text:
Nazi Party Explained

National Socialist German Workers' Party
Headquarters:Brown House, Munich, Germany
Native Name:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Leader1 Title:Chairman
Leader1 Name:Anton Drexler
(24 February 1920 – 29 July 1921)
Leader3 Title:Party Minister
Leader2 Title:Führer
Leader2 Name:Adolf Hitler
(29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945)
Leader3 Name:Martin Bormann
(30 April 1945 – 2 May 1945)
Predecessor:German Workers' Party
Slogan:"German: [[Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer]]" (English: "One People, One Nation, One Leader") (unofficial)
Newspaper:Völkischer Beobachter
Student Wing:National Socialist German Students' League
Youth Wing:
Wing1 Title:Paramilitary wings
  • German: [[Sturmabteilung]]
  • German: [[Schutzstaffel]]
German: [[Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrkorps]]
Wing2 Title:Sports body
Wing2:National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
Wing3 Title:Women's wing
Wing3:National Socialist Women's League
Wing4 Title:Labour wing
Wing4:German Labour Front
  • Fewer than 60 (1920)
  • 8.5 million (1945)
Position:Far-right[1] [2]
("Horst Wessel Song")

The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party,[3] was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945, that created and supported the ideology of National Socialism. Its precursor, the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920.

The Nazi Party emerged from the German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in post-World War I Germany. The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into völkisch nationalism. Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-big business, anti-bourgeois, and anti-capitalist rhetoric, although this was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders, and in the 1930s the party's main focus shifted to anti-Semitic and anti-Marxist themes.

Pseudo-scientific racist theories were central to Nazism, expressed in the idea of a "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft). The party aimed to unite "racially desirable" Germans as national comrades, while excluding those deemed either to be political dissidents, physically or intellectually inferior, or of a foreign race (Fremdvölkische).[4] The Nazis sought to strengthen the Germanic people, the "Aryan master race", through racial purity and eugenics, broad social welfare programs, and a collective subordination of individual rights, which could be sacrificed for the good of the state on behalf of the people.

To protect the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to exterminate Jews, Romani, Poles and most other Slavs, along with the physically and mentally handicapped. They disenfranchised and segregated homosexuals, Africans, Jehovah's Witnesses and political opponents. The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state set in motion the Final Solution—an industrial system of genocide which achieved the murder of around 6 million Jews and millions of other targeted victims, in what has become known as the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler, the party's leader since 1921, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. Hitler rapidly established a totalitarian regime known as the Third Reich. Following the defeat of the Third Reich at the conclusion of World War II in Europe, the party was "declared to be illegal" by the Allied powers,[5] who carried out denazification in the years after the war both in Germany and in territories occupied by Nazi forces. The use of any symbols associated with the party is now outlawed in many European countries, including Germany and Austria.

Nazi, the informal and originally derogatory term for a party member, abbreviates the party's name (German: Nationalsozialist in German pronounced as /natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪst/), and was coined in analogy with Sozi (pronounced in German pronounced as /ˈzoːtsiː/), an abbreviation of Sozialdemokrat (member of the rival Social Democratic Party of Germany). Members of the party referred to themselves as Nationalsozialisten (National Socialists), rarely as Nazis. The term Parteigenosse (party member) was commonly used among Nazis, with its corresponding feminine form Parteigenossin.[6]

The term was in use before the rise of the party as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backward peasant, an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, a shortened version of Ignatius,[7] [8] which was a common name in the Nazis' home region of Bavaria. Opponents seized on this, and the long-existing Sozi, to attach a dismissive nickname to the National Socialists.[9]

In 1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed power in the German government, the usage of "Nazi" diminished in Germany, although Austrian anti-Nazis continued to use the term, and the use of "Nazi Germany" and "Nazi regime" was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II.[9] In English, the term is not considered slang, and has such derivatives as Nazism and denazification.

Origins and early years: 1918–1923

The party grew out of smaller political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of World War I. In 1918, a league called the Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace) was created in Bremen, Germany. On 7 March 1918, Anton Drexler, an avid German nationalist, formed a branch of this league in Munich. Drexler was a local locksmith who had been a member of the militarist Fatherland Party during World War I and was bitterly opposed to the armistice of November 1918 and the revolutionary upheavals that followed. Drexler followed the views of militant nationalists of the day, such as opposing the Treaty of Versailles, having antisemitic, anti-monarchist and anti-Marxist views, as well as believing in the superiority of Germans whom they claimed to be part of the Aryan "master race" (Herrenvolk). However, he also accused international capitalism of being a Jewish-dominated movement and denounced capitalists for war profiteering in World War I. Drexler saw the political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the Weimar Republic being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes. Drexler emphasised the need for a synthesis of völkisch nationalism with a form of economic socialism, in order to create a popular nationalist-oriented workers' movement that could challenge the rise of Communism and internationalist politics. These were all well-known themes popular with various Weimar paramilitary groups such as the Freikorps.

Drexler's movement received attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter Dietrich Eckart, a well-to-do journalist, brought military figure Felix Graf von Bothmer, a prominent supporter of the concept of "national socialism", to address the movement. Later in 1918, Karl Harrer (a journalist and member of the Thule Society) convinced Drexler and several others to form the Politischer Arbeiterzirkel (Political Workers' Circle). The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against the Jews. In December 1918, Drexler decided that a new political party should be formed, based on the political principles that he endorsed, by combining his branch of the Workers' Committee for a good Peace with the Political Workers' Circle.

On 5 January 1919, Drexler created a new political party and proposed it should be named the "German Socialist Workers' Party", but Harrer objected to the term "socialist"; so the term was removed and the party was named the German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP). To ease concerns among potential middle-class supporters, Drexler made clear that unlike Marxists the party supported the middle-class and that its socialist policy was meant to give social welfare to German citizens deemed part of the Aryan race. They became one of many völkisch movements that existed in Germany. Like other völkisch groups, the DAP advocated the belief that through profit-sharing instead of socialisation Germany should become a unified "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft) rather than a society divided along class and party lines. This ideology was explicitly antisemitic. As early as 1920, the party was raising money by selling a tobacco called Anti-Semit.

From the outset, the DAP was opposed to non-nationalist political movements, especially on the left, including the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). Members of the DAP saw themselves as fighting against "Bolshevism" and anyone considered a part of or aiding so-called "international Jewry". The DAP was also deeply opposed to the Versailles Treaty. The DAP did not attempt to make itself public and meetings were kept in relative secrecy, with public speakers discussing what they thought of Germany's present state of affairs, or writing to like-minded societies in Northern Germany.

The DAP was a comparatively small group with fewer than 60 members. Nevertheless, it attracted the attention of the German authorities, who were suspicious of any organisation that appeared to have subversive tendencies. In July 1919, while stationed in Munich army Gefreiter Adolf Hitler was appointed a Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr (army) by Captain Mayr the head of the Education and Propaganda Department (Dept Ib/P) in Bavaria. Hitler was assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the DAP. While attending a party meeting on 12 September 1919, Hitler became involved in a heated argument with a visitor, Professor Baumann, who questioned the soundness of Gottfried Feder's arguments against capitalism; Baumann proposed that Bavaria should break away from Prussia and found a new South German nation with Austria. In vehemently attacking the man's arguments, Hitler made an impression on the other party members with his oratorical skills; according to Hitler, the "professor" left the hall acknowledging unequivocal defeat. Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). Among the party's earlier members were Ernst Röhm of the Army's District Command VII; Dietrich Eckart, who has been called the spiritual father of National Socialism;[10] then-University of Munich student Rudolf Hess; Freikorps soldier Hans Frank; and Alfred Rosenberg, often credited as the philosopher of the movement. All were later prominent in the Nazi regime.

Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member (he was in fact the seventh executive member of the party's central committee and he would later wear the Golden Party Badge number one). Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim:

Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the Hofbräukeller on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people.[11] Hitler later declared that this was when he realised he could really "make a good speech". At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920. Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that Karl Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement. It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself. Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a Greater Germany, Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of war profits, abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation. In general, the manifesto was antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal. To increase its appeal to larger segments of the population, on the same day as Hitler's Hofbräuhaus speech on 24 February 1920, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("National Socialist German Workers' Party", or Nazi Party). The word "Socialist" was added by the party's executive committee, over Hitler's objections, in order to help appeal to left-wing workers.

In 1920, the Nazi Party officially announced that only persons of "pure Aryan descent [''{{lang|de|rein arischer Abkunft}}'']" could become party members and if the person had a spouse, the spouse also had to be a "racially pure" Aryan. Party members could not be related either directly or indirectly to a so-called "non-Aryan".[12] Even before it had become legally forbidden by the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews.[13] Party members found guilty of Rassenschande ("racial defilement") were persecuted heavily. Some members were even sentenced to death.[14]

Hitler quickly became the party's most active orator, appearing in public as a speaker 31 times within the first year after his self-discovery. Crowds began to flock to hear his speeches. Hitler always spoke about the same subjects: the Treaty of Versailles and the Jewish question. This deliberate technique and effective publicising of the party contributed significantly to his early success, about which a contemporary poster wrote: "Since Herr Hitler is a brilliant speaker, we can hold out the prospect of an extremely exciting evening". Over the following months, the party continued to attract new members, while remaining too small to have any real significance in German politics. By the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000, many of whom Hitler and Röhm had brought into the party personally, or for whom Hitler's oratory had been their reason for joining.

Hitler's talent as an orator and his ability to draw new members, combined with his characteristic ruthlessness, soon made him the dominant figure. However, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). Upon returning to Munich on 11 July, Hitler angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party. Hitler announced he would rejoin on condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the NSDAP, as his opponents had Hermann Esser expelled from the party and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser to thunderous applause.

His strategy proved successful; at a special party congress on 29 July 1921, he replaced Drexler as party chairman by a vote of 533to1. The committee was dissolved, and Hitler was granted nearly absolute powers as the party's sole leader. He would hold the post for the remainder of his life. Hitler soon acquired the title Führer ("leader") and after a series of sharp internal conflicts it was accepted that the party would be governed by the Führerprinzip ("leader principle"). Under this principle, the party was a highly centralised entity that functioned strictly from the top down, with Hitler at the apex as the party's absolute leader. Hitler saw the party as a revolutionary organisation, whose aim was the overthrow of the Weimar Republic, which he saw as controlled by the socialists, Jews and the "November criminals" who had betrayed the German soldiers in 1918. The SA ("storm troopers", also known as "Brownshirts") were founded as a party militia in 1921 and began violent attacks on other parties.

For Hitler, the twin goals of the party were always German nationalist expansionism and antisemitism. These two goals were fused in his mind by his belief that Germany's external enemies – Britain, France and the Soviet Union – were controlled by the Jews and that Germany's future wars of national expansion would necessarily entail a war against the Jews. For Hitler and his principal lieutenants, national and racial issues were always dominant. This was symbolised by the adoption as the party emblem of the swastika or Hakenkreuz. In German nationalist circles, the swastika was considered a symbol of an "Aryan race" and it symbolised the replacement of the Christian Cross with allegiance to a National Socialist State.

The Nazi Party grew significantly during 1921 and 1922, partly through Hitler's oratorical skills, partly through the SA's appeal to unemployed young men, and partly because there was a backlash against socialist and liberal politics in Bavaria as Germany's economic problems deepened and the weakness of the Weimar regime became apparent. The party recruited former World War I soldiers, to whom Hitler as a decorated frontline veteran could particularly appeal, as well as small businessmen and disaffected former members of rival parties. Nazi rallies were often held in beer halls, where downtrodden men could get free beer. The Hitler Youth was formed for the children of party members. The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. Julius Streicher in Nuremberg was an early recruit and became editor of the racist magazine Der Stürmer. In December 1920, the Nazi Party had acquired a newspaper, the Völkischer Beobachter, of which its leading ideologist Alfred Rosenberg became editor. Others to join the party around this time were Heinrich Himmler and World War I flying ace Hermann Göring.

On 31 October 1922, a party with similar policies and objectives came into power in Italy, the National Fascist Party, under the leadership of the charismatic Benito Mussolini. The Fascists, like the Nazis, promoted a national rebirth of their country, as they opposed communism and liberalism; appealed to the working-class; opposed the Treaty of Versailles; and advocated the territorial expansion of their country. The Italian Fascists used a straight-armed Roman salute and wore black-shirted uniforms. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and the Fascists, borrowing their use of the straight-armed salute as a Nazi salute. When the Fascists came to power in 1922 in Italy through their coup attempt called the "March on Rome", Hitler began planning his own coup.

In January 1923, France occupied the Ruhr industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its reparations payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of Wilhelm Cuno's government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000. By November, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the Reichswehr (the post-war German military) would mutiny against the Berlin government and join his revolt. In this, he was influenced by former General Erich Ludendorff, who had become a supporter—though not a member—of the Nazis.

On the night of 8 November, the Nazis used a patriotic rally in a Munich beer hall to launch an attempted putsch ("coup d'état"). This so-called Beer Hall Putsch attempt failed almost at once when the local Reichswehr commanders refused to support it. On the morning of 9 November, the Nazis staged a march of about 2,000 supporters through Munich in an attempt to rally support. Troops opened fire and 16 Nazis were killed. Hitler, Ludendorff and a number of others were arrested and were tried for treason in March 1924. Hitler and his associates were given very lenient prison sentences. While Hitler was in prison, he wrote his semi-autobiographical political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle").

The Nazi Party was banned on 9 November 1923; however, with the support of the nationalist Völkisch-Social Bloc (Völkisch-Sozialer Block), it continued to operate under the name "German Party" (Deutsche Partei or DP) from 1924 to 1925. The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing Volkish nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new German Völkisch Freedom Party, leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as Joseph Goebbels retaining support for the party.

Rise to power: 1925–1933

Adolf Hitler was released from prison on 20 December 1924. On 16 February 1925, Hitler convinced the Bavarian authorities to lift the ban on the NSDAP and the party was formally refounded on 26 February 1925, with Hitler as its undisputed leader. The new Nazi Party was no longer a paramilitary organisation and disavowed any intention of taking power by force. In any case, the economic and political situation had stabilised and the extremist upsurge of 1923 had faded, so there was no prospect of further revolutionary adventures. The Nazi Party of 1925 was divided into the "Leadership Corps" (Korps der politischen Leiter) appointed by Hitler and the general membership (Parteimitglieder). The party and the SA were kept separate and the legal aspect of the party's work was emphasised. In a sign of this, the party began to admit women. The SA and the SS members (the latter founded in 1925 as Hitler's bodyguard, and known originally as the Schutzkommando) had to all be regular party members.

In the 1920s, the Nazi Party expanded beyond its Bavarian base. Catholic Bavaria maintained its right-wing nostalgia for a Catholic monarch; and Westphalia, along with working-class "Red Berlin", were always the Nazis' weakest areas electorally, even during the Third Reich itself. The areas of strongest Nazi support were in rural Protestant areas such as Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg, Pomerania and East Prussia. Depressed working-class areas such as Thuringia also produced a strong Nazi vote, while the workers of the Ruhr and Hamburg largely remained loyal to the Social Democrats, the Communist Party of Germany or the Catholic Centre Party. Nuremberg remained a Nazi Party stronghold, and the first Nuremberg Rally was held there in 1927. These rallies soon became massive displays of Nazi paramilitary power and attracted many recruits. The Nazis' strongest appeal was to the lower middle-classes – farmers, public servants, teachers and small businessmen – who had suffered most from the inflation of the 1920s, so who feared Bolshevism more than anything else. The small business class was receptive to Hitler's antisemitism, since it blamed Jewish big business for its economic problems. University students, disappointed at being too young to have served in the War of 1914–1918 and attracted by the Nazis' radical rhetoric, also became a strong Nazi constituency. By 1929, the party had 130,000 members.

The party's nominal Deputy Leader was Rudolf Hess, but he had no real power in the party. By the early 1930s, the senior leaders of the party after Hitler were Heinrich Himmler, Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Göring. Beneath the Leadership Corps were the party's regional leaders, the Gauleiters, each of whom commanded the party in his Gau ("region"). Goebbels began his ascent through the party hierarchy as Gauleiter of Berlin-Brandenburg in 1926. Streicher was Gauleiter of Franconia, where he published his antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer. Beneath the Gauleiter were lower-level officials, the Kreisleiter ("county leaders"), Zellenleiter ("cell leaders") and Blockleiter ("block leaders"). This was a strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the top and unquestioning loyalty was given to superiors. Only the SA retained some autonomy. Being composed largely of unemployed workers, many SA men took the Nazis' socialist rhetoric seriously. At this time, the Hitler salute (borrowed from the Italian fascists) and the greeting "Heil Hitler!" were adopted throughout the party.

The Nazis contested elections to the national parliament (the Reichstag) and to the state legislature (the Landtage) from 1924, although at first with little success. The "National Socialist Freedom Movement" polled 3% of the vote in the December 1924 Reichstag elections and this fell to 2.6% in 1928. State elections produced similar results. Despite these poor results and despite Germany's relative political stability and prosperity during the later 1920s, the Nazi Party continued to grow. This was partly because Hitler, who had no administrative ability, left the party organisation to the head of the secretariat, Philipp Bouhler, the party treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz and business manager Max Amann. The party had a capable propaganda head in Gregor Strasser, who was promoted to national organizational leader in January 1928. These men gave the party efficient recruitment and organizational structures. The party also owed its growth to the gradual fading away of competitor nationalist groups, such as the German National People's Party (DNVP). As Hitler became the recognised head of the German nationalists, other groups declined or were absorbed.

Despite these strengths, the Nazi Party might never have come to power had it not been for the Great Depression and its effects on Germany. By 1930, the German economy was beset with mass unemployment and widespread business failures. The Social Democrats and Communists were bitterly divided and unable to formulate an effective solution: this gave the Nazis their opportunity and Hitler's message, blaming the crisis on the Jewish financiers and the Bolsheviks, resonated with wide sections of the electorate. At the September 1930 Reichstag elections, the Nazis won 18.3% of the votes and became the second-largest party in the Reichstag after the Social Democrats. Hitler proved to be a highly effective campaigner, pioneering the use of radio and aircraft for this purpose. His dismissal of Strasser and his appointment of Goebbels as the party's propaganda chief were major factors. While Strasser had used his position to promote his own leftish version of national socialism, Goebbels was totally loyal to Hitler and worked only to improve Hitler's image.

The 1930 elections changed the German political landscape by weakening the traditional nationalist parties, the DNVP and the DVP, leaving the Nazis as the chief alternative to the discredited Social Democrats and the Zentrum, whose leader, Heinrich Brüning, headed a weak minority government. The inability of the democratic parties to form a united front, the self-imposed isolation of the Communists and the continued decline of the economy, all played into Hitler's hands. He now came to be seen as de facto leader of the opposition and donations poured into the Nazi Party's coffers. Some major business figures, such as Fritz Thyssen, were Nazi supporters and gave generously and some Wall Street figures were allegedly involved, but many other businessmen were suspicious of the extreme nationalist tendencies of the Nazis and preferred to support the traditional conservative parties instead.

During 1931 and into 1932, Germany's political crisis deepened. Hitler ran for President against the incumbent Paul von Hindenburg in March 1932, polling 30.1% in the first round and 36.8% in the second against Hindenburg's 49% and 53%. By now the SA had 400,000 members and its running street battles with the SPD and Communist paramilitaries (who also fought each other) reduced some German cities to combat zones. Paradoxically, although the Nazis were among the main instigators of this disorder, part of Hitler's appeal to a frightened and demoralised middle class was his promise to restore law and order. Overt antisemitism was played down in official Nazi rhetoric, but was never far from the surface. Germans voted for Hitler primarily because of his promises to revive the economy (by unspecified means), to restore German greatness and overturn the Treaty of Versailles and to save Germany from communism. On 24 April 1932, the Free State of Prussia elections to the Landtag resulted in 36.3% of the votes and 162 seats for the NSDAP.

On 20 July 1932, the Prussian government was ousted by a coup, the Preussenschlag; a few days later at the July 1932 Reichstag election the Nazis made another leap forward, polling 37.4% and becoming the largest party in parliament by a wide margin. Furthermore, the Nazis and the Communists between them won 52% of the vote and a majority of seats. Since both parties opposed the established political system and neither would join or support any ministry, this made the formation of a majority government impossible. The result was weak ministries governing by decree. Under Comintern directives, the Communists maintained their policy of treating the Social Democrats as the main enemy, calling them "social fascists", thereby splintering opposition to the Nazis. Later, both the Social Democrats and the Communists accused each other of having facilitated Hitler's rise to power by their unwillingness to compromise.

Chancellor Franz von Papen called another Reichstag election in November, hoping to find a way out of this impasse. The electoral result was the same, with the Nazis and the Communists winning 50% of the vote between them and more than half the seats, rendering this Reichstag no more workable than its predecessor. However, support for the Nazis had fallen to 33.1%, suggesting that the Nazi surge had passed its peak—possibly because the worst of the Depression had passed, possibly because some middle-class voters had supported Hitler in July as a protest, but had now drawn back from the prospect of actually putting him into power. The Nazis interpreted the result as a warning that they must seize power before their moment passed. Had the other parties united, this could have been prevented, but their shortsightedness made a united front impossible. Papen, his successor Kurt von Schleicher and the nationalist press magnate Alfred Hugenberg spent December and January in political intrigues that eventually persuaded President Hindenburg that it was safe to appoint Hitler as Reich Chancellor, at the head of a cabinet including only a minority of Nazi ministers—which he did on 30 January 1933.

Ascension and consolidation

In Mein Kampf, Hitler directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany. However, a majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as being a far-right form of politics. When asked in an interview in 1934 whether the Nazis were "bourgeois right-wing" as alleged by their opponents, Hitler responded that Nazism was not exclusively for any class and indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved "pure" elements from both "camps" by stating: "From the camp of bourgeois tradition, it takes national resolve, and from the materialism of the Marxist dogma, living, creative Socialism".

The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Hitler was appointed as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.

The Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933 gave Hitler a pretext for suppressing his political opponents. The following day he persuaded the Reich's President Paul von Hindenburg to issue the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended most civil liberties. The NSDAP won the parliamentary election on 5 March 1933 with 43.9 percent of votes, but failed to win an absolute majority. After the election, hundreds of thousands of new members joined the party for opportunistic reasons, most of them civil servants and white-collar workers. They were nicknamed the "casualties of March" (German: link=no|Märzgefallenen) or "March violets" (German: link=no|Märzveilchen).[15] To protect the party from too many non-ideological turncoats who were viewed by the so-called "old fighters" (alte Kämpfer) with some mistrust,[16] the party issued a freeze on admissions that remained in force from May 1933 to 1937.[17]

On 23 March, the parliament passed the Enabling Act of 1933, which gave the cabinet the right to enact laws without the consent of parliament. In effect, this gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Now possessing virtually absolute power, the Nazis established totalitarian control as they abolished labour unions and other political parties and imprisoned their political opponents, first at wilde Lager, improvised camps, then in concentration camps. Nazi Germany had been established, yet the Reichswehr remained impartial. Nazi power over Germany remained virtual, not absolute.

+ NSDAP federal election results (1924–1933)
May 1924
1,918,3006.5 (No. 6)Hitler in prison
December 1924
907,3003.0 (No. 8) 3.5 18Hitler released from prison
May 1928810,1002.6 (No. 9) 0.4 2
September 19306,409,60018.3 (No. 2) 15.7 95After the financial crisis
July 193213,745,00037.3 (No. 1) 19.0 123After Hitler was candidate for presidency
November 193211,737,00033.1 (No. 1) 4.2 34
March 193317,277,18043.9 (No. 1) 10.8 92During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany

After taking power: intertwining of party and state

During June and July 1933, all competing parties were either outlawed or dissolved themselves and subsequently the Law against the founding of new parties of 14 July 1933 legally established the Nazi Party's monopoly. On 1 December 1933, the Law to secure the unity of party and state entered into force, which was the base for a progressive intertwining of party structures and state apparatus.[18] By this law, the SA—actually a party division—was given quasi-governmental authority and their leader was co-opted as an ex officio cabinet member. By virtue of a 30 January 1934 Law concerning the reorganisation of the Reich, the Länder (states) lost their statehood and were demoted to administrative divisions of the Reichs government (Gleichschaltung). Effectively, they lost most of their power to the Gaue that were originally just regional divisions of the party, but took over most competencies of the state administration in their respective sectors.[19]

During the Röhm Purge of 30 June to 2 July 1934 (also known as the "Night of the Long Knives"), Hitler disempowered the SA's leadership—most of whom belonged to the Strasserist (national revolutionary) faction within the NSDAP—and ordered them killed. He accused them of having conspired to stage a coup d'état, but it is believed that this was only a pretence to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. The purge was executed by the SS, assisted by the Gestapo and Reichswehr units. Aside from Strasserist Nazis, they also murdered anti-Nazi conservative figures like former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher.[20] After this, the SA continued to exist but lost much of its importance, while the role of the SS grew significantly. Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was made into a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934.[21]

After the death of President Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of party leader, head of state and chief of government in one, taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler. The Chancellery of the Führer, officially an organisation of the Nazi Party, took over the functions of the Office of the President (a government agency), blurring the distinction between structures of party and state even further. The SS increasingly exerted police functions, a development which was formally documented by the merger of the offices of Reichsführer-SS and Chief of the German Police on 17 June 1936, as the position was held by Heinrich Himmler who derived his authority directly from Hitler.[22] The Sicherheitsdienst (SD, formally the "Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS") that had been created in 1931 as an intraparty intelligence became the de facto intelligence agency of Nazi Germany. It was put under the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) in 1939, which then coordinated SD, Gestapo and criminal police, therefore functioning as a hybrid organisation of state and party structures.[23]

+ NSDAP election and referendum results in the Reichstag under Nazi Germany (1933–1938)
November 193339,655,22492.11

Defeat and abolition

Officially, the Third Reich lasted only 12 years. The first Instrument of Surrender was signed by representatives of Nazi Germany at Reims, France on 7 May 1945. The war in Europe had come to an end. The defeat of Germany in World War II marked the end of the Nazi Germany era. The party was formally abolished on 10 October 1945 by the Allied Control Council and denazification began, along with trials of major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg. Part of the Potsdam Agreement called for the destruction of the Nationalist Socialist Party alongside the requirement for the reconstruction of the German political life.[24] In addition, the Control Council Law no. 2 Providing for the Termination and Liquidation of the Nazi Organization specified the abolition of 52 other Nazi affiliated and supervised organisations and prohibited their activities.[25] The denazification was carried out in Germany and continued until the onset of the Cold War.[26] [27]

Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazi Party led regime, assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, was responsible for the deaths of at least eleven million people, including 5.5 to 6 million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people. The estimated total number includes the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Poles, over three million Soviet prisoners of war, communists, and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled.

Political programme

See main article: National Socialist Program. The National Socialist Programme was a formulation of the policies of the party. It contained 25 points and is therefore also known as the "25-point plan" or "25-point programme". It was the official party programme, with minor changes, from its proclamation as such by Hitler in 1920, when the party was still the German Workers' Party, until its dissolution.

Party composition

Command structure

Top leadership

At the top of the Nazi Party was the party chairman ("Der Führer"), who held absolute power and full command over the party. All other party offices were subordinate to his position and had to depend on his instructions. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, Chancellery of the Führer, with its own sub-units.

Below the Führer's chancellery was first the "Staff of the Deputy Führer", headed by Rudolf Hess from 21 April 1933 to 10 May 1941; and then the "Party Chancellery" (Parteikanzlei), headed by Martin Bormann.

Directly subjected to the Führer were the Reichsleiter ("Reich Leader(s)"—the singular and plural forms are identical in German), whose number was gradually increased to eighteen. They held power and influence comparable to the Reich Ministers' in Hitler's Cabinet. The eighteen Reichsleiter formed the "Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party" (Reichsleitung der NSDAP), which was established at the so-called Brown House in Munich. Unlike a Gauleiter, a Reichsleiter did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest.

Nazi Party offices

The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. These included:

Paramilitary groups

In addition to the Nazi Party proper, several paramilitary groups existed which "supported" Nazi aims. All members of these paramilitary organisations were required to become regular Nazi Party members first and could then enlist in the group of their choice. An exception was the Waffen-SS, considered the military arm of the SS and Nazi Party, which during the Second World War allowed members to enlist without joining the Nazi Party. Foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were also not required to be members of the Nazi Party, although many joined local nationalist groups from their own countries with the same aims. Police officers, including members of the Gestapo, frequently held SS rank for administrative reasons (known as "rank parity") and were likewise not required to be members of the Nazi Party.

A vast system of Nazi Party paramilitary ranks developed for each of the various paramilitary groups. This was part of the process of Gleichschaltung with the paramilitary and auxiliary groups swallowing existing associations and federations after the Party was flooded by millions of membership applications.[28]

The major Nazi Party paramilitary groups were as follows:

The Hitler Youth was a paramilitary group divided into an adult leadership corps and a general membership open to boys aged fourteen to eighteen. The League of German Girls was the equivalent group for girls.

Affiliated organisations

Certain nominally independent organisations had their own legal representation and own property, but were supported by the Nazi Party. Many of these associated organisations were labour unions of various professions. Some were older organisations that were nazified according to the Gleichschaltung policy after the 1933 takeover.

The employees of large businesses with international operations such as Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank, and Commerzbank were mostly party members.[29] All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party Ausland-Organization liaison men, which enabled the party leadership updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites.[30]

Regional administration

See also: Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany and List of Gauleiters. For the purpose of centralisation in the Gleichschaltung process a rigidly hierarchal structure was established in the Nazi Party, which it later carried through in the whole of Germany in order to consolidate total power under the person of Hitler (Führerstaat). It was regionally sub-divided into a number of Gaue (singular: Gau) headed by a Gauleiter, who received their orders directly from Hitler. The name (originally a term for sub-regions of the Holy Roman Empire headed by a Gaugraf) for these new provincial structures was deliberately chosen because of its mediaeval connotations. The term is approximately equivalent to the English shire.

While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. Even in German-speaking areas such as Austria, state and regional governments were formally disbanded as opposed to just being dis-empowered. After the Anschluss a new type of administrative unit was introduced called a Reichsgau. In these territories the Gauleiters also held the position of Reichsstatthalter, thereby formally combining the spheres of both party and state offices. The establishment of this type of district was subsequently carried out for any further territorial annexations of Germany both before and during World War II. Even the former territories of Prussia were never formally re-integrated into what was then Germany's largest state after being re-taken in the 1939 Polish campaign.

The Gaue and Reichsgaue (state or province) were further sub-divided into Kreise (counties) headed by a Kreisleiter, which were in turn sub-divided into Zellen (cells) and Blocken (blocks), headed by a Zellenleiter and Blockleiter respectively.

A reorganisation of the Gaue was enacted on 1 October 1928. The given numbers were the official ordering numbers. The statistics are from 1941, for which the Gau organisation of that moment in time forms the basis. Their size and populations are not exact; for instance, according to the official party statistics the Gau Kurmark/Mark Brandenburg was the largest in the German Reich. By 1941, there were 42 territorial Gaue for Germany,[31] 7 of them for Austria, the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia), Danzig and the Territory of the Saar Basin, along with the unincorporated regions under German control known as the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia and the General Government, established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II. Getting the leadership of the individual Gaue to co-operate with one another proved difficult at times since there was constant administrative and financial jockeying for control going on between them.[32]

The table below uses the organizational structure that existed before its dissolution in 1945. More information on the older Gaue is in the second table.

Nazi Party Gaue

Nr. Gau Headquarters Area (km²) Inhabitants (1941) Gauleiter (exl. deputies)
01 Baden-Elsaß 23,350 2,502,023 Robert Heinrich Wagner from 1925 (later also Reichsstatthalter)
02 Bayreuth, renaming of Gau Bayerische Ostmark (Bavarian Eastern March) 29,600 2,370,658 Fritz Wächtler (2 June 1942 – 19 April 1945)
Ludwig Ruckdeschel from 19 April 1945.
03 Groß-Berlin Berlin 884 4,338,756 Ernst Schlange (1925–1926)
Joseph Goebbels (1 November 1926 – 30 April 1945)
04 Danzig-Westpreußen 26,057 2,287,394 Hans Albert Hohnfeldt (1926–1928)
Walter Maass (1928–1930)
Albert Forster from 15 October 1930
05 Düsseldorf 2,672 2,261,909 Friedrich Karl Florian from 1 January 1930
06 Essen 2,825 1,921,326 Josef Terboven (Oberpräsident) from 1928
07 Franken 7,618 1,077,216 Julius Streicher (1929 to 1940)
Hans Zimmermann (16 February 1940 – 1942)
Karl Holz from 19 March 1942
08 Halle-Merseburg 10,202 1,578,292 Walter Ernst (1 August 1926 – 1927)
Paul Hinkler (1927–1930)
Rudolf Jordan (1930 – 20 April 1937)
Joachim Albrecht Eggeling from 20 April 1937
09 Hamburg 747 1,711,877 Joseph Klant (1925–1926)
Albert Krebs (1927–1928)
Hinrich Lohse (1928 – 15 April 1929)
Karl Kaufmann from 15 April 1929
10 Hessen-Nassau 15,030 3,117,266 Jakob Sprenger from 1933
11 Kärnten 11,554 449,713 Hans vom Kothen (February 1933 to July 1934)
Peter Feistritzer (October 1936 – 20 February 1938)
Hubert Klausner (1938–1939)
Franz Kutschera (1940–1941)
Friedrich Rainer (1942–1944)
12 Köln-Aachen 8,162 2,432,095 Joseph Grohé from 1931
13 Kurhessen 9,200 971,887 Walter Schultz (1926–1927)
Karl Weinrich (1928–1943)
Karl Gerland from 1943
14 Magdeburg-Anhalt 13,910 1,820,416 Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper from 1927 to 23 October 1935 with a short replacement by Paul Hofmann in 1933
Joachim Albrecht Leo Eggeling (1935–1937)
Rudolf Jordan from 1937
15 Mainfranken, renaming of Gau Unterfranken 8,432 840,663 Otto Hellmuth from 3 September 1928
16 Mark Brandenburg Berlin 38,278 3,007,933 Wilhelm Kube (6 March 1933 – 7 August 1936)
Emil Stürtz
17 Mecklenburg 15,722 900,427 Friedrich Hildebrandt from 1925 onwards with a short replacement by Herbert Albrecht (July 1930 – 1931)
18 Moselland, renaming of Gau Koblenz-Trier in 1942 11,876 1,367,354 Gustav Simon from 1 June 1931
19 München-Oberbayern, 16,411 1,938,447 Adolf Wagner (1933–1944)
Paul Giesler from April 1944
20 Niederdonau 23,502 1,697,676 Roman Jäger (12 March 1938 – 24 May 1938)
Hugo Jury (24 May 1938 – 8 May 1945)
21 Niederschlesien 26,985 3,286,539 Karl Hanke from 1940
22 Oberdonau 14,216 1,034,871 Andreas Bolek (June 1927 – 1 August 1934)
August Eigruber from March 1935
23 Oberschlesien 20,636 4,341,084 Fritz Bracht from 27 January 1941
24 Ost-Hannover (also known as Hannover-Ost) 18,006 1,060,509 from 1 October 1928 Otto Telschow
25 Ostpreußen 52,731 3,336,777 Bruno Gustav Scherwitz (1925–1927)
Erich Koch from 1928
26 Pommern 38,409 2,393,844 Theodor Vahlen (1925–1927)
Walter von Corswant (1928–1931)
Wilhelm Karpenstein (1931–1934)
Franz Schwede-Coburg from 1935
27 Sachsen 14,995 5,231,739 Albert Wierheim around 1925/1926
Martin Mutschmann from 1925
28 Salzburg 7,153 257,226 Leopold Malina from 1926 to ??
Karl Scharizer (1932–1934)
Friedrich Rainer (1939–1941)
Gustav Adolf Scheel from 1941
29 Schleswig-Holstein 15,687 1,589,267 Hinrich Lohse from 1925
30 Schwaben 10,231 946,212 Karl Wahl from 1928
31 Steiermark 17,384 1,116,407 Walther Oberhaidacher (25 November 1928 – 1934)
Sepp Helfrich (1934–1938)
Siegfried Uiberreither from 22 May 1938
32 Sudetenland, until 1939 known as Gau Sudetengau 22,608 2,943,187 Konrad Henlein from 1939
33 Südhannover-Braunschweig 14,553 2,136,961 Bernhard Rust (1 October 1928 – November 1940)
Hartmann Lauterbacher from November 1940
34 Thüringen 15,763 2,446,182 Artur Dinter (1925–1927)
Fritz Sauckel from 1927
35 Tirol-Vorarlberg 13,126 486,400 Franz Hofer from 1932
36 Wartheland, (until 29 January 1940 known as Gau Warthegau) 43,905 4,693,722 Arthur Karl Greiser from 21 October 1939
37 Weser-Ems 15,044 1,839,302 Carl Röver (1929–1942)
Paul Wegener from 1942
38 Westfalen-Nord 14,559 2,822,603 Alfred Meyer from 1932
39 Westfalen-Süd 7,656 2,678,026 Josef Wagner (1932–1941)
Paul Giesler (1941 – 1943/1944)
Albert Hoffmann from 1943/1944
40 Westmark, renaming of Gau Saar-Pfalz (also known as Saarpfalz) 14,713 1,892,240 Josef Bürckel (1935 – 28 September 1944)
Willi Stöhr from 28 September 1944
41 Wien 1,216 1,929,976 Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld (1932–1938)
Odilo Globocnik (May 1938 – January 1939)
Josef Bürckel (1939–1940)
Baldur von Schirach from 1940
42 Württemberg-Hohenzollern 20,657 2,974,373 Eugen Mander (1925–1928)
Wilhelm Murr from 1928
43 Auslandsorganisation (also known as NSDAP/AO) Berlin Hans Nieland (1930–1933)
Ernst Wilhelm Bohle from 8 May 1933

Later Gaue:

Gaue dissolved before 1945

Simple re-namings of existing Gaue without territorial changes is marked with the initials RN in the column "later became". The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically.

Nr.Gauconsisted oflater became ... together withGauleiter
01 Anhalt Magdeburg-Anhalt (1927) Elbe-Havel Gustav Hermann Schmischke
02 Baden Baden-Elsaß (22 March 1941) RN see above
03 Bayerische Ostmark Oberfranken & Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) (19 January 1933) Bayreuth (2 June 1942) RN Hans Schemm from 19 January 1933 to 5 March 1935, then from 5 March 1935 Fritz Wächtler
04 Berlin Berlin-Brandenburg (1 October 1928) Groß-Berlin RN Dr. Joseph Goebbels
05 Berlin-Brandenburg Berlin & Brandenburg (1 October 1928) Ernst Schlange from 1925 to 1926, then from 1 November 1926 Joseph Goebbels
06 Brandenburg Berlin-Brandenburg (1 October 1928) Kurmark (6 March 1933) Ostmark from 1 October 1928 to 1932 Emil Holtz and from 18 October 1932 to 16 March 1933 Dr. Ernst Schlange
07 Braunschweig Süd-Hannover-Braunschweig (1 October 1928) Hannover-Süd from 1925 to 30 September 1928 Ludolf Haase (perhaps also only for Hannover-Süd)
08 Danzig Danzig-Westpreußen (1939) RN see above
09 Elbe-Havel Magdeburg-Anhalt (1927) Anhalt from 25 November 1925 to 1926 [?] Alois Bachschmidt
10 Groß-München ("Traditionsgau") München-Oberbayern (1933) Oberbayern [?]
11 Hannover-Süd Süd-Hannover-Braunschweig (1 October 1928) Braunschweig from 1925 to 30 September 1928 Ludolf Haase (perhaps also only Braunschweig)
12 Hessen-Darmstadt Hessen-Nassau (1933) Hessen-Nassau-Süd from 1 March 1927 to 9 January 1931 Friedrich Ringshausen, then only in 1931 Peter Gemeinder, then from 1932 to 1933 Karl Lenz
13 Hessen-Nassau-Nord Kurhessen (1934) [?]
14 Hessen-Nassau-Süd Hessen-Nassau (1933) Hessen-Darmstadt from 1925 to 1926 Anton Haselmayer, then from 1926 to 1927 Dr. Walter Schultz, then from 1927 to 1933 Jakob Sprenger
15 Koblenz-Trier Rheinland-Süd (1931) Moselland (1942) merger [?]
16 Kurmark Ostmark & Brandenburg ([?]) Mark Brandenburg (1938) RN see above
17 Lüneburg-Stade Ost-Hannover (1928) RN from 22 March 1925 to 30 September 1928 Bernhard Rust
18 Mittelfranken Franken (1929) Nuremberg-Forth-Erlangen Julius Streicher ("Frankenführer")
19 Niederbayern Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I) (1 October 1928) Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) (1 April 1932) Oberpfalz from 1 October 1928 to 1929 Gregor Strasser, then from 1929 to 1 April 1932 Otto Erbersdobler
20 Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I) Oberpfalz & Niederbayern (1 October 1928) from 1925 to 30 September 1928 Gregor Strasser
21 Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) Oberpfalz & Niederbayern (1 April 1932) Bayerische Ostmark (19 January 1933) Oberfranken from 1 April 1932 to 19 January 1933 Franz Mayerhofer
22 Niederösterreich Niederdonau ([?]) RN [??] from 1927 to 1937 Josef Leopold [possibly Lücke from 1937 to 1939, since he is the first Gauleiter for Niederdonau who is actually known]
23 Nuremberg-Forth-Erlangen Franken (1929) Mittelfranken from 3 September 1928 Wilhelm Grimm
24 Oberbayern München-Oberbayern (1933) Groß-München [?]
25 Oberfranken Bayerische Ostmark (19 January 1933) Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) from 1928 Hans Schemm
26 Oberösterreich Oberdonau ([?]) RN [precise moment of leader designation unknown, see also "Oberdonau"]
27 Oberpfalz Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I) (1 October 1928) Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) (1 April 1932) Niederbayern from 1 October 1928 to 1 April 1932 Franz Mayerhofer
28 Ostmark Kurmark (6 March 1933) Brandenburg from 2 January 1928 to 1933 Wilhelm Kube
29 Rheinland Saar-Pfalz (1935) Saar(land) from 1926 Josef Bürckel (from 1 March 1933 also administrator of Saarland)
30 Rheinland-Nord Ruhr (1926) Westfalen from 1925 to 1926 Karl Kaufmann
31 Rheinland-Süd [?Koblenz-Trier also autonomous before 1931?] Köln-Aachen & Koblenz-Trier (1931) 1925 Heinrich Haake (also known as "Heinz Haake"), then from 1925 to 1931 Robert Ley
32 Ruhr Rheinland-Nord & Westfalen (1926) Westfalen-Nord & Westfalen-Süd (1932) Düsseldorf (1930) partially; creation of Düsseldorf nicht gesichert from 1926 to 1929 Karl Kaufmann, then from 1929 to 1931 [?not 1932?] Josef Wagner
33 Saarland, also merely Saar Saar-Pfalz (1935) Rheinland from August 1929 to 28 February 1933 Karl Brück, from 1 March 1933 Josef Bürckel (also administrator of Rheinland)
34 Saar-Pfalz, also Saarpfalz Rheinland & Saar(land) (1935) Westmark (1937) RN see above
35 Schlesien Niederschlesien & Oberschlesien (1940) from 15 March 1925 to 25 December 1935 (possibly until only 12 December 1934) Helmuth Brückner, then to 1940 Josef Wagner
36 Sudetengau Sudetenland (1939) RN [?]
37 Unterfranken Mainfranken (1935) RN see above
38 Warthegau Wartheland (29 January 1940) RN see above
39 Westfalen Ruhr (1926) Rheinland-Nord from 1925 to 1926 Franz Pfeffer von Salomon

Associated organisations abroad

See also: NSDAP/AO.

Gaue in Switzerland

The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party Gaue in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. These included Gau Basel-Solothurn, Gau Schaffhausen, Gau Luzern, Gau Bern and Gau Zürich. The Gau Ostschweiz (East Switzerland) combined the territories of three cantons: St. Gallen, Thurgau and Appenzell.

General membership

See main article: List of Nazi Party members. The general membership of the Nazi Party mainly consisted of the urban and rural lower middle classes. 7% belonged to the upper class, another 7% were peasants, 35% were industrial workers and 51% were what can be described as middle class. In early 1933, just before Hitler's appointment to the chancellorship, the party showed an under-representation of "workers", who made up 29.7% of the membership but 46.3% of German society. Conversely, white-collar employees (18.6% of members and 12% of Germans), the self-employed (19.8% of members and 9.6% of Germans) and civil servants (15.2% of members and 4.8% of the German population) had joined in proportions greater than their share of the general population. These members were affiliated with local branches of the party, of which there were 1,378 throughout the country in 1928. In 1932, the number had risen to 11,845, reflecting the party's growth in this period.

When it came to power in 1933, the Nazi Party had over members. In 1939, the membership total rose to 5.3 million with 81% being male and 19% being female. It continued to attract many more and by 1945 the party reached its peak of 8 million with 63% being male and 37% being female (about 10% of the German population of 80 million).

Military membership

See also: Nazism and the Wehrmacht. Nazi members with military ambitions were encouraged to join the Waffen-SS, but a great number enlisted in the Wehrmacht and even more were drafted for service after World War II began. Early regulations required that all Wehrmacht members be non-political and any Nazi member joining in the 1930s was required to resign from the Nazi Party.

However, this regulation was soon waived and full Nazi Party members served in the Wehrmacht in particular after the outbreak of World War II. The Wehrmacht Reserves also saw a high number of senior Nazis enlisting, with Reinhard Heydrich and Fritz Todt joining the Luftwaffe, as well as Karl Hanke who served in the army.

The British historian Richard J. Evans wrote that junior officers in the army were inclined to be especially zealous National Socialists with a third of them having joined the Nazi Party by 1941. Reinforcing the work of the junior leaders were the National Socialist Leadership Guidance Officers, which were created with the purpose of indoctrinating the troops for the "war of extermination" against Soviet Russia. Among higher-ranking officers, 29.2% were NSDAP members by 1941.

Student membership

In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the National Socialist German Students' League (NSDStB). A group for university lecturers, the National Socialist German University Lecturers' League (NSDDB), also existed until July 1944.

Women membership

The National Socialist Women's League was the women's organisation of the party and by 1938 it had approximately 2 million members.

Membership outside Germany

Party members who lived outside Germany were pooled into the Auslands-Organisation (NSDAP/AO, "Foreign Organization"). The organisation was limited only to so-called "Imperial Germans" (citizens of the German Empire); and "Ethnic Germans" (Volksdeutsche), who did not hold German citizenship were not permitted to join.

Under Beneš decree No. 16/1945 Coll., in case of citizens of Czechoslovakia membership of the Nazi Party was punishable by between five and twenty years of imprisonment.

Deutsche Gemeinschaft

Deutsche Gemeinschaft was a branch of the Nazi Party founded in 1919, created for Germans with Volksdeutsche status. It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing German: {{Interlanguage link multi|Deutsche Gemeinschaft|de|3=Deutsche Gemeinschaft (Deutschland), which was founded in 1949.

Notable members included:[33]

Party symbols

The Parteiflagge design, with the centred swastika disc, served as the party flag from 1920. Between 1933 (when the Nazi Party came to power) and 1935, it was used as the National flag (Nationalflagge) and Merchant flag (Handelsflagge), but interchangeably with the black-white-red horizontal tricolour. In 1935, the black-white-red horizontal tricolour was scrapped (again) and the flag with the off-centre swastika and disc was instituted as the national flag, and remained as such until 1945. The flag with the centred disk continued to be used after 1935, but exclusively as the Parteiflagge, the flag of the party.

Ranks and rank insignia

See main article: Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party.

Slogans and songs

Election results

German Reichstag

See also: Reichstag (Weimar Republic).

Election yearVotes%Seats won+/–Notes
1928810,1272.6 12
19306,379,67218.25 95
July 193213,745,68037.27 123
November 193211,737,02133.09 34Last free and fair election.
March 193317,277,18043.91 92Semi-free yet questionable election.
Last multi-party contested election.
November 193339,655,22492.11 373Sole legal party.
193644,462,45898.80 80Sole legal party.
193844,451,09299.01 72Sole legal party.

Presidential election

See also: President of Germany (1919–1945).

Election yearCandidateFirst roundSecond round
1925endorsed Ludendorff (1.1%)endorsed Hindenburg (48.3%)
1932Adolf Hitler11,339,44630.12nd13,418,54736.82nd

Volkstag of Danzig

See also: Volkstag.

Election yearVotes%Seats won+/–
19271,4830.81 1
193032,45716.40 11
1933107,33150.12 26
1935139,42359.31 5

See also

. Richard J. Evans . In Hitler's Shadow West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past . Pantheon . New York . 1989 . 978-0-394-57686-2 . harv .

. Daniel Goldhagen . Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . 1996 . Knopf . New York . 978-0-679-44695-8 . harv. Hitler's Willing Executioners .

. Ian Hancock . Stone . Dan . The Historiography of the Holocaust . 2004 . Palgrave Macmillan . New York; Basingstoke . 978-0-333-99745-1 . Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview . harv ¡.

. Heinz Höhne. 2000. 1969. The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS (Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf: Die Geschichte der SS). London. Penguin. 978-0-14-139012-3.

. Ian Kershaw. Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris. registration. W. W. Norton & Company. New York. 1998. 0-393-04671-0. harv.

. Ian Kershaw. Hitler: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company. New York. 2008. 978-0-393-06757-6. harv.

. Samuel W. Mitcham. Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. 1996. Praeger. Westport, Connecticut. 978-0-275-95485-7. harv.

. Rudolph Rummel . Death by Government . 1994 . Transaction . New Brunswick, NJ . 978-1-56000-145-4 . harv . registration .

. William L. Shirer. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. London. Arrow Books. 1991. 1960. 978-009942176-4. harv. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.

. Timothy D. Snyder . Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . Basic Books . New York . 2010 . 978-0-465-00239-9 . harv. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin .

. Adrian Weale. The SS: A New History. 2010. Little, Brown. London. 978-1-4087-0304-5. harv.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism. University of Missouri Press. Davidson, Eugene. 241. 14 August 2015. 27 September 2015. live. dmy-all. 9780826211170. 1997.
  2. Book: The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History. Enigma Books. Orlow, Dietrich. 29. 14 August 2015. 1 October 2015. live. dmy-all. 9780982491195. 23 June 2010.
  3. Book: Jones, Daniel. Daniel Jones (phonetician). 2003. 1917. English Pronouncing Dictionary. Roach. Peter. Hartmann. James. Setter. Jane. Cambridge University Press. 3-12-539683-2.
  4. Book: Michael Wildt. Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence Against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939. 15 July 2012. Berghahn Books. 978-0-85745-322-8. 96–97.
  5. Book: Dokumente Zur Deutschlandpolitik. 2003. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftverlag. 3-486-56667-9. Elzer. Herbert. First half band – Appendix B, Section XI, §39. 602. 6 April 2015. 30 November 2015. live. dmy-all.
  6. Book: Hitler, Adolf. Die Reden des Führers am Parteitag der Ehre, 1936. 1936. Zentralverlag der NSDAP. Munich. 10. German. "Parteigenossen! Parteigenossinnen! Nationalsozialisten!. 25 March 2014. 25 October 2012. live. dmy-all.
  7. Book: Gottlieb. Henrik. Morgensen. Jens Erik. Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, Copenhagen, 2004. 2007. J. Benjamins Pub. Co.. Amsterdam. 9789027223340. 247. illustrated. 22 October 2014. 5 September 2015. live. dmy-all.
  8. Web site: Harper. Douglas. Nazi. Online Etymology Dictionary. 22 October 2014. 6 October 2014. live. dmy-all.
  9. Book: Rabinbach. Anson. Gilman. Sander. The Third Reich Sourcebook. 2013. California University Press. Berkeley, Calif.. 9780520955141. 4. 14 August 2015. 5 September 2015. live. dmy-all.
  10. Book: Blamires, Cyprian P.. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. 13 March 2013. 2006. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-57607-940-9. 185–. 22 June 2013. live. dmy-all.
  11. Ian Kershaw Hitler:1889–1936 Hubris. Penguin, 1998. p. 140.
  12. Book: Eric Ehrenreich . The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution. registration . 2007 . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-11687-1 . 58.
  13. Book: Richard Weikart. Hitler's Ethic. 21 July 2009. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-0-230-62398-9. 142.
  14. Book: Sarah Ann Gordon. Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question". 1984. Princeton University Press. 0-691-10162-0. 265.
  15. Book: Beck, H. 259. The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The Machtergreifung in a New Light. 9780857454102. 2013. Berghahn Books.
  16. Book: Hermann Beck. The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933—The Machtergreifung in a New Light. Beghahn Books. 2008. 259.
  17. Book: Christian Ingrao. Hitlers Elite: Die Wegbereiter des nationalsozialistischen Massenmords. Propyläen. 2010.
  18. Book: Dieter Kuntz . Hitler and the functioning of the Third Reich . The Routledge History of the Holocaust . Routledge . 2011 . 73.
  19. Book: Thomas Schaarschmidt. Mobilizing German Society for War: The National Socialist Gaue. Visions of Community in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press. 2014. 104–105.
  20. Book: Richard J. Evans . The Third Reich in History and Memory . Oxford University Press . 2015 . 98.
  21. Book: Chris McNab . Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939–45 . Osprey . 2013 . 20.
  22. Book: Dieter Kuntz . Hitler and the functioning of the Third Reich . The Routledge History of the Holocaust . Routledge . 2011 . 74.
  23. Book: Jacques Delarue . The Gestapo: A History of Horror . Frontline Books . 2008 . x–xi.
  24. Book: Lewkowicz, Nicolas. The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War. Ipoc Press. 2008. 9788895145273. Milan. 74.
  25. Book: Cogen, Marc. Democracies and the Shock of War: The Law as a Battlefield. Routledge. 2016. 9781409443636. Oxon. 226.
  26. Book: Judt, Tony. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945. Penguin Books. 2006. 9781440624766. London.
  27. Book: Junker, Detlef. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990: A Handbook, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 2004. 9780521791120. Cambridge. 65.
  28. Book: Steber, Martina. Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives. Gotto. Bernhard. Oxford University Press. 2018. 9780199689590. New York. 91.
  29. Book: Simpson, Christopher. War Crimes of the Deutsche Bank and the Dresdner Bank: Office of Military Government (U.S.) Reports. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2002. 9780841914070. London. 149, 257, 299.
  30. Book: Farrell, Joseph. Nazi International: The Nazis' Postwar Plan to Control Finance, Conflict, Physics and Space. SCB Distributors. 2008. 9781931882934. Kempton, Illinois.
  31. The 43rd Gau known as the Auslandsorganisation is non-territorial.
  32. Martin Broszat, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich (London and New York: Longman, 1985), pp. 44–47.
  33. Wolfgang Rosar: Deutsche Gemeinschaft. Seyss-Inquart und der Anschluß. Europa-Verlag, Wien 1971. .


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Better Nails, Better Life.

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text:
UNC Leadership Survey 2016:
Diversity Competencies for Leadership Development
The modern workforce is rapidly changing, becoming more global, interconnected and diverse. The growth of a truly global labor market has accelerated the need for more inclusive work environments and more culturally competent business leaders.  Many organizations have recognized the importance of diversity; these companies are actively working to create and sustain a culture of inclusion.  Companies are integrating diversity and inclusion into their leadership development efforts, to better prepare business leaders for a more diverse, more inclusive future.
UNC Kenan-Flagler has partnered with Chief Learning Officer, Talent Management and Workforce magazines, to conduct a survey of HR and talent development professionals to answer the following questions:
  • How are organizations redefining the competencies their leaders need to lead a more diverse, globally distributed workforce?
  • What leadership competencies have been identified to create a culture of inclusion?
  • How are leaders asked to support diversity and inclusion goals, and how is success measured?

Download the entire report for more information on the research.


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It is currently Fri Aug 07, 2020 6:43 pm

Post new topic Reply to topic  [ 1 post ]
 TekelJR Raiding App
Author Message

Joined: Fri Jul 30, 2010 7:13 pm
Posts: 23
Post TekelJR Raiding App
State your character name, class and server if you are transferring.
Tekeljr Frost/Blood DK

Do you have any level 60+ alts? If so, please list their classes and spec.
Tekkel Ele/Resto Shammy lvl 100

If you are over 18, how old are you?
Currently 38

Tell us a little about yourself.
I'm a crazy ass hole that likes to smoke weed and play WoW/LoL

We raid four nights a week on Wednesday, Thursday, and Sunday 7:00pm to 10:00pm Server Time (CST). Can you make all of those times?
After my move I will be able to make raid times which will be in about a month from now. Until then I am happy to run in the Alt raid runs.

Provide a link to your armory profile. Please log out in your raiding gear! ... ljr/simple

Tell us about your gear. Such as what are the weaknesses and strengths? What is the most important upgrade you are looking for next?
Currently I am above requirements for both specs, 846 Frost and 844 Blood, biggest weaknesses are I may not have BiS reraid gear.

Tell us about your Talent Spec. Why have you chosen this spec?
After leaving Expiation the first time I was in the guild I went to play horde. There I was a blood/frost dk and resto/ele shammy so I am fairly familiar with both classes and specs.

Summarize your raiding experience.
Took a 3 year hiatus from the game and now back playing strong. Before leaving the game I experienced all end raid content on reg and heroic(back before mythic raiding) from WotLK through the first sets of raids in MoP.
What do you believe is your class role in an endgame raid.
As a frost DK is to stay alive avoid stupid shit and kill kill kill, frost is a versitile spec dealing average single target dps, excellent aoe dps, minor selfhealing and cc/interupt abilities.

What is your favorite boss fight and why?
Personally I like Amber-Shaper Un'Sok from Heart of Fear. The mechanics of that fight were very interesting with a new twist. It is a very intense fight from tanking though to healing. It envolves the whole raid being mechanically sound in the knowledge of the fight.

How do you handle having consumables for raiding?
If I can't make it that is what gold and the AH is for.

Tell us about your guild history. Where have you been, where are you now, and why did you leave?
After leaving Expiation I started playing horde for roughly another year and a half till I took a 3 year break from the game and now back in Expiation as F&F.

Do you have ventrillo? Do you have a microphone?
Already hooked up in Expiation vent and gotten to know some of the members who weren't in Expiation from back in the day.

Did you read our guild charter?

What else should we know about you?
I LOVE TO COOK!!!!! I LOVE TO TALK ABOUT FOOD!!!!! Oh and I am up for just about anything, running old raid content, running in guild dungeon groups and since I play quite often helping the guild if I am able.

Tue Sep 20, 2016 6:58 pm
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New Drug a Weapon Against Vertra elemental resistance mick fanning signature spf 28 Melanoma: Study

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I consistently take 50mg Sorafenib and keyboards have never experienced mouth of pain. If it particularly becomes necessary to take medication to rid of yourself of the effects on of the unusually warm flushed skin, then it may thenceforward be best to avoid prescription medicine and medication in the future.

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Why is Nick Autry from Performance Ford Calling Me?

Did you recently get a phone call or voicemail from someone named Nick Autry? Don’t worry, it isn’t a scam, this could actually be a good thing for you!

Nick Autry is the Sales Manager at Performance Ford of Clinton, NC. We looked into why he called us, and he is calling previous customers and members of the community wanting to buy their vehicles. This is potentially very good news for you.

The recent hurricanes destroyed thousands of cars in Texas, Florida, and the other states affected. Car dealers like Performance Ford need to increase their used vehicle inventory now because the demand for used cars is so high now due to so many cars being destroyed. Your used car is likely work a LOT more right now than it was before the hurricanes hit. However, this increased value in your car will not last long, as other people will take advantage of the demand and trade in their vehicles for newer models.

If you have thought about trading in your car for a newer model, or even if you haven’t, we highly recommend that you call Nick back and see what he is willing to give you for your car. Your current vehicle does not even necessarily have to be a Ford, they will buy any car right now. Give him a car and see if you can level up your ride!

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Legends from our own lunchtimes

Thursday, August 18, 2016

What a lovely day.

When one is in a port, the on-water community is large enough so that there is always someone else to help when the cleaning needs doing.  It’s funny how it’s far easier to help other people with their jobs that to actually get going on one’s own.   Therefore time spent inverted in Graeme’s engine bay twiddling was far more rewarding that simply tidying up at home.  Georges must have had a similar problem aboard Black Magic because he quickly volunteered a few diesel drums and a vehicle as well as his services as a driver to make easy work of topping up our tanks, a task that would have taken eight or ten kilometres of to-ing and fro-ing with the hand trolley to the service station a kilometre away.

Then, because we’d not really done anything during the day to make us tired, we spent a perfect evening aboard with Graeme regaling us with stories of his life in the Met, that is the police force, not the weather office all the while providing a running commentary on the river search happening before our very eyes, complete with helicopter, search lights, divers and flashing blue lights.  If the night swimmer was found, one can but wonder at the bill he will get.

On the weather front, the rain was supposed to come today, but it was put off till tomorrow, and that is exactly what we decided to do with the majority of our remaining tasks.

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Side by Side
By Fran Levin

we dancethe dance

He said
he would die
on his 80th birthday
this man
who came into my life
like an angel
asked me to dance
cradled me in pure pleasure
spoke to me as if
he could read the book of my life
and broke my heart open

beyond form
we dance

beyond form
the dance we dance

I want to remember death
my beloved companion
in life
the finite remembered
moves me
to the infinite
the finite
so precious
first held
and bound
then set free

beyond form

        © Copyright 2004, Fran Levin, All Rights Reserved

    TFR Home Page | Submission Guidelines | Frequently Asked Questions | Sign Our Guest Book | Contents | Donations
    Workshops | Event Calendar | TFR Background | How to Contact Us | Editors and Authors Only | Privacy Statement

    © Copyright 1997, 2020, The Fairfield Review Inc., All Rights Reserved.
    Document last modified on: 03/06/2005

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text:
Momma's Boy

Today was my mom's birthday. Happy Birthday MOM!! I won't say how old she is partly because I don't think you are supposed to do that (right?) and partly because I'm not sure how old she is. haha, sorry Mom. I think its somewhere in the late 30's though *wink*. Actually, I know what year she was born so I guess I could figure it out if I tried. Anyways, I get constantly prodded by my brother for being a momma's boy, mostly because I am the baby of the family and get treated as such. Today I gladly stand before you and accept my momma's boy-dom. I love my mom. She's always been there for me when I have needed her. Thanks for the place to stay right now by the way, Mom. I won't bore everyone by going into details but sufficeth it to say that she is great and I love her and its her birthday. I think she likes to think of herself as "the cool mom" but then second guesses herself sometimes. What she doesn't know is after all my friends meet her they talk about how cool my mom is. So despite your lack of love for screamy music, thinker movies, and your own second guess, you really are the cool mom. Happy Birthday Mom, I LOVE YOU!!

By the way, this little clip reminds me of myself bugging my mom when I was a kid.

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§ 60.5040 Are there any state plan requirements for this subpart that apply instead of the requirements specified in subpart B?

Latest version.
  • Yes. Subpart B establishes general requirements for developing and processing section 111(d) state plans. This subpart applies instead of the requirements in subpart B of this part, as specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section:

    (a) State plans developed to implement this subpart must be as protective as the emission guidelines contained in this subpart. State plans must require all SSI units to comply by the dates specified in §60.5035. This applies instead of the option for case-by-case less stringent emission standards and longer compliance schedules in §60.24(f).

    (b) State plans developed to implement this subpart are required to include two increments of progress for the affected SSI units. These two minimum increments are the final control plan submittal date and final compliance date in §60.21(h)(1) and (5). This applies instead of the requirement of §60.24(e)(1) that would require a state plan to include all five increments of progress for all SSI units.


text:
Skip Hop Moby Smart Sling 3-Stage Bath Tub, Blue

Skip Hop Moby Smart Sling 3-Stage Bath Tub, Blue

This Skip Hop Moby Smart Sling 3-stage bath tub grows with your baby, helping to keep your little one clean at any stage of development. Watch the product video here.WHY WE Love IT Two ergonomic positions, higher for full-body support and lower for seated support when baby is learning to sit, keep baby comfortable during bathtime. Sling features dual-layered mesh and comfort-edge construction that securely cradles baby from head-to-toe and can be removed when baby has mastered sitting for easy bathing without uncomfortable plastic bumps. Swivel hook for hanging on showerhead, shower bar or towel bar Non-slip interior texture Drain plug PVC- & phthalate-free Coordinates with Skip Hop Moby bath collection 27.5"L x 19"W x 11.5"H Stage 1: ages birth to 3 months or up to 15 lbs. Stage 2: ages 3 to 6 months or up to 20 lbs. Stage 3: ages 6 months & up or up to 25 lbs. PP, polyester Wipe clean Manufacturer's 1-year limited warranty For warranty information please click here Imported Model no. 235465 Size: One Size. Color: Blue. Gender: Unisex.

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Pure Fitness Inversion Table

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The Pure Fitness Inversion Table delivers all the benefits of inversion therapy while maintaining a smaller profile than other tables - excellent for small spaces with limited storage. This easy to use inversion table features curved handles for varied grip positions and a three position bench with adjustable leg height. The contoured bench is padded with high density foam and upholstered with durable, washable vinyl for added comfort. Great for stretching, posture, relief of back pressure and increased blood circulation, this compact, yet sturdy table folds for easy storage. Benefits - Inversion tables and inversion table therapy has a multitude of amazing health benefits! The inverted position reverses the harmful effects of gravity, and in doing so, is one of most effective treatments for back issues, joint issues, nervous system problems, mental stress relief, defying the aging process, strengthening the immune system, detoxification, improving the mind, and much more.

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These stylish stilettos are totally fad-proof, in a fab, faux nubuck silhouette that will never go out of style! Round-toed upper tops a covered platform and stiletto heel for those sexy extra inches. Style: MACKENNA 01 Cushioned insoleRubberized soleImportedBrand: Charlotte Russe

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Sale 10% OFF
California Natural Limited Ingredient Diet Dog Food - Natural, Grain Free, Salmon Meal and Peas size: 26 Lb, Kibble, Adult (1-7 years)

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Adult Limited Ingredient Grain Free Salmon Meal Recipe Dog Food is the perfect food for dogs with grain sensitivities. This delicious food features salmon as the first ingredient, and uses pea and pea fiber for a nutritious grain replacement that is also easy to digest. Made with no artificial preservatives or flavors, it also features sunflower oil for healthy skin and a shiny coat, and delivers key nutrition without extra ingredients that could aggravate sensitive stomachs. Features: Salmon as the first ingredient Grain Free No corn, soy, white potatoes, dairy or egg No artificial preservatives or flavors Promotes healthy skin and coat Food Type: Dry Food Form: Bag Food Consistency: Kibble Life Stage: Adult (1-7 years) Flavor: Salmon Primary Ingredient: Salmon Meal Package Weight: Available in 4.5 lb, 13 lb and 26 lb sizes Feeding Instructions: Feeding Instructions: Every cup of our food is nutrient dense so your dog gets the right amount of calories in a complete and nutritious meal. Adjust amount fed to obtain or maintain your dog's optimal weight. To help maintain freshness, seal bag tightly and store in a cool, dry location. WEIGHT (lbs.) FEEDING AMOUNT (cups/day) 10-lb. dog = 1 cup 20-lb. dog = 1 1/2 cups 30-lb. dog = 1 7/8 cups 40-lb. dog = 2 1/4 cups 50-lb. dog = 2 3/4 cups 60-lb. dog = 3 cups 70-lb. dog = 3 1/3 cups 80-lb. dog = 3 2/3 cups 90-lb. dog = 4 cups 100-lb. dog = 4 1/4 cups 120-lb. dog = 4 3/4 cups 140-lb. dog = 5 1/4 cups Ingredients: Salmon Meal, Peas, Green Lentils, Red Lentils, Sunflower Oil (preserved with mixed Tocopherols), Flaxseed, Pea Fiber, Calcium Carbonate, Natural Flavors, Salt, Minerals (Zinc Proteinate, Iron Proteinate, Copper Proteinate, Manganese Proteinate, Calcium Iodate), Vitamins (Betaine Hydrochloride, Vitamin A Supplement, Niacin Supplement, Calcium Pantothenate, Beta Carotene, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Thiamine Mononitrate, Biotin, Folic Acid), Vitamin E Supplement, Rosemary Extract Guaranteed Analysis: Crude Protein (Min.) 28 % Crude Fat (Min.) 11 % Crude Fiber (Max.) 6 % Moisture (Max.) 10 % Linoleic Acid (Omega-6 Fatty Acid) (Min.) 1.1 % Calcium (Min.) 1.2 % Phosphorus (Min.) 0.8 % Iron (Min.) 100 mg/kg Zinc (Min.) 140 mg/kg Vitamin E (Min.) 300 IU/kg Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Min.)* 1.0 % * Not recognized as an essential nutrient by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profiles.

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text:
Unidentified 9x23mm machine pistol

This is an early SMG of an unusual design, dating to around the World War I period. It is currently held in the Canadian War Museum in Ottowa. The maker is unknown, as there are no markings, although all the available evidence points to Austrian origin. It is chambered in the 9x23mm Steyr cartridge, the standard pistol cartridge of the Austrian Army of the time, and has shows obvious design influence from the standard Austrian service pistol, the Steyr M.12. It is built around the recoil action, with a reciprocating spring-loaded barrel that is designed to rotate against a cam slot on the barrel extension. The barrel extension engages a set of locking lugs on the bolt face. The recoil spring runs from the bolt through into the stock; note the partial in-line section of the stock through which the spring is housed. The gun is designed to fire from an open bolt and the cocking handle is a retractable tab located just underneath the adjustable rear sight.

This SMG is also significant in that it is the first known submachine gun to feed magazines from the pistol grip. Although the magazine itself is now missing, the magazine housing can be observed in the grip, with a mag catch located at the bottom. There is also an open ejector at the top of the receiver in which it seems possible to feed stripper clips, probably of the type used by the Steyr M.12 pistol. The intended magazine capacity is not known. On the left side of the receiver is a rotating fire selector switch, marked "D-E-S", standing for the German words "Dauerfeuer", "Einzelfeuer", and "Sicherung" - full-auto, single-fire, and safety respectively. This feature in and of itself was quite forward-thinking for the time period, as the most successful WWI SMG, the Bergmann, did not feature a fire selector at all and fired in full-auto only. The earlier Fiat-Revelli SMG prototype from Italy did also have a similar selector.

The disassembled 9x23mm machine pistol.

The question is: was this gun made during the war, or just afterward? Given that the majority of post-war SMGs used a straight blowback action patterned after the Bergmann, it is more likely that this gun dates to the late WWI period, as it would have already been an outdated design by the 1920s. It would certainly seem that the designers of this gun had little to no knowledge of other SMGs and were working to build a weapon based on the principles of a Steyr pistol, rather than anything like the Bergmann or Thompson guns. It is also unlikely that there would have been any demand for such a weapon in post-war Austria, especially since the country's domestic arms industry was heavily restricted by the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

R.K. Wilson wrote in 1943 that the Austrians had actually established the tooling equipment at Steyr to produce a submachine gun in late 1918, but that the war ended before full production could begin and all the prototypes and associated documentation were destroyed by the Inter-Allied Commission of Control. Thomas B. Nelson also attested to this in The World's Submachine Guns and it seems likely, given Austria-Hungary's interest in the SMG concept, that it is probably true. With this information, it can be reasonably assumed that this unidentified prototype is, in fact, a surviving example - perhaps the sole example - of the mystery Steyr 1918 SMG, and was confiscated by the Allies after the war.

Gallery (click to enlarge)

Unknown SMGUnknown SMG

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