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Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan — single drama review

Premièred by Paramount Pictures
Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan
Written by Jack B. Sowards

Is Star Trek II: the Wrath of Khan the best of the Star Trek features? It’s considered and accepted to be by fans, but critically, it’s only the third highest-scoring. Nevertheless, it’s still extremely popular, and has inspired the most homages in popular culture. Whatever one subjectively thinks of it, the creative industry has looked to the second Star Trek feature for material more than the others. Which is both interesting and ironic, given that the story is essentially Moby Dick; or, the Whale in space, inspired by Herman Melville‘s novel. That was the approach taken by director Nicholas Meyer – it’s a modern day ocean adventure with a science fiction dressing. That’s when science-fiction is at its best – when it’s telling a universal story through a particular style. Is science fiction even a genre? A genre is a category of an artistic medium based on form, style or subject matter.

The form in this case is a motion picture feature. Using moving images to tell a story, based on a written blueprint that follows the composition of others to make sense to the other artists involved. Whereas a style is just a “manner of doing something”, which is more attributable to the director than anything else. The auteur theory suggests that each film-maker has their own, unique style, but then that’s obvious, because the director’s the principal artist. Every artist has fingerprints on their works. So in that sense, Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan is simply “a film by Nicholas Meyer”, which is just a factual statement. It even says “a film by Nicholas Meyer” in the credits. But then subject matter is really where the meaning comes-from. And in that sense, Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan is the best of the Star Trek features because its subject matter is the most substantial. Science fiction is so popular because it raises questions and tries to answer them by creating fantastical analogies that all relate back to the real world.

But it’s not “just science fiction”, it’s Star Trek. And the core of the Star Trek universe is Leonard Nimoy as Spock. He’d been hesitant to reprise his role based on confirmed suspicions from previously, but was persuaded to do so by the plot point of Captain Spock dying. This, Nimoy figured, would be a way to finally put the role to rest with a definitive end. And Meyer embraced that element of the story as the strongest character moment. The reason Spock’s death works so well is because it resonates with the rest of the narrative in perfect synch. The story was crafted around the concept of killing a character like Spock, which gives Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan a thematic overtone that other Star Trek features simply don’t have.

Spock’s death became the key scene in a story with themes relating to it, but that meant those themes had to be developed. Death is finite in storytelling, and often impacts the story less because a character’s now absent, but because other characters will be affected by that absence. And there was never going to be anyone more affected by Spock’s death than Admiral Kirk. Which meant that, if Kirk were to be affected by Spock’s death, Kirk’s own feelings about such things had to be established. That lead to the scene in Kirk’s apartment in-which Doctor McCoy visits Kirk and their conversation brings-up those themes. Kirk’s next strongest bond after Spock was to McCoy; therefore, using McCoy to establish Kirk’s own feelings about death would be a more subtle way of giving his reaction to Spock’s own death meaning than having Spock be the one with whom he discusses those feelings. This scene in particular is the second most important in the story, and shows how Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan uses storytelling-by-numbers to create something artistic, substantial and meaningful.

By having established Kirk’s evasive personality to matters such as death, a character flaw’s established. The Kobayashi Maru test is explained in the plot as being something Kirk cheated to win his captaincy, despite being rewarded for it. The character development as such follows a natural pattern: Kirk confronts his own fear of death, then has to deal with it when it confronts him. But for that second element to make sense (the first being explained with the death of Spock, Kirk’s oldest friend), it must be presented as a challenge. Kirk, in the Star Trek series, was presented as a great space hero, a man who could overcome anything. Gene L. Coon and Carey Wilber created Khan Singh in the episode Space Seed, which ends with Kirk banishing Singh to Ceti Alpha V, which is referenced in dialogue. That episode was very much in keeping with Kirk’s status as a flawless hero, which fit the period for 1960s television being very pulpy but no less entertaining. Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan‘s status as a Star Trek: Space Seed sequel also makes it, in that regard, a sequel to Star Trek itself. As arguably the protagonist, Kirk’s development as understanding himself to be a flawed hero is the franchise itself coming to understand itself as it reaches its age. The Kobayashi Maru test presents us with a man who can’t be beaten, not even by a dictator, who then has to understand that inevitably he’ll be defeated by time, in the same way as Singh – the aforementioned dictator – being defeated himself.

This also makes Singh the other side of this. He’s the figure from Kirk’s past – the embodiment of everything he was during that time. Kirk finds himself facing Singh, and this is the reason he finds himself reflecting on his past. The two characters are fixed against each other ironically – Singh has thought about Kirk constantly since his exile, but Kirk’s forgotten Singh until he sees him on the view screen. Singh made the decision to reveal his identity to Kirk in order for Kirk to know who’d beaten him, but finding himself faced with his past is what made Kirk able to defeat him, as it helped him address the mid-life crisis he felt he was having, and to finally move on from it. But the cost of that was Spock’s death, which presented the next challenge to Kirk. Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan shows an example of an effective storytelling technique – if the protagonist’s experiences are to change them, the story must end with them facing their next challenge, which fits with the challenge they’ve just overcome. Spock’s death prompted Kirk to finally understand that he was flawed, and the next stage of his life is to tackle the problem of understanding those flaws, and the conduit for that is how he’s to live without his oldest friend.

But Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan succeeds as a story because it allows the audience catharsis. Kirk’s acceptance of the challenge to live without Spock presents the audience with the possibility that he may yet become heroic again, an exciting prospect. It’s often said that science fiction serves as an analogy for real life, and the inclusion of a major character’s death is the closest it can come to reality, because death is the one thing everyone must eventually face. By having a fictional character face that universal prospect, it’s the most accurate mimicry of real life, and the one to which everyone can relate the most. Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan is not the only Star Trek feature to include the death of a major character, but it’s the only one that shows death for what it is by having another major character with some connection to them be affected by it. Kirk dies in Star Trek Generations (Ronald D. Moore and Brannon Braga), but nobody from the original Star Trek series was with him, so it wasn’t as impacting. When Lieutenant Commander Data was destroyed in Star Trek Nemesis (John Logan), he was only an android anyway. When Lieutenant Yar died in Star Trek: the Next Generation – Skin of Evil (Joseph Stefano and Hannah Louise Shearer) , that didn’t have an impact either because she’d only been a regular for one season. In fact, the only other Star Trek franchise character death that works is considered to be Lieutenant Commander Dax in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine – Tears of the Prophets (Ira Steven Behr and Hans Beimler), because she’d been a regular for six seasons. And when Commander Tucker died in Star Trek: Enterprise – These are the Voyages… (Rick Berman and Brannon Braga), it was considered forced and unnecessary. Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan‘s the only Star Trek death to actually have both impact and cultural resonance. So much so that it was even famously recreated in Star Trek Into Darkness (Roberto OrciAlex Kurtzman and Damon Lindelof), to much criticism, which also noticed the way the Alternate Reality’s death had been cured when Captain Kirk’s revived using alternate Singh’s blood.

What Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan gives us is an ordinary story with added elements for style to make it unique. A man faces something from his past –> realises he isn’t indestructible –> must face the death of an old friend –> accepts the challenge and goes on living, being a changed person. And it takes place within the Star Trek universe, combining elements of it in such a way as to still make sense, and developing them to have a greater meaning than previously. It takes a lot to use elements from something already existing and transform them into something more. And the fact that everyone involved did that should show other storytellers how a story should first be universal, and only then, unique. Contrary to popular cynicism, there’s nothing wrong with franchises if the story has some substance. The reason Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan‘s often cited as the best of Star Trek is – get this – because it’s got the best story. All people want from Star Trek is a good story that makes sense and means something. And, based on the given analysis above, it’s clear Star Trek: the Wrath of Khan does that the most.


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Cocomelon Birthday Outfit

Alianny's Boutique

Regular price $68.99

Tax included. Shipping calculated at checkout.
Cocomelon birthday outfit is made for your special little princess! The tutu is made with a beautiful shade of pink tulle and glitter pink tulle that gives the tutu the right amount of sparkle, enough to let people know who the princess of the party is. The tutu is finished with a glitter bow with pink & green colors, and this compliments the tutu and makes this outfit a stunning one!
The shirt is colorful and it's made with glitter and non-glitter material. The shirt matches the tutu perfectly to create the most beautiful outfit for your princess party. Personalization on this outfit is completely free!

Colors may vary slightly due to the screen you are using and lighting.

PROCESSING TIME IS 1 WEEK, this is the time that may take me to complete the order, shipping time is additional and it may depend on the shipping method you choose. Free shipping offered is standard shipping with USPS which may take 5-7 days. If you need your order sooner please choose RUSH SHIPPING during checkout. Unfortunately, shipping cannot be guaranteed unless you are paying for overnight shipping. I can only guarantee the processing time. I am not responsible for any delays the post office may have.

Tutu & Shirt sizes - If you would like the tutu a different size or length and it is not listed, please email us to let us know! We are here to help.

Shirts can be customized with child's name and age. If you would like it personalized, please make sure this information is added and spelling/age are all correct:

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components of a secondary crusher

Different Types of Secondary Rock Crusher - sanmechina

Primary rock crusher is used to break down large stones which haven't been broken down while secondary rock crusher is used to crush smaller stones which have been crushed once There are several types of secondary rock crushers If you want to know the difference between them, read the article belows Gyratory crusher is a type of secondary .

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The term “secondary crushing” has become well established and familiar through long usage; it applies to the crushing stage, either single or multiple, which follows immediately after the primary crusher, taking all or a portion of the product of the primary crushing stage as its feed The term should not be used, as it sometimes is, to designate a particular type or size of crusher .

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Secondary Impact Crusher MEKA , Contact US Jaw Crusher Components & Parts 911 Metallurgist Mar 19, 2017 Although the jaws do the work, the real heart of the jaw crusher and its components are the toggle plates, the pitman, and the ply wheel

Crusher - Wikipedia

A gyratory crusher is one of the main types of primary crushers in a mine or ore processing plant Gyratory crushers are designated in size either by the gape and mantle diameter or by the size of the receiving opening Gyratory crushers can be used for primary or secondary crushing

New Secondary Crushers Concentrate on Higher Productivity

EXPANDS ITS MID-RANGE Mining added to its CH800 series of mining cone crushers by launching two models in the mid-range segment The new CH860 is designed for high-capacity secondary crushing, while the CH865 is intended for high-reduction tertiary and pebble applications; both feature higher crushing forces relative to mantle diameter and a 500-kW motor

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Secondary crushers are used after primary crushers in four-stage crushing operation scheme The high material reduction ratio results in more efficient use of intermediate and tertiary crushers The profile and basic dimensions of the crushing cavity determine the standard sizes for primary (KKD) and secondary (KRD) crushers

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Apr 25, 2019· Selecting the right primary crusher is foundational to success at a crushing site The primary crusher is the engine that drives the rest of the plant; it’s the workhorse that takes blast feed sizes and reduces them to sizes that are manageable for other site components – the belts, the screens, and eventually any secondary crushers – on the road to a finished product

a) Primary crusher – The raw material from mines is processed first in primary crushers The input of these crushers is relatively wider and the output products are coarser in size Example - Jaw crusher, Gyratory crusher, Impact Crushers, etc b) Secondary crusher- The crushed rocks from primary crusher are sent to these secondary

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Read Doctor Nissenbaum’s testimony stating there is a risk to health from wind turbines. Hey! Then maybe you can help me understand why the Maine Board of Environmental Protection sided with ex-Gov wind developer instead.

The Mainebiz news staff matter of factly said the appeal of a 22 turbine wind farm near Roxbury was tossed out.

In their obvious haste to get the facts out it seems the name of the citizen’s group was omitted.  Everyone associated with the wind side of the argument made the short article, it appears.

I’m guessing the citizen’s group might be the Concerned Citizens to Save Roxbury.  If so, they even have a web site!  I’ll link it here for your convenience:

You can search out the ex-Gov wind developer and cast of merry millionaires for yourself.  Or call the Mainebiz folks.  They might just have some phone numbers on the speed dial.

Anyway, it seems the Maine Board of Environmental Protection decided the concerns of a citizen’s group shouldn’t stand in the way of former Governor/current wind developer’s project.

Well, here’s the testimony of Dr.Michael A. Nissenbaum, M.D.  He seems pretty convinced there is an issue.  Interesting commentary about the ex-Governor included.  Well worth your time.

This entry was posted in Friends and Citizens Groups, Industrial Wind Health Issues, wind turbine noise and tagged , , , , . Bookmark the permalink.

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Ok, friends, you are gonna love meeting Miss J. She is smart, spunky, sassy, sunny and an absolutely beautiful young lady from Wayland High School‘s Class of 2018. When she contacted me last fall, I was so excited to get to know her.

She and her mom joined me at Wellesley College on a warm September day and we toured the beautiful campus looking for great spots. I couldn’t believe the diversity we discovered. As it turns out, we all love the Aspen-like trees and the tall grasses, but when J’s mom found the balloons left behind following a wedding ceremony, we were completely enamored. Too much fun.

Congrats, Miss J! I can’t wait to see what your future at University of Miami brings. Here’s to the next great adventure.

Teenage girl smiling in a field

Senior in high school girl posing by a tree

Senior high school girl smiling for portrait

Girl smiling over her shoulder for senior portrait at Wellesley College

Brunette senior girl smiling for portrait

Wayland High School senior smiling for portrait

High school senior girl sitting in Wellesley College field and smiling

Playful senior in high school holding up balloons at Wellesley College


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Sun Garden

SKU TF122-1
Add to cart

With its artful design, this gorgeous arrangement will make any celebration even finer.
Carnations, gerberas, lilies, roses, snapdragons and ivy, along with a quaint bird's nest and eggs, arrive in a low profile container.

Orientation: One-Sided

Approximately 22" W x 25" H

As Shown : TF122-1


text:
Give me the streets of Manhattan, the quiet waters

Steph was kind enough to leave a comment about ‘day-to-day life being captivating through my eyes’ – I was (and am) quite flattered. My days aren’t usually quite as eventful as they could be, but it seems today has thrown the contrary.

My sister moved in today – I will post about my wonderful previous housemate as a kind of commemoration thing but will wait until I upload a photo first. The short of it all, is that my housemate Isobelle is going to Thailand for three months and thus has moved out.

Laura, my sister (and my twin might I add – no I am not joking) moved in today. So Geoff and Tim and I spent this morning helping her move furniture from one suburb to the one a few over.

About lunch-time I received a distress call from Paul (Geoff’s housemate) trying to get on to Geoff, it turns out that in the time it took for Paul to wander down the street to get a pie was all the time it for a burst water pipe in the upstairs bathroom of my future house, to leak through the floor and into the kitchen downstairs. When I say leak, I mean quite extensively… through downlights and the like enough to soak several towels through and more.

Geoff and I eventually got there (Paul scurried off to a conference at church – he did turn the water and power off) to be met by three individuals who’d had a little too much to drink, one of them was graciously pissing on the back fence. No huge dramas there, but still not overly pleasant.

Found the number for real-estate agent, and the landlord – whom we’ve never met – turns out to be a builder. He rocked up with his electrician friend all of 20 minutes later and checked everything out. So the plumber was to show at 6:30pm (we assume Paul’s taken care of that) and a guy came to dry the carpets out and Geoff is now staying here tonight (remember Laura’s here now so it’s all okay), you cannot possibly sleep with two massive fans that have to run 24/7 (carpets).

So my tale of woe (or drama) and overuse ofÂ  brackets () should conclude there but I still haven’t mentioned that I came out to my car later on and found that my driver-side lock had been mauled by someone trying to get in so I now have to do an ‘Analise’ and open my driver side from the passenger seat or crawl across. I am not impressed. I’d have rather they taken my bomby old 1986 Corolla – I’d have liked the insurance money.

There it is. Captivating? Maybe not, but certainly full of excitement. Oh for a quiet Saturday. I am tired and still haven’t done half the homework I should have, Geoff is asleep behind me and I’m thinking that bed too sounds like a kind and certainly more gentle proposition.

  1. said:

    Ah bec… guess it’s been one of those kinda days…

    I didn’t think there was a pub anywhere near Geoff’s place but I guess there’s a train station, so no doubt that provides a steady stream of all types (who in turn apparently provide a steady stream of other things!)

    Certainly relate to the homework thing… why did I ever put my computer in the lounge near the TV. Dad was watching bike racing and I ended up falling asleep waiting for it to end. Still no essay progress. Depressing innit when you want to get stuff done and just dont get to it.

    October 13, 2007
  2. said:

    Wow. That seems eventful and stressful.
    I hope Sunday was better. 🙂

    October 14, 2007
  3. said:

    Sorry to disappoint you Steph but it’s actually not Bec’s day-to-day life that’s all that captivating. It’s just her gift for writing that makes it all worth reading. That is, if you can overlook the total lack of journalistic integrity when she manipulates the facts to make things sound the way she wants them to!

    First of all, I would have liked some better brackets than (Geoff’s housemate). Surely my identity encompasses far more than just a rent offset. How about “(Geoff’s housemate and my favourite out of all of his groomsmen)”? You can abbreviate it to GHAMFOOAOHG if you like.

    Secondly, Rebecca…”scurried”! “Scurried”! I did not “scurry” off to the conference. I went because I’d already done about as much cleanup as practicable, I didn’t have contact details for the agent… and Geoff was at the church. He also didn’t have his phone on him. My heroism in turning off the water and electricity at the mains, having returned from the shops less than 10 minutes after the pipe burst, actually saved the day (or at least saved the ceiling from caving in due to hours of water damage).

    I’d also like to add, that I managed to switch off the water at the mains less than 2 minutes later, as well as turn off the electricity to reduce any fire danger. We won’t go into Geoff’s track record with the water meter because I don’t really want to be mean… but I think it’s pretty lucky that I was here, so you can retract your “scurried” thankyou very much! 😛

    Oh and I’ve tested it out this afternoon… the carpet fans are fine. I had a good old snooze with them running this arvo. The hum is nothing an iPod can’t fix, just in case you were wondering. A vacuum cleaner makes more noise.

    October 14, 2007
  4. said:

    “had to do an Analise”

    haha! Jason has to do that also!

    And now I am off to get a pie.

    October 15, 2007

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Country Crowds in Revolutionary Massachusetts: Mobs and Militia

Detail of the Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill by John Trumbull. (Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Gift of Howland S. Warren)

Peter Oliver, the Crown-appointed Chief Justice of provincial Massachusetts, knew how to discredit popular protest. Mindless and incapable of acting on their own, crowds that opposed British imperial policies “were like the Mobility of all Countries, perfect Machines, wound up by any Hand who might first take the Winch.” They needed a director who could “fabricate the Structure of Rebellion from a single straw.”[1] Without ringleaders or rabble-rousers, the masses would remain inert.

To this day, country crowds in Revolutionary Massachusetts are often viewed this way. One recent account of the 1774 popular actions in rural Massachusetts puts it this way: “Radical leaders drew forth the mobs. In the nether parts of the province, armed mobs utterly refused to allow the courts to open.”[2] Unwittingly, this reflects the old Tory view of revolutionary dynamics: so-called “mobs” do not act on their own volition but must be aroused by politically astute leaders.

Such portrayals skew our narratives of the American Revolution. Rebellious colonies were overwhelmingly rural—in Massachusetts, ninety-five percent of the people lived outside of Boston. To understand how that province cast off British rule, we need to take a closer look at crowd actions in the hinterlands. Who were those people whom leaders supposedly “drew forth”? How did they organize, and what, exactly, did they do?

Let’s start with the largest gatherings, which closed the courts in the shiretowns, or county seats, throughout Massachusetts. On September 6, 1774, in the town of Worcester, 4,622 militiamen from 37 companies throughout the county closed the Court of Common Pleas and the Court of General Sessions.[3] That was the date these courts were first slated to convene under the newly enacted Massachusetts Government Act, which overturned democratic safeguards guaranteed by the 1691 Massachusetts Charter.

A broad range of citizens, not just a handful of “radical leaders,” had been planning for this event. First, they armed. On July 4, 1774, in the town of Worcester, the American Political Society, which included about one-quarter of the enfranchised citizenry, declared “that each, and every, member of our Society, be forth with provided, with two pounds of gun powder each 12 flints and led answerable thereunto.”[4] Then, on August 9, fifty-one members of the Committees of Correspondence from twenty-two towns in Worcester County met for two days to discuss “wise, prudent, and spirited measures … to prevent the execution of those most alarming acts of parliament, respecting our constitution.”[5]

One week later, citizens from Berkshire County closed their county courts, setting a precedent that Worcester and other counties would soon follow. On August 30, when the Worcester County Committees of Correspondence convened once again, 130 delegates attended. This assemblage “recommended to the inhabitants of this county to attend, in person,” the forthcoming court sessions “in order to prevent the execution of the late act of parliament.” Further, it recommended that each attendee “purchase at least two pounds of powder in addition to any he may have on hand” and to “use all his exertions to supply his neighbors fully.”[6] Word had spread that Thomas Gage, military governor of the province, was planning to send troops to Worcester to protect the courts. An armed confrontation seemed possible, even likely.

With stakes this high, delegates to the convention worried that some stray shot might set off a conflagration. “It is recommended to the several towns, that they choose proper and suitable officers, and a sufficient number, to regulate the movements of each town, and prevent any disorder which might otherwise happen; and that it is enjoined on the inhabitants of each respective town, that they adhere strictly to the orders and directions of the officers.”[7] People were to act as soldiers, not as an unwieldy mob.

But on September 2, as tens of thousands mustered in response to rumors that British soldiers had set Boston ablaze, Governor Gage had a change of heart. He instructed Lord Dartmouth, secretary of state for the colonies, that although he had intended “to send a Body of Troops to Worcester, to protect the Courts there,” he would not in fact dispatch any troops. “Disturbance being so general, and not confined to any particular Spot,” he did not know “where to send them to be of Use.” Sending soldiers to quell every “disturbance” would require “dividing them in small Detachments, and tempt Numbers to fall upon them, which was reported to be the Scheme of the Directors of these Operations.”[8] (Note the Tory perspective: “Directors” had a “Scheme,” while the people themselves were mere pawns.)

When the American Political Society learned that Gage would not be sending troops, it resolved “not to bring our fire-arms into town the 6 day of Sept.”[9] Guns were no longer necessary, and a chance firing could taint the day’s events. Only a few companies, coming from afar and ignorant of the new policy, arrived with weapons.

The militiamen’s mood, formerly tense, turned festive and triumphant. Attention turned to staging the court closure in a dramatic fashion that colonials favored. But who would write the script and direct the action? A few ringleaders or the “body of the people,” as they said in those days?

In Boston, “the body of the people” assembled in a one sizeable, group. Here “the body” was a composite of thirty-seven discrete militia companies, the military embodiments of each town’s citizenry. This arrangement complicated the proceedings. Each company chose a special representative, distinct from the military captain it had already elected, “to wait on the judges.” This ad hoc committee then met with the court officials, who had retreated to Daniel Heywood’s tavern after being barred from the courthouse. The committee and the officials hammered out the terms of surrender: a formal statement that Breck Parkman, a participant, characterized as “a paper . . . signifying that they would endeavor &c.” The draft was then taken back to the separate companies, to be approved or rejected. As it turned out, militiamen determined that the judges’ statement was no more than an empty promise—in Parkman’s words, it “was not satisfying.” Representatives then returned to Heywood’s tavern to devise a stringent, binding contract. The process was democratic but cumbersome and time-consuming, and when some militiamen grew impatient, the Committees of Correspondence appointed three men to inquire about the delay.[10]

Finally, in the mid-afternoon, militia companies formed along both sides of Main Street. The lines stretched for a quarter-mile, Uxbridge in front of the courthouse, Westborough next, and so on, down to Upton and Templeton, stationed outside Heywood’s tavern.[11] When all were in place, two dozen court officials—judges, justices of the peace, court attorneys, and any whose power had been sanctioned by the Crown—emerged from the tavern. Hat in hand to signal deference, each official recited his formal recantation to the first militia company. But other militiamen could not hear, so each official then made his way through the gauntlet, repeating his recantation over thirty times. They all pledged “that all judicial proceeding be stayed . . . on account of the unconstitutional act of Parliament . . . which, if effected, will reduce the inhabitants to mere arbitrary power.”[12]

In addition to closing the courts, the Massachusetts citizenry went after the thirty-six men whom the Crown had just appointed to the Council, taking the place of elected council members. One-by-one, each councilor was confronted by inhabitants of his town and told to resign. Those who refused, faced with their neighbors’ wrath, were forced to leave home.

Returning home to Plymouth after taking his oath for the Council, George Watson unsuspectingly attended church. The Boston Evening-Post reported what happened there:

When he came into the House of publick Worship, a great number of the principal Inhabitants of that Town left the Meeting-House immediately upon his entering it; ‘being determined not to worship in fellowship with one, who has sworn to support that change of our constitution, which professedly establishes despotism among us.’[13]

Watson got the message and agreed to resign. He presented his reasons in a letter to Governor Gage:

By my accepting of this Appointment, I find that I have rendered myself very obnoxious, not only to the inhabitants of this place, but also to those of the neighboring towns. On my business as a Merchant I depend, for the support of myself and Family, and of this I must be intirely deprived, in short, I am reduced to the alternative of resigning my Seat at the Council Board, or quitting this, the place of my Nativity, which will be attended with the most fatal Consequences to myself, and family.[14]

When Josiah Edson, another councilor, went to church after taking his oath, his fellow parishioners in Bridgewater did not “even deign to sing ye psalm after his reading it, being deacon of the parish.” That was ultimatum enough, and Edson, refusing to resign, departed for the protection of British troops in Boston, a safe haven for those who no longer dared to live among their own townsmen.[15]

Those who neither resigned nor departed were treated harshly. Joshua Loring of Roxbury was awakened at midnight by “five men disguised, their faces black’d, hatts flap’d, and with cutlasses in their hands.”[16] Timothy Ruggles of Hardwick, fearing what might happen if he returned home after taking his oath, sought refuge with a friend in Dartmouth, one hundred miles away— but he could not escape so easily. There, his prize horse “had his Mane and Tail cut off, and his Body painted all over.”[17]

After taking his oath, Abijah Willard of Lancaster journeyed to Union, Connecticut, to avoid his angry neighbors. Yet Union’s patriots seized him, tossed him in jail for a night, and then returned him to Brimfield, Massachusetts, just over the border. He was placed in the hands of four hundred local citizens who “called a Council of themselves, and Condemned Colonel Willard to Newgate Prison, in Symsbury; and a number set off and carried him six miles on the way thither.”[18] Finally, once he agreed to resign, Willard was set free.

Yes, these were “mobs,” but like the militia companies in Worcester, they were not under the command of alleged leaders. Willard’s tormentors “called a Council of themselves” to determine his fate, and this was common. When Berkshire County’s David Ingersoll was seized by a mob, participants took “Several votes one way or another” before deciding in the end to release him.[19] In Braintree, Abigail Adams witnessed an out-of-doors “council” from her window. A troupe of about two hundred men, having forced the sheriff to burn two warrants he was attempting to deliver, wanted to shout “huzzah”—but alas, it was the Lord’s Day. Should they or should they not disturb the Sabbath? “They call’d a vote,” Abigail reported to her husband John, and “it being Sunday evening it passed in the negative.”[20]

Such behavior should come as no surprise. Democratic principles served as a foundation for communitarian life in New England, even in times of heated protest. But the Massachusetts Revolution of 1774, although truly democratic, did not resemble the liberal democracy we think of today, in which rights of unpopular minorities are legally protected. It was a less refined majoritarian form of democracy, in which crowds had their way in any manner. When Jesse Dunbar purchased some “fat Cattle” for resale from Nathaniel Ray Thomas, a Crown-appointed councilor from Marshfield, a crowd skinned and gutted one of the carcasses, placed Dunbar inside the belly, and carted him from one town to the next as local citizens hurled mud or tripe at his face.[21] Shaming was the name of the game. Outright violence was rare, although the threat of violence was omnipresent. Few Tories were actually tarred and feathered—but only because the mere presence of a bucket of tar generally sufficed to produce submission.

More often than not, even acts of intimidation were considered affairs. A crowd deliberated before an event and during it, holding what was in effect a mobile town meeting. Why is it so difficult to imagine that people in the hinterlands of Massachusetts, rehearsed in the practice of democracy for over a century, might rise up on their own when disenfranchised by Parliament—without being under the command of a few alleged ringleaders?

The problem stems, in part, from the implicit acceptance of an urban-centered model for revolutionary dynamics. In Boston, forceful individuals pushed their agendas through the press and public oratory. Witness John Adams’s iconic remark: “The evening spent in preparing for the next day’s newspaper,–a curious employment, cooking up paragraphs, articles, occurrences, &c., working the political engine!”[22] Even at mass meetings, prominent speakers commanded the podium while ordinary folks huzzahed or hooted them down. Conveniently, such venues have allowed historians to trace revolutionary politics through detailed newspaper accounts and the extant writings of “key” individuals who spoke at crowd gatherings.

In Massachusetts townships outside of Boston, the venues of political life were quite different: regularly scheduled town meetings, militia training days, and quarterly sessions of the courts, as well as informal encounters in public houses or other community hubs such as blacksmiths shops.[23] Many political interactions transpired orally, leaving historians out of the loop, but we do have some records. To understand the “engines” of revolution in rural Massachusetts, we look not only at the scanty press reports in Boston papers but also at the minutes of town meetings, often buried in basements of town halls; the journals of the Committees of Correspondence county conventions; and of course personal accounts of the multifarious confrontations that comprised this ubiquitous uprising. The sweeping social movement that transformed the political landscape in the fall of 1774—and set the stage for military conflict the following spring—was truly a group effort. We struggle with how to narrate this people’s revolution, which was to a large extent anonymous. Traditional trickle-down narratives, in which a few alleged leaders drive the agenda, or dismissive accounts of mindless “mobs,” will never suffice.

[1] Peter Oliver, Origin and Progress of the American Rebellion, eds. Douglass Adair and John A. Schutz (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1961), 65, 75.

[2] Derek Beck, Igniting the American Revolution (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2015), 40-41.

[3] Ebenezer Parkman, Diary, September 6 and 7, 1774, American Antiquarian Society. The diary can be accessed at:

[4] American Political Society, Minutes, American Antiquarian Society. This can be accessed at

[5] The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775, and of the Committee of Safety, with an Appendix, containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions, ed. William Lincoln (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 628, 631. This can be accessed at

[6] Lincoln, Proceedings of the County Conventions, 632, 634.

[7] Lincoln, Proceedings of the County Conventions, 632-3.

[8] Gage to Dartmouth, September 2, 1774, The Correspondence of General Thomas Gage, 1763-1775, Clarence E. Carter, ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1931-3), 1: 370.

[9] American Political Society, Minutes; Parkman, Diary. Parkman reported that “a few companys had arms,” and according to a second-hand account from an anonymous Tory, “about one thousand of them had fire-arms.” Boston’s Weekly News-Letter, February 23, 1775, and New York’s Rivington’s Gazette, March 9, 1775.

[10] Parkman, Diary; Lincoln, Proceedings of the County Conventions, 635–637.

[11] The order of formation comes from Parkman’s diary.

[12] Parkman, Diary; Lincoln, Proceedings of the County Conventions, 637. A detailed narrative of the day’s proceedings appears in Ray Raphael, The First American Revolution: Before Lexington and Concord (New York: The New Press, 2002), 130-38.

[13] Boston Evening-Post, August 29, 1774.

[14] George Watson to Gage, August 30, 1774, in L. Kinvin Wroth, ed., Province in Rebellion: A Documentary History of the Founding of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1774-1775 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), 533. Watson’s public resignation appears in the Massachusetts Spy, September 22, 1774.

[15] Andrews to Barrell, August 31, 1774, in “Letters of John Andrews of Boston, 1772-1776,” Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 8 (1864-1865), 349–350; see also Boston Evening-Post, August 29.

[16] Joshua Loring to Thomas Gage, August 31, 1774, in Wroth, Province in Rebellion, 537–538.

[17] Boston Evening-Post, August 29, 1774.

[18] Dispatch from New London, September 2, 1774, in St. Clair Clarke and Peter Force, American Archives, 4th series, 1:731; Declaration of Abijah Willard, August 25, 1774, in Wroth, Province in Rebellion, 527–528.

[19] Clarke and Force, American Archives, 4th series, 1:731; Declaration of David Ingersoll, in Wroth, Province in Rebellion, 606–609.

[20] Abigail Adams to John Adams, September 14, 1774, Adams Family Correspondence, L. H. Butterfield, ed. (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1963), 1:152.

[21] Clarke and Force, American Archives, 4th series, 1:1260–61.

[22] John Adams, Diary, September 2, 1769, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1850), 2:219.

[23] For the blacksmith shops as political hubs, see Ray Raphael, “Blacksmith Timothy Bigelow and the Massachusetts Revolution of 1774,” in Revolutionary Founders: Rebels, Radicals, and Reformers in the Making of the Nation, eds. Alfred F. Young, Gary B. Nash, and Ray Raphael (New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 211), 35-52.

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The True Start of the American Revolution

Myth: The American Revolution started at Lexington and Concord on April 19,...
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  • It’s amazing. I’m writing a novel set during the Revolution and every time I feel the need to do a bit of extra research on a particular topic, there just happens to be a relevant article posted on All Things Liberty. The timing is wonderful!

    • This is terrific to hear, Anna. So glad you’re finding helpful information among our archives! And that we have impeccable timing. 🙂

  • Another great myth busted! Thanks, Ray, for such a fine article. The truth is always much more fascinating because it’s REAL.

  • Actually, this article shows that Oliver was right. Would anyone of us accept the idea of a crowd closing down a courthouse today, simply because they disagreed with a government policy? Would anyone of us accept people confronting a politician in church and demanding he or she resign from office? How about people firing on policemen or soldiers? They would be arrested and denounced, no matter what justification they gave. We romanticize the American Revolution but would oppose anyone who did the same things today.

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10 Bardic Years Tour

It was 2006 when Daniele and Martino first started forming a band to play Daniele’s songs. I joined them a year later.
Being asked to join Ancient Bards is pretty much the best thing that’s ever happened to me because all the best things I treasure in my life derive from accepting their offer.

I didn’t know what I was getting myself into at that time: I had never sung power metal before (nor any other kinds metal, to be fair), I didn’t know anything about the underground music business and I most certainly didn’t expect to be able to release an album worldwide. I had to grow as a person and as an artist. Sure, there is still a long way to go, but I enjoy my journey so much because it constantly gives me huge satisfactions, it takes me to beautiful places and gets me to meet wonderful people.

Everything I am now I owe it to music, so I’m utterly grateful to Daniele for choosing me, giving me the chance to do what I love with some AMAZINGLY TALENTED musicians that also happen to be great human beings, beautiful friends that I love and consider as Family.

If Ancient Bards, through their music, can bring even half the joy they brought to me, I’ll call myself the happiest person on earth.

This premise serves to give you a picture of how excited I am to celebrate the 10th Anniversary of the foudation of Ancient Bards this fall around Europe and in Japan!

We will perform a special show, a new set especially designed for this celebration and we can’t wait to party with you! Come and see us!

Here’s where you can find us:

Sept 23rd – Dusseldorf DE – Pitcher
Sept 24th – Roeselare BE – De Verlichte Geest
Sept 25th – Eindhoven NL – FemME Festival
Oct 21st – Heerhugowaard NL – Kompleks
Oct 22nd – Zaandam NL – De Flux
Oct 23rd – Arnhem NL – Wilemeen
Nov 5th – Tokyo JP – Japanese Assault Fest
Nov 6th – Tokyo JP – Japanese Assault Fest

I’m looking forward to meeting you all, see you on the road!


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Wednesday, May 23, 2007

Politically Correct in Andalusia

So I'm standing at the bar at Juan Peña in Córdoba, eating the best fried eggplant in the world and a delicious asparagus salmorejo, because all the tables are taken. And I'm surrounded by caballeros--those utterly recognizable Spanish men whose bellies stick out over the pants their wives pressed for them that morning and who are given to walking in the street with their hands clutched behind their back.

There is far too much eggplant, so I offer some to a caballero. He asks me if I'm on vacation, and when I say no, he asks what kind of work I do. When I tell him I'm a journalist, he asks if I'm a bullfight critic, a perfectly reasonable assumption since it is feria. I tell him no, but that I (truthfully we) did write a story once about a bullfighter. I couldn't remember his name. "He's French," I said, "and Muslim." The caballero turns to one of his buddies. "What's the name of that torero?" he asks. "You know, el moro."

Only in Spain is the word "Muslim" interchangeable with "Moor."

Tuesday, May 15, 2007

Eating seasonally

I pulled up to the cemetery on my way back to the molino the other day, and ran into José María, our contractor, with one of his Romanian assistants. At first I thought he had come to collect the bill for the tiling, but then I saw the bulging plastic bags he and Vlad were carrying. This being spring, I had of course noticed that the cemetery walls were, well, crawling with snails. But I hadn't realized that anybody else had noticed. Nor, to be honest, did I realize that these things I tried not to crunch underfoot on my daily walk with Levon were somebody else's lunch.

José María opened his bag somewhat sheepishly to show me his haul, as if he had been caught with his hand in someone else's cookie jar. What could I say, but buen provecho?

Friday, May 11, 2007

Why I Won't Be Voting for the IU

Not that I can vote here. But if I could, the fact that crews began setting up a stage for the IU (United Left party) campaign kickoff in the plaza outside our apartment at 4am, with much pounding and hammering, would make me think twice. And the fact that they hired what can only be described as a Spanish hair band—one whose guitars were screeching well into the night—to attract the youth vote would certainly give me pause. But then, a bit after midnight, Gaspar Llamazares and other party leaders got up on stage, held hands and swayed back an forth to their anthem, which I had hoped would be the Internationale, but sounded suspiciously like a Spanish version of "We are the World."

Sunday, May 06, 2007

Stand by your woman

Back when the government decided to convert ETA member Iñaki de Juana's sentence to house arrest in order to save his life after a 4-month hunger strike, the PP claimed that the decision would lead to hundreds of other nefarious prisoners going on hunger strikes in order to get the same treatment. And what do you know, they were right. On Friday, one day after his beloved was arrested, Julián Muñoz, former waiter-turned-former-mayor, started a hunger strike. His motivation isn't clear, but we can imagine the noble cause for which he has jeapordized his very life. Just call him the Mahatma of Marbella

Thursday, May 03, 2007

Stand by your man

Once, she was known as the widow of Spain. Isabel Pantoja, singer, (yes, of cancion española, how could you tell?) was married to Paquirri and pregnant with his child when the famous bullfighter died in the ring at Pozoblanco. She grieved, oh how she grieved. And then, many years later, her son grown into an overweight, balding teenager with no job, La Pantoja fell in love again.

So what if her new love, Julian Muñoz, was married? So what if he happened to be mayor of Marbella? There was no need to hide: she was in love. The two of them danced sevillanas together, held hands as they walked through the street, eventually moved in together. Apparently that's not all they did together.

Because when the police came to search Muñoz's house last spring as part of a corruption bust that would send the entire city government past and present of Marbella to prison, they found, oh, $50,000 in cash lying around. Julian has been in jail for the past year, and now, as of this morning, Isabel will join him there.


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Defender of your Digital Freedom

Nov 13,2018 | 10:40 am

In this article, Mishi Choudhary discusses the Aadhaar Verdict given by the Supreme Court

On 26 September, by a 4-1 vote, a bench led by the retiring Honourable Chief Justice affirmed the constitutionality of the Aadhaar Act. With an analysis spanning 1,448 pages, it puts an end to the ever-expanding “mission creep” of the Aadhaar project but paves the way for a flurry of further litigation.

The majority opinion of the Court joined by a concurrence spans around 1,000 pages, yet leaves us with a labyrinth that raises more questions than it attempts to answer.

Voluntary or Mandatory?

Through the length of the opinion, the court observes that enrollment in the Aadhar scheme is of voluntary nature. This voluntary nature of enrollment in the Court’s opinion makes it imperative to have the consent of an “individual” for enrollment. Yet, the Court goes on to opine that it becomes compulsory for those who seek to receive any subsidy, benefit or service under the welfare scheme of the government expenditure, whereof is to be met from the Consolidated Fund of India.

A few paragraphs later, the Court says, “Since we have held that enrollment is voluntary in nature, those who specifically refuse to give the consent, they would be allowed to exit from Aadhaar scheme.”

A rational conclusion one would be tempted to draw is that unless you are receiving any subsidies or benefits of a welfare scheme, you don’t need an Aadhaaar number and if you specifically refuse to give consent, you will be allowed to exit from the scheme. But lo and behold! A double bind is volleyed your way. The Court upholds the validity of Section 139AA of Income Tax Act, 1961 that makes the linking of Aadhaar Card to the Permanent Account Number (PAN) mandatory. The result is that to get a PAN or file an Income Tax Return, one needs Aadhaar.

We can safely assume that most Indians would fall in either of these two categories: either they receive some subsidy, benefit or service under the welfare scheme of the government or they are within the tax network and pay income taxes and/or have a PAN and would, therefore, need to get an Aadhaar. Thereby banishing the “voluntary’ nature of Aadhaar to law books or into the fantasies of privacy activists and establishing a de facto”mandatory” scheme for almost the entirety of the population.

This is especially confusing because the Court holds that linking of SIM cards with Aadhaar impinges upon the voluntary nature of the Aadhaar scheme, yet fails to deal coherently with the same argument while considering the mandatory linking of PAN. Leaving us all to wonder is it mandatory or voluntary or both, thus failing the law of non-contradiction and defying classical logic.

The Court correctly expresses concern for kids who may have been enrolled into the Aadhaar scheme by their parents and directs that they be given an option to exit from the Aadhaar project if they so choose on attaining the age of maturity. But this thought process is abandoned midway as having made these observations, nowhere in the judgment does the Court directs the legislature to establish a process for exiting or opting out from the scheme or destruction of data that has already been collected.

A clarification petition to resolve these inconsistencies is ripe for consideration to resolve the matter clearly and to provide much-needed respite to the general public.

Technology and security

The Court seems to have been in total awe of the technology that is Aadhaar as represented by the constantly-praised but little-comprehended slide deck of UIDAI’s CEO inserted like four-colour Microsoft advertisements throughout the endlessly-stolid prose of the judgments. Despite this enchantment, while the dissent by Justice Chandrachud makes an honest attempt at understanding the new form of social science that advances in technology have brought, the majority barely registers the hurricane of technological advancement and the change it’s affecting on the relationship between the State with its citizens.

The price at which parties can buy access to Aadhaar numbers in bulk has dropped low enough, according to press reports, to prove that leakage is occurring on a significant scale. Reports of false Aadhaar card scams are so frequent they no longer make the front page.

Yet, the Court somehow relies heavily on the assurances offered by the CEO of UIDAI and the “very high profile officers” who constitute an oversight of Technology and Architecture Review Board (TARB) and Security Review Committee.

On 28 September, Facebook reported that an attack on its computer network had exposed the personal information of nearly 50 million users. In 2016 Yahoo! had been a subject of a security breach affecting 500 million users. We don’t even know how many people were impacted by the Equifax breach. Yet the Court seems to have brought into the plan for perfect security, operating flawlessly forever, for Aadhaar. No “platform” company, with all the immense profits earned from processing the data of hundreds of millions of customers, can claim to guarantee perfect security of customer data. No government can, at present, promise perfect security for even its most critical personal data. But all of us have been asked to trust a story in which Aadhaar data security is never breached.

For those of us who had approached the Court, we had firm belief that only the Supreme Court’s clarity and willingness to back its order with enforcement will ensure that law stands between our society and the consequences of hubris. For us, that clarity seems elusive or perhaps a few cases away.

The author is a technology lawyer and managing partner at Mishi Choudhary & Associates

In an article discussing the data protection bill released by the Justice BN Srikrishna panel, Mishi Choudhary was quoted as saying ...

Digital Rajasthan needs to be scanned: Low security, expertise and understanding blight state’s cyber drive

In an article discussing digital security of Rajasthan, data from Software Freedom Law Centre's internet shutdown tracker has been mentioned

SFLC expresses dismay at SC’s decision to exempt Section 7 from Aadhaar-linking deadline extension

Our statement on the Supreme Court decision to not exempt Section 7 of the Aadhaar Act from its interim order ...

Aadhaar hearings: Mandatory linking of Aadhaar with bank accounts violates the ‘Right to Equality’, argue petitioners

Our tweets from the Aadhaar hearings were used to write a news article on the hearing.


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Slideshow shadow

The 24th Annual Conference of the Association for Learning Technology, took place 5 – 7 September 2017, University of Liverpool, UK,  bringing together practitioners, researchers and policy makers from across sectors. Together we charted the development of Learning Technology from isolated islands of ‘innovation’ to becoming the new norm – and the challenges this entails for staff and learners alike. We explored how we move from individual innovation to institutional integration at scale.

Conference themes:

  • Empowerment in Learning Technology: supporting students through staff/student partnerships, students as influencers, developing skills and supporting staff at all levels
  • Learning Spaces: impact of Learning Technology on the physical and the virtual, strategies for enabling innovation, effectively managing change
  • Moving from the practical to the ‘publishable’: reporting from the forefront of innovation and research, policy and strategy fit (or not) for what’s ahead, sharing practice and scaling up Learning Technology through large scale institutional projects
  • At the forefront of innovation: ethical implications of ‘data’ for learning and teaching, making use of data in assessment, the hype around AI, machine learning and learning analytics and what’s beyond
  • Wildcard: you were free to contribute any aspect of your research, practice or policy work.

Download the conference flyer.

Watch the videos of the keynotes and selected sessions.


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Altrock Fabb Dental – Leading the Way with Innovative Laser Dentistry Solutions

Altrock Fabb Dental – Leading The Way With Innovative Laser Dentistry Solutions
October 13, 2020

For many patients, a trip to the dentist comes with a fair amount of anxiety. Traditionally, dental work has been associated with painful procedures that include the use of everything from daunting needles to drills.

The work being performed by dentists is important when it comes to maintaining great oral hygiene and a spectacular smile. That said, experts in the dental field have long sought pain-free solutions for dental care issues that can simultaneously reduce discomfort and increase overall patient satisfaction.

Keeping Up with the Latest in Technology Through Laser Dentistry

As in all other medical fields, the success and modern transformation of dentistry have been highly dependent on keeping pace with innovative technology trends. Over the last 10years, major and exciting strides have been made in the world of laser dentistry.

The team at Altrock Fabb Dental is committed to keeping up with the highest standards of service in our practice. To that end, we’re proud to announce that the Solea laser is now an integral part of the pain-free approach to dental care that we offer on-site! Many patients might be asking, “What is laser dentistry?”We’re excited to provide the answers.

Understanding Laser Dentistry

Increased precision and reduced pain during dental work are both the defining and inviting features of laser dentistry. Many patients have heard of laser dentistry, but are unclear on just how it all works and in what ways this technology benefits their dental care experience.

Some may be surprised to learn that laser dentistry is a practice that’s been around for more than 20years. Fully approved by the FDA, this technology not only gives dentists more precision in their work but also expands on the number of time-efficient procedures they’re able to carry out in their practice.

Noisy drills and painful needles are swapped out for more sophisticated methods at our practice. The concentrated light energy and heat emitted by the laser are effective at cutting both soft and hard tissue during procedures.

The Solea laser is particularly seamless for work on gums but also works just as well for teeth whitening. The laser eliminates intimidating drill sounds, making it a great choice for younger patients and adults that prefer a quiet and calm experience at the dentist.

The Solea Laser Experience

At Altrock Fabb Dental, we believe that laser dentistry in San Diego has been elevated to new levels of precision and excellence with the use of the Solea laser. Overall, the Solea laser has been proven to provide faster and more efficient results for patients when compared to more traditional procedural methods.

Solea is used by many dentists to reshape or remove problematic gum tissue. This is done through the application of intense and precisely directed light energy, operating at a wavelength of 9.3 microns.

In the vast majority of cases, patients undergoing procedures that depend on Solea will not need or require anesthesia. This makes for a more comfortable and time-efficient process that is also safer for the patient.

Benefits of Laser Dentistry at Altrock Fabb Dental

Whether a patient requires laser gum disease treatment or needs a cavity filled, the benefits associated with laser dentistry are many. Laser dentistry is closely linked to efficient tissue regeneration. In general, rapid healing standards can help patients to get back to their daily routines after procedures more quickly than ever before.

The precise nature of laser dentistry often equates to a reduced risk of infection, opening up procedural options for patients who are more prone to certain medical risks. This also makes dental work more accessible to children and seniors, as well as women who are pregnant. Because this type of dental care is minimally invasive, patients enjoy the removal of risks associated with general anesthesia, too.

Solea laser treatments provide dental care that comes with minimal bleeding and a reduced need for sutures at the treatment site. Dental longevity is often seen as a benefit of this technology because natural tooth structures are far more protected.

Procedures That Pair Well with Laser Dentistry

Entering the world of laser dentistry in San Diego has been both exciting and extremely rewarding for the team at Altrock Fabb Dental. As technological standards at our practice soar, we’ve been thrilled to see how many patients are benefiting from the change.

The Solea laser is a highly versatile tool that’s been proven to be effective for a wide variety of procedures. From laser gum disease treatment and root canals to teeth whitening, this approach to dentistry is effective and comprehensive.

The precise and ultimately gentle nature of Solea makes it an ideal technology when it’s time to prepare a patient’s mouth for treatment. Common procedures patients undergo using the Solea laser include anything from reshaping soft tissue and removing tumors to removing a tongue tie that could be hindering an individual’s speech or ability to swallow.

It’s estimated that close to half of all adults in the U.S. suffer from gum disease. The Solea laser is a great tool for combating harmful bacteria that are related to this condition, as it quickly removes diseased tissue and leaves healthy tissue behind to thrive.

Fillings and cavity removal are common dental procedures that are made even more pain-free and efficient with the Solea laser. Enamel can be prepped for a filling with ease while tooth decay is removed, all without the use of loud, invasive tools.

Beyond oral hygiene standards, many patients turn to Altrock Fabb Dental for cosmetic services, including teeth whitening. Laser dentistry has been shown to speed up the whitening process by lifting stains out of teeth in a more efficient manner.

Laser Dentistry in San Diego

There’s no reason to wait when you’re looking forward to dental care that keeps up with cutting-edge technology. We provide patients with the pain-free appointment they deserve. Reach out to Altrock Fabb Dental today to learn more and to schedule your appointment.

Your Family Dentists near you always enjoy seeing new faces.

Our Dental Clinic in San Diego, CA Accepting New Patients

Smile with Confidence | We can help you smile the smile you've dreamed of.

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I. Hate. The. Treadmill.

Seriously. I thought I could do it today. I was watching Revenge (my new favorite show), I didn’t have to wear any extra layers, my heel didn’t hurt, my legs didn’t hurt, I just can’t do it. I don’t know what mental block I have, but whatever it is it prevents me from running on the treadmill.

There was even an article in the February issue of Runner’s World on how to beat the treadmill boredom and nothing helped. NOTHING! I guess I should quit complaining since it’s obnoxious. I just don’t know what else to do. I ended up running every other lap and moved as far away as fast as I could as soon as I hit 2 miles.

Thanks, dailymile.

Thanks, dailymile.

The reason I ran on the treadmill was because it was raining pretty hard today. If it was just drizzling I have some gear I could wear but not anything for heavy duty rainfall. I’m thinking of getting a waterproof hat though, which would help even in drizzly weather. Any suggestions for rain gear? What do you do when it rains and you need to clock some miles?

Did another yoga video from YouTube when I got home. I did a different one than Thursday and didn’t like it quite as much. There were a few poses where you have to sit back on your heels and stuff and poses like that for me are not very effective. It’s probably the size of my legs, but it usually hurts. However, there was a glorious hip stretch toward the beginning of the sequence that I really enjoyed.

I wore my Brooks today since my heel has been bothering me in the Mizunos. I felt better but I would still like to know what’s causing the problem. Perhaps when I am working (and have insurance) I will get it checked out.

In other news, I really want a chocolate malt…

2 thoughts on “I. Hate. The. Treadmill.

  1. runnerbydefault says:

    I wish I could pass on my love of the treadmill to other people! Most people struggle with it but I look forward to. I only allow myself to watch my DVR’ed shows if I am on it so maybe that is why. Otherwise, I wouldn’t get any screen time.

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Quick Healthy Hangover Smoothie!

Want a Quick healthy hangover smoothie to perk you up? This quick healthy hangover smoothie is just what your body needs after having one too many at christmas. The ultimate hangover cure that doesn’t involve a greasy fry up. Let me guess? You had one…

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How To Stay Healthy During The Holidays

How to stay healthy during the holidays: 5 tips! I don’t know about you but I certainly struggle with figuring out how to stay healthy during the holidays and with Christmas literally right around the corner, saying on track is hard. All those Christmas party…

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Whats next for Amanda Millie?

Whats next for Amanda Millie??? Hello beautiful people, I wanted to do a little update on whats next for Amanda Millie as a blog. As I start to really focus on being more consistent with the blogging, I realise that I probably need to do…

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Mon panier

Jerry's Apparel

Women Fleece Hoodies Long Sleeve

$41.99 USD

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Classic, versatile and comfortable are just a few of the ways to describe this Women Fleece Hoodies Long Sleeve, Keep warm this winter with these stylish and fashionable Long Sleeve fleece Pullover with zipper. This collection has a stylish and comfortable fit that is sure to become a favorite. A flattering fit is guaranteed with these Winter Warm Sweatshirt with Pockets. Choose from a wide range of colors and patterns that are sure to compliment any look. The soft and comfortable material won't cause any irritation. A fun and stylish way to update your casual wear.

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Wedding poetry at Château Bouffémont

Fragrant flowers from Floret Florals, a wedding couple in love, historic architecture with contemporary interiors – these are the ingredients needed for a romantic chateau wedding with a modern French flair.

A lot of love and dedication was spent by wedding planner Aurélia Boulenger  to transform the idyllically located Château Bouffémont  into a dream wedding world.

Fine art photographer Claire Eyos captured in stunning images how this stylish concept became a fabulous feast for the eyes.

From Aurélia Boulenger: “This is a chic and natural wedding inspiration. We were inspired by nature itself, more specifically by all the greenery we have in the beautiful castles in France, like the “jardin à la française”. Therefore, we wanted to create a romantic and elegant oragnic mood. We chose to incorporate natural elements in every single detail, such as the beautiful ceremony dress by international designer Georges Hobeika with its stunning floral pattern, the floral earrings by Nicola Bathie and all the handmade details on the wedding cake and stationery.

We also wanted to show that you can use natural elements to create a modern and elegant atmosphere and stunning decor.

For the romantic vibe, we chose models who are in a real-life connection to ensure that the emotions of a wedding day can be reflected on the photo shoot, and to bring life to this wedding inspiration.”

Photographer: Claire Eyos
Wedding planner, designer and stylist: Aurélia Boulenger
Makeup & Hair: Reina Kim
Florist: Floret Florals
Cake: Synie’s
Stationery: Silent Word Studio
Bouquet Ribbon: Lancaster & Cornish
Bridal Prêt-à-Porter Dress: Georges Hobeika
Ceremony Earrings: Nicola Bathie
Bride Shoes: Bella Belle
Rings: Marthan Lorand
Suits: Rives Paris
Bridal Shop: Metal Flaque
Reception Dress: Inbal Dror
Reception Earrings: Stephanie Browne
Venue: Château Bouffémont
Rentals: Vaisselle Vintage
Rentals: Maison Options
Female Model: Charlotte Depaepe
Male Model: Camille-François Nicol


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Video Premiere: Katie Jo “How Soon”

The new single from Katie Jo is a sonic throwback: classic country with a classic country vocal.  Sounding both new and familiar at once, ‘How Soon’ is immediately absorbing.  The strong and restless rhythm mirrors the song’s theme of fickle love, fading feelings and moving on.  Though it’s upbeat, the focus on the sort of love that is bound to fail has that stark bitterness found in much of the best country and Americana.   Here, the twist is that it’s written from the point of view of the woman left behind rather than the rambling man.  The inversion of this country cliché gives the song a freshness.  The accompanying video, featuring footage taken by Jo while travelling by rail across the American west, works well with that railroad train beat.  The Los Angeles-via-Wichita singer-songwriter delivers this timeless song with such confidence that comparisons with Luther Perkins and early Cash are justified.

Look out for the debut album, ‘Pawn Shop Queen’, which is due to drop on 9th April.  It promises to bring more of Katie Jo’s rich voice and storytelling authenticity.  With individuality and rawness, Jo covers a range of challenging material, including depression, abortion and infertility.  The themes reflect a difficult period in her life, in which there was a break-up on top of a medically-necessary abortion.  Song-writing helped her get through.  She explains something of the trauma that was channelled into these songs: “When I was 26, I was diagnosed with a condition called a bicornuate uterus, which means my uterus didn’t form properly. My doctor told me out of the blue, and it was a shock. At the time, a lot of my friends were starting to think about having kids, and I’d always assumed I’d go down that path, too. Then I got this news, but the doctor didn’t really give me a lot of information, just kind of brushed it aside and was very dismissive of my questions about how it would impact my life. When you’re a young woman, just a woman in general, a lot of times when you try to get medical advice, you’re either dismissed or people don’t explain all the things that can go wrong.”

Against the odds and despite the unravelling of her long-term relationship, Katie Jo did become pregnant.  She continues: “I knew I didn’t want to be pregnant. I already knew something was wrong with me, and I just did not want to go through that experience. I wasn’t ready to be a mother. I knew I couldn’t go back to the same doctor, so I called Planned Parenthood, and I asked, what does it mean to terminate a pregnancy? What does that look like? It was a very hard phone call to make.”  The abortion was complicated due to her medical condition and emergency surgery was necessary as the pregnancy could have led to her death.  All of this, she experienced alone.  “It was a very traumatic, life-altering thing to go through alone. For five or six years, I just kept it to myself and fell into deep depression. All of my friends were starting to get married and have kids while I was forced down this alternate path I didn’t quite understand. It really destroyed my emotional fortitude.”

That she transforms such uncomfortable themes into such lovely and engaging music is a triumph.  The record is one to look out for.  In the meantime, check out our video premiere of ‘How Soon’.

>>> Please help to support the running costs of Americana UK, run by a dedicated team in our spare time, by donating £2 a month to us - we'll send you an exclusive 20 track curated playlist every month plus the opportunity to win our monthly giveaway. Click here for more information.

About Andrew Frolish 761 Articles
From up north but now hiding in rural Suffolk. An insomniac music-lover. Love discovering new music to get lost in - country, singer-songwriters, Americana, rock...whatever. Currently enjoying Ferris & Sylvester, John Smith, Jarrod Dickenson, William Prince, Frank Turner, Our Man in the Field...

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You are here: Home » News & Events » News » Sustain:Green MasterCard Brings Carbon Reduction Rewards and Sustainability to Everyday Purchases

Sustain:Green MasterCard Brings Carbon Reduction Rewards and Sustainability to Everyday Purchases

January 20, 2015 - Miami, FL

On average, the American lifestyle produces enough carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (17.6 metric tons) to equal over 41,000 miles of driving in a typical passenger car.  Manmade carbon emissions are considered the leading cause of global climate change, yet carbon reduction and other sustainability efforts don’t always eliminate one’s carbon footprint to zero.  To address this problem, Sustain:Green has created a new biodegradable MasterCard® rewards cardholders with carbon offsets for their everyday purchases.  Carbon offsets rewarded to Sustain:Green users help fund Mata no Peito rainforest preservation projects in Brazil.

To reward users of the card, Sustain:Green reduces their carbon footprint by 2 pounds for every dollar in net merchandise purchases.  On the card’s first use, an additional 5,000 pounds of CO2 is eliminated on the cardholder’s behalf.  Card users can calculate their carbon footprint and track their reduction through their personal online dashboard.  All carbon offset purchases and retirement on behalf of Sustain:Green cardholders are recorded transparently on the American Carbon Registry.

“After recycling, reusable grocery bags, and turning down the thermostat, the options most people have to reduce their carbon footprint usually fall into three categories, too difficult, too expensive, or not possible,” said Arthur Newman, Co-Founder and CEO of Sustain:Green.  “Just by using our card for purchases they would make anyway, consumers can shrink their carbon footprint for free, everyday, while also helping to preserve rainforests critical to combating climate change.  We hope they will use the card in conjunction with other carbon reduction lifestyle changes, such as fuel efficient transportation choices.”

The Sustain:Green MasterCard is issued by Commerce Bank.  Commerce Bank is ranked among the top 10 on Forbes’ list of America’s Best Banks for the sixth year in a row.[1] With a deep commitment to sustainability, Commerce Bank issues the Sustain:Green MasterCard and manages all aspects of the credit card not specifically related to the rewards program.

“At Commerce, we consider sustainability factors in all facets of our business. Since 2009, our E-statement usage has increased by more than 230% and we’ve reduced annual energy consumption companywide by more than 20% over the last 6 years,” said Chad Doza, Senior Vice President of Consumer Credit Cards.  “Our relationship with Sustain:Green enables us to expand on our sustainability efforts by offering a customized credit card solution for Sustain:Green members to help reduce carbon footprints and preserve rainforests.”

For transparent tracking and accounting of carbon offsets rewarded to card users, Sustain:Green works in concert with the non-profit American Carbon Registry (ACR).  ACR is the world’s first private, voluntary offset program, with two decades of experience in the development of science-based greenhouse gas accounting methodologies, as well as operational experience in the oversight of carbon offset project verification, registration, offset issuance and retirement reporting.

“Until now, carbon offsets were a typically used by businesses to reduce their carbon footprints,” said Mary Grady, American Carbon Registry Director of Business Development.  “Today, with the Sustain:Green MasterCard, individuals can reduce their carbon footprint, easily and automatically just by using the card.  We applaud Sustain:Green for helping engage consumers in the fight against climate change.”

The biodegradable Sustain:Green MasterCard also brings simplicity to corporate social responsibility efforts.  CSR managers can track the collective carbon reduction of cardholders within their company through the online dashboard and non-profit organizations can anonymously track similar data of their members.

Individuals can apply online at  Organizations interested in sharing the biodegradable Sustain:Green MasterCard with their employees or members should contact the company directly at

About Sustain:Green

Sustain:Green is a provider of unique credit cards, supported by MasterCard and issued by Commerce Bank, that offer carbon reduction rewards with every swipe. The founders of Sustain:Green combined their backgrounds in finance, green technology and carbon markets, with their passion for sustainable living, to create a financial services product with social value. Every time the biodegradable cards are used, a concrete contribution to the fight against climate change is made through carbon offsets and reforestation projects. Sustain:Green partners with leading environmental organizations and financial institutions, such as the American Carbon Registry, who share in their vision of a healthier planet. Learn more by visiting or

[1]Forbes, America’s Best and Worst Banks 2014, December 19, 2013