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Plumas Co. Grand Jury: Scathing indictment of hazardous material transportation through Feather River Canyon

Repost from Plumas County News
[Editor:  This Grand Jury report is thorough and well written – an excellent resource and alarming in its analysis.  Its findings and recommendations (near the end of the report) might be a valuable resource for communities everywhere.  There are a number of references to “after-action reports.”   Question for our research: how can concerned citizens obtain such reports?  – RS]

Hazardous material transportation a roulette wheel for potential disaster

Feather Publishing

Editor’s note: This is the fourth in a series of midterm reports submitted by the 2014-15 Plumas County Civil Grand Jury.

Early in the morning Nov. 25, 2014, a Union Pacific freight train derailed in the Feather River Canyon just east of Belden, sending 11 railcars full of corn off the tracks and down the steep embankment. In a press statement shortly afterward, a State Office of Emergency Services official was quoted as saying, “We dodged a bullet” because the train was only carrying corn.

Based on a rash of recent derailments and spills of hazardous materials happening throughout the United States and Canada, “a bullet” in fact grossly underestimates the potential devastation, magnitude and scope of the consequences left from these horrific incidents. Luckily, it was only corn that spilled. With the recent surge in crude-by-rail domestic crude oil transports between oil fields in North Dakota, Texas, Colorado and Pennsylvania and Bay Area refineries through the Feather River Canyon, the aftermath could have wrought far-reaching disaster had it been the high-flammable Bakken crude in the tanker cars.

According to sources, the number of crude-by-rail trains passing through the Feather River Canyon has tripled in number within the past three years. With developments in hydraulic fracking technology coming about in domestic oil fields, the petroleum market has seen a profound shift from importing foreign oil to extracting it in domestic oil fields in the United States. As a result, thousands of jobs have been created and oil prices have plummeted since this recent boon in domestic oil production. In addition, other hazardous chemicals are transported throughout the United States by rail and by truck. According to the Federal Railroad Administration, only the railroads are required to know what’s in the cars they’re shipping.

The grand jury found it extremely important to examine the recent corn derailment other recent crude-by-rail disasters in the U.S. and Canada to determine whether Plumas County agencies and private transportation operators are adequately prepared in “worst-case” scenarios. In respect to the Plumas County corn derailment, because the corn was relatively harmless and could be immediately dealt with without invoking hazardous material protocols, local, state and railroad officials and crews did an excellent job in containment of the spill and clearing and repairing the tracks within the impact area.

As a result of a quick and well-coordinated response, the Feather River Canyon rail route was restored and passing rail traffic three days after the initial derailment. Nonetheless, the grand jury has found the incident to be a practical review for a county hazardous material spill and useful opportunity to compare and contrast the corn spill with other recent more disastrous spills. Plumas County did indeed “dodge the bullet,” and from this incident the grand jury believes it will provide valuable findings and recommendations which may in turn act as a catalyst and cast fresh perspectives and insights on dealing with future potential spills and hazardous material disasters.

In review of the Feather River Canyon corn spill Nov. 25, 2014, a total of 11 cars full of raw corn derailed and spilled down a steep embankment near Rich Bar. Luckily, the spill was only tons of kernels and husks, and the incident proved to have had only a minimal impact, environmentally speaking.

The corn spill turned out to be good opportunity to test the Plumas County emergency response system. The incident was first reported by Union Pacific Railroad Dispatch in Omaha, Nebraska, to the Plumas County Warning Center, stating, “12 rail cars close to Rich Bar at Hwy 70 MPM 265 on the Canyon Sub,” and that “12 rail cars loaded with grain derailed, it is unknown whether the cars are upright or on their sides, and that the derailment occurred in a canyon next to a stream or river and it is unknown at this time if the waterway was impacted.”

According to the after-action report on the incident, the State Warning Center notification included the Plumas County sheriff, California Highway Patrol, Plumas County Environmental Health, State Water Quality Board, State Department of Toxics, State Drinking Water, Cal Office of Emergency Services, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The accident occurred around 3 a.m. Nov. 25. By 8 a.m. Union Pacific had placed containment booms 100 feet down the Feather River. Fortunately, none of the cars landed in the river and only a small amount of corn spilled into the river.

One of the important facts that should be emphasized here concerns containment supplies and where they are located. It took roughly five hours for the railroad to have containment booms in place. According the Plumas County officials, Union Pacific does not have any spill containment kits in Plumas County. A formal request from the grand jury was emailed to Union Pacific safety representatives asking about the whereabouts of containment kits — according to their response (the grand jury received a very quick email reply that day), Chico, Roseville and Reno, Nevada, were the closest railroad facilities that had emergency containment kits.

Other revelations from the after-action report revealed that the Union Pacific Railroad Dispatch Center could not pinpoint the exact location in the Feather River Canyon to the Warning Center. In addition, dispatch was not “forthcoming” on what was spilled, although the center did state that the Plumas County Sheriff’s Department was notified that “there were no injuries, no hazardous materials released, and that no assistance was needed.” The corn spill after-action report in its conclusion posted its “corrective actions from railroad incident” review. Some of the recommendations are summarized here:

—Push Union Pacific dispatch for better initial report information.

—Use GPS to pinpoint incident location.

—Coordinate with the U.S. Forest Service and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife for any incident in the Feather River Canyon.

—The incident commander for any hazardous materials incident is designated as the primary law enforcement authority.

—Follow Plumas County Hazardous Materials Response Plan.

—The Office of Emergency Services will try to find a local Union Pacific dispatch contact person.

Evidently, the cause of the corn derailment was a section of the railroad track breaking or separating. Ironically, Union Pacific reported that all railroad ties along the Feather River Canyon were replaced in 2013. Union Pacific conducts track inspections at regular intervals and reportedly it conducts Feather River Canyon inspections every three months. Nonetheless, the corn derailment exemplifies that rail accidents can happen at any time.

In respect to the other crude-by-rail spills, the same results were concluded. Train speed was not a factor and rail and bridge inspections were documented before the incidents occurred. The crude-by-rail derailments were all on relatively flat landscapes. The Feather River Canyon route, with its rocky and unstable terrain, is much more prone to outside factors that can lead to derailments.

According to 2013 Plumas County Hazard Mitigation Plan, in 2007 and in 2012 a rockslide struck and derailed passing trains. The 2007 slide derailed 22 rail cars; 20,000 gallons of peanut oil ruptured from several cars and 30,000 gallons of highly flammable denatured alcohol also spilled down the embankment. The 2012 incident was caused by a large boulder that fell onto the tracks and was struck by a Burlington Northern Santa Fe train. Over 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel spilled from the train into the Feather River.

The recent crude-by-rail spills throughout the U.S. showcase the dramatic rise in domestic oil production and rail shipments to coastal refineries. According to railroad data, in 2008 there were reportedly about 10,000 oil cars carrying domestic crude. In 2014, there were over 400,000 crude-by-rail train cars, representing a 4,000 percent increase. Furthermore, the type of crude oil coming from shale deposits from Bakken oil fields (commonly referred as “light crude”) is high combustible. In almost every instance in which trains carrying Bakken crude derail and tanker cars are punctured, fiery detonation results. First responders and emergency service crews can merely watch it burn and concentrate on containment perimeters rather than extinguishing the oil fire. Without sensationalizing a disaster that occurred in another place, had any of the recent oil tanker disasters happened along the Feather River route, particularly at locations near population areas including downtown Portola, Blairsden, Twain and Keddie, where the railroad tracks are relatively close, the extent of the damage could have been far different.

The grand jury would first like to acknowledge as a matter of fact that hazardous chemical hauling is an integral part of our economy. As potentially dangerous as they are, crude oil, gasoline and chemicals are used safely every day. Without them our economy and all the things we do, all the products we require in our daily lives, the way we move would be changed; just about everything revolves around the consumer and the safe use of chemicals and their byproducts.

That being said, the vital role of both the national carriers of hazardous materials and our public safety officials at each level is to make safety the No. 1 priority. Safety, defined here, entails the complete processing of any particular product, from its extraction and refinement to transportation, delivery and ultimate usage.

Railroads carry over 40 percent of our nation’s freight. When conducted safely and securely, commodity transport over rail is proven to be economically the best and most efficient mode of transportation in terms of fuel efficiency, supply chain costs and safety. Intermodal traffic refers to the transport of goods on trains. Today, two major rail companies, Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe, transport intermodal goods through Plumas County. According to the Union Pacific Railroad, chemical transport is roughly 17 percent of total payload being carried. The breakdown of goods, however, is not representative of actual train payloads. In other words, trains passing through the county could have any number of railcars full of one particular commodity or another and the cars may be full or empty.

The grand jury has found that the mission statements, top priorities, primary focus and action plans are remarkably similar in commitment, scope and language between hazardous material producers, transport carriers and government officials at every level. In other words, everyone directly engaged in the production and distribution of everything delivered over rail, by air or on pavement — as well as their overseers — share a common pledge to make safety their top priority in the public domain and the environment.

In addition, the grand jury has studied the after-action reports of many of the most recent crude-by-rail derailments and public highway chemical transport accidents and learned that in nearly every case, there were inspections completed days or weeks before the incidents, rail and highway speeds were under the mandated limits and handling of the volatile payloads were properly done according to federal safety mandates.

According to official published reports, there has been more oil spilled from trains in the past two years than in the previous four decades. Between 1975 and 2012, around 800,000 gallons of crude oil was spilled in the U.S. By comparison, according to data from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration data, over 1.5 million gallons of crude oil was spilled from rail cars.

As a result of the series of ruptures and fires that have recently plagued the U.S., federal regulators are considering higher safety standards and further upgrades such as thicker tanks, rollover protection for chemical carrying tanker cars, electronic braking systems on individual rail cars and increased track inspections.

The U.S. Department of Transportation has issued a notice for crude oil and high-hazard flammable trains tanker cars, calling for a phaseout of the older CTC-111A tanker car (commonly known as the DOT-111). Currently there are still around 300,000 CTC-111A cars still being used throughout the U.S. These tanker cars each generally carry between 20,000 and 30,000 gallons of oil. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation the older CTC-111As have the following safety flaws:

—Thin skins: Upon derailment, tanks often rupture.

—No head shields: Shields on both ends of tanker cars can prevent puncturing during collisions.

—Poor protection over valves and fittings.

—Lack of pressure relief devices for boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions.

In short, the older CTC-111A tanker cars were not designed for hauling flammable materials.

The new replacement tanker car, called the CPC-1232 (CPC is a railroad industry standard that stands for casualty prevention circular), features new standards for hazardous material railway transport. As of November 2011, all new tank cars built for transporting crude oil and ethanol must follow new standards, including half-height shields, thicker tank and head material, normalized steel, top fitting and gauge protection and recloseable pressure relief valves.

As of March 2015, there are reportedly 60,000 of the newer CPC-1232 tanker cars hauling crude in the U.S. In response to all the recent crude-by-rail derailments, Union Pacific, CSX and Burlington Northern Santa Fe have all stepped up in increased safety inspections and adapting new safety standards. The railroads are now relying on distributed power units, which place locomotives in the middle and/or both ends of the trains. Studies show that placing power locomotives on both ends and in the middle enhances safety because it even spreads physical forces on the train.

This revelation is significant — the 1991 Dunsmuir toxic chemical derailment was caused by this very reason. The power locomotive was placed in the rear of a 97-car train and light and empty cars flanked a full tanker car filled with 19,000 gallons of metam sodium. The investigation of the Dunsmuir disaster found that because all the power was placed at the rear of the large train, the uneven power distribution caused the train to buckle.

Metam sodium is a soil fumigant. When it spilled into the upper Sacramento River — because of poor containment action and the nature of toxicity of the chemical — it killed every plant and fish for approximately 40 miles downstream.

Railroads also use wayside electronic detectors to monitor railroad tracks. New safety detecting technology is also being used in their prevention and risk reduction process that features use of lasers and ultrasound to identify rail defects.

The grand jury has learned that many of the hazardous material railcars do not belong to the rail carrier but to the company producing and transporting the product. For example, most of the older CTC-111A and newer CPC-1232 tanker cars are actually owned by the crude oil fracking companies and refineries.

The number of trains carrying crude oil and other hazardous materials is actually based on sheer economics. For example, in 2014, when oil prices hovered around $100 a barrel, the price sent domestic oil production to an all-time high. Crude-by-rail oil shipments though Plumas County increased substantially as coastal refineries in Martinez and Benicia purchased more oil from the Bakken oil fields in North Dakota and other domestic oil fields in Texas and Oklahoma.

The grand jury chose a review of several recent U.S. crude-by-rail derailments for comparative reasons. The after-action reports provide valuable findings and recommendations from disasters that can happen anywhere, anytime. The reports are particularly invaluable to first responders, and public safety agencies.

After-action reports detail each incident from the time of the initial report that entails the scope and severity of the incident. In response to the above disastrous incidents, the U.S. Department of Transportation and the Federal Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration issued a “call to action” in January, calling on “rail company executives, associations, shippers and state and federal agencies to discuss how stakeholders can prevent and mitigate the consequences of rail accidents that involve flammable liquids.”

The grand jury also believes that examining the recent corn spill in Plumas County and comparing it with the way other derailments were handled can lead to information and recommendations that enhance and hopefully improve upon the vanguards (prevention, preparedness, response, recovery) of any future local potential disaster.

The tenets from the PHMSA call to action report produced similar recommendations — a strategic approach that promotes “effective preincident planning, preparedness, response, outreach and training.” One important point that the grand jury kept hearing was a difficulty and lack of communication between the railroad and local emergency management officials. One of the key elements the PHMSA call to action report specifically addresses is the absolute need for interaction and relevant guidance to first responders and local emergency management teams to “safely and effectively manage incidents.”

The report also called for preincident planning and communication with all organizations to learn about what is being transported. Emergency response teams must have the training to safely contain and protect themselves and the contaminate zone affected. The need for a local hazmat team cannot be overemphasized.

The following crude-by-rail disasters summarized in this grand jury report illustrate some of the potential circumstances other public safety agencies have had to deal with. Despite all the mandated safeguards dealing with hazardous material hauling, i.e., safe speeds, upgraded rail cars, railcar and track inspections, specialized training, etc., accidents can happen anytime and anywhere within transportation routes of hazardous materials.

Plumas County and the surrounding 12 counties in northeastern California lie within Region 3 of the State Emergency Services System. At the time of this report, Plumas County has no hazmat team. Upon any need for hazmat response, Plumas County must contact nearby Butte or Shasta teams. In more serious incidents, Plumas County would have to enlist state or federal emergency service agencies.

Lac-Megantic, Canada: In July 2013 a train carrying 72 tank cars full of crude oil exploded after the train braking system released, sending the unmanned train on a downhill run into the Canadian town of Lac-Megantic, Quebec. The runaway train crashed into a crowded downtown pub, killing 47 people and destroying over 30 buildings. According to the National Transportation Safety Board investigation, the train had been idling and unmanned for over seven hours and the emergency braking system disengaged. The train then rolled down the tracks for several miles, picking up speed and eventually derailing into downtown Lac-Megantic. Of the four disaster crude-by-rail spills mentioned in this report, the results from the official investigation determined that sheer neglect (train left running and unattended and braking system released, causing a runaway unmanned train) was the primary factor in the disaster.

Aliceville, Alabama: A 90-car train carrying Bakken crude derailed in November 2013 and exploded. Nearly 750,000 gallons of its 2 million gallon load spilled in wetlands in Alabama. Officials still assail cleanup operations today and report that containment booms and absorbent products were ineffective.

Lynchburg, Virginia: In April 2014 a CSX train carrying crude oil derailed and caught fire, spilling thousands of gallons of oil into the James River. Oil fires from the ruptured tanker cars burned for two days. Reports indicate that the tanker cars were all the new CPC-1232 model.

Casselton, North Dakota: In December 2013 a Burlington Northern Santa Fe train hauling grain derailed and fell across another set of tracks. Shortly after, a crude oil train heading in the opposite direction struck the derailed cars and derailed itself. Several tanker cars exploded. A slow response to the first incident set up the chain of events for the explosive second incident.

Montgomery, West Virginia: In February 2015 a train carrying crude oil in West Virginia derailed sending 27 tanker cars off the tracks. Twelve of those rail cars exploded, not at once, but randomly for up to 12 hours. The cause is still under investigation.

In the event of a local hazardous material disaster, the Plumas County Office of Emergency Services is notified and it determines the scope and magnitude of the incident and then contacts the Plumas County Board of Supervisors. Depending on the incident assessment of the Plumas County OES, the BOS has the authority to officially declare an emergency, which allows the Plumas County OES to request help from relevant local, state and federal agencies.

Through leadership and partnership with all first responders, each incident goes through a foundational process that includes prevention, preparedness, response and recovery. The first three steps of the mitigation process rely on the safe containment of the hazardous material as quickly as possible with a special focus on protecting human life (isolate, deny entry, protect life safely, mitigate). The recovery phase, however, can last for years. The Dunsmuir toxic spill, for example, seriously impacted the area for several years after. At the time of this report, the crude-by-rail spills were all still in the recovery phase. Fortunately, the Plumas County corn derailment had a minimal effect on the environment. The first three phases of emergency services mitigation at the corn spill served as a great training exercise for all agencies and first responders involved.

Recovery, in this case, was at a minimum in terms of environmental impact.

In regard to Plumas County hazmat, the grand jury has learned that the county must rely on local volunteers to devote their time as first responders.

Plumas County has had a difficult time finding enough volunteers to cover the entire county, and retaining volunteers after hazmat certification and specialized training has not worked out. All the local fire districts within Plumas County have been actively seeking volunteers.

F1) The grand jury finds that communication between Plumas County public safety agencies and railroad officials is profoundly inadequate.

F2) The grand jury finds that the lack of spill and containment equipment along rail routes in Plumas County poses a direct threat to public safety and the natural environment.

F3) The grand jury finds that relying on hazmat response teams from surrounding counties compromises response times and threatens Plumas County public safety and natural resources.

F4) The grand jury finds that the lack of training of first responders concerning hazardous materials that they may have to deal with could have profound consequences.

F5) The grand jury finds that population centers within Plumas County that are in close proximity to railroads have grossly inadequate protection resources.

R1) The grand jury recommends Plumas County Emergency Services and the Plumas County Environment Health Agency establish direct local contact with Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe and any hazardous material carrier that operates within the county.

R2) The grand jury recommends that Plumas County negotiate with railroad officials to have spill containment booms and absorbent kits in key strategic storage facilities in Plumas County.

R3) The grand jury recommends that the BOS find the means to provide hazmat training and certification to in-county first responders.

R4) The grand jury recommends more hazardous material training between first responders and all those involved in mitigating hazardous material disasters. Union Pacific, for example, offers tank car safety training in Roseville at the California Office of Emergency Services Specialized Training Institute every year. The training involves practically all aspects of hazardous material incident mitigation.

R5) The grand jury recommends that the BOS and Plumas County OES conduct a “what-if” evaluation for population centers within Plumas County that are within potential “blast zones” of crude-by-rail tanker cars.

Little known Concord fault poses threat to Bay Area refineries, Benicia-Martinez rail bridge…

Repost from The Contra Costa Times

Little known Concord fault poses big threat

By Matthias Gafni, 04/11/2015 12:43:56 PM PDT
Cracks are visible in the roadway on Systron Drive in Concord, Calif., photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. The cracks, cited by USGS geologist Dave Schwartz, are likely caused by movement of the Concord fault. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )
Cracks are visible in the roadway on Systron Drive in Concord, Calif., photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. The cracks, cited by USGS geologist Dave Schwartz, are likely caused by movement of the Concord fault. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )

CONCORD — A mysterious earthquake fault slices under central Concord, its jagged, quarter-mile-wide seam running beneath a critical fuel-pumping facility, traversing the edge of a refinery processing 166,000 barrels of crude oil daily, and undercutting strip malls and homes.

While its big sisters, the San Andreas and Hayward fissures, grab the headlines, the Concord Fault — with its 11-mile-long fracture zone stretching from the Carquinez Strait to the Mount Diablo foothills — is also capable of producing a catastrophic earthquake, geologists say. And with critical infrastructure in its path, particularly refineries and a vulnerable railroad bridge not far away, a large seismic event could leave the entire northern half of the state without easy access to fuel — disrupting transportation and the transmission of electricity and water, according to a recent study.

According to USGS geologist Dave Schwartz, Kinder Morgan's Concord Station sits close to a earthquake fault in Concord, Calif., photographed on Friday, March 27, 2015. The lesser known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )
According to USGS geologist Dave Schwartz, Kinder Morgan’s Concord Station sits close to a earthquake fault in Concord, Calif., photographed on Friday, March 27, 2015. The lesser known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )

The Concord fissure may be largely ignored by the general public. But not by geologists.

“The Concord Fault is significantly more active than the fault that caused the Napa earthquake,” said Chris Wills of the California Geological Survey, referring to the 6.0 wine country temblor last August that caused more than $400 million in damage. “Nobody would be surprised if a magnitude-6 earthquake happened on the Concord Fault tomorrow.”

Make no mistake, Concord’s contribution to the Bay Area’s geologic activity is significantly smaller than the San Andreas and Hayward zones. Updated U.S. Geological Survey estimates indicate a 3 to 4 percent probability of a magnitude-6.7 or higher earthquake over the next 30 years on the Concord or lower Green Valley Fault, a connected Solano County segment, compared with 6.4 percent for the San Andreas and 14.3 percent for the Hayward Fault.

The Concord Fault creeps a measly 4 to 5 millimeters annually, while the Hayward slips 9 millimeters and San Andreas 25 millimeters.

The last catastrophic temblor on the Contra Costa-Solano combo fault struck more than 400 years ago, but geologists still say it’s important to monitor.

“At some point in time that system has to fail — we just don’t know exactly when,” said David Schwartz with the USGS. Even if the Concord Fault only produces a 5.0 quake, it could cause significant damage, Schwartz said.

The great unknown

The lake surrounded by the Lakes Apartments in Concord, Calif., is photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Geologists say that the lake is there due to a dip in the Concord fault that allows groundwater to seep through. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )
The lake surrounded by the Lakes Apartments in Concord, Calif., is photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Geologists say that the lake is there due to a dip in the Concord fault that allows groundwater to seep through. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )

On Oct. 23, 1955, a 5.4 quake — the Concord Fault’s last major temblor — was felt from San Jose to Sacramento. It caused $1 million in damage ($8.7 million in today’s dollars) and one fatality, according to the USGS. Windows shattered, brick walls cracked and moved, chimneys shifted and wine bottles crashed from liquor store shelves.

What makes the Concord Fault particularly worrisome to regional planners, so much so that it was highlighted in a December study by the Association of Bay Area Governments, is its potential impact on regional and statewide fuel distribution. Without gasoline, every other crucial need, including water, electricity and transportation, will be affected.

The lake surrounded by the Lakes Apartments in Concord, Calif., is photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Geologists say that the lake is there due to a dip in the Concord fault that allows groundwater to seep through. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )
The lake surrounded by the Lakes Apartments in Concord, Calif., is photographed on Tuesday, March 24, 2015. Geologists say that the lake is there due to a dip in the Concord fault that allows groundwater to seep through. The lesser-known Concord fault creeps ever so slightly annually. (Dan Honda/Bay Area News Group) ( Dan Honda )

In its report, ABAG studied three theoretical earthquakes — a 7.9 on the San Andreas, a 7.0 on the Hayward and 6.8 on the Concord.

“Originally, we were just going to explore the San Andreas and Hayward faults, but we realized that (there are) a lot of key infrastructure assets in (the Concord) region,” said study author Michael Germeraad, an ABAG resilience planner.

Five Bay Area refineries — all but two are within a couple miles of the fault — processed 235 million barrels of crude in 2012, about 40 percent of the state’s total, according to ABAG. In addition, Kinder Morgan operates a pumping station nearby that receives processed crude from all the refineries and pipes it out to terminals across Northern California and Nevada.

Critical pipelines

That pumping station, a critical piece of fuel infrastructure, lies directly above the Concord Fault.

Built in the 1950s, the station receives products from eight facilities and pumps the refined crude through pipelines. It can store about 1 million barrels, but normal inventory is half of that, said Melissa Ruiz, a Kinder Morgan spokeswoman. Its five outgoing pipelines serve Chico, Fresno, Reno, Sacramento, San Jose, Stockton and surrounding cities, in addition to seven military facilities and public airports.

The company has facilities and pipelines in active fault areas throughout California but has never lost a pipeline or tank to a quake and maintains its infrastructure to industry rules and regulations, Ruiz said.

In its report, ABAG said it had concerns because pipelines can fail due to soil liquefaction — where hard soil loses strength during strong ground shaking — and fault rupture. Knowing pipeline material, age, weld types and other factors would help scientists know where failures are “more likely,” but that information isn’t available.

“Damage to the Concord station would interrupt fuel transmission across the northern half of the state,” the report concluded.

The study also found that if one Bay Area refinery was damaged, they would all likely suffer damage because of their close proximity to each other, and because they are built on similar soils and have similar construction.

“A conservative restoration estimate of damaged refineries is months,” the study found for the Concord quake scenario.

The Tesoro Golden Eagle facility in Martinez sits on 2,206 acres just feet from the fault. Built in 1903, Golden Eagle employs about 650 workers and is the fourth-largest refinery in California.

Spokeswoman Patricia Deutsche said refinery officials are aware it sits next to the fault and a liquefaction zone, but she said the facility follows industry design standards. Piles are driven down hundreds of feet into bedrock, equipment has been retrofitted and the Avon Wharf, an oil terminal located on aging timber piles along the southern shore of Suisun Bay, just received environmental clearance for retrofit up to state quake standards, she said.

Seismic assessments of Bay Area refineries are done every five years, and the building code requirements consider the level of possible ground shaking from any nearby fault, said Gayle Johnson, senior engineer with Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, a national engineering firm.

Johnson, who has investigated the performance of industrial facilities in more than 20 earthquakes worldwide, said since the refinery retrofit programs began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, there has been a “ton of upgrade work done.”

Other impacts

While fuel infrastructure may be the top concern for the region, a large quake could disrupt other major lifelines. The Benicia-Martinez rail bridge, located between the two vehicle spans, is particularly vulnerable, according to ABAG, and could face “significant or complete damage.”

Liquefaction along the Carquinez Strait could cause dredged water channels to slough into the shipping pathways. Runways could rupture at Buchanan Field, which sits adjacent to the fault. Delta levees could breach, creating flooding and impacting drinking water quality, ABAG found.

Two-thirds of the power generated in the region is produced by natural gas facilities, many along the Carquinez Strait.

“In the event natural gas lines are damaged, these facilities will be unable to generate electricity,” the study found.

Still, Wills warns that what will happen during a significant quake on the Concord Fault is largely a mystery.

“How it releases is not that well known,” he said.


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26 Sep 2019 19:21

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Tag Archives: Saturday Snapshots

Saturday Snapshot! Why! YouTube? Oct 8-13, 2017

I GOT UP THIS MORNING AND THEY HAVE REINSTATED MY CHANNEL!! YAY!! I said Yay! To quick…it seems I have my channel back but as soon as I uploaded this video to my channel it was flagged and video was taken down! This is crazy!

This weeks vlog has you going with me running errands, going to see my dad in the nursing home. I even included a get ready with me in my truck while in Walmart’s parking lot….LOL! Hope you enjoy!

*Affiliate Links

Vionic Active Sneaker

Vionic Ballet Slippers

Vionic Flip Flops (thongs)

All the shoes above was purchased by me at Dillards…..I am sharing my affiliate links to the shoes so you can just check them out…I will tell  you they are cheaper on the Amazon links. I went in person to Dillards because I wanted to make sure I got correct size…I can tell you they are all three true to size to my other shoes. QVC has a video that shows you how the insole of the shoes work. Chick Here to it….I am not an affiliate of QVC….

Valentine Week Snapshots ~ Planner Style

To watch: click here

Hi! Guys! This week has been a hard week!! Between allergies and other issues I decided to do my Saturday Snapshots planner style! I take you through each day and decorate while chatting about that day and my week! I so hope you enjoy this!


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Social media Advertising and marketing is the usage of several social media websites and also platforms to advertise a service or company. While the conditions’ on-line marketing and e-marketing are dominant in scholarly groups, social media advertising and marketing has actually become considerably well-known for analysts and professionals equally.

Among one of the most usual uses social networking sites is actually to develop company awareness through social media. Social media network make it possible for folks to network with people that discuss similar passions or targets. Lots of websites give individuals the ability to generate an account that features a picture, fundamental details, a handful of images, an explanation, and a business’ website handle. This makes it possible for people to get in touch with others that may have an identical passion as they carry out. Additionally, there are additionally numerous social media websites that make it possible for individuals to produce their very own profile pages. A lot of people who possess a strong internet existence in a specific sector might possess numerous profiles at some site, all of which may be used for marketing functions.

One more popular usage of social media is to promote specific items or companies. A popular method of doing thus is through sharing of online videos as well as photographes on social media internet sites such as Facebook, MySpace, and also Twitter.

An additional well-liked procedure of advertising and marketing on social networks is by making fan webpages. Through generating an enthusiast page on any type of social networking web site, which is a neighborhood devoted to a certain type of items or even companies, organizations or even individuals can easily promote other members to purchase their services or products. These pages give individuals with a possibility to discuss details along with other individuals, and also a way for other participants to interact along with one another. Through this medium, prospective customers can easily acquire relevant information about what kinds of services or products the company provides, along with the type of people that will likely purchase from all of them.

A lot of businesses and also companies likewise use social media web sites in order to produce visitor traffic to their sites. Via making use of social media internet sites, firms can promote to folks located outside their own network. In a lot of cases, individuals within the association will certainly be called so as to discuss the product and services they are interested in obtaining. Sometimes, these individuals might be actually inquired to create a preliminary investment, which may bring about boosted traffic or perhaps much more purchases than what was initially prepared for.

While some social media advertising and marketing agencies provide tips concerning just how to use the social networking web sites effectively, others provide aid in developing marketing approaches. There are firms that center on traditional strategies of online advertising and marketing, featuring search engine marketing, search motor marketing, email advertising, paid for advertising, as well as social media administration.

While influence marketing marketplace numerous companies and companies utilize social media internet sites if you want to increase the visibility of their services and products, there are actually some that are reluctant to use these kinds of tools because they are actually certainly not familiar with the proper means to advertise their service on these types of sites. Through working with an agency, who understands the ins and outs of the net, you can easily ensure that your internet site is going to have the capacity to produce as much website traffic as feasible, while additionally making sure that folks within the institution will definitely understand what is actually accompanying your business. Through choosing a skilled company, you can easily make certain that your internet presence continues to be tough, even in the course of tough economic times.

Bear in mind, social media marketing platform when searching for an agency to aid you handle your social networking website, it is essential to 1st decide the nature of your website and also the kind of promotion you desire to apply. At that point, you can easily determine which strategies you want to utilize to accomplish your targets, which will certainly then help you create a lot more leads and also purchases.

Social network advertising influence marketing marketplace has been described as among the absolute most necessary parts of any kind of small company today. It pertains to the use of on the internet systems as well as social websites to advertise an organisation and also its item. Although the titles e-marketing and web marketing are even more leading in academic community, internet marketing is more and more well-liked for experts and also analysts as well.

A lot of small business owner acknowledge the importance of on the web advertising and marketing. However, several small company managers, specifically those that perform certainly not have a big advertising and marketing budget, perform certainly not entirely understand the value of using social web sites to market their businesses.

Social networking web sites such as Facebook and Twitter use tiny organisation proprietors numerous advantages. When conducting a Web search, you might happen around numerous social media sites, such as LinkedIn.

Social making contacts internet sites can easily be actually a wonderful area to fulfill various other organisation owners. Utilizing social networking sites can easily likewise be a wonderful means to construct a devoted customer bottom.


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Lignocellulosic crops have shown in recent decades a more efficient pathway to produce energy and also lower environmental impacts. Life cycle assessments show that fertilizers efficiency is critical as well as expected yields and extractions levels when producing energy crops. We discuss implications and criteria to apply.

The problem of fertilizers and energy crops has been clearly an important concern for those developing liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel  during the past 20 years. Most companies and researchers in developing countries still discuss about environmental issues on energy crops as well as energy yields (energy output / fossil energy inputs during the energy production cycle). Sometimes we see that most researchers discussions are similar to those in Europe some years ago when all stakeholders  started to make life cycle assessments of rapeseeds and sunflower for biodiesel, and sugarbeet and cereal grains for ethanol production extensively. Energy balances and emissions in those cases have a strong component in the processing (fermentation, transesterification, etc.); biomass to energy processes after farm stages. The lower energy balances of first generation biofuels, are mostly derived from a low efficiency of both ethanol and biodiesel processes converting biomass to bioliquids qith potential use for transport. In particular this resulted to be worse if marginal lands and lower yields are considered. As lower yields have to be allocated to same fossil energy uses, a lower efficiency occurs and more energy is required to obtain a liter of biofuel.

Soybean production in Argentina use mostly non tillage production systems. As most legumes, soybean require often very low fertilizers because seeds are often inoculated with simbotic bacterias that provide nitrogen to the crop by air nitrogen fixation process

Some biodiesel alternatives are being also studied to obtain better results. Recently oil trees (Jatropha, Milletia and even palm oil) have shown that energy balances and emission savings could be higher of those found in annual cash crops (like rapeseeds) for biodiesel. There is still a debate  analyzing soybean for biodiesel, a legume with no fertilizers that produce almost all biodiesel exported from one of the main suppliers today: Argentina.  In particular soybean, has a critical energy allocation when a life cycle assessment has to be done. Some parts of the inputs should be allocated to grains for food (protein), and some other outputs (cake and oil) can be used to produce biodiesel. Gylcerine as by-product should be analyzed as well. All in all, it is a production scheme with almost no fossil energy for nitrogen as main top fertilizer during the crop cycle. This is bsaed on the rhizobium fixation that occurs on legumes and the fact nitrogen fertilizer is avoided by farmers (which also implies severe cost reductions). Additionally, in Argentina most farmers grow soybean with very low inputs as they produce the crop using  non-tillage agricultural methods that implies much less diesel for land preparation even if they need to use some more glyphosate and other chemicals. Direct sowing a single crop or double cropping system after a winter cereal, determine a much more positive energy balance.

Tropical grasses like Napier grass would require large amounts of fertilizers since they have very high yields too.

Tropical grasses like Napier grass would require large amounts of fertilizers since they have very high yields too.

In the case a company uses perennial species for 2nd generation bioethanol, combustion (as pellets for cofiring or bales for combined heat and power) or even gasification of biomass, there is strong evidence of lower environmental impacts compared to first generation biofuels. Scientific research is already done and available. Assuming 7-12 years of perennial herbaceous crops (like most grasses and grasslands as energy plantations) and 15-20 years in the case of some woody crops in short rotation coppice, all dosages of nitrogen would not affect so much to the energy balances as they are assumed sometimes. This is based on the efficiency of biomass to energy by combustion. Cofiring pellets and the energy costs along the bioenergy chain are not so high as the process to make ethanol or biodiesel.

Additionally, changing the technology, biomass could determine lower impacts.  Assume for a moment you change the use of pellets and consider now gasification instead of direct combustion (resulting of course in a greater efficiency) or a more efficient system like CHP (combine d heat and power). Results will change a lot with similar inputs at the farm. And what about a biorefinery? Producing second generation bioethanol from lignocellulosic raw materials and simultaneously using cogeneration to power the facilities will be probably much more efficient that with no electricity or heat produced from biomass. And this is true if ypou consider same biomass has been produced using same nitrogen dosages is in the life cycle. Energy balances and emissions savings when replacing coal will be completely different in each case. Now we could assume pyrolysis and biochar production as final by-product residue which can bring carbon back to the soil as a carbon negative solution at the time the facility produces electricity/heat;  carbon cycle will be also different as well as energy balances and emissions saved compared to coal, gas or whatever we are replacing.

In terms of energy, the typical nitrogen fertilizer rates used in energy plantations will range from 50 to 250 kg N / ha per year in the form of NPK as base dressing (NPK could  have about 7-9 MJ/kg of input) and top fertilization such as ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium sulfates, etc. Some fertilizers as calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) have different energy content in megajoules per kilo (MJ/kg) compared to others (like urea or NPK). You might choose different fertilizers to change the final footprint. Additionally, nitrogen use efficiency changes dramatically depending on several aspects during spreading application. Best suggestion: consider expectations to fertilizer and decide the best way to maximize fertilizer use efficiency. All those inputs need to be comapred with the total output (multiplying biomass calorific values per kg and the yields per hectares produced).

Foto: Nilsson, September 27. Based on

Agroforestry systems are also viable options to produce lignocellulosic biomass with low fertilizers and several environmental benefits

Another way to reduce potential negative effects from fertilizers in energy plantations will be the use of legumes. Using legumes as previous crop (or even in agroforestry or mixing grasses with legumes) could be other way to avoid emissions from fertilizers.  It is clear in literature and our experience that a farmer can reduce nitrogen application in subsequent crops just using a legume in the rotation (more than 50-120kg of N could be available for next crop in several examples you will find in the literature). All depends on mineralization levels, temperature, rainfall and many other factors affecting bacterial activity and symbiosis with the legumes.

Of course levels of fertilizers directly imply on fossil energy INPUTS of the crops. However, as we said before, the quantity of fossil energy in lignocellulosic energy crops is considerably high since most inputs are those regarding fertilizers and diesel used. Nevertheless, in lignocellulosic perennial energy crops, the global energy balance is in general very much positive and the problem is not that relevant as it is in biofuels. Additionally, if those lignocellulosic crops are perennials the energy output (several cuttings, many years) will be much higher that INPUTS used such as land preparation, harvest and fertilizers or chemicals used.

In lignocellulosic energy crops, outputs can be 8-20 more times than inputs easily, depending on yields and many factors that will be linked to them such as crop management, soil characteristics, nitrogen leaching, rainfall, type of nitrogen fertilizer, etc. Energy outputs per unit of fossil inputs in MJ will determine the balance and of course you will be able to define emissions (CO2e units per fossil energy MJ produced). Then one can compare.

In general, with perennial grasses, this won’t be a serious problem except when yields are too low but fertilizers applied are still high anyway. This is something that might occur in semiarid agriculture of developed countries like Spain, Greece or some parts of Australia or other regions where extensive commercial farms sometimes apply fertilizes expecting rainfall that (sometimes) never arrive. They could eventually incur in high use of fossil energy and produce low biomass production per energy units used. Anyway, as a general rule, farmers apply nitrogen when yields will be increased and this is how they know their revenues are safe.

Too low energy balances  could be also a problem if companies truck wet biomass like sometimes can occur in wet areas. All these factors imply fossil energy in the cycle and efficiency will be the key for optimization.

Irrigation is other important factor that is quite linked to fertilizer impacts. Many companis  still consider irrigation as a key issue to reduce risks from biomass supply at least in a part of their lands. In some semiarid lands, irrigation will be required to produce feedstock as it has been shown in Spanish agriculture. If spring and summer have no rainfall, productivity can be just too low to produce most energy known crops like Miscanthus or Switchgrass. A selection of best efficient energy crops for marginal lands is something we offer. Many countries require solutions on irrigation for energy crops. Poplar in short rotation coppice using dripping irrigation to produce 10-20 t/ha per year could be something dangerous. Huge inputs are used there and if the production goes just too low (lets say under 5 or 8 t/ha per year), the net CO2 savings will be also too low as well as energy balances in the whole cycle.

But what is too low? The EU commission has a statement regarding lignocellulosic crops and solid biomass. They suggest to follow similar criteria compared to biofuels: after 2018, 60% of greenhouses gases emissions (GHG) as net saving produced when replacing the CLEANEST energy alternative (in Europe often an electricity mix based on natural gas electricity and nuclear power among other possible sources).

Back to fertilizers, for the any case information on soil analisys and in particular organic matter levels will be required to establish exact dosages for expected production. And that’s the key: the expected production in tons/ha per year, and what are extraction levels in each case. A farmer will often rotate land use, and will have food and grasslands. Some marginal areas could be occupied by crops that have more efficient patterns to produce lignocellulosic feedstock. And not only nitrogen should be considered in estimations, also phosphorous and potassium but many other micronutrients would be calculated to be returned to the soil. The rotation itself will determine organic matter incorporation to the soil. A typical harvest of tropical grasses will release about 1-2 dried tons per ha per year just during crop operations.

Some good papers supporting all these ideas about fertilizers and  energy crops as well as on life cycle assessments can be found here:


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Original title:  Photograph Alexander Walker Ogilvie, Montreal, QC, 1861 William Notman (1826-1891) 1861, 19th century Silver salts on paper mounted on paper - Albumen process 8.5 x 5.6 cm Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd. I-0.296.1 © McCord Museum Keywords:  male (26812) , Photograph (77678) , portrait (53878)

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OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER, miller, militia officer, jp, politician, and businessman; b. 7 May 1829 in Côte-Saint-Michel (Montreal), son of Alexander Ogilvie, a farmer and miller, and Helen Watson; m. 13 Sept. 1854 Sarah Leney in Montreal, and they had one son and four daughters; d. there 31 March 1902 and was cremated at Mount Royal Cemetery.

Alexander Walker Ogilvie was the eldest son in a family of 11 children. Alexander Sr operated a flourmill, which was probably located in the faubourg Des Récollets, in partnership with his brother-in-law William Watson*. Until 1854 he also owned a farm in Côte-Saint-Michel on the outskirts of Montreal, where the family lived in a spacious home surrounded by trees, with three fireplaces and large dormer windows. In 1837 he moved his millstones to premises with a capacity of 100 barrels a day, which he had built near the Lachine Canal beside the Saint-Gabriel lock, and he put another brother-in-law, James Goudie, in charge of it. Young Alexander helped with the chores on the farm and went to the local school; subsequently he attended the Howden and Taggart academy in Montreal. He intended to become a farmer like his father, but the high price of farms resulting from land speculation, and an offer from his uncle James Goudie, caused him to revise his plans. On 23 March 1852 he went into partnership with him to operate the mill on the Lachine Canal under the corporate name of Goudie and Ogilvie.

Ogilvie moved to Montreal and had a residence built for himself on Rue Saint-Joseph (Rue Saint-Sulpice) at a time when the economic climate was right for the growth of the milling industry. New markets were developing as a result of the Crimean War, the Reciprocity Treaty, and the urbanization of Europe and North America. Westward expansion in the United States was enlarging the wheat-growing region, while the construction of railways and the improvement of canals facilitated transportation. A series of important innovations that in the long run would transform milling was made: Cyrus Hall McCormick’s harvester in 1834, grain elevators in 1836, which made it possible to store grain by variety, the Hungarian process of grinding by millstones and cylinders in 1839, and the introduction of red Galician wheat into Upper Canada by David Fife* in 1842. This combination of circumstances made the Ogilvie family’s success possible.

Along with Goudie, Ogilvie built an addition to the operation on the Lachine Canal, which was known as the Glenora Mills, equipping it with steam power and a machine to husk barley. In 1855 Goudie left the business and sold his interests to him, as did Ogilvie’s father, apparently. Ogilvie went into partnership on 4 April with his younger brother John, letting him have a third of the shares in the firm. They formed A. W. Ogilvie and Company, a milling operation with an estimated value of £5,000. Their brother William Watson Ogilvie* would join the partnership in 1860. William eventually concentrated mainly on running affairs in Montreal; John was responsible for obtaining supplies of wheat and for expanding the company in Ontario; Alexander kept for himself the management of financial matters. All three relied on the most up-to-date technology and western expansion to establish the firm on a solid footing.

William’s arrival freed Alexander from administrative details, enabling him to play a more important role in public life. He and his brothers had enrolled in the 1st Volunteer Troop of Militia Cavalry in 1856 and in 1860 he had been made a lieutenant-colonel. According to his son-in-law John Alexander Gemmill, who wrote The Ogilvies of Montreal, he commanded one of the regiments called out on 24 Feb. 1860 to quell the riot that broke out on the second day of the mayoralty election, in which Benjamin Holmes* was running against Charles-Séraphin Rodier*. On 28 June he was appointed a justice of the peace for the District of Montreal. He also served on the committee organizing a reception to honour the Prince of Wales. Ogilvie was very well off financially and made a point of diversifying his holdings and flaunting them. He was one of the first shareholders of the Sun Insurance Company of Montreal (Sun Life) in 1865 and purchased a large residence called Cherry Hill, on what is now Boulevard René-Lévesque, that year for $18,000. From 1865 to 1868 he represented the West Ward on the municipal council and he served on the lighting and finance committees.

At that time the future of the British North American colonies, to which the destiny of A. W. Ogilvie and Company was linked, was of the utmost concern to Ogilvie. He was an ardent supporter of Canadian confederation and of a tariff system favourable to industrialization. He was active in the Liberal-Conservative party and in 1866 belonged to the Tariff Reform and Industrial Association. In 1867 he campaigned for Thomas D’Arcy McGee*, who was a federal candidate in Montreal West, and he himself won the provincial seat for the riding by acclamation. Bilingual and tolerant, he remained on good terms with the French-speaking members. In the Legislative Assembly he defended the principles of sound administration of public affairs, the right of Protestants to have their own school system, and the interests of businessmen and of the Montreal region. He decided not to seek re-election and from September 1870 to May 1871, according to Gemmill, he travelled in Scotland, England, and several continental European countries, including Hungary, where he studied a technique for grinding flour that he later adapted for his own company.

Ogilvie increasingly divided his time among his company, the world of finance, philanthropic works, and sporting activities. His interests kept him away from the administration of the mill and on 21 Oct. 1874 he withdrew from A. W. Ogilvie and Company. He ran for election again in 1875, this time in Montreal Centre, where he defeated Charles Alexander. This return to political life coincided with his move to one of the most luxurious residences in Montreal, Airlie, which he had had built on Edgehill Avenue. Two years later he distinguished himself as a magistrate. The death of the young Orangeman Thomas Lett Hackett in Montreal on 12 July, during the Orange order’s annual celebration, threatened to lead to a confrontation between Irish Catholics and Protestants. On the 16th, the day of the funeral, ignoring the view of Montreal mayor Jean-Louis Beaudry* that the police could keep control, Ogilvie called out the militia. Assuming the role of principal magistrate, he accompanied the militia lieutenant-colonels through the troubled streets, thereby averting a brawl. He did not run in the general election of 1878 and returned to private life.

His retirement was brief. On 24 Dec. 1881 Ogilvie was appointed senator for the division of Alma, an office he held until January 1901. He played an active role in standing committees of the Senate and often chaired the committee of the whole. Senator Donald McMillan said he was a “man of quick perception – readily grasping the purport and essentials of a parliamentary measure . . . and he was particularly clear, lucid and expressive in his addresses in the House and in the committees.” He remained involved in the world of business, both as president of the National Insurance Company, which he had founded in 1875 with a few shareholders including Matthew Henry Cochrane and Alphonse Desjardins*, and as a director of the Montreal Loan and Mortgage Company and the Montreal Turnpike Trust. In 1883, with Louis-Adélard Senécal*, Joseph Barsalou*, Charles-Polycarpe Hébert, and some other businessmen, he helped found the Citizens Gas Company of Montreal. He was also active in philanthropic organizations such as the Montreal Workingmen’s Mutual Benefit and Widows and Orphans Provident Society, of which he was a director, and for more than 20 years he served as a director of the Mount Royal Cemetery Company on behalf of the Presbyterian Church. But Sun Life made considerable demands on his time and money, as did the Exchange Bank of Canada and the Montreal Loan and Mortgage Company, which were enterprises of the Gault family, with whom he was closely linked until his death. In the spring of 1883, in a vain attempt to save the Exchange Bank from failure [see Mathew Hamilton Gault*], the federal government made a loan of $300,000, of which $100,000 was guaranteed personally by Ogilvie. The loan did not prevent bankruptcy, and it led to a suit being brought against Ogilvie in 1898 by a Liberal government eager to have the money repaid. In March 1889 he had given up his dream of becoming president of Sun Life and contented himself with the vice-presidency; since he was convinced that the company’s president must henceforth be its chief executive officer, he probably did not want to bear the burden of that office.

Ogilvie died on 31 March 1902 following an attack of pneumonia. He is said to have been the first person to be cremated in the facilities of the Mount Royal Cemetery. Stockily built and just above average height, he created an impression by the strength of his character and by the mental and physical power he radiated. A man of vision and action, he was a natural leader who helped found and build some of the greatest Canadian companies.

Michèle Brassard and Jean Hamelin

AC, Montréal, Cour supérieure, déclarations de sociétés, 1, nos.383 (1852), 731 (1855), 1673 (1860); 6, no.344 (1875); État civil, Presbytériens, St Andrew’s Church (Montreal), 2 April 1902. ANQ-M, CEl-125, 13 juin 1829, 13 sept. 1854. Baker Library, R. G. Dun & Co. credit ledger, Canada, 5: 292. Gazette (Montreal), 9 July 1867, 13 July 1877. Globe, 30 Oct. 1866. La Minerve, 25 févr. 1860, 17 juill. 1877. Monetary Times, 4 Dec. 1883, 4 Feb. 1887. Montreal Daily Star, 13–14 July 1877, 2 April 1902. Borthwick, Hist. and biog. gazetteer. Can., House of Commons, Debates, 1882; Senate, Debates, 1882–84, 1889–90, 1895. Can., Prov. of, Statutes, 1865, c.43. Canadian biog. dict. Canadian men and women of the time (Morgan; 1898). J. I. Cooper, Montreal; a brief history (Montreal, 1969). CPG, 1883. Cyclopædia of Canadian biog. (Rose and Charlesworth), vol.2. Directory, Montreal, 1842–43, 1850–1902. J. C. Fleming, Orangeism and the 12th of July riots in Montreal (Montreal, 1877). [J. A. Gemmill], The Ogilvies of Montreal, with a genealogical account of the descendants of their grandfather, Archibald Ogilvie (Montreal, 1904). G. H. Harris, The president’s book; the story of the Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (Montreal, 1928). Industrial Canada (Toronto), 48 (1947–48): 154. Naylor, Hist. of Canadian business. Qué., Assemblée Législative, Débats, 1867–70, 1875–78; Statuts, 1875, c.84. W. J. Rattray, The Scot in British North America (4v., Toronto, 1880–84), 3. Rumilly, Hist. de Montréal, vols.2–3. Joseph Schull, The century of the Sun; the first hundred years of Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada (Toronto, 1971). SCR, vol.29. G. R. Stevens, Ogilvie in Canada; pioneer millers, 1801–1951 ([Toronto, 1951]). The storied province of Quebec; past and present, ed. William Wood et al. (5v., Toronto, 1931–32), 3: 193–94. Robert Sweeny, A guide to the history and records of selected Montreal businesses before 1947 (Montreal, [1978]). Terrill, Chronology of Montreal. G. J. J. Tulchinsky, The river barons: Montreal businessmen and the growth of industry, and transportation, 1837–53 (Toronto and Buffalo, N.Y., 1977). B. J. Young, Promoters and politicians: the north-shore railways in the history of Quebec, 1854–85 (Toronto, 1978).

General Bibliography

Cite This Article

Michèle Brassard and Jean Hamelin, “OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed August 7, 2020, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ogilvie_alexander_walker_13E.html.

The citation above shows the format for footnotes and endnotes according to the Chicago manual of style (16th edition). Information to be used in other citation formats:

Permalink:   http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ogilvie_alexander_walker_13E.html
Author of Article:   Michèle Brassard and Jean Hamelin
Publication Name:   Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13
Publisher:   University of Toronto/Université Laval
Year of publication:   1994
Year of revision:   1994
Access Date:   August 7, 2020


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Silvie Falschlunger, Ph.D, CCE, CD, CLC

Member of the following organizations:

I’m passionate about birth. First initiated by my personal interest about the impact of birth on our lives,  and later sparked anew by the birth of my daughter: I had prepared for the big day, but the intensity of the experience took me by surprise. Nobody had talked about the amazing sensation of opening from the core, nobody had prepared me for the experience of a powerful oxytocin high. Studying to explore what this process is all about was a natural consequence. I got interested in a variety of approaches for informed, evidence based & fearless birthing considering short and long term effects on the mother and her baby. This brought along certifications in birth and postpartum doula work, varied approaches in childbirth education, breastfeeding counseling, baby massage and lately I added basic training in nutrition.

I also had and have the privilege to work along dedicated birth professionals and amazing mothers: courageous, determent and passionate to do the best possible for their children. My goal is to provide a comprehensive educational package from conception to well into postpartum to support birthing women and their partners in their decisions and abilities, striving for nurturing, non-judgmental, hands-on support.

I have worked with first-time parents, second- and five times parents, VBAC parents, women with special medical and psychological needs, women whose husbands were unable to attend their birth, natural childbirth women, women who decided on a water birth, women choosing an epidural, and women who experienced Caesarean Birth — however the circumstances there is always this sacred moment of welcoming a child!

I venture out from White Plains, NY and work with clients in Westchester, Southern Connecticut and New York City in a variety of settings: hospital, birthing center or at home.

On a personal note:                                                                                I am a native Austrian, studied Tibetan Philosophy and Psychology, Developmental Somatic Psychotherapy with an emphasis on developmental movement patterns and also hold a Ph.D. in art history. I live with my husband and daughter in White Plains, NY.

Trainings and Additional Certifications

Following my original training and certification as a birth doula, postpartum doula and childbirth educator with Childbirth International and my Lactation Counselor Certificate Training with Healthy Children’s Project, Inc. I have attended a series of conferences, workshops and trainings:

  • Hypnobirthing for Labor & Birth Support Doulas: The Mongan Method – Morrin Bass
  • Labor Bag & ‘on Breech Presentations’ – Judith Halek
  • Benefits & Non-Pharmacologic Ways to Reduce Stress & Pain in Labor and
  • Use of the Rebozo for Optimal Positioning & Relaxation – both w. D.Pascali-Bonaro
  • Workshop Exploring the Pelvic Floor – Isa Herrera
  • Training in Reflexology – International Institute of Reflexology
  • Spinning Babies workshop on fetal positioning – Gail Tully, CPM, 2013 & 2018
  • Perinatal Loss – Miriam Maslin
  • Infant Resuscitation – Karen Strange
  • Calm Birth Certificate Training – Eric Newman & Christa Novak
  • Certificate Training in Baby-Massage – Infant Massage USA
  • Amazing Babies Moving – Certificate Training with Beverly Stokes
  • Training in Placenta Encapsulating – Hudson Valley Placenta Services
  • Whapio – Holistic Doula Training
  • Evidence Based Birth® Instructor – Rebecca Dekker / 2015 till current
  • Health Coaching – Institute for Integrative Nutrition  / 2017
  • Hormonal Health – Institute for Integrative Nutrition / 2018
  •                                             Hormone Health Course Badge
  • Ecstatic Birth Practitioner Training, Sheila Kamara Hay, 2018/19


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Optimize Your Pregnancy – and Life With Nutrition!

Here are my 3 Pregnancy Food Rules, worth following beyond pregnancy:

  1. Be well HYDRATED – that means about ½ your body weight in ounces of liquid per day;
  2. Eat REAL FOOD – nutrient dense, local, seasonal food preferred without a label as you would find at farmer’s markets or grow in your garden;
  3. Watch for QUALITY – purchase organic produce if you have the option, otherwise I suggest to consult the dirty dozen (dirty=most contaminated & should buy organic vs. clean=least contaminated produce) as an orientation, and if you are a meat and or seafood eater the quality matters even more: industrialized milk products & meat has uncontrolled amounts of antibiotics and hormones; the same is true for farm raised fish.

Food isn’t just nourishing our bodies. Who hasn’t experienced the joy of sharing a meal?  Eating the right things alone is not enough. Mindful eating, aware chewing, and appreciating your company (even if it is just yourself!) are instrumental to your health.

We rarely talk in depth about pregnancy nutrition. We take it for granted that we are nourished well enough to grow a baby. Only when problems like infertility, gestational diabetes or preeclampsia – to name some classic ailments – arise, do we consider having a closer look at nutrition. And even when we do this, it is generally more for short term troubleshooting than for a permanent upgrade to our diets.

Commonly, we are confronted with easy advice like “don’t eat deli meat, unpasteurized cheeses, sushi, or to avoid alcohol and smoking.” Furthermore, we are told to avoid large fish because of the concern of mercury contamination. But in general, other toxins we find in all processed foods, such as food coloring, preservatives or taste enhancers are not addressed.

What that generalized advice doesn’t tell us is the danger of sugar overloads, unhealthy fats, heavily treated produce, or industrialized meats with an unpredictable amount of antibiotics and hormones – all goes by often undetected.  The lack of nutrients is compensated with prenatal vitamins as a quick fix. In general, we walk away confused from the controversial information without understanding the bigger picture and without clear guiding principles on what to eat.

Is there something simple and straightforward we could use as a guidance? I came across Michael Pollen’s ‘Food Rules’ (2009), a compact and witty guide book, that is simple and easy to read. It boils down years of nutritional research into 7 words:

  • EAT FOOD (not food like substances!).
  • MOSTLY PLANT (increase your vegetable and fruit intake dramatically, hold off from industrialized meats).
  • NOT TOO MUCH (even in pregnancy moderation is good advice; the common saying ‘eat for two’, often translated into ‘eat whatever’, doesn’t automatically make you well nourished).

From this pointed summery Pollen develops 64 Food Rules designed as a comprehensive guide to eat real food in moderation and, by doing so, substantially getting off the Western diet.

Interestingly, Michael Pollen’s contribution goes way beyond his detailed research, although that’s impressive and fascinating, he directs us to a bigger picture.

There is not one ideal diet fitting everybody, but a variety of options with the big exemption of the wide spread Western or Standard American Diet (SAD). It is a diet focusing on quantity and a lack of quality which manages to leave us both ‘overfed and undernourished’ with a host of negative health effects.

The newest Primal Health Research is pointing towards the undoubted influence of the fetal environment on our long-term health.

What we eat during pregnancy as well as throughout our lives may have the biggest impact on the health of our children.

Questions how to optimize your pregnancy? Don’t hesitate to email me for a free Health History consultation: scfalschlunger@optonline.net


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24 March 2011

I just wanted to take a moment and say thanks to all of you who have purchased my book.  The book has been tremendously well received and I've had nothing but positive feedback.  When I looked on amazon.com today there was only 1 copy left in stock with a re-order on the way.  It left me a bit gobsmacked.  I cannot actually articulate how excited I am to know that people are out there reading my book.  It really does mean the world to me.  So to all of you, Thanks!

The fact that this book seems to really be taking off means that it's quite likely that New Page will pick up my next book as well.  I've just started work on my second book and it's going to be a guide to advanced defensive magick.  The idea will be for the advanced guide to sort of pick up where Defense Against the Dark left off, giving more advanced techniques, tools, and rituals.  My question to you is: what do you want to see from such a guide?  What are the scenarios you want to be able to face? What things have you heard of that you want to know more about?  I'd love to see some comments about this, but you can also email me at emily @ e-carlin.com

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Benefits of Learning Ayurveda Massages in India

Category: Health

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Ayurveda, originated and practiced in India thousands of years ago. The holistic wellness methods were practiced by Hindu priests to cure diseases that plagued the human body at that time. Advancements in Ayurveda treatments are being made with constant researches by practitioners. Ayurveda treatments are more effective and used complementing with modern treatment systems. Demands for skilled therapists have escalated after acceptance of Ayurveda treatments. Learn Ayurveda in India, if you want to be a successful Ayurveda practitioner. You will work on live projects under qualified teachers to get genuine skills. Whereas, courses offered in other universities emphasize on theoretical parts and not on the essential practical training. A comprehensive training develops understanding of Ayurveda concepts and therapies to use in curing diseases. Develop skills to deliver massages and therapies joining a traditional course in Ayurveda.

Massages are integral part of Ayurveda treatments and used for detoxification of the body. Massages rejuvenate the body, lubricate joints, maintain health of nerves and organs and purify all accumulated body toxins. Therapeutic massages are effective in healing diseases and deliver total wellbeing of the patients. To give soothing massages, go for Ayurveda massage training in India to learn the methodologies from expert therapists. Practices of applying massages with fingers and legs are learned during rigorous practices in the course. Workshops are arranged for practices and develop skills of offering soothing massages to clients after completion. Though a short duration course, but useful to develop enough skills to perform massages on clients.

To be a successful Ayurveda practitioner, being certified isn’t enough. Disease diagnosing skills, knowledge of herbal medicines, and suitable prescription for treatments, are must-have skills for practitioners. All skills come with rigorous practices in workshops helped by qualified teachers. India has institutes, practitioners and advanced modules for quality trainings. Ayurveda therapy training India is ideal for aspirants to get genuine skills in traditional healing methods. Trainees are taught yoga, meditation, herbal meditation and massages to utilize in the treatments. Ayurveda doesn’t aim treatment of the illnesses only but to bring a complete soothing of the body.  Join an advanced massage course to get skills and be a successful massage therapist after completion.

keywords: Learn Ayurveda in India, Ayurveda Massage Training in India, Ayurveda Therapy Training India

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21 November 2007

What planet is Greens Senator Kerry Nettle from?

Greens Senator Kerry Nettle has allegedly said, referring to a leaking boatload of people who were ultimately rescued by the Royal Australian Navy

"They weren't able to rescue those people because of our strict immigration laws that prevent them from being able to rescue these people at sea,"

Does she really believe that we have laws against rescuing people in peril? That is so stupid. Yes, of course we have immigration laws, but they do not, in any way, stop a ship rescuing anyone. Rescue has nothing to do with immigration.

It's a shame that she thinks that she has to peddle this rubbish to try to obtain some political advantage.

To make it worse, this alleged lawmaker said according to the Sydney Morning Herald:

They were doing what they could to ensure that these people didn't drown.
I understand their nervousness in getting involved in these sorts of activities
particularly right before an election."

What sane person thinks that the law changes from week to week because an election is imminent? Probably a moron, actually. I'm very concerned that people like Nettle have any responsiblity for Australian law. It's people like her that demonstrate that the country runs itself in spite of its politicians.

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Makeover Monday-Repurposed blocks

“Need Direction?”  by Tatiana

The inspiration for today’s project came from some letter blocks my kids had in their closet.  Since these poor little letters were being neglected by their owners, I decide to play with them myself.  Here is how this piece came into being.

1.  I found a canvas with a not so attractive print on it at the Salvation Army.

2.  Covered the printed image with white Gesso and let it dry overnight.

3.  Painted over the Gesso with a gold paint and brushed the edges with a maroon paint.

4.  Painted a heart with red paint and drew all the veins in with red Puffy Paint.

5.  Drew wings onto a piece of white cardstock and glued them next to the heart.

6.  Attached scrapbook stickers of arrows around the heart.

7.  Glued typewriter key images to circular wooden pieces.

8.  Used E-6000 glue to attach wooden pieces and the letter blocks to canvas.

9.  Covered entire piece with FolkArt’s Gloss Varnish.

Hope the simplicity of this project inspires you to create a little something of your own!

Wishing you smiles and sunshine,

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