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Why a president’s faith may not matter
We’re accustomed to presidential displays of piety but historians say a president’s faith is no sure guide to how he will govern.
June 30th, 2012
10:00 PM ET

Why a president’s faith may not matter

By John Blake, CNN

He called himself a “life-long Quaker and a church-going Christian,” and at first there was no reason to doubt him.

He played piano in the church, taught Sunday school, and praised Jesus at revivals. His mother thought he was going to be a missionary. His friends said he would be a preacher.

We now know this former Sunday school teacher as “Tricky Dick” or, more formally, President Richard Nixon. He was one of the most corrupt and paranoid men to occupy the Oval Office. Nixon gave us Watergate, but he also gave presidential historians like Darrin Grinder a question to ponder:

Does a president’s religious faith make any difference in how he governs?

“I don’t think so,” says Grinder, author of “The Presidents and Their Faith,” which examines the faith of all American presidents.

“If I asked George W. Bush what he thought about torture, I think outside the presidency he would say he hates it,” Grinder says. “But he’d do it for the country if he thinks it’s right in terms of American security.”

We elect a president every four years, but perhaps we also elect a high priest.  Ever since George Washington spontaneously added “so help me God” to his inaugural oath, Americans have expected their presidents to believe in, worship and publicly invoke God.

A presidential candidate who doesn’t meet these religious expectations won’t go far, Grinder says.

“It’s going to be a long time before anyone who openly admits that he or she is an agnostic or an atheist is elected,” Grinder says. “We tie character and religious beliefs together.”

Piety and presidential greatness don’t always mix

 History suggests, however, that piety and presidential performance don’t always match. Some of America’s most religious presidents have been its most brutal. And two of its greatest presidents wouldn’t even be considered Christians today, scholars say.

Consider Abraham Lincoln, who is widely acknowledged as one of the nation’s three greatest presidents, along with Washington and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. But Lincoln, who never joined a church, was not a Christian, says Niels C. Nielsen, author of “God in the Obama Era.”

“Lincoln believed in an active God, he believed in providence. But if you asked Lincoln if he believed in the deity of Jesus, he would have said no,” Nielsen says.

Or look at Roosevelt, who is virtually a national saint. With his perpetual grin and a cigarette holder perched jauntily in his mouth, he guided the nation through the Great Depression and World War II. His legacy is built on his New Deal, an array of programs that protected the poor and elderly from the abuses of unrestrained capitalism.

But Roosevelt was no saint in his personal life. He rarely talked publicly about his Episcopalian faith, preferred golf over church (before he was stricken by polio), and likely cheated on his wife, scholars say.

Yet few presidents embodied the biblical concept of “comforting the afflicted and afflicting the comfortable” as much as Roosevelt, who once called the heartless business tycoons of his day “the money changers” in the temple.

Nielsen, the historian, suggests that it was Roosevelt’s suffering that drove him to look out for the most vulnerable, not his faith. According to his wife, Eleanor, polio taught her husband “infinite patience and never-ending persistence.”

“I think it made him more sensitive to the feelings of people,” Eleanor said, according to Nielsen.

Another contemporary president’s concern for others seemed to be driven more by his exposure to suffering than his faith.

Lyndon Johnson plunged America deeper into Vietnam. Yet his “Great Society” programs displayed a concern for “the least of these” in America. Under Johnson, the government launched programs to protect the civil rights of minorities, improve the educational chances of needy children and protect the environment.

Johnson saw poverty as a sin, something that should be attacked and defeated.

But Johnson never seemed to have any problem with a little personal sin. He grew up in Texas, where he affiliated with Disciples of Christ and Baptist churches. But he is widely believed to have stolen one of his earliest elections. He was a womanizer, historians say, and his speech was filled with such vulgarity that reporters had a difficult time quoting him on the record.

“He didn’t have any morality,” says Nielsen.

But he did have the experience of teaching in a poor, rural, immigrant school in Texas, Grinder says, where Johnson once said he learned “what poverty and hatred can do when you see its scars on the hopeful face of a young child.”

One of Johnson’s domestic advisers says in Grinder’s book that Johnson’s commitment to racial justice and eliminating poverty came from his teaching days in Texas.

“Equal opportunity became for him a constitutional obligation, and he pursued it with messianic conviction,” said Joseph Califano Jr.

Our first ‘infidel’ president

Some American presidents didn’t just seem indifferent to religion.  They were accused of being hostile to organized religion and dismissive of Jesus.

Washington, the nation’s first president, was not a Christian but most likely a Deist, someone who believed in a divine, beneficent being who ordered the world. Clergy would often try to goad him into publicly stating that he was a Christian, but he refused to do so, Grinder says.

Thomas Jefferson, though, aroused the hostility of more religious leaders than any other president, except perhaps for President Obama.

The nation’s third president once said that he didn’t care if his neighbor worshiped one God or 20, and argued for the separation of church and state. His opponents called him a pagan and an infidel. New England farm wives buried their family Bibles in gardens because they heard Jefferson would confiscate them, Grinder says.

Grinder wrote that one pastor who campaigned against Jefferson’s election warned:

“If Jefferson is elected, the Bible will be burned, the French Marseillaise will be sung in Christian churches, and we may see our wives and daughters become the victims of legal prostitution.”

Most presidents, however, didn't speak out against organized religion like Jefferson. Some took on the high priest role of the office, and few did it as eagerly as our nation’s seventh president, Andrew Jackson.

Jackson was a devout Presbyterian who read three to five chapters of the Bible daily, built a chapel in his Tennessee home and publicly attended two Washington churches while in the White House. He is known as one of the most devout presidents.

Yet he was also known for his violent temper (he killed a man in a duel) and for being a rich slaveholder. Jackson’s claim to infamy, though, comes primarily from his treatment of Native Americans. Some historians describe it as genocidal. He slaughtered Seminole Indians and their families in Florida, and he is responsible for the deaths of thousands of Cherokees, who he forced from their homeland in Georgia.

How could Jackson reconcile his fervent religious beliefs with the mass killings of Native Americans? Grinder thinks he knows:

“He was brutal because he did not believe the persons he was being brutal to were human.”

 Obama and his faith

Anyone who doubts that a president’s faith remains important to the American people has only to look at the experiences of Obama.

Obama has declared his Christianity in his biography, and in many speeches. He evoked it recently when he came out in support of same-sex marriages. But arguably no president has had his faith so aggressively questioned. Many Americans still believe he is a Muslim.

Stephen Mansfield, author of “The Faith of Barack Obama,” is a political conservative who has written about the evangelical faith of President George W. Bush. He became curious about Obama and spent time talking to Obama’s spiritual cabinet, a collection of ministers who counsel Obama.

Mansfield says he has no doubt that Obama is a devout Christian. His belief has angered some fellow conservatives so much that he says he has had speeches canceled and received angry e-mails.

“I take him seriously as a Christian,” Mansfield says. “He’s a politically liberal Christian man who is making a deeper journey of faith all the time.”

Mansfield says Obama’s health care law is an expression of faith: his belief that Christians are obligated to look out for the most vulnerable.

“Barack Obama believes that the mechanism of the state ought to be used in service of the biblical idea of saving the needy and the poor and the oppressed,” says Mansfield.

For some, though, Obama’s faith will always be associated with the angry sermons of Jeremiah Wright, his former pastor. Yet Mansfield says Obama has embraced a more traditional form of Christianity since becoming president.

In his book, Mansfield tells a story about Obama ministering to a pastor who had experienced a death in the family. Mansfield says he was stunned that Obama could draw so easily from a deep well of scripture to minister to a minister.

“He is serious about his faith,” says Mansfield, also author of  “The Mormonizing of America.”   “He’s absolutely not a Muslim.”

Nielsen, author of “God in the Obama Era,” has a theory why some Americans believe Obama is a Muslim.

“They hate him so much,” Nielsen says. “He’s polarized the country.”

Nielsen says Obama’s unconventional religious background may arouse suspicion, but it’s an asset. Obama was raised in Hawaii and Indonesia, where he was exposed to Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism and other religions. When he lived in Chicago, his Christianity was shaped by the black church’s emphasis on social justice.

“He knows more about world religions than anybody that’s been in the White House,” Nielsen says.

The persistent scrutiny of Obama’s faith, though, has helped his presidential opponent more than the president, says Grinder, author of “The Presidents and Their Faith.”

“If [Mitt] Romney had almost any other opponent than Obama, I think we’d be hearing a lot more about Mormonism,” Grinder says. “He would be in the same place that Obama has been in the last five years.”

Once Obama leaves the Oval Office, don’t expect the religious scrutiny of presidents to fade, Grinder says. We still want our presidents to act like a politician and a priest.

“The religious rhetoric gets louder each year,” he says. “That’s not going to change anytime soon.”

- CNN Writer

Filed under: Books • Christianity • Church • Church and state • Culture wars • History • Poverty • Uncategorized

soundoff (2,727 Responses)
  1. Angry Annie

    It's whether a president has a sac or not that matters to me. And the one we currently have right now has been kicked so hard between the legs by so many people, it just proves my point. And, before any of you clowns start calling me a conservative, let me tell you this; Hillary Clinton has more balls than obama, but don't think for a moment I would vote for her.

    Religion and the two party system we currently have are for the dumb masses.

    July 1, 2012 at 1:21 pm |
    • Such a shame Gloria Steinem is so passe

      Tres bitter

      July 1, 2012 at 2:02 pm |
  2. Objective

    The President's (doesn't matter which one) faith does not matter. What does matter is their ability and qualifications to do the job in which they elected(and this is also subject to person opinion).

    July 1, 2012 at 1:19 pm |
    • Torgo23

      Since the vast majority of voters don't have any idea what the President's job actually is, the qualifications they are going to look for will probably have no bearing on a candidate's ability to do that job anyway. So, why not use religion? If we're going to use traits that have nothing to do with the job, what does it matter which unrelated trait we use. How about, favorite flavor of jelly bean? It would be just as enlightening.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:33 pm |
  3. Aces Full Mike

    The left does not want a serious and fair analysis of Obama's religion vs. Romney's. Obama's radical Black Liberation Theology that he followed for 20 years ala Jeremiah Wright, if it were fully vetted and not swept under the rug like in 2008, would kill any chance he has of being re-elected.

    July 1, 2012 at 1:13 pm |
    • vulpecula

      Obama 2012! woohoo!

      July 1, 2012 at 1:36 pm |
    • One one

      He was in that church for political reasons, not religious. I doubt he is a believer at all. But I have no doubt he is a politician.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:47 pm |
  4. Smeagel4T

    FauxNews tells everyone that faith is very critical for a Democrat, but they don't really care that much if a person is a Republican.

    July 1, 2012 at 1:12 pm |
  5. Mike

    Religion, although good at times, is mostly abused by its members.

    "I like your Christ, but not your Christians, you're Christians are nothing like Christ" -Ghandi

    July 1, 2012 at 1:07 pm |
    • ghandi

      you mean the shot dead hindu guy who drank his own p iss that guy?

      July 1, 2012 at 1:16 pm |
  6. Zippy Pinhead

    Big Brother should not order me to buy insurance and run my life, Communism is a failure.
    Big question; where's the jobs, this side show healthcare circus is just a smokescreen to the economic failure and broken promise of job creation. When the lib-clowns take off their phoney happy face we still have millions of people unemployed.

    July 1, 2012 at 1:06 pm |
    • Torgo23

      I think you may be in the wrong forum. Your comment is pretty far off topic.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:09 pm |
    • palintwit

      Get back in your double-wide Pinhead. Your cousin is waiting for you to boink her.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:11 pm |
    • PCBURGH01

      Cool. I'll grant you that. But when you're sick and you can't pay then you get denied service. Is that enough freedom for you?

      July 1, 2012 at 1:12 pm |
  7. Atheism is not healthy for children and other living things

    Prayer changes things .

    July 1, 2012 at 1:02 pm |
    • Tom H

      You are ignorant, pull your head out of the sand and come into the 21st century, you and you're kind are holding back the human potential.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:13 pm |
    • Jamie K

      Generalize much? How exactly is it unhealthy? I know plenty of healthy atheists out there.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:15 pm |
    • just sayin

      Stalin the atheist murdering 24 million seems unhealthy to me. God bless

      July 1, 2012 at 1:20 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      That's because you're a moron who doesn't understand how to read, justadope. Stalin would have murdered people even if he'd been a Christian. His religious beliefs had nothing to do with it.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:23 pm |
    • just sayin

      Fact is Stalin was an atheist and murdered because of it, no moral restraint when you are your own final authority. There is no historical what if, history shows us what is, Stalin = atheist = 24 million murdered. And he was not the only atheist to do so. They all did. God bless

      July 1, 2012 at 1:40 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      More of the same old stupidity from the same old hag. You wouldn't know an historical fact if it walked up and bit you on the rump.

      But keep on bloviating, dearie. It just reinforces what people think of you and undermines your God.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:43 pm |
    • One one

      I believe today that my conduct is in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator.

      – Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. 1 Chapter 2

      "We are a people of different faiths, but we are one. ... the question is whether Christianity stands or falls.... We tolerate no one in our ranks who attacks the ideas of Christianity... in fact our movement is Christian."

      -Adolf Hitler, in a speech in Passau, 27 October 1928,

      July 1, 2012 at 1:53 pm |
    • How silly-minded our dear little HeavenSent prayertroll is!

      When your only argument against atheism is a severly distorted misunderstanding of Stalin, then you clearly have no real point. Indeed, you fear the logic and growth of atheism so much that you invent boogie man stories like Stalin to combat it.

      July 1, 2012 at 2:06 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      The dolt gets its news from WorldNutDaily; what do you expect? It's been pointed out to it over and over that Stalin did not commit murder in the name of atheism. He destroyed religion to gain power.

      July 1, 2012 at 2:08 pm |
  8. Paulie

    Why does it matter what Romney or Obama's religion is anyway CNN? I thought we have freedom of religion in this country or does the Obama administration plan on getting rid of that freedom as well?

    July 1, 2012 at 12:57 pm |
    • Torgo23

      It matters because faith will affect the voting behavior of a great many people in the United States. In other words, it matters to the electorate, who also happen to be the viewing audience of CNN. Trust me, CNN will stop reporting on the religion of presidential candidates just as soon as we stop caring about it.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:01 pm |
    • Jamie K

      Because a large number of people in the US get way too hung up on religion, that's why. They don't understand that people of all religions and no religion are perfectly able to run a country. They don't understand that non-Christians are perfectly capable of raising good, kind, honest people too.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:18 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      Tell that to dopy Nope.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:53 pm |
  9. KEVIN

    Romney is very, very religious. If he gets elected, he will have a problem with even the Republicans in Congress and the Senate. The American population will snap and be attacking him left and right. He will never be able to get anything done because he will have to spend all his time in a political and social battle. Obama is a lock in getting re-elected.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:54 pm |
    • Paulie

      I seriously doubt that. He is the next Jim Florio only Obama raised taxes on 300 million people.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:56 pm |
    • KEVIN

      How has raising taxes ever hurt anyone in 90% of our population? It hasn't. It is only the 10 (or less) percent of the population who are very wealthy (and these are ones who contribute the most money to Rebublican candidates).

      July 1, 2012 at 1:38 pm |
  10. Fresno

    Although presidents are not religious functionaries, the religion that they were raised with is probably an important part of the culture that created their general world views.

    Because Obama spent significant time in immersed in a culture that had norms that are different than those of mainstream America, that may influence actions and outcomes in subtle but significant ways, even if he does not consider himself to be a practicing Muslim.
    IMO, if we examine the cultures of predominately Muslim countries, we find values that are in conflict with those of American democracy, and if we take a careful look at the Koran, it becomes evident that what is written there is not just an extension of Judaism and Christianity with added bells and whistles, yet many public figures seem to hold the position that that is what it is.

    Islam is very different, and in my view, taken literally, in basic conflict with Western values. Growing up surrounded by a culture in which these differences are not noticed, or pointed out, and in which one is comfortable going along with the crowd, can lead to a complacency that I think is dangerous to the long and short term welfare of the country.

    Saying that a thing was apparently not important in other cases, does not mean that it is not in this one, it only suggests that it might not be. What we may be experiencing is an exception to the overall trend.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:50 pm |
    • Jim Ryan

      Let me help you with your argument. You mean they were both indoctrinated into delusional wish thinking. Our species needs to grow up including our politicians

      July 1, 2012 at 12:58 pm |
    • Know What

      Fresno, "Because Obama spent significant time in immersed in a culture that had norms that are different than those of mainstream America,"

      Would you care to tell us how long this "significant time" was, and how deep the "immersion" was?

      July 1, 2012 at 1:02 pm |
    • Jamie K

      Oh yes, Heaven forbid that we have a president who has been raised in and around several cultures and religions. Heaven forbid that this resulted in having a president who is not as narrow minded as the majority of people in this country... Everyone focuses on his name because it's "Muslim" sounding. The article said, "Obama was raised in Hawaii and Indonesia, where he was exposed to Catholicism, Islam, Buddhism and other religions." I would think that growing up around a variety of cultures and belief systems would compliment being a leader in this "melting pot" nation of ours, not hinder it.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:34 pm |
  11. unowhoitsme

    You can compromise with God...you're either for him 100% or against him, but you can't manipulate Him to fit your needs. All of our presidents have done that...so you can't believe what they say.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:46 pm |
    • Jim Ryan

      Well let me see, hum...so Romney believes that Jesus returns as soon as mount olive is returned to Missouri – and Obama believes in a terrestrial dictatorship – his own. I vote for the deluded.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:54 pm |
  12. Paulie

    Hopefully in November Obama wont matter at all.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:45 pm |
    • June

      July 1, 2012 at 12:53 pm |
  13. KEVIN

    I need help with finding my spell check. I got a new computer. It's a Dell. Can anyone help me? Thanks

    July 1, 2012 at 12:40 pm |
    • Jim Ryan

      It's right next to the foot pedal (some people use it as a mouse). You can also find a secondary spell check when you slide out the cup holder (some people use it as a DVD player)

      July 1, 2012 at 12:48 pm |
    • Know What

      If you post here using the Firefox browser there is a spell-checker in force (it puts a red squiggly line under questionable words and makes suggestions for correction if you highlight the word and right click on it) ... I'm not sure about other browsers.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:52 pm |
    • Know What

      Jim Ryan – 🙂

      July 1, 2012 at 12:54 pm |
  14. John the guy not the baptist

    Hairy Palms
    I don't know, magic underwear sounds like it could be fun and help wit your hand malady, do you kno how it works?

    July 1, 2012 at 12:40 pm |
  15. F Laniyan

    Absolutely makes all the difference unless you are an atheist or a camouflaged one as the writer

    July 1, 2012 at 12:38 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      To whom and in what ways?

      July 1, 2012 at 12:39 pm |
  16. Obama On Topic

    Good video of Obama discussing this issue.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:35 pm |
  17. AGuest9

    "Does a president’s religious faith make any difference in how he governs?" Of course not. That should be evident. From Washington (who could be compared to none other than Adolph Hitler for his actions against the Six Nations in New York) on, "faith" has been meaningless, and is only used as a door to keep Jews, freethinkers and those who are atheist out of the Oval Office.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:31 pm |
    • JP

      Does the term "arab spring" come to mind? The Obama backed and supported overthrow of our old allies and the almost the entire northcoast of Africa and more to follow. The islam sharia law, the muslim brotherhood, al queda and all the other tribes all other terrorist now gaining more power. This was all cheered in the white house by our president...a closet muslim.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:56 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      July 1, 2012 at 12:56 pm |
    • Jamie K

      JP, I would LOVE to see some credible sources regarding your statements.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:38 pm |
  18. Nope

    Atheism screams "It's all about me" while claiming religion does it..

    July 1, 2012 at 12:30 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      July 1, 2012 at 12:31 pm |
    • AGuest9

      Doctors Without Borders doesn't ring a bell?

      July 1, 2012 at 12:32 pm |
    • Nope

      lol lame comeback Tom or should I just call you by what you are-A angry troll?

      July 1, 2012 at 12:35 pm |
    • AGuest9

      How about Skeptics and Humanists Aid and Relief Effort, and Humanist Charities?

      July 1, 2012 at 12:36 pm |
    • Nope

      July 1, 2012 at 12:36 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      Lameness is all that's necessary to ridicule the lame. You are barely literate and have mad moronic pronouncements about atheism that are founded upon nothing but your own ignorance. Get an education, dear.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:37 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      July 1, 2012 at 12:40 pm |
    • Nope

      Really? Every post I see from an atheist literally shows the world,in atheism its all about you.Those "dumb religious humans" are nothing more than those words to them.They treat non-atheists like crap,forcing their delusions on them.

      Even Tom Tom, the biggest hateful troll I've seen on here aids more proof to it.

      So please save your "humanist efforts" to those who actually do those things not those who lie and hate.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:40 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      It would be interesting to see just what your accomplishments are, Nope. How do you come to conclude that atheists and agnostics do nothing to improve the world around them? If you're basing your judgment on what's written on an anonymous blog, you're a fool. You have no idea what others actually do in their lives. You're just a ticked-off little kid.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:44 pm |
    • Nope

      Oh really?

      If an atheist hates the religious the "humanist effort" to help is a total lie and scam.

      just stop troll.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:45 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      You asserted that an atheist president would have no difficulty in removing religion from the country, which pronouncement indicates a distinct lack of understanding of our system of government. Your rantings read like those of some teenaged kid who doesn't know the first thing about atheism or agnosticism and who probably knows even less about Christianity.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:47 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      You are beyond laughable. That last post of yours doesn't even make sense. It doesn't require a belief in a deity to help others. Nor do atheists and agnostics "hate" believers, as you'd know if you had a clue. What they hate is the propensity of believers to indite anyone who isn't in agreement with THEIR interpretation of the Bible and who think that the government should be based on THEIR beliefs, regardless of others' rights and freedoms.

      Really, go back to school.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:50 pm |
    • Nope

      Like you Tom?

      Forcing atheism upon them.hahahah what a troll.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:51 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      Get back to me when you're not stoned.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:53 pm |
    • Torgo23

      @nope, in one of your posts you mentioned that "[e]very post I see from an atheist," has been the basis of your opinion of atheists in general. I would just like to point out that internet comments, like cable news pundits, are poor representatives of the groups that they claim to be a part of. I would not recommend forming beliefs about any group of people based on what some of its members post online.

      July 1, 2012 at 12:54 pm |
    • Nope

      Lol Tom Tom afraid to confront the truth?

      You troll others and force atheism upon them.

      Get back to me when you finally admit that..

      July 1, 2012 at 1:21 pm |
    • Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son

      Oh, really? How am I forcing anything on others, Dope? Knock off your trolling and go mow mommy's lawn, now.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:35 pm |
  19. LiberaLIowan

    Hey edsr of Dallas.

    You almost sound like you're proud to be a catholick. That can't possibly be true can it?

    July 1, 2012 at 12:28 pm |
  20. Bishop Hairy Palms

    Mormonism is a crazy cult that is obsessed with taking over the governments of the world.

    July 1, 2012 at 12:26 pm |
    • common sense

      Haha, totally. that's my entire goal in life 😄 Really? are you that dumb? Have you ever even met a Mormon? haha, some people...

      July 1, 2012 at 12:40 pm |
    • KEVIN

      Biship, the Mormons are actually advertizing their religion on the sides of buses here in WA State. Mormons are very obsessed with converting others to their religion. But are very secret in where their local temples are located (check out Mormon (LDS) on the internet). You will find all the locations of their temples and it will freak you out because their is probably one near your house that you never knew about. The Mormans are very scary.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:13 pm |
    • Jamie K

      Kevin, honestly, most of the Mormons I've met are very nice people. They do enjoy talking about their faith and are always willing to share it with you in hopes that you will enjoy their faith too. Yes, they do actively try to spread their faith, but so do other Christian churches. How many billboards have I seen that say things like "Jesus Saves!" or "Do you know Jesus?" How many Christian churches send their kids on mission trips to 3rd world countries, not just to help the poor, but to convert the residents to Christianity too? We've got 2 mega-churches in my town that actively recruit. They throw overnight retreats at their churches for their teens, who bring all of their friends. then during the retreats the friends are all given contact info cards to fill out and forced to watch movies about the end of the world and how if you find Jesus, you'll be saved. They put ads on tv encouraging others to join their church. They even recruit at funerals! And these are NOT Mormons, these are "Christian" churches. I find them to be much scarier than the Mormons I know.

      July 1, 2012 at 1:47 pm |
    • KEVIN

      Jamie, nice try.

      July 1, 2012 at 2:07 pm |
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About this blog

The CNN Belief Blog covers the faith angles of the day's biggest stories, from breaking news to politics to entertainment, fostering a global conversation about the role of religion and belief in readers' lives. It's edited by CNN's Daniel Burke with contributions from Eric Marrapodi and CNN's worldwide news gathering team.

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Religion Wiki

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Kumina or Cumina is a cultural form indigenous to Jamaica.[1] It is a religion, music and dance practiced by, in large part, Jamaicans who reside in the eastern parish on St. Thomas on the island. These people have retained the drumming and dancing of the Akan people. Like the Kongo practitioners from Cuba, who have kept a large amount of the Kongo language alive. Bantu-speaking peoples of the Congo. In the Americas there are many Kongo-derived religions still being practiced today.

There are two main aspects of Kongo religion that are quite distinctive. One is the practice of bringing down spirits of the dead to briefly inhabit the bodies of the faithful. The purpose of this is so that the ancestors may share their wisdom, providing spiritual assistance and advice to those here on Earth. Without exception, all such faiths in the Americas retain this central feature of Kongo faith. The other feature is the extensive work with Inquices (Enkises, Nkisi). The Inquices are very like the Orishas of Yoruba tradition, but also different. In Cuba and Brazil, where Yoruba influence was strongest in the Americas, they are often syncretized with the Orishas. They may best be described as being both the most ancient of ancestors as well as being associated with specific powers in nature. The Inquices do not tend to possess as detailed a mythology as the Yoruba gods.

Kumina is a Afro-Jamaican religion influenced mainly by the Bantu peoples from the Congo-Angola area. Kumina refers to both a religion and dance. Dances include the Bailo, mainly used for entertainment purposes and the Country, used during the private religious ceremonies.

Kumina provides a perfect example of what intra African syncretism. The Akan derived traditions of Myal and Obeah remain opposing entities within the Kumina religion. The Obeah man remains a master of science and the spirits while Myal is use to refer to refer to the possession of a Kumina dancers at religious ceremonies. According Joseph Murray, "The extraordinary insight of the scientist Myal brings revelation of the invisible world. This state of mind allows the dancers to see the invisible workings of obeah as well as to transmit messages from the other world…" This borrowing of different African aspects and deities between enslaved Africans in Jamaica is also characteristic of African Tradition Religions, where a Yoruba deity might be accepted as a deity by the Evhe/Fon. One clear example in Jamaica is the Kumina deity Shango, which is a Yoruba deity who in Jamaica became a deity accepted by different African ethnic groups.

Kumina deities are separated into sky bound and earth bound deities. Oto King Zombi, a sky bound deity is the Supreme Being. Other sky bound deities of Kumina are Obei and Shango. Earth bound deities in Kumina are found in the old testament David, Ezekiel, Moses, Cain and Shadrak and are examples of syncretism with Christianity. This hiding or masking Africa religious practices and deities within Christianity are another clear difference between African religion in Jamaica vs African Religion in Africa, where little or no political persecution forced involuntary adaptation of foreign religions within traditional African society. In Jamaica African practices were against the law during slavery, thus masking deities and other religious practices in the Christian religions was natural for survival. Ancestral spirits are also important in Kumina. The term used to refer to these ancestral spirits is Zombi, the term originates from the Kikongo word "dzambi" which means god. Allayes describes Zombies as "spirits of men and women who, in there lifetimes, were dancing Zombies, drummers, and obeah men." Only a person who has been possessed by a Zombi can become a Zombi after death. A Zombi had the privilege of returning to earth to preside over ceremonies and possess dancers and performing other duties. Unlike people who had been possessed by Zombies, those who had not been possessed would simply die and ascend to Oto King Zombi without chance of returning to earth.

Organization of Kumina communities follows the general local character of African religions in Jamaica. Kumina communities are small family based communities or nations. Some nations include Mondongo, Moyenge, Machunde, Kongo, Igbo and Yoruba. People from Kumina families are given the title Bongo. Marrying into a Bongo family is one avenue to become apart of a Kumina nation; special initiation is the other avenue. Kumina nations are led by a King and Queen.

"Elizabeth Spence a contemporary Kumina Queen, reported that her spiritual calling was also effected during a period of isolation. She slipped away from home one night to attend a Kumina event near Morant Bay. The drums impelled her to dance, soon after which she was knocked violently tot the ground by a possessing spirit. This was her first experience of Myal. She remained in this state for four days and four nights, neither eating, drinking nor able to get up. When she came ‘back to herself’, she saw ‘many different things’…the ‘ole arrivants’ taught her the African language and a lot of spiritual wisdom." From readings two women became a Queens after a receiving similar calling that that was in the form of spiritual revelations, possession, isolations, and what seems to be death and rebirth. Their abilities and status never seem to be challenged by the challenged by their nation.

A master drummer was another important part of Kumina, since the presided over ceremonies. In her book Rock it Come over Olive Lewin describes the critical role of the drummer, "the cyas drummer is crucial to the success of a bands. He must not only be conversant with information about spirit activity and rhythm requirements but he must also learn the African language and interpret immediately. There are no short cuts to gaining this body of knowledge. Mistakes at this level will confuse singers, dancers and other knowledgeable participants, and threaten the success of any ritual or ceremony ‘if you don’t play the drum good, an know what you doing, not a thing happen: not a spirit come, whole night…"

Here we see drumming is not simply a musical skill for Africans in Jamaica, but understanding of the spirits and of African language is necessary to access the spiritual world.

Bibliography Stewart, M. Dianne. Three Eyes for the Journey: African Dimensions in the Jamaican Religious experience. Oxford University press US, 2005.

This book looks a the African-Derived and African-centered religious traditions that are found in Jamaicia. They include Myal,Obeah,Native Baptist, Revival Zion, Kumina, and Rastafari. The author argues that African-Derived religions in Jamacia are worth exploring and learning abour. Some of these religions do not even have recorded records of study or literature on them.

Murphey M, Joseph. Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora Beacon Press 1989 Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora focuses on the spiritual ceremonies of Africans in the Diaspora, from Brazil, Buba, Haiti, Jamaican and the United States. The book provides evidence about Kumina, Obeah and Rivalal Zion, all mention in our Essay on Jamaican Religion.

Alleyne Mervyn: Roots of Jamaican Culture Pluto Press 1989 The book provides an over view of African culture in Jamaica. In relation to religion in Jamaica the book provides an overview of Kumina, Myalism, Rastafar, Revival Zion, Convince and Obeah. This books also mentions African aspects of music in Jamaica which also connects to religion.

Lewin, Olive Rock It Come Over: The Folk Music of Jamaica Book University of the West Indies Press (2000) The book describes Jamaican music and folk. In relation to Jamaican religion the book provides personal accounts from Kumina practitioners as well as a insightful look into the religion, dance and some philosophy of Kumina. Contemporary Kumina Queens gave accounts of callings to Kumina,rituals and their work as Kumina queens.

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c. 1997 Religion News Service Baptist World Alliance officials schedule racism conference (RNS) Baptist World Alliance officials scheduled an international conference on racism and called for prayer for global evangelism at their recent general council meeting. The council approved an International Conference on Racism and Ethnic Conflict, scheduled for January 1998 in Atlanta, and timed […]

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DIY Laundry Room Countertop Over Washer Dryer

Having a countertop over your washer and dryer can help to organize your laundry room. Building one yourself involves measuring out the dimensions, purchasing the wood, and putting it all together. Some companies sell premade laundry room countertops but they can cost hundreds of dollars and some won’t fit properly. Why not spend around $200 and build one yourself? Have a look below for many other ideas for laundry room countertops an a step-by-step method to build one yourself. For some great laundry room ideas see here.

diy laundry room countertopTOTAL COST FOR DIY LAUNDRY ROOM COUNTERTOP = $230 + BUILD TIME 6 to 10 HOURS

Supplies needed for this DIY laundry room countertop:

  • Wood for support frame
  • Flooring or quality wood for countertop
  • Wood screws
  • Wood glue
  • Wood putty
  • Wood gloss
  • Sand paper
  • White paint
  • Wood stain

Tools needed for making this laundry room DIY countertop:

  • Circular Saw
  • Jigsaw
  • Router
  • Belt Sander
  • Power Sander
  • Cordless Drill

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_2Step 1 – Start out by measuring the dimensions around your washer and dryer.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_1Step 2 – Purchase wood and create a frame around the washer and dryer using wood screws.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_3Step 3 – Build the top using a plywood sheet to be the base layer for the custom countertop.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_4Step 4 – Paint the wood frame to the color of your choice (match the color of your appliances).

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_5Step 5 – Purchase a custom type of wood of your choice to create the countertop.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_6Step 6 – Cut the custom wood to fit the top and secure it in place with wood glue using wood clamps.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_7Step 7 – Once the wood glue is dry, sand the countertop to get the surface completely smooth.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_9Step 8 – Use a wood stain and stain the wood darker to create a custom look.

DIY Laundry Room Countertop_8Step 9 – Use a wood gloss to create a barrier to protect the wood. FINISHED!

The below 10 images are different laundry room countertop ideas to help inspire you!

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_01Stainless steel laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_02Formica laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_03Custom laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_04DIY laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_05Custom built laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_06Laundry room countertop makes for an organized room

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_07Wooden panel laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_08Marble laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_09Concrete laundry room countertop idea

Laundry Room Countertop Ideas_10Beautiful laundry room countertop idea

There are many benefits to installing laminate countertops in your laundry room. Did you know that laminate cleans up super easy and is perfect for the laundry room as well?

If your laundry room is a dark and ugly place, turn it into a sanctuary of beauty with these tips. There are many different ways to make your laundry room become an organized and pleasing place to be in.

There are many different tricks to make your laundry room easier to get things done and be more productive. Consider baskets above your washer and dryer on shelves. Pull out drawers can also make doing your laundry easier by organizing and hiding from view all of your laundry cleaning supplies. Here are some amazing floating shelves for your laundry room to make organizing your stuff easier!

Do you know of an easier way to build a laundry room countertop? Please let us know by leaving a comment below.

Parts: Refrigerators, Washers, Dryers, Dishwashers
Appliance Parts for Refrigerators Washers Dryers Dishwashers

More "Do It Yourself" Tips, Tricks, Ideas, Repair:

{ 2 comments… read them below or add one }

1 martin campbell October 25, 2015 at 8:45 pm

Most of these front loading washing machines tend to shake and move during the spin cycle. If i were to build a built-in type frame, wouldn’t the shaking be much worse (since the frame is attached to the wall)?

DIY Project Help Tips 2 DIY Project Help Tips October 26, 2015 at 3:57 pm

Martin Campbell,
That will depend on what type of washer you have and if the washer has an issue with “walking” during spin cycle. A front load washer that is properly loaded with clothes and if the washer is on level ground, you should not have the washer “walking” issue.

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Menu Search

Free WiFi

Supported by Ipera

about Free WiFi

Business Improvement Association Newcastle Now has installed a free wi-fi network of 43 locations throughout Newcastle’s CBD, including bus stops, train stations, public parks, cafes, restaurants. To locate a Newcastle Now Free Wi-Fi hotspot near you, click here.

Renew Newcastle would like to thank Ipera for their support of its projects and visitors to Hunter Street Mall by providing free wifi in the past.

Renew Newcastle and local ISP Ipera partnered in 2009 to introduce a free wireless internet service in and around the Hunter Street Mall, enabling temporary projects to access internet without having to establish broadband or telephone contracts and providing visitors to the city the convenience of free internet access.


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Menu Search

Hunter Sustainability Designers + Consultants

Sustainability Professionals

Property Donor: The GPT Group

about Hunter Sustainability Designers + Consultants

It is with a little bit of sadness that we report the end of Hunter Sustainability Designers + Consultants as Renew Project.

The eclectic group of architects, permaculture designers, saw-millers, energy analysts, interior designers and sustainability consultants came together 2 years ago and made their home in Suite 76 on the top floor of the Market Square building, and together ran a few workshops, presented at the 2013 Smart Energy Expo, talked a bit about sustainability and mostly worked on their own fledgling businesses.

Of those that started there, only John de Bruyn (de Bruyn Building Sustainability) and Mark Spence (anthrosite architects) remain actually using the space as the primary location of their work. One lesson there would be that saw-millers and permaculture landscape designers don’t need offices in the CBD, but the reasons individuals came and went over the two years are as unique as those that did the coming and going.

So it was decided that the best use of the space was to open it up to other Renew Projects who would breathe new life into the 7 offices, kitchen, and meeting rooms.

Hunter Sustainability Designers + Consultants are a group of local sustainability professionals working together to provide the best advice on sustainable living and design available.

We are open to membership from businesses in the Hunter region who actively work towards and have a commitment to a more holistically sustainable future. Our mission is to provide a hub which people can use to find out about options and services to increase sustainability in business and lifestyle.

We aim to be able to offer services that range from sustainable building design and architecture, to apply permaculture design principles to your home or business property, to advice about the sustainability and environmental impacts of various products.

Individually we may concentrate on a certain aspect of sustainability but together we are able to offer any number of services ranging from sustainable building design and architecture, to apply climate sensible, energy aware, holistic, permaculture and ethical design principles to your home or business property, or to advise about the sustainability and environmental impacts of various products.

We work with community groups, large and small institutions, businesses and households.

Roshni Sharma – Environmental Integration: Looking at the everyday choices we make, large and small, as individuals and businesses, we can make step-by-step changes to significantly reduce our impact on the environment, living greener, simpler and happier.

[missing asset] John de Bruyn – Building Sustainability Assessor, ESD Consultant and Building Designer As a graduate architect, I come from a design background and now work on both residential and commercial building working with architects and developers to optimise their designs before construction. I also do my own design work, having just completed a passively solar designed house on the banks of the Gloucester River which is also uses a wood-fired hydronic system for additional space and water heating.

[missing asset] Jodie Duddington – Loop Studio offers Interior design and styling with a preferred emphasis on ecologically sustainable solutions. Interior design, by its very nature, is consumerist and wasteful but by looking closely at material and products choices and the psychological and physiological “mechanics” of how we expect our interior spaces to function we are able to create not only healthy and useable spaces but cost effective and beautiful spaces. Loop Studio aims to resolve the gap between perceptions of “Green” design and “luxury” design. It is also working towards becoming an advisory resource for ecologically sustainable interior products and materials.

[missing asset] Lachlan Storrie & Christopher Wallis – Tree Frog Permaculture is a partnership with strong science and gardening backgrounds. We provide a range of services including tailor-making and then taking the steps to implement Permaculture designs to suit your property, awareness and education about holistic sustainability and the range of options and solutions available. We aim to help people to achieve regenerative and sustainable lifestyles, and cover properties of any nature or size, from small suburban backyards to farms and large properties, throughout Newcastle and the Hunter Valley.

02_husk_hsdc_renewnewcastle Joey Trongchittham – Husk architecture | interiors is a Newcastle based practice with a strong focus on energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. Our philosophy is to deliver sustainable and innovative architecture and interior design solutions to meet our clients brief and budget. Our architectural services range from small alterations and additions to custom residential dwellings, commercial projects and interior fit-outs.

Annabel Kater – Australian Sustainable Timbers is a forest management and timber milling and marketing company based in Dungog in NSW Hunter Valley which aims to turn passion into practice, demonstrating the vital alternative of small-scale, ecologically based sustainable forestry. Annabel is often out of town in the bush but will use the office space in town to work on forest management planning, certification etc and to deliver training courses to farmers on sustainable forestry.

Ian Wilcox – Home Energy Savings Advice ( Ian is a building sustainability assessor, energy auditor and property valuer. “These skills enable me to help people make their buildings more thermally and energy efficient. When doing an assessment I explain which renewable energy technologies are appropriate and will add long term value to the building. I also do energy audits on commercial buildings and schools.”

Zane Alcorn – B.Sc. (Arch) – Eco Building Design If you are looking for some preliminary designs for a renovation or retrofit or, indeed, a new eco-friendly house which utilises passive design principles (sun, airflow, thermal mass, insulation), give us a burl. I am particularly interested in simple timber frame renovations using recycled timber and other materials where possible, and cob (earth) building with curved walls and Mediterranean style lime render finish. No job too small. Contact E:[email protected]

Mark Spence and Dana Hutchinson – Anthrosite is a design based architecture practice concerned with the tectonic qualities of architecture and its engagement with ‘place’. We are interested in creative opportunities for architecture in projects of all types, scales and budgets.

What inspired you to get involved in Renew Newcastle?

The opportunity to make use of a space in central Newcastle was too good to ignore! All of us work for ourselves and are trying to make a go of something we believe in ethically rather than trying to make a buck, so being able to leave our homes and come together physically to share resources, collaborate on projects, and even just have someone to say g’day to in the morning was reason enough. By having Renew Newcastle provide a space, we can let our organisation grow and become what it needs to be, while also maintaining and growing our individual endeavours.

With growing awareness in the broader community about the importance of living in harmony with our natural environment and creating a sustainable future, we are all committed to working with Sustainability as a central ethic, but there is still a lot of work educating people on why it’s worthwhile. So by coming together we can engage with the city and work together to educate the public and ourselves on what sustainability is and what that means for homes and workplaces in the Hunter Valley.

Working alongside each other we can share resources, ideas, and enthusiasm for why we’re doing whatever it is we are doing… the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

What are you doing in your new space?

It’s great to have a space where we can all meet and network/work together. Many of us have been working from cramped and crowded home offices, so to have some space to stretch our limbs out, and to be able to work alongside other designers and consultants who share a similar vision for the future – it’s an opportunity that’s got so much potential!

As our organisation aims to be an ‘umbrella group’, a hub where businesses working in and committed to a sustainable future, having a space to work with each other and network is proving to be incredibly valuable. Being located in the middle of Newcastle, we can work with the public and bring sustainable design and holistic living to the local and business communities.

The main thing is to bounce ideas off each other and enjoy everything that co-working has to offer, but long term we may start holding events for the wider public and expand our membership base… watch this space!

Tell us about the space

The space is located nice and centrally at Suite 76, Building 3 (it’s the 2nd floor up) in Market Square, just off the Hunter Street Mall. We have a foyer, a private meeting room, some common spaces as well as separate offices. Most spaces have good south facing windows, and fresh air.

Go to the food court (where Rivers is, across from Sanity) and take the stairs or escalator up to the second floor, and we’re down the hall to the right.

– See more at:—consultants/#sthash.Jcl3MrAc.dpuf


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Brake lights stay on when car is turned off. on 1997 Toyota RAV4

Today, our brake lights stayed on even when we turned the car off. At first, it was both sides + the light in the middle of the back windshield, but we drove the car up and back a few times. Finally, the right one went off when we parked, but the left one and middle windshield one stay on. We had to take out a fuse to get them to go off. Any idea how we can troubleshoot this ourselves and maybe fix it?

Asked by for the 1997 Toyota RAV4
Check the brakelight switch up under the dash, activated by the brake pedal. It may have failed and won't shut off. I think the right brakelight burned out so you better check that in the process.
If you want to find a Toyota specialist, here's a directory link for you:
Thanks, Superbob. As this issue was a bit time sensitive, we muddled our way through and discovered that it was indeed a failed brake light stopper. It's fixed now, but meanwhile the battery just went dead, egged on by who-knows-how-long the brake lights were on before we discovered the problem
1 more answer
the same thing happened to me a rubber spacer the size of a quarter fell from under the dash


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Título: An upstream open reading frame regulates de translational efficiency of the human erythropoietin transcript
Autor: Barbosa, Cristina
Romão, Luísa
Palavras-chave: Genómica Funcional e Estrutural
Data: 7-Out-2012
Editora: Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP
Resumo: Among the various cis-acting elements present in the 5’ leader sequence of mRNAs there are upstream open reading frames (uORFs). Although their function is still poorly understood, they are known to downregulate the main ORF expression of several human transcripts that code for key regulatory genes. The human erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein that was initially characterized has a hormone mainly synthesized and released from the kidney, with a key role in hematopoiesis. However, many recent reports have implicated EPO in several non-hematopoietic functions and have shown its production in several other organs. Consequently, it might be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of several human disorders. We found a natural occurring 14-codon-uORF on the human EPO transcript. Our belief is that understanding the molecular mechanisms through which the EPO uORF controls translation may be valuable in the determination of these EPO-based therapies. To explore the mechanisms by which EPO uORF controls translational efficiency, HepG2, HEK293 and REPC cells were transfected with several constructs carrying the luciferase reporter gene with the intact or disrupted EPO uORF, with or without the EPO 3’ untranslated region (3’UTR). Luciferase activity was measured by luminometry and normalized to the corresponding mRNA levels to obtain translation efficiencies. The mRNA levels were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, we also analyzed its response to several cell stress stimuli. Results show that the EPO uORF can decrease the main ORF translation efficiency in about 3-fold. In addition, our data support the conclusion that reinitiation, and in less extent leaky scanning, are responsible for the main ORF translation. In addition, the 3’UTR does not affect the role of the uORF, but it increases the luciferase levels, probably by stabilizing the mRNA. Specifically in REPC cells, translational inhibition mediated by the EPO uORF is overridden in response to chemical hypoxia, which is due to less recognition of the uAUG.
Peer review: yes
URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/1039
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Items where Author is "Anggrian, Yohanes Erwin"

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Anggrian, Yohanes Erwin and Yustanika, Milka (2006) The Influence of price, promotion,and income toward quantity demanded of company XYZ's main products. Bachelor thesis, Petra Christian University.

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Renuka Sindhgatta  Renuka Sindhgatta photo

contact information

IBM Research, Bangalore, India

I am a Senior Software Engineer at IBM Research India, where I lead the effort on developing cognitive solutions for education. My work includes building conversational intelligent tutoring systems, platforms for skill progression and solutions for corporate learning.

Prior to working on education solutions, I worked in the services analytics group at the lab. I was involved in developing solutions to improve operational efficiency of service delivery teams by analyzing operational data, building simulation and optimization models for task allocation. In the past I have worked on mining data of distributed software development teams to predict effort and built a service oriented modeling and architecture platform.

I joined IBM Research in 2007. I received my Masters degree from Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences and a Bachelor in Electronics Engineering from National Institute of Technology-Surat.


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Catalog Home Page

Screening for hemochromatosis: Patients with liver disease, families, and populations

Galhenage, S.P., Viiala, C.H. and Olynyk, J.K. (2004) Screening for hemochromatosis: Patients with liver disease, families, and populations. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 6 (1). pp. 44-51.

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Hereditary hemochromatosis is a common autosomal-recessive disorder of iron overload usually occurring in individuals who are homozygous for a C282Y mutation in the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene. Current screening methods can detect affected individuals early in disease pathogenesis, enabling early institution of effective treatment that can restore normal life expectancy. Phenotypic screening of adults using transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels identifies the majority of individuals who develop iron overload. HFE genotyping, when combined with serum biochemical measurements, has reduced reliance on liver biopsy as a diagnostic tool and is the preferred initial screening modality for families with an affected individual. Genetic testing has altered previously held views regarding the high level of penetrance of the disease. Although the majority of C282Y homozygotes develop increased body iron stores, end-organ damage occurs much less frequently than previously thought. Screening is recommended in highrisk groups and in those with a high index of clinical suspicion. Opportunistic screening during routine health assessments may also be recommended. However, large-scale screening of the average-risk population is not recommended on the basis of current evidence.

Publication Type: Journal Article
Publisher: Current Medicine Group
Copyright: © 2004 Current Science Inc.
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Resident Evil Wiki

Electrocute Lv. 1

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Electrocute Lv. 1 is a Custom Part item for Resident Evil: Revelations 2. It is one of ten variations of the Electrocute part series in the game.[1]

  • Tada, Takuji, ed (2015). BIOHAZARD REVELATIONS 2 ULTIMANIA. Square Enix.

  1. Tada (ed.), Ultimania, p.342.

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Criminal Cases: The Preliminary Hearing

It is difficult to be a criminal defendant. If the defendant is ultimately found guilty of the crimes for which he was arrested then few people have compassion for the hardships endured by the defendant while he was standing trial. However, for defendants who are arrested for a crime which they did not commit, a criminal trial can be a real burden.
For that reason, there are many stages to a criminal case that are designed to protect the rights of criminal defendants. One of the stages that is most important to protecting the rights of criminal defendants is the preliminary hearing.
What is a Preliminary Hearing?
It is the role of the judge in a preliminary hearing to determine if there is enough evidence against the defendant to go to trial. Judges use the probable cause standard when deciding whether the case should proceed to trial. In other words, the judge must decide if the government prosecutors have enough evidence to convince a reasonable jury that the defendant has committed a crime.
There are parts of a preliminary hearing that resemble a trial. Both the prosecution and the defense are likely to make arguments to the court about why or why not a trial should proceed. The government may call witnesses and introduce evidence at a preliminary hearing and the defense may cross examine the witnesses and refute the evidence.
Other issues such as those about jurisdiction may also be decided at a preliminary hearing. If, for example, the defendant does not believe the case has been brought in the right state or federal court then the judge may decide that issue at the preliminary hearing.
When is a Preliminary Hearing Held?
In states that conduct preliminary hearings, the hearing is usually held as soon as possible after the defendant is arraigned. Some states require preliminary hearings for all cases in which the defendant enters a plea of not guilty and other states only require preliminary hearings if the defendant is charged with a felony.
Alternatives to a Preliminary Hearing
Some states use a grand jury system instead of a preliminary hearing. A grand jury system is a group of ordinary citizens who listen to the evidence produced by the government prosecutors and determine whether or not there should be a trial.
It is important to remember the objective of a preliminary hearing. It is not the judge’s role at the preliminary hearing to decide whether or not the defendant is guilty or not guilty of the alleged crime(s). Instead, the judge must only decide if there is probable cause to believe the defendant committed the crime(s). Even if the judge does find probable cause that the crimes were committed by the defendant and the case proceeds to trial then a jury may still find the defendant not guilty on all counts.
If the judge finds that there is not probable cause that the defendant committed the crime(s) then the case is usually dismissed. If probable cause is found then the matter will proceed according to the rules of the court for the jurisdiction in which the case is being heard.

The information on this page is meant to provide a general overview of the law. The laws in your state and/or city may deviate significantly from those described here. If you have specific questions related to your situation you should speak with a local attorney.

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How to Save on Satellite

One of our faithful Retirement Millionaire readers pointed out to us that cord-cutting only works if you have reliable Internet. If you live in an area without a high-quality Internet stream, you will need to consider other options.

Satellite providers account for about 41% of the cable market. Big players like DISH and DirecTV often offer cheaper plans than “corded” providers. That includes discounted bundles for television and Internet.

As one reader shared with us, switching providers can help you save a lot of money. But you may need to factor in the cost of pruning trees that may be blocking your dish’s connection to the satellite. (If you live in a heavily wooded area, that can add up fast). Plus, some areas don’t get great satellite service – you may need to test the waters a bit to see if this is the right way to go.

Although DISH and DirecTV offer satellite Internet, we recommend shopping around. Depending on your area, you might find better deals through providers such as Exede, HughesNet, and StarBand. So make sure you shop for the best deals and don’t forget to use our tip for negotiating a better price.


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Goodbye Fossil Fuels. Hello Algae!

Monday February 9th, 2009 at 7:22 AM
Posted by: m35man

Algae is not a loud noise in the challenge to find alternative fuels. But it will be. Algae biofuel offers us a great deal of hope in our battle against fossil fuels.

Hybrid electric automobiles typically steal most of the spotlight when it comes to the idea of ‘green’ vehicles, which reduce their environmental impact by consuming small amounts of gasoline or limiting the emissions produced by their operation. Gasoline / electric hybrids certainly lead this charge, but bringing up the rear are an entire host of alternative fuels which promise to provide a similar driving experience with either ultra-clean emissions or no emissions at all. The contenders include ethanol produced from corn or other vegetable matter, biodiesel which also originates from plants, or even propane and natural gas.

One type of fuel which rarely sees mention also happens to be one which appears to offer a great deal of promise for the future. Algae, a type of plant life that is found in abundance in oceans all over the world, can actually produce a significant amount of natural oil that can be used as a fuel source. Marine algae is not familiar to most North American drivers, but in Asian countries where the population has a closer relationship to the sea algae and other types of ocean agriculture are nothing new. Recent investments in the development of algae-based fuels have been brought on by the increase in fossil fuel prices, and some of the results have been staggering.

It turns out that not only is marine algae a viable fuel source, but it also packs a much more concentrated punch than other biofuels. In fact, it is estimated that compared to the most potent fuel crops grown on land, algae can squeeze 30 times more energy out of a single acre. Advances in marine agriculture have created algae farms where special growing tubes can help produce 100,000 gallons of oil out of a single acre.

These impressive numbers have drawn a lot of attention in the alternative fuel community, and for good reason. Aquatic agriculture does not use huge amounts of landmass like corn growing does, allowing that area to be put to better use growing foodstuffs or sustaining livestock. Algae is also fairly inexpensive to cultivate, requiring only water, sunlight and the right conditions to propagate quickly. It can also use water that has been deemed too polluted for standard agriculture without affecting its yield – even raw sewage. This helps to ensure that algae growth will not absorb resources which could be better used in other areas of the economy.

The price of breaking free from the traditional fossil fuel chains that encircle the world’s economy is innovation, and looking towards algae-base initiatives seems to point towards an answer that is not only effective, but also non-destructive to the environment. The rapid growth of algae helps to ensure that establishing an infrastructure of oil-producing plants would take a very reasonable amount of time, and its hardiness means that even cities, historically not associated with agriculture would be able to house algae production facilities. Mankind emerged from the ocean millions of years ago, and it seems as though the circle of evolution has been closed once again as we now look back to the sea for the answer to our future.

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Pom Pom Porno review

by FreeOnes Reviews
Some girls are just to sweet to appear on the internet, some others are still sweet but they are also horny devils, and this last category is the kind of girls you are going to find inside the members area of Pom Pom Porno: cute teens and cheerleaders willing to do anything to please some lucky cocks! If you don't believe what I am saying, follow me inside the members area and read the review below.
Ratings:   Pom Pom Porno rating: 6/10
Amount of content
Navigation & Browsing
Price vs. Quality
Quality of content
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Basic Site Information:
Images: Content Availability
Streaming Video: Content Availability
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Review by Gabrio (2006-01-27)

Pom Pom Porno in-depth review

The members area of Pom Pom Porno is pretty small and the main colors are purple and pink, perfect teen colors I would say. At the very top of the page, there is a flashy banner that says that with your membership you also get access to 90+ bonus and reality sites and this is simply great in fact you see the listing of sites at the right of the screen. Back to the other side of the screen, there is the members area navigation with these items: Member index, Galleries, E-Zines, Interactive, Video Feeds, Stories, Live, Games, Jokes and Chat. Then there is a welcome message and also an email link for contacting them in case of questions or issues and then there are several content links.

At the left of the page there are a few links for the Featured Picture Galleries, then there is the Featured Video, Amateur Video Girls, Erotic Sex Stories, Humorous Jokes, Cybersex Chat, Extra Stuff and Live Sex Shows, of course these last ones are all bonuses.

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Unity Amidst Diversity – A Response to Jurisdictional Conference

I am on vacation at the Outer Banks and took a walk on the beach tonight, thinking about the recent Jurisdictional Conference.  Vacation is a fine thing to do after completing the General/Jurisdictional Conference cycle.  It was an act of mercy that the Lord commanded periods of Sabbath for everything from crops to land to humans.  It is God’s way of saying, you’ve done your part.  Lie fallow for a while.  Read a book.  Take a nap.  By all means, try not to speak, unless you want to complement the view.

My walk was silent, although punctuated by an occasional chuckle along the way.  I hesitate to admit that I chuckle by myself.  It could be sign that someone needs to avoid Methodist gatherings for a while.  I was thinking of Jurisdictional Conference.  There were so many surprises.  From the beginning there was a joyful mood amongst the delegates.  The song leader and band set the tone of the gathering.  Rarely have I heard hymns sung so heartily. At one point, while singing Great Is Thy Faithfulness, a well-loved hymn that is not on my top 10 list, I had to stop because it was just so beautiful.  It wasn’t just the music.  Jonathan Holston, an African-American delegate from North Georgia, was elected on the first ballot.   When we have that level of consensus on the ballot #1, something is definitely in the air.  By the end of the first day, four of the five new Bishops had been elected.  It did take another 18 ballots to elect the final Bishop, but that is nothing new.  It was stunning that it was Young Jin Cho, the endorsed candidate from Virginia who moved from 15 to 287 votes in 12 ballots. His election came when Tim McClendon, a frontrunner throughout the day, withdrew with a degree of graciousness that was moving.

I serve on the Committee on Episcopacy, a group that used a new process this year to assign Bishops.  We reviewed the needs of every Annual Conference and offered candidates for each episcopal assignment.  The group had made a covenant that they would not even discuss these assignments prior to our meeting.  There was to be no deal making, no lining up of votes, and no swapping or trading allowed. We prayed repeatedly, spoke earnestly, and discerned assignments with a desire that they would be good to the Holy Spirit and serve the Jurisdiction as a whole.   By the time we finished, all the assignments enjoyed a unanimous and joyful vote from committee members.

I call it the un-General Conference because it was a rare display of unity amidst the diversity of our gifts and graces.  The real surprise for me was that our candidate for the episcopacy will now serve as our Bishop.  In one of his speeches, Dr. Cho stated that as Bishop he would ask his clergy to engage in prayer and spiritual disciplines for an hour a day.  One of our delegates shared with another, I wish I had a Bishop who would tell me to pray for an hour a day!  This led delegation members to sign a pledge to engage in prayer and other disciplines for an hour a day and to lift up our new Bishop and the ministry of the churches of the Virginia Annual Conference in prayer. This was during the time that Young Jin had about 17 votes to his name.  Who knew that the man who promised to challenge his pastors to reorder their spiritual lives would become Bishop Cho, and be assigned to the Virginia Annual Conference?  We don’t have to wish for that Bishop anymore, because for the next four year, he is ours, or we are his, depending on your perspective.

I was chuckling about this on the beach because it is one of those moments that you realize that in the church, anything can happen, that God has a sense of humor, and that you have no idea how it is going to turn out, but you do have a sneaking suspicion that the Holy Spirit is up to something.  When God is on the move, I have learned to align myself to the wind of the Spirit. Today, I have spent about an hour in the disciplines.  Of course, I am on vacation.  Come Monday, the real challenge begins.   You can join in the prayer covenant for your life and the life of the church.  I think that it will do all of us a world of good, and I welcome the Bishop who will soon lead us.

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  1. glenn conner

    Yes, you are blessed. I, too, was moved by Bishop Cho’s challenge to pray. All through the day, as elections happened, I kept thinking, I would be glad to have that person as my Bishop. I was deeply saddened by the political manuvering during the last election. Tim McLendon is a good man, a man of color, even if that color is American Indian. Bishop Cho is a good man, who happens to be Korean. In the end I believe all of the elections were good, Godly, people. I am glad the politics did not seize the day. The scripture reminds us that there is a season for everything. For the candidate who had people trying to force the election, it wasnot a rebuttal of a good, Godly, person, but rather now is not the time. Just as it was the time for Jonathan Holston, Ken Carter, Bill McAlilly, Debra Wallace Padgett, and Young Jin Cho. These are our new Bishops, let us pray and be thankful. P.S. my new Bishop is Debra Wallace Padgett. Just a few moments with her, gave me a peace for the days ahead. Blessings.

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Panasonic - VIERA 42" Class Plasma TV

Points per Entry

Date Drawn

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12/31/2012 10:59 PM

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# of Winners

Approximate value

Current time

11:15 AM

Item ID

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Enjoy your favorite movies, TV shows and sporting events with this plasma HDTV from Panasonic that features Deep Color and x.v.Color technologies for brilliant color and detailed images. Two 10W speakers deliver a lush soundscape.

Product Features

  • 41-5/8" screen measured diagonally from corner to corner Ideal for large size rooms.

  • 3D color management With Deep Color and x.v.Color delivers brilliant color to images.

  • 24p playback mode With 2:3 pulldown for accurate and realistic reproduction of film sources.

  • 600 Hz refresh rate Reduces flicker for a clear picture.

  • 2,000,000:1 dynamic contrast ratio For an arresting viewing experience.

  • 1024 x 768 resolution Supports 720p signals for stunning image clarity.

  • Two 10W speakers With simulated surround sound provide a lush soundscape.

  • Inputs Include 2 HDMI, 2 composite video (1 side), 4 audio and 2 component video.

  • 2 HDMI inputs HDMI cable not included. High-speed HDMI cable is the only connection that can deliver a full HDTV experience with a full 1080p picture and digital surround sound.

  • Media Card reader Supports Secure Digital format for easy transfer of images from your camera or camcorder.

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website analysis

ReyBlock - Inicio

Description: Rey Block ( tel.:6629-3630 ), somos una fabrica de block en Guatemala, ubicada en Barcenas Villa Nueva, contamos con todo tipo de materiales de construcción, block solera, bovedilla, adoquín, hierro, etc. el material puede ser puesto en obra
Keywords: is the non Alexa rated largest website within the world. The website is created in 01/06/2013, owned by n/a, currently located in United States and is running on IP registered by DOMAIN.COM, LLC network. This site not uses Javascript for user interaction. This site not uses CSS to manage the site layout. This site is running on the Apache/2 webserver. The server side programming lanquage of the site is n/a. Google Pagerank is n/a and it's domain is Commercial. estimated worth is $0.00, with 0 estimated visites per day and ad revenue of $ 0.00.
Alexa Rank: n/a
Domain Created: 01/06/2013
Domain Expires: 01/06/2017
Google PageRank: n/a
Domain Owner: n/a
Hosted In: United States
Host IP: n/a
Family Safety:
Charset: n/a
Extension: com
Domain History: in the past
Server DNS A:
Server DNS NS:
Server Name:
Server Type: Apache/2
Server Side Language: n/a
Javascript Usage: no
CSS Usage: no
RSS Usage: no
Google AdSense Usage: no
Code to Text: 3.05 %
Additional Technologies: jQuery
Header Size: 676 KB
Request Size: 284 KB
Name Lookup Time: 0.00 seconds
Connect Time: 0.00 seconds
Pretransfer Time: 0.00 seconds
Total Time: 0.37 seconds
Size Download: 32947 KB
Speed Download: 88757 KB/S

Total Time 0.37 seconds
Download Size 32947 KB
Download Speed 88757 KB/S
Server Country Code: US
Server Country Name: United States
Server City Name: Burlington
Server Region Name: MA
Server Zip Code: 01803
Server Latitude: 42.505100250244
Server Longitude: -71.204696655273
$0.00 Website Worth
0 Daily Visits
$0.00 Daily Revenue
Keyword Count Density (%)
Block 10
Guatemala 5
Construcción 3
Reyblock 2
Tus 2
Blocks 2
Villa 2
Nueva 2
Solera 2
Bovedilla 2
Nuestra 2
Fabrica 2
Barcenas 2
Materiales 2
Rey 2
Las 1
Sueños 1
Pensando 1
Guatemaltecas 1
Construye 1
Familias 1
heyblock, leyblock, peyblock, reyblock, weyblock, rcyblock, rzyblock, remblock, reublock, rezblock, reyalock, reydlock, reybgock, reybmock, reybqock, reybtock, reyblyck, reyblolk, reybloco, reyblocv, reyblokc, freyblock, rreyblock, sreyblock, raeyblock, rbeyblock, reeyblock, rteyblock, rweyblock, rzeyblock, reoyblock, retyblock, revyblock, reyyblock, reyablock, reybblock, reyeblock, reyqblock, reyrblock, reyvblock, reyblkock, reybluock, reyblobck, reyblocck, reybloqck, reyblocjk, reybloclk, reyblocqk, reybloczk, reyblockr,

Whois Server Version 2.0

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Registrar: DOMAIN.COM, LLC
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Expiration Date: 01-jun-2017

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text:
Tuesday, September 06, 2011

News Links, September 7, 2011

## Global economic meltdown ##
SNB draws line in the sand to weaken franc
Gold surges 1 percent to record on growth woes
Greece may ask for second bailout to expire earlier: report
Greece Pledges to Accelerate Austerity
Greek 1-Year Bond Yield Hits 88.48%; No Comments from Trichet, ECB, or EU
UBS Declares "The Euro Should Not Exist" In A Monster Report On The Odds Of An EU Breakup
Euro Land May Face Full-on Bond Meltdown: Economist
GDP in Europe confirmed as slow growth -- 0.2%!
Uganda's Central Bank Lifts Key Rate by 2 Points to 16% as Inflation Soars
Wall Street down on Europe; bear market fears grow
West Africa Rising: Nigeria shifting currency reserves from dollars to Chinese yuan
Roubini: Slowdown Brings Forward New Crisis
Within A Generation, China Middle Class Four Times Larger Than America's (Forbes)
In a generation, there will be very few middle-class people anywhere on the planet. -- RF
Yields Converging Most in Two Years as JGBs No Longer Lowest: Japan Credit
Italy Announces Austerity Plan 2.0 As Local Protests Spread, Turn Violent
What QEIII in the US means for the Middle East
DAX Plunges More Than Other Exchanges

## Fault lines/flashpoints/military ##
Russia to Fortify Military Ties With Allies to Preempt Revolts
"Russia and six former Soviet states plan to bolster their political, law-enforcement and military alliance to protect each other from the kind of uprisings that toppled regimes in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya."
Tijuana violence slows as one cartel takes control
U.S. pulls back from lead role in conflicts: IISS
Turkey suspends defense industry trade with Israel
Erdogan talks tough in row with Israel
Israeli General Predicts All-Out-War With WMDs
Libyan army convoys flee across Sahara carrying looted cash and gold
Forget 'A Winter Of Discontent', Israel's Eisenberg Sees 'Winter Of Radical Islam'
Reports: Obama to Keep 3,000 Troops in Iraq After December
Kurdistan Chief Calls for U.S. Troops To Stay in Iraq
More U.S. forces Down Under

## Global unrest/mob rule/angry people ##
Italy strikes as race to pass austerity starts
Spain unions march peacefully against austerity
Israel defense officials: IDF fully prepared to cope with mass Palestinian protests
Electricity woes: Infuriated by power cuts, protesters turn violent (Pakistan)
"The residents of Haripur ransacked the sub divisional office of Peshawar Electric Supply Company (Pesco) on Monday and held its staff hostage after prolonged power outages."
Groups Plan To 'Occupy Wall Street,' But Their Goal Is Not Yet Set

## Energy/resources ##
Blackout days to be back, govt can't afford coal (India)
Libyan oil may be slow to rebound
"The chairman of Libya's National Oil Co. said it may take 15 months for Libya to bring its oil industry up to pre-conflict levels."
U.S. to pass Brazil as top ethanol exporter
Ethanol subsidy will likely fade with fuel seen as peaking: Marathon CEO
Global wind power potential: Physical and technological limits
"The results give roughly 1TW for the top limit of the future electrical potential of wind energy. This value is much lower than previous estimates and even lower than economic and realizable potentials published for the mid-century."

## Infrastructure scavenging ##
Cable thieves cause transport chaos
"Tens of thousands of commuters suffered travel chaos when services into one of the country's busiest stations were crippled after 50 metres of signalling cable was stolen.
"The theft in the early hours of Tuesday morning near Millwall's football ground in south east London, led to widespread disruption of services into London Bridge station."

## Got food? ##
Food prices up, up and away

## Environment/health ##
Texas battles huge wildfires as hundreds of homes destroyed
Tick-borne parasite infecting U.S. blood supply, CDC says
New swine flu strain infects two more children
500 Million People Will Be Displaced By Glaciers Melting In Greenland And The Himalayas

## Intelligence/security/internet/systemic breakdown ##
Energy grid: Safe from cyber attack?

## Japan ##
Japan govt to up emergency oil product reserves
Kan feared Tokyo would become uninhabitable due to nuclear crisis
60% Of Tohoku Food Firms Feeling Impact Of Nuclear Disaster: Poll
Nikkei Hits '11 Low At Close On U.S. Economy Concerns
Yen intervention failure may spur more BOJ easing
Industry chief: no nukes in future
Japan utilities to submit stress test results in a month - minister

## China ##
China Food Prices Continue Climb
Chromium pollution threatens Chinese soils

## UK ##
George Osborne to stick to austerity plans despite double-dip fears
Double-dip recession fears see £49bn wiped off shares
This is just the start. Stocks, bonds, securities... all will turn into toilet paper. -- RF
Scale of riots 'surprised police'
"Scotland Yard could train more than double the current number of officers in public order policing to cope with any future riots, police chiefs said today."

## US ##
Occupy Wall Street will lay siege to U.S. greed: 20,000 or more set Sept. 17 as start of 'American Fall' (Paul Farrell)
Even before Irene, many rural N.Y. bridges were deemed deficient
Postal Service Default: Postmaster General Pleads For Congressional Action As Bankruptcy Looms
More restaurants are targeting customers who use food stamps
Hedge Funds Increase Bets on Bear Market This Fall
National debt: The five-minute primer
Carlyle Group files for IPO
Dow headed below 10,000 as cyclical bear begins

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