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Did Tilda Swinton Secretly get Married?

Did Tilda Swinton finally tied the knot?

Sorry, guys ... Tilda Swinton seems to be off the market.

Reports from the London Daily News yesterday (August 7, 2020), suggest the actress best known for her roles in Doctor Strange, Michael Clayton or The Beach has secretly got hitched to her long-term relationship.

UPDATE 08/08/2020 : This story seems to be false. (read more)

Intimate Ceremony with Family and Friends

There had already been speculation that the loved-up pair were set to announce their engagement but it sounds like they might have just jumped straight to wedded bliss! The paper says the actress has been spotted wearing a new wedding ring earlier this week.

Related Tilda Swinton Sparks Engagement Rumor

The couple is said to have exchanged vows in an intimate morning ceremony at a secret location, before few close friends and family members.

Twitter Reactions To Rumored Wedding

They certainly looked like a happy couple” a close friend Tweeted on Friday (August 7). But was he referring to the supposed wedding, some fans wondered. Tilda Swinton “secretly married” rumors have caused quite a stir among fans.

“Tilda Swinton Get Married? It should have beeeeeeeen meeeeeeeee!!!!!” — August 7, 2020
“Is it official? There has been so many rumors about Tilda Swinton” — August 7, 2020

Was there a secret wedding? That remains a mystery for now, as the actress’s rep hasn’t commented, nor the couple released an official statement yet.

Do you think Tilda Swinton have secretly wed?

© 2020 MediaMass All rights reserved. Do not reproduce (even with permission).

Tilda Swinton: Recent News

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Before starting down the path to reach our goals, we have created a vision of the future, serving as a motivation and direction for us.

To ensure development as well as high-quality, competitive and reliable provision of

  • Postal services
  • Logistics services
  • Secure electronic postal services
  • The services of the global postal information and communication network use
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To contribute to

  • The national development also on demographically vulnerable areas
  • The satisfaction of Slovenia's citizens using postal services
  • The increased competitiveness and business efficiency of companies and other business entities

To be the primary and largest provider of the postal and associated logistics services even after the full postal market opening in the EU.

To develop employee commitment and loyalty, invest in their knowledge and ensure their social safety.

To ensure the long-term solvency and optimum return on invested capital.

Have a question? Contact us.

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Hongqiao forum to offer wisdom for global economic development

SHANGHAI, Oct. 25, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- At a time of increasing trade uncertainties, the Hongqiao International Economic Forum -- a platform connecting leaders from different fields during the China International Import Expo -- will improve understanding and offer solutions for the challenges facing a slowing global economy.

This year's forum, which will be held on Nov. 5, will try to address the challenges facing world economic development by focusing on opening-up and innovation.

Around 60 experts from all over the world will deliver speeches and exchange opinions with other attendants. WTO Director-General Roberto Azevêdo, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank President Jin Liqun and Nobel Laureate Sir Christopher Pissarides have confirmed their attendance at the forum.

The forum will consist of an opening ceremony in the morning followed by five parallel sessions. The theme of the Forum is "Opening-up and Innovation for Win-win Cooperation", and the five parallel sessions on "Opening-up, Regulation and Business Environment", "Artificial Intelligence and Innovative Development", "WTO Reform and Free Trade Agreements", "E-commerce in the Digital Era", and "China's 70-Year Development and the Building of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind" respectively.

It provides a high-end dialogue platform for the global political, business and academic communities to put forward suggestions on improving and transforming the global economic governance system and propose the "Hongqiao Wisdom" for healthy world economic development.

This year's Hongqiao International Economic Forum has launched a new membership system, which includes four levels -- diamond, platinum, gold and silver.

The forum's member companies can enjoy various rights according to different categories. Many domestic and global companies have applied for memberships at different levels.

The applicants include multinationals, state-owned enterprises and many private companies, covering food, medicine and healthcare, transportation, information technology, finance and other fields.

Source: China International Import Expo


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Welcome to Watermelonworks!

Do you have a child who needs  reading remediation in French language? Or do you want your child to get ahead of the curve? Do they need to improve their phonological awareness skills?  If you want your child to catch up or get ahead, give Watermelonworks™ a call!

With our patented multisensory phonics process, we help to teach the sounds of a new language so you can learn to comprehend and communicate faster and more effectively.

 Designed for parents to use with their children or in a classroom as centres or group activities!

So, if you need a helping hand, don't be afraid to reach out to Watermelonworks™!

We're here to help your child learn and grow en français through phonological awareness.

Our games

Our games are designed for French language learners of all ages.

A patented and linguistically designed method based on the phonological structure of the French language.

Watermelonworks™ games are being used in these French language classes

FFL - French First Language

FSL - French Second Language

FRIMM - French Immersion

Phonological awareness

French Sounds

Letter-Sound associations

Link between oral and the written

Structured literacy

Teaches the code

Beginner learners

JK to grade 1

We begin with sound mats to colour,  the sound game to play, the consonant game and an audio recording

You can use it as a group

or in centres.

Grade Two to Grade Five

We play the sound game, the consonant game, the audio and LESON (Sound bingo)

There are also wall charts for those with learning difficulties who need that little bit more of assistance.

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Patents : 2694317/8678828B2

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Tour de France week 1 wrap up

From Wikinews, the free news source you can write!
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Saturday, July 9, 2005

Wikipedia has more about this subject:

Stage 1 - Fromentine - Noirmoutier-en-l'Ile 19.0km Individual Time Trial

1. David Zabriskie (USA) Team CSC                              20:51
2. Lance Armstrong (USA) Discovery Channel 0:02
3. Alexandre Vinokourov (Kazakhstan) T-Mobile 0:53

David Zabriskie dominates the course and the competition to edge out Armstrong by 2 seconds. Most of Armstrong's challengers finish over a minute down. Jan Ullrich is demoralised by having Lance, who started 1 minute after him, catch and overtake him.

Stage 2 - Challans - Les Essarts 181.5km

1. Tom Boonen (Belgium) Quick.Step                          3:51:31
2. Thor Hushovd (Norway) Credit Agricole s.t.
3. Robbie McEwen (Australia) Davitamon-Lotto s.t.

Tom Boonen dominates the first bunch sprint of this years Tour as he powered away to finish a bike length in front of his two biggest rivals for the Green Points Jersey in Hushovd and McEwen.

Stage 3 - La Chataigneraie - Tours 212.5km

1. Tom Boonen (Belgium) Quick.Step                          4:36:09
2. Peter Wrolich (Austria) Gerolsteiner s.t.
3. Stuart O'Grady (Australia) Cofidis s.t.

Robbie McEwen crossed the line in third place but was relegated to last place after the Jury of Commissaires examined the finish in which McEwen had leaned on fellow Australian heavily with his arm and head at over 60 km/h. Tom Boonen wins easily in front of Peter Wrolich and O'Grady.

Stage 4 - Tours - Blois 67.5km Team Time Trial

1. Discovery Channel                                        1:10:39
2. Team CSC 0:02
3. T-Mobile 0:35

Discovery Channel takes the stage and Lance pulls on the maillot jaune (yellow jersey) for the first time this year after Dave Zabriskie from Danish Team CSC crashs within the last couple of kilometres of the stage. Team CSC had been 6 seconds in front of Discovery at the 45.8km time check in Onzain.

Stage 5 - Chambord - Montargis 183.0km

1. Robbie McEwen (Australia) Davitamon-Lotto                3:46:00
2. Tom Boonen (Belgium) Quick.Step s.t.
3. Thor Hushovd (Norway) Credit Agricole s.t.

Robbie McEwen edges out rival Tom Boonen by half a wheels length. His victory is a consolation after being relegated in Stage 3 putting him behind in the chase for the sprinters Green Jersey.

Stage 6 - Troyes - Nancy 199.0km

1. Lorenzo Bernucci (Italy) Fassa Bortolo                   4:12:52
2. Alexandre Vinokourov (Kazakhstan) T-Mobile s.t.
3. Robert Förster (Germany) Gerolsteiner 0:07

A stage dominated by rain and a 175km breakaway by veteran Frenchman Christophe Mengin of the Francaise des Jeux team. Mengin bravely held on to a narrow lead of about 10 seconds as the peleton approached the final kilometre. Bernucci and Vinokourov attacked just prior to this point and had almost bridged the gap when Mengin went down in a slippery right hand bend. Bernucci avoided Mengin and stayed upright, while Vinokourov slowed and pulled a foot from his pedals. As the peleton rounded the same corner almost all of the 20 riders in the peleton went down. Bernucci held on to take out the first win of his pro career, while Vinokourov got his foot back in and maintained his second place. Vinokourov efforts enable him to gain a 7 second time split plus a time bonus of 12 second moving him up in to third in the General Classification.

Stage 7 - Lunéville - Karlsruhe 228.5km

1. Robbie McEwen (Australia) Davitamon-Lotto                5:03:45
2. Magnus Backstedt (Sweden) Liquigas-Bianchi s.t.
3. Bernard Eisel (Austria) Francaise des Jeux s.t.

Australian Robbie McEwen wins his second stage of this years Tour winning in a long straight bunch sprint in Karlruhe in Germany. The win levels the score between Robbie and Tom Boonen each with 2 stage wins so far. Earlier in the day Fabian Wegmann a German on German team Gerolsteiner lead a solo breakaway from the peleton to pick up points in the King of the Mountains competition. Even though he was caught by the pack before the finish it was a successful day for Wegmann as he claimed the polka dot jersey for the King of the Mountains leader and also lead the tour as it pass over the border into to Germany. The tour returns into France today with the stage finishing in Gerardmer.

Tour de France


text:
Popular Science Monthly/Volume 29/June 1886/Primitive Clocks

From Wikisource
Jump to navigation Jump to search

THE story is that King Alfred had no better way to tell the time than by burning twelve candles, each of which lasted two hours; and, when all the twelve were gone, another day had passed. Long before the time of Alfred, and long before the time of Christ, the shadow of the sun told the hour of the day, by means of a sundial. The old Chaldeans so placed a hollow hemisphere, with a bead in the center, that the shadow of the bead on the inner surface told the hour of the day. Other kinds of dials were afterward made with a tablet of wood or straight piece of metal. On the tablets were marked the different hours. When the shadow came to the mark IX., it was nine o'clock in the morning. The dial was sometimes placed near the ground, or in towers or buildings. You see, in the picture, two sundials

PSM V29 D192 A sun dial clock in ottawa canada.jpg

that are on the Gray and Black Nunnery in Ottawa, the capital of Canada. The old clock on the eastern end of Faneuil Hall in Boston was formerly a dial of this kind; and on some of the old church-towers in England you may see them to-day. Aside from the kinds mentioned, the dials now in existence are intended more for ornament than for use. In the days when dials were used, each one contained a motto of some kind, like these: "Time flies like the shadow"; or, "I tell no hours but those that are happy."

But the dial could be used only in the daytime; and, even then, it was worthless when the sun was covered with clouds. In order to measure the hours of the night as well as the hours of the day, the Greeks and Romans used the clepsydra, which means, "The water steals away." A large jar was filled with water, and a hole was made in the bottom through which the water could run. The glass, in those days, was not transparent. No one could see from the outside how much water had escaped. So there were made, on the inside, certain marks that told the hours as the water ran out; or else a stick with notches in the edge was dipped into the water, and the depth of what was left showed the hour. Sometimes the water dropped into another jar in which a block of wood was floating, the block rising as the hours went on. Once in a while, some very rich man had a clepsydra that sounded a musical note at every hour.

Another way of measuring time among the ancients was by the sand, or hour-glass. This was made of pear-shaped bits of hollow glass with a very small opening between them. It held just sand enough to run from the upper into the lower pear in the space of one hour. The glass was then turned the other side up and the sand ran back, also taking an hour. You have seen glasses of this kind where the sand runs out in three minutes. They are used for boiling eggs. King Charlemagne, a thousand years ago, had a glass of this kind that ran for twelve hours without turning. It was marked on the outside with red lines to show the escape of the sand. Hour-glasses were so common after this that they were carried in the pocket like watches. Every minister had one to mark the length of his sermon, which was a very serious matter in England during the protectorate of Cromwell, very few sermons being as short as one hour. It is said of one minister that when the sand ran out of his glass he turned it over, saying, "I know that you are all good fellows, so let's have another glass." Once, when the preacher had turned his glass a second time, showing that he had already preached two hours, the sexton asked him to lock the door and put the key on the nail when he was through, because the few people that were left wanted to go home to dinner. We also read that, in the early history of New York, the soldiers who defended the city used hour-glasses to tell when they should go on guard.

We have seen that the dial could be used neither at night nor in cloudy weather. We have also noticed that the hour-glass had to be watched so that it might be turned at the very moment the sand ran out. And we have also seen how inconvenient it was to measure time by the running of water. None of these ways was accurate enough, for minutes and even hours would be lost. A better means of measuring time was sought for; and this was found by means of a clepsydra, in which the water drove a wheel that marked the hours by a hand. The old Romans used this water-clock; but, when their empire was destroyed, all Western Europe forgot the existence of such a thing. In the year 807 a. d., the Caliph of Bagdad, Haroun-al-Raschid, sent to Charlemagne a water-clock of this kind. Soon after we learn that, instead of the running water, a weight was used for turning the wheel. But whether the clock was run by water or by a weight it was always a hard matter to have the hours of the same length. The escapement, which we shall speak of presently, made one hour more nearly the length of every other hour. The machine for telling the hours was, for many years, called the horologe, or "hour-teller." The word "clock" was applied only to the bell that struck the hours. It sounds very much like the Saxon, French, and German words that mean "bell." About nine hundred Years ago horologes were brought into England by the Catholic clergy. Very large horologes were built into the towers at Canterbury Cathedral, in 1292; at Westminster, in 1290; at Exeter Cathedral, in 1317—the striking part of which is still in use; at the cathedrals of Wells and Peterborough; and at St. Albans Abbey in 1326. A smaller horologe was made for Charles V of France in 1370, by a German named Vick.

Horologes, or clocks, would have remained in this imperfect state until to-day if it had not been for the invention of the pendulum, which means "something that swings." You all remember the story of Galileo, who, when a boy, watched the chandelier as it swung to and fro in the cathedral at Florence. The young boy noticed that it moved with great regularity. If it had moved all the way around the point where it was held, or suspended, it would have made a circle; but as it moved only a small part of the way, it moved in what is called the "arc" of a circle. Galileo saw that it took just as long a time to go from one end of the arc to the other as it did to return. This is called isochronism, or "equal times." In 1620, several years after Galileo's discovery, Huygens first used the pendulum to regulate the movement of a clock. You may see how this is done by looking at Fig. 1. We have here the simplest form of clock-work, or "movement," as it is called. A wheel, with teeth on the edge, turns on a pin, i, by the force of the weight h, the string being wound about what is called a "barrel" at i. If there is no way of stopping the wheel, it will run down very fast and very unevenly. Here is just where the pendulum becomes useful. The pendulum is a long wire, a c, the part c being enlarged into what is called a "bob." The pendulum swings on the point a. It has an arm, d g, fastened to it and swinging with it. The points of this arm are called the "pallets." When the pendulum is in the position marked by the black line you will see that the wheel is stopped by the pallet d. But, when the pendulum swings to the place marked by the dotted line, the pallet d moves out to e. This lets the wheel move a little; but, before it moves a notch, the pallet g has moved to f and catches the wheel below. When the pendulum swings from b back to c, f is moved to g, and the pallet d stops the wheel from going any farther. So that, while the pendulum has gone from c to b and back again, only one tooth PSM V29 D195 Gravity clock escapement mechanism.jpgFig. 1. of the wheel has escaped instead of two. The arm of the pendulum which acts upon the teeth of the wheel and the wheel itself are called the "escapement," because they let only a little of the power in the weight escape at a time—just as the hour-glass allowed but a little of the sand to escape at once, and as the clepsydra allowed only a little of the water to run out at a time.

The earliest form of an escapement was that of Vick. It was a small wheel that was turned back and forth by a twisted string. Afterward it was turned by a spiral spring, the wheel being always horizontal, or running at right angles to the other wheels, that were vertical. A new "scape-wheel," as it is called, was invented by Dr. Hooke, which moved vertically, or in the same plane with the other wheels. This is the wheel that is shown in Fig. 1. You will see by the figure that, when the bob is at b, and the tooth of the wheel comes on the pallet f, it will throw f over to g and help the bob to move from b to c. This is called the "recoil" escapement, because the force of the wheel gives such a sudden jerk to the pendulum. The cheaper clocks frequently have the recoil escapement. Very much of this jerking motion is saved by the "dead-beat" escapement, invented by Graham, an Englishman. It is so called because the tooth of the wheel falls dead upon the pallet and stays there until the pendulum starts back and releases it. The teeth of the dead-beat scape-wheel are of a different shape from those shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The "gravity" escapement is so called because another weight beside the principal weight gives an impulse, or motion, to the pallet. There are many other kinds of escapements, that are too difficult to be explained here. I have described only the simpler kinds.

In Fig. 1 the pendulum is made very much shorter than it should be, so that it will not take up the whole of the page. At the earth's equator it should be about thirty-nine inches long, to "vibrate," or go from c to b in one second. At the latitude of Washington, where the force of gravity is greater, the length is thirty-nine and one tenth inches. At London, which is still farther north, the length is thirty-nine and one seventh inches. A pendulum of the right length in London would lose two and one quarter minutes a day at the equator. The pendulum that vibrates from c to b in two seconds must be four times the length of a one-second pendulum. The pendulum of the great clock at Westminster moves once in two seconds. It is nearly fifteen feet long, and it weighs seven hundred pounds—the heaviest in the world. The heavier and longer the pendulum, the more regularly will the clock move. But pendulums may be too long and too heavy. Almost all of the clocks that were made before the year 1800 had pendulums about PSM V29 D196 Gravity clock escapement mechanism.jpgFig. 2. thirty-nine inches long, and they stood with their cases over five feet high—usually in the corner of the room. They were so clumsy that only the machinery was peddled about from place to place—the nearest cabinet-maker being called upon to make the case. By-and-by it was found that, if, in Fig. 1, the pendulum would go from c to b in one second, it would go from c to b, back again to c—or twice as fast—if it were one quarter as long. After that, clocks were made short enough to stand on a shelf.

It had also been found that the bob of the pendulum, when moving in the arc of a circle, was not reliable; but that all the trouble was avoided if it moved in the arc of a cycloid (or "like a circle"). This arrangement is shown in Fig. 2. The pendulum hangs from a fixed point, a, where it is fastened securely. The upper end of the wire is beaten into a very thin spring. When the bob b moves back and forth, it does not move in the arc of the circle c d, but on the dotted line ef. Great care is taken in preparing the spring at a, so that the bob will have no other motion than that from e to f. Should it move sidewise, or twist about, the clock will be spoiled. The bob was formerly flat, like a small plate, or round, like a ball. It was then a difficult matter to run the pendulum-wire through the exact center, and therefore the best bobs are now made in the form of a cylinder. A nut at the end of the wire keeps the bob from slipping off. If the nut is turned to the right, the pendulum is shortened, and the clock goes faster. If it is turned to the left, the clock goes slower. Sometimes it is necessary to regulate the pendulum without stopping it. This is done by placing small weights on the parts of it that project. In order to keep them of the same length, both in summer and in winter, pendulums were often made of wood; but it has been found that if the bob is made of bars of iron and zinc, or brass and steel, in the form of a gridiron, the different expansions of the two metals keep the pendulum at the right length. The pendulum-rod sometimes ends in a cup of mercury at the bob. When the heat expands the rod, the mercury is forced upward in the cup and nearer the fixed end of the pendulum. The object of both the gridiron pendulum and the mercurial is to bring the "center of oscillation" as near as possible to the "center of gravity." Another kind of a pendulum is called the "rotary," because the bob moves in a circle instead of going from side to side, but this is not thought to be at all reliable.

From what has been said already, you will see that the weight h (Fig. 1) would soon run away with the scape-wheel unless the pallets d e f g dodged in and out among the teeth and stopped it from going so fast. The pendulum, too, instead of moving back and forth between b and c, would stop half-way between them in a vertical or up and-down line, like the plummets that the bricklayers use. A clock with simply the scape-wheel and the pendulum will soon run down; you must therefore have more wheels and a heavier weight to move them, or else your wheels will not move evenly enough to carry the minute-and hour-hands over the "face" that is outside. In Fig. 3 you will see that we have added other wheels; but you will recognize the scape-wheel in c, and the weight hanging to the wheel a. As it descends, the weight pulls the wheel a in the direction of the arrow. The wheel A turns with the wheel a, and it has seventy-eight "teeth," as the cogs are called. At b is a small wheel called a "pinion," with six "leaves," as the cogs are called. The large wheel, B, has also seventy-eight teeth; and the pinion c has also six leaves. While A is turning round once, B and b turn thirteen times, because b has one thirteenth as many teeth as A. In the same way C and c turn thirteen times as fast as B and b. I have a clock before me in which the wheel A turns once in one hundred and thirty minutes, or two hours and ten minutes. The wheel B turns in ten minutes, and the wheel C in ten thirteenths of a minute. You will see that the scape-wheel C does not always take exactly a minute to go round. This scape-wheel has forty-two teeth, which is more than the usual number. If there were sixty teeth, and the pendulum marked one second at each swinging, the scape-wheel would turn once every minute. But this is not necessary; besides, the scape-wheel must be small enough for the pallets to take in about nine teeth between them, and yet be able to swing clear of them altogether.

The series of wheels in Fig. 3 is called the "train." You can not see the train in the clock so plainly as it is drawn in the picture, because

PSM V29 D198 Gravity clock escapement mechanism aided by weight.jpg
Fig. 3.

one wheel is placed behind the other in order to take as little room as possible. Sometimes, instead of only one wheel, B, between A and C, there will be two or three wheels—all of them smaller. The train of wheels is then harder to move, and the weight must be heavier. If the weight drops two inches in twenty-four hours, it will need a space of sixteen inches if it is to run eight days. The length of time that the clock will run depends upon three things: 1. The length of the pendulum; 2. The space through which the weight falls; 3. The number of wheels in the train, and the number of teeth in each wheel. We have already seen how the length of the pendulum can be regulated. If the weight has a small space allowed for its fall, the clock may be made to run longer by increasing both the weight and the number of teeth. The number of teeth may be increased by increasing the number of wheels, or by putting in new wheels.

The wheel D, Fig. 3, is called the "center wheel," because it turns once in an hour. It has thirty-six teeth. In former times the wheel A turned once in twelve hours; and the axle, or "arbor," a, went through a hole in the face of the clock. A hand on the end of the arbor passed over certain figures on the face which marked the hours from one to twelve. This hand was called the hour-hand; but, as it could not mark the minutes, the center wheel, D, was so made that it would turn once in an hour, and thus, by carrying a hand over the face outside, marked the minutes. After this change was made no one cared whether the wheel A turned in one hour or in three hours, or whether the wheel C turned in one half minute or in two minutes, if only the wheel D turned in exactly one hour. At d is a "cannon" pinion that sticks to the arbor by friction. The minute-hand, which is placed upon the pinion, may thus be moved without turning the wheel D or any of the other wheels.

We must now provide an hour-hand. The cannon-pinion a (Fig. 4), with twelve leaves, runs on the arbor of the center wheel;PSM V29 D199 Wheel arrangement for the hour and minute hands of a clock.jpgFig. 4. but it could not be drawn in Fig. 3, because it is behind the center wheel, D. These twelve leaves, A (Fig. 4), run into thirty-six teeth in the wheel B. You will notice that the teeth and the leaves are not drawn in the picture. On the farther side of B is the pinion b, with twelve leaves which run into the forty-eight teeth of the wheel C. The wheel C and the pinion b are marked with dotted lines, because they are behind the pinion a and the wheel B. If a turns once in an hour, B will turn once in three hours, and C once in twelve hours. If what is called a "barrel" is placed over the cannon-pinion of the center wheel, and one end of it is fastened to the wheel C, the other end that comes through the face of the clock will carry the hour-hand. These wheels, in Fig. 4, are independent of the wheels in Fig. 3, except that a, in Fig. 4, fits upon the arbor d, of D, in Fig. 3 so loosely that you may turn the hour-and the minute-hand whenever you choose, and yet tightly enough to turn about with the wheel D if they are not disturbed. You can, therefore, move the two hands of the clock without disturbing any of the wheels in Fig. 3.

We have seen that the weight must keep pulling, or the clock will stop. Sometimes, instead of the weight, a spring is used, especially if the clock is small. The spring simply pushes the wheel A in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 3). When the spring is used the clock may have a pendulum escapement, or it may have a wheel escapement like that of a watch. But if the pressure of the spring is removed, or if the weight (should there be one) is lifted, the clock will stop. When you wind up the clock it is the same thing as taking away the weight, or the spring, while you are winding. How, then, can you wind it and still keep it going? This is done by what is called a "going-barrel," or "maintaining-works." In Fig. 3 you will notice that the wheel A turns in the direction of the arrow when the weight pulls down. When you wind up the clock the force of the weight is taken off. A strong spring is placed on the side of the wheel A that pushes it along in the direction of the arrow for the few seconds that you take in winding. Another wheel, or barrel, a, is placed on the large wheel A, and on this the string that holds the weight is wound. This wheel you turn in the opposite direction to that of the arrow. At the same time the spring pushes A in the direction of the arrow. You will sometimes see an old clock with an endless chain so arranged that, by pulling on a small weight, you may lift a large weight, and thus wind the clock. Others of the old time-pieces have weights that are hung by chains with rings at the upper end. When the weight has run down you can pull on the ring and the weight is lifted. You will find that all the best clocks, and all the watches, have the "maintaining-works."

The striking part of a clock is a very interesting study. It has a train of wheels and a weight entirely separate from the train that tells the hours and minutes by the hands. The large wheel, B, in Fig. 5, really consists of two wheels fastened together. The larger or outer wheel has seventy-eight teeth that run into a pinion, with thirteen leaves. The cord that holds the weight is wound on the axle of, on which A is also fastened. There are thirteen pins on the surface of A. They can not be seen, because they are on the other side of the wheel; but they have been drawn in the picture so that the explanation may be more easily understood. As the wheel A turns, each pin strikes the end of the lever c, which, when it is released, springs back and strikes the bell d. The smaller wheel, B, has notches all about it—first, one notch; then two notches close together; then three notches close together; and so on until you find twelve notches all in one place. This makes seventy-eight notches in all. Behind the wheel B is a pinion that you can not see. It is turned by the wheel A, but it is entirely independent of B, although it turns on the same axis. This independent pinion turns a wheel almost as large as B, which itself turns a small pinion that carries the "fly-fan." The use of the fan is to keep an even motion. The large wheel that we have spoken of turns once at every stroke of the bell. In Fig. 5, a wire, c, runs over to the center wheel, D. In Fig. 3, a pin on the center wheel pushes up this wire when the clock is ready to strike. If the end of the wire (in Fig. 5) rests at the four notches, it shows that four o'clock

PSM V29 D201 Clock mechanism for hourly chime.jpg
Fig. 5.

has been struck. If the center wheel pushes the wire up again, or pulls it out from the notch where it is resting, the large wheels at B are released; the weight commences to turn A and B, and the pins in A set the hammer c to striking the bell d. It keeps on striking until five has been struck. The wire then drops into a notch and holds the striking-wheel fast until the center wheel moves the wire again—thus saying that it is time to strike six. The wheels then turn again until the wire comes down and stops them. Alarm-clocks have an arrangement by which the spring that sounds the alarm is let loose at the hour when the owner wishes to be awakened.

The boys who went to school in New England sixty years ago had no such device to waken them in cold winter mornings as the modern alarm-clock; they had to waken each other, in order to have a good start in kindling their fires, so that they could enjoy an hour's hard study, and sometimes a recitation, before breakfast. But it was not always convenient for one to keep awake in order to waken his companions. The one who was on guard was as sleepy as any of the rest: so the inventive brains of the Yankee boys were set to work to find some way of giving an alarm at the right time. Let it be remembered that, while primitive alarm-clocks were to be had in Europe, and while "repeating"-watches were a luxury in America, neither of them were to be found in New England as it was then. Even if the repeating-watch had been in general use, it was valueless, except to tell the time in the dark when one was awake. The invention of the alarm-clock was, therefore, a greater advance in the history of clock-making than was the invention of time-locks in the history of lock-making. The essential feature of the time-lock is a chronometer that turns a wheel containing a pin so adjusted that it will reach a certain point in a fixed time. Then a "dog" drops down, removes the obstruction, and allows the bolt to be shoved back. Two chronometers are used, so that, in case one runs down, the other will do the work. They are hung on springs, for fear that they will run down if the burglars should use dynamite, or some other explosive, to give them a sudden jar.

The Yankee boys, at the time that I have spoken of, were equal to the difficulty of awakening at the exact time. They invented a contrivance which was an indication of what was coming in both the alarm-clock and the time-lock. Indeed, it was so nearly a combination of the two that we must take away from the more modern inventors some of the credit and bestow it upon the boys.

In order to explain the plan more clearly, I ought first to say that the watches worn by both the men and the boys were of the large and coarse pattern known as "bull's-eyes"—a name given because the crystals were very thick, and bulged out something like the lens of a dark-lantern. The watches of this kind were not only very thick, but they were very large in diameter. The springs were very strong, and the hands were very stout. Therefore, the power that moved the hands was much greater than the power that moves the hands in the watches that are made to-day.

The boys prepared a board, a b c d, Fig. 6, about a foot square. Toward the upper edge, at e, they scooped out a place large enough for the watch to drop into, and have the face even, or flush, with the surface of the board. The face of the watch was then fastened to the board. The crystal was opened, or taken away entirely, and thus the hands traveled around just as if they had been on the board itself. A small wooden lever, j g, was fastened to the board by a nail, f, that acted as a fulcrum. Another lever, g i, had a fulcrum at h, and touched the first lever at g. The board was kept at a slant on the table by the prop n, or else by a pile of books behind it. The lever g j was so adjusted that the minute-hand of the watch would pass over the end, j; but when the given hour-hand, v, for instance, came round, it would strike j to the left. The effect would be this: g would move to the right and i to the left, thus pushing the weight at i from the little shelf on which it was balanced, and causing it to tumble toward the floor.

PSM V29 D203 Clock rigged to drop a weight on the hour.jpg
Fig. 6.

You can imagine that the force set in motion by the hour-hand of the watch, even of a "bull's-eye," was not enough to start a very heavy weight. Therefore, the dropping of the weight at i was not enough of a noise to awaken the boys, but the force that was exerted was enough, applied at the end of a long lever, to transfer itself to a point where it would do more good. The weight i, in dropping, pulled a string that was fastened on the long arm of the lever k m. This lever was fastened to the edge of the same table that held the square board by a gimlet, or nail, as a fulcrum, at l. When i dropped, it pulled k down and pushed m up. The sudden jerk at m pushed over a nicely balanced table, upon which had been placed nearly all the chairs and other furniture in the room. This certainly made enough noise to awaken the occupants of the room, and it is not likely there was much sleep after that. It was a great deal of trouble to adjust so nicely all the different parts of this primitive alarm-clock; but it never failed to work when care was taken with all the details. Let us praise the boys for studying out a scheme which others have adopted and called their own. They preferred to lie in bed as long as possible, and did not propose to keep awake all night, if any machinery could be devised to do the awaking for them.

A few words in regard to the dial on the face of the clock. The dial of a clock, if it is a cheap one, is made of wood and painted white. If the dial is small and expensive, it is made of copper on which is baked a white enamel surface. The figures are marked in black paint, which is sometimes burned or "baked in." The usual size of the figures from I to XII is one third of the distance from the outer circle toward the center. If the face of the clock is white, the figures and the hands should be black. If the face is black, or any dark color, the figures and hands should be either white or gilt. The dials of tower-clocks are frequently illuminated by gas or electricity, so that the time may be easily determined at night.


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Photo-Shoot Checklist

Photo Shoot Checklist

***This post has been updated with a more modern version of this handy Photo Shoot Checklist***

This is a printable photo shoot checklist for your next photo session or wedding. Of course, every photographer has her own preferences and needs based on what she photographs as well as her own unique things she likes to keep in her camera bag. This Photo Shoot Checklist is pretty extensive though and should cover most of the important reminders when preparing for a shoot. I’ve included some blank spaces so that you can fill in your own specific needs.  Save this image to your desktop to print a copy; keep a copy on you mobile device or import into an app like Goodnotes.

My favorite part of this list is the reminder to reset the camera settings. I’m always forgetting to reset the ISO!

Photo Shoot Checklist | Printables for Photographers | Printable Photo Shoot Checklist
Photo Shoot Checklist

Links to some of the items mentioned above:

(Please note, these are affiliate links. Should you choose to purchase through one of these links I will receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. Rest assured that I am only linking to products I love and use on a regular basis)

EXPO DISC White Balance Filter

5 in 1 Reflector

My Favorite Rolling Camera Bag

What would you add to this Photo Shoot Checklist? Leave a comment below!

The best photo editing features for free.
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  1. amen! . . . i’ve gone from trying to find the perfect purse to trying to find the perfect diaper bag and now to trying to find the perfect camera bag. . . wait a minute…i’m starting to think maybe the problem is me. . . 😉

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Skip to main content

Launching the first product – groundbreaking for more sustainable PVC

photo of two persons dressed in white uniforms holding the new product in a plastic container

Breakthrough: “The contents of this bottle are our breakthrough. The first product we are now launching for customers internationally has been produced at the pilot plant at Herøya Research Park,” explain “ pilot manager” Tonje Haagensen (left) and Petter Pettersen, the company’s recently appointed business development manager.

Start-up company Funzionano, originating from SINTEF, has devised the formula for an exciting new project after just over a year working on piloting processes at Herøya Research Park

This special product goes by the name of D-PYRE™ and is now being supplied to a number of customers.

“We are working on deliveries of trial volumes to a number of customers in Europe. We are testing the system at the moment together with selected end customers in Italy and the Nordic region,” explains Petter Pettersen, the company’s recently appointed business development manager.

The Funzionano team are proud to report on a number of groundbreaking product characteristics.

Advancing PVC up the sustainability league

What are its most groundbreaking characteristics?

“First and foremost, D-PYRE™ makes soft PVC safer and more resistant in terms of fire. The product is also good for the environment and health,” say the proud Funzionano team members.

The team members explain that this solution is a fire retardant that slows and prevents fires while also helping to reduce exposure to chemicals in PVC. D-PYRE™ is based on bio-based components and biodegrades naturally at the end of its service life.

The Funzionano solution is therefore helping to advance soft PVC up the sustainability league and into the socially beneficial circular economy.

Photo of the Funzionano team

Ready to scale up production: The Funzionano team are ready to scale up production of D-PYRE™. Back, from left: Tonje Haagensen, Morten Eikenes, Samer Sahli and Petter Pettersen. Front, from left: Annie Knutsen, Dag Høvik and Matthew Read.

Useful cooperation

“Cooperation with PVC experts, the Herøya pilot arena and the Proventia incubator network is beneficial to us,” save the happy Funzionano team members.

“We have received good advice and input from research environments and PVC experts in Grenland; and also from Norner, an active member of our board,” explains general manager Morten Eikenes.

Worldwide ambitions

Funzionano is now launching D-PYRE™ internationally.

“We are now launching our product on a broad scale in both Scandinavia and Europe, explains Petter Pettersen. “Our product is uniquely targeted at a gigantic market worldwide. We have big ambitions, but we are taking it one step at a time,” he assures.

Pettersen lists a number of relevant industries that use soft PVC in their products: the construction industry, which uses soft PVC in flooring, wall papers and walls; the automotive industry and transport sector, which use PVC in interiors and faux leather; and the electrical industry and maritime sector.

See Facts and figures on PVC. (Danish)

Green direction

Describe your dream customer.

There are many different ones. “All customers who work with plasticised PVC and need flame retardant properties,” says Pettersen quickly. “We dream of having customers who want to head in a green direction. We look at the environmental profiles of customers that are a good fit for us,” he says.

Funzionano’s staff and owners are now reinforcing the commercialisation of D-PYRE™ by means of both a share issue and a targeted marketing initiative. A new D-PYRE™ website will be ready to launch soon.

More products in the pipeline

Two employees holding plastic container with new product

Tonje Haagensen is updating Petter Pettersen on some of the product’s groundbreaking properties.

But Funzionano will not be stopping at its first product. General manager Morten Eikenes explains that a number of other interesting projects are in the pipeline.

“We are looking at other applications and have a number of projects in the pipeline, besides PVC. Our objective is to bring value creation home to Norway and Herøya,” says the general manager with enthusiasm.

Find out more:

Read about PVC and plasticisers at  (danish)

You can add one unit instead of up to twenty, and you can still make a stronger, greener end product – and in many cases bring down the customer’s costs as well. The product can be added to transparent plasticisers so that it can be used in transparent products. The product improves mechanical properties and is more eco-friendly.

Test results

The health classification is “may cause skin irritation”, which is a much milder classification compared with traditional flame retardants in PVC. Does not contain brominated phosphates or heavy metals that are undesirable and cause dust in indoor environments This product is readily degradable and results in a mineral that is returned to nature in ash after incineration, for example.

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Category Archives: Reinventing Lived Traditions pt.2

Hadid-Zaha’s Chaoyangmen Soho mall vs. Amateur Architecture’s Ningbo History Museum (part two).

Part two: The lifeworld of the hutong: “tian peng, yu gang, shi liu shu; lao ye, fei gou, pang ya tou”.

Before comparing the Amateur Architecture Studio’s approach to heritage in their Ningbo History Museum (2008) to that of Chaoyangmen Soho’s reinvented mall-yards, we might pull up a stool under a pomegranate tree, and pause to reflect on the nature of the urban village culture, and what it might mean to “keep it alive”.

pomegranite tree1

He Shuzhong describes the hutong way of life as the one thing that best represents ancient Chinese culture, and sociologist Qing Qing Yang suggests that “the Hutongs themselves are a live archive of history”. The term ‘hutong’ refers specifically to a laneway, connecting the living compounds of houses (generally belonging to one family) and courtyards (often shared by several families whose houses face onto the courtyard). More broadly, the hutong area refers to all three elements (the lane, houses, courtyards). The use of the term hutong to describe a residential area had become widespread in China by the time of the Yuan dynasty (from 1271 onwards).

Different elements of the hutong’s material structure have particular historical meaning. For example, as Mr Li, a Beijing Hutong Dweller explained to Mr Yang

“If you go and look around these formal courtyards you will find most of them have men dun, which tell the visitors information about the household. For example, a box shaped men dun means that the master of the family is a civil official; while if it is a drum shaped round men dun, then the master of the family is a military officer. If there is a lion on the men dun, then the master of this family must be related to royal kinship. If the lion is in a standing posture, then this family has a higher social status, while if it bends over, then it means it is from a relatively lower social level”.

men dun

Qing Qing Yang explains that when people chose a marriage partner, the traditional standard men dang hu dui (????) applied, which meant the gate of the two families, which shows the family status, should match each other. While men dun and many other features of hutong buildings have become redundant in a literal sense, they are still highly valued by residents, for the histories and memories they evoke.

Yang suggests that the hutong, the courtyard and the house are all experienced as aspects of home, rather than separate spaces. Hutong were originally only wide enough for pedestrians and bicycles, and so provided “a haven for kids to play in without fear of an accident”. Lu Jian, who often stayed in her grandparent’s (Tianjin) courtyard house concurs that the freedom of the hutongs was one of the pleasures of childhood.

hutong nanhar

The home-courtyard-hutong space was shared among inter-generational family and neighbours. Yang gives the example of the pomegranate tree grown on a trellis across a hutong. The shade of the tree provides a meeting place where neighbours pull up stools to sit and talk and ? as can often be seen in the Beijing hutong? play mahjong. Shared outside washrooms also provide an opportunity for togetherness, and Yang suggests that the residents wearing of sleeping clothes in the street shows their feeling of home includes the hutong. Lu Jian recalls the sharing of food among the different families who ate together in her grandma’s courtyard; if someone went to the market and got fresh fish, crabs, or shrimp, then they would be shared with the neighbours.

chess under tree

“Communality” and an extended sense of being at home were and are pleasures of the hutong. On the other hand, conflicts among neighbours could sour things, especially as the home-courtyard-hutong life provides for little privacy and escape. Moreover, as Jonah Kessel suggests, the hutong’s living conditions were often poor: space was cramped, buildings suffered from crumbling bricks and leaking roofs, residents relied on coal for winter warmth and had to venture outside to the communal washrooms.

While preservationists would like to see heritage areas (say, within Beijing’s 2nd ring) authentically maintained and restored, it isn’t clear that residents are adverse to modification (and downright fakery) if it enables the preservation of material memories (everything has a story behind it), and continuity of the positive aspects of the hutong way of life. Many former inhabitants have moved to high rise apartments where they appreciate the better facilities (especially the privacy of one’s own washroom) but still long for the tree-lined hutongs, courtyards, and collective way of life. Often a compromise is preferred; residents would like to stay, but have their facilities improved. That may require difficult choices ? if having a washroom installed means losing a sleeping space, which relation needs to go?

Much of the compromising done in still existing hutong areas has been with tourism. To the extent that this enables a continuation of a hutong way of life, compromisers may be content to have come part of a “living museum” (as Yang describes it). However, over-commercialisation in some areas has pushed the compromise too far for the maintenance of the social lifeworld of the hutong. In such cases Yang suggests that these hutong have become an “empty shell”.

How then, might displaced hutong residents view the Chaoyangmen Soho mall? Despite RIBA’s claims that it’s public spaces represent a generous democratisation of Hadid-Zaha’s work, and the architect’s own claims of seamless cultural reinvention, its doubtful the displaced compromisers regard the mall-yards as providing for the continuation of “lived traditions”. It seems more likely they share the preservationists’ view that the Soho represents a kind of luxury-brand gravestone for the hutong way of life. If so, we might (in part three) ask, does Amateur Architecture’s more historical approach better support socio-cultural continuity and, if so, for who?


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Dual Vase Sand

This handsome danish design large glass vase has a dual functionality. Use either the top or bottom as a vase, depending on the vessel size you need. The Dual Vase in sand colour is produced in the European Union and designed in Denmark by Kristina Dam Design Studio. The beautiful sand colour of this glass vase will add a warm atmosphere and sculptural detail to your interior. The glass vases come in different sizes and colours suiting any floral requirements and complementing each other perfectly. The soft glass texture is also a perfect match for the Dome Vases.

Kristina Dam Studio is a Danish design brand that has truly made a name for itself within the last handful of years. The design aesthetic of Kristina Dam is named sculptural minimalism giving all furniture and accessories in the KDS collection a distinct graphic expression. All of their design items are crafted from strong and long-lasting materials produced within the EU.

  • Material: Glass
  • Size: 9 Ø x 13 Ø x 22,3 H cm

Natural, Off White, oatmeal


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Skills & Training Working Group

Providing a framework for a sustainable training infrastructure to support EOSC in all its phases and ensure its uptake

Natalia Manola

Natalia Manola

Vinciane Gaillard

Vinciane Gaillard

The “Skills and Training” working group will work on building competence (skills) and capabilities (training) for EOSC. The goal is to provide a framework for a sustainable training infrastructure to support EOSC in all its phases and ensure its uptake. The WG will consult and converge with existing initiatives and H2020 EOSC projects to agree upon key components for skills development and training, determine how these can be embedded in different levels of EOSC (institutional, national, EU), and identify what structures are needed to make EOSC a viable success (sustainability).

Digital and Open Science skills are a cornerstone in EOSC’s operations and future. Developing and sustaining the skills of researchers, research support staff, and EOSC service providers is essential for the success of the EOSC vision. An EOSC network of skilled professionals, forming a coordinated training infrastructure, is essential to bring a culture change for sharing research outcomes, policy awareness, and compliance and knowledge of ICT support services, as well as to empower individuals and institutions to develop and maintain EOSC competences science and capabilities.

Start Jan 2020 – Initial duration 12 months

The WG will propose a way forward through a set of actions providing both policy and implementation recommendations.

  1. Skills development framework (competences) for organizational culture change and service development:
    • Take stock of existing work (e.g. EOSC pilot FAIR4S skills framework, HLEG expert group) and identify and prioritize open science and digital skill sets for EOSC, targeting researchers (for open science and RDM practices), service providers (for providing their services to EOSC), and policy makers (on how to align with open science and data policies).
    • Commission a study to frame digital skills required in EOSC in the wider European agenda for skills and provide recommendations for MS/AC on how to include EOSC in national skills policies/strategies.
  2. EOSC training framework/infrastructure (capabilities), targeting trainers and professional groups that support researchers in the stewardship of research outputs and service providers in providing their services via EOSC:
    • Review existing organization models of training structures (e.g., competence centres, costs, practical tools, assessment processes) at institutional / national / EU settings and provide options for MS/AC for short/mid/long term to implement training and education programmes for EOSC.
    • Analyse and recommend quality assurance and certification mechanisms for trainers, if any (e.g., recognised EOSC badges and seals)
    • Review and agree upon specifications for an EOSC training/learning materials catalogue, possibly a federated approach as part of the EOSC MVP. Take into consideration existing models (e.g., EOSC pilot FAIR4S framework) and industry standards (e.g., IEEE LOM,SCORM) define metadata, formats, APIs, and the curation, certification, and preservation of training materials.
    • Recommend coordination levels and structure for training in EOSC. Identify  MVP training components and tools. Propose sustainability model for the governance and operation of the training infrastructure including the EOSC training materials catalogue (who is in charge of what).

Sustainability – Training MVP in EOSC (e.g., coordination, catalogue) and sustainability model for the governance and operation of training infrastructure.

Landscape – Training competence centers, models of operations in MS/AC

Architecture – Federation of EOSC training/learning material catalogue and services

RoP – Policies for training material, e..g., certification of trainers or training modules

FAIR – Making training/learning material FAIR. Skills for FAIR.

  • Q3 2020: Minimum skill set for EOSC
  • Q3 2020: Specifications for training catalogue(s)
  • Q3 2020: Options for organizational models for regional/thematic/EU competence centers and their coordination
  • Q4 2020: EOSC MVP for training and sustainability model
  • Q4 2020: Recommendation for EOSC skills/training in national digital skills policies/strategies

Working Group Skills & Training members

Skills & Training WG role: EOSC Skills & Training Working Group Chair

Organisation: OpenAIRE - Managing Director & Researcher

Natalia Manola
Skills & Training WG role: Training & Skills WG Co-chair

Organisation: European University Association (EUA) - Acting Director for Research and Innovation (R&I)

Vinciane Gaillard
Skills & Training WG role: EOSCsecretariat Contact Point for the Skills & Training WG

Organisation: Athena Research Center (ARC) -

Vassia Diochnou
Skills & Training WG role: Skills & Training WG Rapporteur

Organisation: EIFL (Electronic Information for Libraries) - Open Access Programme Manager

Iryna Kuchma
Skills & Training WG role: EC Contact Point

Organisation: European Commission—Directorate General for Research and Innovation (DG RTD) - Policy Officer at the Open Science Unit

Carlos Casorrán Amilburu
Skills & Training WG role: EC Contact Point

Organisation: EC Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (DG CNECT) -

Pauline Gounaud

Organisation: ELIXIR PT - - Executive Director

Ana Portugal Melo

Organisation: Digital Curation Centre (DCC) - Senior Research Data Specialist

Angus Whyte

Organisation: Aalto University - Head of Open Science and ACRIS team

Anne Maarit Sunikka

Organisation: Wales Academy of Professional Practice and Applied Research - Director

Annette Fillery-Travis

Organisation: OECD - Head of the Global Science Forum (GSF)

Carthage Smith

Organisation: University of Perugia - Dept of Physics & Earth Sciences - Full professor with a Chair in Experimental Physics

Caterina Petrillo

Organisation: DTL - Dutch Techcentre for Life Sciences - Training Programme Manager DTL/ELIXIR-NL

Celia van Gelder

Organisation: University of Maribor, University of Maribor Library - Assistant director

Dunja Legat

Organisation: University of Athens -

Eleni Petra

Organisation: University of Oslo Library - Senior adviser for open science

Elin Stangeland

Organisation: CNR-ISTI -

Emma Lazzeri

Organisation: DARIAH-EU - Open Science Officer

Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra

Organisation: Institute of Applied Biosciences (INAB), Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (CERTH) - Principal Investigator

Fotis Psomopoulos

Organisation: EGI Foundation - User Community Team Lead

Giuseppe La Rocca

Organisation: Jisc -

Helen Clare

Organisation: Kaunas University of Technology (KTU) - Head of Research Information Services and responsible for training and support activities in OpenAIRE National Open Access Desk (NOAD)

Ieva Cesevičiūtė

Organisation: Universitat Politècnica de València - Full professor of parallel, grid and cloud computing in the area of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence

Ignacio Blanquer Espert

Organisation: Aalto University -

Iris Andersson

Organisation: University of Amsterdam/LifeWatch ERIC -

Jacco Konijn

Organisation: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC) Barcelona - Researcher

Jaume Piera

Organisation: Gdansk University of Technology - Deputy director of the Centre of Informatics – Tricity Academic Supercomputer & networK (CI TASK)

Jerzy Proficz

Organisation: University of Debrecen University and National Library - Head of the Education and Research Support Department

Judit Fazekas-Parragh

Organisation: Research Council for Sustainable Development, Formas (Sweden) - Senior analyst

Karla Anaya-Carlsson

Organisation: Copenhagen University Library I Royal Danish Library - Head of Research Support Services

Michael Svendsen

Organisation: Research Software Alliance - Director

Michelle Barker

Organisation: Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences -

Miroslav Dobrucky

Organisation: OPERAS -

Pierre Mounier

Organisation: DANS -

René van Horik

Organisation: FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland - Head of the Digital Teaching and Learning Department

Ricarda T.D. Reimer

Organisation: Trust-IT Services - Project Manager

Rob Carrillo

Organisation: ECOOM, Hasselt University & euroCRIS -

Sadia Vancauwenberghe

Organisation: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University -

Sonja Filiposka

Organisation: Helmholtz Association - Adviser Strategic Initiatives

Susan Trinitz

Organisation: OPERAS/TGIR Huma-Num (CNRS) - Research engineer

Suzanne Dumouchel

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Fifteen-minute consultation: stabilisation of the high-risk newborn infant beside the mother
  1. Natalie Batey1,
  2. Charles W Yoxall2,
  3. Joe A Fawke3,
  4. Lelia Duley4,
  5. Jon Dorling1,5
  1. 1 Department of Neonatology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
  2. 2 Department of Neonatology, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
  3. 3 Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
  4. 4 Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
  5. 5 Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jon Dorling, Division of Child Health, University of Nottingham, E floor East Block, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; jon.dorling{at}

Paediatric and adult resuscitation is often performed with family present. Current guidelines recommend deferred umbilical cord clamping as part of immediate neonatal care, requiring neonatal assessment next to the mother. This paper describes strategies for providing care beside the mother using both standard resuscitation equipment and a trolley designed for this purpose.

  • Umbilical
  • Cord
  • Stabilisation
  • Resuscitaire

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See:

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Family presence at both paediatric and adult resuscitation is common and part of international resuscitation guidelines.1 2 Being present at resuscitation can decrease anxiety and feelings of helplessness and improve grief for the family.3 4 Having the family present does not seem to interfere with or impede clinical care.3

For parents of high-risk infants, the first experience of their baby may be on the neonatal unit, and many parents describe touching their baby for the first time as a particularly powerful experience.5 Delay in this first contact may be due to concerns around maternal or infant health or simple physical separation.6

Current guidance is to defer umbilical cord clamping for uncompromised term and preterm infants.7 8 For high-risk infants, assessment following newborn life support (NLS) algorithms of whether stabilisation is needed must therefore take place while the cord is intact. Having the infant beside their mother facilitates this assessment.

We have developed two strategies for providing stabilisation beside the mother: the first using standard equipment and the second using a mobile trolley (LifeStart).9 10 These were developed as part of a programme of work aimed at improving the quality of care an outcome at very preterm birth. Working with an industry partner, we developed the LifeStart trolley (figure 1). This is a small, mobile, height-adjustable trolley with a horizontal platform and heated mattress; additional resuscitation equipment, including gas cylinders, can be mounted on side rails.11 Both strategies for providing care beside the mother were used for infants born before 32 weeks gestation in the Cord Pilot Trial12 and for other high-risk births.9 The Cord Pilot Trial compared umbilical cord clamping after at least 2 min with clamping within 20 s. Providing care and stabilisation beside the mother ensured that neonatal care was the same regardless of when the cord was clamped.

Figure 1

The LifeStart trolley.

Planning before the birth

To facilitate neonatal care beside the mother at birth, significant planning involving the multidisciplinary team (MDT) is needed. Guidance should be drawn up with input from all those involved in the care of the woman and her baby (figure 2). This should include planning for births within the labour suite and the obstetric theatres.

Figure 2

Members of the MDT required for planning neonatal stabilisation bedside the mother. MDT, multidisciplinary team.

Training materials should be developed and can include presentations, documents, videos and simulation scenarios. In our experience, simulations with all members of the MDT, based on NLS scenarios and protocols, adapted with care beside the mother, were the most effective at embedding practice. Continual training, integrated into changeover inductions for rotating junior doctors, ensures new members of the team are familiar with procedures.

What equipment to use

Different types of equipment can be used to provide neonatal care beside the mother. We have experience of using both standard equipment (the Draeger Resuscitaire and Fisher and Paykel CosyCot) and the LifeStart trolley. The set up required for each of these platforms is slightly different.

Standard equipment

For standard equipment, a solid-based mattress should be used, and the side barriers of the platform lowered to create a flat surface. At vaginal births, wheel the platform longitudinally alongside the mother’s bed and lock the wheels. Adjust the height of both the platform and the mother’s bed so they are at the same level, and slide the mattress part-way across the side of the mother’s bed to provide a stable surface for stabilisation of the neonate. Rotate the overhead heater to cover the area directly over the infant (figure 3).

Figure 3

Demonstration of how to set up standard equipment for neonatal care beside the mother immediately after birth at vaginal births.

At caesarean section place the platform end on to the operating table and drape it with sterile towels (figure 4). Adjust the height of the platform and the operating table so they are at identical levels.

Figure 4

Demonstration of how to set up standard equipment for neonatal care beside the mother immediately after birth a caesarean section.

The LifeStart trolley

At vaginal births adjust the height of the platform so that it can rest on the mother’s bed (figure 5). At caesarean section wheel the trolley end on to the operating table and adjust the height of the platform to the mother’s thighs (figure 6). For both types of birth, the trolley is located with the neonatal interface facing the neonatal team.

Figure 5

Demonstration of how to set up the LifeStart trolley for neonatal care beside the mother immediately after birth at vaginal births.

Figure 6

Demonstration of how to set up the LifeStart trolley for neonatal care beside the mother immediately after birth at caesarean section (note: the neonatal team should be scrubbed to maintain the sterility).

Providing care with either equipment

Prior to birth the platform should be checked and the heater (overhead or mattress) switched on. For both vaginal or caesarean births, plans should be made to move the neonatal team quickly in the event of an obstetric emergency requiring greater access to the mother. Gases can be delivered from wall gas ports or cylinders according to local preference. Trailing gas hoses should be carefully positioned to avoid being trip hazards or impeding the trolley’s wheels.

Following birth, neonatal assessment and stabilisation should be carried out in line with NLS guidelines. If the equipment is moved, stabilisation can continue at a suitable alternative position in the delivery room or obstetric theatre. While at the bedside the neonatal team are facing the mother and birthing partner; this facilitates communication as they can be updated regarding their baby’s care.

Vaginal births

Prior to birth the midwife caring for the woman and the neonatal team need to discuss the potential management required for the individual baby and the best side of the bed to locate the platform or trolley. Just prior to birth the equipment should be moved to the agreed position and the wheels should be locked.

If deferred umbilical cord clamping is taking place, the position of the umbilical cord needs to be considered. If the woman gives birth in a semirecumbent position, the baby should be placed on the mattress with the cord over mother’s thigh, but if giving birth in the lithotomy position, the baby should be passed underneath the thigh. Care is needed to ensure that no pressure is applied to the cord.

Caesarean section

Prior to birth, the optimal positioning of the neonatal resuscitation equipment should be agreed with the theatre team. This is usually between the operating obstetrician and the diathermy machine with the surgical assistant and the scrub nurse on the opposite side of the operating table.

Maintaining the sterile field is essential. Prebirth equipment checks of all non-sterile equipment are needed, and then the platform covered in sterile drapes to ensure continuation of the sterile field. At least two members of the neonatal team should scrub, another member of the team opens packets and handles non-sterile equipment. For example, inserting the end of the suction catheter into the tubing.

Shortly before birth the platform or trolley is moved into the agreed position and its wheels locked. At birth, the obstetrician either passes the baby to the neonatal team or for a very preterm birth places the baby’s feet first into a sterile plastic bag or wrap. The stethoscope, hat and laryngoscope handle are not placed on the sterile field until after the obstetrician has placed the baby on the platform to minimise the risk of contact with non-sterile equipment.

Current evidence and future research

With good planning and training we have shown that stabilisation of very preterm infants can be conducted beside the mother using both forms of resuscitation platform.9 10 Despite initial anxieties about the equipment and providing care in front of parents, preliminary feedback from parents and clinical staff about care beside the mother appears largely positive.13 14 Parents who expressed their opinion commented that they were pleased that the baby was so close to them and appreciated being able to witness management and converse and interact with clinicians. Many mothers spontaneously touched their baby and others did when invited to do so. Some parents found it stressful watching their baby receive treatment, but none regretted the decision to have their baby beside them. Parents raised concerns about staff experiences including whether they felt pressure from resuscitating at the bedside.

Clinicians wondered about the impact on parents of watching stabilisation at birth. They felt, however, that parents being closer to their baby was important, and the close proximity aided communication between the clinical team and the parents.14 Access to the baby and the ability to assess the baby were undiminished, although access to equipment has been raised as a potential concern.15

Further evaluation of care beside the mother in a wide range of settings is needed and should include use of standard equipment as well as the LifeStart trolley. As well as further evaluation of parents16 and clinicians’ experiences, this should include assessment of outcome for babies and parents including, but not restricted to, temperature on admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, breast milk received, maternal anxiety, depression and perception of bonding.

With good MDT planning and working delivery room neonatal care can be provided beside the mother. It is important to develop a framework of teaching packages and to provide continual MDT training.

The authors would like to thank those involved in the planning and implementation of bedside care at each centre. This paper details independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research funding scheme (RP PG- 0609–10107). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. The funder had no role in study design, conduct, analysis or reporting.

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  • Contributors NB wrote the first draft. NB, BY, JF and JD were involved in planning and implementing bedside care in their local centres. NB, BY, JF and JD have contributed to training other centres. LD is lead for the preterm birth programme and chief investigator for the Cord Pilot Trial. All authors contributed to and approved the final version.

  • Competing interests LD is principle investigator for the improving quality of care and outcome at very preterm birth programme funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research funding scheme (RP-PG-0609-10107). CWY and LD contributed to development of the Lifestart trolley. The Cord Pilot Trial was registered (ISRCTN21456601) and the results have been accepted for publication in the Fetal and Neoanatal Edition of Archives of Disease in Childhood.

  • Patient consent Obtained from patients.

  • Ethics approval Nottingham REC 2 (NRES reference 12/EM/0283).

  • Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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Diocese of Montana

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Wang, Tzi-Cheng and Lo, Andrew (2004) 'The Earthworms Tame the Dragon: The Game of Xiangqi.' In: Mackenzie, C and Finkel, I, (eds.), Asian Games: The Art of Contest. USA: Asia Society, pp. 168-179.

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Winteriors Décor Is Uae’s Leading Interior Designing And Fit Out Contracting Company
Winteriors Décor, being UAE’s leading interior designing and fit out contracting company, offers exceptional office and commercial design, project management, fit out and refurbishment works.

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Annotated Bibliography of Substance Abuse among Handicapped, Disabled and High Risk Individuals [and] Prevention and Treatment Resources for the Handicapped or Disabled Substance Abuser.
Allison, Kevin W., Comp.; Richardson, Kathy A., Comp.
The bibliography lists English-language journal articles, book sections, a dissertation, and an official State of Wisconsin report, addressing the topic of substance abuse among handicapped and high-risk individuals. The entries are arranged in five sections according to handicapping condition and provide basic bibliographic information and a paragraph-length annotation. Included are seven citations on substance abuse among persons with physical and sensory impairments, seven citations concerning persons with mental retardation, 19 citations concerning individuals with emotional and behavioral disorders, six citations concerning juvenile delinquents, and eight citations concerning individuals with learning problems and individuals in high-risk groups. The bibliography is followed by a separate list of prevention and treatment resources for the handicapped or disabled substance abuser in which organizational resources that offer information, workshops, and prevention programs are briefly described. (JDD)
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