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SAH News

Support SAH by Shopping at AmazonSmile

by SAH News | Jul 11, 2016
When you shop at AmazonSmile, Amazon will donate .5% of the price of your eligible purchases to Society of Architectural Historians.

Follow this link:

How does AmazonSmile work?
When first visiting AmazonSmile, customers are prompted to select a charitable organization from almost one million eligible organizations. In order to browse or shop at AmazonSmile, customers must first select a charitable organization. For eligible purchases at AmazonSmile, the AmazonSmile Foundation will donate 0.5% of the purchase price to the customer’s selected charitable organization. What is the

AmazonSmile Foundation?
The AmazonSmile Foundation is a 501(c)(3) private foundation created by Amazon to administer the AmazonSmile program. All donation amounts generated by the AmazonSmile program are remitted to the AmazonSmile Foundation. In turn, the AmazonSmile Foundation donates those amounts to the charitable organizations selected by our customers. Amazon pays all expenses of the AmazonSmile Foundation; they are not deducted from the donation amounts generated by purchases on AmazonSmile.
SAH thanks The Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Fund at The Chicago Community Foundation for its operating support.
Society of Architectural Historians
1365 N. Astor Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
Copyright - (c) 2012


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Recent Opportunities

Vital Constitutions: The Appearance of "Health" in History

Free and open to the public.

The Department of Art History at Rice University is pleased to announce its inaugural Graduate Conference, Vital Constitutions: The Appearance of "Health" in History, at the Moody Center for the Arts on the Rice campus, Saturday, October 14, 2017.

Vital Constitutions: The Appearance of "Health" in History
Conceptions of health and the healthfulness of bodies, societies, and environments, are sprawling. Vital Constitutions aims to facilitate an open and interdisciplinary dialogue about representations and realities of care and condemnation across time and geography as related to imaging in art, art history, and visual culture; architecture, anthropology, and beyond. A group of nine emerging scholars and artists will share their research and practices during three panels: "Biology, Politics, and Mutation," "Building, Memory, and the Forsaken," and, "Ritual, Remedy, and Form." We encourage the public to not only attend the presentations but also participate in a town hall style discussion that will conclude Saturday's programming. This portion of the conference will be led by invited panelists Dr. Suzannah Biernoff, Erika Blumenfeld, and Dr. Jairo Moreno—whose research engages subjects such as mixed-ability communities, the Anthropocene, and music history, respectively—who will speak on their work, respond to the panels, and encourage conversation.

Planning Vital Constitutions included attention to its own role as an academic conference. We hope that the line-up and format help expand ideas of such gatherings. In addition to the presentations, ample coffee breaks will offer audience members and participants a chance to visit key parts of the conference: an exhibition of visual art and a temporary non-circulating library located in the Moody Center Lantern Room. This complementary space will, we hope, offer 'food for thought.' The Moody Center, a site straddling the border of the campus and the city, is an apt metaphor for our goal to engage Houston at large and layer perspectives.

Further details and updates to the conference schedule can also be found at both and our Rice University blog at The Moody is wheelchair accessible.
SAH thanks The Richard H. Driehaus Foundation Fund at The Chicago Community Foundation for its operating support.
Society of Architectural Historians
1365 N. Astor Street
Chicago, Illinois 60610
Copyright - (c) 2012

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Check out the monthly newsletter for the latest changes!

Society of American Military Engineers

at Virginia Tech

Forging our nation's future leaders

Congratulations on completing the tap process and welcome to the newest members of VT SAME!

Any student, regardless of major, nationality, or background, is eligible for membership with VT SAME. Contact us for further information about the membership process and deadlines.

See recent and past photos of VT SAME members in action.

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1710 W Campbell Ave, Campbell , CA
+1 408.374.5777
Capers Website
Mon-Wed (11am-10:30pm)
Thu-Sat (11am-11:30pm)
Sun (9am-10:00pm)

A Lively American Restaurant in Campbell

A fun and casual neighborhood restaurant, Capers in Campbell is known as an every-occasion kind of place. The congenial atmosphere at this Campbell restaurant is geared to appeal to all crowds—from those wanting a family dinner to happy hour cocktail-seekers to couples on a date—and the fare is equally appealing to a variety of palates.

Weekly $50 Giveaway!
Enter to Win a $50 Gift Certificate for food and drinks.
Drawings every Wednesday.

Live Music
On Friday and Saturday Nights.

Food Served until Midnight
On Thursday, Friday and Saturday Nights.

No Corkage, Sundays only with purchase of any 2 entrees.

The lengthy menu serves up unique and familiar dishes, highlighting the favorites in comfort food and American bistro cuisine. The list of appetizers is eclectic, with options like carpaccio, tuna sashimi, fire roasted artichokes and potato skins. Large salads range from mixed baby greens to warm goat cheese, seared ahi tuna or grilled flank steak, and there are perennially popular burgers and sandwiches like French dips, meatloaf, grilled chicken and the Monte Cristo. Diverse pasta, seafood, chicken, beef and special low-carb dishes populate the entrée menu.

Located in the Kirkwood Plaza on Campbell Avenue near the border of West San Jose, this restaurant is in close proximity to a number of major businesses, as well as residential areas in Los Gatos, Saratoga and West San Jose, making it a central dining or happy hour option. It is also located near Westgate Mall, tempting weary shoppers who need a bite to eat and a break from the clamorous mall scene. Reservations aren’t required at this Campbell hotspot, but Capers does have a reputation of filling up fast, so call ahead for availability.

Happy Hour & Martini Specials

On any given afternoon, sunlight streams through panoramic front windows shining on people enjoying great happy hour specials. A popular Campbell happy hour spot, this All-American restaurant and bar boasts a tasteful sports theme, with a vast collection of sports memorabilia and a great baseball-themed mural that add a casual and nostalgic element to the friendly, pretension-free atmosphere.

If seeking respite at the welcomed close of a long workday, visit Capers Eat and Drink Monday thru Friday from 2pm to 6pm for happy hour. Choose from several $3.95 appetizers and $3.00 well drinks, draft beers and house wines. Those with a particular taste for traditional and creative martinis should make a point to visit Capers on Mondays and Tuesdays, when 2-for-1 deals on all martinis last all day. And with over a dozen signature martinis available, 2-for-1 martinis with an appetizer make a great end-of-day plan.

Silicon Valley Banquet and Catering Services

Wedding rehearsal dinners, birthday parties, corporate events – Capers in Campbell does it all in their banquet facility. This South Bay event venue can accommodate groups as large as 150 people, and there are great, creative menus to choose from. Tray passed hors d’oeuvres, buffet style dinner options and plated banquet lunch or dinner choices feature popular choices from the restaurant’s menu.

Planning an event at a private residence or larger venue? Let Capers bring the party to you. From finger food tray-service to sit-down dinners, Capers’ catering service will customize menus to suit most any event, allowing event hosts to enjoy delicious cuisine and the company of friends without any hassle.

Contact the Capers Banquet Coordinator

If working, living or just hanging out in downtown San Jose, be sure to visit The Loft Bar & Bistro, Capers’ sister restaurant, for the same great style of cuisine and stylish setting.


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Sportshorts for Monday, Sept. 16, 2013

Former Bear
Casares dies at 82

Former Bears running back Rick Casares died Friday at his Florida home, the Tampa Tribune reported. He was 82.

Casares was a member of the Bears’ 1963 NFL championship team, which coincidentally was honored at halftime of Sunday’s game against the Vikings at Soldier Field.

Casares, who played for the Bears from 1955-64, led the NFL in rushing in 1956. He played in five Pro Bowls.

He was the Bears’ all-time leading rusher with 5,657 yards until Walter Payton surpassed him in 1979.

Leshoure wants
out of Detroit

Former Illinois running back Mikel Leshoure would welcome a trade from the Detroit Lions to a team that would use him more, a source said.

Leshoure was inactive for the season opener, and is behind Reggie Bush and Joique Bell on the depth chart.

Former NIU assistant Dunbar dies

The purpose of Northern Illinois coach Rod Carey’s trip to Washington last spring was to deliver
special cargo. He returned with a memory much more special.

The last time Carey saw former Huskies offensive coordinator Mike Dunbar was to place an Orange Bowl ring in his hands.

That memory is especially meaningful to Carey after Dunbar died Friday in his home state of Washington following a battle with

He was 64. Dunbar made 10 stops during his coaching journey, working as a coordinator at Northwestern (2001-05), California (2006), Minnesota (2007-08) and New Mexico State (2010) before joining the Huskies in 2012.

Huskies rally on road to beat Idaho

MOSCOW, Idaho – The Northern Illinois Huskies were anticipating the Idaho Vandals’ best effort Saturday, and that is exactly what they got.

With the Huskies coming off an Orange Bowl berth in January and a season-opening win at Iowa on Aug. 31, the Vandals were thinking upset in their home opener. That appeared a possibility until Northern Illinois scored the final 10 points in a 45-35 win, handing Idaho its 28th loss in its last 33 games.

The game featured five fumbles, with Northern Illinois recovering three of Idaho’s and Idaho falling on two of Northern Illinois’ loose balls.

Hawkeyes snap
skid against ISU

AMES, Iowa – Iowa is running the ball at will and daring opponents to stop them.
For the second week in a row, Mark Weisman powered the Hawkeyes to victory by leading a punishing ground game.

Jake Rudock threw a pair of touchdown passes and ran for another score, Weisman added 145 yards rushing, and Iowa hung on to beat rival Iowa State 27-21 on Saturday night.

Kevonte Martin Manley had seven catches and a TD for the Hawkeyes (2-1).

Iowa ran the ball 60 times for 218 yards and snapped a two-game losing streak against the Cyclones.

Tide, Aggies set CBS afternoon record

Defending national champion Alabama’s win over Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Manziel and Texas A&M has drawn the highest preliminary television rating for an afternoon regular-season college football game on CBS in 23 years.

The top-ranked Crimson Tide’s 49-42 victory Saturday over the No. 6 Aggies earned a 9.0 overnight rating and 21 share. The network said Sunday that was the best since a 10.1 for Miami-Notre Dame on Oct. 20, 1990.

The rating was triple that for CBS’s first SEC broadcast of the season a year ago, a 3.0/7 for Alabama-Arkansas.

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Back to Sterling Preschools

Classroom Of Discovery

PO Box 650955
Sterling, VA 20164

(703) 927-3333

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Parents Say They are Encouraged to:

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Hotel nst

Thapwarin Resort

140/2 Rongrien Rd. Thupthiang
Koh Ngai, Trang 92000

Emplacement:Trang, Koh Ngai
Catégorie d`hôtel:
Compte rendus: rate review 7.8 of 10 (12 commentaires)

Rates from: depuis 48 $

Sawadee Cash-back Rewards

Thapwarin Resort est isolé sur Koh Ngai dans la province de Trang, à environ 36 kilomètres de la célèbre Koh Lanta de Krabi. Cette île préservée n'est accessible qu'en bateau. De ce fait les clients peuvent profiter de la relaxation et de l'intimité ultimes. Les luxueuses chambres sont d'un fascinant style cottage. Ici vous vous sentirez connecté à la beauté d'une nature restée pure, dans ces chambres bien équipées, principalement composées de matériaux naturels comme le bambou, le bois, le rotin et le nypa. Le design intérieur est splendide, tout comme le magnifique paysage côtier que vous voyez depuis votre fenêtre. Les équipements et services incluent coin internet, délicieux restaurant et bar, équipements pour les sports nautiques, pêche, tours de l'île, location de bateaux et de kayak, bureau d'excursions pour n'en citer que quelques uns.

Currency: Enter arrival and departure dates
Arrival date / Check-in:
Departure date / Check-out:
Length of stay:
adult / child's AGE:
Enter the AGE of the child:
Example, for a child 7 years old, enter: 7
Example for more than 1 child:
2 children aged 8 and 9 years, enter: 8,9

Please enter the children's AGE,
not the number of children.

child age 2-11.
This hotel has special rates for some markets. Please set your nationality:
* more rooms/beds required to fit number of guests *
Payment options:
Your E-Mail only ONE email address!
Check-in NAME as written in passport
City / Zip
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Mobile phone optional, used for SMS*
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Autres hôtels voisins Thapwarin Resort
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Thapwarin Resort is a perfect place to relax and forget your cares. It is the ultimate vacation paradise for discerning travelers. The resort consists of 28 well charming natural style cottages which are made of natural materials such as wood, bamboo and palm leaves with air condition, King Size bed, private half open-air bathroom, hot and cold shower, mini-porch with coffee table awaiting your arrival. 24 hours electricity is provided in high and peak season by using electric supply from the island main power plant.

Amenities offered by the resort are the bar and restaurant specialized on Thai cuisine and international dishes and offers nightly seafood barbeque. Island trips and other activities are available at the resort and via our linkages through the assistance of front desk or tour desk for referrals.
Truly, Thapwarin Resort is a wonderful place for peers, families and honeymooners and a perfect heaven for those who like to escape the hassles and bustle of the busy world. Thapwarin Resort attractions do not stop at its natural beauty, in addition to relaxing and lying by the beach.
The accommodation consists of charming natural style cottages which are made of natural materials, such as wood, bamboo and nipa palm. Completed services and facilities, together with its convenient location make the resort a perfect choice for visitors.

Most of the villas and cottage offer an exciting view of the beach and are made from natural materials such as wood, bamboo, rattan and at tap. Thapwarin blends gracious tradition with every modern comfort for discerning leisure travellers. Handsomely appointed accommodations, superb cuisine, and attentive service combine to create a memorable stay.
Warin Cottage
(39 sq.m.)
Warin Cottage is a private cottage set behind the beachfront cottages. Double and Twin beds are available. The cottages are located by the lotus pond and among the green tropical garden. Just a minute walk to the beach.

Room Amenities
  • - Air conditioned
  • - Mini porch with coffee table
  • - An Half open-air bathroom
  • - Hot and Fresh shower for showering
  • - Mini bar
  • - Coffee and Tea making facilities
  • - Hair dryer (on request)
Beach Front Cottage
(55 sq.m.)
Our lovely Beachfront Cottages are individual bungalows standing on some 15 meters away from the beach (prime location). They are specious with a minimum of 55 sq.m. including a mini-porch with coffee table offering panoramic view of the beach.

Room Amenities
  • - Air Conditioned
  • - Polished wood floor
  • - Grass roof
  • - Rich Thai fabric curtains
  • - Bathroom with hot & fresh water for showering
  • - Double bed
  • - Satellite TV
  • - Working table
  • - Small couch
  • - Tea and coffee making facilities
  • - Minibar
  • - Hair dryer
  • - Beach towels
Restaurant and Beach Bar
Talay Lounge Resto Bar is located on the best panoramic view of Koh Ngai. We have the reputation for serving some of the best food on the island and using the freshest herbs, vegetables and organic greens from the resort’s own gardens. Talay Lounge Resto Bar is opened for breakfast, lunch and dinner. The breakfast is a vast selection of Western and Thai menu. Lunch is focused on the balanced cuisine approach with an emphasis on taste. In the evening, guests can enjoy the best Thai food on the island as we are proud ourselves to prepare Thai favorites in the way they should be. Our famous BBQ seafood night with mouth-watering fresh local Andaman seafood cooked either in Thai style or simply barbequed on the grill is also very popular. The restaurant includes two different styles of seating, regular tables and Daybed Niches.
Power Supply:
24-hour electricity provides for High and Peak Season. Power supply operates from 05.00 pm. – 09.00 am. in Low Season.

Early arrivals and Late arrivals:
If your arrival is early than our check in time, we will do our best to accommodate you. Similarly, for late departures if you choose to stay after check out time, we will be glad to store your luggage in a proper place. Check in time: 01:00 pm. Check out time: 10:00 am.

Guaranteed reservation:
At Thapwarin Resort, a guaranteed reservation assures you a room even if you check in late (after 5:00 pm).

Credit Cards:
Only two major credit cards are acceptable at the resort (Visa and Master card).

Transfer service:
The resort can arrange private & joint transfer / pick up services (van and boat) to and from the resort. Rates depend on transfer / pick up point.

Due to unavoidable airlines flights schedule changes, our normal time of transfers is subject to change accordingly.

Facilities and Services Water Sport activities Wedding Package Services
  • - Talay Lounge Bar and Restaurant
  • - Tour and Activity Center
  • - Internet corner service
  • - Free Wi-Fi at the lobby and restaurant
  • - Darinda Souvenir Shop
  • - Safe deposit box at front office
  • - Laundry
  • - Boat rental
  • - Kayak rental
  • - Sunset trip
  • - Water- sport equipments (snorkels, fins, life jackets)
  • - Fishing trip
  • - Island trips such as (2 islands, 3 islands or 4 islands, or around Ngai island)
  • - Ticketing and Booking
  • - Traditional Thai wedding
  • - Thai wedding
  • - Legal / Civil wedding
  • - Buddhist wedding
  • - Symbolic beach wedding
Snorkelling is also one of the popular activities which you can do with or without a life jacket. Just get your snorkeling equipments and swim through the crystal clear water in front of the resort to enjoy your time along the coral reefs which are quite long from 0.5 to 1 kilometer and 2 to 5 meter deep.

Andaman Sea is well-known on the subject of completely unspoiled nature. Plenty of marine lives spread over all area. Koh Ngai and its nearby islands are also popular sites of Andaman Sea; most of the sites mentioned are submerged rocks which big actions are under the surface. These sites will provide you an exciting game of fishing. And also, fishing can be a relaxing way to spend your weekends. Our fishing trip will be one of your unforgettable experiences! Most of fishing trip can go by our long tail boat owned by experience people, fishing equipments are included. The trip is available either half day, full day or charter.

Kayaking can be done as an enjoyable activity at Koh Ngai either in front of the resort, around the island or to the famous snorkeling spot at Koh Maa.

Camping at Koh Rok:
Koh Rok is one of the 53 islands of Lanta Marine National Park's archipelago but is also a part of Trang's. Two sister islands lying next to each other are Kok Rok Nok and Koh Rok Nai. There are pristine, pretty and powdery white beaches which offer the greatest sports for snorkelling, sunbathing and swimming. Moreover, their diving sports are very fantastic underwater sceneries with visibilities normally a minimum of 14 meters dept. The coral reefs are boundless, beautiful and host to all of Thailand's vast selection of tropical reef marine life.

Camping is the only way to stay overnight on Koh Rok, one of the most spectacular islands in the Andaman Sea. This magnificent island is the most distant island from the town and preserves a pristine natural environment seemingly untouched by the winds of time.

For your tropical island dream trip, joining our camping trip will give you a good opportunity to touch unspoiled nature and truly appreciate the wonderful colors of the sea, sky, waterfalls and a tropical island the whole day.

Other Activities:
A mile of white sandy beach is very perfect for serious joggers or just for leisurely walking. Swimming, sunbathing, bird watching and photographing are also activities that you can enjoy during your wonderful holidays on Koh Ngai.
Thapwarin Resort is situated on Koh Ngai or Ngai Island near Koh Lanta, Krabi, Thailand. Koh Ngai is a secluded island and accessible only by boat about one thousand hectares the whole island. It's about 13 kilometers from Pakmeng Pier in Trang Province which is the nearest pier to the resort. From Koh Ngai (Thapwarin Resort) to Koh Lanta (Saladan Pier) is about 36 kilometers (approximately).

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Jessica and Sean

Thanks to all the couples who sent us their amazing romantic proposal stories. Now it is time to vote for your favourite story. There are some fantastic prizes for the winners and we will also be randomly selecting a few voters for a special treat courtesy of

To vote leave your comment at the bottom of your favourite story ♥

Prizes Courtesy of ~

Rickety Bridge 2

[/one_fourth] [three_fourth_last]

Jessica & Sean

[dropcap color=”rosy”]R[/dropcap]omance need not be expensive… Romance need not be overwhelming… Romance is personal, passionate, and precious. I believe my experience proves this to be true.

My boyfriend Sean and I were sharing a wonderful holiday together in the Kruger Park. After a long day of game viewing under the heat of the African sun we made our way to our chalet at Lower Sabie camp. Our chalet was placed right on the riverbed and we had a stunning view of the river and wildlife. Sean poured us each a gin and tonic (a family

tradition) and we sat on a bench right in front of the river as the sun started to set. The golden haze of the African sky illuminating our surroundings. I was struck by the beauty of this incredible country. Next thing I knew Sean was on his knee and looking up at me with a beautiful shimmer of diamonds staring up at me. He asked me if I would like to be his wife and I could see he was nervous. I was so wrapped up in the moment I forgot I had to give a response. “Yes, Yes, of course” I finally managed.

The extreme simplicity and beauty of the moment under the African sunset will last a lifetime. It was the perfect ending to a difficult year, having lost my father earlier in the year to cancer. Sean had carefully chosen this venue to propose. Incorporated my dad into his proposal as the Kruger Park is a special place for my family and one we had created many wonderful memories throughout my childhood.

Although I could not share the news of my engagement with my dad I could feel his presence there and as I looked up at the now dark sky filled with stars I knew I was the luckiest girl alive to have such a compassionate partner.

I hope you can feel the moment that I experienced and see how romance is a personal experience and how a perfect partner will be able to make even a difficult situation into a beautiful one.

[/three_fourth_last] comments
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Showing 435 comments
  • Mr T

    Congratulations guys, may your african safari last forever

  • Talya Honor

    If there was ever a story of Forever…Jess and Sean have been through so much and if all one can ever ask for is that the other person stands by their side through the good and the bad, then you have it all. And that sums up Jess and Sean. Two people who are there for each other, who love each other no matter what and who will remain this way thought time. Much love!

  • Carl Lowton

    Hi. I’m the Carl from
    I know this is a competition, and that comments mean votes, but to me it is more than that.
    This is about marriage and the people who take that step. You have chosen this path, and my wish is that your relationship may be blessed.
    Congratulations on your engagement and all the best for the big day – and every day of your journey together.

  • Anita

    Ek is so bly vir julle! Sean ek weet jy het so lank beplan aan die dag en dat dit spesiaal moet wees vir Jess! Well done, en ek weet julle fairytale gaan vir ewig hou!

  • Lynn

    Congratulations you two. I am proud of you Sean!

  • Leanne

    Such a fairy tale story. Congrats you guys.

  • Johan

    Ek kan sommer sien dat julle vir mekaar bedoel is en ek glo dat dit vir ewig sal wees. Alle voorspoed en geluk vir die toekoms!

  • Jessica

    I feel very lucky to have met this man! Thank you for the votes 🙂

  • Pamela

    I approve of the GnT. Very happy for you both!

  • Cretienne

    I got goosebumps reading this. You two truly have a beautiful love.

  • Michael

    Congrats Colledge and Jessica! Happy for you guys.

  • Mareli

    Congratulations guys, what a gorgeous story! May you enjoy many more gin n tonics and sunsets together! X

  • Hilmarie

    So sweet! hope you guys win! x

  • Deon

    Congratulations you two!
    I wish you only joy, laughter, success and a very healthy romantic marriage!

  • Ansa

    Baie geluk julle 2!!! Glo daar le nog baie jare se geluk saam vir julle voor!!

  • Cheri-lee

    Wow. Such a special moment. Congratulations. 🙂

  • Pat Pughe-Parry

    Great story Jessica and I am sure your dad was eavesdropping and is delighted that you are happy. Best wishes for a wonderful life together.

  • Hayden

    Congrats guys! I hope you win 🙂

  • Chris

    First of all, congratulations to you both, I wish you two ab eternity of happiness together. That is a really beautiful story, very nicely done Sean! And remember, you never need to be silent, you need only to whister!

  • Fiona Morris

    It sounds so majestic and so calm all at once! Congrats – hope you’re both very happy!

  • Charme

    Hi Ag baie geluk aan jul twee, baie bly vir jul part. weet jul gaan sommer baie gelukkig wees. jul bedoel vir mekaar! Perfect match.

  • Dianne

    Reading this I had tears in my eyes, what a very special moment that must have been!
    Congratulations to you both , you deserve to win!xxx

  • Stephan

  • gareth

    Congratulations, hope you guys get it.

  • Lindsay Mouton

    Jess, one of my oldest friends, your story is beautiful. I am so happy for you! xxx

  • gareth

    Congratulations… hope you guys get it.

  • Lindsay Mouton

    So happy for you guys xx

  • Adele

    Sean and Jess, I hope you win this, so that your wedding day will be as special as your engagement!!!

  • Yvette

    WOW! Your story brings tears to my eyes and I am sure hope to many others out there. Jessica it seems to me that you have found the partner in Sean, a compassionate man who loves you deeply. Good Luck to the two of you. I wish you love, health and everything beautiful in your married life!

  • MacD

    Congrats buddy! Here’s to a long and happy life and wishing you two only the best for the future. Cheers!

  • christelle

    baie geluk!!!!!!!!!!!

  • Anja

    Baie geluk!!!!!! Mag julle toekoms gevul wees met geluk en baie liefde.

  • Riaan

    Congrats on your engagement. Well done Sean.

  • Greg

    Congratulations to the two of you!! Very nice story indeed. All the best, and may the future hold good things for you.

  • Rosemarie Viljoen

    They are a stunning couple. We all love Sean at work. He is cheeky and witty. Jessica you must be sweet to be with our Sean.

  • Le-Anne

    Baie geluk. Ek het geen woorde om jul verlowing te beskryf nie….. dis so mooi. Hoop julle sal ‘n lang en gelukkige huwelik hê.

  • Marlene

    Sean & Jess, you guys are so lucky to have found such a wonderfull love. Cherish and appreciate each other 24/7. You guys deserve to win this. Good Luck!!

  • Victoria

    What a beautiful story! Congrats Sean & Jess – may you truly live happily ever after xox

  • Sophia

    Your love story sounds perfect to make brilliant screen play. The PERFECT ENDING WOULD BE TO WIN THIS COMPETITION. Congratulations and I wish you both HAPPILY EVER AFTER.

  • judy

  • Penny

    I really love this story – and I know the Mtin would approve! Wishing you both lots of love and happiness and fun together

  • Joao

    Congrats Boet!

  • Jimbo

  • Richard

    Congrats guys! I approve 🙂

  • Nicholas

    You guys are awesome!

  • Dave

    Jess, I am glad to see you have found someone who cares about you and who could be so supportive and that your year could end on a high note.

    Jess and Sean I wish you many years of good memories and happiness.

  • Chanel

    Congratulations !!! Its a very special moment and start of a new life together

  • Jess

    WOW! So happy for u, u deserve to win!

  • Jim Shotter

    Hello Jess Sean..Congratulations to you both…love goes on forever and ever..If you love each other as Marylin and I loved….Then your future will be filled with happiness and joy..good luck and stay to you both x x

  • Megan

    Wow Jess! That is so perfectly romantic and precious! You’ve written this beautifully too! Congratulations to both you and Sean!

  • Stacy

    Stunning Jess. Congrats to you both 🙂

  • SC

    Voting 4 these guys!

  • Esther

    Congrats! I really enjoyed reading your story. Seems so special. All the best to you and your fiance! 🙂

  • Krizia

    Congratulations. May you be blessed with a cup that always runs over with love, friendship, success, happiness, joy and laughter.

  • Joao

    sounds amaizing, the perfect fairytale way to start your lives together.

  • Mrs Principal

    Congratulations, enjoy this time!

  • Michael

    Best of luck to you both. Congratulations!!!

  • Leah

    Lovely story! Congratulations you two <3

  • Sophie

    You deserve to win. Congrats!

  • Matthys

  • Hussein

    Congratulations guys. Stunning story 🙂

  • Anneke

    Congratulations!!! Wish you guys all of the best!!

  • Trace

    Voting for these chaps

  • Bryce

    Congratulations, and all the best for the plans ahead

  • Lindsey

    Seemed liked the perfect setting/location for you guys! I can still remember witnessing when Sean and Jess first met, and now you’re getting married! think you guys have just been great together, congrats! 🙂

  • melissa

    All the best!!!

  • Kelly

    Wow, this is really beautiful Jess, such a romantic story, you’re a lucky girl and he is a very lucky man, hope your life together is as wonderful as the moment he proposed, your Dad will always be in your heart and I am so sure he is so very proud of you and happy for you. You deserve all the happiness in the world. 🙂

  • Melanie

    Wow…!!! Congratulations you two…!! A stunning story; inspiring hope and love.

  • Tarren

    What a beautiful story about two inspirational individuals who will make a beautiful married couple.

  • Vanessa

    This brought tears to my eyes,thinking of your happiness,and being reminded of mine last year. Your experience made me think of how, when you’re right for each other,you could be anywhere,sitting on a sunset-stoep after work,or like you,surrounded by nature…but that moment of choosing to be together, somehow brings all of your past,your childhood memories,your family,your present…all into that one moment,and it’s all perfect. All is right. Thank you for sharing my friend!

  • Marijke

    I’m soooo looking forward to the big day!
    You are going to make such a beautiful bride Jess and Sean could not be a luckier man!
    A match made in heaven!

  • Debbie

    Congratulations guys, a wonderful story, the beginning of something truly special 🙂

  • Kristine

    Wondeful! You guys are the best. Love from the North 🙂

  • Anke Strashoon

    Oh wow… I had a bit of a tear there. Such a beautiful story!! Xx

  • Eva

    Greetings and salutations from the freezing North
    You twoooo!!! You look all warm and fuzzy <3
    Love it!

  • Reme

    May all your days be filled with love, laughter and happiness, so happy for you both! Congratulations, you have my vote 🙂

  • Seleze

    Congrats! Best wishes!

  • Antoinette

    Mag julle die mooiste dag van jul lewe hê, en n vreugdevolle huwelik, met baie plesier en liefde, en dae wanner die son nie skyn nie mekaar ook by sal staan, dis hoe die pilaar sal bly staan. Wens julle alle voorspoed toe en baie geluk.

  • AMD

    Congrats, best wishes

  • Vox

    Awww….awesome! You have my vote! Best wishes!

  • Chrisando

    Congratulations! 🙂

  • Tanya

    Congratulations. Wishing you all the best x x

  • Liz

  • William

    Well done. You deserve this.

  • L. Colledge

    I hope you win. You deserve it!

  • Charlene

    Baie mooi! 🙂

  • salome

    Beautifull!!!! Congrats

  • marile

    What a proposal , you guys look so happy together xx

  • Marlene

    Sean & Jess, congrats on the engagement. You deserve to win.

  • Mel D S

    The most beautiful story!! This one should win!!

  • Bill

    Fantastic news you two!

  • Liezel

  • Simone M

    Watery eyes – check!
    Lump in my throat – check!
    VOTE – check!
    So happy for the both of you xx

  • Miguel M

    Congrats guys!
    All of the best to you both.

  • Barry G.

    I wish you all the best for the future! what a wonderful proposal.

  • Mike

    Sean my man, congrats. I have read all the proposals (ok not all) But I KNOW you guys deserve this.

  • Leonie

    <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 We love Sean… you are a lucky girl!

  • Stacey

    Beautiful story for 2 beautiful people xxx

  • Nicolette Fotinos

    Congrats!!!! I wish you guys a life time of happiness together!

  • Candy

    What a beautiful story! I’m so happy for the both if you 🙂 all the best xx

  • Kelly Mc Shane

    Such a beautiful story! So happy for you both and wish you do so many more treasured moments together!

  • Angela Frazao

    Congratulations! May you both share a lifetime of happiness and love together, through all the good and difficult times! Xx

  • Jared "Jah Man" House

    Hey guys! You got my vote!
    Congrats to you both, amazing proposal for an amazing couple 🙂
    May it be an amazing journey for you both 🙂
    One love

  • Rich

    Congrats guys!

  • Das

    Awesome, so happy for you two!

  • Eleanor Killian

    A beautiful story, congratulations to both of you. XX

  • Alice

    Congrats to the two of you!

  • Konrad

    Very beautiful. That’s exactly what love should be…simple and it gives you an amazing feeling in your tummy. You just know it’s right! I’m desperate to have it again. So, anyone know any hot single gay guys?

  • Shaun

    An amazing setting for a proposal..perfectly timed and executed..I’d expect nothing less of my bestman 😛
    You 2 make a wonderful couple and I was so glad to hear you were also taking the leap.
    Enjoy all the experiences building up to the big day and try not to outdo ours 😉

  • David

    What an amazing moment, Jess your so lucky to have a man, that loves you and Gin&Tonic’s.

    I hope you win!!

  • Mireille

    Congratulations, and you should win this competition, what a lovely and romantic story.

  • Cheesy

    I love this story and the message of true love. Congratulations to you both and Sean welcome to the family.

  • Luan

    Congrats to the happy couple!!!

  • Principal

    Love your proposal – congratulations! May all your dreams and wishes come true.

  • Ricky

    Too sweet for words! Congrats guys x

  • Johan de Jongh

  • Gareth

    I am very happy to hear of your engagement. I hope you win Jess and Sean.

  • Justin

    Way to go man! All the best for the wedding.

  • G Man

    oh yeeeeeeeah! Hope you win!

  • Tina

    Congratulations guys. I really loved reading your story. 🙂

  • Norman

    Sean I am voting for you, congrats

  • Jackie

  • Ethan

    Hope the vote helps!

  • Kelly

    Jess congratulations. I do not know you personally but I know Sean and he is a great guy. I am very happy you have found each other. All the best for the competition.

  • Jared

    Happy times! I hope one day I will be able to make an awesome proposal to my lady. lol

  • Riaan

    Geluk Julle

  • R.

    Emotional and personal.

  • Joe

    I am proud Sean incorporated your fathers memory. I wish you both a blessed life togethe.

  • Mike

    It is rare for two people to go through something so difficult and come out the other side stronger and closer. Cherish this time and each other everyday.

  • Annie

    Fantastic! I am still looking for my perfect man… congrats on finding yours jessica.

  • Marelize

    Baie baie baie geluk met julle verlowing. Ek wens julle net ‘n toekoms voor wat gevul is met sakke vol vreugde en liefde. Julle is ‘n amazing paartjie en verdien net die beste. Dit is duidelik dat julle die beste in mekaar gekry het en in mekaar uitbring

  • Malika

    Congrats guys! 🙂

  • Tax

    Congratulations. Wish you much happiness

  • Chantelle

    Absolute LOVE!!! Jess- you’re classic and timeless, Sean really out did himself with the romantic simplicity when he asked you to spend your lives together. **perfection** Hope you two make MANY MORE memories under the African sun!! Best of luck to you both!!!!!

  • Van Der Merwe Family

  • Sherril

    Wishing you all the happiness in the world Jessica and Sean

  • Katherine

    Congratulations Sean. I hope the two of you are very happy together.

  • Amanda

    Sean! You always help me out with my computer at work… so I will help you out with a vote 😉 It is easy though because I love your proposal!!

  • Simone

    Doing my bit to help you guys win. xxx

  • Willie Smit

    looking forward to the wedding… hope I crack an invite Sean…?

  • Jermone. J

    Happy for you both.

  • Merle

    I have tears in my eyes. Thank you for sharing your intimate proposal. God bless you both in your life together.

  • Penelope

    Commenting so you will stop bugging me about it… KIDDING! Congrats guys!

  • Pat

    Heppi heppi. and remember: a happy WIFE = a happy LIFE.

  • James

    Best Wishes

  • Miss Maria

    🙂 <3 🙂 <3 🙂 <3 Hope ur days together are filled with happiness and love.

  • Bryanne

    Sean! I did not even know you were engaged… Its always the quiet ones! 😉 Hope all of us at the office will be invited to the wedding?? hehehe

  • Jenna

    I hope u 2 win. much luv

  • J. da silva

    Lovely couple. You deserve this. Best of luck. I will spread the word to vote.

  • Peter

    You deserve only beautiful things in life. Congratulations on your engagement.

  • Pam Manning

    Jess and Sean, this is the most romantic proposal in such a beautifully serene moment in one of God’s most beautiful parts of Africa. You have been Blessed with each other as loving, caring partners soon to be husband and wife. Sean you are such a thoughtful and considerate man to Jess. Thank you for the gentle heartwarming way in which you prepared the proposal of a lifetime to Jess. Her Dad loved you and is very happy for you both. May you have the happiest of times together. So happy for you both. xx

  • Albertus

  • Amanda Dean

    Congratulations Jessica and Sean

  • Matthew

    Best wishes for your future I hope it is filled with joy and happiness.

  • Mariaan

    Dis awesome! *does celbratory dance*

  • Gillam

    Wonderful news. Holding thumbs you both win.

  • Gillan

    Lovely story. You deserve this win. <3

  • Jared .F

    Voting 4 u

  • Robert

  • Schalk

    Baie geluk julle twee. Dit gaan ‘n wonderlike huwelik wees!

  • Shaun

    Congrats once again guys!

  • Kayla

    Happiness 🙂

  • Jordan. M

    Vote vote vote. Will keep spreading the word.

  • Will

    Once again congrats!

  • KT

    wishing u both a lifetime of love, laughter and long relaxing days. I know this has been a difficult year for you both. I am cetain that good things will be coming your way very soon. Your proposal story was sublime and beautiful. I really hope you guys win. Much love. Kate

  • Mareli

    <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 beautiful story, beautiful couple, wishing you a beautiful life together.

  • deidre

    wonderful news.

  • thomas

    Thnx 4 sharin ur stori. I luv it.

  • Dev

  • Stace

    Congratulations are in order I see. Lovely proposal Sean.

  • Sam

    We are behind you guys! Go team, go! Lets get the votes up.

  • Petrus

    hier is my vote.

  • Kevin

  • Brian

    Kate suggested I read your proposal story. I am glad I did. I love the simplicity and beauty described. Congratulations. I hope you will get to win this competition.

  • Reena

    Wishing you guys all the happiness. What a fairy tale proposal xoxo

  • BobManning

    You are a delightful couple and deserve to win! Sean a real romantic!

  • Pat Sunkel

    Congratulations to you both and what a beautiful story 🙂

  • susan hamilton

    Congratulations to you both, you don’t know me but your aunt Pam does. Good luckxx

  • Dan

    Great story, can’t wait for the wedding!

  • Jennifer

  • wouter

    gr8! Hope u win Jess en Sean.

  • justin

    congrats to the happy couple.

  • Martin

    dis wonderlike nuus!

  • hein

    beautiful. congrats to u both.

  • jules

    very happi 4 the both of u !!

  • Ant

    good job. We must go for a beer and celebrate my man.

  • P Malan

    this story makes me happy. wish u a lifetime of happiness. congratulations.

  • ADHD Insight support

    🙂 Very happy!!

  • Melinda

    Congratulations. Your story really touched me. I am sure your dad would approve. Congratulations my friends.

  • Arno Roos

    Congratulations on ur engagement

  • Mel

    “Time is too slow for those who wait, too swift for those who fear, too long for those who grieve, too short for those who rejoice, but for those who love, time is eternity. ~Henry Van Dyke” wishing you an eternity of happiness.

  • A.B

    your story is all abouut love, hope and the future. I approve this story.

  • Jo

    As my wife always says” happy life equals happy life” hahahaha. Grats guys from everyone at work.

  • G. Webster

    brought a tear to my eyes. god bless you in your life as man and wife.

  • corne

    All the best for the wedding prep. ek is bly vir julle

  • Wilhelm

    Baie geluk!

  • Warren Pretorius

    Congratulations to the both of you once again.

  • Monty

  • Sune

    Mooi julle. beautiful story.

  • Sarie

    lovely proposal Sean. Best wishes to u and ur family.

  • Jim

    Great news! congratulations boet.

  • Dewald

    I love the Kruger Park. top marks for ur proposal Sean. Jessica, I am sure u will be very happy.

  • Helen

    love is a wonderful thing. congratulations.

  • Vince

    here is my vote.

  • Steven

    good things come to those that wait. may you be blessed in your life together.

  • Mthobi

    congrats, will spread the word. Want you to win this one guys

  • val

    May your married life be filled will great safaris and wonderful sunsets congrats

  • Pamela

    Have fun preparing for the wedding, it’s a very exciting and special time for you both. Lotsa Love Pam

  • Esther Fitzgibbon

    Beautiful story may your lives together b awesome God bless.

  • Carl

    Congratulations Sean en Jess

  • Botha family

    Baie BAIE geluk julle.

  • Leroy

    I hope you win Sean and Jessica. Your story really s sweet.

  • Mandy

    Good job! beautiful proposal with great though and effort.

  • eloise

    congratulations. I enjoyed reading about your proposal.

  • Polina

    I hope u are both enjoying every minute of engaged life…:)

  • Abdul

    may u be blessed in your new life together. Also my sympathies go out to on the loss of your father.

  • Jeanette

    LOVELY! send you good vibes for the years ahead.

  • Wendy

    I dont know you very well but I do appreciate the knd and thoughful way n whcih you proposed to your fance Sean. ths is the sgn of a true gentleman. congratulations.

  • Andy

    Kruger, the sunset, thoughtfulness, beauty, love. may all your dreams come true.

  • Johno

    Good job!

  • Dani

    Absolutely breathtaking! I am beyond happy for you!

  • Mare biscuit

    celebrate good times… COME ON! With you all the way. hope you win. 🙂

  • Lina

  • Ruby

    “Romance need not be expensive… Romance need not be overwhelming… Romance is personal, passionate, and precious. I believe my experience proves this to be true.” I love this.

  • Grobbler family

    congratulations on your engagement from all of us.

  • Ty

    Rooting for you guys

  • Tara

    woop woop. I see you guys have taken the plunge. 😀

  • Dominique

    I hope you win, beautiful.

  • ken

    As you walk along life’s path
    Together hand in hand,
    May God’s blessings be upon you
    In everything you plan.
    Happy Engagement.

  • louis

    Congratulations! You two are perfect for one another. Have a wonderful life together.

  • Art

    I can’t think of anyone else who compliments each other the way you both do. You are a match made in heaven! Congratulations!

  • belinda

    May your life and times together, always be blessed with love and care. Hearty congratulations to both of you, on your engagement.

  • louise

    Lucky are those who get their love and luckily you are among such lucky people. Cherish your luck and enjoy your life. Have a happy life ahead. God bless you Jess and Sean on your engagement.

  • anya

    Congratulations to the future bride and groom! May your relationship last forever and your love last for eternity.

  • Clare

  • Lea

    Great proposal Sean!

  • Emily

    This is such great news!! We’re all really excited – Wishing you both a great future together. 🙂

  • Hendrick

    Congratulations on your engagement. Wishing you all the best for the future. Good luck with the competition!

  • shaundra

    My fellow “Sean” hahaha. congratulations!

  • Vix Black

    You’re two wonderful people who make a great couple!

  • chloe

    I’m so happy for you both!! PS: hope u win!!!

  • Nades

    Not sure what to say…. vote? 😉

  • Aimee

    congratz :p

  • Fatima

    We’re all really excited that you’ve taken the next step!! May your future together be a bright and happy one. All the best

  • Kristina

    Sean and Jess, Congratulations on finding each other. May your love for one another only strengthen as you take this exciting step together. All the very best with lots of love Kristina

  • Em

    Wow I love ur proposal!! Very romantic. Think I will forward this link on to Nick… 😉

  • olivia

    congratulations to you both. May all your dreams come true and enjoy this special time.

  • Lucy

    Beautiful proposal. Congratulations on your engagement!! Wishing you much joy and happiness for the future. May your upcoming wedding planing be stress free

  • Noah

  • Jewel

    Great proposal and great couple. I wish u all the best.x

  • Kagiso

    congratulations. holding thumbs u win.

  • Maria

    Good job on the proposal and a Hearty congratulations to both of you, on your engagement. May God bless you with his love and care,

  • Miss Ava

    Love one another and you will be happy. It’s as simple and as difficult as that. xx

  • Gabe

    Great news. I hope my vote helps. All the best

  • enzo

    been told to vote… so here it is… VOTE

  • sofie

    congratulatons, Wishing you a wonderful journey in your new life together. stunning proposal btw

  • Kopano

    lovely. very sweet and thoughtful proposal Sean. love the simplcty and yet the deep thought as well. much love.

  • Davi .M

  • carl.2

    congrats again

  • Ane King

    pragtig. <3

  • Bryanne

    Beautiful story

  • Miguel

    great story. All the best from me and the missus

  • Adam.M

    Congratz to u both, my ur life be filled with happiness and stuffs

  • Rachid

    ‘What a happy and holy fashion it is that those who love one another should rest on the same pillow.’ ~Nathaniel Hawthorne

  • Hassan

    voting 4 Sean and Jessica for the proposal story. H

  • luisa

    Best wishes jess and Sean. lovely proposal. I hope all the wedding preparation is going well. warm Regards Lu

  • Rani

    BIG HUG! Congratulations!!!! Weeeeeeeeeeeeeee

  • Salma

    Dearest Sean and Jessica. I pray you will both have a blessed marriage. This is a wonderful time in your lives, enjoy it and each other.

  • Aicha

    I have to hear about your engagement through a wedding competition?? LOL typical Sean. But anyways, I am very happy for you both.!!

  • ariel

  • Omri

    Mazel tov

  • Suha

    I thoroughly enjoyed ur proposal story. 🙂

  • D. Ray

    Congratulations on your engagement.

  • Thandi

    Good job kids! Glad to see you have taken “THE PLUNGE”

  • Shayma

  • Adi

    Congratulations on your engagement. Wishing you all the best for the future. Good luck!

  • Juan

  • Antonio

    Fantastic proposal Sean.
    As you both look forward to the day that you get wed,
    May your love remind you of the happiness ahead.
    Happy Engagement!

  • Diya

    Wishing you a beautiful future together. I hope u can get many votes and win.

  • Avni Haryana

    Congratulations. Blessings.

  • Jana v. wyk

    Wishing you lots of wonderful moments
    Now & forever

  • Karim

    Lovely couple. I know you deserve thhis. good luck

  • luka van Zyl

    baie geluk julle!
    dit is wonderlike nuus!

  • Eden

    vote. hope it helps make all your dreams come true

  • Paul

    we need to go celebrate this wonderful news! All the best guys

  • Mia

    I hope you win

  • Jessica.W

    Congratulations to you both. I hope you will both be very happy together and remember this amazing proposal as a wonderful time in your life.

  • H.Bhatnagar

    fantastic proposal. I need to go to Kruger now. Yu describe it perfectly

  • Alicia George

    well you have convinced me to vote for you Sean. hahaha and your story really is stunning. I love the African sunset vibe.

  • Yas

    I am sure it must be difficult for you going through this without the warmth and comfort of your father. However please knoow he is watching over you and very happy for you.

  • Nina Jones

  • Zala

    Ooooooh Seanie my boy we need a BIG celebration!

  • Rowan Roux

    Yes yes yes yes. and by yes I mean Yes I love the story, Yes I love the romance and yes I think they should win

  • antonia

    These two really deserve to win, I hope everyone reading this story can see that. here is my vote.

  • Vanessa

    congratulations on your engagement.

  • Habiba

    Must admit my eyes are watering a bit here.
    Absolutely beautiful story.
    Wishing you all the best.

  • Richard

    Shot! Congratz guys.

  • Afra

  • K-lee

    Warmth of summer,
    Chills of winter,
    Grace of autumn,
    Charm of spring,
    May the beauty of every season fill your relationship with various reasons to smile.
    Wish you a fun filled engagement!

  • Irene

    Voting for this stunning, simple, stylish story.

  • R. Williams

    I really wan t you to win. I am spreading the word my friends.

    A hand to hold and a heart to cherish…
    May your beautiful love story never end…
    Congratulations on your Engagement.

  • Martin.2

  • Van.2

    Congrats once again. xx

  • Mara

    Congratulations on your Engagement.
    We are really looking forward to your Big Day.
    We all hope you win, hope you can see the support!

  • Mary

    Good luck for the competiotion Sean.

  • I. Slabbert

    Brilliant News You Two, wishing you much Happiness and loads of Love. And awesome proposal Sean

  • Zara

    great proposal. holding thumbs you will win.

  • Lee

    Awesome and congrats!

  • Krys

    Win win win. Congrats to u both.

  • S. Patel

    May ur engagement be the beginning of a lifetime filled with special love and happiness.
    best wishes on ur future together

  • Eisha

    wonderful! I love the proposal, perfect for an African love story!

  • Mr February

    “You’re such a special
    couple and anyone can
    … the love you share
    together was always
    meant to be.
    To a Special Couple
    On Their Engagement”
    I thought this quote would be appropriate.

  • jeremy

    good luck kids

  • michael

    Good job! great couple. hope u win

  • L. Malan

    baie geluk julle twee.

  • Nico Pretorius

  • susan morris

    Firstly, sean and Jess my heartiest congratulations go out to you and your families. I hope you are enjoying being enagaged. furthermore, I loved your proposal story I am so glad I was sent the link to come check it out. Wow. Stunning.
    Lastly, All the best for the competition.

    with love

  • elisma

    gr8! hope u win

  • Yusuf

    wonderful news. Very happy for you.

  • Farah

    OMG Love it! 😀

  • Hana

    wiping away a tear. I also lost my father before my wedding and it is a difficult thing to come to terms with. you must be an incredibly strong couple…. I wish you only joy for your years ahead.

  • Aya

    Finally got a min to read your proposal, sorry it took so long! Its beautiful btw. Congratulations

  • Eunice

    mooi so!

  • Adele Venter

    Baie geluk, ek is bly vir julle.

  • Nushifa

    <3 <3 <3 FANTASTIC!!! <3 <3 <3 <3

  • Charlene

    proud of u both. enjoy this time.

  • Max

    Making an honest woman out of her finally are u? hahaha grats guys!

  • Taz

    Nicely done Sean. Jess.. classy as always. All the best for married life! It only gets better!

  • Elenore

    Wow! Lucky girl!!

  • eloise.2

  • Jade.

    May ur lives together bloom like beautiful roses and only get better with time… like a good bottle of wine!

  • Connor

    vote etc

  • Leila

    I felt like I was transported to an african dream… including a GnT. Just stunning. Lovely guys. 🙂

  • Dani.2

    congrats again

  • Izzy

    what an incredible journey you have been on so far and I am sure it is only going to get sweeter with time.

  • Frida

    congratulations. I hope ur days are spent laughing and going on many more safaris!

  • Saida

    did’nt know there were still gentlemen out there…. You show em Sean! we are all behind u, I know how much u desrve this win.

  • Cate

    You liked it… so you put a ring on it… this is a reason to celebrate I say!!

  • dom.2

    <3 <3 <3 <3 Hope that you guys win. I really do love the story <3

  • Zara.2

    Good luck guys!!!!

  • mohammed

    May your marriage be blessed and bountiful

  • Shereen

    I am so glad you entered this competition. I truly believe that this is a story of true love. thank you for sharing this with us all and all the best for your upcoming wedding.

  • verena

    I have never met you personally but I am glad I was told to read your story. it reminded me of my own proposal in the Okavango Delta.Its incredible to be in nature and around the beauty we so often take for granted. mwa!

  • walt

    Baie geluk Sean.

  • Maria Hendricks

    What a wonderful way to end my day, read a story so sweet. I love it!

  • Ashik

    I am surprised! Did not even know yu were engaged. YAY!

  • Shahiema

    vote for Jess and Sean

  • Bertus

    How do we vote? Do I just leave a comment? Hmmmm.. ok well I want to vote for Sean and Jessica.

  • Monique

    Your proposal captures everything important in a relationship : love, thought, kindness and joy. Congratulations to you both.

  • Marcus Neil

    Was abt to leave when I saw the link. Great work Sean… making us guys look good!

  • Pieter

    vote for this couple please

  • kashifa

    Ai Seanie I told you I would vote. LOL. Loved the proposal tho! And ur girl is real pretty. hehehe

  • Sean

    So excited!

  • rania.2

    Once again I hope u guys win!

  • amina

    A quick congrats to the newly engaged couple. Fab news guys!

  • Mariam

    Dearest Sean and Jess I found this poem and wanted to share it with you

    Wherever life may lead you
    may you always find hope and happiness
    in each others eyes…
    comfort and warmth in each others arms…
    love and laughter in each other’s hearts
    and precious moments to share together.
    Congratulations on your Engagement

  • Usman

  • M. Ebrahim

    Cant stop crying, I just love this! I hope you have a wonderful wedding and honeymoon and that only good things come your way.
    All my love

  • kim

    Jess and Sean

    Congratulations on your engagement!! All the very best with the wedding plans and if there is anything I can do to help please don’t hesitate to let me know.

  • darnel

    congrats I hope u win

  • Alexa

    Congratulations on your engagement. Wishing you all the best for the future. I hope u are both very happy together.

  • Manuel

    May God bless you in your journey as man and wife. Congratulations on your African Sunset engagement.

  • Ines

    Sean and Jess I got such a feeling of peace, serenity and love from your proposal story. I can tell that you two are a good match. Any couple that can get through everything that you have can make it through anything. Here’s to GOOD times ahead.

  • kim.2

    Congratulations Jess and sean

  • Kefentse

    Today is a blessed day! I am beyond happy for you both. May your lives be filled with love. congratulations

  • Linda

    vote 4 sean and jess

  • michael louw

    This is such great news!! We’re all really excited! I hope u will win with our support.

  • Lesedi

    Inspirations proposal. Wishing u all the best

  • mands

    Vote. Hope it helps!!

  • Moses

    Congratulations Jessica and Sean

  • Kelly

    Congratulations on the engagement!!

  • Paulo

    Good luck with the competition!

  • Josie

    Wonderful proposal! You deserve to win an awesome honeymoon!!

  • Armando

    step 1… find a girl
    step 2… fall in love
    step 3…. ask that girl to be yours forever…

    congratulations on making it through all the steps!

  • Alan

    The wife said I must vote…. So I vote. be prepared for that Sean… BE PREPARED. lol

  • Lariska

    I am jealous! absolutely stunning proposal. Well done Sean and congrats to you both.

  • Rob

  • Leanne

    Holding thumbs, toes and everything else so that you may win.

  • Kyle

    good execution on the proposal Sean. All the best for the future

  • Lisa

    Heartwarming story. You are both very lucky. I hope you have a wonderful wedded life in the long run and in the short run I hope you can win the competition you have been going on and on about! :p

  • Hank

    voting for this great couple.

  • len

    In Kruger Park nogal? Impressive! Hope you 2 are very happy together.

  • heidi

    You’re two wonderful people who make a great couple! Wishing you all the best with the lead up to the wedding and for the future. Lots of love Heidi

  • dusty

    Congratulations on the engagement! Wishing you all the very best.

  • Matt

    No idea how I got roped into this…. Oh wait… I do.
    congrats guys

  • Elizabeth

    congratulations once again and I am so excited to hear you booked a venue!!! Soooooo exciting.

  • Allen. W

    Awesome read. I hope u win!

  • Joseph

  • Tania

    Awesome couple and Awesome proposal what more do you need?

  • Jannie

    Baie geluk Jessica en Sean

  • Shaun.2

    Lets do this! Congrats again guys

  • H. Viljoen

    To a Great Couple. Wishing you all the joys of a long and happy life together.

  • Valdi

    Legen…. wait for it… DARY!

  • Debs

    May your life together be filled with all the right ingredients: a heap of love, a dash of humor, a touch of romance, and a spoonful of understanding. Congratulations to you both!

  • Joseph.2

    Im not great with words but I do want to send my most heartfelt congratulations to you both. I wish you only happiness together. Maybe next time we can join you in the Kruger Park?

  • Henk. S

    “Love only grows by sharing. You can only have more for yourself by giving it away to others.” Happy Engagement Jessica and Sean

  • Marialna

    Ek is so bly vir julle!

  • Conrad

    Hope u win! Congrats

  • Jane Richmond

    This is really fantastic. I will be sure to encourage others to come read your story Sean. I am really impressed.
    Well done both of you!

  • Kristen

    “Two Souls…ONE heart” congratulations on this beautiful start to your life together.

  • M .Moodley

    Congratulations Sean and Jessica.

  • Miss Marcy

    SO glad I got to read this. Thank you for sharing your special proposal with us all. Fantastic, hope u have wonderful life together.

  • Justin Alberts

  • Dave.2

    Hahaha Sean thougt you would enjoy this

    “I love being married. It’s so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your life.”

  • Janine

    Sweet proposal and couple.

  • Tanya

    Very happy for u, what a wonderful African fairytale. I hope every step ahead continues to be magical. xxxx

  • liza

    Yipeeeeeeeee! I have a very good feeling about you two. May you both be covered in love and light for the yrs ahead.

  • J Marais

  • Salome

    Roses are red, violets are blue, I hope all your engagement wishes come true.

  • Jai Williams

    Congratulations Jessica and Sean

  • chanel

    best proposal yet! 😉

  • Evan

    Most excellent young Sean… I have trained you well.
    congrats bud

  • Prinesh

    assuming we must just leave a comment to qualify as a vote.. vote.

  • Francois

    (insert romantic comment here)

  • Chris

    congrats guys… here is my tip for a marriage: wine can just about solve any fight!

  • Abby

    Just stunning! I hope you win.

  • Jess

    I have no words to describe how happy I am for you to have found each other. congratulations and good luck for the competition.

  • Wynand Pieters

    baie geluk julle!

  • Rian

  • Naidoo family

    Dear Sean and Jessica
    Love does not consist of gazing at each other, but in looking together in the same direction.
    We all hope you wil enjoy a lifetime of staring into a beautiful sunset together.

  • Sual

    This should take the win!

  • John.2

    some words of wisdom:

    “The husband who wants a happy marriage should learn to keep his mouth shut and his checkbook open.” – Groucho Marx

  • Elke

    Love everything about your proposal. 🙂

    Good luck with the competition, I hope you win this romantic getaway.

  • Andrew

    fantastic proposal! Sean u making it difficult for us guys to follow after you…

    You really do seem perfect for each other though. Jess, Sean could not be happier and truly dotes on you.

  • Blanche

    Congratulations!! A beautiful story!! Best wishes & Blessings for the future!!

  • Barry

    Simply perfect, the proposal suited the two of you down to the tee. Congratulations to you both.

  • Meredith

    Gr8 proposal Sean. Wish you too a fantastic future with many more GnT’s 🙂

  • Phil

    Good on ya brother!

  • Lindsay

    Awesome Sean and Jessica. Wishing you a lifetime of happiness. Good luck for the comp.

  • Rose

    I am beyond thrilled! Quietly haunting proposal, I am filled with emotions… I hope you are very happy!

  • Jodi

    <3 <3 <3 voting for yous!

  • Gerrie

    Congrats to you both! Hope u will end up winning this competition!

  • Cathy

    A future filled with happiness
    A special wish for you
    Days filled with joy and happiness
    And all your dreams come true

    Wishing all these things and more for you both!

  • Ben.2

    Congrats again you two lovebirds

  • Sharlene

    Mooi so! Hoop julle het n mooi dag.


text:
Bringing the Civil Engineering Office to the Field

Published Sep 15, 2016
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Bentley Systems - OpenRoads Navigator
OpenRoads Navigator is available on Windows, iOS, and Android to ensure users have the right information at the right time to help save time, reduce errors, and make better decisions with the latest project information (illustration: Bentley Systems)

Bentley Systems has announced OpenRoads Navigator CONNECT Edition, an innovative application that provides civil and transportation professionals an easy-to-use, dynamic product for quick access to civil design information in the field. OpenRoads Navigator supports Windows, iOS, and Android.

Key capabilities include:

  • View, analyse, and augment a wide variety of project information, including geometry, 3D models, and 2D topography.
  • Search and filter models based on attributes such as feature definition or geometric criteria.
  • Locate model elements, station, offsets, and embedded properties to perform tasks quickly in the field.
  • Walk through projects using GPS to view your location in real-world coordinates.
  • Combine design artifacts with pay item tracking for field inspection.
  • Create mark-ups including screenshots, pictures, mark-up text, and comments.

“We are extremely excited about OpenRoads Navigator. This mobile application lets us publish our data-rich 3D models, design planimetrics, and linked project documentation to a single easy-to-use platform. No other application available today is as flexible and robust with publishing, redlining, issues tracking, and civil data intelligence as OpenRoads Navigator. It is clear that Bentley is doing something truly innovative by delivering a platform that will eventually replace all the functions of a traditional paper- or PDF-based plan set while giving field crews tools and capabilities in the field that have historically only been available to staff using desktop applications back at the office,” says Terry Walters, software and technology evangelist, HW Lochner.

OpenRoads Navigator is built specifically for civil engineers, surveyors, designers, and other professionals to use while working in the field. The application helps users make faster, more informed decisions throughout the lifecycle of a project, reducing project risk. OpenRoads Navigator supports teams working together to speed approvals and resolve issues during design, construction, and operations. In addition, the application integrates with ProjectWise to support collaboration with all team members for faster resolution of issues in the field.

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Friends of Glendon Student Bursary

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Provided byGlendon College
Type of AwardBursary
DonorFriends of Glendon

Level of StudyBachelor;
Field of StudyAny Field of Study
Year of StudyAll Years
Course LoadFull-time or Part-time
School of StudyGlendon College, York University
Region of StudyOntario, Toronto (GTA)
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Monday, October 16, 2017

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University of British Columbia

Aishwarya Roshan

Moscrop Secondary School
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What area(s) of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) are you pursuing for your undergraduate degree?
What is your favourite inspirational quote?
Live as if you were to die tomorrow; learn as if you were to live forever.
-Mahatma Gandhi
What is a little known fact about you?
I greatly appreciate youth involvement, and leadership! In my grade 11 and 12 years, I led six clubs within my school district, while pursuing a semi-professional dance career. I am also a firm believer that youth hold the key to positive change in the world! This belief became most prominent for me after connecting with like-minded youth from around the world at the United Nations Student Conference on Human Rights. Ultimately, from my high school experience, I have developed an ever-growing passion for environmentalism, international relations, and journalism, alongside my interest in the sciences.
Why do you think you make a great Schulich Leader?
I find immense satisfaction in working with communities to implement solutions, projects, and innovations that would better serve society. Eventually, I hope to inspire macro change based on the fundamentals of finding a need within the community, and addressing that need through collaborative efforts.


text:
SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.8 issue2Law, religion and human rights in Africa: IntroductionAffirmation and celebration of the 'religious Other' in South Africa's constitutional jurisprudence on religious and related rights: Memorial constitutionalism in action? author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

African Human Rights Law Journal

On-line version ISSN 1996-2096
Print version ISSN 1609-073X

Afr. hum. rights law j. vol.8 n.2 Pretoria  2008

The freedoms of religion and culture under the South African Constitution: Do traditional African religions enjoy equal treatment?

Jewel AmoahI; Tom BennettII

IPhD Candidate, University of Cape Town, South Africa
IIProfessor of Public Law, University of Cape Town, South Africa

This article is concerned with traditional African religions, in particular the belief system of the Pondo people of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa, in terms of the rights to equal treatment and freedom of religion under that country's 1996 Constitution. The authors begin by describing a ceremonial animal sacrifice performed by a former executive member of South Africa's ruling African National Congress in 2007. This ritual brought to light a strong tendency to confound traditional African religions with culture. Although it is apparent that religious beliefs are treated with greater respect than cultural practices, any supposition that culture is less important than religion is not only alien to traditional African societies, but also contrary to the equality provisions in the Constitution. The paper argues that, as a consequence of being consistently overshadowed by the main monotheistic religions in Africa, Christianity and Islam, traditional religions receive far from equal treatment. Hence, instead of being treated equally, as dictated by the Constitution, traditional religions are perceived as incidents of culture, and are subjected to an implicit value judgment: that they are somehow inferior to 'true' religions, which the West would characterise as monotheistic. Full realisation of the freedoms of religion and culture requires that one be distinguished from the other. In proposing a method to do so, it is argued that culture is broader than religion, for it embraces everything that marks humans as social beings, whereas religion is not a necessary requirement of social life. In framing the argument for equality in the context of culture, the authors argue that constitutional protection of religion is best attained through the symbiosis of community and culture. In this way, the right to culture and, by extension, faith, is exercised through the identity of the group.

“Full text available only in PDF format”

* BA (McMaster), LLB (Ottawa), LLM (Cape Town);
** BA, LLB (Rhodes), PhD (Cape Town);
1 (accessed 1 January 2007.)
2 Mankatshu v Old Apostolic Church of Africa & Others 1994 2 SA 458 (TkAD); Allan & Others NNO v Gibbs & Others 1997 3 SA 21 (SECLD); Ryland v Edros 1997 2 SA 690 (C) 703; Taylor v Kurtstag NO & Others 2005 1 SA 362 (W) 39; Singh v Ramparsad 2007 JDR 0019 (D) para 50.
3 Worcester Muslim Jamaa v Nazeem Valley & Others 2001 JDR 0733 (C) para 109.
4 South African Law Commission Report on Customary Marriages (1998) Project 90, Government Printer, Pretoria paras 4.4.5ff.         [ Links ]
5 In this respect, the Commission was following a pattern of thinking already well established in the courts: The 'religious element' of marriage was mere custom, of no greater consequence than 'music, singing or a wedding reception'. See Sila & Another v Masuku 1937 NAC (N&T) 121 123 and HJ Simons 'Customary unions in a changing society' (1958) Acta Juridica 320 322-5.         [ Links ]
6 2000 4 SA 757 (CC).
7 The Constitutional Court, in Christian Education, South Africa v Minister of Education 2000 4 SA 757 (CC) para 24, eg, held that the Constitution gives people the right 'to be who they are without being forced to subordinate themselves to the cultural and religious norms of others, and highlights the importance of individuals and communities being able to enjoy what has been called the "right to be different"'.
8 The Pondo speak a dialect associated with a cluster of closely-related languages further south, termed generally 'isiXhosa'.
9 M Hunter Reaction to conquest: Effects of contact with Europeans on the Pondo of South Africa (1936).         [ Links ]
10 Fr H Kuckertz Creating order: The image of the homestead in Mpondo social life (1990).         [ Links ] Both Hunter and Kuckertz worked in the functionalist tradition, but they took careful note of the effects of colonisation and labour migration on contemporary Pondo society.
11 Linguistically it is impossible to determine the gender of the supreme being, since the prefix -u- in Xhosa denotes both male and female. The masculine attributes of the being could well have been acquired through the influence of Christianity.
12 Although some peoples in South Africa accord the supreme being power to determine the workings of nature, especially rain, drought and flood, it plays no particular role in governing people's lives. See WD Hammond-Tooke 'World View I: A system of beliefs' in WD Hammond-Tooke (ed) The Bantu-speaking peoples of Southern Africa (1974) 3 20-321.         [ Links ]
13 Hammond-Tooke (n 12 above) 319.
14 JH Soga The Ama-Xosa: Life and customs (1932) 133.         [ Links ]
15 Hunter (n 9 above) 269. The idea of the creator survives in a widely held myth that the supreme being broke off nations from reed beds. See F Brownlee (ed) The Transkeian native territories: Historical records (1923) 116 for the Mpondomise.         [ Links ]
16 EJ de Jager & VZ Gitywa 'A Xhosa umhlwayelelo ceremony in the Ciskei' (1963) 22 African Studies 109 110.         [ Links ]
17 Hunter (n 9 above) 263.
18 Hunter (n 9 above) 275ff.
19 See Hammond-Tooke (n 12 above) ch 10.
20 Hunter (n 9 above) 231.
21 Hunter (n 9 above) 232.
22 As above.
23 See, generally, A Shorter 'African Christian theology' in JR Hinnells (ed) A handbook of living religions (1991) 431 and,         [ Links ] for another example, I Schapera A handbook of Tswana law and custom (1955) 61-62.         [ Links ]
24 See, generally, Shorter (n 23 above) 434 and VW Turner The ritual process (1969) ch 1 on the Ndembu of Zambia.
25 The ceremonies are hedged around with various rituals, such as the method for slaughtering particular types of animal and the belief that the bellowing summons the ancestors. See Hunter (n 9 above) 240ff.
26 Beer, although a lesser offering than a beast, is another significant feature in the ceremonies associated with veneration of the ancestors. It may either be consumed or offered as a libation. In the former case, it is difficult to distinguish its use as ritual from a general social lubricant. See Hunter (n 9 above) 253ff.
27 W Menski Comparative law in a global context: The legal systems of Asia and Africa (2006) 414 415.         [ Links ] The determination of 'rightness' or 'correctness' is established by the religion concerned. There can be no external or even universal scale against which religious practice and/or belief is deemed to be correct or appropriate. Instead, this is determined internally. The right to engage in this internal determination is something that must also be protected in the name of culture.
28 From the perspective of the particular believer, of course, other religions must necessarily be ranked. Thus, typically, within the major monotheistic religions, different beliefs may be stigmatised as 'schismatic', 'sects', 'cults' or (even worse) 'heresies'.
29 This scale of development derives from EB Tylor Primitive culture; researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art and custom (1920) 1.         [ Links ] Despite the practical use of this scale of development, the legitimacy of this scale should be accepted with caution, as it is premised upon evaluating one culture by the standards of another. Such an exercise leads one to wonder how well Western cultures would fare if judges against a standard derived from African cultures. The point is that 'the other' cannot be faulted for being different, when that is the very nature of their character. See also n 82 below, and the discussion of essentialism.
30 See, in this regard, G Obeyesekere Medusa's hair: An essay on personal symbols and religious experience (1981) 82-83.         [ Links ] Thus, pre-literate religions did not construct systematic theories of sin, virtue, judgment and salvation (a rite of passage whereby the individual attains an ultimate status beyond suffering).
31 The issues enumerated here are derived from F von Benda-Beckmann 'Who's afraid of legal pluralism' (2002) 47 Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 37 49-50,         [ Links ] with reference to systems of customary law.
32 Hammond-Tooke (n 12 above) 319.
33 Menski (n 27 above) 413.
34 Menski (n 27 above) 419.
35 AN Allott 'African law' in JDM Derrett (ed) Introduction to legal systems (1968) 131 135-6.         [ Links ]
36 B Tlhagale 'Inculturation: Bringing the African culture into the church' (2000) 14 Emory International Law Review 1249.         [ Links ]
37 M Mutua 'Limitations on religious rights: Problematising religious freedom in the African context' (1999) 5 Buffalo Human Rights Law Review 75 96-97.         [ Links ]
38 As above.
39 TJ Gunn 'The complexity of religion and the definition of "religion" in international law' (2003) 16 Harvard Human Rights Journal 189 200ff gives three key reasons why religions experience discrimination,         [ Links ] and he draws attention to the fact that the reason chosen depends upon what the group discriminating considers definitive of its own religion.
40 E Bonthuys 'Accommodating gender, race, culture and religion: Outside legal subjectivity' (2002) 18 South African journal on Human Rights 41 52 describes the 'mainstream legal subject' as one steeped in Western culture and beliefs.         [ Links ] This person is 'represented as innocent of cultural, religious and racial content. He exists outside of a religious or cultural community as an isolated, atomic, epistemic subject.' 'In order to qualify as a legal subject, outsiders have to take on or appear to take on these qualities, norms and behaviours.'
41 Mutua (n 37 above) 75.
42 Mutua (n 37 above) 105.
43 RB Mqeke 'Myth, religion and the rule of law in the pre-colonial Eastern Cape' (2001) 34 De Jure 81.         [ Links ]
44 Thus BA Pauw 'Ancestor beliefs and rituals among urban Africans' (1974) 33 African Studies 99 103 and BA Pauw 'The influence of Christianity' in Hammond-Tooke (n 12 above) 415ff say that many African Christians combine 'regular prayer to God the Father of Jesus Christ,         [ Links ] with a sense of dependence on their ancestors, believing that "God and the ancestors work together"'.
45 See Statistics South Africa Census 2001: Primary tables 8,         [ Links ]2% of the population is Pentecostal/Charismatic, 24,4% belong to established churches and 36% to 'other Christian' denominations; 1,5% of the population professes Islam and smaller minorities profess such religions as Hinduism and Judaism.
46 A Gouws & LM du Plessis 'The relationship between political tolerance and religion: The case of South Africa' (2000) 14 Emory International Law Review 657 660.         [ Links ]
47 Magic and traditional medicines, however, seem to be more easily adapted to urban settings. See E Hellmann 'The native in the towns' in I Schapera (ed) The Bantu-speaking tribes of South Africa. An ethnographical survey (1937) 426 and Hunter (n 9 above) 455-458 487 488-496;         [ Links ] Pauw (1974) (n 44 above (n 44 above) 9ff.
48 Hunter (n 9 above) 537 547-548.
49 See I Hofmeyr We spend our years as a tale that is told. Oral historical narrative in a South African chiefdom (1993) 159-160.         [ Links ]
50 This general thesis can be attributed to PL Berger et al The homeless mind: Modernisation and consciousness (1974).         [ Links ]
51 See the argument by P Horwitz 'The sources of limits of freedom of religion in a liberal democracy: Section 2(a) and beyond' (1996) 54 University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review 1 22ff,         [ Links ] who says that, in liberal democracies, there is a 'tendency to treat rationalism and liberalism as a bedrock epistemology, a mode of thinking that tolerates other modes of experience but ultimately asserts its superiority over them'. He cites, in this regard, S Fish 'Liberalism doesn't exist' (1987) 1 Duke Law Journal 997.         [ Links ]
52 See, too, Horwitz (n 51 above) 33.
53 And it is now preserved in all international human rights conventions. See, eg, art 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art 18 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights and art 8 of the African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights (1981).
54 It featured in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (cl 10) which was proclaimed during the French Revolution.
55 TW Bennett Human rights and African customary law (1999) 23-25.         [ Links ]
56 See arts 15(1)(a) and (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. See P Sieghart International law of human rights (1983) 339 para 23.5.3.
57 Thus, culture was linked to self-determination. See art 1(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provides that, by virtue of the right to self-determination, all peoples are entitled to pursue their own cultural development.
58 This definition is derived from the founder of cultural anthropology, EB Tylor Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, language, art and custom (1920) 1,         [ Links ] and continues to be taken as a core concept of this discipline. See HA Strydom 'The international and public law debate on cultural relativism and cultural identity: origin and implication' (1996) 21 SA Yearbook of International Law 1 4ff.         [ Links ]
59 Hence, culture is inherently oppositional, and consciousness of culture arises only through close interaction between two or more social groups. EE Roosens Creating ethnicity: The process of ethnogenesis (1989) 12.         [ Links ]
60 Culture in this sense is protected by art 27 of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, which provides that: 'peoples belonging to ... minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language'.
61 Progress towards definition is not, of course, assisted by the fact that lawyers, theologians and social scientists tend to work independently. See JM Donovan 'God is as God does: Law, anthropology, and the definition of "religion"' (1995) 6 Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal 23 70ff regarding the legal and anthropological approaches.         [ Links ]
62 This process of blending is familiar to Christian missionaries, since African culture has long been used as a medium for communicating the gospel message. See B Tlhagale 'Inculturation: Bringing the African culture into the church' (2000) 14 Emory International Law Review 1249.         [ Links ]
63 Indeed, the apartheid regime had used culture as the basis for restructuring the South African state. Bennett (n 55 above) 7.
64 The same was true of other states. See Horwitz (n 51 above) 5.
65 Eg S v Lawrence 1997 4 SA 1176 (CC) challenged a contravention of sec 90(1) of the Liquor Act 27 of 1987, which restricts the hours and days on which liquor may be sold.
66 S v Abrahams 1982 3 SA 272 (C) and Hartman v Chairman, Board for Religious Objection & Others 1987 1 SA 922 (o).
67 Lawrence (n 65 above) paras 90-98.
68 See J Burchell Principles of criminal law (2005) 535 536 and TW Bennett &         [ Links ] WM Scholtz 'Witchcraft: A problem of fault and causation' (1979) 12 Comparative and International Law of Southern Africa 288.         [ Links ]
69 See R v Mbombela 1933 AD 269 which held that 'a genuinely held superstitious belief' might have deprived the accused of the 'capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct'.
70 I Currie et al The Bill of Rights handbook (2005) 339.         [ Links ] This formulation was taken from the Canadian case, R v Big M Drug Mart [1985] 1 SCR 295 336, by Chaskalson J in S v Lawrence 1997 4 SA 1176 (CC) para 92. It was followed in Prince v President, Cape Town Law Society 2002 2 SA 794 (CC) para 38 and Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education 2000 4 SA 757 (CC) para 19.
71 See Currie et al (n 70 above) 344 citing D Meyerson Rights limited (1997) 2. This difficulty accounts for the courts' reluctance to question an individual's sincerity of belief as a requirement for upholding sec 15. The judgment of the court a quo in Christian Education SA v Minister of Education of the Government of the RSA 1999 9 BCLR 951 (SE) 957-958 is the exception to the rule. See Currie et al (n 70 above) 341.
72 Sec 36(1) provides: 'The rights in the Bill of Rights may be limited only in terms of law of general application to the extent that the limitation is reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom, taking into account all relevant factors
73 Currie et al (n 70 above) 344-346.
74 Meyerson (n 71 above) 34.
75 Currie et al (n 70 above) 341-342.
76 The basis for this distinction is whether obligations are imposed on everyone or only on certain persons or groups. The distinction applies to rights other than human rights; eg, copyrights are absolute, and contractual rights are relative, although neither of them is a fundamental human right. For purposes of human rights, however, the absolute rights always include the state, while relative rights exclude all other obligors but the state. OS loffe 'Human rights' (1983) 15 Connecticut Law Review 687 736-7 explains that,         [ Links ] when dealing with a human right of an absolute nature, the state must behave at least as well as other obligors, unless contrary regulations are introduced. As for human rights of a relative character, the situation changes, so that the only actions that can be demanded of the state are those which it has agreed to accomplish under concrete circumstances according to publicly adopted legal regulations. Ioffe says that 'without such a prerequisite, relative human rights risk being transformed into hollow propagandistic declarations'. Based on this definition, the right to religion is absolute. But why is the right to culture instinctively considered to be relative and not absolute?
77 See nn 58 and 59 and the text above.
78 According to some scholars, however, the process of definition is a futile exercise, since religion cannot be defined. See GC Freeman 'The misguided search for the constitutional definition of "religion"' (1983) 71 Georgetown Law journal 1519ff and TJ Gunn 'The complexity of religion and the definition of 'religion' in international law' (2003) 16 Harvard Human Rights journal 189 191.         [ Links ]         [ Links ] Donovan (n 61 above) 28 goes so far as to say that the exercise is unconstitutional.
79 See Freeman (n 78 above) 1553 and Donovan (n 78 above) 60-61, who cite the list of features prepared by the United States' 1RS.
80 This distinction determines E Durkheim's The elementary forms of the religious life (1912).         [ Links ] See Donovan (n 61 above) 73.
81 Nor for that matter do such other religions as Buddhism. See M Southwold 'Buddhism and the definition of religion' (1978) 13 Man 362.         [ Links ] See, too, J Goody 'Religion and ritual: The definitional problem' (1961) 12 The British journal of Sociology 142.         [ Links ]
82 Essentialism is used here to refer to the assumption that religion and culture have universally valid definitions. Thus, an essentialist critique of religion and religious rights would tend to assume that western religions could speak for all religions or, at the very least, that the frame of reference for judging different them should be the western frame. In consequence, religions that do not conform to western-specifications may not by recognised and valued as religions.
83 See the distinction made by Gunn (n 39 above) 194 between essentialist definitions (identifying a set of elements before something can be said to qualify as a 'religion') and polythetic definitions (conceding that there is no single feature common to all religions, but accepting some shared features).
84 Mutua (n 37 above) 97.
85 See Mutua (n 37 above) 105. He is nevertheless aware of the danger that his proposal to promote African religion may ultimately succeed in establishing a new orthodoxy, thereby destroying diversity (Mutua (n 37 above) 79).
86 See the figures given by Statistics South Africa (n 46 above) where members of the Zionist Christian Church account for 11,1% of the country's population.
87 The policy of inculturation has long been associated with Christian teaching but, more recently, with Pope John Paul Il's encyclical Redemptoris Missio (1990).         [ Links ] See Tlhagale (n 36 above) 1249.
88 As E P Antonio 'The politics of proselytisation in Southern Africa' (2000) 14 Emory International Law Review 523 says: 'There is a sense in which the moment of opposition to culture gives way to the need to negotiate the new message of Christianity in terms of the symbols,         [ Links ] values and idioms of an already familiar framework.'
89 Sec 9(1) provides: 'Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law.' Subsec (3) continues: 'The state may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth.'
90 Moreover, according to Taylor v Kurtstag NO [2004] 4 All SA 317 (W) para 45, the right to equal treatment of religions is horizontally applicable.
91 1997 2 SA 690 (C).
92 However, O'Regan J (in Lawrence (n 65 above, para 122)) said that requiring the government to act even-handedly did not demand a commitment to a scrupulous secularism, or a commitment to complete neutrality.
93 LM du Plessis 'Freedom of religion or freedom from religion? An overview of issues pertinent to the constitutional protection of religious rights and freedom in "the new South Africa"' (2001) Brigham Young University Law Review 439 450-1.         [ Links ] This tendency was evident in the leading case of Lawrence (n 65 above), where a majority of the Constitutional Court judges chose to deal with a prohibition on the sale of liquor on Sundays primarily in terms of the freedom of religion. The equal treatment of all religions appeared in only a minority of the judgments, and then, arguably, only as an obiter dictum. See Currie et al (n 70 above) 350.
94 Mutua (n 37 above) 79, however, is skeptical: 'How does a body of principles that promotes diversity and difference protect the establishment and manifestation of religious ordering that seeks to destroy difference and forcibly impose an orthodoxy in Africa - as both Christianity and Islam ... in many cases successfully did?'

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Caption: Leaf cutter ants carrying leaves into their nest entrance on the ground

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Caption: Animation of the structure of the 6s atomic orbital, cut in half to show the internal structure. Orbitals contain an atom's electrons, which are found around the central atomic nucleus (not seen). Each orbital can hold two electrons. The 6s orbital is the sixth spherical s orbital out from the nucleus. Orbitals further from the nucleus are at a higher energy, and orbitals are filled from the lowest energy (level one) first. An atomic orbital is a mathematical model of the location of an electron around an atomic nucleus. Electrons do not orbit the nucleus as might be imagined, but instead exist as a standing wave around it. The phases of the wave are arbitrarily coloured red (negative) and blue (positive). S orbitals are spherical, and comprise concentric shells of alternating positive and negative wave function phases.

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Keywords: 6s, animated, animation, atom, atomic, atoms, chemical, chemistry, configuration, cutaway, demonstration, education, electron, electrons, model, modelling, models, orbital, orbitals, phases, physical, physics, probability, quantum mechanics, quantum theory, s orbital, shape, shell, shells, sphere, spherical, structure, wave function, waves

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