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Aramoho 29 Cumbrae Place

3 Bedrooms1 BathroomID WGU76839
Buyers $339,000+

A Cumbrae cutie

The charm and character of this home will grab your attention as soon as you see it. Set in a popular tree lined street, this three bedroom home is only moments away from the river, which is lovely for weekend strolls with the family. The large front porch offers fantastic wet weather protection and will be a lovely spot in the summer months too. The cosy lounge is positioned at the front of the home, with the kitchen and open plan dining at the rear. The home is light and sunny, with the charm of yesteryear throughout. The backyard is fenced and there is a garden/woodshed which overlooks the landscaped backyard, with a vast array of fruit trees. A great first home with the opportunity to add value and make it your own. Call now to arrange your viewing!
CHATTELS  Electric Stove   |   Fixed floor coverings   |   Garden Shed
Open Home
Sun 9 August 2020
2:45pm - 3:15pm
Area | 100.00m2Land | 496 m2Regional Rates | 2,416.67RV | $245,000

Bruce McGhie

M  027 333 2587  P

Kayana Tahana-Hopkins

M  022 096 8310  P

Enquire Now

ASAP  0-2 months  3-6 months
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Bruce McGhie
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When you measure client-side performance, there are usually two main categories of visitors: those who visit your page the first time and others who have already visited our page and have some data cached. By convention, those groups are named correspondingly: first view and cached view (which also is known as “repeat view” or “second view”).

As the name suggests, the first view is a situation, when a user opens your website for the very first time and no files or cookies are stored in her or his browser to improve the experience. In that case, the browser needs to download the page code as well as all the resources required to render the page (images, CSS, JavaScript).

Chrome dev tools Network tab with no effective cache. A dozen images are downloaded over HTTP, each taking dozens or hundreds of milliseconds.

A cached view is a situation when the user opens a page that already was visited and some resources are saved in the browser. The repeat view is usually much faster than the first view.

Chrome dev tools Network tab with cache enabled. A dozen images are loaded from memory in negligible time (0ms each).

A known fact is that measuring a webpage first view is the only way to truly replicate what a real first-time user is experiencing. And that experience is measured by tools like sitespeed.io, Lighthouse, WebPageTest.

On the other hand, developers usually put a lot of effort into optimizing caching (using proper Headers, cache layers such as Content Delivery Network (CDN) or even using Service Workers in Progressive Web App (PWA)).

In this short blogpost, I will show you how to use an open-source tool sitespeed.io to measure client-side performance in the situation when a user returns to the page.

Running the tests

Starting tests with sitespeed.io can be simplified using Docker. You can run tests with a default configuration by executing the following command:

docker run --rm -v "$(pwd)":/sitespeed.io sitespeedio/sitespeed.io:13.3.2 https://tech.cognifide.com/

After a while, you will have a report generated and stored under sitespeed-result/tech.cognifide.com.

But that will measure only results for the page that was visited for the first time.

Testing cached view

In sitespeed.io there are currently two ways to warm-up cache before visiting the website, both use additional parameters passed to the sitespeed.io container:

  • preUrl
  • preScript

We can distinguish two sub-scenarios:

  1. The user visited one page and then another (only the common assets are cached).
  2. The user visited the same page more than once.

Sitespeed.io docs summarize preURL as follows:

--browsertime.preURL, --preURL A URL that will be accessed first by the browser before the URL that you wanna analyse. Use it to fill the cache.

The docs also recommend using the --preURL parameter to test cached pages (read more in sitespeed.io best-practices). And that is perfectly fine in most of the cases when we talk about the first sub-scenario (warming-up cache with a different page than the one we want to test).

However, when warming up the cache with exactly the same page you would like to measure (the second sub-scenario) there is a small problem with gathering visual metrics - they might not work (all visual metrics such as FirstVisualChange or SpeedIndex will display 0ms). This is a side-effect of the way Chrome and the sitespeed.io --preURL mechanic work together. You can read more about that in the getting correct visual metrics section of the documentation.

Another way to manipulate the browser's cache before the actual tests start is to specify a preScript:

--browsertime.preScript, --preScript Selenium script(s) to run before you test your URL. They will run outside of the analyse phase. Note that --preScript can be passed multiple times.

And in most cases that would be the way you might want to prepare your test because it gives you a lot more control than the previous option. For example, a simple script that you can use to warm-up cache in the browser and make your visual metrics work could look like this:

module.exports = async function(context, commands) {
  let urlToWarmUp = context.options.urlToWarmUp;
  context.log.info('Warming up cache for page: ' + urlToWarmUp);
  await commands.navigate(urlToWarmUp + '?warmup=true');
  // Remove body of the page for visual metrics to start with blank view
  await commands.js.run('document.body.innerHTML = ""; document.body.style.backgroundColor = "white";');

With such a script (saved as warm_up_cache.js) you can simply run the tests:

docker run --rm -v "$(pwd)":/sitespeed.io sitespeedio/sitespeed.io:13.3.2 \
    --preScript warm_up_cache.js --browsertime.urlToWarmUp https://tech.cognifide.com/ \

You noticed the warmup=true param, right? It is there because sitespeed.io uses the page's URL as a unique identifier (which makes a lot of sense). When running the same URL for warming-up the cache like the one you want to test, some metrics (especially those connected with page's HAR) may start too early. Just by adding this query param, sitespeed.io recognizes both URLs as different pages.

Why cached page performance is worth testing

You may ask, why measure cached page performance at all? There are at least a couple of good reasons why it is worth doing:

  • Assuming you are building a website that is going to keep users for a longer time and make them come back - some very good part of your users will experience a cached view.
  • As mentioned above, your team is putting a lot of effort into caching strategies. That's worth checking if more work is required or the level of satisfaction for the cached view has been met (make sure you have a way to measure your satisfaction level).
  • Some tools that focus on the first view also check the best practices and optimisation techniques for the cached view. But they are only checks (if best practice was applied). Measuring it is a different thing and only by running such tests, you can simulate what a real user is experiencing.

In this blogpost, I explained the difference between the first and cached view in terms of the user’s experience. While most of the available client-site performance testing tools focus on the first view, it is also worth measuring the repeat view user’s experience. That can be fairly simply achieved with open-source tools like sitespeed.io.

But that's not the end. As the next step, you may extend measurements into monitoring and continuously check trends of your page's performance (for first and repeat views). Sitespeed.io is also a great tool for that combined with metrics DB (e.g. InfluxDB) and visualization tool (e.g. Grafana).

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Posts Tagged 'wd'

Largest … for now

Is the WD 3 TB hard drive the largest? Yes, for now at least. 2 terabytes is sooo last year, hurry up and upgrade already. This bad boy has 750GB of storage per platter and will be available for around $240 (street price may vary). It’s from the Western Digital Green series of hard drives so it’s environment friendly, low power consumption, blah blah blah. The flip side is that it will probably be slower than say the Blue series or Black so be aware. Let’s wait and see what Seagate comes up with in a month or so.

New WD drives

Whatever the design team is getting paid Western Digital is getting their money’s worth. Check out the latest externals WD is hawking. The lcd has been implemented in some of their external drives as of late but the porting to the Passport lineup is a step in the right direction. The info is certainly helpful for the lazy (me <–). Next up? Larger lcds with preview features? Now that would be really cool.
Damn, those drives look sexy!

Freeing up hard drive space

Perhaps advanced formatting is the way to go. Think of the amount of additional space existing enterprises could free up WD’s advanced formatting. Larger blocks, less sector gaps could make a hard drive work more efficiently. One thing you can do right now is increase the size of the sector blocks to reduce the number of sector gaps. WD’s spin on this may prove to be a godsend for companies starving for hard drive space. It’s all a part of the green strategy. More efficient data storage means less hard drives and a smaller carbon footprint.

Now There’s a Good reason to buy the WD Elite

Let’s face it, who needs extra connections? Blah. The electronic display on new WD external elite models are reason enough to spend the extra money on these drives. Other than the flashy “elite” name there are some useful options with it. The label helps distinguish which drive contain what data, plus gives you a rough estimate of how space is available. Things that are the same: shape, automatic backup software, hardware based encryption, warranty, and Western Digital’s green technology.

USB 2.0? Come on already. Hello? USB 3.0? Heck even eSATA would be appreciated. If I’m paying a premium for the brand name it should have firewire. FYI Mac users will need to reformat the drive to work optimally with their hardware. FAT32 just doesn’t cut it. A nice aluminum or metal casing would look fantastic, albeit more expensive, would probably do wonders for the failure rate. Plastic is not great when it comes to heat dissipation.

Hmm, I wonder how much a label machine costs? I’m always mixing up my music and porn drives…

Here we go again …

Who’s got the bigger … notebook hard drive? I guess Western Digital has beaten the others to the punch. Enter 1 TB of storage goodness in a 2.5″ platform. Whaaat?! I’m still using a lowly 500GB in my desktop beast an now WD has come out with something even larger for my notebook? Perhaps it IS time to upgrade. I’ve barely filled up half of my 80GB laptop hard drive and along comes something to tempt my wallet. Shame on WD for trying to put me in the poor house with their lineup of storage solutions! I guess the only thing left is to wait for Seagate to come out with their version … and run out and buy it. 😉

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Dan Appleman has been teaching teens leadership skills for almost 30 years, in roles ranging from camp counselor, to part-time teacher, to retreat/program leader and most recently, over 20 years as a youth group advisor. A best-selling author of technical books, his books for young adults include “How Computer Programming Works” and “Always Use Protection: A Teen’s Guide to Safe Computing”.
His latest book “Developing Teen Leadership: A practical guide for youth group advisors, teachers and parents” is, above all, practical.
You can reach the author at .


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Order business internet from any provider online.

Telecom.live™ offers instant quotes and online ordering from business internet service providers in Elyria, Ohio.

Real-Time Quotes

Telecom.live™ is an easy online platform for ordering business internet and phone service in real-time. Get instant quotes from telecom providers in Elyria:

  • Instantly compare multiple providers online
  • Get real-time quotes without sales meetings
  • Order from any provider in just a few clicks

Compare Internet Providers In Elyria, OH

Telecom.live™ has a portfolio of 200+ telecom providers to help your business locate ISP’s (internet service providers) in your area. Imagine providers competing for your business without ever having to schedule an appointment, or spend time on an in-person meeting with a company’s sales representative; let alone having to schedule multiple meetings hearing the same conversation from different providers. Now you can shop online and compare multiple quotes from providers instantly.

We want to make it easy for you to get direct access to business internet and phone service providers online. We also want to help you identify service providers that are available for your specific building located in Elyria, OH. All you have to do is Get Started, and telecommunications companies in your area which have network access to service your business address or building, will instantly begin competing to win your business. It’s never been easier to order service online.

Internet Coverage In Elyria

If you found this page while searching the internet, you may have come across other web pages providing you informational “data” specific to Elyria. Unfortunately, the information you find online may not be as authoritative or accurate as you’re led to believe.

These websites may include specific pieces of “data” for Elyria such as:

  • An internet provider’s coverage percentage for the city/town
  • Maximum upload and download speeds
  • Typical upload and download speeds
  • Coverage maps
  • Cable percentage coverage versus DSL percentage coverage
  • Satellite versus Fiber
  • Many other types of “data” pertaining specifically to Elyria

Unfortunately, many of the figures shown at these websites are outdated, generalized or just plain inaccurate, sometimes by a significant amount!

The most accurate resource regarding specific information about your specified address can only come directly from a provider. Most of these websites just pull publicly available data directly from the FCC’s broadband website.

More specifically, see the FCC Internet Map for Elyria, OH.

You may also perform an FCC Article Search for Elyria for more related data pertaining to your city.

While these links are great and informative, if you are about to open a new office, shop or business at a commercial property, you really need to explore providers that have a network close to your location. The only way to do that, is to access the providers directly that service your specific property in Elyria.

Find Providers Now
We built our platform to locate business internet providers, compare telecom services and facilitate pricing with online ordering, so you can spend time focusing on running your business.

Business Internet & Phone Service Availability In Elyria, OH

Have More Questions?
We get asked everyday, “Can you get service in my area?”
The answer is almost always YES!

Here are some of the situations we can help you with when ordering online:

  • We built our systems to handle almost all telecom requests online, even for multiple property locations that need services such as MPLS, SDWAN, VPN, Point to Point, VPLS, etc.
  • Rural business properties can locate service in their area online as well. If you’re having trouble locating a commercial phone or internet service provider in your area, we can help!
  • Addresses for businesses in multi-story commercial buildings, especially in high-density cities, can typically be serviced by multiple providers that are already “lit” with fiber optics inside the building – allowing for some of the fastest speeds and installation timeframes available
  • New office suites, call centers, virtual office centers and similar situations requiring specific internet or voice connectivity can all be handled online through our system
  • Most carriers offer bundled services. You can find the best deals by bundling your voice and data into a savings package when purchasing these services together from the same provider
  • If your new business address in Elyria is still under construction, you may experience delays in getting back quotes from providers. A surveyor from a provider might have difficulty locating your new address. Although it can sometimes be a concern, we seem to resolve most of these issues by working directly with the provider

If you have other telecom questions or need help getting started, visit our Help Center. We provide a valuable knowledge base to help answer commonly asked telecom questions.

If you’re ready to have business phone service and business internet providers compete for your business, then get started by typing in your service address for your property located in Elyria.

Services in Elyria, Ohio

Elyria Highlights

Elyria (/əˈlɪəriə/ ə-LEER-ee-ə) is a city in the Greater Cleveland metropolitan statistical area and the county seat of Lorain County, Ohio, United States, located at the forks of the Black River in Northeast Ohio 23 miles southwest of Cleveland. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 54,533. The city is home to Lorain County Community College.

Source: Wikipedia

Elyria Attractions

Condado Tacos – Crocker Park

19 reviews

Bars, Tacos
203 Market St, Westlake, OH 44145
Play: CLE

38 reviews

Challenge Courses
38525 Chester Rd, Avon, OH 44011
Swings-N-Things Family Fun Park

27 reviews

Mini Golf, Go Karts, Paintball
8501 Stearns Rd, Olmsted Falls, OH 44138
Lake Erie Nature & Science Center

24 reviews

Museums, Parks
28728 Wolf Rd, Bay Village, OH 44140
Splash Zone Aquatic Center

3 reviews

Swimming Pools
95 W Hamilton St, Oberlin, OH 44074
Crocker Park

129 reviews

Shopping Centers
177 Market St, Westlake, OH 44145
Hillcrest Orchards

13 reviews

Farmers Market, Pick Your Own Farms, Pumpkin Patches
50336 Telegraph Rd, Amherst, OH 44001

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Big Brown lignite mine

The Big Brown lignite mine near Fairfield, Freestone County.

There are many nonpetroleum, or nonfuel, minerals found in Texas. Some are currently mined, and others may have a potential for future development. Still others are minor occurrences only.

Although they are overshadowed by the petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids that are produced in the state, many of the nonpetroleum minerals are, nonetheless, important to the economy. In 2012, nonfuel minerals were valued at an estimated $3.39 billion, representing 4.43 percent of the total U.S. production and ranking Texas eighth among the states in overall U.S. production. In 2011, nonfuel minerals produced in Texas were valued at an estimated $2.81 billion.

The leading mineral commodities produced in the Texas are portland cement, crushed stone, and contruction sand and gravel. These three, together with salt, industrial sand and gravel, lime, and masonry cement, account for more that 95 percent of the state's nonfuel mineral value.

The Bureau of Economic Geology, which functions as the state geological survey of Texas, supplied the following information about nonpetroleum minerals.

Texas’ nonpetroleum minerals are as follows:

    ALUMINUM — No aluminum ores are mined in Texas, but three Texas plants process aluminum materials in one or more ways. Plants in San Patricio and Calhoun counties produce aluminum oxide (alumina) from imported raw ore (bauxite), and a plant in Milam County reduces the oxide to aluminum.
    ASBESTOS — Small occurrences of amphibole-type asbestos have been found in the state. In West Texas, richterite, a white, long-fibered amphibole, is associated with some of the talc deposits northwest of Allamoore in Hudspeth County. Another type, tremolite, has been found in the Llano Uplift of Central Texas where it is associated with serpentinite in eastern Gillespie and western Blanco counties. No asbestos is mined in Texas.
    ASPHALT (Native) — Asphalt-bearing Cretaceous limestones crop out in Burnet, Kinney, Pecos, Reeves, Uvalde, and other counties. The most significant deposit is in southwestern Uvalde County, where asphalt occurs naturally in pore spaces of the Anacacho Limestone. The material is quarried and used extensively as road-paving material. Asphalt-bearing sandstones occur in Anderson, Angelina, Cooke, Jasper, Maverick, Montague, Nacogdoches, Uvalde, Zavala, and other counties.
    BARITE — Deposits of a heavy, nonmetallic mineral, barite (barium sulphate), have been found in many localities, including Baylor, Brown, Brewster, Culberson, Gillespie, Howard, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, Kinney, Llano, Live Oak, Taylor, Val Verde, and Webb counties. During the 1960s, there was small, intermittent production in the Seven Heart Gap area of the Apache Mountains in Culberson County, where barite was mined from open pits. Most of the deposits are known to be relatively small, but the Webb County deposit has not been evaluated. Grinding plants, which prepare barite mined outside of Texas for use chiefly as a weighting agent in well-drilling muds and as a filler, are located in Brownsville, Corpus Christi, El Paso, Galena Park, Galveston, and Houston.
    BASALT (TRAP ROCK) — Masses of basalt — a hard, dark-colored, fine-grained igneous rock — crop out in Kinney, Travis, Uvalde, and several other counties along the Balcones Fault Zone, and also in the Trans-Pecos area of West Texas. Basalt is quarried near Knippa in Uvalde County for use as road-building material, railroad ballast, and other aggregate.
    BERYLLIUM — Occurrences of beryllium minerals at several Trans-Pecos localities have been recognized for several years.
    BRINE (see also SALT, SODIUM SULPHATE) — Many wells in Texas produce brine by solution mining of subsurface salt deposits, mostly in West Texas counties such as Andrews, Crane, Ector, Loving, Midland, Pecos, Reeves, Ward, and others. These wells in the Permian Basin dissolve salt from the Salado Formation, an enormous salt deposit that extends in the subsurface from north of the Big Bend northward to Kansas, has an east-west width of 150 to 200 miles, and may have several hundred feet of net salt thickness. The majority of the brine is used in the petroleum industry, but it also is used in water softening, the chemical industry, and other uses. Three Gulf Coast counties, Fort Bend, Duval, and Jefferson, have brine stations that produce from salt domes.
    BUILDING STONE (DIMENSION STONE) — Granite and limestone currently are quarried for use as dimension stone. The granite quarries are located in Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason counties; the limestone quarries are in Shackelford and Williamson counties. Past production of limestone for use as dimension stone has been reported in Burnet, Gillespie, Jones, Tarrant, Travis, and several other counties. There also has been production of sandstone in various counties for use as dimension stone.
    CEMENT MATERIALS — Cement is currently manufactured in Bexar, Comal, Dallas, Ector, Ellis, Hays, McLennan, Nolan, and Potter counties. Many of these plants utilize Cretaceous limestones and shales or clays as raw materials for the cement. On the Texas High Plains, a cement plant near Amarillo uses impure caliche as the chief raw material. Iron oxide, also a constituent of cement, is available from the iron ore deposits of East Texas and from smelter slag. Gypsum, added to the cement as a retarder, is found chiefly in North Central Texas, Central Texas, and the Trans-Pecos area.
    CHROMIUM — Chromite-bearing rock has been found in several small deposits around the margin of the Coal Creek serpentinite mass in northeastern Gillespie County and northwestern Blanco County. Exploration has not revealed significant deposits.
    CLAYS — Texas has an abundance and variety of ceramic and non-ceramic clays and is one of the country’s leading producers of clay products.
    Almost any kind of clay, ranging from common clay used to make ordinary brick and tile to clays suitable for manufacture of specialty whitewares, can be used for ceramic purposes. Fire clay suitable for use as refractories occurs chiefly in East and North Central Texas; ball clay, a high-quality plastic ceramic clay, is found locally in East Texas.
    Ceramic clay suitable for quality structural clay products, such as structural building brick, paving brick, and drain tile, is especially abundant in East and North Central Texas. Common clay suitable for use in the manufacture of cement and ordinary brick is found in most counties of the state. Many of the Texas clays will expand or bloat upon rapid firing and are suitable for the manufacture of lightweight aggregate, which is used mainly in concrete blocks and highway surfacing.
    Nonceramic clays are utilized without firing. They are used primarily as bleaching and absorbent clays, fillers, coaters, additives, bonding clays, drilling muds, catalysts, and potentially as sources of alumina. Most of the nonceramic clays in Texas are bentonites and fuller’s earth. These occur extensively in the Coastal Plain and locally in the High Plains and Big Bend areas. Kaolin clays in parts of East Texas are potential sources of such nonceramic products as paper coaters and fillers, rubber fillers, and drilling agents. Relatively high in alumina, these clays also are a potential source of metallic aluminum.

Map of coal mining locations

 Production figures, click.

COAL (see also LIGNITE) — Bituminous coal, which occurs in North Central, South, and West Texas, was a significant energy source in Texas prior to the large-scale development of oil and gas. During the period from 1895–1943, Texas mines produced more than 25 million tons of coal. The mines were inactive for many years, but the renewed interest in coal as a major energy source prompted a revaluation of Texas’ coal deposits. In the late 1970s, bituminous coal production resumed in the state on a limited scale when mines were opened in Coleman, Erath, and Webb counties.
    Much of the state’s bituminous coal occurs in North Central Texas. Deposits are found there in Pennsylvanian rocks within a large area that includes Coleman, Eastland, Erath, Jack, McCulloch, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Throckmorton, Wise, Young, and other counties. Before the general availability of oil and gas, underground coal mines near Thurber, Bridgeport, Newcastle, Strawn, and other points annually produced significant coal tonnages. Preliminary evaluations indicate substantial amounts of coal may remain in the North Central Texas area. The coal seams there are generally no more than 30 inches thick and are commonly covered by well-consolidated overburden. Ash and sulphur content are high. Beginning in 1979, two bituminous coal mine operations in North Central Texas — one in southern Coleman County and one in northwestern Erath County — produced coal to be used as fuel by the cement industry. Neither mine is currently operating.
    In South Texas, bituminous coal occurs in the Eagle Pass district of Maverick County, and bituminous cannel coal is present in the Santo Tomas district of Webb County. The Eagle Pass area was a leading coal-producing district in Texas during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The bituminous coal in that area, which occurs in the Upper Cretaceous Olmos Formation, has a high ash content and a moderate moisture and sulfur content. According to reports, Maverick County coal beds range from four to seven feet thick.
    The cannel coals of western Webb County occur near the Rio Grande in middle Eocene strata. They were mined for more than 50 years and used primarily as a boiler fuel. Mining ceased from 1939 until 1978, when a surface mine was opened 30 miles northwest of Laredo to produce cannel coal for use as fuel in the cement industry and for export. An additional mine has since been opened in that county. Tests show that the coals of the Webb County Santo Tomas district have a high hydrogen content and yield significant amounts of gas and oil when distilled. They also have a high sulfur content. A potential use might be as a source of various petrochemical products.
    Coal deposits in the Trans-Pecos country of West Texas include those in the Cretaceous rocks of the Terlingua area of Brewster County, the Eagle Spring area of Hudspeth County, and the San Carlos area of Presidio County. The coal deposits in these areas are believed to have relatively little potential for development as a fuel. They have been sold in the past as a soil amendment (see LEONARDITE).
    COPPER — Copper minerals have been found in the Trans-Pecos area of West Texas, in the Llano Uplift area of Central Texas, and in redbed deposits of North Texas. No copper has been mined in Texas during recent years, and the total copper produced in the state has been relatively small. Past attempts to mine the North Texas and Llano Uplift copper deposits resulted in small shipments.
    Practically all the copper production in the state has been from the Van Horn–Allamoore district of Culberson and Hudspeth counties in the Trans-Pecos area. Chief output was from the Hazel copper-silver mine of Culberson County that yielded over 1 million pounds of copper during 1891–1947. Copper ores and concentrates from outside of Texas are processed at smelters in El Paso and Amarillo.
    CRUSHED STONE — Texas is among the leading states in the production of crushed stone. Most production consists of limestone; other kinds of crushed stone produced in the state include basalt (trap rock), dolomite, granite, marble, rhyolite, sandstone, and serpentinite. Large tonnages of crushed stone are used as aggregate in concrete, as road material, and in the manufacture of cement and lime. Some is used as riprap, terrazzo, roofing chips, filter material, fillers, as well as other purposes.
    DIATOMITE (DIATOMACEOUS EARTH) — Diatomite is a very lightweight siliceous material consisting of the remains of microscopic aquatic plants (diatoms). It is used chiefly as a filter and filler; other uses are for thermal insulation, as an abrasive, as an insecticide carrier, as a lightweight aggregate, and for other purposes. The diatomite was deposited in shallow, fresh-water lakes that were present in the High Plains during portions of the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Deposits have been found in Armstrong, Crosby, Dickens, Ector, Hartley, and Lamb counties. No diatomite is mined in Texas.
    DOLOMITE ROCK — Dolomite rock, which consists largely of the mineral dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate), commonly is associated with limestone in Texas. Areas in which dolomite rock occurs include Central Texas, the Callahan Divide, and parts of the Edwards Plateau, High Plains, and West Texas. Some of the principal deposits of dolomite rock are found in Bell, Brown, Burnet, Comanche, Edwards, El Paso, Gillespie, Lampasas, Mills, Nolan, Taylor, and Williamson counties. Dolomite rock can be used as crushed stone (although much of Texas dolomite is soft and not a good aggregate material), in the manufacture of lime, and as a source of magnesium.
    FELDSPAR — Large crystals and crystal fragments of feldspar minerals occur in the Precambrian pegmatite rocks that crop out in the Llano Uplift area of Central Texas — including Blanco, Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason counties — and in the Van Horn area of Culberson and Hudspeth counties in West Texas. Feldspar has been mined in Llano County for use as roofing granules and as a ceramic material. Feldspar is currently mined in Burnet County for use as an aggregate.
    FLUORSPAR — The mineral fluorite (calcium fluoride), which is known commercially as fluorspar, occurs in both Central and West Texas. In Central Texas, the deposits that have been found in Burnet, Gillespie, and Mason counties are not considered adequate to sustain mining operations. In West Texas, deposits have been found in Brewster, El Paso, Hudspeth, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties. Fluorspar has been mined in the Christmas Mountains of Brewster County and processed in Marathon. Former West Texas mining activity in the Eagle Mountains district of Hudspeth County resulted in the production of approximately 15,000 short tons of fluorspar during the peak years of 1942–1950. No production has been reported in Hudspeth County since that period. Imported fluorspar is processed in Brownsville, Eagle Pass, El Paso, and Houston. Fluorspar is used in the steel, chemical, aluminum, magnesium, ceramics, and glass industries, and for various other purposes.
    GOLD — No major deposits of gold are known in Texas. Small amounts have been found in the Llano Uplift region of Central Texas and in West Texas; minor occurrences have been reported on the Edwards Plateau and the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas. Nearly all of the gold produced in the state came as a by-product of silver and lead mining at Presidio mine, near Shafter in Presidio County. Additional small quantities were produced as a by-product of copper mining in Culberson County and from residual soils developed from gold-bearing quartz stringers in metamorphic rocks in Llano County. No gold mining has been reported in Texas since 1952. Total gold production in the state from 1889–1952 amounted to more than 8,419 troy ounces, according to U.S. Bureau of Mines figures. Most of the production — at least 73 percent and probably more — came from the Presidio mine.
    GRANITE — Granites in shades of red and gray and related intrusive igneous rocks occur in the Llano Uplift of Central Texas and in the Trans-Pecos country of West Texas. Deposits are found in Blanco, Brewster, Burnet, El Paso, Gillespie, Hudspeth, Llano, McCulloch, Mason, Presidio, and other counties. Quarries in Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason counties produce Precambrian granite for a variety of uses as dimension stone and crushed stone.
    GRAPHITE — Graphite, a soft, dark-gray mineral, is a form of very high-grade carbon. It occurs in Precambrian schist rocks of the Llano Uplift of Central Texas, notably in Burnet and Llano counties. Crystalline-flake graphite ore formerly was mined from open pits in the Clear Creek area of western Burnet County and processed at a plant near the mine. The mill now occasionally grinds imported material. Uses of natural crystalline graphite are refractories, steel production, pencil leads, lubricants, foundry facings, and crucibles, as well as other purposes.
    GRINDING PEBBLES (ABRASIVE STONES) — Flint pebbles, suitable for use in tube-mill grinding, are found in the Gulf Coastal Plain, where they occur in gravel deposits along rivers and in upland areas. Grinding pebbles are produced from Frio River terrace deposits near the McMullen–Live Oak county line, but the area is now part of the Choke Canyon Reservoir area.
    GYPSUM — Gypsum is widely distributed in Texas. Chief deposits are bedded gypsum in the area east of the High Plains, in the Trans-Pecos country, and in Central Texas. It also occurs in salt-dome caprocks of the Gulf Coast. The massive, granular variety, which is known as rock gypsum, is the kind most commonly used by industry. Other varieties include alabaster, satin spar, and selenite.
    Gypsum is one of the important industrial minerals in Texas. Bedded gypsum is produced from surface mines in Culberson, Fisher, Gillespie, Hardeman, Hudspeth, Kimble, Nolan, and Stonewall counties. Gypsum was formerly mined at Gyp Hill salt dome in Brooks County and at Hockley salt dome in Harris County. Most of the gypsum is calcined and used in the manufacture of gypsum wallboard, plaster, joint compounds, and other construction products. Crude gypsum is used chiefly as a retarder in portland cement and as a soil conditioner.
    HELIUM — Helium is a very light, nonflammable, chemically inert gas. The U.S. Interior Department has ended its helium operation near Masterson in the Panhandle. The storage facility at Cliffside gas field near Amarillo and the 425-mile pipeline system will remain in operation until the government sells its remaining unrefined, crude helium. Helium is used in cryogenics, welding, pressurizing and purging, leak detection, synthetic breathing mixtures, and for other purposes.
    IRON — Iron oxide (limonite, goethite, and hematite) and iron carbonate (siderite) deposits occur widely in East Texas, notably in Cass, Cherokee, Marion, and Morris counties, and also in Anderson, Camp, Harrison, Henderson, Nacogdoches, Smith, Upshur, and other counties. Magnetite (magnetic, black iron oxide) occurs in Central Texas, including a deposit at Iron Mountain in Llano County. Hematite occurs in the Trans-Pecos area and in the Llano Uplift of Central Texas. The extensive deposits of glauconite (a complex silicate containing iron) that occur in East Texas and the hematitic and goethitic Cambrian sandstone that crops out in the northwestern Llano Uplift region are potential sources of low-grade iron ore.
    Limonite and other East Texas iron ores are mined from open pits in Cherokee and Henderson counties for use in the preparation of portland cement, as a weighting agent in well-drilling fluids, as an animal feed supplement, and for other purposes. East Texas iron ores also were mined in the past for use in the iron-steel industry.
    KAOLIN (see CLAY).
    LEAD and ZINC — The lead mineral galena (lead sulfide) commonly is associated with zinc and silver. It formerly was produced as a by-product of West Texas silver mining, chiefly from the Presidio mine at Shafter in Presidio County, although lesser amounts were obtained at several other mines and prospects. Deposits of galena also are known to occur in Blanco, Brewster, Burnet, Gillespie, and Hudspeth counties.
    Zinc, primarily from the mineral sphalerite (zinc sulphide), was produced chiefly from the Bonanza and Alice Ray mines in the Quitman Mountains of Hudspeth County. In addition, small production was reported from several other areas, including the Chinati and Montezuma mines of Presidio County and the Buck Prospect in the Apache Mountains of Culberson County. Zinc mineralization also occurs in association with the lead deposits in Cambrian rocks of Central Texas.
    LEONARDITE — Deposits of weathered (oxidized) low-Btu value bituminous coals, generally referred to as “leonardite,” occur in Brewster County. The name leonardite is used for a mixture of chemical compounds that is high in humic acids. In the past, material from these deposits was sold as soil conditioner. Other uses of leonardite include modification of viscosity of drill fluids and as sorbants in water-treatment.
    LIGNITE — Almost all current coal production in Texas is located in the Tertiary-aged lignite belts that extend across the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain from the Rio Grande in South Texas to the Arkansas and Louisiana borders in East Texas. The Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC) reported that in 2011, Texas produced 45.6 million short tons of lignite from 15 mines. Cumulative production through 2011 was 1.58 billion short tons of lignite and coal. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) ranked Texas as the sixth-largest coal-producing state.
    The near-surface lignite resources, occurring at depths of less than 200 feet in seams of three feet or thicker, are estimated at 23 billion short tons. Recoverable reserves of strippable lignite — those that can be economically mined under current conditions of price and technology — are estimated by the EIA to be 722 million short tons.
    Additional lignite resources of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain occur as deep-basin deposits. Deep-basin resources, those that occur at depths of 200 to 2,000 feet in seams of five feet or thicker, are comparable in magnitude to near-surface resources. The deep-basin lignites are a potential energy resource that conceivably could be utilized by in situ (in place) recovery methods such as underground gasification.
    As with bituminous coal, lignite production was significant prior to the general availability of oil and gas. Remnants of old underground mines are common throughout the area of lignite occurrence. Large reserves of strippable lignite have again attracted the attention of energy suppliers, and Texas is now the nation’s sixth leading producer of coal, 99 percent of it lignite. Twelve large strip mines are now producing lignite that is burned for mine-mouth electric-power generation, and additional mines are planned. Mines are located in Atascosa, Franklin, Freestone, Harrison, Hopkins, Leon, Limestone, McMullen, Milam, Panola, Robertson, Rusk, and Titus counties.
    LIME MATERIAL — Limestones, which are abundant in some areas of Texas, are heated to produce lime (calcium oxide) at a number of plants in the state. High-magnesium limestone and dolomite are used to prepare lime at a plant in Burnet County. Other lime plants are located in Bexar, Bosque, Comal, Hill, Johnson, and Travis counties. Lime production captive to the kiln’s operator occurs in several Texas counties. Lime is used in soil stabilization, water purification, paper and pulp manufacture, metallurgy, sugar refining, agriculture, construction, removal of sulfur from stack gases, and for many other purposes.
    LIMESTONE (see also BUILDING STONE) — Texas is one of the nation’s leading producers of limestone, which is quarried in more than 60 counties. Limestone occurs in nearly all areas of the state with the exception of most of the Gulf Coastal Plain and High Plains. Although some of the limestone is quarried for use as dimension stone, most of the output is crushed for uses such as bulk building materials (crushed stone, road base, concrete aggregate), chemical raw materials, fillers or extenders, lime and portland cement raw materials, agricultural limestone, and removal of sulfur from stack gases.
    MAGNESITE — Small deposits of magnesite (natural magnesium carbonate) have been found in Precambrian rocks in Llano and Mason counties of Central Texas. At one time, there was small-scale mining of magnesite in the area; some of the material was used as agricultural stone and as terrazzo chips. Magnesite also can be calcined to form magnesia, which is used in metallurgical furnace refractories and other products.
    MAGNESIUM — On the Texas Gulf Coast in Brazoria County, magnesium chloride is extracted from sea water at a plant in Freeport and used to produce magnesium compounds and magnesium metal. During World War II, high-magnesium Ellenburger dolomite rock from Burnet County was used as magnesium ore at a plant near Austin.
    MANGANESE — Deposits of manganese minerals, such as braunite, hollandite, and pyrolusite, have been found in several areas, including Jeff Davis, Llano, Mason, Presidio, and Val Verde counties. Known deposits are not large. Small shipments have been made from Jeff Davis, Mason, and Val Verde counties, but no manganese mining has been reported in Texas since 1954.
    MARBLE — Metamorphic and sedimentary marbles suitable for monument and building stone are found in the Llano Uplift and nearby areas of Central Texas and the Trans-Pecos area of West Texas. Gray, white, black, greenish black, light green, brown, and cream-colored marbles occur in Central Texas in Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, and Mason counties. West Texas metamorphic marbles include the bluish-white and the black marbles found southwest of Alpine in Brewster County and the white marble from Marble Canyon north of Van Horn in Culberson County. Marble can be used as dimension stone, terrazzo, and roofing aggregate, and for other purposes.
    MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) — Mercury minerals, chiefly cinnabar, occur in the Terlingua district and nearby districts of southern Brewster and southeastern Presidio counties. Mining began there about 1894, and from 1905–1935, Texas was one of the nation’s leading producers of quicksilver. Following World War II, a sharp drop in demand and price, along with depletion of developed ore reserves, caused abandonment of all the Texas mercury mines.
    With a rise in the price, sporadic mining took place between 1951–1960. In 1965, when the price of mercury moved to a record high, renewed interest in the Texas mercury districts resulted in the reopening of several mines and the discovery of new ore reserves. By April 1972, however, the price had declined and the mines have reported no production since 1973.
    MICA — Large crystals of flexible, transparent mica minerals in igneous pegmatite rocks and mica flakes in metamorphic schist rocks are found in the Llano Uplift area of Central Texas and the Van Horn area of West Texas. Most Central Texas deposits do not meet specifications for sheet mica, and although several attempts have been made to produce West Texas sheet mica in Culberson and Hudspeth counties, sustained production has not been achieved. A mica quarry operated for a short time in the early 1980s in the Van Horn Mountains of Culberson and Hudspeth counties to mine mica schist for use as an additive in rotary drilling fluids.
    MOLYBDENUM — Small occurrences of molybdenite have been found in Burnet and Llano counties, and wulfenite, another molybdenum mineral, has been noted in rocks in the Quitman Mountains of Hudspeth County. Molybdenum minerals also occur at Cave Peak north of Van Horn in Culberson County, in the Altuda Mountain area of northwestern Brewster County, and in association with uranium ores of the Gulf Coastal Plain.
    PEAT — This spongy organic substance forms in bogs from plant remains. It has been found in the Gulf Coastal Plain in several localities including Gonzales, Guadalupe, Lee, Milam, Polk, and San Jacinto counties. There has been intermittent, small-scale production of some of the peat for use as a soil conditioner.
    PERLITE — Perlite, a glassy igneous rock, expands to a lightweight, porous mass when heated. It can be used as a lightweight aggregate, filter aid, horticultural aggregate, and for other purposes. Perlite occurs in Presidio County, where it has been mined in the Pinto Canyon area north of the Chinati Mountains. No perlite is currently mined in Texas, but perlite mined outside of Texas is expanded at plants in Bexar, Dallas, El Paso, Guadalupe, Harris, and Nolan counties.
    PHOSPHATE — Rock phosphate is present in Paleozoic rocks in several areas of Brewster and Presidio counties in West Texas and in Central Texas, but the known deposits are not large. In Northeast Texas, sedimentary rock phosphate occurs in thin conglomeratic lenses in Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary rock units; possibly some of these low-grade phosphorites could be processed on a small scale for local use as a fertilizer. Imported phosphate rock is processed at a plant in Brownsville.
    POTASH — The potassium mineral polyhalite is widely distributed in the subsurface Permian Basin of West Texas and has been found in many wells in that area. During 1927–1931, the federal government drilled a series of potash-test wells in Crane, Crockett, Ector, Glasscock, Loving, Reagan, Upton, and Winkler counties. In addition to polyhalite, which was found in all of the counties, these wells revealed the presence of the potassium minerals carnallite and sylvite in Loving County and carnallite in Winkler County. The known Texas potash deposits are not as rich as those in the New Mexico portion of the Permian Basin and have not been developed.
    PUMICITE (VOLCANIC ASH) — Deposits of volcanic ash occur in Brazos, Fayette, Gonzales, Karnes, Polk, Starr, and other counties of the Texas Coastal Plain. Deposits also have been found in the Trans-Pecos area, High Plains, and in several counties east of the High Plains. Volcanic ash is used to prepare pozzolan cement, cleansing and scouring compounds, and soaps and sweeping compounds; as a carrier for insecticides, and for other purposes. It has been mined in Dickens, Lynn, Scurry, Starr, and other counties.
    RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS and METALS — The term, “rare-earth elements,” is commonly applied to elements of the lanthanide group (atomic numbers 57 through 71) plus yttrium. Yttrium, atomic number 39 and not a member of the lanthanide group, is included as a rare-earth element because it has similar properties to members of that group and usually occurs in nature with them. The metals thorium and scandium are sometimes termed “rare metals” because their occurrence is often associated with the rare-earth elements.
    The majority of rare-earth elements are consumed as catalysts in petroleum cracking and other chemical industries. Rare earths are widely used in the glass industry for tableware, specialty glasses, optics, and fiber optics. Cerium oxide has growing use as a polishing compound for glass, gem stones, cathode-ray tube faceplates, and other polishing. Rare earths are alloyed with various metals to produce materials used in the aeronautic, space, and electronics industries. The addition of rare-earth elements may improve resistance to metal fatigue at high temperatures, reduce potential for corrosion, and selectively increase conductivity and magnetism of the metal.
    Various members of this group, including thorium, have anomalous concentrations in the rhyolitic and related igneous rocks of the Quitman Mountains and the Sierra Blanca area of Trans-Pecos.
    SALT (SODIUM CHLORIDE) (see also BRINES) — Salt resources of Texas are virtually inexhaustible. Enormous deposits occur in the subsurface Permian Basin of West Texas and in the salt domes of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Salt also is found in the alkali playa lakes of the High Plains, the alkali flats or salt lakes in the Salt Basin of Culberson and Hudspeth counties, and along some of the bays and lagoons of the South Texas Gulf Coast.
    Texas is one of the leading salt-producing states. Rock salt is obtained from underground mines in salt domes at Grand Saline in Van Zandt County and Hockley Dome in Harris County. Salt is produced from rock salt and by solution mining as brines from wells drilled into the underground salt deposits.
    SAND, INDUSTRIAL — Sands used for special purposes, due to high silica content or to unique physical properties, command higher prices than common sand. Industrial sands in Texas occur mainly in the central Gulf Coastal Plain and in North Central Texas. They include abrasive, blast, chemical, engine, filtration, foundry, glass, hydraulic-fracturing (propant), molding, and pottery sands. Recent production of industrial sands has been from Atascosa, Colorado, Hardin, Harris, Liberty, Limestone, McCulloch, Newton, Smith, Somervell, and Upshur counties.
    SAND and GRAVEL (CONSTRUCTION) — Sand and gravel are among the most extensively utilized resources in Texas. Principal occurrence is along the major streams and in stream terraces. Sand and gravel are important bulk construction materials, used as railroad ballast, base materials, and for other purposes.
    SANDSTONE — Sandstones of a variety of colors and textures are widely distributed in a number of geologic formations in Texas. Some of the sandstones have been quarried for use as dimension stone in El Paso, Parker, Terrell, Ward, and other counties. Crushed sandstone is produced in Freestone, Gaines, Jasper, McMullen, Motley, and other counties for use as road-building material, terrazzo stone, and aggregate.
    SERPENTINITE — Several masses of serpentinite, which formed from the alteration of basic igneous rocks, are associated with other Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Llano Uplift. The largest deposit is the Coal Creek serpentinite mass in northern Blanco and Gillespie counties from which terrazzo chips have been produced. Other deposits are present in Gillespie and Llano counties. (The features that are associated with surface and subsurface Cretaceous rocks in several counties in or near the Balcones Fault Zone and that are commonly known as “serpentine plugs” are not serpentine at all, but are altered igneous volcanic necks and pipes, and mounds of altered volcanic ash — palagonite — that accumulated around the former submarine volcanic pipes.)
    SHELL — Oyster shells and other shells in shallow coastal waters and in deposits along the Texas Gulf Coast have been produced in the past chiefly by dredging. They were used to a limited extent as raw material in the manufacture of cement, as concrete aggregate and road base, and for other purposes. No shell has been produced in Texas since 1981.
    SILVER — During the period 1885–1952, the production of silver in Texas, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, totaled about 33 million troy ounces. For about 70 years, silver was the most consistently produced metal in Texas, although always in moderate quantities. All of the production came from the Trans-Pecos country of West Texas, where the silver was mined in Brewster County (Altuda Mountain), Culberson and Hudspeth counties (Van Horn Mountains and Van Horn–Allamoore district), Hudspeth County (Quitman Mountains and Eagle Mountains), and Presidio County (Chinati Mountains area, Loma Plata mine, and Shafter district).
    Chief producer was the Presidio mine in the Shafter district, which began operations in the late 1800s, and, through September 1942, produced more than 30 million ounces of silver — more than 92 percent of Texas’ total silver production. Water in the lower mine levels, lean ores, and low price of silver resulted in the closing of the mine in 1942. Another important silver producer was the Hazel copper-silver mine in the Van Horn–Allamoore district in Culberson County, which accounted for more than 2 million ounces.
    An increase in the price of silver in the late 1970s stimulated prospecting for new reserves, and exploration began near the old Presidio mine, near the old Plata Verde mine in the Van Horn Mountains district, at the Bonanza mine in the Quitman Mountains district, and at the old Hazel mine. A decline in the price of silver in the early 1980s, however, resulted in reduction of exploration and mine development in the region. The recent rise in value of silver has sparked new interest in the Shafter mining district of West Texas.
    SODIUM SULFATE (SALT CAKE) — Sodium sulfate minerals occur in salt beds and brines of the alkali playa lakes of the High Plains in West Texas. In some lakes, the sodium sulfate minerals are present in deposits a few feet beneath the lakebeds. Sodium sulfate also is found in underground brines in the Permian Basin. Current production is from brines and dry salt beds at alkali lakes in Gaines and Terry counties. Past production was reported in Lynn and Ward counties. Sodium sulfate is used chiefly by the detergent and paper and pulp industries. Other uses are in the preparation of glass and other products.
    STRONTIUM — Deposits of the mineral celestite (strontium sulfate) have been found in a number of places, including localities in Brown, Coke, Comanche, Fisher, Lampasas, Mills, Nolan, Real, Taylor, Travis, and Williamson counties. Most of the occurrences are very minor, and no strontium is currently produced in the state.
    SULFUR — Texas is one of the world’s principal sulfur-producing areas. The sulfur is mined from deposits of native sulfur, and it is extracted from sour (sulfur-bearing) natural gas and petroleum. Recovered sulfur is a growing industry and accounted for approximately 60 percent of all 1987 sulfur production in the United States, but only approximately 40 percent of Texas production. Native sulfur is found in large deposits in the caprock of some of the salt domes along the Texas Gulf Coast and in some of the surface and subsurface Permian strata of West Texas, notably in Culberson and Pecos counties.
    Native sulfur obtained from the underground deposits is known as Frasch sulfur, so-called because of Herman Frasch, the chemist who devised the method of drilling wells into the deposits, melting the sulfur with superheated water, and forcing the molten sulfur to the surface. Most of the production now goes to the users in molten form.
    Frasch sulfur is produced from only one Gulf Coast salt dome in Wharton County and from West Texas underground Permian strata in Culberson County. Operations at several Gulf Coast domes have been closed in recent years. During the 1940s, acidic sulfur earth was produced in the Rustler Springs district in Culberson County for use as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. Sulfur is recovered from sour natural gas and petroleum at plants in numerous Texas counties.
    Sulfur is used in the preparation of fertilizers and organic and inorganic chemicals, in petroleum refining, and for many other purposes.
    TALC and SOAPSTONE — Deposits of talc are found in the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Allamoore area of eastern Hudspeth and western Culberson counties. Soapstone, containing talc, occurs in the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the Llano Uplift area, notably in Blanco, Gillespie, and Llano counties. Current production is from surface mines in the Allamoore area. Talc is used in ceramic, roofing, paint, paper, plastic, synthetic rubber, and other products.
    TIN — Tin minerals have been found in El Paso and Mason counties. Small quantities were produced during the early 1900s in the Franklin Mountains north of El Paso. Cassiterite (tin dioxide) occurrences in Mason County are believed to be very minor. The only tin smelter in the United States, built at Texas City by the federal government during World War II and later sold to a private company, processes tin concentrates from ores mined outside of Texas, tin residues, and secondary tin-bearing materials.
    TITANIUM — The titanium mineral rutile has been found in small amounts at the Mueller prospect in Jeff Davis County. Another titanium mineral, ilmenite, occurs in sandstones in Burleson, Fayette, Lee, Starr, and several other counties. Deposits that would be considered commercial under present conditions have not been found.
    TUNGSTEN — The tungsten mineral scheelite has been found in small deposits in Gillespie and Llano counties and in the Quitman Mountains in Hudspeth County. Small deposits of other tungsten minerals have been prospected in the Cave Peak area north of Van Horn in Culberson County.

Map of uranium mining locations

 Click to enlarge (pdf).

URANIUM — Uranium deposits were discovered in the Texas Coastal Plain in 1954 when abnormal radioactivity was detected in the Karnes County area. A number of uranium deposits have since been discovered within a belt of strata extending more than 250 miles from the middle Coastal Plain southwestward to the Rio Grande.
    Various uranium minerals also have been found in other areas of Texas, including the Trans-Pecos, the Llano Uplift, and the High Plains. With the exception of small shipments from the High Plains during the 1950s, all the uranium production in Texas has been from the Coastal Plain. Uranium has been obtained from surface mines extending from northern Live Oak County, southeastern Atascosa County, across northern Karnes County, and into southern Gonzales County. Uranium is produced by in-situ leaching, brought to the surface through wells, and stripped from the solution at recovery operations.
    In 1999, uranium mining shut down because of decreased value and demand. Production resumed in Texas in late 2004, when inventories were depleted and market prices rose to economic levels that allowed resumption of production. A total of 1.38 million pounds (606.5 tons) of eU3O8 was produced in South Texas in 2007.
    VERMICULITE — Vermiculite, a mica-like mineral that expands when heated, occurs in Burnet, Gillespie, Llano, Mason, and other counties in the Llano Uplift region. It has been produced at a surface mine in Llano County. Vermiculite, mined outside of Texas, is exfoliated (expanded) at plants in Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Exfoliated vermiculite is used for lightweight concrete aggregate, horticulture, insulation, and other purposes.
    ZEOLITES — The zeolite minerals clinoptilolite and analcime occur in Tertiary lavas and tuffs in Brewster, Jeff Davis, and Presidio counties in West Texas. Clinoptilolite also is found associated with Tertiary tuffs in the southern Texas Coastal Plain, including deposits in Karnes, McMullen, and Webb counties, and currently is produced in McMullen County. Zeolites, sometimes called “molecular sieves,” can be used in ion-exchange processes to reduce pollution, as a catalyst in oil cracking, in obtaining high-purity oxygen and nitrogen from air, in water purification, and for many other purposes.
    ZINC (see LEAD and ZINC).


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Log in

Sewing Face Masks

April 10, 2020 2:03 PM | Olivia Naumann (Administrator)

Hello Textiles West community. Today I have gathered some resources for you about making masks to help support our healthcare workers. There is a lot of information out there regarding face masks and COVID-19, so hopefully this post can help organize and streamline for those of us who were feeling a little overwhelmed.

My favorite source during these uncertain times has been the World Health Organization (WHO) website. To do a brief overview of their page, titled “When and how to use masks,” the WHO urges the public to wear a mask only if you are coughing or sneezing. If you are otherwise healthy, the WHO says, “you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with a suspected 2019-nCoV infection.” Here is a link to the page I am referencing if you have not already visited it: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks

It is important to refrain from buying and wearing masks when we are healthy in case we indirectly take masks away from those who need them the most. Personally, I find this difficult to completely adhere to because of the potential for delayed symptoms. Going grocery shopping feels just slightly safer if I can cover my nose and mouth. For that reason, I decided to sew my own mask and found it to be a very simple project. After making a few more for my roommates, there was still plenty of extra fabric. I realized I could keep going and donate the rest to healthcare workers in need.  JoAnn fabrics has an extremely easy donation program going. All stores are accepting masks with the goal of reaching 100,000.000 donations nationwide. (They’re already at 47,384,940!) Simply call ahead and drop off any sewn masks at your local JoAnn fabrics store.  Link: https://www.joann.com/make-to-give-response/?icn=hpz1&ici=make-to-give-response

Finally, if you’re looking for an easy pattern, I have two different options for you. This pattern from Washington Post was how I started off. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/04/05/how-sew-your-own-fabric-mask/?arc404=true

The materials and measurements you will need are the following:

(1) Two pieces of 12-inch-long and 7.25-inch-wide 100 percent cotton fabric (tight-weave cotton or quilting cotton). If possible, use two different colors to indicate the mask’s inside and outside.

(2) One piece of 12-inch-long and 7.25-inch-wide interfacing or lightweight, breathable, stiff fabric.

(3) Fourteen inches of 1/8-inch flat elastic, stretch yarn or additional fabric for ties.

If you feel like getting a bit fancier, here is a 10 minute youtube tutorial for a mask with a filter pocket by Melanie Ham. This mask uses extra fabric as ties instead of elastic, which was more appealing to me than trying to find elastic right now.

The measurements for this tutorial are:

(1) 9 inches x 6 inches in Color A

(2) 9 x 6 in Color B (for filter pocket)

(3) 1 3/4 x 40 strips of fabric for ties

(4) 4.5 inch piece of pipe cleaner

I sincerely hope this helped a little bit. If you have the time to make some masks, feel free to post a picture on social media and tag Textiles West! I look forward to seeing them. :-)

Photo credit:

Pink and white mask- Photo by Tonik on Unsplash

Mask pattern from Washington Post staff

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A few quotes, some I like, some I try to live by.

“If you don’t like something, change it. If you can’t change it, change your attitude.”
– Dr Maya Angelou
“Too weird to live, too rare to die.”
– Hunter S. Thompson
“When you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on.”
– Franklin D. Roosevelt
“The hero journey is one of the universal patterns through which the radiance shows brightly. What I think is that a good life is one hero journey after another. Over and over again you are called to the realm of adventure, you are called to new horizons. Each time, there is the same problem: do I dare? And then if you do dare, the dangers are there, and the help also, and the fulfillment or the fiasco. There’s always the possibility of a fiasco.  But there’s also the possibility of bliss.”
– Joseph Campbell
“A ship in port is safe, but that’s not what ships are built for.”
– Grace Hopper
“You can never cross the ocean unless you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.”
– Anon
“It’s only impossible if you stop to think about it.”
– The Pirate Captain
“Among the hills, when you sit in the cool shade of the white poplars, sharing the peace and serenity of distant fields and meadows – then let your heart say in silence, ‘God rests in reason.’
And when the storm comes, and the mighty wind shakes the forest, and thunder and lightening proclaim the majesty of the sky – then let your heart say in awe, ‘God moves in passion.’
And since you are a breath in God’s sphere, and a leaf in God’s forest, you too should rest in reason and move in passion”
– Kahlil Gibran

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Best-friends Share!

30 things to do with your daughter to foster a deep relationship with her as she grows into a woman.The mother-daughter relationship means so much to me. I want to connect with my girls, so when they grow into women; we grow into friends. This means a lot to me due to my own upbringing , I write a raw letter to my daughters The Broken Mom . Detailing why doing things with them is so important to me.

Here in the Woolfork house, we have 5 daughters. Yes, a whole stating five, a whole hand full and a whole lot of hair. In saying that I have to take time out to really connect on a personal level with each of my daughters.

five daughters
five daughters

In learning about each of them I have found ways that we can all be together and connect. As, if you have kids at all its hard to personally connect with each of them as they are all so different. I am ofetn in awe of God, how did he use the same two people to make these VERY different girls.

We have a wide array of ages in our home as well so this list is encompassing and a collective of all ages. Our girls are 13,11,9,4 and 1. (insert crazy face).

10 Things To Do With Your Daughter

holding hands

1.) Pray– Yes. I want my girls to know they always have someone praying with and for them. During our time in prayer, I ask that each of them pray for me too. I want them to know that God doesn’t discriminate and that he listens to them just as much as he listens to me.

Deep Relationship: I hope this lets the girls know that I can also be vulnerable in front of them. Letting them know that I am a superwoman but I also make mistakes. And must ask for forgiveness from our father.

2.) Create– One of the most fun things we do together is create. We think of fund songs, crafts even content for the blog. This gives me a little insight into what they like and how they work together as a team. We also discuss what they create. Wondering what we could have done better or if we love it the way it is.

Deep Relationship: This lets them know that I respect their opinion and that we can work together. Even if it’s not the best idea, I take the time to listen and write it down for consideration.

3.) Volunteer– We love, to love in our family. What better way to show the love of God than to give. As a minster, I speak in many different settings. Church, women’s meetings even jail and halfway houses. I bring the girls with me, sometimes we all go. Other times I’ll just take one or two girls to dig a little deeper with them.

Deep Relationship: When we volunteer we are all in. This lets the girls know they must be kind. Giving them notes that we all may need a helping hand one day. Even mom or dad.

4.) Coco Or Coffee Date: Going out with my girls lets them know spending time together is important to me. Even if it’s a sitting down to one of our fav drinks and chatting for only 20min.

Deep Relationship: This lets my daughters know that no matter how busy we get… there is always time for us.

5.) Color: I know this seems really childish but it’s really calming and fun to color together. With our big age range coloring quickly becomes a contest for us. (With daddy as a judge) This is great to do on one of those rainy days or when it’s super cold out.

Deep Relationship: Coloring together lets them know that no matter what they want to do I’m interested.

6.) Shopping: The quintessential mother-daughter activity of course shopping is on the lits of things. We all love to shop for things we want. For me, things don’t mean just shopping for clothes together. But, making a list of items that we want and looking for them.

Deep Relationship: Shopping is always a special time for me. Watching my daughters work through items they want and need. When they ask for me for pion my heart leaps with joy. Hopefully, this fosters for them to let me in on their decision making when they are older.

7.) Take A Walk: I will tell you that it is a hard push for me to get my girls to go on a walk with me. But, when we do they love it. I’m not just saying that we started taking hikes together. We schdule them and make sure that we sign up from them with our girl scouts troop.

Deep Relationship: Schdule a weekly mother-daughter date to exercise together. Staying fit and active lets them know that we care about being here for them for the long haul.

8.) Worship: Worship helps us to connects us on a deeper level. God is in the midst. I pray that when are in the presence of God, that he keeps us and guides in our mother-daughter relationship. Spending quality time with God helps me to spend quality time with my daughters

Deep Relationship: This goes back to the vulnerability factor that I discussed earlier. Worship is so personal letting others in becomes a showing of your true colors.

9.) Eat: Breaking bread together always lets out some fun covo and even a fav spot to stop. I have a favorite spot to eat with each of my girls be it ice cream or a really yummy dinner. This gives us the best things to give a quick wink with each other when we pass of think about it.

Deep Relationship: Jesus broke bread with those he loved and created a meal from nothing. I know that this brings us closer together, for that reason alone.

10. Laugh: I love to laugh and giggle even have a long belly laugh that hurts and makes me cry. These moments you can schedule or make up they just happen. Make sure that you are deep in that moment. These will be the moments you think back on that make you feel warm inside.

There are many more things to do with your daughter that will foster a deep relationship with her. Another one that we really love is road trips or even starting a mother-daughter journal that dates back to when she could only draw circles and lines.

Overall, stay in the moment with her. Pay attention to the details of even the little things your daughter says. This will foster a deep relationship and give your even more things to do with your daughter.

The All Purpose Woman.


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Time to retire the stethoscope?

There is an old medical aphorism, still taught today, that a careful history will lead to the correct diagnosis 80% of the time. Clinical history taking is largely the same today as it was twenty or so years ago, yet clinical examination seems to be evolving. Enthusiasts are continually generating evidence that may one day prove that point-of-care ultrasound is superior to traditional clinical assessment, such as auscultation through a stethoscope (read all about the history of the stethoscope here!). For example, just last month we saw how gastric ultrasound changed the choice of general anaesthetic induction technique for non-elective paediatric surgery and was able to discriminate high from low gastric volumes in the third trimester of pregnancy.

This month in Anaesthesia, Canty et al. present the results of their pilot multi-centre RCT of the impact of pre-operative cardiac ultrasound in patients having surgery for femoral neck fractures. They conclude it is feasible to randomise patients to a group that underwent preoperative focussed cardiac ultrasound or a control group that did not, and there was a treatment effect favouring cardiac ultrasound in terms of their composite primary outcome (more about those here!). In order to definitively quantify this effect, a large randomised controlled trial requires around 1000 participants. This would take roughly three years across 13 sites. Remarkably, cardiac ultrasound led to a change in diagnosis for several participants for which their management was either stepped-up or down (Table 1).

April2018_Table 1.jpeg

Table 1 Stepped-up/down treatment changes after re-diagnosis using focused cardiac ultrasound.

So just what is a pilot study, why is there no sample size or power calculation and why is there an emphasis on protocol feasibility rather than clinical and statistical significance? For the answer to these questions, look no further than this month’s ‘Statistically Speaking: Demystifying Methods’ by Choi et al. They argue there should be an appreciation of the manner in which cardiac ultrasound is performed and interpreted. Though the intervention is ‘diagnostic’ in nature, it provides a guide as to the overall cardiovascular picture of the patient and thus informs management choices such as, amongst others, anaesthetic technique and fluid management. Is it therefore time to retire the stethoscope? Probably not just yet, as there are many barriers to the widespread implementation of point of care ultrasound at this present time. Despite these barriers, the article by Canty et al. adds to the growing weight of evidence suggesting tomorrows doctors may one day be learning about the Nyquist limit in the place of where they once studied the grading system for murmurs. The question is, what will tomorrows doctors think about the fact we continue to use stethoscopes to make clinical decisions in 2018?

Ultrasound is a strong theme throughout this month’s issues. For example, do you always ‘Stop-Before-You-Block (SBYB)? Hopping et al. undertook an online survey and conclude that one in four anaesthetists have performed a wrong-sided block (something classed as a never event, more about these here!) and ~41% perform SBYB at a time-point that is much earlier than intended by the campaign. In the accompanying editorial, Moppett and Shorrock argue we should think about wrong sided blocks using a theoretical understanding of human work (Figure 1). Paying more attention to the interaction between work-as-done, -disclosed, -imagined and -prescribed in the healthcare setting may have benefits beyond reducing the frequency of rare events, such as wrong-sided blocks.

April2018_Figure 1.png

Figure 1 The four varieties of work

There are many reasons why a general anaesthetic is not always the best choice for a patient. Based on their prospective observational case-series of 16 patients, Pawa et al. argue it is feasible to undertake major breast surgery with combined thoracic paravertebral and pectoral nerve blocks under sedation. They also demonstrate a high level of satisfaction and acceptability from both patients and surgeons. Elsewhere, a randomised controlled trial from Chin et al. concludes neuraxial ultrasound assistance increases first-pass success and decreases needle movements during CSE placement for caesarean section, particularly in women with easily palpable spinous processes (Table 2).

April2018_Table 2.jpeg

Table 2 First-pass success and CSE procedure difﬁculty according to technique. Values are number (proportion).

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is likely to become an increasing problem for peri-operative medicine practitioners in the future for many reasons. This systematic review finds its incidence following general surgery is around 10% with risk factors including increasing age; history of cardiac disease; and postoperative complications, particularly, sepsis, pneumonia and pleural effusions. The incidence of AF following thoracic surgery is greater for several reasons, and the choice of analgesic regimen is probably important. This propensity matched study (more about propensity matching here!) concludes outcomes after thoracic surgery are no worse following paravertebral blockade as compared with thoracic epidural anaesthesia. In the accompanying editorial, Short and Kamalanathan ask whether analgesia has changed for lung resection surgery? They argue there is no evidence to prove one technique is superior to another for open procedures and we should nevertheless focus efforts on appraising analgesic regimens for VATS, as such surgery is becoming more common in the UK.

Should we use hyperbaric or isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section? This Cochrane systematic review of ten studies (614 patients) concludes there is no difference with regards the rate of conversion to general anaesthesia or the need for supplemental analgesia. Hyperbaric bupivacaine may, however, give rise to a faster onset of block, though an adequately powered RCT is required to definitively prove this. In their editorial, Lucas and Bamber provide commentary on the recently published MBRRACE-UK Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity. There is a new chapter on deaths attributable to anaesthesia and such deaths have dramatically decreased over the past 40-years. They argue that although the Confidential Enquiry reports should continue to be essential reading for the obstetric anaesthetist, other anaesthetists may find the report’s recommendations and messages have relevance to their own practice.

Elsewhere this month there is a description of a new retrograde trans-illumination technique for videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation, a systematic review of dexamethasone for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting, a study to determine the optimal programmed intermittent epidural bolus dose and a study of postoperative outcomes following cardiac surgery in non-anaemic iron replete and iron deficient patients.

Finally, there are two very important dates for your calendar. The first is the GAT Annual Scientific Meeting, which will be in Glasgow between the 4th and 6th July 2018. The second is the AAGBI Annual Congress Meeting, which will be taking place in Dublin between the 26th and 28th September. As ever, we will be taking our ‘How to publish a paper’ workshop to Dublin and running our ideas incubator, where selected authors of abstracts are invited to discuss how to turn their work into a full paper (Figure 2). Make sure you meet the Abstract deadline of May the 8th!

April2018_Figure 2

Figure 2 ‘How to publish a paper’ ideas incubator workshop from the AAGBI Winter Scientific Meeting, London, 2018

We hope you enjoy this month’s issue and we look forward to hearing what you think as each article is tweeted and made #FreeForADay!

M_Charlesworth                        A_Klein

Mike Charlesworth                 Andrew Klein

Trainee Fellow                        Editor-in-Chief

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Bad Copy

Season 2: Episode 10: Punk Rock Academy

When Dexter is invited to give the commencement address, the team heads to Punk Rock Academy and takes a stroll down memory lane.

Featuring the voices of Nick Schambra and David Green (Moonraker), Jared Stinson (SIC WAITING), Matt Fullove (Post Nothing) and Jenny Green.

A weekly, episodic, scripted, action/adventure podcast following the adventures of Dexter Holland, Noodles, Greg K, Pete Parada and Redman who form the super-science research/crime fighting team, The Offspring. Tune in each week as they clash with inner-city gangs, super villains, the Punk Rock Council of Science and each other as hilarity ensues.

  1. Premiere

    Moonraker Premieres Previously Unreleased Song “Scooty-Puff Jr. Sucks”

    The self-proclaimed Michael Jordans of baseball of punk rock are back!

  2. Show Review
    Show Review

    Moonraker, The Mizzerables, & Jacob Horn Trio in Chicago, IL

    And Buzzballz were had by all!

  3. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 4: The End of the Line

  4. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 5: Original Prankster

  5. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 7: Trouble on Fyre Island

  6. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 8: The Conspiracy of One

  7. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 9: Red Dawn

  8. Feature

    Season 1 – Episode 10: Of Ice and Men

Show Menu Close Menu Diamond Dots Tag Background Left Tag Right Tag icon-Interview Show Review Stream Tour Record Review Book Review TV Video Movie Contest Select Area


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REVIEW: The Bookshop of Yesterdays by Amy Meyerson

Debut Novel Series

The Bookshop of Yesterdays
The Bookshop of Yesterdays by Amy Meyerson, Author

364 pages – Contemporary Literature and Fiction

© 2018 Amy Meyerson, Published by, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The Bookshop of Yesterdays – A Debut Novel Review

After seeing my hair stylist for the first time since the pandemic lockdown began months ago, I decided to venture into my first retail establishment, masked, and ready to feel somewhat normal again. Of course, the first store I would want to visit is the bookstore.

Although feeling brave to be among others, albeit attentive to social distancing, I did not want to dawdle as I would have liked to do before the coronavirus took the joy out of meandering the aisles. I went straight to the customer service desk where I found an anxiously, animated store manager who asked, “May I help you?” Yes, I replied. I would like to obtain a list of first authors or debut novels. “I don’t think we have such a list,” he answered as he began to furiously bang the keyboard of his computer. Since this was a national chain bookseller, I suggested perhaps their website would have such a list (I saw it once there before). Still furiously typing, he remarked that even if there was such a list on the website, he was not allowed to print anything off the website. Okay, well thank you for your help, I told him. I proceeded on my own debut novel hunt.

Three tables behind the customer service desk, I hit the jackpot. The book’s title and book cover artwork had me picking it up and flipping to the book jacket’s back page to read, “The Bookshop of Yesterdays is her first novel.” Perfect! I picked up another debut novel and headed straight to the cashier.

First Impression

As I sat down to read, The Bookshop of Yesterdays by Amy Meyerson, I purposely did not read any of the quotes by other authors, the inside of the book jacket or the author’s bio. Reading is an adventure and I did not want anyone’s opinions or story information to give away any of the excitement of my reading journey.

In this reviewer’s opinion, the first 50-100 pages or the first 2-3 chapters of a book must hook me with enough of my own questions and clues to assist me in determining the worth of the book’s characters and the story. The author, Amy Meyerson did not disappoint me. In fact, I cannot remember the last time I read an entire book in one sitting.

A Bookshop of Yesterdays is a story about a young woman, Miranda, who unwittingly is drawn into a scavenger hunt about her life’s story after her uncle Billy dies. If you love scavenger hunts, literature, and Shakespeare, especially The Tempest, then you will thoroughly enjoy taking this reading adventure. I cannot reveal anything further about the book as it would ruin the pure enjoyment of reading Meyerson’s debut novel. Suffice it to say that this book will hit all the emotional highs and lows of Miranda’s story. I admit. I shed a few tears.

Character development

The author, Amy Meyerson shares just enough about each character to entice the reader to want to learn more about each one even the minor characters. The only character development disappointments were Miranda’s father, David and the bookseller manager, Malcolm. I had several questions regarding David’s personality that could have been explored. Why didn’t David and Susan have more children? There were glimpses of how David felt about fatherhood and about Miranda, but I was left wanting to know more of his story too.

I had a filmy vision of Malcolm, but I could not “see” his face in the author’s writing. Meyerson alludes to a comparison between Miranda’s boyfriend, Jay and Prospero’s bookseller, Malcolm but never completes Miranda’s attraction to either of these men – perhaps that is precisely the point? The author leaves it up to the reader to make their interpretation.

Lasting Impression

A good book in this reader’s opinion is that the story and its’ characters leave a lasting impression. I want to think about the characters and the story long after I finish reading the last page. I want to ruminate about the ‘what ifs’ and imagine the ‘what after.’ My lasting impression of The Bookshop of Yesterdays is that is one of the best books I have read this year even among authors with multiple titles on the bookshelf.

Much to my surprise!

After reading the last page of the book and the author’s acknowledgements at the back of the book, Amy Meyerson included questions for discussion. A perfect book for a book club discussion! Another bonus was “A conversation with Amy Meyerson.” Thank you, Amy!

These bonus to my reading adventure with the book, The Bookshop of Yesterdays is a lesson to book readers when choosing a book. Just open the book and start your reading adventure from page 1.

5 Hoot Rating
5-HOOT Rating!

The Bookshop of Yesterdays is an outstanding debut novel and I highly recommend it. I am looking forward to reading more novels by Amy Meyerson. What a great way to begin the #TheBloggingOwlHootsBooks Debut Novel series!

**When buying this book or others, please support your local independent bookseller whenever possible.

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JOIN! The Blogging Owl HOOTS Reader Club

If you are a book lover, please join the NEW Hoots Reader Club on Facebook! It is a place to join me at the owl’s nest to discuss books, book recommendations, and share literary insights.

I will be using the hashtag #BloggingOwlHootsBooks along with other relevant hashtags when reviews are mentioned on The Blogging Owl Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. Be sure to follow me on these social media platforms!

Debut novel recommendations for review can be emailed to me at Send me a hoot today!

Stay reading, and most of all, stay safe and stay well.

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