Professor Grace Lin received a first place award for a journal article at the 2012 Association for Educational and Communications Technology (AECT) Annual International Convention in Louisville, Kentucky

Lin received a first place Distance Learning Journal Article Award for her article, “The tensions of transformation in three cross-institutional wikibook projects,” which was published in the journal Internet and Higher Education. It was coauthored by three colleagues from Indiana University and the University of Houston.

Lin is a faculty member in the UH Manoa College of Education Department of Educational Technology. She initiated the research on the educational use of wikis in January 2007. The experiment began with two classes in Indiana and Texas and then expanded into international collaboration.

In the paper, Lin and her colleagues describe their experience stemming from three separate attempts to build wikibooks in cross-institutional settings.  Instructional decisions, technology factors, and the sense of community are among the many tensions and issues that impact the success of the wikibook projects along the way.

“This was a longitudinal research project that evolved,” Lin explained. “I had the original idea, and Nari Kim carried it through with her dissertation a couple of years later. Two of our colleagues connected their classes throughout. It was a great team collaborative effort and I am honored to be part of it.”

Several other faculty members from the Department of Educational Technology also received recognition at the AECT convention.

Department Chair Ellen Hoffman was presented with the AECT Presidential Award, Assistant Professor Seungoh Paek was a presenter and chosen to participate in an early career symposium, and Assistant Professor Peter Leong was recognized for becoming president of the International Division.

This story originally appeared in the 2012 edition of the College of Education’s Currents publication (Annual Report).  For more information on the College of Education, please visit:  https://coe.hawaii.edu/


text:
Our mission

Are you that special person who - weary from trudging the endless superhighways - just longs to camp next to a glorious oasis of the mind? Do you desire to explore new frontiers, splash in shared ideas, fill your belly with the refreshing fruits of inspiration, and bask in the gentle rays of fond reflection?

Well, you can fuck right off. This, my friends, is not that place. This place is... The ShadowLands.

Sunday, November 23, 2008

Two hour vigil successful

So-called Tim Blair had this to say on November 18:

"The single most reliable meteorological phenomenon known to humankind is that which delivers hilariously cold weather whenever global warming alarmists gather."

Rising Tide Australia had this to say on November 23:

"The Eraring protest rally was a success, however the 9 day vigil has been canceled due to various circumstances including terrible weather."

Other reasons would appear to be that hardly anyone showed up (only about 50 in the very brief sunshine they enjoyed on Saturday).

blogstrop said...

Oh, dear. How sad. Never mind.

Boy on a bike said...

Climate caused it to be called off early?

Maybe the stinky micro-climate in their armpits might be more to blame. No congestion of hippies can last for long. The lack of soap does them in after a while.


text:
Unbelievably Simple, Incredibly Effective

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1963 Fleer #2 Ron Hansen

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Dealer Description

One of the best looking sets of the decade. Check back to find fresh inventory .

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text:
Boriska-boy from Mars Pravda

I was told the story of an unusual boy named Boriska from members of an expedition to the anomaly zone located in the north of the Volgograd region, most commonly referred to as “Medvedetskaya gryada”. “Can you imagine, while everyone was sitting around the campfire at night, some little boy (about 7 years of age) suddenly asked everyone’s attention. Turned out, he wanted to tell them all about life on Mars, about its inhabitants and their flights to earth,” shares one of the witnesses.


text:
Marvel Cinematic Universe

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    Damion Poitier portrayed Thanos in The Avengers and Hero Merc#1 in Captain America: Civil War...

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    Matthew "Matt" Murdock is a man who was blinded as a young boy, but was gifted with...

  • Daredevil/Gallery

    A gallery of images of Matt Murdock, who is also the superhero Daredevil. Episode 1.01: Into the...

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    A gallery of images from, or related to, the Daredevil episode World on Fire.

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Marvel Cinematic Universe

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    Rico Devereaux portrayed Prison Guard in the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode The Bridge. External...

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text:
Sunday, April 27, 2008

Pope Ordains

Pope Benedict ordinains 29 new priests in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican.

ffn said...

caught a few minutes of the ceremony on EWTN, looked like a very beautiful and moving liturgy.

bernadette said...

It was amazing. It felt like watching history in the making. I hope many of us survive to see the fruits of this.

Volpius Leonius said...

Isn't that always the case in Rome these days :) Deo Gratias.


text:
Rovio, the Finnish company behind the popular Angry Birds franchise, had a good year. Thanks to healthy growth in game and consumer product sales, revenue more than doubled between 2011 and 2012, clocking in at €152.2 million (about $195.2 million) from €75.6 million, according to an earnings statement released Wednesday. Net profit after tax grew more narrowly however, up 36% to €55.5 million ($71.2 million) from €35.4 million in 2011.

Some of Rovio's games are pay-to-download and others are free to download and make money through advertising and in-app purchases of virtual goods. By May, Rovio games had been downloaded more than 1 billion times — in the 11 months since, that number has increased to 1.7 billion. Monthly active users hit 263 million last December.

SEE ALSO: How Rovio Evolves From Game Maker to Entertainment Juggernaut

During the year, Rovio launched four popular games, three of which (Angry Birds Space, Bad Piggies and Angry Birds Star Wars) are part of the ever-growing Angry Birds line, and an independent fourth, dubbed Amazing Alex. Rovio also more than doubled its staff from 224 to 518, and set up new offices. In addition, the company also made further moves into the entertainment genre, launching a web-based cartoon series and announcing plans for an animated feature film, scheduled for release in 2016.

Rovio says it expects to have a solid 2013, pending "the success of new game launches, the company’s ability to keep its fans engaged with Rovio content and the success of new initiatives in 2013," according to the release.

Image courtesy of Rovio.


text:
10 Festive Photos of Custom Holiday Packaging

This week's Mashable Photo Challenge centered on seasonal gift-giving. We asked you to show us how you're packaging presents for the holidays.

The submissions we saw revealed our readers' impressive artistic talents. They included DIY gift bags for homemade cookies, festive ribbons, wrapping paper, wintery wine-bottle sleeves and square packages creatively decorated with Washi Tape.

Check out some of our favorites, below; then view the entire gallery, here. Be sure to check back for our next photo challenge announcement later this week.

Homepage Image: Borislav Dimitrov


text:
B.J. Novak: Social Media Is Making Us Better Writers

B. J. Novak attends the 2nd annual Rebel With a Cause Gala on March 20, 2014 in Hollywood, California.
B. J. Novak attends the 2nd annual Rebel With a Cause Gala on March 20, 2014 in Hollywood, California.
Image: Tommaso Boddi/WireImage/Getty Images

Could the next great novel be simply a collection of tweets and status updates? For most, the idea may seem preposterous. The depth allowed in literary fiction couldn't be more dissimilar to the brevity valued by social media. But for producer and actor B.J. Novak, the idea of social media as literature might not be so far-fetched.

"[Social media] makes everyone aware of the minutia of conversation in literary form," Novak told Mashable. “A status update contains so much fear and hope and worry and fakery and inadvertent honesty and style and attempts to not try too hard."

Not long ago, Novak, who is most well-known for his roles in Saving Mr. Banks and The Office, delved into the world of literary fiction with his debut short story collection and this month's MashableReads selection, One More Thing: Stories and Other Stories.

“I was overwhelmed with ideas and fragments of ideas as The Office ended. All of the thoughts and fragments of emotional expression and comedic expression … I thought, 'I’ll just write all of them,'" Novak said.

As a result of this piecemeal mode of writing, One More Thing contains a diverse mix of characters, moods, and writing styles. Some stories, such as the book's final tale "J.C. Audetat, Translator of Don Quixote," are solemn explorations ranging from the pursuit of life goals to the current state of literary criticism. Other stories, like "The Walk to School on the Day After Labor Day," are only the length of a tweet, composed of merely a comedic setup leading to a quippy punch line. Though disparate, these stories all come together to form a uniquely diverse story collection that is simultaneously earnest, playful, critical, dark and funny.

But One More Thing is not just notable because of its diversity. It is also extraordinary because of Novak's atypically social approach. While writing, Novak workshopped his stories by reading them to live audiences in comedy venues before sending them to his editor. This process embedded a social spirit and conversational tone to One More Thing.

“I think fiction can learn economy and a hyper consciousness of the audience from comedy," Novak said. "If you can take one word out of a joke and make it as strong, it’s a better joke. At least that’s something I’ve learned from live comedy, where you really live and die on whether you are affecting the audience. It’s very embarrassing to lose their attention.”

Novak developed his writing style through his comedy experience, but he says there is another forum for writers to learn the literary virtues of succinctness and community: social media.

“When you write on social media, there’s an audience. It could be people who’ve heard of you or it could be your seven best friends but you are very conscious of writing for an audience," he added.

So will the next great novel be a collection of tweets and updates? Probably not. But perhaps social media and literary fiction aren't all that disparate. After all, they both are tools to explore storytelling — at least B.J. Novak seems to think so.

"I think there’s a chance we’ll have a better generation of writers than we’ve ever had because of the social media age," Novak said.

Want to learn more about One More Thing and Mashable's social book club MashableReads? Then join our Google Hangout on Friday from 6 to 6:30 p.m. ET with B.J. Novak. You can also join the MashableReads book discussion online at Goodreads and Facebook.


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About Me

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Matthew Freeman is a Brooklyn based playwright with a BFA from Emerson College. His plays include THE DEATH OF KING ARTHUR, REASONS FOR MOVING, THE GREAT ESCAPE, THE AMERICANS, THE WHITE SWALLOW, AN INTERVIEW WITH THE AUTHOR, THE MOST WONDERFUL LOVE, WHEN IS A CLOCK, GLEE CLUB, THAT OLD SOFT SHOE and BRANDYWINE DISTILLERY FIRE. He served as Assistant Producer and Senior Writer for the live webcast from Times Square on New Year's Eve 2010-2012. As a freelance writer, he has contributed to Gamespy, Premiere, Complex Magazine, Maxim Online, and MTV Magazine. His plays have been published by Playscripts, Inc., New York Theatre Experience, and Samuel French.

Tuesday, November 29, 2005

I direct your attention to this website which has a great posting on Cabinets of Curiousities. Just crazy and cool and will wet anyone's whistle who is looking for a little inspiration.

Oh, and this site is run by my girlfriend who is, yes, just that friggin' amazingly amazing.

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text: mBiosphere tag:typepad.com,2003:weblog-86834737791080204 2016-08-31T10:36:52-07:00 The latest news from mBio, a new online, open-access journal from the American Society for Microbiology. TypePad Tracking Bacterial Imbalance in the ICU tag:typepad.com,2003:post-6a0133ec8b9631970b01b8d217b02b970c 2016-08-31T10:36:52-07:00 2016-08-31T10:36:52-07:00 The human microbiome is the diverse population of microorganisms that live on and in the body. Many thrive on the skin and in the mouth, but the majority live in the intestines. Over the last decade or so, microbiologists have become increasingly aware of how a person's microbial mix likely plays a critical role in a variety of medical conditions, as well as how that person responds to treatment. Maintaining a healthy balance of gut bacteria is particularly difficult in a hospital's intensive care unit, or ICU. Every year, more than 5.7 million critically-ill patients are admitted into ICUs in... mBiosphere Researchers Identify Multidrug-resistant E. coli Bacteria from New Jersey Patient tag:typepad.com,2003:post-6a0133ec8b9631970b01b7c88d8e5c970b 2016-08-30T08:47:39-07:00 2016-08-30T08:47:39-07:00 Antimicrobial resistance has been a growing concern in the health care community. But a publication by Chinese researchers in The Lancet Infectious Diseases last fall kicked things up a notch. The work found the mcr-1 gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic colistin, in Escherichia coli isolates taken from raw meat, pigs raised as food animals and a small percentage of hospitalized patients. Most concerning, mcr-1 exists on a plasmid, meaning it could potentially spread antibiotic resistance to other bacterial species. “When this happened, everyone started getting concerned, because if the resistance is on a plasmid and can spread, it’s... mBiosphere The inflammatory nature of a bad recycler tag:typepad.com,2003:post-6a0133ec8b9631970b01b8d21614dc970c 2016-08-26T16:14:11-07:00 2016-08-26T16:14:11-07:00 Neisseria gonorrhoeae TEM Being a bad recycler implies creating more waste because items aren’t being reincorporated into the production chain. Plastic water bottles can be broken down and turned into new plastic bottles, gardening gloves, or fleece – any of which means less oil needs to be harvested and refined to the polymers that constitute these different items. Bacteria, in general, also tend to be very good recyclers. The energy it takes to reuse a compound is generally less than to build the molecular structure from scratch. An example of bacteria recycling efficiency comes with the cell wall, made of... mBiosphere We're moving! tag:typepad.com,2003:post-6a0133ec8b9631970b01b8d2153c84970c 2016-08-24T13:21:07-07:00 2016-08-24T13:21:07-07:00 mBiosphere is excited to announce that starting September 1st, 2016, our blog content will be moving to asm.org. We’ve enjoyed interacting with readers on this site, and will continue to bring you the latest in ASM member research, conferences, education and more at our new site: asm.org/index.php/mBiosphere. Please update your blogroll and RSS feeds! We’re pleased to join the increasing index of ASM blogs, including Microbial Sciences, Around the World, Education, Careers, Zika Diaries, Small Things Considered, and bLog Phase. We’re committed to bringing you the best in the microbial sciences and look forward to our new home at asm.org! mBiosphere


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In California, a summary dissolution is a trouble-free way to get a divorce near the contingency of not having to show up in court for a hearing. However, not all small indefinite quantity can use a paraphrase liquefaction in California to get a separation. Therefore, up to that time you speak beside a rewording liquefaction in California you will privation to discover if you serve for a summary dissolution. Information corresponding to the factors that serve a two of a kind for a separation done the translation liquefaction development in California can regularly be recovered done your regional manager government building or finished its website. In general, couples that gather round the criteria, such as as the next criteria, may be competent to use a review liquefaction in California:

* Do not have family together

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Steve Webb’s way defines ambition

12 November 2012, Newspaper: Issue 826
Special Report: Pensions feature: making infrastructure pay

Roman poet Ovid advised: “Keep a mid course between two extremes” and Steve Webb, the UK’s pensions minister, seems to agree. But in his attempt to achieve a mid course in the UK workplace pension systems, Webb has practitioners jumping though yet another hoop.

McLean: odd time to moot defined ambition

In July, he set the industry a challenge to find a solution that strikes a balance between the increasingly polarised defined-benefit and defined-contribution pension schemes.

Defined benefits guarantee pensioners a pre-determined proportion of their salary for life but leave the company exposed to potentially unlimited liabilities, while members of defined contributions depend entirely on investment returns and annuity rates prevailing at retirement, but employers are protected against spiralling deficits.

Darren Philp, director of policy at the National Association of Pension Funds, said: “There has been a fundamental shift of the risks for pensions outcomes from the employer to the employee.”

Webb wants to strive for a middle way between these two with a defined-ambition scheme – drawing inspiration from proposals in the Netherlands – that would see employers and staff share the risks.

In fact, he wants to create a spectrum of pensions risk sharing. His summer challenge, for example, sees defined ambition stretching solidly into the defined-contributions market. He specifically talked about developing money-safe guarantees under which members would be guaranteed that the nominal value of their contributions would not be lost. Anything more, however, would still depend on investment returns.

Webb has also praised the cash balance scheme of supermarket chain Morrisons under which the sum of the pensions savings pot a worker achieves at retirement is guaranteed, with the company responsible for making up any shortfall. However, the member is left to buy an annuity to turn that savings pot into an income, protecting the company from rising life expectancies.

Mark Pemberthy, director of employee benefits solutions at JLT, which advises the supermarket group, said: “Morrisons take the pre-retirement investment risk but the member still takes the post-retirement risk. They see it as a genuine risk-sharing arrangement.”

Such schemes are not without disadvantages, however. For one, as soon as companies offer any guarantee, they face having to comply with all regulation related to traditional defined-benefit schemes. Stuart Southall, co-founder of actuary Punter Southall, said: “With a cash balance scheme you take some of the risk out around longevity but you’re still getting stuck with a scheme funding ratio and a Pension Protection Fund levy. It is all that paraphernalia that comes with it.”

Furthermore, time may be running out. Webb – who said the Department for Work and Pensions would release its detailed thinking later this year – has delivered his request just as pension providers and large corporations are embarking on the government’s five-year policy of auto-enrolment.

-- Odd time

Malcolm McLean, consultant at independent actuary Barnett Waddingham, said: “It seems a bit odd to be coming up with defined ambition at the very point when we’re automatically enrolling millions of people into bog standard defined-contribution schemes.”

Once companies have signed up their workers, he said, it is unlikely many will opt for another upheaval in a year or two.

And while the attractions of Webb’s proposals are clear enough, it is not a new idea. The Association of Consulting Actuaries has been arguing for reforms to encourage the development of a middle way for a decade. ACA chairman Andrew Vaughan says the change could be as important as auto-enrolment or government plans to increase the state pension: “Defined ambition gives employers the opportunity to offer better pensions and more certainty for workers, while still controlling costs.”

For private sector workers, it could mean they continue to enjoy benefits in retirement much closer to those of the public sector. For employers, they offer a degree of protection from the spiralling liabilities that have seen the widespread closure of final-salary schemes.

At the extreme, these liabilities can bankrupt companies. Directors of textile group Dawson International recently decided to place the company into administration after its pension’s deficit hit £129m.

“A defined-ambition plan couldn’t do that,” according to Thurstan Robinson at the Dutch headquarters of international pension provider Aegon Global Pensions.

Under Dutch proposals, employers’ contributions to the pension would be capped at their current levels, which, on average, are about 17% of salary. If this proves insufficient in providing the pension sum a member expects, they either receive less, must contribute more or work for longer. Robinson said: “It provides a safety valve.”

But the plan has yet to be fully tested. Even in the Netherlands, the proposals, agreed in 2010, have yet to be enacted.

Finding the balance between certainty for members and risk limitation for employers is challenging. Longevity, investment returns, inflation, interest rates and regulations all impact on the costs. Put limits on too many of these and scheme members gain nothing in the way of certainty. Too few and the company remains exposed to potentially spiralling liabilities.

Ros Altmann, pensions expert and director general of Saga, said: “There are lots of moving parts.” Even a guarantee that contributions won’t be lost can come at a price. As Jamie Jenkins, head of workplace strategy at Standard Life points out, greater certainty usually puts limits on the potential growth which, given the low levels of contributions into defined-contribution schemes at the moment, members can ill afford to forgo.

He said: “You could invest in something that is underpinned but you need to factor in that there are costs associated with that guarantee. You can’t just assume there is no downside.”

-- Striking a balance

Most seriously for the new proposals, however, there is little evidence that businesses are crying out for another type of pension scheme.

Hybrid pension schemes and other risk-sharing arrangements already exist but industry sources say they are just not very popular. The majority of employers that have abandoned final-salary schemes have simply opted for a defined-contribution replacement.

According to the Pensions Regulator, of the total 32,082 private sector pension schemes open to new members at the end of March this year, 31,036 were defined contribution schemes (most with very little money), 914 were defined-benefit schemes, and just 132 were hybrids.

Tom McPhail, head of pensions at Hargreaves Lansdown, says the government should focus on making direct contributions work better by pushing for higher contribution rates, rather than creating new types of scheme: “Webb is fighting the wrong battle. Employers have generally already rejected the option of any form of defined benefit.”

Even Stuart Southall, former chairman of the ACA, who spent years arguing for a middle way, said: “I fear the horse has bolted.”

However, longer-term employers might yet come round. Paul Macro, head of UK defined contributions at consultants Mercer, believes interest in alternatives could increase, but it will have to wait for the weaknesses of defined contribution schemes to become fully apparent.

He said: “It is difficult to see many finance directors at the moment setting up another pension scheme when, as a new generation comes through in a few years, HR directors might then be putting on pressure to provide better benefits.”

-- Place your bets : Alternatives to DB and DC

Hybrids offer a mixture of defined benefit and defined-contribution elements. They might provide a guaranteed pension based on salary but capped at earnings of £30,000, for example, with higher earners receiving a top-up based on the performance of the markets. Others offer nursery schemes, where younger earners are enrolled in a DC scheme before graduating to DB.

Cash balance schemes offer what some see as a genuine risk-sharing arrangement. The employer guarantees the pensions pot a worker achieves at retirement with the company taking responsibility for making up any shortfall. The member is left to buy an annuity to turn that savings pot into an income, protecting the company from rising life expectancies.

-- Pros and cons

Hybrid problems are twofold. They tend to be more complex, which can lead to communication problems with members and running the scheme effectively. Last October, a pensions regulator report found poor governance in such schemes, with trustees not always understanding their structure or the benefits offered. They also leave companies exposed to the usual liabilities of DB schemes and the regulatory burden.

A cash-balance scheme, for example removes some longevity risk, but a scheme funding ratio between employers and members and the Pension Protection Fund levy remains a cost burden. These schemes could become more popular given a lighter regulatory touch.

Keep up with FN


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WEEI>On Demand>>Patriots fans react to Gronk's behavior

Patriots fans react to Gronk's behavior

Feb 5, 2013|

Mut and Merloni take phone calls about Gronk's behavior and if it is an issue.

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Transcript - Not for consumer use. Robot overlords only. Will not be accurate.

This is being -- So what that we do. I'm not going to call him an -- I'm going to say however that his actions what idiotic. Be responsible. And if I'm cracked the promise to -- first class personified all the way. I had him in my office this has got to stop you can't have this -- don't care about affected us all season you are injured -- Bob. A way not only argue -- if you were healthy. This -- a good chance that we're sitting here today is Super Bowl champions instead of -- Baltimore Ravens you couldn't play in that AFC championship game last year. You what -- you -- know win a 100% because you've got injured and that you could ripple Foreman has the ball at a peak level that you ended up losing to the New York Giants sort of legitimate argument could be made if that's the crap of the new and the patron that you have cost us two Super Bowl titles. Okay and you'll watch Schilling in Las Vegas. Which are all wrapped up body slam in France risking injury to yourself and others because you -- -- and around and act like an -- -- It is inexcusable -- get -- together euthanized. As tightly as a daughter together we've been led to believe they've had these meet Elizabeth well listen -- deal with -- deal wouldn't -- the patriot way. Don't have to your business are we gonna deal which you can have in the less than flattering -- The wind whipping wind and you went went past him. At a Steve today's fifth -- I was. But that's golf putting gronkowski on the class today on ESPN model united three point seven. WEEI you not see the video brought dancing in Vegas FaceBook dot com. Slash W -- yoga reeks of your comments on that throughout the show and get your reaction at 6177797937. Text the show at 37937. Let me ask you this. You prominent beat the patriots do. Bill and Robert -- to the doctors interest of the attic that at some level they don't like what level. At the level of a perception standpoint public the level of hate idiot. What makes you healthy. And yet you were joking around but the next time. Maybe you won't be so lucky maybe you'll do some stupid and actually fall off the -- stage I also think they know who gronkowski is and I give them a lot of credit because unlike some of the girls that I -- along the way before got married. Not try to change -- a whole lot you get that brought this is Dominic get this guy you know one he's not care about sports is much. Doesn't happen to try to change people's work. Many divorces will tell -- that. You can change wrong I don't want to get -- at all actually can change at the -- you have to -- growing up. It is -- -- -- body can't handle anymore this reasons why guys playing -- 1520 years does it take care of their body. -- and and what he does. It's not right now to catch up to someday absolutely. -- before the guys on top of the world is a great football player what he's doing right now. Is he's he's given some people excuses the -- he starts to tail off. You can't do that apart we've gotten as many many times before you know Derek Lowe. The perfect example. The cared about. I don't -- became an issue. -- can't give people excuses and is no question that party -- shortens careers. It's just it's just it's a fact. Let's get your reactions here 6177797937. Pulls -- to leave this up this morning hi Paul. Good morning gentlemen that -- you get the Eminem boards Tim Maloney Elena put it -- out there. That's directed towards -- -- Eight of one of -- thing either hey you're a moron or maybe you like doing a great job to keep the controversy going against look little. And keep that discussion going -- Well actually our culture talking about this before message do you really believe this is when tackle on the -- just doing things. And I'm more on these and sure of -- -- reasons but in this case. Why am I a moron. Question how -- Your -- -- you. Don't want you all like you. All what injuries he suffered from right now you think that the broken arm he suffered. I and -- offered again when he try to come back and play -- had to do with his impact about the steal music he wasn't doing everything he could come back and play. And -- re having other letting the date -- break he'll would you -- to do right now at a rehab well. Sports -- 20/20 530 years ago it used to be. -- very sport at a six month cycle than died in part time job I did other things I can instantiate. Sport now because of the all 51 million don't like it I'm a big twelve mark cycle now everybody's got. A little bit about especially got just as he couldn't focusing like -- stated many actual fighter real have been making comments about. Each focusing on retail. Okay what's the rehab all what's the rehab right now for the broken bone part of rehab is actually lifestyle and diet. That's part of rehab when you rehab bones that directly affects it mean. It's just like. Make your -- tomorrow. Not be surprised what would I trade that I know we -- execute the best tight end in the game the best and we you'll probably appreciate state. What to get quarter quote state LP. But not be surprised. If you're not on the trade block I'd make that comets and what he -- -- you are you -- -- lots. I was done within -- seconds -- they -- about whatever -- admit to comment and we'll restated now it will not be. Supply comes out right org a copy or that he is involved and trade talks. And there straight talk. I analyzed data that at all there's no shot your -- on the -- that. I want to get I would not trade that cut but I'm telling you right no word yet. Are they play the odds that policy you wanna call and call me a moron thanks for your call on Alec what apple calls but. I wouldn't trade him I wouldn't be surprising reason trade talk ethic that's what Sports Radio guys you wouldn't be surprised but. Why god be with the trade Rob Gronkowski -- and be able entry -- talks I got to tell me is most important -- on the offense it's the committee's minutes in -- wanna suitable for yourself the target trade him. Betrayed the one guy who's aggressive middle the field goes up and -- balls for Brady. I don't think so yeah I don't T I missed it and you want one bit but there is a person out there that the professional athlete when your rehab and you know lifestyle and diet isn't mentioned to go along with this that the healing process and rest. Sean is in Foxboro today as we talk with a Yuma Lou 937 hi Sean. And yet they don't shall we have I -- go in the -- policy in the audio all the more on expansion on. And they'll probably not let you block out and Norton -- -- -- the -- because it's important to let him do whatever it wants. I agree that I haven't thought I mean that a -- I'd say they are trading at that -- always. So what do you look at what was -- what was allowed drunk to do dancing in the on the -- -- -- just gave the guy. You just gave the -- six years 56 million dollar shot that -- had. And you know we viewed programs soccer field he should Gordon who are terrible. But I don't like -- -- except -- lives is our. Recovered -- -- downloading what we got at least a little bit but. Policy I was the housing -- C championship game this year. You know. Policy in the Super Bowl last year. Bringing corporation Belmont I'm not your -- and nobody should trade that extra bit of a lob call actually live now on convertibles for big Fella. Well I try to -- He genuinely all it is Wear white -- take -- for commit crimes get cut short just isn't even a little known her accomplishments and political or. They'd like -- probably don't go up ten for a you know we got an -- which you'll agree that's so. -- ethic they don't the fans while look at him depart here. Is that with a lot of women think it's great. Evan sort of grow up you realize worth 56 million dollars in impact and rob -- invest in the bill bill if it -- invested in him. And the entire team's invest in them and Tom Brady's invest in them and it is got a responsibility others is rolled to probably get help these as quickly as possible. It's just another side of it though. Now you said you're OK with him it was the equal bang anything that moves nobody just. You worried about hippie generation though would that be an issue they're weird they're on the hips now be to get stuff that. So -- morons out of the gate this is good start to jail if Ross and Walpole Ross what you have. Think guys are you going to Barbara. First -- like -- you guys props because when you got started this Shaw I was more hesitant to listen to your engine guys seriously put on a tremendous show. I don't like if you guys credit for that thank you I'd say that. Thank you so much that's very kind of be. Well I've got I wish you guys wouldn't talk about just I think this is the biggest north stories since Robert Kraft and his lady friend in the video. I don't I don't -- this is still I disagree with you. Lou I I I think this is the lawsuit and -- -- to QB in the -- you're wrong you're right about that. And done I'd I don't see any problem with and doing what it still went out I just don't and I don't you like this story I. -- -- to explaining how this is story. Because the impact he has on this team. Okay he has a broken bone in his dorm not one but two one and the keel as much as possible -- Now you OK you know make you might not think that you know certain things other than just actual rest and is part of the rehab process I personally do rehabbing injuries it's what you put your body it's how you live your life. It's taken away stupid risks as a kid which he is and I understand that. But I had I think it's time for him -- sort of grow up here now take some responsibility that's all. OK okay. I understand that taken responsibility. But I I tell me when -- play you guys never won out you guys never did. Yeah absolutely -- So that's. What I did when I was recovering from a broken bone or eight torn ligament was veiled boost and now. Well hustle you onto others is when you were injured never drink mortgage underwriting electric is absolutely is different in a drink in -- Was on with what I would I broke my leg was out dancing -- my brakes on. No again as after the season right I mean but idea the idea that athletes. When they're hurt. Are drinking to excess and it's an -- -- and to assess whether great. The idea some athletes are doing everything to X protector like you go with the idea it's not a great what a what does that mean. Everything is possibly -- your great athletes are you drinking heavily you do a lot of drugs and excess -- great I just -- a great article who was the Olympics in America at the governor and she just retired yeah. -- was talking about you she she works hard and because of that -- just a release former sonic athletes in general. Sometimes I'm not being too general now that's not fair. But when you say. When you are health when he asked the question if somebody -- drank with some have invested fit I believe million dollars in Maine. The now have a responsibility to my employer -- if I was injured I would do everything possible to get help these quickest possible. Have you ever seen only invested point 5000 and at what level. I would I'd -- it's a good paycheck round here but it. You understand what you're saying -- you believe the heat is not rehabbing correctly if you believe that. It sounds like to -- is because this video. Like somehow he's not best preparing himself for next year's season awful one night part of it in Las Vegas for tonight's one night you shared it. Richards one nightmare in the zone in and it would have -- seen. Any time he's got to -- videotape mythology can hide anywhere so when he is out you see that's the it's it's. Also all. Thought I would ask people what -- take as a legitimate. -- India after every time he's we see on it and the engine of economic times he's human teams in an ample time -- -- and it's it's been a handful of Arizona drunken ample times less common -- their pictures that show up on bar -- some reports of him out drink -- there's. And tons of -- right in -- never goes a drink in this never picture of them but the the oppression you're giving is that that is somehow affecting him getting back to play on the field. And I dissecting we -- healing process zero evidence of that it's reflecting the bone healing process and there -- Numerous evidence just got evidence up to presume the videos available FaceBook dot com. Slash WEEI checked out read some your comments give back your phone calls -- and -- Sports Radio.

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WEEI>On Demand>>Salk and Holley's Four at Four - 05/13/13

Salk and Holley's Four at Four - 05/13/13

May 13, 2013|

We tackle four topics we haven't yet touched upon... Mike Tyson making cartoons, stupid fines handed out by leagues, women giving birth at games and more...

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Transcript - Not for consumer use. Robot overlords only. Will not be accurate.

-- Now word excel and -- swollen already roller board or the four. Fun cleaning. Mean. Well we solved it Ali and sports radio and W -- don't. Chicago Bulls coach Tom Thibodeau is -- 35000. For saying quote I see how things are going I watch very closely we're not going to get calls that's the reality and quote. What is the most ridiculous fine you've seen a coach or player receive. -- Last year bounty gate. It's one thing to be fine 500000 dollars like Bill Belichick was. 750000. Dollars for the organization by the patriots weren't fighting. But for Sean Payton. Is spying -- his entire. Salary his yearly salary if you ever heard. I think five or six million dollar fine. For echoed that to me that that takes -- taking a witty take away his ability to earn his living and that that to me was wrong -- at the time still I agree. I always thought the fines that were given out like Joe Horn for taken out the shark -- some of the fines for Chad Johnson I thought those were a bit much. -- Chad Johnson was fine for. Not having -- Sox pulled off -- -- way but. At the same -- the NFL me a man's uniformity and I understand that it's part of the brain of the whole league I thought the most ridiculous though was when they find the referees. Or wearing the pink for for route. For breast cancer or risk you're -- that was the most originally. You know what I would do that -- -- part you know back to the -- fine. If if farm on the candidate for a job. I go to the owner and necessary. There's going to be my salary whatever it is. And let's just factory in an extra 350000. Dollars. Where -- season we're will be fine because I let it strategically. That's envoy to rip you for. Orders are on safety to anybody who wants to hit a receiver coming across like look I'm gonna get an army to ride so just put an -- -- out of 50000. And it is gonna go straight to the -- startled some guys that will help us. It over the weekend Tiger Woods on the PGA players championship but not before causing a -- was Sergio Garcia. Sergio took exception -- tiger pulling out his five wood. And now during Sergio is backswing on the second Saturday. After the round Sergio said about tiger quote I'm not going to -- he's not my favorite got to play it he's not the nicest guy on tour and quote. -- this feud benefit more Tiger Woods or Sergio Garcia finally get benefits. Either one of them although it does at least bring some level of spotlight to the golf world but -- the benefits Sergio especially when you would triple bogey on seventeen off the powerful. It's the island hole there at sawgrass but. He's the only guy supportive or call eight that's quite a bit of the tournament other than the hour now -- tough ones want it. I didn't see anybody else put it in the water he -- twice in a row with a chance to win so. Is Sergio can squawk only want to I'm sure tiger's not the nicest guy in the tour here. But yeah. Huge huge. Huge summer Canadian patents -- just -- you feel like an idiot. -- your name off your voicemail -- protect me now it will benefit Sergio Garcia because. Why would be talking about him otherwise at least we have mentioned his name on sports radio and nobody has talked about this -- since. Misty was in 992000. He was supposed to be a strong competitor to Tiger Woods. He has been a pretty much a failure. As a big time golfer. By the tigers playing better because he's happy. You buy that now these with Lindsay bonds happy with her in and everything's on the open now they've admitted their relationship. Announced their relationship I don't buy you by the that is anything to do with his his game how could he won he won tournaments and he was seeking dog. When he was. It may have any thing and anyone that moves well he was happy then to go back that's -- they without a budget that I was. Happy about here after the NASCAR usually is about a little more transparent than it was before. Mike -- getting his cartoon on cartoon network's adult swim the show will be called Mike Tyson mysteries. The so show feature Mike his psychic you're talking agent and a magical face tattooed. Mike Tyson mysteries will be funny or not so funny. I don't think it be funny and I think it's probably got -- last. It might last a season among the -- thing away. But someone that keep me from killing you saw. Other -- his job. I -- -- ship has sailed his -- his entertainment ship has sailed in my opinion and it's not much there it's going to be particularly for you -- you like what. The I don't leave him money either. -- multiple reasons but I find -- funny and I I want to kill -- of the -- -- long affair with Mike -- -- -- the last -- last year's hangovers this money. Ice out there I just don't he's convicted rapists these guys who -- -- when he was heavyweight champion in the world and -- it falsely accused of rape and rich -- and a woman. The rewards intent. Just. He was funny what you could laugh at him and is -- trying to use this language and her partner. While I appreciate that while when he defeated the Bolivian that was on when he's actually trying to be funny not one. It -- watch it you'll want to respect I don't even nor I would -- adult swim but he would have liked it and I don't -- your -- in three years you port on your mind now you're related -- won't happen. -- go out and watch the way adults from its own Cartoon Network. Cartoons of the -- find I'm not a cartoons and articles all say all right here in the army -- -- -- -- romantic partner and -- cartoon adult cartoon family like tunnels so far. And there I don't like the Simpsons -- like the guy -- right -- right here or substance. I just put the ball in the same breathable animated comedies that. Well now India -- -- for us this script I. It was just like a pause there and I. And the indigent severe weather does it showed my microphone so we don't know it out there I don't care. -- and. During game five little block of wild series east team to look -- -- Yankee is particularly. Well and get him make eye contact with cannot make I can. Stared him down to elect him staring right out of he won't even look at me through Google. It's gonna take revenge on you all day and night during game five of the Blackhawks wild series Donna -- -- that was an aunt was in attendance and refuse to leave even though she went into labor. Donna said there is no way we early in the game after the game -- rushed to the hospital delivered her baby boy. What is the craziest thing you've done to its end game I've woken up really early in the. Morning to drive the bus from from Los Angeles to San Diego to see the patriots and chargers that was the game that was the beginning of the end in 20022003. The amount that lost oh yeah Diego and two missed field goals and there yeah LaDainian Tomlinson there for about 200 yards I did that I've I've taken you know I've. Loan to -- -- white at your door and have a good game there in the coming of the pictures next year. Or or shortly after it was what much longer -- -- not like I've I've -- I've got to gains -- flew from LA to Oakland to go to games. Your story just destroys us now is to say look with my wife's birthday was taken out for a birthday whenever. And neither the Celtics game Celtics bulls in 2008 after the championship -- the second game of the year. We're sitting there I didn't think. She was close to -- going into labor but the first quarter that my water broke. Are we gotta go you know we don't let her know we don't either good -- And my wife is a wonderful either. Gotta do anything like that. I did I do remember -- -- life flashes -- a couple of your first first steps to your -- you've never -- of -- -- operate with your first yet for water breaks you water you don't freak out you just sit at the garden. She didn't freak out. Now what you didn't freak out. I did I kind of secretly -- -- here are whoever they had me I kills. What. Source -- ago. If you're not gonna let us that's what you have to have at least called doctor if you weren't allowed to wait until after dollars. And I remember right after that. -- character she was she was shown on the Jumbotron she was. A hall of all is well. You're sitting here. Figure waters -- the know that you would she show we can -- your -- with you don't really don't know randomly. Chose randomly on the Jumbotron. It that advocate theater at halftime but we're going to however got ago so -- was a there was Mittal and from -- the camera guys are American's goal was to tell. -- my jacket and I just remember walking out here -- huge. Maker than walk all the way to MGH from the garden -- -- apology over over in comedy -- a hearing it's a good experience walking up Stanford's three down to everything I gave it. Daughter Brooke if you will -- the halftime the least you can do is walk probably trying to -- Estrada by the quicker throughout the security guards like. You're coming here is that her water broke a guy and a girl go you say don't let -- -- just about -- aren't that is today is four at four.

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Never before seen Prince profile from 1984

Prince, superstar singer, songwriter, and producer, died yesterday, April 21.

We just unearthed and uploaded a never before seen profile of Prince from 1984 from a TV pilot called Rocker. The hosts of the show are Chicago radio personality Jonathon Brandmeier and TV personality Paula Yates. It was produced just after the release of Purple Rain.

The video has never been broadcast or seen in 32 years.

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BigJ calls Emanuel a "rat ... leaving a sinking ship"

In a September 29 blog post about the rumors White House chief-of-staff Rahm Emanuel is considering leaving his post to run for mayor of Chicago, the website referred to Emanuel as a "rat" who is "leaving a sinking ship":

Morning Thread: Another 'Rat, Rahm Emanuel, Leaving Sinking Ship?

Rahm "the Ballerina" Emanuel may announce that he's abandoning the foundering hulk of the S.S. Obama Administration to go back to the criminal racket known as Chicago Democratic politics.

By sheer coincidence, Emanuel's partner in the Obama brain trust, David Axelrod, recently announced that he, too, is returning to Chicago.

Considering Obama's poll numbers -- as well as those of Axelrod's warmup act, Mass. Gov. "Cadillac" Deval Patrick...

... maybe it's no wonder.

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Living view in animals shows how cells decide to make proteins

November 30, 2006

Scientists at Duke University Medical Center have visualized in a living animal how cells use a critical biological process to dice and splice genetic material to create unique and varied proteins.

The scientists say the findings, made in mice, help explain a key wonder of human biology: how the same genes found in every cell of an individual’s body can produce different proteins in different tissues and organs. These varied proteins, in turn, dictate the function of each tissue or organ.

The findings also may offer insight into a number of diseases, including cancer, in which the genetic process -- called alternative splicing -- goes awry and produces the wrong proteins, the scientists said.

The scientists published the findings in the Dec. 1, 2006, issue of the journal RNA. The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.

Scientists previously have examined alternative splicing in cells and tissues in test tubes, but this study marks its first successful visualization in a living mammal, said senior investigator Mariano Garcia-Blanco, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of molecular genetics and microbiology.

"We were able to watch alternative splicing as it occurred in different tissues," he said. "It’s an excellent example of how experiments in living organisms provide a much more complete picture of how genes and proteins behave than do experiments using cells in culture."

Until 20 years ago, scientists believed that a single gene made a single protein. With the discovery of alternative splicing, it became clear that one gene can produce multiple proteins.

In alternative splicing, microscopic "scissors" in a gene chop the genetic material RNA into bits called "exons" and then reassemble the bits in a different order to form a new RNA molecule. In the process, some of the exons are retained while others are excluded. The exons that are retained in the final RNA determine which proteins the RNA produces within the cell.

The scissors that do the genetic chopping are, in most cells, proteins called splicing silencers and splicing enhancers.

In the current study, Garcia-Blanco’s team sought to identify which silencers chop out an important segment of RNA in a gene called fibroblast growth receptor 2 (FGFR2). This gene plays a critical role in normal mouse and human development, and the order in which its RNA is assembled can alter an animal’s development.

As a model system to study, the scientists genetically created a "glowing" mouse. The mouse carried in its FGFR2 gene a green fluorescent tag that would glow when a common type of silencer, called an "intronic silencer," chopped out a specific exon, called IIIb.

In this way, the scientists could track whether intronic silencers were chopping out the IIIb exon -- and if so, in which tissues and organs -- or whether other types of silencers or helper proteins were involved.

By tracking the green glow, the team found that cells in most tissues made the same decision to silence exon IIIb, but the cells used a variety of silencers and helper proteins to accomplish this task, said Vivian I. Bonano, a graduate student in the University Program in Genetics and Genomics and lead author of the journal report.

"Identifying which silencers are active in a given tissue or organ will ultimately help scientists understand how exons are erroneously included or excluded in various disease processes," Bonano said.

For example, a cell’s decision to include exon IIIb is critical because the exon’s presence or absence determines which variant of the FGFR2 protein is produced, she said. Such subtle variations in proteins can alter the cell’s behavior, just as switching ingredients in a favorite recipe can change the food’s flavor, according to the scientists.

"Viewing these decisions is most relevant in a living animal, because cells behave differently in their natural environment versus an artificially created environment such as a laboratory tissue culture," Garcia-Blanco said. "The complexity of alternative splicing necessitates its visualization as the decisions are occurring, because taking a cell out of its context shows only its current status and not how it arrived at that place."

For instance, the splicing process can change even from day to day as an animal develops, he said, adding that extracting cells and watching them in a culture cannot convey all of these transient changes.

Moreover, different cell types within the brain or other organs can exhibit different splicing decisions, Garcia-Blanco said. For example, neurons reside next to glial cells in the brain, yet they express different proteins in different amounts, and detecting such differences in cell cultures can be exceedingly difficult, he said.

"This is a powerful tool to apply to mouse genetics to learn when and where in the animals' bodies alternative splicing decisions are made and, eventually, to learn what factors are critical in making these decisions," Garcia-Blanco said.

"Given the importance of alternative splicing in health and disease," he added, "this anatomic mapping of splicing decisions may give us considerable insight into the many human diseases associated with improper regulation of splicing."

Source: Duke University Medical Center

Explore further: For the first time, researchers reveal a causal link between RNA splicing and aging

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News tagged with personality traits

Related topics: personality

Trait theory

In psychology, Trait theory is a major approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ among individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior.

Gordon Allport was an early pioneer in the study of traits, which he sometimes referred to as dispositions. In his approach, central traits are basic to an individual's personality, whereas secondary traits are more peripheral. Common traits are those recognized within a culture and may vary between cultures. Cardinal traits are those by which an individual may be strongly recognized. Since Allport's time, trait theorists have focused more on group statistics than on single individuals. Allport called these two emphases "nomothetic" and "idiographic," respectively.

There is a nearly unlimited number of potential traits that could be used to describe personality. The statistical technique of factor analysis, however, has demonstrated that particular clusters of traits reliably correlate together. Hans Eysenck has suggested that personality is reducible to three major traits. Other researchers argue that more factors are needed to adequately describe human personality. Many psychologists currently believe that five factors are sufficient.

Virtually all trait models, and even ancient Greek philosophy, include extraversion vs. introversion as a central dimension of human personality. Another prominent trait that is found in nearly all models is Neuroticism, or emotional instability.

This text uses material from Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY-SA

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