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What you need to know about asthma.

Bronchial Asthma

People with asthma suffer from a disease that makes it hard for them to breathe at times. For some people, it is a minor problem, but for others it can be life threatening. Bronchial asthma is characterized by a reversible obstruction--a temporary blockage--of the bronchial airways, the tubes through which you breathe. The obstruction is caused by inflammation and mucus in the airways, contraction of the muscles that surround the airways, and airway swelling.

If You Have Asthma, You're Not Alone

Along with its sister allergic diseases, bronchial asthma is among the most common chronic diseases suffered by Americans. Approximately 15 to 16 million Americans suffer from bronchial asthma; between 30 and 35 million have other allergic diseases. In other words, these are very common diseases.

Asthma is often thought to be a benign disease, but about 4,000 Americans die from asthma each year. The group at greatest risk is older asthmatics, above the age of 50; 10 per 100,000 older Americans die each year from asthma. Among the middle-age groups, 1.5 per 100,000 people die from asthma each year; but below the age of 9, 2 children per 100,000 die per year from asthma.

Asthma is the number one cause of school absenteeism, and the number one cause of pediatric admissions to the hospital. Overall, for adults as well as

for children, it is the number six cause of admissions to all hospitals. There are 10 million office visits per year to physicians' offices for asthma. If you take into account office visits for asthma and allergies, the number becomes 30 million. One out of every nine office visits to physicians in the United States is due to asthma or allergic diseases.

Over-the-counter expenses for drugs to treat asthma exceed $2.3 billion dollars. Including prescription drugs, the expense is greater than $3 billion. Including the expense of office visits and hospitalizations, it's a staggering $4 to $5 billion.

What's Going on?

Asthma is not a problem with breathing in but a problem with breathing out. During normal inhalation, air moves smoothly from the mouth, through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles into the alveoli. If you're an asthmatic, you can do the same: you lower the diaphragm, you swing the ribs out, and that makes the lungs bigger. If there is an airway obstruction, the airway opens up and air can slide around the obstruction. However, breathing out is passive. Ordinarily, to breathe out all you do is stop breathing in, and you automatically breathe out. But if you're asthmatic, you can't do that. The minute you relax your ribs and let your diaphragm slide up, the obstructed airways block the airflow and air can't get out. You have a lot of dead air trapped in your lungs, and you end up breathing at the top of your lungs.

The four components that cause asthmatics to have trouble in breathing are secretion of excess mucus, swelling in the airway, inflammation in the airway (white blood cells invade the walls of the airways), and muscle spasm.

If you don't have asthma and want to get a sense of how an asthmatic feels, try this: breathe in. Now, don't let the air out. Hold that deep breath and breathe in and out using only the top of your lungs. You're going to find yourself getting tired. It's uncomfortable to breathe up here, and that's what an asthmatic does. You can relax now, but that exercise gives you an idea of what it would be like to have that trapped air.

Why You Wheeze. Ordinarily, the open airway through which you breathe is empty. The airway itself is lined with ciliated cells, cells topped with little hairs that move mucus. Beneath, there is a very thin basement membrane, an area known as the lamina propria, that is fairly devoid of cells. Next there is a thin muscle layer. Around that are submucous glands that secrete about 10 milliliters of mucus a day, about the amount in a tablespoon.

When an asthmatic's airway is full, it contains not only excessive, very sticky mucus but also a lot of other debris, including two kinds of white blood cells--eosinophils and neutrophils. Also, some of the cells that should be lining the airway lift off and resettle in clumps in the airway. Because the cells lift off, the airway itself becomes denuded; it does not have the normal cells that cover and protect it. The airway becomes hyperirritable; like scraped skin, it's sore. When an asthmatic coughs, or breathes in cigarette smoke or irritating fumes, he or she will begin to wheeze--a whistling sound--because the airways are hyperirritable and have constricted.

The basement membrane becomes very thick because of the deposition of additional materials. The area beneath the basement membrane, which has very few cells in the normal condition, grows full of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and neutrophils. The blood vessels become dilated and full of white blood cells. The muscle layer thickens and muscle contraction occurs. The mucous glands become enlarged and actively secrete mucus that fills up the airway.

What Causes Asthma?

The causes of asthma include allergy, infections, industrial chemical exposures, complications from drugs and chemicals, exercise, vasculitis (inflammatory diseases of the blood vessels), and what are called idiopathic causes.

Allergy is the number one cause of asthma. About 90 percent of the people under 10 who have asthma have allergies. If you are younger than 30, there is a 70 percent chance that you are allergic. About half the people over 30 who have asthma have allergies.

How An Allergic Reaction Works.

Every tissue in the body has "mast" cells, a name derived from the German "mastung," which means well-fed. Mast cells are most heavily concentrated in the mucous membranes (the skin that lines the nose and the airways), where there are about 10,000 mast cells per cubic millimeter. On the surface of mast cells are many lgE antibodies. Antibodies are proteins made by the body, and ordinarily they protect against invaders like bacteria and viruses. In allergy, a special kind of antibody known as lgE is made by plasma cells and is directed against ordinarily harmless materials like pollen, dust, or food. When mast cells that are sensitized by having lgE antibodies on their surface encounter that antigen or foreign substance, they then trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals from inside the mast cells, and this causes the allergic reaction.

You don't exhibit an allergic reaction until you have been exposed to the antigen for a period of time. So, for instance, if you think you are safe because you bought a cat last month and you're not sneezing yet, just wait; you still may have an allergic reaction.

Ragweed is a common plant that can illustrate how this works. Ragweed produces about a billion pollen grains per year, per plant. Ragweed pollen is very light and carried far and wide by wind. When inhaled by an allergic person, the pollen will encounter mast cells that respond to the pollen by making lgE antibodies. The lgE then coats the surface of the mast cells.

After 2 or 3 years (or seasons) of breathing in an allergen like ragweed pollen, the next time that allergic person breathes in that pollen, instead of simply causing lgE to be produced, the mast cells, now sensitized with IgE, release histamine and other chemicals. These substances released from the mast cells interact with the airways and produce the changes that cause asthma. The same allergy mechanism applies to ragweed, grass, dust, mold, animal allergens, and a variety of other allergens that are inhaled. This can also occur in an asthmatic who is allergic to certain foods. In addition, there are mechanisms in the body that trigger the release of these same chemicals from the mast cells not in response to inhaled allergens or to foods, but to exercise. Asthma that is related to exercise is called exercise-induced asthma, and it does not necessarily involve lgE antibodies at all.

Not everybody is allergic and if you're not, your antibody-producing cells won't make lgE antibodies in response to pollen or other allergens. Allergies are hereditary; if you are a parent with allergies, the likelihood is that one in three or one in four of your children will have allergies. If both parents are allergic, all offspring are likely to be allergic, too.

When is allergy likely to be a contributing factor to asthma?

* when a blood relative-mother, father, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, or child has allergies;

* when the asthma begins at a young age;

* when the asthma symptoms occur or worsen seasonally, such as in fall and spring;

* if other allergic symptoms also occur, such as rhinitis (runny nose), hay fever, or eczema;

* if tests show that the blood and sputum contain an increased number of eosinophils.

Infections can also cause asthma. Bronchiolitis is a viral respiratory infection that occurs in children younger than two. It is usually caused by one of two viruses--respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus. A child may get a fairly bad cold and then develop respiratory distress. The child may cough and wheeze and even have croup. About 50 percent of these children, if they have an allergic parent, will go on to develop asthma. Generally, this asthma is fairly mild and is substantially improved before age ten. Nonetheless, it's a very common cause of childhood asthma.

Sporadic asthma can occur when people have an upper respiratory tract infection. Many adults only develop asthma as a consequence of a cold, often a cold that leads to bronchitis.

Chemical Causes

Industrial and occupational exposure can lead to asthma. Inhaled substances can act as allergens or as irritants that do not result in lgE production. The most common cause of occupation-related asthma is the inhalation of substances like toluene diisocyanates, trimellitic anhydrides, and enzymes. Anyone who inhales chemical fumes can develop bronchial irritation or can become allergic to the chemical. It is estimated that as many as 15 percent of asthmatics develop asthma in response to industrial exposure.

A very common cause of asthma is nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin. Aspirin is a very potent drug. The way it takes away pain is to stop the formation of agents known as prostaglandins. There is a whole class of drugs, chemically distinct from aspirin, that acts the same way. About 5 to 10 percent of asthmatics will have asthma triggered by aspirin or other aspirin-like compounds--that includes phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Patients with aspirin allergy tend to have chronic sinus infections, and often will have nasal polyposis--growths inside the nose. Aspirin-initiated asthma can be a very severe form of asthma. It can be prevented by avoiding aspirin and, in part, by aggressive treatment of the sinuses.

It was once thought that yellow dyes, the F, D, and C No. 5, known as tartrazine yellow, triggered asthma, and, for a while, physicians discouraged patients with aspirin sensitivity from eating foods containing yellow dye. It turned out not to be a real problem. It was also thought at one time that benzoate preservatives could trigger asthma. There is no convincing evidence that this is true.

One group of chemical additives that has in fact been found to trigger asthma attacks in susceptible people is sulfites.

In ancient times, the Romans began adding sulfites to wines as preservatives, and sulfites have been added to wine ever since. People who have asthma or allergies triggered by wine may be sulfite sensitive.

Most people have heard about asthma attacks occurring after someone eats at a salad bar or restaurant. Sulfiting agents (sulfuric acid derivatives) are added to many perishable foods to keep them from turning color. Generally, any fresh food that would turn brown upon standing could have sulfites added to it to prevent that browning. About 5 percent of asthmatics who ingest high concentrations of sulfites will develop a severe asthma attack.

The Food and Drug Administration requires labeling of sulfite-containing foods and prohibits salad-bar restaurants from adding sulfites to their fresh foods. However, other processed foods that are available at salad bars. for example. still may contain sulfites.
 Sulfur Dioxide
Foods with the Highest Equivalents
Concentration as Consumed
of Sulfites in Product (ppm)
Pizza Dough 11-20
Instant Tea 5-6
Wine Vinegar 75
Fresh Shrimp 4-36
Grapes 15
Dried Fruits Apples, Raisins) 275
Grape Juice 85
Lemon Juice 800
Canned Vegetables 5-30
Instant Potatoes 35-90
Corn Syrup 30
Fruit Topping 60
Molasses 125
Beer 10
Wine 150

Beta blockers (beta adrenergic antagonists) have, since their first day of introduction, been recognized to cause asthma. Beta adrenergic antagonists are used for many purposes, including the treatment of migraine headache, glaucoma, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, tremors, and many other conditions.

If you have asthma and have been advised to take a beta adrenergic blocking agent, tell your doctor that you have asthma and ask if an alternative drug can be prescribed. There is no question that these drugs will make mild asthma more severe and dramatically complicate the treatment of asthma.

Exercise is a potent stimulator of asthma. When you exercise, you hyperventilate by taking rapid, shallow breaths. Just as evaporating water cools the skin, hyperventilation cools the airways. A reflex reaction to this cooling of the airways causes asthma.

Exercise is as important for people with asthma as it is for everyone else. Fortunately, there are effective medications that prevent most exercise-induced asthma. Swimming doesn't cause much of a problem in people with asthma, biking causes somewhat more; and running is the worst type of exercise for asthma sufferers. Swimming is best because you are inhaling very moist air, thereby slowing down the cooling of the airway. If you want to exercise without taking medication, you can wear a surgical mask, enabling you to re-breathe humidified air and avoid asthma symptoms. A proper warm-up period also reduces exercise-induced asthma.

A rare cause of asthma is a type of vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) known as the Churg-Strauss syndrome. In this disease, which occurs equally among males and females, allergic asthma suddenly and for no apparent reason gets much more severe. It is often diagnosed by an abnormal x-ray, which will show a white patch, indicating infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lungs.

Idiopathic Causes

Often physicians can't determine what is triggering someone's asthma, and they call it idiopathic, which is the medical term for "I'm not sure of the cause." This undefined type of asthma occurs most often in older individuals who have some bronchitis, a lot of excess mucus secretion, and perhaps sinus infection. For lack of a better definition, this is called idiopathic asthma, and it accounts for about 25 percent of the individuals above the age of 30.

Triggers of Asthma

Conditions that trigger asthma symptoms include sinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux, pregnancy, intense emotions, and hyperthyroidism.

Some asthmatics only have asthma symptoms in relationship to a cold and sinus infection. You'll recognize sinusitis because you will feel mucus dripping down the back of your throat. Often you will have headaches in the sites where the sinuses are, and you may run a fever. Sinusitis commonly causes asthma to worsen. The asthma and the sinusitis should be treated at the same time.

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Gastroesophageal reflux means the backup of acid from the stomach up into the esophagus, or swallowing tube. In this case, asthma generally occurs at night, because when you are lying in bed, acid can leak out of your stomach and into your esophagus, thereby irritating the lining of the esophagus, setting up a reflex reaction in the chest, and triggering nighttime asthma.

Asthma complicates pregnancy about 1 percent of the time; about 1 woman in 100 develops asthma because of her pregnancy. But many asthmatics get pregnant. About half of people with asthma are women. And when those women become pregnant, one-third of them get better, one-third of them get worse, and one-third of them don't change.

In the one-third who get worse, the asthmatic symptoms that occur during the first pregnancy are generally the same in the second, third, and fourth pregnancies.

Fortunately, the asthma medications now in use do not have any bad effects on the unborn baby. Asthmatic patients go on to have normal pregnancies, normal deliveries, and normal children.

Intense emotions can trigger asthma. That doesn't mean that asthma is all in your head; it means that psychological stress can cause an asthmatic attack the same way that sinus inflammation and gastroesophageal reflux can.

Hyperthyroidism, which means overactivity of the thyroid gland, often causes an increase in asthmatic symptoms. It is one of the possibilities doctors consider when an asthmatic who has been stable suddenly gets much worse.

When a person with asthma symptoms comes into the doctor's office, the doctor usually gives the patient pulmonary function tests, which, for example, measure tidal volume. That is the amount of air you breathe in and out with a regular breath; it's usually about 500 milliliters. The doctor will then ask the patient to take a maximum inhalation and a maximum exhalation. By measuring the maximum expiratory level and the maximum inspiratory respiratory level, the doctor will calculate total lung capacity.

In a healthy person, about 75 to 85 percent of the air comes out within 1 second of a maximum exhalation (blowing out as hard as possible). By 3 seconds, the lungs have been essentially emptied. Asthmatics can't breathe in as much, because they have all that air trapped in the back of their lungs. Even at 6 and 7 seconds, they are still blowing out air.

At that point, the normal person would have already been ready to breathe in again. But a person with asthma can't move air out.

There are two major ways to treat asthma: by avoiding substances or events that trigger asthma, and by using various medications.

Pets. If an asthma sufferer is allergic, the best treatment is avoidance of the irritating substance. You should avoid cats, for example, if you are allergic to them. The source of allergen from both cats and dogs is saliva. Cats preen themselves, and it's the dried saliva left on their skin that becomes aerosolized and acts as such a potent allergen. Dogs hardly ever clean themselves, so generally a dog turns out to be a much less important source of allergen than is a cat.

People who are allergic to cats should not live with cats. People who are allergic to dogs should not have dogs. But many animal-lovers are very attached to their pets. If you must have a dog or cat indoors, at least don't let your pet in the bedroom. Give yourself 8 hours away from inhaling the allergen, if you can. Even birds should be avoided indoors, since feathers are a potent allergen. Feather pillows are another major source of allergy.

Pollen. If you have to be outdoors, recognize that airborne pollen levels are highest in the early morning on bright, sunny, windy days. Use air conditioning in your car during pollen season whenever possible.

Dust. A major source of allergens in dust is the dust mite. This microscopic bug lives mostly during the summer. During the winter, house dust contains parts of dead dust mites and their feces, which are actually the major source of dust allergens.

Dust mites live in wall-to-wall carpeting, in the springs and mattresses of beds, and any place dust collects. You can cover the springs and mattresses with allergy-proof encasements. You can keep table tops free from knickknacks. Shades are preferable to venetian blinds or curtains. Hardwood floors, or linoleum floors, and washable throw rugs are preferable to wall-to-wall carpeting. Closets are particularly laden with dust, so, if possible, use a clothes closet outside of the bedroom.

Air-filtering Devices. Air conditioning is extremely effective at clearing air particles, so during the pollen or dust seasons, if you have a proper air filter in your furnace and air conditioning throughout the house, you will be less likely to suffer from allergy-induced asthma.

Electrostatic air precipitators, on the other hand, are now safe and effective, although expensive. Older models produced ozone, which, even in very low concentrations cause asthmatic symptoms to get worse, since ozone is an irritant to mucosal membranes--the skin that lines the nose and the bronchi. But room air filters (the most effective ones are known as HEPA filters, high-efficiency particulate activating filters) are less expensive and are very efficient in removing air particles and don't produce ozone. Before buying a filter, rent one for your bedroom and see if it makes a difference.

If you have a choice, hot-water heat or radiator heat is better than forced hot-air heat. Forced hot-air heat distributes dust and mold throughout the house every time it circulates the air; radiators don't do that.

Sodium Cromolyn. Fortunately, there is a preventive drug for allergies. It is known as sodium cromolyn. It is used in an inhaled form for asthma, in an eyedrop form for allergic eye diseases, and in a nasal spray for allergic rhinitis. What this drug does is stop the mast cell from secreting the chemicals that cause allergies.

Unfortunately, sodium cromolyn does not work for everybody, but for those persons in whom it works, it works well. For anyone with allergic asthma, this drug is worth a try. It is also excellent for preventing exercise-induced asthma.

Bronchodilators. More commonly used than sodium cromolyn are bronchodilators. Bronchodilators relax the smooth muscles that line the airways, thereby opening those airways, if the muscle is contracted. There are three classes of bronchodilators: anticholinergics, methylxanthines, and beta adrenergic agonists.

Anticholinergic Drugs, known as atropine or atropine-like drugs, stop the action of acetylcholine, which triggers the muscles to contract. They relax the muscle by blocking its contraction. These are medium-potency drugs, certainly less potent than beta adrenergic agonists. Their duration of action is shorter. They are very important for the treatment of patients who produce excess mucus, and will be very important in the treatment of patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but they are less important for treating asthma. However, clinical practice, particularly in some children and adults, has shown them to be very effective.

Methylxanthines have been around for quite a long time but have only become popular in the last 15 to 20 years. That's because we now have ways of monitoring methylxanthine blood levels, and we now have pills that can be taken once or twice a day. Therefore, methylxanthines are the major drug used in the United States for the treatment of asthma. The most commonly known methylxanthine is theophylline. People who can't tolerate theophylline can usually take another compound called oxytriphylline. By the way, caffeine, found in coffee and tea, is a derivative of methylxanthines. Caffeine is a very mild bronchodilator, so it wouldn't be effective to treat asthma with coffee or tea.

Theophylline acts by stopping some of the enzymatic actions in smooth muscle cells and thereby relaxing them. This is a very potent, very popular form of therapy, and there are no long-term complications from its use.

The last class of bronchodilators is beta adrenergic agonists. These are drugs related to the chemical adrenaline. When you are frightened, your heart starts beating, your airways dilate, and the pupils of your eyes dilate, due to adrenaline. Because adrenaline causes the airways to dilate, scientists were able to modify it into a very specific agent that works only in the lungs, causing them to open, without affecting the rest of the body. One of the most impressive things that's happened in the past 15 years in the treatment of asthma has been the creation of inhaled bronchodilators. We can now deposit bronchodilators, like these beta adrenergic drugs, directly into the airways and have the site of action only on the airways. They work very quickly, within minutes, and their effects last up to 6 to 8 hours. So these are the mainstays of therapy. Bronchodilators like methylxanthines and beta adrenergic agonists are the two drugs most prominently used in the treatment of asthma.

Corticosteroids. These are clearly the most effective drugs for the treatment of asthma. However, it is important to know how to use them, when to use them, who should use them, how long to use them, and when to stop them. They work by reducing swelling, reducing mucus secretions, stopping inflammation, reducing mast cell number and secretion, and even stopping the production of the lgE antibody.

On the other hand, corticosteroids are powerful drugs with serious side effects: they cause osteoporosis, a thinning of the bones; they cause weight gain; they lead to peptic ulcers; they can cause diabetes and increased infections; in children, they can stop growth.

Should we use them? Knowing how to use them properly minimizes the negative effects. Also over the past 5 to 10 years, inhaled steroids have been introduced; these have been pharmacologically engineered to work only in the lungs and have no systemic action. They work on asthma but don't create side effects. That's been the major breakthrough in the treatment of asthma in the past 10 years. While we once hesitated to use corticosteroids because of their side effects, we now use inhaled corticosteroids on many, if not most, asthmatics because of their safety and effectiveness.

Immunotherapy. Also known as allergy shots, immunotherapy is appropriate in people whose asthma has clear-cut allergic causes that are not adequately controlled with medication and avoidance of triggers. When immunotherapy works, it reduces not only the need for other treatments but also the disease itself.

Peak Flow Meters

In addition to avoidance of triggers and careful use of medications, the use of a peak flow meter can contribute to effective asthma management, particularly in children. This simple device helps patients monitor their own breathing. It measures the peak expiratory flow rate, which means the ability to breathe out quickly. A normal peak flow rate is first determined when an asthmatic child is feeling well, by blowing into the meter as hard and fast as possible several times. This measurement indicates how open the large airways are. The highest reading is recorded.

Peak flow monitoring is usually done several times a day or when the child feels ill. If the rate drops significantly, it may indicate that additional medication is needed to prevent asthma symptoms. Taking medication before severe symptoms are noticeable may prevent a full-blown asthma attack.

Some Myths About Asthma

Though very common, asthma is not very well understood by most people. Misconceptions about its causes and treatment abound.

Here are a few of these misconceptions:

1. "There's no sense treating my child, He's going to outgrow his asthma." This is both true and false. About 50 percent of the asthmatic children whose asthma develops between the ages of 2 and 10 will not have asthma in their teenage years; they'll have a spontaneous reduction in their asthma. But often the asthma recurs when those people reach their thirties. So it goes away, but it doesn't go away permanently. Lung function tests of former childhood asthmatics show that they still have abnormal airways disease.

Should you wait to treat them? No. Asthma is a serious disease. It impairs the capacity of your child to exercise, it impairs your child's self-image, and it shouldn't be ignored. There are effective ways to treat asthma, and there is no reason to let a child suffer, waiting to get better. Have your child seen by a specialist in asthma and allergies, and have him or her treated adequately.

2. "Asthma is all in your head." Or, "parents can cause asthma." Asthma is not "all in your head," and parents can't cause it. Psychological stress is one of the things that triggers asthma, but that doesn't mean that asthmatics are crazy or that parents are responsible. Emotional stress can make asthma worse, but you shouldn't feel guilty that your child has asthma. Your child has asthma because of other conditions over which you had no control. Psychological stress can trigger asthma symptoms, but it does not cause the disease.

3. "Asthmatics shouldn't exercise." Asthmatics should go out and exercise just like their friends. Eight percent of the athletes who represented the United States in the 1988 Olympics had exercise-induced asthma. They were able to perform in the Olympics because of proper medications to prevent asthmatic attacks caused by exercise.

4. "Allergic mothers shouldn't breastfeed." In fact, by breastfeeding, you reduce the opportunities for your child to become allergic to foreign proteins. Although breast milk is a distillate of proteins that you've eaten, your breast-fed child has a reduced exposure to non-human proteins. When a baby is born, its gastrointestinal tract is immature and it absorbs proteins that are much larger than proteins absorbed by adults. Adults break those down to very simple amino acids. By absorbing proteins that are macromolecules, the infant's body recognizes these as foreign antigens and makes antibodies to them. That's one reason children have such a high incidence of food allergy. Mothers who are themselves allergic, and therefore are more likely to have an allergic child, should breastfeed for at least 6 months to a year, if at all possible.

5. "Recurring asthmatic attacks lead to emphysema." Patients can have asthma all their lives and when they die, their lungs don't have any more damage to them than a non-asthmatic. There are two exceptions to this. There is a rare disease known as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is a congenital enzyme deficiency that can present as asthma and leads to a very early and very destructive form of emphysema. The second is an unusual condition called allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, which is an infection in the airways that leads to destruction of the airways. Other than those two very unusual causes of asthma, asthma does not lead to emphysema. Asthma is a fully reversible disease in its uncomplicated state. if you have asthma, don't worry about emphysema, but don't ignore the asthma; you still need to be treated.

6. "Smoking does not affect asthma." Asthmatics should not smoke. Inhaling someone else's smoke is also harmful to an asthmatic because smoke further irritates the airways. Parents should be very concerned. Recent studies suggest that children of smoking parents are at greatly increased risk of developing asthma.

7. "Certain foods can cause asthma." Clearly, foods can cause allergies, But they are rarely a cause of asthma. Except in the case of sulfites, foods should not be restricted for asthmatics.

8. "Over-the-counter drugs are all an asthmatic needs." If over-the-counter drugs were as potent as prescription drugs, they would not be sold without a prescription. Over-the-counter drugs are used much more than prescription drugs for asthmatics because they are easier to get to and they don't necessarily involve the expense of an office visit, but you sacrifice potency and specificity in the treatment. The drugs that are available over-the-counter are mild, non-specific agents that are mild bronchodilators, far less potent and far less effective than the drugs you can get by prescription. If you or your child has asthma, you should see a specialist, an allergist, or a pulmonologist who understands asthma and its treatment. As stated earlier, the two major advances in asthma treatment in the past 20 years, inhaled steroids and beta adrenergic agonists, are both prescription-only drugs.

At many research institutions around the country, including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, scientists are working to better understand the mechanisms involved in asthma, to develop new and improved treatments for asthma, and to find better means of preventing asthma symptoms. We have come a long way in our search to improve the quality of life for people with asthma and certainly hope that we will make even more progress in the decade ahead.

For Further information

American Academy of Allergy & Immunology

611 East Wells Street

Milwaukee, WI 53202

American College of Allergy & immunology

800 E. NW Highway, Suite 1080

Palatine, IL 60067

American Lung Association

1740 Broadway

New York, NY 10019

Asthma & Allergy Foundation of America

1717 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Suite 305

Washington, DC 20036

Mothers of Asthmatics

10875 Main Street, Suite 210

Fairfax, VA 22030

(703) 385-4403
COPYRIGHT 1990 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 1990, Gale Group. All rights reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.

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Publication:Pamphlet by: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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Date:Mar 1, 1990
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Why are people's views of inflation at odds with the economic reality?

Australia's inflation rate and cost of living are both at record lows, just don't expect anyone to believe the official figures

Woman shopping at supermarket
The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses around 100,000 different prices for around 120 groups of goods and services, including the cost of food and groceries, to calculate inflation. Photograph: Lukas Coch/AAP

If you were to believe politicians and sections of the media, the cost of living is rising faster than ever. That many people believe this to be true is evident from both Kevin Rudd and Tony Abbott making the issue a major part of their election campaigns last year despite inflation being at near record lows.

The Reserve Bank last week released a paper which compared the consumer price index with cost of living, and also examined why people’s view of cost of living and inflation is at odds with the reality.

One of the major reasons for the disparity is people give greater weight to large irregular expenses than does the Bureau of Statistics when it calculates inflation.

The ABS uses around 100,000 different prices for around 120 groups of goods and services each quarter to calculate inflation. The items and groups are fixed and weighted for household’s annual expenditure. Thus electricity prices account for 1.99%, water and sewerage for 0.9%, and secondary education for 1.26%. But each of these items comes in either a quarterly or annual bill, and their price rise occurs only annually, as do property rates and charges (which account for 1.26% of the CPI):

So you “feel” these big price rises more than you do the small rises or even falling prices of incidental purchases you make which might actually account for more of your annual spending.

Political parties and media know this, which is why they focus on these expenses when discussing or reporting inflation.

But the RBA noted that even among regular purchases research suggests people notice the rises more than the falls. Essentially we don’t balance out a price increase in one item with a price fall in another.

Finally, a major problem is when we measure our own cost of living we are really measuring cost of lifestyle. We are now spending more in total than we used to because our standard of living is growing. Thus we’re not comparing the cost of achieving the same standard of living, but rather the cost of a reasonable standard of living – and what is “reasonable” is getting more expensive.

This means the “perceived increases in the cost of living may partly reflect the cost of attaining a higher standard of living for many households”. That is, our cost of living is increasing because we choose to spend more on better quality (or better "branded") items. Trying to keep up with the Joneses however is not inflation.

Interestingly, our own actions can actually make the CPI higher than our “personal inflation rate”. Firstly, unlike the ABS which must use a fixed bundle of goods and service, we can substitute our purchases. For example in 2011 after Cyclone Yasi the price of bananas soared to $15kg. But did this mean everyone was suddenly paying around 400% more for bananas? Not really. Most people just stopped buying bananas for a few months and bought something else.

The RBA estimates this “substitution bias” adds around 0.25 to 0.5 percentage points to the annual CPI over what the average household experiences.

Similarly we are able to buy what may be the same item but at a better quality than we did before. If the price increases in line with quality, then the cost of living is actually unchanged, but if quality goes up and the price remains flat, the cost of living has actually declined.

While the ABS does regularly update the quality of items such as computers and IT (so they’re not still calculating the price of a Pentium or Windows 95), it is tougher to measure quality for things like education or health. If quality and price both go up but the ABS doesn’t realise it, it effectively means the CPI is actually measuring a quality improvement rather than a price increase. The RBA suggests this can add up to 0.5 percentage points as well.

But aside from these difficulties with measuring inflation, the big problem is that the CPI is an average of everyone’s inflation. It doesn’t care about your income, whether you rent or own a house. All it cares about is where you live.

The ABS does produce cost of living indices which consider the cost of living according to your source of income – wage, pension, or government benefits. These measures also consider the cost of mortgages payments, which the CPI does not.

But the RBA notes that inflation also varies according to whether you own a house or rent and also your household income. This accords with data from the National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM).

The NATSEM cost of living indices, consistent with the RBA’s research, show that cost of living for those on lower incomes has risen significantly higher than the wealthiest since the GFC:

A major reason is those on lower incomes are more likely to be renting, and for home owners the interest rates cuts since the GFC have greatly dampened the cost of living.

Similarly while the housing boom last decade caused the cost of living to rise for those looking to buy a home, the general flattening of housing prices since 2010 has seen the cost of living for those looking to purchase a home barely increase in that time:

But regardless of whether housing prices or mortgages are rising or falling, the rent keeps going up. This all suggests major differences between the CPI and actual cost of living. But the RBA found that while it is not perfect, the CPI does closely reflects the average cost of living.

It’s also worth noting that regardless of whether you use inflation or cost of living, the past three years has seen both rise at historically low levels. Just don’t expect people to believe, or politicians to admit it.

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Divorces down by 2% in England and Wales

ONS figures show 117,558 divorces in 2011 compared with 119,589 in 2010, and follows general decline since 2003
ONS figures reveal divorce rates are highest among men and women aged between 40 and 44, leading some to speculate about mid-life crises. Photograph: Mode Images Limited / Alamy/Alamy

The number of marriages in England and Wales that end in divorce has fallen to 42%, down from 45% in 2005, according to figures published by the Office for National Statistics.

The figures show there were 117,558 divorces in 2011 compared with 119,589 the year before, a drop of 2%.

Despite an increase in the divorce rate in 2010, the statistics show a "general decline" over the past decade, which the ONS says is consistent with the fall in the number of people getting married as couples opt instead to live together.

The finding outlines two competing theories about the effect of the global financial downturn on marriages: one suggests that economic pressures brought about by the onslaught of the recession in 2008-09 could have contributed to the breakdown of relationships; the other, conversely, posits that people are more likely to stay together, as families tend to band together in troubled times – or postpone any break-up until the economy picks up.

"It is too early to say whether the decrease in divorces in 2011 will continue in 2012 or whether recent trends in divorce rates represent small fluctuations resulting from rates nearing some form of stabilisation. Recent trends could be consistent with the theory that recession is associated with an increased risk of divorce but with a delayed impact – perhaps reflecting couples waiting for an economic recovery to lift the value of their assets, or the time lag between separation and obtaining a decree absolute," notes the ONS.

It says a similar trend occurred with the 1990-1992 recession, with divorce rates in 1993 markedly higher than during the recession itself.

The Marriage Foundation, which "champions long-lasting, stable relationships within marriage", said that divorce rates were continuing to fall.

A spokesman said: "After peaking in the 1990s divorce rates are very definitely back at 1970s levels. This has nothing to do with fewer people getting married and everything to do with the way couples who do get married are taking it increasingly seriously."

However, Marilyn Stowe, senior partner at Stowe Family Law, suggested the ONS figures, which relate to 2011, might not reflect current trends and the apparent rise in divorce among couples in the squeezed middle-income bracket.

She said: "I am surprised the number of divorces has fallen. We have all been busier than ever over the past 18 months. If our firm's caseload is anything to go by 'big money' divorces are not yet at their pre-2008 levels. Meanwhile, divorces in the squeezed middle-income bracket have been steadily rising, and I expect that this rise will be shown in next year's statistics."

Stowe suggested the turbulent economy had played a significant role in changes in divorce rates. "Couples will struggle through times of adversity as best they can but eventually find that despite their best efforts they simply can't go on any longer. I suppose we will have to wait and see what happens to the divorce rate when the economy improves."

The ONS figures also show divorce rates are highest among people aged 40 to 44, leading some to speculate about mid-life crises.

Vicki McLynn, a partner with the law firm Pannone, said: "The greatest proportion of divorces occur among those who have been married between five and nine years, possibly reflecting the so-called seven-year itch. By that stage, couples may be juggling young children, work and may be experiencing financial strain, all of which might be too much for marriages to bear.

"Given that men and women marry on average in their mid-30s, it may sadly bear out suggestions of a mid-life crisis."

According to statistics the average marriage is expected to last 32 years, with 60% of marriages estimated to survive their 20th anniversaries.


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Sudden decline seen in attacks by animal rights extremists

· Far fewer protests at homes of scientists
· Tougher laws and stronger policing seen as factors

The level of activity by animal rights extremists has reached a new low, according to police. Apart from in Oxford, where there is still a vigorous campaign against a new laboratory at the university, attacks at the homes of academic scientists who engage in animal research have ceased.

"What has been very noticeable is quite a sudden and very marked decline in targeting individual researchers around the country in a personal way," said Simon Festing, director of the Research Defence Society, which monitors extremist activity and receives police briefings. "This has really struck me because it has been a major feature of animal rights extremism for 30 years since the Animal Liberation Front was founded in 1976. At any one time there would be many researchers around the country who were being actively targeted and now it has just gone."

He said the drop was due to a number of factors, but a more robust police response and new laws curtailing extremist activity were having an effect. "There are signs that the improved police response, along with measures taken by government and across the industry, is starting to make a difference," said Assistant Chief Constable Anton Setchell, national coordinator for domestic extremism for the Association of Chief Police Officers. "There have been many significant convictions of animal rights extremists in the past 18 months, with others awaiting sentence. Many extremists are on bail and other major investigations are ongoing. Statistics show that crimes have reduced."

At the beginning of May there was a big police effort to round up extremists, Operation Achilles, which involved 700 police and support staff and raids on 29 UK addresses, one in Belgium and two in the Netherlands. Twelve people have so far been charged.

"New laws that the government brought in have also stopped certain types of harassment, like home visits," Dr Festing said. But the change in public attitudes since the launch of the Pro-Test group in Oxford has also made life harder for extremists.

"I think the small number of violent people have seen their funding disappear because the average person is less likely to put money in a little box somewhere," said Tom Holder of Pro-Test. "They have seen approval disappear. They have got away with it for years because people haven't been prepared to stand up and say no."

Dr Festing said academics were now more willing to speak out in favour of animal research. Five years ago only two or three people would speak publicly about the research. Now there are more than 80. "Many of them have done multiple interviews on Today Programme, Newsnight and whatever, but have not been targeted."

A spokeswoman for Speak, the group campaigning against the Oxford lab, said the group's activities were entirely lawful. She denied that public reaction to its demonstrations had become more negative.


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LCN 4040XP Series Door Closer, Non-Sized - Parallel Arm, Non-Handed (Aluminum)

List Price: $498.00

Sale Price: 365.06

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The 4040XP is LCN’s most durable heavy duty closer designed for the most demanding, high use and abuse applications.
  • Cast iron; forged steel main arm.
  • Double heat treated steel pinion and all weather fluid.
  • LCN® Fast™ Power Adjust.
  • Cush-N-Stop Arm: Non-handed parallel arm features solid forged steel main arm and forearm with stop in soffit shoe.
  • Standard plastic cover, self reaming and tapping screws and thru-bolts.
  • Closer mounts push side, parallel arm on either right or left swinging doors.
  • Non-sized cylinder is adjustable for interior doors to 5’0” and exterior doors to 4’0”.
  • Closer to meet ADA requirements.
  • UL and cUL listed for self-closing doors without hold-open.
  • Tested and certified under ANSI Standard A156.4, grade one.
Manufacturer: LCN
Manufacturer Location: USA
Color/Finish: aluminum
Material: cast iron
Type: door closer
Warranty: 10 year limited warranty.

LCN Restock Policy

No restock fees apply for returns of this specific item. Product must be returned in re-sellable condition within 30 days to qualify.

If an item is returnable (See restocking list), you must first call or use form below to request a return goods authorization (RGA) prior to returning any items purchased through us.

We will not accept any returns without an RGA. All items must be returned in "Re-Saleable Condition", in original packaging with all parts included. Customer is responsible for shipping charges.

Our restocking policies vary, depending on manufacturer and item.

Click here for our restocking fee schedule. Please call or email us with any other questions you may have on returns.

Click here to request a Return Authorization


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Robert Burns’s “Address to a Haggis”

Our Daily Correspondent, The Poem Stuck in My Head

Haggis Bernt Rostad

Photo: Bernt Rostad, via Flickr

To paraphrase Laurie Colwin, the world divides unequally between those who love haggis (not too many) and those who loathe and fear it (most). Tomorrow is Robert Burns’s birthday, aka Burns Night, which is to say, probably the zenith of the haggis-eating year. Whether this strikes dread or delight into your hearts, I cannot say.

Burns—aka the Ploughman Poet, aka Robden of Solway Firth, aka the Bard of Ayrshire—was a poet, folklorist, lyricist, radical, bon vivant, womanizer, and, during his lifetime, certainly the greatest promoter of Scottish history and culture. Sir Walter Scott (no slouch himself in the mythologizing department) met the poet as a teenager in Edinburgh and later recalled,

His person was strong and robust; his manners rustic, not clownish, a sort of dignified plainness and simplicity which received part of its effect perhaps from knowledge of his extraordinary talents … I never saw such another eye in a human head, though I have seen the most distinguished men of my time.

The first Burns Supper was held in June 1802, not many years after the poet’s death at age thirty-seven. But, perhaps on the thinking that haggis and whiskey are best enjoyed in frigid weather, the celebration has for some time now been held on January 25. The traditional Burns Supper contains a number of prescribed steps, including the Selkirk Grace (allegedly penned by Burns for the Earl of Selkirk), a Toast to the Lassies, a Toast to the Laddies, speeches, “Auld Lang Syne,” and muckle, muckle piping.

As we all know, we Americans love celebrating our heritage, no matter how distant such connections may be. Sometime in the early nineteenth century some of my grandfather’s relatives came over from Skye, and family lore has it that this branch of the tree is responsible both for a persistent strain of manic depression and the fact that occasionally someone has sort of reddish hair. (I think at some point my brother, whose middle name is MacKinnon, had a tartan tie, too, from one of the Scottish stores full of cashmere and kilts.) And that’s good enough for me! I don’t go in for throwing trees and wearing sporrans or anything, and the reels look really hard, but I’m a sucker for bagpipes. The spot where I enjoy my annual haggis (a pub in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village) does a somewhat abbreviated version of things, but of course the haggis is piped in, borne by a brae kilted lad, and the “Address to a Haggis” is recited in stentorian tones. I might wear a tam o’shanter. And just in memory of my heritage, take an Abilify at the table, washed down with Glenlivet.

This poem was published in an Edinburgh periodical, the Caledonian Mercury, on December 20, 1786.

Address to a Haggis

Fair fa’ your honest, sonsie face,
Great chieftain o’ the pudding-race!
Aboon them a’ ye tak your place,
Painch, tripe, or thairm:
Weel are ye wordy o’a grace
As lang’s my arm.

The groaning trencher there ye fill,
Your hurdies like a distant hill,
Your pin wad help to mend a mill In time o’need,
While thro’ your pores the dews distil
Like amber bead.

His knife see rustic
Labour dight,
An’ cut you up wi’ ready sleight,
Trenching your gushing entrails bright,
Like ony ditch;
And then, O what a glorious sight,
Warm-reekin’, rich!

Then, horn for horn, they stretch an’ strive:
Deil tak the hindmost! on they drive,
Till a’ their weel-swall’d kytes belyve
Are bent like drums;
Then auld Guidman, maist like to rive,
Bethankit! hums.

Is there that owre his French ragout
Or olio that wad staw a sow,
Or fricassee wad make her spew
Wi’ perfect sconner,
Looks down wi’ sneering, scornfu’ view
On sic a dinner?

Poor devil! see him owre his trash,
As feckless as wither’d rash,
His spindle shank, a guid whip-lash;
His nieve a nit;
Thro’ bloody flood or field to dash,
O how unfit!

But mark the Rustic, haggis-fed,
The trembling earth resounds his tread.
Clap in his walie nieve a blade,
He’ll mak it whissle;
An’ legs an’ arms, an’ heads will sned,
Like taps o’ thrissle.

Ye Pow’rs, wha mak mankind your care,
And dish them out their bill o’ fare,
Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware
That jaups in luggies;
But, if ye wish her gratefu’ prayer
Gie her a haggis!


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Antibodies as probes

Antibodies are the most common type of probe by virtue of their binding affinity for particular antigens which enable targets to be detected in a complex sample.

However, antibodies are not specifically detectable in an assay system unless they are tagged for visualization or secondarily probed with another molecule that is tagged. We offer a wide range of primary and secondary antibodies in purified (unconjugated) forms and as conjugates with HRP, AP, biotin and popular fluorophores.

Biotin binding proteins as probes

The highly specific affinity interaction between biotin (a small vitamin molecule) and avidin or streptavidin protein is the basis of detection in Western blotting. This form of indirect detection involves using a primary or secondary antibody that is labeled with a biotin affinity tag. Then a secondary (or tertiary) probe, such as streptavidin that is labeled with the detectable enzyme or fluorophore tag, can be used to probe for the biotin tag to yield a detectable signal.

We offer Streptavidin, NeutrAvidin® and avidin protein conjugates for biotinylated antibody probe detection in Western blot protocols including HRP and poly-HRP conjugates and high-intensity fluorescent and infrared conjugates.

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Fluorescent labels for detection

Fluorescence detection via fluorescent tags enables quantitative, multiplex analysis of western blots on your bench top - without the need for ECL optimization, film or a darkroom. Long-wavelength reporters like WesternDot™ probe antibodies are detected on membranes with high sensitivity and minimal background signal or scatter. Detect both strong and weak signals at the same time with a 4,000-fold linear dynamic range. With an appropriate reader, you can multiplex up to three probes on the same blot – providing an extra level of precision and biological context for your measurements.

Enzyme labels for detection

Enzymatic tags such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) are most commonly used for Western blotting, immunoassays and immunohistochemistry methods.


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Dallas Cowboys Tickets

TicketCity > Dallas Cowboys Tickets
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2017 Dallas Cowboys Tickets and Schedule

Dallas Cowboys Tickets Information

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The Cowboys average ticket price for regular season NFL games has fluctuated over the last six seasons. The largest increase came during the 2012 season with an increase of 80% moving from an $32 average ticket price to $161 average ticket price. Average Cowboys ticket prices reached its lowest price in 2015 with tickets averaging at $134, a 12% decrease from 2014. The average ticket price for Dallas Cowboys regular season NFL tickets for 2016 is currently at $187, which is a considerable increase of 28% from last season.

Dallas Cowboys Regular Season Average Ticket Prices

(Data updated 11/2/2016)

How to Buy Dallas Cowboys Tickets

1. Scan through the 2017 Dallas Cowboys Schedule and select the game that you would like to attend, or use the opponent or date filters beside the Dallas Cowboys ticket listings to find the perfect matchup.

2. Click “Select” to reveal all available Dallas Cowboys tickets, the AT&T Stadium interactive seating chart, ticket quantity, and ticket price filters. Use the ticket price filter, and ticket quantity filter to quickly refine your search to the available Dallas Cowboys tickets that are in your price range. You can also utilize the “eTickets Only” filter to find all Dallas Cowboys tickets that will be delivered electronically. The AT&T Stadium interactive map can be employed to reveal all tickets available for a preferred section. Select the perfect tickets and click “Go” to proceed to checkout.

3. Review the checkout page to ensure that the correct Dallas Cowboys tickets have been selected, and read through any ticket notes or delivery information. If everything looks correct, fill out the checkout information, and purchase your Dallas Cowboys Tickets!

Need help finding the right Dallas Cowboys Tickets?

Our Sales and Service teams are available 7 days a week at 1-800-880-8886.

2017 Cowboys Season Preview

The 2016 Dallas Cowboys schedule is set and the team is ready to get back on track after only going 4-12 in the 2015 season. The Cowboys remain under the ownership of Jerry Jones, and Jason Garrett returns as the team’s head coach. The 2016 Dallas Cowboys season will be the team’s 57th season in the NFL and the eighth season of calling AT&T Stadium home. Tony Romo will return after missing most of the 2015 season from a collarbone injury. Star wide receiver, Dez Bryant, also returns from an injury plagued 2015 season. Ezekiel Elliot joins the Cowboys offense after being selected in the first round of the 2016 NFL draft. With their star players back, and with the addition of one of the top running back prospects, the Cowboys are looking forward to having a much better season in 2016. TicketCity is the place to go for Dallas Cowboys tickets. Whether you are planning on cheering on the Cowboys at AT&T Stadium, or supporting Dallas on the road, TicketCity has some of the best deals for all Dallas Cowboys tickets, including home and away games.

Dallas Cowboys Football at AT&T Stadium

Address: 925 North Collins Street, Arlington, Texas, 76011

Dallas plays their home games in the new AT&T Stadium, located just outside of Dallas in Arlington, Texas. A state-of-the-art modern arena boasting a retractable roof and one of the biggest HDTV displays in the world, the new AT&T Stadium is also one of the most expensive. The Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame is just one of the many amenities in the new facility. Completed in summer 2009, the Cowboys played their first game there in September of the same year. The Dallas Cowboys home bench is on the AT&T Stadium sideline with sections 101-120. AT&T Stadium parking information is covered in our Cowboys event guide.

AT&T Stadium Seating Chart

Dallas Cowboys Rivals

This rivalry goes all the way back to the birth of the Cowboys franchise and the beef between Clint Murchison and George Marshall. This has been called the top rivalry in all of the NFL and “one of greatest in sports” by Sports Illustrated. Because they are both in the NFC East, the importance of the games is higher the pace more intense and you get to see this 2 times every season.

This is one of the more unique rivalries in sports, mainly due to the locations of the two franchises, and is the only dependable rivalry between a Texas sports team and New York team. Putting these teams into the same division was the birth of long standing and heated rivalry. Dominance has swung back and forth over the decades leading to some of the best games in league history.

These teams were both powerhouses in the 90’s and have been called dynasties many times. This has led to some extremely exciting, high-stakes games with the winner ultimately becoming the Super Bowl champion. The games between these two storied franchises lead to moments like “The Catch”, the genesis of the phrase “How ‘bout them cowboys” and consecutive meetings for NFC titles. This matchup is one of the most underrated yet decisive in all of the NFL.

One of the more contentious and publicized rivalries in the last 25 years, both teams (and fans) can be extra brutal. The rivalry has been running 40+ years and has strengthened year over year. One of the most notorious meetings was the ‘89 “Bounty Bowl” where Jimmy Johnson call out Buddy Ryan for putting bounties on QB Troy Aikman and kicker Luis Zendejas. The Eagles use the Cowboys success in division championships and Super Bowls for motivation while the Cowboys use the disrespectful/dirty play of Philadelphia. The Cowboys vs. Eagles game is one of the biggest games of the Cowboys season. Make sure you don't miss out on this game by getting a great deal on Dallas Cowboys tickets from TicketCity!

The Cowboys vs. Texans rivalry has continued to get better over recent seasons as the Texans have improved as a football team. With both teams playing in the same division, games are often more intense in their two matchups than the other games they play throughout the season.

These two teams may not be in the same division, but being neighboring states, it is only natural for New Orleans and Dallas to be rivals. This matchup dates back to the late 1960’s with the Cowboys leading the all-time series, but the Saints have come out on the winning end more times in recent years.

Dallas Cowboys in the Super Bowl, NFC Championship and NFL Playoffs

Few teams have accomplished what the Cowboys have accomplished. They went on a tear in the 70’s and 90’s compiling 5 Super Bowl championships and coming close to a “three-peat” and could have even been a “four-peat” if you’re an optimist and a huge cowboys fan. The team has won 20+ division championships looking back all the way to the mid-sixties. With over 29 playoff appearances, they are one of the top teams in the league and will only continue to add to this number.

Dallas Cowboys Event Guide

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What time do the gates open prior to kick off?

The stadium plazas open 3 hours before kickoff and the concourses, clubs and suites open 2 hours prior to the start of the game. You can always purchase Dallas Cowboys tickets from TicketCity prior to the game.

Can I buy Dallas Cowboys season tickets?

TicketCity offers Dallas Cowboys season tickets for sale up until the home opener. Check the listings above or call us if you want to purchase Cowboys season tickets. Let us know if you are looking to buy a particular section at AT&T Stadium.

Where is the best place to park AT&T stadium?

The Cowboys Blue and Cowboys Silver lots are the closest to the stadium. The closest lots (Blue - 1,2,3,7 & Silver 5,6,4) are the can run $150 or more. Parking in lots Blue 15 & 11 and Silver 12 & 13, which are a little further out provide a lot of options and price of $85 to 100. You have a little more of a walk for these lots but they provide a better value and makes it easier to leave after the game.

How can I buy cheap Dallas Cowboys tickets?

TicketCity offers a large selection of Dallas Cowboys football tickets which includes some of the lowest priced seats on the market. Dallas Cowboys ticket prices fluctuate based on demand for the game. Wins typically push demand higher & ticket prices. The opposite can happen if the team underperforms. Marquee opponents, like the Eagles, Giants and Redskins, can drive up home game prices for Dallas Cowboys tickets. While cheap Dallas Cowboys tickets are more plentiful for lesser opponents. Cowboys preseason tickets are one of the best deals, as seats can often be purchased below face value. Get some of the best deals on Dallas Cowboys tickets from TicketCity!

Does my child need a ticket to attend a Dallas Cowboys game?

Children less than 12 months do not need a Cowboys ticket to enter the stadium but must sit in an adult’s lap during the game.

Where can I find the 2016-2017 Dallas Cowboys schedule?

The 2016-2017 Cowboys football game schedule is listed as soon as it is announced by the NFL. Dallas plays in the NFC East, so each season will play home games against the New York Giants, Philadelphia Eagles and Washington Redskins. Kickoff times are set by the league and may be Sunday at Noon CST, 3pm CST, or Sunday evening. The Cowboys often play on Monday Night Football. They also play each year on Thanksgiving Day. If you are looking for Cowboys news or scores, then visit our partners at CBS Sports. They are also a great source for the official Dallas Cowboys roster.

What are some good places to eat before a Dallas Cowboys game?

Traffic can get a little hairy so grabbing a bite close to the stadium is the way to go. Olenjacks Grille is a short drive down N. Collins from the stadium and they offer great food options for the family and free valet parking for ticket holders. The Fish Bone Grille & Oyster bar sits directly across the street from the stadium and is great place for a drink and food right before the game. Pappasito’s is a Texas original and provides awesome tex-mex food so it’s perfect to bring your out of state guests.

Cómo se compran entradas a Dallas Cowboys?

TicketCity vende entradas a los partidos de futbol del Dallas Cowboys al AT&T Stadium en Arlington, Tejas. Somos una empresa revendedora de entradas / boletos que ha existido por más de 20 años. Visítanos en el web o llámanos para comprar boletos de los vaqueros de Dallas. Estamos para servirle en inglés y español. Para Comprar Boletos

Dallas Cowboys Preview History

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2015 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

The Dallas Cowboys were a revelations in 2014. The addition of Zach Martin helped turn the Cowboys offensive line into the best unit in the game. Behind that stellar offensive line, Tony Romo and company rallied to 12 wins, including an extremely rare road win in Seattle. The Cowboys cemented themselves as one of the top 5 teams in the NFL last season, and won their first playoff game since 2009. A controversial overturned catch in the NFC Divisional Round left Dallas hungry for more in 2015. The Cowboys will have to do it without star running back DeMarco Murray, who bolted for the division rival Eagles in the offseason. To replace Murray’s NFL leading rushing output from last season, the Cowboys will lean on newly signed Darren McFadden, as well as veteran backup Joseph Randle. Maybe more so than any other team in the NFC, the Cowboys solved just about all of their needs in the 2015 NFL Draft. First round cornerback Byron Jones has the talent to play from day one, and should sure up what was a shaky Cowboys secondary last season. Also new in 2015 will be pass rush ace Randy Gregory, who will look to team up with Demarcus Lawrence to help improve a league basement pass rush from 2014. The Cowboys also picked up forecasted first round draft pick La’el Collins and resigned superstar Dez Bryant to a long term deal. If the Cowboys defense can stay healthy, and Tony Romo’s back holds up, the Dallas Cowboys have a legitimate shot to make a Super Bowl run in 2015. 2015 might be the Cowboys best shot at a title since Troy Aikman hung up his cleats.

2014 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

The Cowboys are coming off yet another 8-8 season that included one of the worst defenses in NFL history. Even with the poor defense, the Cowboys offense is so good they came within a play or two of making the playoffs and winning the NFC East. Tony Romo was injured in Week 16 and is coming off surgery, but he should be good to go by Week 1. The Cowboys have already been hit by the injury bug this year, seeing a broken foot for 2nd round pick Demarcus Lawrence and losing star linebacker Sean Lee for the season. Lawrence was brought in to alleviate the impact from losing Demarcus Ware, who was released in the offseason. Dez Bryant and Demarco Murray are primed to have big seasons, but it’ll be up to the defense to keep Dallas in games. The Cowboys begin the season with a home game against the 49ers, and will also have early season home contests against the Saints and Texans. A Week 6 game in Seattle will definitely put Romo and the Cowboys offense to the test before getting into divisional play against the Redskins, Eagles and Giants.

2013 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

This year marks the 54th season in the NFL for the Cowboys. The pressure is on Jason Garrett to produce as they have not played in a Super Bowl in 17 years. The firing of Rob Ryan has brought a new defensive coordinator, Monte Kiffin, and new defensive scheme to Dallas. Shifting from the 3-4 under Ryan to the 4-3 will better utilize the defenses speed, talent and give Bruce Carter the room he needs to make an impact this season. The change also shifts DeMarcus Ware into the defensive end position, capping the line and helps better capitalize on his speed and natural ability to contain the offence. This will make for a fast and exciting defensive game and present the opportunity for turnovers, for which Kiffin is known. The end of last season brought Romo a $100 million dollar contract extension, along with the big dollars comes big expectations. The changes will make for a great 2013 season and provide the fans a great show and push toward the playoffs and championship.

2012 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

One again the Cowboys are talented. They have a Pro Bowl quarterback in Tony Romo, future hall of famers in Demarcus Ware and Jason Witted, and young stars in skill positions like Demarco Murray and Dez Bryant – so why can’t they put it all together? Dallas seems to have the weapons leading into the 2012 season, which would lead one to believe this could be their year. They’ll need to get more consistent on the offensive line if they really want to be a consistent team though, and that’s never an easy task. With Tyron Smith moving from right to left tackle and Phil Costa moving into the center position, Jason Garrett is hoping to finally protect Tony Romo and open some consistent running lanes. Romo was on his backside all the time last season, even suffering a punctured lung in San Francisco. The year before, Romo was slammed into the ground, breaking his clavicle. Dallas is hoping some sort of combination of Mackenzy Bernadeau, Nate Livings, Doug Free and Derrick Dockery can hold down the fort on the offensive line long enough for Romo to find some of his explosive playmakers. Rob Ryan’s defense, always stout against the run, went out to look for help against the pass during the offseason – and they found it. Dallas signed FA cornerback Brandon Carr to a $50 million deal, then went ahead and used its first round draft pick on LSU defensive back Morris Claiborne. If those two can solidify the pass defense and Sean Lee can continue his standout play then the Cowboys could be something to fear on the defensive side of the ball. The Cowboys open the season in not-so-friendly confines, traveling northeast to face the Giants four days before the rest of the NFL kicks off. First home game will be two weeks later when the Bucs come to town. Dallas goes through a tough stretch against the Bengals, Steelers and Saints in December before wrapping up the season at FedEx Field against the rival Redskins.

2011 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

The Dallas Cowboys’ 2010 season took a hit as big as the one that broke Tony Romo’s collar bone and ended his year. Enter Jon Kitna, and a 6-10 record and year away from the playoffs. Head coach Jason Garrett will be looking to turn things around in his first full year in charge, and he certainly has the personnel to make a return to bring America's Team back to the postseason. Tony Romo has become one of the more reliable quarterbacks in the NFL, and he will be surrounded by a number of talented play makers this year. Although running back Marion Barber left the team, Felix Jones and Tashard Choice are both solid options. Romo also has a stable of excellent receivers including Dez Bryant, Miles Austin and tight end Jason Witten. While the Cowboys offense sputtered at times in 2010, its defense usually played well and that should be the case once again this year. The strength of the Dallas defense lies in its linebacking corps, which is headlined by Demarcus Ware (who also plays defensive end) and Keith Brooking, who has emerged as the vocal leader of the defense. Veteran Terence Newman will lead the secondary, and Rob Ryan will coordinate the defense with the same tenacity as his brother has in coaching the New York Jets.

2010 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

Given their prominence and lengthy history, the Dallas Cowboys typically have one of the most publicized offseasons. That was not the case this year, but thanks to a good draft and a solid defense, the Cowboys should be top contenders for the Super Bowl in 2010. Prior to last year, one of the biggest knocks on quarterback Tony Romo was that he could not win in the playoffs - but a victory over the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round last season ended that drought. Romo is back along with many of the talented parts of last year's squad including running backs Marion Barber, Felix Jones and Tashard Choice, all of whom can break loose for a long touchdown run. Receivers Miles Austin and Patrick Crayton will provide Romo with reliable targets, and Dallas also added rookie wide receiver Dez Bryant from Oklahoma State, who could be among the most explosive pass catchers in the league. The Cowboys had one of the toughest defenses to run against last year, allowing only 90.5 rushing yards per game. Assuming everyone stays healthy, not much should change this season,comma as linebackers Keith Brooking and Bradie James are two of the best at their position. The secondary is solid as well, as Mike Jenkins and Terence Newman are two reliable cornerbacks.

2009 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

America's Team has a lot of changes in-store for the 2009 season. The Dallas Cowboys are moving into a shiny, new stadium that is sure to be one of the finest professional sports venues in the world. Jerry Jones approved a $1 billion budget for the new Cowboys Stadium, so it will have every conceivable amenity and be a sports palace for fans. On the field Dallas resembles their 2008 team with one notable exception, wide receiver Terrell Owens is no longer a Cowboy. Former Texas Longhorn Roy Williams will need to step up at receiver for Dallas, and if he does the Cowboys will be one of the favorites in the NFC. That is because the Cowboys return-quarterback Tony Romo, running back MBIII and tight end Jason Witten. On defense Dallas looks sharp; Coach Wade Philips only needs to fine-tune to get his D in top-notch form. The Cowboys will be fun to watch in 2009 and if things stack up correctly they might find themselves playing for another ring in February 2010.

2008 Dallas Cowboys Season Preview

Coming off a 13-3 season in 2007, the Dallas Cowboys are looking strong. A disappointing playoff loss is already yesterday's news, and the Cowboys are focusing all their attention on the upcoming season. Returning 13 pro-bowlers, and with the veteran presence of Zach Thomas at linebacker, the Dallas Cowboys are ready to reclaim their offensive standings (3rd in the nation last year). Dallas is going to put together another winning season this year, and you can expect them to win at least 12 games. Look for a division champs repeat, and another playoff appearance. Get out to Dallas and support these guys all the way to the Super Bowl!

Dallas Cowboys News

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Dallas Cowboys - 12/22/2016

Two rookies have been selected for the Pro Bowl for the first time in Cowboys history. Both Dak Prescott and Ezekiel Elliott were selected, as well as three members of the offensive line.

Dallas Cowboys - 12/9/2016

The Dallas Cowboys continue to dominate and have officially clinched their spot in the playoffs and are very close to clinching the NFC East.

Dallas Cowboys - 11/25/2016

The Dallas Cowboys continued their tradition of playing on Thanksgiving Day against the Washington Redskins, and the team was able to set a franchise record for their 10th consecutive win.

Dallas Cowboys - 11/18/2016

The biggest news for the Cowboys and the NFL is that Dak Prescott has officially replaced Tony Romo as the starting quarterback. Romo announced that he would be returning from his injury this week as the backup quarterback.

Dallas Cowboys - 11/7/2016

Dak Prescott continues to prove himself as a worthy starting quarterback, making the decision for the Dallas Cowboys to keep him in the starting position as the team continues to lead in the NFC.

Dallas Cowboys Premium Tickets

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The Dallas Cowboys are one of the top brands in the NFL, and watching the Cowboys play in one of AT&T Stadium’s premium seats is an unforgettable experience. The closest views of the field can be seen from one of the Dallas Cowboys field suites, which are available on both sides of the field. The Hall of Fame Club features some of the best seats in the stadium and sit along the Cowboys and visitors sidelines. Suites are available at Dallas Cowboys games at the Silver, Ring of Honor, and Star levels, which include the highest in comfort and luxury available at AT&T Stadium.

Dallas Cowboys Suites

All Dallas Cowboys suites offer world-class amenities as well as spectacular views of the Cowboys taking on their opponents. There are different levels and kinds of suites, all of which offer private amenities and premium seating that contribute to an unforgettable experience. All Dallas Cowboys suites feature granite countertops, marble floors, a bar, flat screen HDTVs, refrigerator, wi-fi, climate control and private restrooms. Suite holders receive VIP parking passes as well as private entrances, located at the A, E, F and K gates. Suites open two hours before kickoff and guests can stay up to one hour after the game.

Dallas Cowboys Field Level Suites

Field Level suites at AT&T Stadium are located on the field, putting you as close as possible to the all the action. The suites feature standing room access with high top tables as well as access to the Cowboys club level seating. The Field Level suites include access to the Miller Lite Club, where you can watch the team run out to the field before the game.

AT&T Stadium Field Level Suites

Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame Suites

The Hall of Fame Suites are most popular suites at AT&T Stadium and are located above the 100 level seating. Each suite includes access to exclusive stadium clubs and in-suite catering options.

AT&T Stadium Hall of Fame Suites

Dallas Cowboys Silver Level Suites

The silver level suites feature upscale lounges that include interior and exterior seating, a private bathroom and a great view of AT&T Stadium’s jumbo screens.

AT&T Stadium Silver Level Suites

Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor Suites

The Ring of Honor suites fit up to 30 people and feature interior and exterior seating as well as HDTVs, a bar, private restroom, and catering option are available.

AT&T Stadium Ring of Honor Suites
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KAL Calcium+ 1000mg - 100 Softgels
Calcium is intended to provide nutritive support for healthy bones and teeth. Magnesium and Vitamin D are intended to work synergistically with Calcium.
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Rock Legends 1
Now you have you own all start Rock band from the comfort of your own desktop.
Those superb Jam Tracks are suitable for all levels. Rock Legends 1 contain 10 high quality Jam Tracks in the style of you favorite classic Rock bands like Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Rainbow and Toto. All Jam Tracks custom made and are approximately 3-4 minutes long. Covers a variety of scales and tempos (Slow, Mid Tempo, Fast). A PDF. file with detailed charts and all the essential info to solo over those Jam Tracks included. All Jam tracks are in High Quality mp3 format (320kbps). Now is your chance to improve you soloing and be inspired by those superb Jam Tracks.
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