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DLF Project Managers Toolkit

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This toolkit is a collaborative project, based on contributions by members of the Digital Library Federation's Project Managers Group (DLF PMG). First initiated by Jennifer Vinopal at New York University in February 2013, the toolkit has grown and evolved over the years as a living document to share experiences and link out to resources.

  • What? A crowdsourced collection of information, tips, techniques, and tools for project managers working in digital libraries. Please contribute and share your knowledge.
  • Why? Whether we realize it or not, librarians and library staff are managing projects all the time. These may be informal or formal projects, or we might not think of them as projects at all. Just the same, we could all stand to take a more organized and structured approach to planning and accomplishing our project work. Much of the project management literature and training frequently emphasizes a corporate perspective, which may not always be applicable to a library setting.
  • Who? Anyone who wants to contribute. Feel free to post anonymously if you prefer, or sign the contributors list at the end of the document.
  • How? Be generous with your knowledge and be respectful of what others have written. Share your experience and help others to learn from both your successes and failures.

To contribute, simply login then select the Edit tab. If you are a first time contributor, select ‘create account’ at the top right of the page. Then send a request to info@diglib.org to get access to edit pages, add links or share documentation.

Getting started

Project Management Basics

Review a few Project Management Basics which are basic building blocks for the other sections of the toolkit.

Project Charters & Memorandum of Understandings

The goal of a project charter is to document agreement between all parties (sponsor, stakeholder, staff) about the goals, scope, and deliverables of the project. Ideally, the document defines time, scope and cost.

It is useful to use this time to answer questions about cost/benefit and the extent to which people can actually reasonably contribute to the project. The Project Management Group recommends discussing the following questions at this stage:

       What are the objectives of the project?
       What are the expected benefits of the project?
       What is the scope of the project? (specifically, what's not in scope...)
       How will we know the the project is done?
   Who are the stakeholders?
       Who is the end user audience?Who?
       Who is going to work on the project?
       Who is managing the project?
       Who is/are the sponsors of the project?
   How much time can participants reasonably spend on the project

File:Digital Project Charter Template.docx

After the answers to these questions have been decided upon, the Project Charter itself should be drafted. The following is the basic format of a Project Charter:

   Project name
   Description (high-level statement of your project goal)
   Success criteria (how will we know when the project is done?) – SMART goals
   Requirements (deliverables, options, & out of scope)
   Project team (including roles)
   Milestones/Schedule (high-level + proposed dates)

Drafting the charter is an iterative process:

   Write a draft
   Share it with project team
   Share it with stakeholders
   Repeat until consensus

A Memorandum of Understanding can be used to build out a project charter and be used to manage expectations, project planning and increase transparency, communication and understanding. The University of Texas Arlington hosts a Memorandum of Understanding Collection which was developed by a group of librarians for library specific projects and includes a workbook and templates.

Project Plans

Project Plans flesh out more details of a project, such as scope; individual stakeholders; milestones and tasks, and roles and responsibilities within; and a timeline. It answers the same questions as a project charter, but often in more detail.

Project Scheduling

Project Scheduling captures the work that needs to be performed. It may also visualize the steps in the project. This section compares two methods: gantt charts versus kanban.

A workflow is a sequence of steps toward the completion of a defined task used to manage repetitive processes. Workflow modelling helps participants and stakeholders understand the sequence of steps and their roles in the process. It can also help identify patterns, gaps, and bottlenecks to enhance efficiency and improve team dynamics.[1]

Included are Examples of workflows contributed by different institutions and references.

Project Templates

Project Templates are useful for expressing information in a systematic manner, streamlining processes and saving time and energy. Templates can provide clearer communication and consistency across project. Included are templates provided by different institutions.

Project Retrospectives

A project retrospective is held at the end of a development sprint as part of the agile process. It can also be held by project teams not following the agile methodology. It is a meeting where the entire team and all stakeholders attend to provide feedback on what went well and what didn’t go as well during that period of time.

Project Sunsetting

For a wide variety of reasons, you may need to stop investing time and resources in a project before completion. In these cases, it is important to consider how to document the project close-out and communicate to the team and stakeholders.

Jason Ronallo, Bret Davidson. NCSU Libraries. Sunsetting: Strategies for Portfolio Management and Decommissioning Projects. https://ronallo.com/presentations/sunsetting-dlf/slides-single-page.html Digital Library Federation Forum, Pittsburgh, PA, October 23, 2017. https://sched.co/BzsO

Portfolio Management

Vinopal, Jennifer. Using Confluence for Project Portfolio Management at New York University. DLF Fall 2008. File:DLF2008Vinopal.pdf

Project Management Software

This section contains a list of tools for project management, with pros and cons for each.

Name Uses and Overview Pro Con
Asana Asana allows team members to collaborate on projects and track the progress of tasks. It works both for software development projects and other more generic projects.
  • Free (up to 15 members)
  • Great for task-based work
  • Works on mobile
  • If your team has over 15 members, you need to pay
  • Doesn't do as well with project discussion
  • Does not allow for private teams in the free version
  • No bug/issue tracking
Basecamp Basecamp allows collaborators to post messages, organize to-do lists and documents, and create group schedules. Related App: goplan
  • intuitive design
  • easy-to-use features
  • email integration
  • some calendar integration
  • the first project is free, but you need to pay after that point
  • scheduling support is limited
Trello Trello is an application for tracking tasks. It allows you to move individual cards (representing tasks) as they enter different phases. Trello allows you to assign tasks to different collaborators, create due dates, and provide contextual information for the tasks to be completed.

Used by: FSU Libraries

  • very similar to analog/paper SCRUM boards
  • feature-specific prioritization
  • bug tracking
  • useful for tracking action/discussion items from meetings
  • able to link or attach supporting documents to cards
  • showing the hierarchy of tasks not really possible
  • not able to easily produce a to-do list (i.e. from the user's end, a list of tasks that the user is assigned to)

Google Suite Google applications (specifically, Google Drive) is a suite of tools for creating documents collaboratively and sharing information. Google Apps include a text, spreadsheet, and slide editor, as well as applications for drawing, organizing calendars, and sharing (but not editing) other types of files.

Used by: FSU Libraries

  • easy to share documents with large teams for collaboration
  • easily searchable and organizable
  • you may need to use another tool to track/organize relevant documents, especially if there are a lot of them
  • can be worthwhile to set up standard naming conventions for files since it is so easy to create files and folders
  • if wireless is inconsistent, some files can be hard to access. use the desktop app to ensure off-line access and to organize or sync files
Pivotal Tracker Pivotal Tracker allows users to organize tasks by project and stories while integrating release dates and prioritization into the workflow.
  • helps organize agile project teams that cannot meet in person
  • only free for thirty days (paid plans)
Jira Issue tracking and project tracking software. JIRA allows teams to "create and estimate stories, build a sprint backlog, visualize activity, measure team velocity, and report on progress."
  • works well for teams who use Scrum project management methods
  • paid service ($10 for teams of up to 10; $75 and more for 15 teams and up)
Redmine Redmine allows you to track issues, latest project news, and organize projects by members and contributors. You can associate files with given projects, create Gantt charts and calendars, and create wikis to document projects. Redmine has a demo site that allows you to see how it looks in action.
  • open source
  • plug-ins allow for extensibility
  • Ability to manage multiple simultaneous projects
  • doesn't work well with projects that aren't typical software development projects
Slack Slack is a communication app for teams. It integrates with several of the project management tools on this list, and allows team members to communicate more easily and informally than through email.

Used by: FSU Libraries

  • allows for easy communication between entire organizations, small groups within the organization, and individual members
  • integrates with many other applications (e.g. Google Docs, JIRA, Trello, GitHub, etc.)
  • allows members to easily set up reminders, take notes-to-self, customize alerts
  • can be used on the web or via desktop app across devices
  • free version only has a 10,000 message capacity (older messages get deleted)
  • paid version has additional integrations such as single sign-on, customizable message retention period (ex. 90 day retention period or longer)
  • Slack users sharing files (on free or paid versions) may not understand that it is not a system of record to store information; if retaining message history is important for project documentation, threads can be exported and copied to project documentation
Smartsheet Smartsheet allows a team to collaborate and communicate with a spreadsheet-style interface. It allows for file sharing, alerts and reminders, the creation of Gantt charts, and other features that will help to organize your projects.
  • relatively simple (based on spreadsheets)
  • Customizable and flexible
  • links to other tools and services (like Google Docs)
  • paid service

Other general software-independent recommendations for project management

  • Wikis for project documents and documentation
  • Google Docs or another collaborative document editor for the creation of project charter, meeting notes, etc. with separate document (or folder) for meeting notes
  • Ticket-trackers
  • Planning Poker
  • After-Action Reviews or Retrospectives vis tools such as FunRetro or Stormboard
  • Scheduling using Doodle or Google Sheets is useful for tracking team members' schedules

Professional Development

Professional development is an ongoing part of a project management career. A successful project manager possesses a blended set of hard and soft skills acquired over time. Training is offered by the Project Management Institute and various local education providers.

Resources and further reading

There are lots of great articles, presentations and grey lit out there on project management and digital libraries. We've created a Zotero Group library at https://www.zotero.org/groups/2205688/dlf_pmg? and encourage you to add more when you read something good.

  • Andy Ashton, Brown University
  • Carolyn Caizzi, Northwestern University
  • Kathleen Cameron
  • Jason Casden, North Carolina State University
  • Tim Clarke, Muhlenberg College
  • Tom Cramer, Stanford University
  • Cristela Garcia-Spitz, UC San Diego Library
  • Joshua Honn, Northwestern University
  • Katherine Kott, Independent Consultant
  • Christine Malinowski, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Rafia Mirza, UT Arlington, TX
  • Lisa McAulay, UCLA
  • Sandra McIntyre, Mountain West Digital Library
  • Alan Pike, Emory Center for Digital Scholarship
  • Robin C. Pike, University of Maryland
  • Christine Quirion, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • Sarah Severson, McGill University Library
  • Sarah Stanley, Florida State University
  • Joan Starr, California Digital Library
  • Micah Vandegrift, Florida State University Libraries
  • Jennifer Vinopal, New York University
  • Cliff Wulfman, Princeton University
  • Cynthia York, Johns Hopkins University
Interested in related resources? Check out DLF's Organizers' Toolkit!
  1. Shaw, E., Garcia-Spitz, C., Bragg, M., Hagedorn, K., & Porter, E. (2018). Finding the balance: Modelling successful workflows for digital library collections. Journal of Digital Media Management, 6(3), 295-311. Retrieved from [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9h17g7fh]


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Difference between revisions of "Sombra ARG"

From Game Detectives Wiki
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  72 20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E
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When put through the same process, the same string of Spanish was revealed, but with the letters ra at the start.  These letters were combined with somb from the other cipher to create sombra, the name of an unreleased hero that has been hinted at by Blizzard in the past.  The ARG was named accordingly, and no more clues were discovered until the release of the Dev Update video.
When put through the same process, the same string of Spanish was revealed, but with the letters ra at the start.  These letters were combined with somb from the other cipher to create sombra, the name of an unreleased hero that had been hinted at by Blizzard in the past.  The ARG was named accordingly, and no more clues were discovered until the release of the Dev Update video.
== Dev Update Video ==
== Dev Update Video ==

Revision as of 21:09, 10 November 2016

Sombra ARG
Active since 06-12-2016
Sombra skull.png
The Sombra ARG - an ARG involving an unreleased Overwatch hero.
Type [[List_of_Investigations#Official|Official]]
Creator Blizzard
Discovered 06-12-2016

Main Page > List of Investigations > Sombra ARG

The Sombra ARG is an ARG involving Overwatch, a game made by Blizzard. Sombra is the name of an unreleased Overwatch hero that has been hinted at by Blizzard as being an upcoming playable character. Clues and ciphers referencing Sombra were found in various developer updates and short animations released by Blizzard, and this ARG is comprised of those clues.

At the game's release, there were numerous pieces of in-game information that appeared in Dorado, hinting at a character called Sombra. When Ana was revealed as Overwatch’s newest character, more Sombra clues appeared in Ana's origin video. In the weeks that followed, more clues were discovered.

Ana Videos

Ana Origin Video

On July 12, 2016, a video for the new Overwatch hero named Ana was released. By pausing the video at the 1:16 time mark, a bunch of hexadecimal numbers were discovered:

Ana Hex2.png

2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76 20 7E
79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 72
7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72
79 72 20 7B 76 20 7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20
63 7E 72 79 72 20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20
66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76 20 7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76
74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72
65 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76 20
7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20
72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 64 78 7A 75

A Hex to ASCII translation gave us

...{v fbr c~ryr {v ~yqxezvt~Ô¤y, c~ryr r{ gxsre...{v fbr c~ryr {v ~yqxezvt~Ô¤y, c~ryr r{ gxsre...{v fbr c~ryr {v ~yqxezvt~Ô¤y, c~ryr r{ gxsre...{v fbr
c~ryr {v ~yqxezvt~Ô¤y, c~ryr r{ gxsre...dxzu

Using an XOR Cipher with the constant 23 on the above text, we got

..la que tiene la información; tiene el poder...la que tiene la información; tiene el poder...la que tiene la información; tiene el poder...la que tiene la
información; tiene el poder...somb

The Spanish translates to

She who has the information, has the power...

A second frame of hexadecimal numbers was discovered at the 2:11 time mark of the video:

Ana Hex.png

65 76 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76
20 7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72
20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63
7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76 20 7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79
2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 7B
76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B 76 20 7E 79 71 78 65
7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 72 7B 20 67 78
73 72 65 2E 2E 2E 7B 76 20 66 62 72 20 63 7E 72 79 72 20 7B
76 20 7E 79 71 78 65 7A 76 74 7E D4 A4 79 2C 20 63 7E 72 79
72 20 72 7B 20 67 78 73 72 65 2E 2E 2E

When put through the same process, the same string of Spanish was revealed, but with the letters ra at the start. These letters were combined with somb from the other cipher to create sombra, the name of an unreleased hero that had been hinted at by Blizzard in the past. The ARG was named accordingly, and no more clues were discovered until the release of the Dev Update video.

Dev Update Video

The vertical barcodes found at the end of the Ana Dev Update video

At the end of this video, a series of vertical barcodes were discovered. Scanning the barcodes gave hexadecimal numbers which where then converted to binary, a dump of which is available here.

Turning the ones and zeroes into black and white pixels formed a QR code:

Sombra QR code.png

Scanning this QR code yielded the following message:

"¿Estuvo eso facilito? Ahora que tengo su atención, déjenme se las pongo más difícil."

And translated from Sombra's native language of Spanish into English:

Was that easy? Well, now that I have your attention, allow me to make things much more difficult.

After this, no more clues were discovered until the Summer Games video was released.

Welcome to the Summer Games Video

Tracer Trail Cipher

The unsolved base64 cipher in the Summer Games video

Note: The cipher described below remains unsolved.

On August 2, another cipher was discovered in the Welcome to the Summer Games trailer. This time, the ciphertext seemed to be in base64:

Using a tool to decode the Base64 results in the following output:

(Note: copy/pasting this string will not work; some of the characters are not printable and are not even displayed correctly on this page)

Decrypting the Encryption

The "Salted__" header at the start of the string indicates that the remainder of the text is encrypted with OpenSSL software library, which requires a password and the encryption cipher that was used. Salt is added by OpenSSL to ensure uniqueness of the key and the IV derived from the password and used for the encryption.

Since we know the salt, and we know the input data, all we need to decrypt is the password and cipher method. Since OpenSSL has been around for ages, there are many different cipher methods.

A Cipher is a mathematical algorithm to convert data into unreadable binary data.

A Password is key to the box, if you know it you can easily decrypt the data.

Narrowing Down Ciphers

Hex view of the encrypted string

The Cipher used has been narrowed down by looking at a Hex Dump of the encrypted string. There are two major types of ciphers, stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt only the data fed into them, whereas block ciphers will always be a set chunk length.

A byte is roughly a single character, but special characters can take up multiple bytes. We know that OpenSSL Salted Encryption uses the first 8 bytes of the output for Salted__ and the next 8 bytes for the actual salt. The rest of the information is the encrypted message.

The immediately interesting thing here is that the encrypted message data stops 3 bytes short of a full chunk. This is a excellent indicator that the cipher used is a stream cipher (or a block cipher in CTR/OFB/CFB mode). This narrows our cipher list down significantly. This also means that the final string that Blizzard encrypted is less than 93 bytes!

This cipher remains unsolved, but it's speculated that Blizzard moved us past the cipher by giving us alternate puzzles.

Directions & Letters

There was another lead in the Summer Games video. There are references to directions that are present in the North American version of the video. These references are conspicuously absent from other versions of the trailer. These references are shown below, with the relevant heroes and timestamps:

Album of full screencaps

Here are the screencaps, arranged according to their directions.

Overwatch map.jpg

These heroes, arranged in this particular order, would provide a password that would be needed later on.

Dorado Photo

On the Overwatch media page, a new photo of the attacking spawn in Dorado was added. This photo was "datamoshed", which means it concealed a hidden message while also taking on a distorted appearance. (Here is an example of purposely data moshing the image manually to achieve similar effects)

After comparing the images via difference checking tools, it was found that certain English and Spanish characters were replaced with exclamation points, producing a Spanish sentence out of the replaced characters.

"Por que estan mirando al cielo? La respuesta no esta sobre sus cabezas, esta detras de ustedes. A veces, necesitan analizar sus logros previos."

Translated into English, this phrase is

"Why are you looking at the sky? The answer isn't over your heads, it's behind you. Sometimes, you need to analyze your previous achievements."

The phrase "Why are you looking at the sky?" is most likely a reference to a strange artifact that was discovered in the sky of the Dorado map, but various processes of decryption were fruitless.

Analyzing Achievements

"¿" Achievement, comment in source code

The phrase "you need to analyze your previous achievements" led us to look at the achievements on the Play Overwatch Website. We noticed that if you logged in and viewed the achievements on your player profile, a mystery achievement appeared. Viewing the source code of the image lead us to a new phrase:

Vientos, nada mal. No obstante, me aburro. Intentemos algo nuevo en la misma dirección.
uczihriwgsxorxwunaarawryqhbrsfmeqrjjmu 5552E494 78T3 4VM9 OPL6 IS8208O913KRlrx

Translated, it says:

Damn, not bad. However, I'm getting bored. Let's try something new in the same direction.
uczihriwgsxorxwunaarawryqhbrsfmeqrjjmu 5552E494 78T3 4VM9 OPL6 IS8208O913KRlrx

Volskaya Datamosh

The following instructions explain the process of how the ASCII Skull and "little games" quote were found:

1. Take the following section of code from the "?" achievement hint above.

uczihriwgsxorxwunaarawryqhbrsfmeqrjjmu 5552E494 78T3 4VM9 OPL6 IS8208O913KRlrx

2. Run it through a Vigenére Cipher

3. Use heroes in the order of their positions on the compass (further above) to get hero names for the passphrase:

4. The code received will result in the following url which, when formatted in to a proper URL, becomes the following picture:

blzgdapiproaakamaihdnetmediascreenshot 5552E494 78B3 4CE9 ACF6 EF8208F913CFjpg

The distortion on this picture indicates that it, too, is "datamoshed", and that it conceals hidden information. A difference check between the new and original image resulted in an interesting message.

ASCII Skull #1

The diff from the datamosh resulted in the following output:

Parece que te gustan estos jueguitos... por que no jugamos uno de verdad?
                          :[email protected]:
                      ,[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]
                   [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@Nr
               :[email protected]@@@[email protected]@[email protected],
           :[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@@[email protected]@BBu.
        [email protected]@@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@Nr
      [email protected]@@BJ [email protected]@@  [email protected]  [email protected]@B. [email protected]@S
      @@[email protected]  [email protected]@OU1:  [email protected]@[email protected]
      [email protected]@B       [email protected]@:       [email protected]@B
      @@@[email protected]         [email protected]@@[email protected]@:         @@[email protected]@
      @@OLB.          [email protected]@BEB          [email protected]
      @@  @           M  [email protected]  M          [email protected]  @@
      @@OvB           B:[email protected]          [email protected]
      @[email protected]@J         [email protected]@[email protected]@u         [email protected]@@[email protected]
      [email protected]@v       [email protected]@[email protected]       [email protected]@B
      @[email protected]   [email protected]@[email protected]@BZM7   [email protected]@
      [email protected]@@BM  [email protected]@B  [email protected]@[email protected]  [email protected]@B  @[email protected]@M
       [email protected]@@@[email protected]@[email protected]@OMBB.   ,@[email protected]@[email protected]@@[email protected]
          [email protected],[email protected]@[email protected]@E  :  [email protected]@@@[email protected]@@N:
             .   [email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@@@[email protected]
                 @[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]::[email protected]@
                 [email protected]@@ [email protected]:@[email protected] :[email protected]  @[email protected]
                   :0 [email protected]@  [email protected]@ [email protected]@: P:
                       vMB :@[email protected] :BO7
                           ,[email protected]

"It seems you like these little games... Why don't we play a real one?"

This is the python2 script to extract modified bytes from datamoshed volskaya screenshot, https://gist.github.com/synap5e/27635d2ff6f0e3b15f0c902dca2974a9

The ASCII image of the skull seemed to be a dead end, however, as no further progress was made until August 23rd.

Overwatch Forums Glitching Page/ "Skycoder"

A user named 'Skycoder' posted an ominous topic on the official Overwatch forums.

The name of the topic, if translated from binary, says "23"; a reference to Sombra, who is the 23rd character in Overwatch. The time posted on the forums was set at 23h and had since been counting down rather than increasing; it was assumed to be a countdown to something (see below).

This topic's page soon begins to glitch and distort, turning a hue of purple before opening a text box stating:

 "la que tiene la información; tiene el poder"
 "She who has the information, has the power"

and typing another code:

ASCII Skull #2

The code was recognized to be Base64, which was then translated to a new ASCII image:

                      ,jBˆ@[email protected]@[email protected]
                   7G–B“B•[email protected]@[email protected]
               :kB’B.ˆ—MMOMOMOMOMMMMŒB˜[email protected],
           :5‘B.B˜BˆBBMMOMOMOMOMOMOMMŠ’[email protected]
        70n†•BˆB’B”BXBBOMOMOMOMOMOMMBMPB˜Bˆ[email protected]@[email protected]
      G˜–—BJ iBˆB‡ˆ  OBMOMOMOMOMOMOM–2  [email protected] [email protected]@S
      ’–BM‡GJBU.  iSuBˆOMOMOMOMOMOMM—OU1:  .kBLMˆM†B—
      BŒMMB™B       7ˆBBMMOMOMOMOMOBB–:       B‡BMMˆB
      .˜ˆBŠB         7’–@[email protected]@:         @@[email protected]@
      .’OLB.          BNB.MMOMOMM.BEB          rBjM„B
      [email protected]  @           M  [email protected]  M          [email protected]  @@
      „•OvB           B:uŒMMOMOMMBJiB          [email protected]
      „B‘B˜J         0‘B—MMOMOMOMB•[email protected]         [email protected]@@[email protected]
      B„MBBŒv       G.‹BMMMMMMMMMMMBBˆ5       F„[email protected]
      B˜–„BM  BmB„B  qBMOMB.B…B„BMOMBL  [email protected]@B  @[email protected]@M
       J–m†„PB.B„B™B7GˆOMBB.   ,@[email protected]@[email protected]@@[email protected]
          iGB•,i0„M–BnMMO‹E  :  [email protected]@@@[email protected]@@N:
             .   B—[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@@[email protected]
                 @[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]@[email protected]::[email protected]@
                 [email protected]@@ [email protected]:@[email protected] :[email protected]  @[email protected]
                   :0 [email protected]@  [email protected]@ [email protected]@: P:
                       vMB :@[email protected] :BO7
                           ,[email protected]

It should be noted that the skull above shouldn't be used to decode anything, just that it's a skull. Characters do not copy the same for some people due to character sets being different. Instead, a much simpler method is going to be used to achieve this.

First, you must strip both skulls of spaces, and new characters. You can do this in Notepad++ or any semi-advanced text editor. The strings cannot be shown due to their length, but the idea is to have them be on a single line with no spaces.

The process to get something out of these 2 strings is to subtract each byte from both skulls, and showing the ones that are not 0. A user on our Discord has given us a script made in C to automate this hosted on this Pastebin. You can compile it and read the source to get an understanding of what you need.

After subtracting each byte from both skulls, you end up with this string:

This string was recognized as a Caesar Cipher. After shifting it 23 places, it resulted in:

Alternative method to arrive at a similar string to the above

Decoding the Base64 string, extracting all of the non-UTF-8 characters, and subtracting 0x23 from the value of each character yields:

This process is similar to a Ceaser Cipher, so it is arguable that either one of the methods could have been intended.

When cleaned up and translated, the message reads:

Les prometi un juego...creo que ustedes los Detectives de Juegos lo llamarían un trailhead? BLZGDUSA-AMBAS-CALAVERAS.HTML
I promised you a game...I believe you Game Detectives would call it a trailhead? BLZGDAUSA-AMBAS-CALAVERAS.HTML

With that said, you may also notice "BLZGDAUSA-AMBAS-CALVERAS.HTML" is familiar looking. It was assumed there is a page on their CDN that contained more information, in the Skull Video section, you can see that it was true.

Skull Video

BLZGDA is Blizzard's server for hosting media, using full URL we get:

This link leads to a video which clearly shows an image of a skull, along with a dossier of info:

In the video properties you can find:

Parecen estar muy interesados en estos "héroes". ¿Tal vez les interese conocer algunos detallitos que he averiguado sobre ellos?
You seem to be very interested in these "heroes". Maybe interested to know some details that I found out about them?

There is also a heartbeat monitor in the video - by looking at which lines it "pings" on, and by assigning letters to these lines, we get:

amomentincrime E-mail

'momentincrime' appeared to refer to the Roadhog and Junkrat video A Moment in Crime, which came out months before the release of Overwatch. A site: amomentincrime.com was also found, where you can find information about configuration made to automatic mail response:

...Estableciendo conexión...
...Protocolo Sombra v1.3 iniciado...

...Infiltrando la respuesta automática del email de pistas...

...Terminando conexión...

It was discovered that sending an e-mail to [email protected] resulted in an automated response via email:

Thank you for contacting A Moment in Crime's anonymous crime line!

We have analyzed your submission and forwarded the information to the relevant parties. Your help could be vital in apprehending these cri

...Estableciendo conexión...
...Protocolo Sombra v1.7 iniciado...

01:07:47 02:02:02 01:08:06 02:13:43 01:18:32
01:18:21 02:10:19 01:06:21 02:05:18 01:04:02
01:07:08 02:18:25 01:13:04 02:19:20 01:23:02
01:16:40 02:16:35 01:23:04 02:17:16 01:06:42
01:13:29 02:18:06 01:05:02 02:15:41 01:08:34

j.7F57O,NLv:qj.7B:,[email protected]:,

...Terminando conexión...

minals and bringing them to justice. These fugitives are responsible for a string of robberies, arson, and other crimes stretching from Sydney to  King's Row.
Authorities believe that they have set their sights on crossing the Atlantic to America.

If the timestamp-looking numbers are taken as AA:BB:CC, where AA is the number of skull, BB is the row and CC is the column (as illustrated here), the 5x5 table would look like this:

S j G B L
. @ M O k
i , v : 0
E 7 r q N
J P 5 F 1

(although, note that these symbols are the same in both skulls).

If this is used as the key for the Bifid cipher for the string below the table:

j  .  7  F  5  7  O  ,  N  L  v  :  q  j  .  7  B  :  ,  1  q  v  @  B  1  j  5  i  v  B  :  ,
12 21 42 54 53 42 24 32 45 15 33 34 44 12 21 42 14 34 32 55 44 33 22 14 55 12 53 31 33 14 34 32

1 2 2 1 4 2 5 4 5 3 4 2 2 4 3 2 4 5 1 5 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 4 2
1 4 3 4 3 2 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 4 5 5 1 2 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 4 3 2

11 24 23 14 43 22 55 45 54 34 43 23 22 42 31 24 45 55 11 52 35 33 33 41 43 43 11 24 23 14 43 22
[email protected]:[email protected]@

This string of characters would be used as a password later on. The phrase is leet-speak; when translated, it becomes

Sombra Information is power Sombra

Meanwhile, the countdown on the Blizzard forum post approached zero...

Image of Reaper

The Sombra-ARG Discord server created a datamoshed image as a message to Sombra, and popular Overwatch YouTuber Muselk sent the image to @PlayOverwatch. An Imgur version of this image can be found here.

The base image for the datamosh that was sent can be seen here.

We were able to obtain an original uncompressed copy of the datamosh we sent to Blizzard from the Sombra-ARG Discord, allowing us to reverse engineer and confirm the message that we sent.

The message was as follows:

Bueno Sombra, jugemos un juegito y depaso nos das algo con que jugar
Okay Sombra, let's play a little game and in return you can give us something to play with

A more in depth history of the message we sent can be found in this Imgur gallery.

We received no response from Sombra until a post by Skycoder appeared on the US Battle.net forums. During the destruction of the website itself, you can see an image fly around on the page. This image appeared on the forum post a few hours after the post originally appeared, and many have chalked this up to a mistake on Blizzard's part. This image depicts Reaper on Temple of Anubis, and is quite similar to the image that Muselk sent to Sombra via twitter, although it does appear to have immediately noticeable differences. Namely, the file size is much bigger and there is a visible shift of the image to the left towards the bottom of the image.

A Discord user has created a script in order to automate the work that was originally being done manually, and also much better. Before, there was missing data, though there clearly was something there as people had already interpreted the message before it was fully revealed. You can find some of the original work before this was finished here, it explains a good bit.

Moving on to the acquisition of this message, you will ideally need to use this C script made by a user, which has to be compiled through your favorite compiler. Blizzard seems to use a symbol for points of interests in these messages, namely '!'. What the script will attempt to do is recreate the image Blizzard sent visually by injecting the symbol into certain blocks of the image, and then compares that block to the same block in the image from Blizzard. If the script sees that it is the same, it moves on with the changes made. Otherwise, it will revert those changes and try them on another block for the remainder of the image. Every time it succeeds with this process, it will output the previous value that was replaced with the symbol along with it's location. The message acquired using this process is shown below:

Aquiesta tujuego
Here's your game

It may be likely that this was supposed to be solved before we solved the amomentincrime E-mail but it will never be known.

A Moment in Crime Transmission

amomentincrime.com as of August 24th, 2016

Once the countdown on the Skycoder forum post reached zero, amomentincrime.com was updated. It now said:

...Estableciendo conexión...
...Protocolo Sombra v1.9 iniciado...

...Transmitiendo información a ómnicos activos... 2%

...Terminando conexión...

Translating the text on the page becomes:

...Establishing connection...
...Sombra Protocol v1.9 initiated...

...Transmitting information to active omnics... 2%

...Ending connection...

A comment was added in the source code:

Bien hecho, ya tienen mi clave. Hackear este programa de televisión no tuvo chiste. Espérense a lo que sigue.
Well done, you have my password. Hacking this television program was meaningless.  Wait for what is coming.

Due to confusions during translation, "no tuvo chiste" does directly translate to "You did not joke." But after asking someone who speaks Mexican Spanish, the phrase was clarified to mean "there was no point in it." There are more translation confusions that do not properly convey the tone of the message. Originally, it was "Hacking this television program was meaningless. Wait for what follows." The tone of that though was seemingly trying to show off what she will do. It should be noted that she also implied hacking the television program was easy.

The percent number on the amomentincrime.com seems to be going up slowly. Note that it's not updating for everybody at the same time, probably due to the caching tech employed for the amomentincrime.com.

There is an uncached version of the website that can be found here.

Over time the percentage rose, and the Sombra Protocol version number went to v1.95 after 5% was hit. Since then the percentage increases by 0.0038 every 3 minutes.

Another comment was added to the source code as well:

Parece que se están calentando un poco las cosas... tendré que pasar desapercibida mientras esto se finaliza.
It seems things are heating up a bit... I'll have to go unnoticed while this is finishing.

On 18th October at 19:02 GMT the site reached 100%, and the site updated, leaving this message:

...Transmisión finalizada - finalizando carga...
...Carga finalizada. Unidad Bastion E-54 comprometida...

Which roughly translates to:

...Transmission complete - finishing upload...
...Upload finished. Unit Bastion E-54 engaged...

Hidden in the source code of the site was

Which seems to hint to something related to this ARG being hidden in the next version of Overwatch.

Sombra vs. LumériCo

The Hacked Bastion

On 2016-10-19, a new Overwatch version was released - version, which amomentincrime.com updated shortly afterwards to change the two ?s to the same numbers. Users discovered that Bastion had a strange interaction on the Dorado map - when next to one of the SOMBRA PROTOCOL terminals, he would emit a series of beeps.

The beeps were, in fact, morse code and decoded to SQOFJFBNITIZWGDXSDO. This was figured out to be a Vigenere cipher and used the letters from [email protected]:[email protected]@ as the key SOMBrNFrMiONSPvvErr to solve it into:

The homepage of http://lumerico.mx

This lead to the website https://lumerico.mx/, for the fictional Mexican company LumériCo, who have built several reactors in Dorado. The page had a news page, noting the opening of a new reactor on November 1 as well as a recent attack on the site. There were also about and login pages.

A few extra txts were found, none of them serving any apparent purpose or relevance:

Allow: omnics

This is a joke about the Robots exclusion standard, a txt file usually included to tell bots accessing the site what they should and should not do - a common usage is telling Googlebot not to index the site on Google. However, Blizzard have instead chosen to allow Omnics, the fictional race of robots in the Overwatch universe, to access the site.

Allow: ??
Allow: ???

Although it is uncertain, this seems to be another joke about the Robots exclusion standard.

{"message":"thanks for calling the api"}

A piece of JSON markup that forms the world's smallest and most useless API

Phone number

There is a phone number at the bottom of the page: (510) 766-2726. If you call it, you hear a woman speaking in spanish. She says a string of numbers: 5-2-4-1-3 (pause) 23-4-14-8-6-18-17-23-21-18-15

The second part translates (a=1, b=2, etc) to WDNHFRQWURO. After rotating 23 times (ROT-23 cipher) this becomes TAKECONTROL.

Take Control

The phone message lead to a more significant page on the site: https://lumerico.mx/TAKECONTROL/index.html. It's styled the same way as amomentincrime.com is and featured an image of Sombra's skull icon, named "calavera.png" (a Spanish name for "skull" associated with the Mexican Day of the Dead). There was also text on the page:

ethldtíoíesnoemfetuylm.bnlsssqtann)hcnslararuCpdGeoopéqubdsroaan.arnasdmdor1vrsmerñerlsdacnnnoaexedsidcn.iarsgcyi,iqeqnd.pooitoaeaaransterLetéáedasodocMrnseeiuCsimnosetlójnueodacapsadcoanfasest.rnucaodacadmdoemoipíogPoipbehaSussai.,yccandin.reueatenaoiorneoeetaoéyenimt¿rPehec,uurobudeílrysriteenasni,adngpjrálireecgrolsmhYnao?nmonomepeldezmapcpunoaulrrruCstmeitltetlróesoapsdéyufcuascaa,rensbuinergnqedlmvlbpdtaz.enebuineuldoerecrGefqfirrasulrbeatHsilnbaúaeeaaooassraooa,ioedo:aLiuielPr ursmoootlnielteeánlosulobeauaanopearrúiesltéyrosssisuaaeaenremsieaismdjmolrsspebiecdéyusittnvrcacp.taebrtLiunróporner

This is a column order transposition cipher with the key 5 2 4 1 3, which was obtained in the phone call. The result is: (spaced out for clarity)

Los felicito por haber llegado hasta aquí. Solo quería saber si estaban listos. (Hey, es muy difícil encontrar buena ayuda últimamente...deberían ver algunos de los payasitos que están trabajando conmigo) Por ahora, continuemos con el verdadero reto: acabar con LumériCo y su president e Guillermo Portero. ¿Y porqué? Porque es un hombre codicioso, corrupto y un ladrón abominable. Su plan de traer en línea el más grande y el más poderoso zigurat el 1 de noviembre no es nada más que una artimaña, un elaborado plan designado para ejercer aún más influencia sobre la gente de México y en gordar los bolsillos de sus compinches. ¿Y quién va a pagar por eso? La gente común y corriente, los mismos que siempre quedan olvidados.

He empezado a mejorar mis protocolos para que sean usados para derrumbar la infraestructura de LumériCo y Los Muertos también están intentando levantarse en contra de la corrupción. Mientras tanto, escarben por el sitio de LumériCo y busquen información que podamos usar en contra del cabrón, mejor aún, encuentren su nombre de usuario y contraseña para asegurarnos de que ciertos detalles no muy favorables sobre el presidentito...aparezcan...

Pude encontrar el nombre de usuario y contraseña de un empleado de soporte de LumériCo, empiecen por ahí:

I'm congratulating you for getting in here. I only wanted to know if you were ready or not. (Hey, it's really difficult to get good help lately... you should see some of the clowns I'm working with). For now, let's continue with the true challenge: taking down Lumerico Corp president Guillermo Portero. Why? Because he's a greedy and corrupt man, and an abominable thief. His plan of bringing in line the most powerful and biggest zigurat the 1st of november us nothing more than a deceit, an elaborate plan by his gang to become even more influential in the people of Mexico and get more money. And who's gonna pay for that? Common people, the ones that are always forgotten.

I've started upgrading my protocols so that they are used to take down the Lumerico Corp infraestructure and Los Muertos are also trying to go against the corruption. Meanwhile, search the Lumerico Corp site for info we can use against the bastard, or better, get his username and password so that hundreds "not so favorable" facts about the president start popping up.

I was able to get the username and pass of a Lumerico Corp employee, start here:

Presidential Login

There is a login page on the lumerico.mx website. Using the credentials obtained through the message above, we accessed the account of Gonzalo Flores. You get access to his emails. Transcripts of these emails are archived here.

Most of them have no significance, except the one that does:

De:Valeria Valderrama<[email protected]>
Para:Gonzalo Flores<[email protected]>
Asunto:Página de Guillermo

Hola, Gonzo:
¿Puedes ver el tráfico de https://lumerico.mx/president-bypass? Guillermo debería ser el único accediendo desde su página de inicio privada, pero parece que está teniendo mucho tráfico. Tal vez tengamos que escalar esto a
la señorita Jiménez, pero quiero estar segura de que es digno de su tiempo.

Valeria Valderrama

Which is about there being a lot of traffic to the President Bypass Link. That page displays an "access denied" message, but there is a President Auth-Bypass Revision 1.02: /.git/ line in the source code.

That lead a user to dump the data from the /.git/ subpage with git protocol and upload it to Github. That were codebehind files for the website, including a class.authentication.php file containing an encryption function and class.president-bypass.php file containing the president's (Guillermo Portero) username GPortero and encrypted password ?MzY:MTI5:?AzY:OWM?:?EDO:ZGU?:jVTM:MTJm:2ITM:MTUw:?QjY:OWY?:?kTO:MTQx:?MzY.

Discord users with the required technical knowledge wrote a function that would reverse the encryption from class.authentication.php and used it on the encrypted password. The resulting presidential password is [email protected]+Bkuqd<53uJ.

After logging in to the President's account, we accessed his emails the same way we accessed Flores' ones.

While we were sifting through them for about 30 minutes, another email popped up. This one being from Sombra:

Veo que se han podido infiltrar en su correo.
No se preocupen, él no puede ver este correo, lo he ocultado de su vista si se conecta desde una de sus direcciones conocidas de IP.
Necesito un poco más de tiempo para establecer el próximo grupo de potocolos. Manténganse atentos a principios de la otra semana. Le echaré unos cuantos trapitos sucios en sus correos para que se filtren al público
"accidentalmente". Ya veremos como reaccionan los medios de comunicación.

The rough translation is:

I see you have been able to infiltrate into his mail.
Don't worry, he cannot see this email, I've hidden it from his sight if he connects from one of his known IP addresses.
I need a little bit of time to establish the next set of protocols. Stay alert early next week. I'll throw some dirty laundry in his emails that can "accidentally" leak to the public. We'll see how the media will react to that.

Admin Access

The admin panel of the Lumerico site, only accessible by logging in as MJimenez

On October 25, new emails were discovered in the GFlores account, but they had no immediate significance to the ARG. In addition, omnics.txt was updated:

Allow: Tzolk'in
Allow: Imix ChikchanManik Imix ChikchanImixChikchanImix Manik Chikchan Imix Kimi Chikchan Chikchan Kimi ChikchanImixChikchanImix ChikchanKimi

Tzolk'in is the name of a Mayan Calendar, and the second line is a series of animals from it in the Tzolk'in dialect. Imix stands for Day 1, Chikchan — 5, Manik — 7 and Kimi — 6. Turned into numbers, the string reads 1 57 1 5151 7 5 1 6 5 5 6 5151 56. These digits turned into pictograms of Maya numerals (one by one, not numbers as a whole) written horizontally become . -..- . -.-. ..- - . .- - - .- -.-. -.- That is a morse code, which decodes to EXECUTEATTACK.

This led us to https://lumerico.mx/EXECUTEATTACK/index.html, where the following text was discovered:

Ha llegado el momento. Esos correos expuestos la verdad sobre Portero, iniciado la revuelta, y hemos convencido a la gente de México a apoyar nuestra causa. Ahora es el momento para el golpe. Convertiremos su preciada inauguración el 1 de noviembre en un gran movimiento en su contra. Necesito que hagan una cosa:
Consigan acceso al correo del jefa de seguridad y busquen alguna forma de ayudarme en el ataque. Es posible que lo vean contactando a Portero pronto. He cambiado su contraseña a: d0r*NuLw9

Translated to English:

The moment has come. These emails exposed the truth about Portero, initiated the revolt, and have convinced people of Mexico to support our cause. Now is the time to strike. Convert his precious inauguration on November 1 to a large movement against it. I need you to do one thing:
Get access to the email security chief and seek some form of help in the attack. You may see her contacting Portero soon. I've changed her password: d0r*NuLw9

Logging in with the credentials MJimenez / d0r*NuLw9 gave us access to the admin panel of Lumerico. Until 01 Nov. 2016 it stayed inactive and any command was answered with the same message saying the terminal disconnected.

The Terminal

Once the console became usable, you could type help to see a list of commands:

override     Engineer safety mode override
help         Provides help information about commands
version      Displays system version information
about        Displays information about the system
grep         Search output by string

In the MJimenez email account, there's an email labeled Corrupción de correo electrónico with highlighted text in side of it, specifically /ter/. After some hard thinking, people discovered that doing about | grep 'ter' (in linux this is a command to list all the lines from the about that have a substring ter) returns this text:

Open source lightweight shell for any terminal.
Anything with a terminal
1.1.0 - expanded terminal support

The first word of every line given from the output is bold and also purple, signifying something interesting about it. Put together you get OpenAnything1.1.0, which is where we move onto the next bit below.

Another available and most important command is override. Before applying the safety mode override, the console prompts you with three security questions:

  1. Favorite Movie. The answer to the prompt is some like it bot, a movie from the Overwatch universe.
  2. Favorite Cookie Flavor. The answer being nuevas sabor delicias, a flavor referenced in an email in the MJimenez account.
  3. Secret. The answer to this prompt is OpenAnything1.1.0.

This returns OK, gives you admin access and enables a new set of commands:

ls Lists files by path
cat Read file by path
exec Execute a file

Typing ls lists two files: payload and d_ilqh_nhb.html (the file name is a ROT23 for a_fine_key).

Reading the second file with cat mnt/d_ilqh_nhb.html gives a text where ascii characters (repeating string vhnl tldv xyl vcxelo xv qhrtv. zkolg[nl]) are in a shape of a key. Deciphering it using the Affine cipher (A=23, B=23) yields the following string: some keys are shaped as locks. index[me].

Simultaneously, entering exec payload presents you with a prompt — the answer to which is the Tracer Trail. When inputted, you are given a message that looks quite similar to what was previously seen at amomentincrime.com. You are then added to the counter shown in the top right.

It is assumed that some keys are shaped as locks line was directly alluding to the Tracer Trail being used as a key and there were no further steps that solvers managed to skip.

lumerico.mx website hacked by Sombra

Somewhere about the end of investigation on 10-01-2016, when the values on the gauges after executing the payload were nearing or passed 100, the lumerico.mx home page changed to show "glitches" and the black overlay with a message under the purple skull, while a string  was also added to the source of the page.

The message says:

Buen trabajo, amigos. No lo hubiera logrado sin su ayuda. En fin, me consiguieron los recursos que necesitaba para mi siguiente golpe – les encantará.
Esperen noticias de mí en los próximos días...
Les voy a mandar algo para agradecerles… Ojalá lo puedan aprovechar.
Dasvidanya amigos

Good job, folks. I would not have done it without your help. Anyway, I got the resources needed for my next hit - you'll love it.
Expect to hear from me in the coming days...
I'm going to send something to thank you ... Hopefully you can use it.
Dasvidanya friends
The Día de Los Muertos spray that was added to the game after Sombra hacked the Lumerico site

Note that Dasvidanya is a phonetic transliteration of до свиданья — a russian phrase for "goodbye". The thing that Sombra sent as a thank you was a new spray, named "Día de Los Muertos" after the Mexican festival that took place at the same time as the ARG. The spray is currently only available on the PC version of the game.

The MISDIRECTION string lead to the page https://lumerico.mx/MISDIRECTION/index.html containing:

...Estableciendo conexiуn...
...Protocolo Sombra v2.3 iniciado...

...Desviando datos del zigurat de LumériCo hacia el objetivo...
...Descifrando contraseсas del objetivo...
...Acceso otorgado al directorio de volskayaindustries.com...

...boop ;)...
...Terminando conexión...

...Establishing connection...
...Sombra Protocol v2.3 initiated...

...Forwarding the data from the LumériCo ziggurat to the target...
...Deciphering the target passwords...
...Access Granted to the directory of volskayaindustries.com...

...boop ;)...
...Ending connection...

Sombra vs. Volskaya Industries

As of 2016-11-02, the website http://volskayaindustries.com only has a placeholder saying Превышена нагрузка на сервер. Ведётся техобслуживание. (Server is overloaded and is under maintenance).

Blizzcon 2016 opened with the Overwatch short "Infiltration", a short depicting Reaper, Widowmaker, and Sombra on Volskaya Industries. During the showing of the short, Sombra's hero page went live, showcasing her abilities and character backstory.

Community Resources

A collection of tools and resources made by the Game Detectives Discord community for use in the ARG.

ASCII Skull Analysis: https://github.com/bahamas10/sombra

Removing [email protected] Analysis: http://pastebin.com/15u27YTC

ASCII Skull Eye Analysys: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1-JQpWyitMKYhP-4l8ZDFiJI3NjqRrvoEnRdFQawike8

Google Docs

Observations and Speculations Spreadsheet: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1rI08baFQmAwaqHC-9GF9VNGCYjuRE-q4LN9k4ottjuQ/pubhtml

LumériCo Emails and Translations Spreadsheet: https://goo.gl/cQgdIJ (Courtesy of UberPilot)

Tracer Code

GOL! Guesser: http://axxim.net/ow/gol-guesser/

Uber GOL! Guesser: http://axxim.net/ow/gol-guesser/uber/

The Uber GOL! Guesser only prints out UTF-8 compliant results, which makes it easier to identify potentially correct answers.

Bruteforcing tool: https://github.com/glv2/bruteforce-salted-openssl

Third-Party Resources

A collection of third-party tools and resources that the Game Detectives Discord community has used in the ARG.

Image of Reaper

stegdetect (Linux): https://github.com/abeluck/stegdetect

stegdetect is a Linux utility used to determine if a given image may contain encoded information.

JPHide & JPSeek: http://linux01.gwdg.de/~alatham/stego.html
iSteg (Mac OSX): http://www.hanynet.com/isteg/

JPHide & JPSeek is used to hide and find, respectively, a file inside a JPEG image.
iSteg works similarly to JPHide on the Mac OSX platform.

stegbreak (Linux): http://linux.die.net/man/1/stegbreak

stegbreak is used to do brute-force dictionary attacks on JPEG images.

Old / False Leads

Click here for all of the false leads that the community came across while trying to solve the Sombra ARG!

Derivative Works

The long road to solving the ARG have sparked several people into creating pieces of media as a joke or just as a spark of creativity. Most notably is the skysong; the misinterpreted skycode that had been interpreted as a piece of music by Gingerware. The following derivate works have been inspired by this.

Description Author Title Work
Original thread on how the OP thought the skycode was music Gingerware Skysong SoundCloud (Notable examples "Ordered 60 Upsidedown Loop", "Skysong 120 tempo looped" and Sombra Skysong - Overwatch)
Trap rendition of the skysong SnerK Sombra SoundCloud
Youtube video with pieces of ARG and SnerK's Trap Skysong Unknown Fusion Snerk - Sombra YouTube
Youtube skit on the initial stall Goose Boose Sombra ARG in a Nutshell YouTube
An opensource android app to keep up with the Sombra ARG. Jasona99 and CyanogenBot Sombra Checker GitHub (Download the .apk file in the root folder for the compiled app)
Fanart using the skull and skycode Pocketomi Sombra Interpretation Sombratransparent.png
Sombra fanart with mask as focus Pocketomi Mask DeviantArt
Sombra 4K wallpaper Palas Wallpaper DeviantArt
Fanart Orroko Sombra on Dorado DeviantArt
Fanart Orroko Sombra 2.0 DeviantArt
Fanart Sadhira Sombra Uncloaked DeviantArt
Fanart Laken Interpretation Twitter
Fanart KittyAyome SOMBRA - Overwatch DeviantArt
Fanart KittyAyome Skycoder - Overwatch DeviantArt
Fanart Avizo-23 Who is Sombra DeviantArt
Twitch overlay for OBS Studio Akihabara GD Twitch overlay Mega

Easter Eggs

The following are collection of references and Easter Eggs encountered throughout the ARG.

Sombra's "Amused" Emote

This character emote features the Skycode, accompanied by soft music resembling the Skysong. Sombra's expression is one of amusement, and it's a nod to the community's prolonged creative attempts to solving an nonexistent puzzle.

Skycode Spray

This character spray features Sombra's iconic skull in front of a compass rose and the Skycode. This is a reference to both the cardinal directions used in one of the puzzles and to the Skycode, which is considered the most significant false lead that solvers encountered.

Espresso Command

There is a hidden command in LumériCo's admin terminal. Inputting the word espresso will return the following message: Coffee Pot Status: Brewed approximately 23 hours ago, currently 0% full This is referencing a variety of emails found in the LumériCo site involving broken espresso machines and incompetent coffee brewing, which caught the attention of the community and gave way to a vast variety of mediocre jokes. Furthermore, "23 hours" makes reference to the number 23, which was believed by many to possess some sort of significance to the ARG, as Sombra would be the 23rd character in Overwatch. Finally, "0%" references the ARG's notable waiting periods that have been widely criticized by the community, specifically A Moment in Crime's upload percentage. Due to the iconic purple text it is believed that this hidden command was created by Sombra herself.

Media Appearances

3rd Aug. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Overwatch Fans Find New Clues About The Mysterious Hero Sombra

[EN] Polygon - Overwatch fans are trying to crack the latest mystery about Sombra

[EN] PCGamesN - Overwatch's Sombra ARG continues with new clues, but no solutions

[EN] Team-Dignitas - Who is Sombra? All facts and clues about Sombra

[EN] FollowNews - Overwatch Fans Find New Clues About The Mysterious Hero Sombra

4th Aug. 2016

[EN] PCGamer - Overwatch Summer Games trailer hides a mysterious secret

[SK] Sector - Nové Overwatch video obsahuje ďalšie tajomstvá

[EN] Techinsider - 'Overwatch' players are going to insane lengths to solve a mystery that Blizzard's teased for months

[EN] Gamerant - Overwatch Players Uncover More ‘Sombra’ Clues

[HU] Gamestar - Overwatch - újabb nyomok utalnak a még be nem jelentett hősre

5th Aug. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Days Later, Overwatch Fans Can't Figure Out The 'Sky Code' Mystery

[NL] Gamersnet - Cryptische speurtocht naar Overwatch' nieuwe heldin Sombra gaat bizar diep

[ES] Alfa Beta Jeuga - Overwatch: El enigma de Sombra sigue ofreciendo nuevos detalles

[EN] IGN (Video) - Sombra: Overwatch's Secret New Hero - Overwatch HQ

7th Aug. 2016

[EN] Gamespresso - Summary of the state of sombra's ARG in Overwatch

8th Aug. 2016

[EN/CN] Zhentoo - Overwatch new hero Secret Dorado hidden mystery

[EN] TechNewsToday - Overwatch: Sombra Continues to Elude Detectives

11th Aug. 2016

[EN] The Know - New Overwatch Hero Hints

12th Aug. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Overwatch Fans' Sombra Investigation Reaps A Skull Code

14th Aug. 2016

[EN] Gamerant - Skull Code is Latest Clue in Overwatch’s Sombra Investigation

16th Aug. 2016

[EN] Christian Today - 'Overwatch' DLC update: Skull Code the latest clue for Sombra investigation

[EN] Yibada - 'Overwatch' DLC update: New clues on Sombra's inclusion to the roster revealed

23rd Aug. 2016

[EN] Tech News Today - Overwatch: All We Know About the Sombra ARG

24th Aug. 2016

[EN] Gamerant - Overwatch Forums Glitch Out, Reveals Hidden Message From Sombra

[EN] Gamerant - New Website Counts Down To Next Clue For Overwatch’s Sombra

[EN] Polygon - Overwatch's Sombra mystery appears to be coming to a close

[EN] VG247 - Overwatch forums glitch out, reveal a message from the mysterious Sombra

[EN] Tech News Today - Sombra Hacks Into Overwatch Forums

[EN] IGN - Overwatch Mystery Character Sombra Could Be Revealed Today

25th Aug. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Overwatch Players Are Getting Sick Of The Sombra ARG

[EN] IGN - Overwatch Made the Internet Lose its Mind Last Night, And I Had a Front-Row Seat

[EN] Tech News Today - Overwatch: Countdown to Sombra

30th Aug. 2016

[EN] PC Gamer - Overwatch's Sombra riddle begins to irritate the players trying to solve it

3rd Oct. 2016

[EN] Mobile & Apps - Sombra To Be Revealed At Blizzcon? Halloween Event Confirmed In Data Leak

4th Oct. 2016

[EN] iTechPost - Overwatch Update: Are We Finally Getting Sombra?

11th Oct. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Overwatch Fans Hacked Actual People In An Attempt To Find Sombra

17th Oct. 2016

[EN] TelKom Gaming - Will Sombra Hack Her Way Into BlizzCon 2016?

18th Oct. 2016

[EN] OverwatchTips - Everything You NEED To Know (Sombra ARG)

26th Oct. 2016

[EN] Min Network - Everything we know about Blizzard's rumored Nov. 1 release

28th Oct. 2016

[EN] Kotaku - Imagining Horror Stories Of A Never-Ending Overwatch ARG

1st Nov. 2016

[EN] IGN - Will Sombra be at BlizzCon 2016?

8th Nov. 2016

[EN] Mic Tech - 'Overwatch' Sombra ARG: Gameplay emote directly references one of the wildest fan theories

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publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for February 2020
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-67-67-123.ec2.internal
software: Apache Nutch 1.16 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
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text:
Release Note of Android (v1.2)

Release Date Feb/08/2014 KST
Release Type Regular release
Release Files selfinstall-odroidc-eng-s805_4.4.2_dev_master-195-v1.2.img.xz (MD5SUM:e7e3b5572230fd434fdeb47f3b085448)
  • Picture enhancement on HDMI.
    • No blurry or fuzzy
    • Same quality with Linux/Ubuntu release
  • Supporting additional HDMI resolutions.
    • Same resolutions as much as Linux/Ubuntu release
    • Selectable by Odroid Utility or boot.ini
  • Support overscan tuning
    • Configurable by Odroid Utility
  • Supporting portrait display
    • Only possible 90 degree on CW
  • Bluetooth USB Dongle Support.
  • 1Gbps ethernet performance enhancement.
  • Kodi 14.0 “Helix” preinstalled
    • Contains installable .apk and automatically installs on the first boot
    • Auto launching on boot, configurable on Odroid Utility
    • Since Kodi is not working properly when Superuser is installed, you must simply remove Superuser or install another app like SuperSu.
  • Source code clean up and minor issues fixed.
  • SuperUser can be installed if you remove it. (Download)
  • Touch on ODROID-VU does not work on cold-boot, must reconnect USB cable - FIXED
  • Date/Time does not back up even though backup battery is connected - FIXED
  • Wifi #4 (RT5572) driver is switched to be based WEXT - CHANGED & EXPERIMENTAL
  • Wifi VID/PID can be configured without HAL changes - FIXED & ENHANCED
    • Support different vendor's Wifi dongle with same chipset with Hardkernel's stock wireless dongles.
  • Most of known issues discovered in Linux release are patched.
  • You can check Build number if proper version is installed.
  • USB sound card doesn't work.

The current version only provide Linux kernel and U-boot source code. Here are the instructions to checkout the source code and build. For more detail information, please visit U-boot and Kernel.

$ git clone --depth 1 -b odroidc-v2011.03
$ cd u-boot
$ make odroidc_config
$ make

Linux Kernel

$ git clone --depth 1 -b odroidc-3.10.y-android
$ cd linux
$ make odroidc_defconfig
$ make
$ make uImage

ODROID Utility

$ git clone --depth 1 -b s805_4.4.2_dev_master

Android Source

Still not scheduled due to license review

We have been reported various WiFi dongles are not supported even though they have same chipset with Hardkernel's WiFi dongle #3 and #4, so we have enhanced to load its driver while registering VID&PID to use.By default, the current Android have two different WiFi dongles which are based Ralink 5572 and Realtek 8188CUS are supported. This is the file maintain the WiFi driver as per VID&PID, you can add your WiFi dongle to here and can be affected on next WiFi turn on.

# cat wifi_id_list.txt
148f 5572 rt5572sta /system/lib/modules/rt5572sta.ko
0bda 8176 8192cu /system/lib/modules/8192cu.ko
0bda 7811 8192cu /system/lib/modules/8192cu.ko
0bda 817a 8192cu /system/lib/modules/8192cu.ko

For example, if you have Realtek 8188CUS based WiFi dongle and its VID&PID are 7392 and 7811, it won't work. So you have add a line below to the file.

7392 7811 8192cu /system/lib/modules/8192cu.ko

Note that the file system is mounted as read only, you must remount before you change the file so that your change can be stored.

# mount -o remount,rw /
# echo "7392 7811 8192cu /system/lib/modules/8192cu.ko" >> /etc/wifi_id_list.txt
# sync


text:
Skip to end of metadata
Go to start of metadata

This section will provide a context to the use of web feature services (WFS). It covers who and what the OGC is and does, what a WFS is, and the history behind OGC WFS specifications.

Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and their goal...

"The Open Geospatial Consortium is an international industry consortium of 440* companies, government agencies and universities participating in a consensus process to develop publicly available interface standards."              *(to date).

"The OGC Standards support interoperable solutions that "geo-enable" the Web, wireless and location-based services and mainstream IT."

In a nutshell then, the OCG is a group of people from industry, government and education who together, produce standards for use in a global context, their ultimate goal being to better enable the use of geospatial solutions. You can read more on the OGC from the Further Reading section below.

What is an OGC Web Feature Service?

In order to understand what a WFS is, you first must understand what is meant by:

  • 'Feature'
  • 'Operation'

In the context of a WFS, a 'Feature' is a representation of a real-world-object; a geographic feature. That feature is represented by 'data' and is often contained in a database.

An 'Operation' can be thought of as an action - something that performs an action on a data store that itself contains features. Operations are used for retrieving and maintaining that data. The type of action (or Operator to use) depends on end user requirements. The different types of Operations available for use within a WFS are detailed in WFS Operation Types and Descriptions.

Therefore a Web Feature Service is...

An open, platform independent web service (request/response) allowing retrieval and maintenance of features contained within a remote data store. The WFS provides a set of comprehensive operations for discovery, query and transactions on features or individual property values.

What is an Application Server?

An application server is a server often used solely to host applications (software programs). The two application servers we work with are Tomcat (Wikipedia) and JBoss (Wikipedia).

What is the WFS process?

Client applications link to the WFS hosted by the application server (e.g Tomcat or JBoss) and submits a WFS request. WFS converts the request to SQL (or other depending on the database in use) to query the underlying database. Data is returned and the WFS then converts it into gml, based on the GO Publisher project translations and specified schema. The client application then displays the gml data.

Image displaying the WFS setup using an application server.

What can WFS be used for?

WFS supports a wide range of use cases:

Data exchange: download data on request or synchronisation for use locally.

Decision-support: directly query data within client applications removing the need for local data stores.

Data maintenance: direct, distributed data maintenance by multiple clients. Removing the need for multiple data maintenance flows, increasing efficiency and quality and reducing latency.

History of OGC WFS Specification

The WFS specification is one of the more mature web service standards developed by the OGC. See WFS Conformance Classes for more information on

WFS 1.0.0

The WFS specification was first developed in 2002 (WFS 1.0.0) alongside the GML 2.1.2 specification which is the default payload encoding.

The first version of the WFS specification supported 5 operations:

  1. GetCapabilities,
  2. DescribeFeatureType,
  3. GetFeature,
  4. Transaction and
  5. LockFeature.

WFS 1.1.0

The specification was subsequently revised in 2005, following the development of the GML 3.1.1 and Filter Encoding 1.1 specifications.

The WFS 1.1.0 specification included 2 new operations;

  • GetGMLObject and
  • GetFeatureWithLock

It also introduced some new query functions such as resolving references to remote features/objects. WFS 1.1.0 was the first version of the specification to be implemented by many proprietary and open source software vendors and you can now find several compliant WFS 1.1 servers.

WFS 2.0

In November 2010, the latest version of the WFS specification (WFS 2.0) was published. This was a major release of the WFS specification as it has now been adopted as an ISO TC 211 standard as well as an OGC specification, demonstrating maturity. The WFS 2.0 specification is currently being adopted by many national, international and global initiatives within many domains (e.g. INSPIRE, NSDI, SESAR/NextGen) as the preferred open web service interface for interoperable data exchange.

In the WFS 2.0 specification, four core WFS Conformance Classes are defined that specify a minimum set of operations and behaviours that the WFS supports.

Overview of key differences between the WFS specifications

GO Publisher WFS

Snowflake Software's GO Publisher has been extended to support both WFS1.1 and the latest version of the OGC Web Feature Service (WFS 2.0) and Filter Encoding Specification (FES) 2.0. These are the sibling standards to GML3.2.1 and introduce new ways to interact with spatial and temporal data. This is key functionality for fully implementing a number of important GML exchange schemas.

Notable schemas which use GML3.2.1, WFS 2.0 & FES 2.0:

  •     AIXM5.1 - Aeronautical Information Exchange Model
  •     WXXM1.1 - Weather Exchange Model
  •     INSPIRE - Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe to support environmental policies
  •     CAFE - Clean Air For Europe initiative

Make your WFS RESTful!

Introducing REST Services provides you with an introduction to implementing your WFS using Representational state transfer (REST) infrastructure.

Further Reading

You can either read GO Publisher WFS User Guide or GO Publisher WFS Administrator Guide. To find out which would suit you best, return to the GO Publisher WFS 4.2 homepage.

Open Geospatial Consortium (Wikipedia)

About the Open Geospatial Consortium

Web Feature Service (Wikipedia)


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Lucie Kaas Sketch Inc Wall Hook Thief

Or 6 payments from $6.65 Laybuy What's this?

Becky Kemp is the artist behind the imaginative world of Sketch.Inc Her work is an exploration of geometric expression  Japanese illustration and Nordic aesthetics.  Inspired by the cultural icons from the art and design world, the wall hooks are a simple marriage of natural wood grain with monochrome features.

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Daily Mail libel battle begins

Journalist Rebecca Hardy appears to be in hot water as former TV executive Mike Hollingsworth's High Court libel case kicks off against the Daily Mail after Ms Hardy alleged that Mr Hollingsworth beat his ex-girlfriend.

The newspaper printed claims by radio DJ Harriet Scott that he had attacked her initially, while the court heard yesterday that 61-year-old Mike Hollingsworth was "comprehensively beaten up" by Ms Scott of Heart Fm.

Mr Hollingsworth was prepared to settle for an apology from the newspaper until he started to believe that employee Rebecca Hardy had launched what he termed a "personal vendetta" against him through her work.

Ms Hardy had written that Ms Scott was "utterly adamant" that Mr Hollingsworth had initiated the attack, which resulted in the Heart Fm presenter suffering a split lip.

People in Britain and Northern Ireland are protected by laws that mean unproven hearsay should not be printed, as reputations can be tarnished by incorrect claims.

Mr Hollingsworth is now pursuing an aggravated damages case against the Daily Mail for being responsible for the publication of Ms Hardy's defamatory articles.

Contact us for legal advice


text:
This Week on Instagram: Christmas Lights Around the Metro

Get into the holiday spirit!

It’s finally December and we’re already feeling the holiday vibes with the festivities and shows left and right! One thing that gets us excited about the season is the Christmas decorations all around the metro. This year is more special than ever: there are a lot of new Christmas light shows that are not only giving us the holiday vibes, they’re super Instagram-worthy as well!

If you haven’t visited one yet, check out these Instagram photos that will make you want to invite your bae, family or squad:

Ayala Triangle Gardens


text:
Huff n' Puff Seniors Fitness Association

Contact Information
Office Phone 519-661-5854
Description and Service Details
Description (Service) Seniors fitness group offering athletic, recreational and social activities * see website for complete listing of current activities
Hours Administration: Mon, Fri 9:30am-2pm
Program hours vary
Areas Served London
Boundaries London and area
Eligibility Ages: 55 year(s) and up
Adults 55 years and older
Application Call or drop-in
Languages English
Fees additional nominal fee for some programs
Agency Information
Established 1988
Primary Executive Doug Anderson, President
Funding Private
Site Information
Site Location London (Northeast)
Located In Community London
Address & Map
1345 Cheapside St
London, ON N5V 3N9
Intersection Higbury Ave and Cheapside St
Physical Access Fully Accessible

Still can't find a service? Call us.

Call 2-1-1, Toll Free: 1-866-686-0045


text:
Review Search

Review Detail

Shiraz February 07, 2020
2019 Catlin The Gellert Gamay
(Updated: February 07, 2020)
Wine Rating

A light, vibrant red with a juicy and attractive nose of red cherry and fresh raspberry compote alongside vanilla coffee bean and faint bracken aromatics. Primary fruits coat the mouth with a top notes of toffee apple alongside the melange of red berry fruits, the wine is unabashed in its youthful disposition but does have balanced acidity and some savoury nuance showing itself on the finish that contrasts the generosity of fruit. A crowd pleaser now, but will have charm with a few years in bottle.

When to Drink

Optimal Drinking
2020 - 2023
Date Reviewed
02 05, 2020

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Monday / February 24.

Five people killed in stampede at Algiers rap concert

ALGIERS (Reuters) – At least five people were killed in a stampede at a packed rap concert in the Algerian capital on Thursday night, a hospital source said.

Thousands had gathered at the concert of local rap star Abderraouf Derradji, known as “Soolking”, in a stadium in Algiers.

No further details were immediately available

Reporting by Lamine Chikhi; Editing by Sandra Maler

via Reuters


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Bel Pre
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Moderately Priced Dwelling Unit (MPDU) at Bel Pre, Silver Spring

Welcome to the HOC Housing Path Online Wait List Portal

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Konstantin Obenland: Building Themes: Lessons Learned from Contributing to Default Themes

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August 18, 2015

Konstantin has been involved in creating three out of the last four default themes for WordPress. It’s been a great learning opportunity both as a WordPress developer as well as a contributor and member of the community. Konstantin Obenland shares some lessons learned, on the theme creation side of things about how innovative we were able to be even though we had to cater to such a broad spectrum of users, and on the community side how it enabled him to become more involved with the project and work with other contributors around the world towards a common goal.

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Following your dreams

“She turned to the sunlight And shook her yellow head,And whispered to her neighbor- -Winter is dead.” (2)

Walt Disney is one of the best visionaries that the world has ever seen. You would think success came easy to him, but no, his idea for a Disneyland park was rejected over 200 times, but the man had big dreams. He even got fired from a newspaper! He wasn’t going to give up until he found success, in which he did. Just imagine, there wouldn’t be a Disneyland, Disney world, or all the amazing Disney movies such as Toy Story etc without Walt Disney’s work ethic, passion, perseverance and plan of action.  Walt created something amazing for everyone to enjoy and it all started from a dream.

He was very passionate about his dreams and no matter what happens, the pit falls, the failures, he learned from his mistakes. Walt Disney truly believed in himself and his dreams, which made a world of difference because nothing was going to stand in his way. Everyone needs to have some sort of dream (no matter how big or small it is) because we do only live one life and why not make it a life worth living? We should have something that we are working for.  So today, I ask you all, what are you doing today, tomorrow, the next couple of months and years to make your dreams a reality? Be bold, have courage, take risks, believe in yourself and most of all, be passionate about what you do. The world needs more dreamers…so dream big!

This post was written by David Chau. David is a musician, marketer, and passion chaser.  He’s a young business professional that enjoys helping people any way he can. You can connect with David on Twitter @davidbchau or on Facebook at

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Help Finding Jobs for Army Reserves

by Brooke Julia
The Army offers tools to help you choose a career path.

The Army offers tools to help you choose a career path.

Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images

Joining the Army Reserves is an option for those who want to earn valuable experience in the military and defend their country while enjoying the freedom of civilian life. The Reserves offers a variety of job opportunities based on your skills, interests and strengths. Your scores on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, also help determine which jobs are right for you.

ASVAB and Job Opportunities

Your scores on the ASVAB are used to determine the military career specialties for which you're suited. There are no pass or fail grades for the ASVAB, but you do need to earn at least a 31 to be accepted into the Army Reserves. Reservist jobs are broken down into nine general categories, which are administration, law, mechanics, arts, medical, computer technology, intelligence, construction and aviation. To see what you qualify for, take your test results to a recruiter, or visit the U.S. Army website to plug your scores in. Your information will generate a list of opportunities open to you.

Army Career Explorer

Exploring Army Reserve jobs is as easy as opening your laptop. All you have to do is visit the U.S. Army website's Career Explorer. Create an account, and answer a few questions about yourself. Then, select a search time frame to show available jobs that match your answers. Choose the jobs that interest you the most and then prioritize them from most to least desirable. When you're ready, you can even submit your application online, which will be sent to a local recruiter who will get in touch with you.

Job Placement Tests

You can also search Reserve jobs online based on your skills or interests. If you want to search by skills, you'll need to take an eight-step quiz that will determine your skill levels in different categories. If you want to search by interests, you'll complete a quiz with 14 either/or questions. Your answers will help compile a list of jobs that suit you.

Talk to a Recruiter

Sitting down with a recruiter is another way to get help with choosing a job in the Army Reserves. You can search for a recruiter in your area by going to the U.S. Army website and entering your area of interest and your zip code into its recruiter locator. You can send an email or make a phone call to set up an appointment with a recruiter if you're in the United States. If you're a U.S. citizen living overseas, send an email and a recruiter will get in touch with you.

About the Author

Brooke Julia has been a writer since 2009. Her work has been featured in regional magazines, including "She" and "Hagerstown Magazine," as well as national magazines, including "Pregnancy & Newborn" and "Fit Pregnancy."

Photo Credits

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Materials and Chemicals

Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Triisostearate Market: Quantitative Market Analysis, Current and Future Trends 2018-2026

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Eric has been working for world chronicle since the company’s birth. Having exceptional writing skills, he is well read in several disciplines including literature, history, politics, and science.

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