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The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.
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Product name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.
Supreme Ladycase R
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Take your notebook with you in a safe, comfortable and ergonomic way; use one of these specially designed bags or cases!
notebook cases
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only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by Fujitsu: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
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Supreme Ladycase R

Marketing text Fujitsu Supreme Ladycase R

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Elegant design: fine grain leather and stylish contrast stitching; top-load style with zipper closure; fashionable interior lining; padded laptop compartment fits widescreen notebooks with screen sizes up to 15-inch; internal key clip holds your keys in a safe, easy-to-find location; long carrying handles.
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Fujitsu Supreme Ladycase R, Ladies case, Red, Leather, 415 x 335 x 100 mm
Long summary description Fujitsu Supreme Ladycase R:
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Fujitsu Supreme Ladycase R. Maximum screen size compatibility: 38.1 cm (15"), Type: Ladies case, Colour of product: Red. Weight: 950 g. Dimensions (WxDxH): 415 x 335 x 100 mm
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38.1 cm (15")
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Ladies case
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Sunday, July 20, 2008

Hawks Convention Yields News

The Blackhawks are holding a big hockey convention this weekend to, I suppose, intensify the city's interest in the team and the sport. As part of the event, Saturday at noon there was a panel discussing the Winter Classic set for New Year's Day at Wrigley Field. Hawks president John McDonough and defenseman Brian Campbell were on hand along side the NHL's marketing director, Brian Jennings.

According to an email I received summarizing the event, there was a discussion about whether the Blackhawks and Red Wings would be wearing vintage jerseys like the Penguins and Sabres did last season. McDonough said they would be and suggested it may be styled after a 1930s sweater, like the one seen below.

credit: Andrew @

According to this same email, Jennings spoke about the selection process for last year's Winter Classic sweaters. He apparently said the Penguins liked theirs so much they'll be unveiling a similar powder blue design as their third jersey this season. This isn't really news but it's coming straight from the Director of Marketing at the NHL so I felt like it was worth mentioning.

As with anything, I can't vouch for the veracity of this info as it comes by way of a reader email and not any official channels. B But what's the point of lying? Thanks to Brent for the info!

Ksy92003 said...

I normally don't like too many stripes.. and I don't here. There are too many red stripes at the bottom; I could live with one red/white/red stripe. But this is just too excessive. Although I'm glad it'd only be a one-and-done.

I do like the stripes trailing behind the crest though. Very Montreal Canadien-ish. I don't like other teams borrowing elements from other team's jerseys, but I could see that working for the Hawks if they went to that circular logo on their jersey (not full-time though, again just something I'd like to see once or twice so as not to make it too boring to see all the time).

Yksi said...

I was at the convention this weekend and I was at the Winter Classic panel and I can vouch for this info. John McDonough, Blackhawks Team President and the NHL exec (i've since forgotten his name), but they confirmed that the Hawks would wear a retro sweater just for the Winter Classic and would most likely be styled after the 1930s sweater.

Hockey Week said...

Ksy, you don't understand, that WAS the style in that era. much like vertical stripes is the (rbk-forced) style now.

for some great examples: seattle metropolitans (PCHL)

toronto maple leafs

(original) ottawa senators

new york americans

and of course, that very blackhawks sweater

stripes were just THE thing then, in a rugby-esque style. I'm glad to see this back, and i hope they do it as edge-free as possible. my question is what will detroit wear?

as for the penguins, that describes the third jersey that was prepared, but never released for the 2003-04 season.

the article describes a powder blue jersey with circular crest and lace-up collar as we saw at the winter classic, but says with stripes similar to the 67 jerseys, which would be these

fascinating, no?

Matthew said...

Check out the jerseys from the 1935-36 season. Those sweaters would be perfect, both are distinct from what the teams wear now, and they go easy on the crazy stripes.

Ogre said...

I love the crazy stripes in every way. I'll buy that jersey, even as a Caps fan, if it's released. I'll probably do Lang or a Bondra though :D said...

These stripes aren't "crazy", however much we love them and call them that for all the right reasons. As some one one noted above with an incredible amount of visual examples, these stripes were the norm back in the day.

I think these stripes betrays hockey's roots as a game first organized within athletic clubs. The striped sweaters are reminiscent of rugby and soccer club shirts. The most obvious example of this would be the Sens' original shirt. All one needs to do is put a collar on their old bold stripes and you could be a rugger.

No shirt is going to win over every fan (I'm a critic of most items we see on this site, for example). But if an established team like CHI is going to mess around a great logo, sweater, and brand, they need to do it in a manner that doesn't dilute their brand at all. Buffalo can switch to the slug, for instance, because their brand is worthless compared to an O6 team. Chicago's move to an vintage shirt for their alternate, just like other 06 teams, not only brings change, but also reinforces their brand by working on nostalgia. Hats off to them.

(Compare this to the Leafs' shoulder stripe, or NYR's own shoulder stripe through the 1970s and 80s. Very few people want these O6 teams to return to that era. These teams try to replicate something for the early years of the NHL for a reason. Few of us were actually around in 1932; but we all long for it anyway.)

(and really, it could be a flying duck, so it's all good in the end.)

blackhawks198821 said...

bondra isnt even on the hawks anymore

carpandean said...

I like the '35-'36 jersey, but this one definitely says vintage/way-old-school more. Unfortunately, unless you go back to the Detroit Falcons uniforms, you won't get anything distinct for the Redwings. Of course, since the new owners (back then) switched the name due to poor performance -- kind of a change-your-luck type move -- I doubt they will go back to those.

Ogre said...

@blackhawks - Don't really care. He finished his career there, no? And I never really got that much behind Lang. It's hard to come up with players who I really like who were also Hawks, and so I named the first two I could think of.

blackhawks198821 said...

just making sure you knew, what about toews and kane

bats6810 said...

i just hope the pens' new thirds keep the yellow in the triangle of the logo instead of "modernizing" it with the vegas gold.

Matthew said...

"you won't get anything distinct for the Redwings. "

The logo from the 36 jersey looks considerably different to what it does now, to say nothing of the omission of the red sleeves. There have also been years when the winged wheel's colours were reversed.

Matthew said...

"these stripes were the norm back in the day."

Anti-Semitism was 'the norm back in the day', should we revive that for the vintage factor? Not everything that's 'old' is 'good'.

Alexander said...

Matthew... you said:
"these stripes were the norm back in the day."

Anti-Semitism was 'the norm back in the day', should we revive that for the vintage factor? Not everything that's 'old' is 'good'.

I say: RELAX! Liitle harsh and irrelevant with your analogy. Speaking of what we should and should not do... how about pick apart and whine about something you have no control over... like what friggin jersey a team is going to wear. LOL

Pascal said...

This is why Gary Bettman is still commissioner, because isn't dead yet.

Pascal said...

oops, hockey isn't dead yetd

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text:
Amongst My Enemies by William F. Brown

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Inside an old German U-Boat rusting on the bottom of the Baltic are millions in gold bars, stolen art, and a secret that could tear NATO apart. In this military political action thriller, the only one who knows the truth is Mike Randall, a battle-scarred American who survived four months in the frozen Hell of northern Germany at the end of the war. When he does speak up, he puts a target on his own forehead, one which the Russians, the West Germans, the U-boat’s former owners, the Israeli Mossad, and even his own government quickly take aim at. In this mystery and suspense thriller, some want the gold, some want Randall dead, and some want proof that there is a high-ranking spy inside NATO itself. Randall’s wants are much simpler in this sea adventure. Caught between the Kremlin, spies, killers, and a new, deadly, 4th Reich, he wants his revenge and to satisfy some old debts with a steel-jacketed bullet.

A fast-moving action adventure, Amongst My Enemies is historical fiction and a Cold War spy thriller from the author of The Undertaker, Thursday at Noon, and Winner Lose All.

About William F. Brown

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Published December 17, 2013 362 pages
Genres: History, Action & Adventure, War, Literature & Fiction, Mystery, Thriller & Suspense, Crime, Romance. Fiction

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Mike Randall is an American pilot shot down during World War II over Northern Germany, treated mercilessly as a German POW to do labor in conditions where one wondered whether one would freeze or starve to death first.

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The Remarkable Millard Fillmore by George Pendle
The Unbelievable Life of a Forgotten President

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Millard Fillmore has been mocked, maligned, or, most cruelly of all, ignored by generations of historians--but no more! This unbelievable new biography finally rescues the unlucky thirteenth U.S. president from the dustbin of history and shows why a man known as a blundering, arrogant, shallow, miserable failure was really our greatest leader.

In the first fully researched portrait of Fillmore ever written, the reader can finally come face-to-face with a misunderstood genius. By meticulously extrapolating outrageous conclusions from the most banal and inconclusive of facts, The Remarkable Millard Fillmore reveals the adventures of an unjustly forgotten president. He fought at the Battle of the Alamo! He shepherded slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad! He discovered gold in California! He wrestled with the emperor of Japan! It is a list of achievements that puts those of Washington and Lincoln completely in the shade.

Refusing to be held back by established history or recorded fact, here George Pendle paints an extraordinary portrait of an ordinary man and restores the sparkle to an unfairly tarnished reputation.

From the Trade Paperback edition.

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George Pendle is the author of Strange Angel. He has written for The Times, The Sunday Times, the Financial Times, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. He lives in New York City.From the Trade Paperback edition.
Published April 10, 2007 by Crown Archetype. 272 pages
Genres: Biographies & Memoirs, History, Political & Social Sciences, Humor & Entertainment. Non-fiction

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According to this less-than-authoritative history, there was once an American president named Millard Fillmore.

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Using diaries of Millard Fillmore that supposedly were just found, George Pendle reimagines our 13th president as a latter-day Forrest Gump: In The Remarkable Millard Fillmore, the subject of Pendle's faux biography befriends a young, suicidal Edgar Allan Poe and accompanies Abe Lincoln to Ford...

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text:
Faculty Profiles

IFIM Business School

Dr. Sridevi V.

Dr. Sridevi V.
Dean – Academics

Educational Qualification:
Ph. D.

Subject Taught:
Corporate Finance
Financial Markets
Business Valuation

Research Interest / Consulting Area:
Capital Markets

Academic Work experience:
16 years of teaching, research and training

Corporate work experience:
Corporate trainer

Also teaches/taught at:
Executive Education Program at XIME,
Osmania University, Aurora P.G College

Books and Research papers published :

  • Paper on Online trading in India: Origin and Growth” at a UGC sponsored National Seminar held at “Aligarh Muslim University”, December (2001).
  • Paper on “E-Commerce in India- Need for a Comprehensive Security Policy” at a UGC Sponsored National Seminar held at Sardar Patel College, Secunderabad. August (2002). (Paper had been published and was declared as the best paper).
  • Paper on “The impact of recent trends on Equity Culture in India” at a UGC sponsored National Seminar held at Arts College, Warangal. March 18-19, (2005).
  • A Paper on “Micro finance in India : Role of Commercial banks” at a UGC sponsored National Seminar held at Dept of Commerce, Osmania University, March 29th, (2005).
  • Case study on ‘Operational efficiency through multisourcing: A case study on low cost locations”, published in FOCUS April 2007.
  • An article on “Impact of Consolidation in Indian Aviation Industry- a preliminary study” published in FOCUS October 2007.
  • Co-authored a paper on “Offshore Outsourcing, issues and trends-application of AHP”, presented in an international conference held at IMT Ghaziabad, jan2-4, 2008.
  • Co-authored profile study of “Mr.Subhashish Chakraborthy, CMD, DTDC”, published in FOCUS May 2008.
  • Co-authored a research paper on “Strategic analysis of Indian Aviation Industry” . The paper has been accepted by Decision Sciences Institute and won the distinguished paper award at the conference held at Maryland, U.S.A on Nov 22-23, 2008.
  • Co-authored a research paper on “an analytical framework of Fraud in Indian business”, presented at International conference on decision sciences, ASCI-IIT Mumbai conference, December 28th, and 29th, 2009 and won second prize for the same.
  • Article on “A study on select fraud cases in India” , published in “Pratidhwani”, A biannual journal from Indian Institute of Management training,Pune, TM-PRN No.1911266/67, Vol-01,January-June2010.

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20 years of leadership development

The journey of IFIM Institutions


text:
Open Access

Screen time use in children under 3 years old: a systematic review of correlates

  • Helena Duch1Email author,
  • Elisa M Fisher1,
  • Ipek Ensari2 and
  • Alison Harrington1
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity201310:102

DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-102

Received: 5 September 2012

Accepted: 16 August 2013

Published: 23 August 2013

A large percentage (68%) of children under age 3 use screen media, such as television, DVDs and video games, on a daily basis. Research suggests that increased screen time in young children is linked to negative health outcomes, including increased BMI, decreased cognitive and language development and reduced academic success. Reviews on correlates of screen time for young children have included preschool age children and children up to age 7; however, none have focused specifically on correlates among infants and toddlers. As research suggests that screen media use increases with age, examining correlates of early media exposure is essential to reducing exposure later in life. Thus, this paper systemically reviews literature published between January 1999 and January 2013 on correlates of screen time among children between 0 and 36 months of age.

Two methods were used to conduct this review: (1) Computerized searches of databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline); and (2) Reference sections of existing reviews and primary studies. Inclusion criteria were: (1) The article included separate data for children 36 months and younger, (2) English language, (3) peer reviewed article, (4) analysis reported for screen viewing as a dependent variable, (5) original research article and, (6) examined correlates or associations between screen time and other demographic, contextual or behavioral variables. Articles were compiled between 2011 and 2013 and evaluation occurred in 2012 and 2013.

The literature search identified 29 studies that met inclusion criteria. These studies investigated a total of 33 potential correlates, which were examined in this review. Findings suggest demographic variables most commonly correlated with high screen time among infants and toddlers are child’s age (older) and race/ethnicity (minority). Child BMI, maternal distress/depression, television viewing time of the mother and cognitive stimulation in the home environment were also associated with screen media use. Studies reported that child sex, first born status, paternal education, non-English speaking family, two-parent household, number of children in the home and non-parental childcare were not associated with screen time among children aged 0–36 months. Associations were unclear (fewer than 60% of studies report an association) for maternal age, maternal education and household income. The remaining correlates were investigated in fewer than three studies and thus not coded for an association.

The correlates identified in this study point to avenues for intervention to reduce screen time use in young children. However, further research is necessary to explore a number of environmental, socio-cultural and behavioral correlates that are under-examined in this population and may further inform prevention and intervention strategies.

Infants Toddlers Screen time Television Sedentary behavior Correlates Children Review

Television, DVDs and other forms of screen media are common pastimes among young children in the United States. Despite the fact that the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents avoid exposing children 2 and under to screen media, a nationally representative survey found that 68% of children under the age of 2 use screen media in a typical day, and that average screen time was 2.05 hours per day [1]. In addition, children may be exposed to more time in front of the television in daycare (an additional hour per day) and home-based childcare settings [2].

Children from lower socio-economic backgrounds may experience disproportionately high rates of screen media time. A study of young children participating in the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program in New York State found that 82% of one year-olds and 95% of two year-olds watched television and videos on a typical weekday [3]. The average amount of screen time increased with age. One year-olds spent an average of 10 hours per week watching TV/videos, while two year-olds spent approximately 15 hours per week watching TV/videos [3]. Additionally, of the total sample of 2 year-olds in this study, 43% watched more than 2 hours in a typical weekday. Other studies demonstrate that greater television watching in early childhood predicts increased television watching later in childhood [4].

Screen time use may have detrimental effects on children’s health and development [515]. Studies of young children report associations between screen time and cognitive development outcomes, such as short-term memory skills, academic achievement in reading and math, and language development [5, 11, 14]. High levels of screen time in early childhood also appear to negatively impact academic and social outcomes in the long-term [9]. Furthermore, while evidence for an association between screen time and BMI among preschool children was inconclusive [16], several studies have reported positive associations later in childhood [3, 6, 17, 18]. Even background television exposure has been shown to impact development by reducing the amount and quality of interactions between parents and children [1922]. Beyond the amount of screen time, the content of media exposure is associated with children’s developmental outcomes [5, 11, 23].

Excessive screen time has proven to be an unhealthy habit that begins to develop in early childhood [4]. However, little is known about correlates of screen media use for children under 3. Previous reviews aggregated these correlates with data from children older than 3 [16, 24], but developmental differences in the infant/toddler years versus later childhood years make it important to examine this youngest age group separately. Infants and toddlers largely depend on their parents for accessing media and alternate activities, in contrast to older children who can more easily express activity preferences and make decisions about their daily activities. Understanding correlates for this age group will help inform clinical and educational practices in the development of early interventions to prevent excessive screen time and potentially the adverse health and developmental outcomes associated with it, particularly among high-risk groups.

Using a bioecological theoretical framework [25], this paper summarizes the literature examining correlates of screen media use in children 36 months of age and younger, with an emphasis on parental and home-based characteristics. Bioecological theory posits that child development is influenced by different environmental systems from the most proximal, including the biological make-up of the child, to the family, school, community and culture [25]. We use this framework to examine the influence of correlates of screen time at different environmental levels.

A systematic review of the literature was conducted of articles published from January 1990 to January 31, 2013. Keywords included in the search were: early childhood, infant, toddler, television viewing, sedentary behavior, physical activity, screen media, correlates, inactivity, television, TV, video, computer, videogames. More specifically, the terms “early childhood”, “infant”, and “toddler” were individually searched in conjunction with each of the following items: “television viewing”, “sedentary behavior”, “physical activity”, “screen media”, “inactivity”, “television”, “TV”, “video”, “computer”, and “videogames”. The term “correlates” was added to these paired searches. Two methods were used to conduct the review: (1) computerized searches of the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, ERIC, Medline and (2) reference sections of existing reviews and primary studies were scanned for additional articles meeting criteria. Inclusion criteria were: (1) The article included separate data for children 36 months and younger, (2) English language, (3) peer reviewed article, (4) analysis reported for screen viewing as a dependent variable, (5) original research article and, (6) examined correlates or associations between screen time and other demographic, contextual or behavioral variables. Although the majority of articles used a measure of television viewing as screen time, we also included articles that measured computer use (the use of a computer for purposes other than playing videogames) and videogames (in the computer or other handheld device) as separate or aggregated measures of screen time.

After removing all duplicates, two independent reviewers screened all articles and filled out an inclusion/exclusion criteria table. When a disparity was identified, a third reviewer screened the article. Each article included in the review was summarized in a table including basic study characteristics (sample, methods, outcomes) and major findings. This table was further summarized to include a list of identified correlates by study and the direction of coded associations.

Risk of bias assessment

A modified version of the Downs and Black [26] checklist was used to assess risk of bias in the studies included in this review. The checklist consists of 27 items, 10 of which (1–3, 6, 7, 10–12, 18, and 20) were relevant to the studies included in this review, resulting in a maximum possible count of 10 points (higher scores indicate superior quality). The risk of bias assessment was carried out by two independent assessors; when disagreements occurred, consensus was achieved through discussion.

Coding of variables

The coding of variables followed the model used in previous reviews by Sallis et al. [27] Hinkley et al. [16], and Hoyos et al. [24] in which the association between a correlate and screen viewing was determined by dividing the number of associations supporting a relationship by the total number of studies that examined the variable. Findings were coded as positive (+), negative (−), or as non-associations (NA) when studies reported that no association was found between the variable and screen time. As the model suggests, we focused solely on consistency of associations and not on the strength of these associations [24]. Following the model of Hoyos et al., associations were coded as strong (S) when 75-100% of studies reported the given association (or non-association), moderate (M) for 60-74% of studies, and unclear (U) when fewer than 60% of studies supported the given association or non-association [24]. Consistent with previous reviews in this area, the associations were only reported on variables that were studied on three or more occasions [24, 27]. For variables studied on fewer than three occasions, the association was identified as Inconclusive (IN) See Table 1.
Table 1

Rules for classifying associations between variables and screen media exposure

Association codes

Meaning of code

% of studies examining variable needed to draw conclusion

Positive association

60% or greater

Negative association

60% or greater

No association

60% or greater

Unclear association

Less than 60%

Consistency codes

Strong consistency

70-100% of studies examining given variable support one association

Moderate consistency

60-70% of studies support one association

Fewer than 3 studies examined variable, no conclusions can be drawn

* = 4 or more studies support the given association/non-association.

Study characteristics

The PRISMA statement [28] flow chart was used to track inclusion/exclusion of articles. One hundred and eight articles were identified after removing duplicates. Seventy-nine were excluded because: a) they did not meet the age criteria or did not report age separately (n = 15); b) they were a review paper or commentary (n = 18); c) they did not report on correlates of screen time (n = 40); or d) the article came from a non-peer reviewed source (n = 6). In total, 29 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the quantitative review [3, 4, 8, 10, 1215, 17, 23, 2947] (See Figure 1).
Figure 1

PRISMA flow chart.

From the 29 studies included, 34% (n = 10) were published between 1999-2005 [3, 4, 10, 13, 14, 23, 29, 33],[35, 47] and 66% (n = 19) between 2006–2013 [5, 8, 12, 15, 17, 30, 32, 34],[3646]. Sixty-two percent (n = 18) of studies were cross-sectional [3, 10, 13, 15, 17, 2931, 33, 34],[36, 37, 3941, 4547], 17% (n = 5) were longitudinal [23, 32, 4244], 17% (n = 5) included both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses [4, 12, 14, 35, 38], and 3% (n = 1) were randomized controlled trials [8]. The majority of studies (83%, n = 24), relied on parental report via interview or survey as a measure of screen media use [3, 4, 10, 1215, 17, 29, 30, 3234],[36, 3847], while 17% (n = 5) [8, 23, 31, 35, 37] of studies utilized verbal or written time use diaries to assess total screen time. Eighty-six percent of studies (n = 25) were conducted with US samples [3, 4, 8, 10, 1215, 17, 23, 2931],[3335, 37, 38, 40, 41, 4347], 7% (n = 2) with European samples (Greece) [36, 39] and 7% (n = 2) with Asian samples (Japan and Thailand) [32, 42]. Of the studies conducted in the United States, 40% (n = 10) included nationally represented samples [4, 10, 13, 14, 17, 29, 37, 4547]. Sample size of 0–36 month-olds disaggregated from other ages varied: 14% (n = 4) of studies had a sample size between 1 and 99, [12, 23, 30, 40] 41% (n = 12) had sample sizes between 100–999 participants [8, 13, 3136, 4244, 46], 28% (n = 8) between 1000–1999 participants [3, 14, 15, 17, 29, 37, 38, 45], and 17% (n = 5) with sample sizes of over 2000 participants [4, 10, 39, 41, 47]. Two studies reported only total sample size, which included children above 36 months of age and offered between group comparisons between 0–36 month-old children and older children, with age being the only correlate reported. All articles included television viewing as a measure of screen time. Forty-one percent (n = 12) included only television [4, 10, 14, 23, 30, 32, 34, 35],[37, 42, 44, 47],, while 62% (n = 17) included television and videos/DVDs [3, 12, 13, 15, 17, 29, 31, 33],[36, 3841, 43, 45, 46, 48], of which 29% (n = 5) also other forms of electronic media, such as computer games, e-books and videogames [8, 12, 13, 29, 46]. Only one study (3%) reported reliability data for their screen time measure [34]. Another study reported pilot-testing but not validating questions [3].

Correlates of screen time for children under 3 years

Table 2 presents a summary of all correlates studied and their association with screen media use. Results are presented using a bio-ecological framework, from the most proximal environmental influences to the most distant [25].
Table 2

Summary of correlates

Variable type

Positive association

Negative association

No association

Association (% of studies examining variable that support association)

Consistency strength

Child biological and demographic factors

[3, 4, 12, 14, 35, 36, 38, 43],[46]

NA (9/10 = 90%)

Child’s age

[3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 23],[29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43]

[12, 31]

(+) (15/17 = 88%)

Ethnicity/race (non-caucasian)

[3, 4, 8, 15, 17]b[34, 43, 47],

[14, 46]

(+) (8/11 = 73%)

First born

[4, 12, 36]

NA (3/3 = 100%)

[3, 36, 38, 43]

(+) (4/4 100%)

Family biological/demographic factors

Maternal age

[33, 38, 40]

[12, 14, 34, 44]

U (4/7 = 57%)

Maternal education

[4, 34, 36, 38, 43]

[3, 12, 13, 15, 31, 44, 46]

U (7/12 = 58%)

Paternal education

[4, 14]

NA (2/3 = 67%)

Parental education (data not disaggregated)

Maternal employment (employed)

[4, 14, 34, 36, 44, 46]

NA (6/6 = 100%

Paternal employment (employed)

Household income

[17, 30, 32, 33, 43]

[4, 14, 15, 31, 46]

U (5/10 = 50%)

Maternal BMI (Obese)

Language (non-english speaking)

[12, 14, 43]

NA (3/4 = 75%)

Mother non-US born

Family structure variables

Two parent household

[12, 15, 43, 44, 46]

NA (5/6 = 83%)

Number of children in home

[14, 36, 43]

NA (3/4 = 75%)

Sociocultural/environmental factors

Cognitive stimulation at home (as measured by HOME or StimQ)

[8, 38]

(−) (2/3 = 67%)

Distressed/depressed mother

[30, 34, 38, 41, 45]

[4, 43, 44]

(+) (5/8 = 63%)

Non-parental child care

[12, 14, 15, 38]

NA (4/5 = 80%)

Lives in urban area

Season (winter)

Television in bedroom

[3, 46]

Parent belief child enjoys TV

[33, 40]

Parent belief in educational value of TV

[33, 46]

Heavy TV use in the home (includes background television)

Shorter breastfeeding

TV viewing time of father

TV viewing time of mother

[36, 43, 44]

(+) 3/3 = 100%

Time/content restrictions

Behavioral factors

Daily sleep duration of child

Infant crying duration

Onset age of watching TV

a = background television; b = for children 12–23 months of English-speaking Latino mothers only, c = for children 24–35 months of Spanish-speaking, Latino mothers only, d = association only for 2 or more siblings; e = for infants 0–11 months, f = at 33 months only; g = at 21 months only; h = weekends only.

(+) = positive association.

(−) = negative association.

NA = studies consistently report no association.

U = Unclear association (fewer than 60% of studies support any association or non-association).

(S) = Strong consistency (70-100% of studies support the reported association or non-association).

(M) = Moderate consistency (60-70% of studies support the reported association or non-association).

* = 4 or more studies support the given association/non-association.

IN = inconclusive (variable not studied on 3 or more occasions).

(Dennison et al., [3]), (Certain & Khan, [4]), (Mendolsohn et al., [8]), (Thompson & Christakis, [10]),(Tomopoulos et al., [11]), (Tomopoulos et al., [12]), (Vandewater et al., [13]), (Zimmerman & Christakis, [14]), (Zimmerman et al., [15]), (Thompson et al., [17]), (Linebarger, & Walker, [23]), (Anand & Krosnick, 2005[29]), (Bank et al., [30]), (Barr, et al., [31]), (Cheng, et al., [32]), (Dalzell, et al., [33]), (Horodynski et al., [34]), (Huston, et al., [35]), (Kourlaba et al., [36]), (LaPierre et al., [37]), (Lumeng et al., [38]), (Masur & Flynn, [40]), (McLearn et al., [41]), (Ruangdaraganon et al., [42]), (Schmit et al., [43]), (Thompson et al., [44]), (Thompson & Christakis, [45]), (Vandewater et al., [46]), (Flores et al., [47]).

Child biological and demographic factors

Positive associations were identified in studies reporting a relationship between screen time and child’s age. Among the 17 studies that included age as a correlate, the majority (15 positive associations/17, 88%) report that older children watched more television than younger children [3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 23],[29, 33, 36, 39, 40, 42, 43]. A positive association was also consistently found between screen media exposure and membership in a racial/ethnic minority group (8 positive associations/11, 73%) [3, 4, 15, 17, 34, 43, 47, 48] and child body mass index (BMI) (4 positive associations/4, 100%) [3, 36, 38, 43]. Studies consistently reported no association between screen time and child’s sex (9 no associations/10, 90%) [3, 4, 12, 14, 35, 36, 38, 43],[46] or first-born status (3 no associations/3, 100%) [4, 12, 36] (See Table 2).

Family biological and demographic factors

No association was identified between screen time and maternal employment (6 no associations/6, 100%) [4, 14, 34, 36, 44, 46], family’s native language (non-English speaking) (3 no associations/4, 75%) [12, 14, 43] or paternal education (2 no associations/3, 67%) [4, 14]. Associations are unclear between screen time and maternal age (4 no associations/7, 57%) [12, 14, 34, 44], maternal education (7 no associations/12, 58%) [3, 12, 13, 15, 31, 44, 46] and household income (5 no associations/10, 50%) [4, 14, 15, 31, 46]. Other correlates, such as maternal BMI, paternal employment and maternal country of origin, were examined in fewer than 3 studies and associations cannot be reported.

Family structure factors

The number of children in a home (3 no associations/4, 75%) and living in a two-parent household (5 no associations/6, 83%) [12, 15, 43, 44, 46] were not associated with screen media exposure in children under 36 months.

Behavioral factors

The time a mother spends watching television was positively associated with the child’s viewing time (3 positive associations/3, 100%) [36, 43, 44]. All other behavioral correlates (sleep duration of the child, infant crying duration, onset age of watching TV, TV viewing of father, and time/content restrictions on screen media) were examined in fewer than 3 studies and remain inconclusive.

Sociocultural/environmental factors

Increased access to cognitive stimulation in the home (as measured by either the StimQ [8] or the HOME [49]) was negatively associated with screen media exposure among children 0–36 months (2 negative associations/3, 67%) [8, 38]. The HOME and the Stim Q measure the quality and quantity of stimulation and support available to a child in the home environment (e.g. availability of educational toys, time parent spends reading, etc.). Maternal distress/depression was examined in 8 studies using well characterized measures [the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) [4, 30, 34, 38, 41, 44], the Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale [43] or the Mental Health Inventory 5 (MHI-5) [45]] and was positively associated with screen time (5 positive associations/8, 63%) [30, 34, 38, 41, 45].

No association was found between screen time and child participation in non-parental child care, such as day care or Early Head Start (4 no associations/5, 80%) [12, 14, 15, 38]. Of the other 6 sociocultural/environmental variables explored by at least one study, none were examined with enough frequency to draw conclusions. These included living in an urban environment, seasonality, having a television in the child’s bedroom, heavy television use in the household and parental beliefs regarding the value and enjoyment of television for their children.

This review summarizes literature related to correlates of screen media use in children age birth to 36 months. Two previous reviews focused on screen time correlates for young children: one specifically focused on preschool-aged children [16] and the other on children under age 7 [24]. Neither disaggregated data for infants and toddlers. Our findings share consistencies with these reviews but discrepancies are clear. Consistent with Hinkley [16], our review of correlates to screen viewing for children under 36 months identified no association between child’s sex, the presence of siblings and screen time, and an unclear association with regard to maternal education. Discrepant with Hinkley et al. [16], our review identified an association between child age, child body mass index, race/ethnicity (minority) and screen time among infants and toddlers.

Our results more consistently matched those of Hoyos and colleagues’ [24] likely because infants and toddlers were included in their review whereas Hinkley’s [16] data focused solely on preschoolers. Consistent with Hoyos et al. [24], our review identified positive associations in the demographic and anthropomorphic variables above mentioned, as well as inconclusive associations with family origin. However, discrepant from their review, neither family structure variable (two parent household and number of children in the home) was associated with screen viewing for infants and toddlers.

Three variables (maternal age, maternal education and household income) yielded unclear associations as studies were split between a negative association and no association. A lack of consistent comparison groups (i.e. heterogeneous versus homogeneous samples) for these variables may account for these results. Furthermore, the lack of uniformly defined variables and cut points to examine the impact of these variables on screen time may have contributed to inconsistencies.

Maternal employment (employed), two-parent household, number of children in the home and non-parental childcare were consistently not associated with screen time use in infants and toddlers. Similarly, Hinkley et al [16] identified no association between parental employment, the presence of siblings and screen time for preschool children. This finding contradicts the hypothesis that caregivers’ work schedules and lack of childcare significantly contribute to the increased use of screen media in children and warrants further investigation to explore the role of family structure and childcare in facilitating or hindering the use of media in young children.

Maternal distress/depression was moderately positively associated with screen time. Most studies used the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), a well-characterized measure of depression risk in the general population. The children in these studies ranged from 3 to 33 months with no clear pattern to differentiate between those studies that identified an association from those that did not. Thus, further exploration of maternal depression, with careful consideration to children’s age, timing of depression measurements and consistency of covariates, is warranted. In addition, the mechanisms by which maternal depression may impact screen time are largely unknown and should be further explored.

A moderate inverse association was found between screen time and cognitive stimulation in the home (as measured by HOME/StimQ). Cognitive stimulation includes a variety of activities and materials that require parent support and engagement, often used as a proxy for parenting support and stimulation to the child [8, 49]. Certain and colleagues [4] found that cognitive stimulation, as measured by the HOME short form, was inversely associated with screen time for older toddlers (24–35 months) in bivariate analysis but positively correlated with screen time for younger infants (0–11 months) in multi-variable analysis. The authors hypothesized that parental beliefs about the positive impact of TV on their children’s language may account for this finding. Two studies in our review support this hypothesis, having both found a positive association with parental beliefs in the educational value of screen media, [33, 46] despite the lack of conclusive evidence in this area.

The other two studies that examined cognitive stimulation in the home found that diminished cognitive stimulation was associated with increased screen media use. Similarly, Mistry et al. [50] conducted a study with preschoolers and found that high screen media use was associated with low levels of stimulation in the home and with low parental involvement [50]. Randomized control trials conducted by Mendelsohn et al. [8], and Dennison et al. [51] support the finding that parent–child interactions and parental stimulation in the home play a role in young children’s screen time exposure. Both studies examined interventions aimed towards increasing parent–child interaction and stimulation and reported significantly reduced screen time among the intervention group compared to a control group [8].

While some studies reported data separately for infants and toddlers, this was not consistently done, making it difficult to separate correlates for the two age groups. There are vast developmental differences between the infant and toddler years and the AAP recommendations set different guidelines for each age group. Thus identified correlates may also vary at different ages. For example, LaPierre and colleagues found that children aged 8–24 months are exposed to more background television than older children [37], while our review reports that older children consistently watch or are intentionally exposed to more overall television.

Similarly, while all studies examined television as screen time, only five studies examined videogames and computer games. Therefore, we were not able to report separate results for different kinds of media. Though new technologies and media use are prevalent at younger ages, we hypothesize that different age groups are more likely to access different types of media (e.g. a baby is more likely to be placed in front of a television or DVD while a toddler may interact more actively with a videogame), and correlates may not be equally supported in each age group.

Research has consistently identified the content of media use to be an essential factor to consider in the study of children’s screen time [5, 11, 23]. However, we did not have enough information in this review to examine how media content is associated with media use in young children.

Over half of the studies (62%) included in this review were cross-sectional making it difficult to establish casual relationships between correlates and screen time. Of the remaining studies, many of the findings limited to infants and toddlers were found only in cross-sectional analyses, further limiting inference on causal conclusions. Additionally, over 50% of studies have samples >1000 subjects, allowing possibly trivial variables to appear statistically significant when they may be inconsequential.

Heavy reliance on parental report as a measure of screen time is a major limitation of the literature due to the risk of recall and social desirability biases. Most studies (83%) used parental report as a measure of screen time use; only one used a scale that had validated television use via observation [34]. While some studies attempted to control for bias by using verbal or written screen time diaries, others simply asked parents to report on children’s screen time in a typical day, resulting in extreme variation within the screen time exposure construct. Such variation likely explains some of the inconsistencies in our results.

Consistent with previous reviews [16, 24], this study does not report on the variables’ effect sizes but only on the consistency of the association between a variable and screen/media use in the review of the literature.

Future directions

Research is needed to develop objective measures for screen media use in young children and to establish the reliability and validity of these measures. Some physical activity measures, like the Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children’s Health (BEACHES) [52] and the Observation System for Recording Physical Activity in Children home version (OSRAC-H) [53] include observational time samples of children’s media use. However, these instruments have not been validated for use with infants and toddlers.

Further research is also necessary to distinguish between correlates for infants (under 12 months) and toddlers, as well as different kinds of media (TV, DVD, videogames, computer games) and media content. This will help identify distinct age, content and media type correlates that could guide intervention.

Several correlates in this review had unclear associations with screen time (e.g. maternal age, maternal education, household income). Further research should focus on clearly defining these constructs and exploring their relationship to screen time use. Other correlates such as maternal depression and cognitive stimulation in the home, were only moderately associated with screen time. These modifiable correlates should be further studied to elucidate their role and the mechanisms by which they may impact young children’s screen habits.

Similarly, a series of behavioral and environmental factors, such as daily sleep duration, infant crying duration, breastfeeding duration, TV time and content restrictions, were studied in fewer than three occasions but point to other modifiable constructs that may provide additional opportunities for intervention.

Finally, there are a number of large longitudinal datasets that include information on screen time use for young children. Studies that compare data from different datasets with well-defined and comparable populations, outcomes, predictors and covariates can help clarify some of the inconsistencies identified in the literature and significantly inform the design of interventions to reduce screen media use in infants and toddlers. Interventions well-grounded in research evidence may have a lasting impact in the screen time habits of the youngest children.

This review identifies demographic, environmental, socio-cultural and behavioral correlates to screen time use in infants and toddlers. These correlates can help target at risk groups and provide insight into the design of prevention and intervention strategies to reduce screen time use in young children. The review also identifies significant areas for further research, particularly in the development and use of reliable measures of screen time and design of studies with well-defined, comparable variables that can help unpack inconsistencies in the existing literature.

The authors would like to acknowledge the Hilliard and Gloria Farber Foundation for their support of the primary author's time in this manuscript.

Authors’ Affiliations

Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health
University of Illinois - Champaign Urbana

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People v. Martin

MAY 25, 1967.

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, Criminal Division; the Hon. RICHARD A. HAREWOOD, Judge, presiding. Reversed and remanded.

The defendant, John Martin, was indicted for the crime of unlawful possession of narcotic drugs. Appearing pro se, he was tried by a jury, found guilty, and was sentenced to serve a term of two to three years in the penitentiary.

Although several contentions are made in behalf of the defendant in this appeal the principal one, and the only meritorious one in our opinion, is that he was prevented from adequately preparing and presenting his defense because the trial court would not permit him to communicate with anyone during his trial.

The defendant and Perry Williams were riding in a car driven by the defendant and were stopped for running a red light in the City of Chicago. One of the arresting officers observed Williams throw a cigarette package out of the car window. This package was retrieved and the officers noticed that it contained hand-rolled cigarettes composed of crushed green leaves. The occupants were questioned about the package, but both denied knowledge of it. The car was then searched and green leaves, later identified as marijuana, were found in the car. The defendant testified that the car was searched three times before the leaves were found and that the officers did not have permission to search the car.

At his arraignment the public defender was appointed to represent the defendant. After the arraignment the defendant told the court that he did not wish to be represented by the public defender and requested another attorney. His request was granted. A motion to suppress was made by his new counsel and, after a hearing, was denied. The defendant then moved that he be allowed to appear pro se during the rest of the trial. This motion was allowed and the attorney was granted leave to withdraw from the case.

The defendant participated in the examination of prospective jurors and exercised his challenges. In the midst of the examination, but out of the presence of the jurors, the prosecutor protested that an attorney was sitting in the courtroom with the defendant's mother. He argued that it was only fair that, if the attorney intended to aid the defendant, he should file an appearance and take his place at the counsel table. In reply to this suggestion the defendant stated: "Well, I am not getting assistance from anyone." The prosecutor insisted that if the attorney intended to help the defendant he should be required to file an appearance. The trial judge stated that he saw no reason why the attorney should not be allowed to remain in the courtroom unless there was some involvement between the attorney and the defendant, but that he would not permit the defendant to talk to anyone after the trial commenced.

After the testimony was concluded, the jury was excused and the trial judge informed the defendant that it would be possible for him to submit instructions. The defendant replied that he desired to submit his instructions orally and he spoke specifically about an oral instruction on possession  but he said that he did not know the law on the subject. He was informed by the court that oral instructions were not acceptable and the defendant responded that he had no written instructions. He then asked the court whether he could speak to his mother. The court, who had given the assistant State's attorney a half hour to select his instructions, replied:

"No, you may not. You may not talk to her. I let you talk to her before, but she has been talking to a lawyer." The court explained that his mother had the right to speak to anybody but that he did not; that he could not talk to her or the lawyer because the State objected. The defendant turned to the prosecutor and inquired, "Do you still object?" The prosecutor replied that he did. The court repeated: "I can't let you talk to him now because the State is objecting to it."

The prosecutor's objection was absurd. While the record does not precisely spell it out, it would appear that the prosecutor was concerned with the possibility that the jury might have some sympathy for the defendant due to the fact that he was trying his own case; if the defendant was receiving aid from any source, the prosecutor wanted this fact communicated to the jury. If this was his reason, it was irrational. Even the most skilled attorneys consult with other attorneys while a trial is in progress. They value their ideas on matters of law, their impressions of the jury, their reaction to testimony, their viewpoint on trial strategy. The prosecutor, however, was seemingly determined that the defendant would receive no aid from any source; that if the jury sympathized with him because he had no lawyer  then he was going to be without the assistance of counsel in any shape or form.

Unfortunately, the trial court concurred with the prosecutor. And, although the court was fair, patient and considerate in every other aspect of the case, his prohibition was absolute: the defendant was not permitted to communicate with anyone. Under this prohibition he could not have talked with a witness before putting him on the stand; for that matter he could not have asked the court clerk to subpoena a witness in his behalf. He was not even allowed to talk to his mother for fear that some helpful suggestion might be passed along to him. There was no corresponding restriction placed upon the prosecutor. He was free to communicate with others and it would be surprising if he did not do so. The court's ruling was overly restrictive and could have denied the defendant the opportunity of effectively defending himself. Contrast People v. Hubbard, 77 Ill. App.2d 14, 222 N.E.2d 145 (1966), where the defendant first objected to the public defender and then to another court-appointed attorney. The trial court ruled that under these circumstances the defendant would have to represent himself but the court requested one of the attorneys to sit in the courtroom to advise the defendant, saying, "If he chooses to accept your advice or reject it, it is up to him."

[2-5] In a criminal proceeding an accused has the right to the assistance of counsel (Illinois Const, art II, § 9) and this right of representation extends to every stage of the trial. People v. Taylor, 32 Ill.2d 165, 204 N.E.2d 734 (1965). But this right may be waived. People v. Ephraim, 411 Ill. 118, 103 N.E.2d 363 (1952). A competent defendant has the right to conduct his own defense if he so chooses. People v. Richardson, 17 Ill.2d 253, 161 N.E.2d 268 (1959); People v. Burson, 11 Ill.2d 360, 143 N.E.2d 239 (1957). If he chooses to defend himself, it must appear that his decision to do so was made understandingly and intelligently after being advised of his right to counsel. People v. Bush, 32 Ill.2d 484, 207 N.E.2d 446 (1965); People v. Williams, 399 Ill. 452, 78 N.E.2d 512 (1948).

There is no indication in the record that the defendant's waiver of counsel was not undertaken with a complete understanding of the consequences, for he had been apprised of his right to counsel and had exhibited a full awareness of this right by requesting that a member of the Chicago Bar Association, other than the public defender, be appointed to represent him. However, there also is no indication in the record that when he decided to act as his own attorney he voluntarily subjected himself to an imposed state of isolation. He did not knowingly or willingly relinquish his right to obtain advice from, or to communicate with, others  lawyers or laymen.

No case similar to the one at bar has been brought to our attention by either side and further research has proved unfruitful. There are cases which hold that a trial court's refusal to allow a defendant to consult with anyone (more particularly, his attorney) at the end of a court session and while still subject to cross-examination, is reversible error. United States v. Venuto, 182 F.2d 519 (3rd Cir 1950); Commonwealth v. Werner, 206 Pa Super 498, 214 A.2d 276 (1965); Commonwealth v. Peetros, 206 Pa Super 503, 214 A.2d 279 (1965). These decisions, however, were based upon the constitutional right of a defendant to be represented by counsel at all stages of the proceeding and their rationale is not applicable to a situation like the present one where the defendant has waived this right.

[6-8] We see no just reason why a defendant representing himself should not be allowed, within reasonable limitations imposed by the trial court, to obtain advice or information. To hold otherwise would be fundamentally unfair. We do not mean to intimate that a defendant who tries his own case must be provided with legal material, allowed to visit a law library, released from custody, or permitted unreasonable or lengthy intermissions during trial in order to obtain information or discuss the merits of his case. It does not follow that the right to defend oneself must be accompanied by a relaxation of the limitations imposed upon attorneys practicing before a court of law. On the other hand, a defendant appearing pro se should not be subject to ...

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June 7, 1996

Appeal from the Circuit Court Cook County. The Honorable Paul J. Nealis, Judge Presiding.

The Honorable Justice Egan delivered the opinion of the court: McNAMARA, J., concurs. Justice Rakowski, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

The opinion of the court was delivered by: Egan

The Honorable Justice EGAN delivered the opinion of the court:

The defendant Samuel Kinsloe was accused of setting his wife, Laverne, on fire during a fight. At his trial, Laverne exonerated him. A jury found him guilty of heinous battery and aggravated battery, both premised upon the burning, but acquitted him of attempted murder. The trial judge sentenced him to 12 years imprisonment on the heinous battery conviction. He contends that the judge erred in admitting, as substantive evidence against him, pre-trial, inculpatory statements allegedly made by Laverne. He further argues that absent those statements there was insufficient evidence to convict him.

Laverne Kinsloe was the only occurrence witness in this case. The defendant did not testify. As a result of events which occurred on February 17, 1993, she suffered severe burns covering 30% of her body, primarily on her arms, chest, back and head. According to the doctor who treated her, she will continue to suffer from some of these burns throughout her life. The prosecution called her to testify against the defendant knowing that she would state under oath that she somehow set herself on fire. The State's case hinged upon expert testimony about the cause and origin of fire and upon impeaching Lavern's credibility, as well as by using as substantive evidence an Assistant State's Attorney's testimony summarizing the contents of pre-trial writings she allegedly made inculpating the defendant.

Laverne's testimony is as follows. Laverne and the defendant were married on April 19, 1992. At that time, they lived together in a house in Alsip, Illinois with her two minor children. The defendant owned another house in Posen, Illinois, a two-flat, which he was in the process of renovating, with Laverne's financial assistance. In August 1992, the couple moved into the lower level of the Posen residence. Laverne described her marriage to the defendant as "chaotic." The defendant abused Laverne both physically and sexually. This abuse began before they were married.

During the morning of February 16, 1993, Laverne and the defendant were at the Alsip house where they got into an argument, after which the defendant left. Laverne subsequently went about her business for the day, returning to the house around 11:30 p.m. At that time, she discovered that numerous gifts the defendant had given her were missing. The defendant did not return to Alsip that night.

The next morning, Laverne drove to the house in Posen. There, she found the items that were missing, including a computer, china and linens. She also found some renovation materials for which she had paid, including some oak paneling. She put these into the car and drove back to Alsip.

She returned to Posen at 1 p.m. in her pick-up truck. She was going to remove additional items, such as furniture, that she had placed on a deck attached to the back of the house. When she arrived she noticed that these things had been removed from the deck. She then attempted to enter the front of the house but could not get the door open, although her key was working. She returned to the back of the building to try to gain entry there when the defendant appeared.

When she saw him she began running up an outside stairway that leads to a deck outside the upstairs apartment. She got inside the building, but the defendant dragged her out and began choking her and leaning her over the deck railing. The defendant calmed down and let Laverne go, then turned and walked into the house, shutting the door behind him. She demanded that he open the door, and he relented. She entered the apartment, and the two began talking at a distance of 10 to 15 feet. The defendant recommenced the argument from the previous day, his anger rising, and he finally told Laverne to leave the house. She responded that the house was as much hers as his. Laverne believed that the defendant had added her name to the deed for the property. The defendant told her that he had lied about doing so.

She became very upset and began pointing to things in the house for which she had paid. Eventually, she picked up a can of liquid floor paste wax. She continued to move through the apartment and the defendant pursued her. She attempted to exit the front door, but she could not because the defendant had nailed it shut. The defendant caught Laverne and began choking her and banged her head against the wall. He also bent her thumb back to pry the can loose. Eventually the can banged against the wall, the cap opened, and the wax spilled onto the wall and carpeting.

The defendant took the can and began kicking Laverne in her back and side. Laverne began screaming as he poured the contents of the can of wax on her. The wax entered Laverne's ear and throat, and ran down her body. Soon, she began to feel herself "getting high from the fumes." The defendant continued to attack Laverne, yelling at her, picking her up and using her "as a battering ram against the hallway wall."

Somehow, Laverne ended up in the bedroom. The defendant was blocking the doorway, and Laverne could not leave. As she stood against the wall, she saw a "wallpaper cutter" on the window sill and grabbed it in her left hand, threatening to cut him if he did not move. She could not recall precisely what then occurred because she was high from the fumes at the time. She smokes when she gets nervous. Apparently in the mistaken belief that the wallpaper cutter was a cigarette, she tried to put it in her mouth. She heard the defendant say, "Laverne, don't do it." Nonetheless she tried to light the wallpaper cutter. Then, she felt something on herself and tried to brush it off. She realized her hand was on fire. She was wearing a Chicago Bulls' starter jacket and jeans and a t-shirt. As she tried to unzip the jacket, she realized her whole body was on fire. She indicated that the fire started at mid-chest level, approximately ten or eleven inches below her neck.

She pleaded with the defendant to help her. Then, she felt something on top of her and felt the jacket coming off and remembers it being thrown away, as she was "dropped and rolled" by the defendant. Nonetheless, she continued to burn. She saw the defendant in the hallway, and he told her to "get in the water." The defendant was apparently referring to the bathroom located off the bedroom. She made it to the bathroom, and the defendant told her to get in the shower, and she did so. At first, there was no water. She began to feel her skin "dripping off of" her. The defendant was doing something with his hands, but Laverne stated that she finally turned on the water. The next thing she remembered was being taken by paramedics to the hospital.

Laverne was taken to the Loyola University Hospital burn unit. At Loyola, she was attended by Dr. Richard Gamelli. When she arrived, she had been intubated so she could breathe. She could not speak and was medicated to relieve any pain. Dr. Gamelli performed multiple surgeries on Laverne during the early spring of 1993 to remove and replace damaged skin tissue.

Dr. Gamelli acknowledged that the medical reports upon which he relied in diagnosing and treating Laverne indicated that Laverne had lit a cigarette before the fire. Dr. Gamelli also had the opportunity to speak with Laverne toward the end of February. Laverne told him simply that the fire occurred while she and her husband were together and that "she was set on fire."

Milton Batson is an arson investigator for the State of Illinois Fire Marshall. He investigated the fire at the defendant's house in Posen. The State also called him to testify as an expert on the cause and origin of fires. Batson examined the floor wax in the can which the defendant poured onto Laverne. He stated that the material in the can was a combustible, as opposed to flammable material. Flammable materials are those, such as gasoline, which emit sufficient vapors that one need only hold a flame in their vicinity to ignite them. Combustible materials, on the other hand, emit fewer vapors, and a flame must ordinarily be touched to the materials to ignite them.

Police officers at the scene apparently retrieved the shirt Laverne was wearing and gave it to Batson. To determine the cause and point of origin of a fire involving clothing, Batson looks for fabric shrinkage, as well as "V-patterns," indicating upward burning. Based upon the condition of the fabric of Laverne's shirt, Batson determined a point of origin on the front of the shirt on the left upper chest area. Batson was also able to determine that this fire was extinguished because it did not continue up to the top of the shirt. Batson also discerned a point of origin on the back of the shirt, toward the middle right side.

Because he saw two points of origin on the shirt, one on the front and one on the back, Batson determined that the fire was not started accidentally. (No objection was made to this testimony nor is it assigned as error in this court.) He acknowledged, however, that if a person wearing a shirt covered with a combustible material caught fire at one point and then rolled on the ground, a second point of origin could occur. He ...

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text:
The Bethesda Handbook of Clinical Oncology, 3rd ed. 2010

Yazar: Hatice Ahuzar Tarih: 04:34 Kategori: , , Yorum: Yorum Yap

The Bethesda Handbook of Clinical Oncology 2010
Jame Abraham, James L. Gulley and Carmen J. Allegra
ISBN-10: 0781795583
ISBN-13: 978-0781795586

Written by clinicians from the National Cancer Institute and other leading institutions, this comprehensive, clear, concise oncology handbook is designed specifically for quick bedside consultation. It covers all malignancies and offers busy clinicians practical guidelines on daily patient management, including commonly used treatment regimens and chemotherapy dosing and schedules. The user-friendly format features tables, charts, bullet points, and algorithms.

The thoroughly updated Third Edition places an increased emphasis on practical clinical information, and includes new chemotherapeutic agents, dosages, and treatment regimens and the latest clinical trials data. New chapters focus on basic genomics for practicing oncologists and basic principles of radiation. The succinct yet detailed presentation is ideal for board review as well as clinical reference.

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