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Molecular Subtyping of Bladder Cancer: Ready for Prime Time? - Eva Comperat & Hikmat Al-Ahmadie

September 8, 2020

Eva Comperat and Hikmat Al-Ahmadie, MD, join Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS to challenge the use of immunohistochemistry, or traditional pathology, versus molecular subtyping in bladder cancer. Dr. Comperat discusses immunohistochemistry, explaining it is more precise, and because it is standardized and more widely used than molecular subtyping, it remains the gold standard. Dr. Al-Ahmadie continues by detailing the shortcomings of relying on pathology, taking the position for molecular subtyping. He notes that molecular classification can provide additional, in-depth information on tumors grouped by their morphology, and argues that while molecular subtyping is currently more expensive, technological advancements may make it more widely available in the near future. To end their discussion, Drs. Kamat, Comperat, and Al-Ahmadie consider the evolving staging and treatment landscape, and the future of molecular subtyping.

Eva Comperat, Head of the Department of Pathology at the L'Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, in Paris, France

Hikmat A. Al-Ahmadie, MD, Pathologist, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY

Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS, President, International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG), Professor of Urology & Cancer Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas

Read the Full Video Transcript

Ashish Kamat: Welcome everybody to Uro Today's Bladder Cancer Center of Excellence. I'm Ashish Kamat from Houston MD Anderson Cancer Center. It's my pleasure today to welcome two giants in the field of pathology, Dr. Eva Comperat, and Hikmat Al-Ahmadie. Eva's calling us right now from Austria, but she does most of her day job at the Sorbonne University in Paris. And Hikmat's calling us from New York City where he is GI pathologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering.

But the purpose of this, today's debate, each one of them have been given one particular side to take. Obviously they will present the pros and cons of each. But for the purpose of the debate, Eva is going to tell us why she is believing that immunohistochemistry, or traditional pathology, trumps molecular subtyping, and Hikmat will then take the other side, and then we'll have a nice discussion at the end. With that, Eva, take it away.

Eva Comperat: Thank you so much for inviting me. It's a real pleasure to be with you. I will tell you as a real pathologist, why I really believe in real pathology. When we talk about subtyping, actually we should really all talk about the same things. Because we can talk about subtyping and going on the clinician side, who will say, "Well, there's non muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and there's muscle-invasive bladder cancer." You can also see it from a pathology point of view, and you say, "Well, there are types of course of these." You will see real carcinomas, but they're also variants and they really start since, I would say 10 years nearly now, to play a really very important role with all these kind of nested carcinoma, microcystic, micropapillary, as you know.

Of course, you can talk about molecular, but molecular from my point of view, is very, very complicated. As you can see, only on this very small slide, it is something which can be quite confusing. If you go to the real pure pathology, you see that we have a very good standardized, extremely well-standardized system with the WHO, but also with the CAP, we're reporting, ICCR. So these are standardized reporting, which tells you exactly what you have to do as a pathologist. And they also tell you about sub-staging. This tells you about how to report, if you have, for example, variant histology, and so on. So if you keep reading very closely to these kinds of recommendations, international recommendations, you cannot really get it wrong.

Of course, there's one very, very important point. This is that very many of these tumors, as you can see here, you have squamous, you have micropapillary, you have microcystic, you have nested. These tumors can look very much the same if you're not very experienced. Probably, of course, everybody should be more or less experienced in what he's doing, especially in the bladder. There have been some studies showing that if you have just a resection, a TURP, on the bladder, counts, and afterward you have the cystectomy, there are very often kind of discordance. Some of the clinicians of course have asked whether it is really enough to do only resection.

Then as you can see, there are some variants which are easier to recognize than others. So for example small cell, it's pretty easy to recognize. The squamous is pretty easy to recognize. On the other hand, micropapillary is something which is quite difficult probably to recognize. We'll come back to this a little bit later.

We also did a very small study on this, and we could show that if you do resection, very often you have the same subtype variant also in the cystectomy. Nevertheless, of course, there are about 20% of cases where you have discordant findings. So this is also one of the problems in bladder cancer because bladder cancer is a very heterogeneous lesion. So of course, as much, if you get more material, the more you will be precise.

As I already told you, there's a problem of course, with this interobserver variability, which is a huge problem. There has been a very nice paper in 2014, where 14 pathologists, really very well known people, had to type micropapillary carcinomas. And as you can see, as long as they are very typical cases, you have an agreement of 93%, but on the left side, you can see two pictures. And I'm not sure whether I would say micropapillary to these carcinogens.

You can see if they are a little bit atypical while the agreement really decreases very, very quickly. This is problematic because there has been a very nice paper from Ashish, which could show that if you have a micropapillary urothelial carcinoma, and you have to see, so clinical T1 tumor, and you make an upfront cystectomy, you will save all of these patients. On the other hand, if you give some BCG and the other treatments that will get progression that will have lymph nodes with metastasis and so on. So really of course, on the shoulders of the pathologist, there's a very heavy responsibility, because it would get the subtyping, the variant wrong. We do not recognize it at the very moment. Then of course the clinician will not be able to treat the patient in the best way.

The second thing is, which is in my opinion very important from the pathological point of view, is the sub-staging, which is really very useful in T1 tumors especially, but also it's very important to do the right staging, which is not always so easy. I mean, everybody thinks that staging is an easy issue. You can have very important issues between TA and T1. You can have very heavy issues between T1 and T2 too.

So if I just go a little bit to the molecular subtypes, that one of the very first papers on this was from Sjödahl, and he said you have five major molecular subtypes, and he described them very lovely, and he said it is completely independent from pathology. And then you go to the results and you can see it's not true, it's not independent at all from pathology. As you can see, you have very many urobasal A tumors, which really did very well, but they were mostly all low-grade pTa tumors. So staging is a very important issue if you do pathology and it can give you very, very important information.

And if you go a little bit further, the further you go your model, you see that all these kind of molecular sub-stagings become more and more complicated, and they're even more complicated that what we can do in normal pathology. And it's really getting more and more complex as a matter. So I'm not sure whether these complexity is easy to treat in the daily practice.

And there has been some papers once again, from students who said, well, if you have muscle-invasive bladder cancer, you need 13 markers, immunohistochemistry markers. And with these 13 markers, you can say, what are this? Is it urobasal, or genomically unstable, or whatever tumor. But the problem, and he says it himself in the paper, is you have accuracy of 75%, which is probably less than you have with a very good pathologist. And the second problem is, where do you put your cut-offs? Because very often you have a tumor which will express a little bit GATA3, but which will also express a little bit p63, where will you say, well, this is the cut-off? There's no cutoff, which is really officially fixed by any pathology organism in the world.

There have been, of course, other attempts from the molecular side to say, well, we try to compare well-defined pathology variants or types, then we look at the molecular side. And you can see, of course, a conventional Espinosa, very heterogeneous lesion, squamous, as you can see, we really recognize very well in pathology. Then of course there are tumors like the micropapillary or the plasmacytoid tumors, which seem to be pretty luminal tumors. So of course, then you can say, what was the state that if you recognize the micro popularity or the pesticides, which tumor anyway, you don't have to do probably any molecular code and molecular trials because already these are luminal tumors and they're not basal tumors.

And this is the same paper. You can see each line is one patient. When you have a closer look, you can see that very many patients have different tumor subtypes, variants. This underlines, once again, the problem of the heterogenous bladder tumor. And I think we can pretty well sort it out with good sampling in a tumor saying, well, you have so many percent of squamous tumor, we have so many percent of micropapillary tumor. And then the clinician who has the patient in front, of course, he will be able to say, well, I will treat him like this, or I will more or less treat him like that. Because this is an old patient, this is a young patient, he will do better, and so on. Furthermore, there was this paper from Kamoun and coworkers, and I was not very convinced of this paper because it was supposed to give a statement and say, well, these tumors, basal and luminal, and you have to treat them like this and like that.

But nevertheless, it is not as robust as it seems to be. It was quite problematic also to publish this paper after what I have understood. Because once again, the problem was the cut-offs — because these tumors, even on the molecular side are not always black or white. Sometimes they're mixed features, and you don't really know in which group you should put these tumors. I think from a pathologic point of view, you're much more precise when you say, well, you have 10% of nested carcinoma and you have 20% of microcystic tumors, and so on. So I think we can do as well, at least as well, as molecular. And so the more the molecular cannot tell you whether you have a lymphovascular invasion, can not tell you where the carcinoma inside you is uni or multifocal, is extensive or not. It cannot tell you all the variant histologies, and it cannot tell you the stage of the tumor. I think these are really issues which are recognized, and everybody knows that these are very important issues.

So in conclusion, I would like to say that subtyping of the bladder by pathology only is still the gold standard. It is pretty quick. It is pretty cheap. It's very precise, and it's extremely standardized. On the other hand, we have the molecular, we miss probably some important information like the lymphovascular invasion. It's pretty expensive. Not everybody can do it. And I think pathology should be something which can be done, by everybody in the whole world on the same level. It's not always available to do some molecular, it's not easy to achieve. The cut-offs are a little bit the problem, and there's no 100% agreement on how to handle. Thank you.

Ashish Kamat: That was excellent, Eva. Thank you so much for providing so much information in a very short period of time. Hikmat, if you can share your slides, and present to the audience your perspective on this topic, that would be great.

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie:
Okay, great. Well, thanks Eva for the beautiful presentation. And first of all, thank you for the opportunity to participate in this interesting topic that's very relevant and timely. Again, I'm pretty partial to pathology because that is how I trained, and I still see the value in applying it. On the other hand, I share some of the shortcomings that we know exist. And from here, I wanted to highlight some of these shortcomings and how a molecular classification approach can help overcome or enhance what we can do in our pathology material.

So we know urothelial carcinoma is a heterogeneous disease at the clinical or the morphology and the genomic level. And we know at the morphology level, as you can see in this list, we recognize many histology variants that rely on unique and specific morphology creature, that was mentioned by Eva earlier, that can help us to classify these tumors.
But if you take these histology variance aside and you look at the most common subtype of urothelial carcinoma, which is a tumor that doesn't have any recognizable features to place it in one of these established entities, we call it urothelial carcinoma, not otherwise specified, or NOS.

And you can see from these three examples, these are three different tumors that are urothelial carcinoma NOS, that have different morphology appearance. So in a way you're forcing three tumors that have morphologic differences into one entity that basically goes against the basic principle of morphologic classification, which is relying on the morphology. This tumor, something like this category, may benefit the most from, actually, introduction of molecular classification that can provide more in-depth information, way beyond what a view pathology can provide. Going back to the variant histology, despite our best efforts and the morphology criteria that have been established for quite some time for these entities, there is still a significant lack of agreement and concordance, in identifying these entities.

As you can see in these two examples here that I've been sharing with you, either by having cases submitted to another center pathology review, or by re-reviewing cases within the same institution. Anytime you do a re-review, you're bound to identify more tumors with a divergent differentiation that have not been called initially. Which in a way, in essence, reduces the significance of these variants, if they're not always called every single time, and necessitates expert re-review, which may not be always available in every part of the world.

Now, if you look at this heat map from the TCGA cohort of the 412 muscle-invasive bladder cancers, that is pretty much familiar to everyone, one can see how powerful this analysis can be. You can see this analysis identified five distinct groups, separated by different differentially expressed genes, and major pathways that are related to different levels of differentiation at the urothelium, or squamous or neuronal subtypes, but also they provide insights into the components of the microenvironment, such as smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and immune microenvironment.

If you look back at the morphology, you can realize that these subtypes, for the most part, recapitulate many important morphology findings. For example, you can see high prevalence of the papillary Babylonian morphology in tumors that have enrichment with FGFR3 alterations. And you can see near-exclusive squamous differentiation in tumors that have been classified into the basal squamous subtypes.

The same goes with the neuronal subtype, which I identified the four cases with neuroendocrine differentiation. But beyond that, this classification allowed us to identify more tumors with similar molecular profile, but do not have the specific morphologic features that would place them into a morphology category. And that goes, as you can see, nicely examples of basal subtype that did not have squamous differentiation, and neuronal cases that did not have neuroendocrine differentiation. Again, probably showing that the light microscopy by itself may not be able to identify more of these cases that would fall into a unique molecular subtype, and this way such molecular classification might benefit particularly these tumors.

And the way you'll be able to overcome some of these problems is by actually testing more, which can increase always the power of the analysis. This is the paper that looked at, that combined all the databases of previous molecular classification tumors of urothelial carcinoma, and re-analyzed the samples by the bladder cancer molecular taxonomy group. And what this paper showed that the subtypes were further expanded and refined. And, that can also provide more insights into the biology, such as what pathways or genes that are more likely to play a significant role in these subtypes. And it can also provide different types of certifications, such as outcome, as you can see, in the Kaplan–Meier curves here. Also, it can give you insights into what type of treatment one can devise for patients, based on the molecular profile of their tumors.

Now, we are familiar with the criticism related to bladder cancer, which is the molecular classification, urothelial carcinoma, which is the heterogeneity of the disease. Depending on what component of the tumor you profile, there's a chance that you'd be able to assign a different subtype, which is evident in this paper that was discussed also earlier by Eva. That is dealing with primary tumors, but also similar problem could have been if you're dealing with tumor primary metastatic pairs, where you can see some discrepant cases.

But looking at these papers in more depth, you can see in the first, in the primary tumor setting, there is still actually some concordance, not all cases were discordant, so that's one thing. The other thing is when you have more than one area of those same tumor showing different molecular profiling, it's no different from saying this is a urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation. And what you need to do is basically test more of the tumor, different areas of the tumor to be able to identify the full spectrum of how the tumor can look like.

And when it comes to the primary met pairs, the authors here with this nice paper, when they found discordant cases, and went back to the primary tumor and map that primary tumor, they were able to find areas that could be matching or concordant with the discordant metastasis. And that in a way could be very helpful actually, when you look at it in a different way that by doing more of these cases, you'd be able to identify areas of the tumor that might be actually the source of metastasis, and can help you prospectively identify these cases in the future, and devise a better outcome and risk stratification for patients.

Another criticism is, you have different classification system from the time this started and use different names into these classification systems. But while that is true, the way you can look at it as well, that this is still an evolving field, and it's still in its infancy, and naturally, the more you test, the more information you've got, and the more details you'll get, and you'll be able to more refine the classification and make it more consistent. And this is exactly what happened when we started with the earlier systems, fewer cases existed. When you have more cases, you'll be able to actually produce more subtypes, and produce more consistent results. And even with this, there is still a good level of harmonization and concordance among these subtypes, even if you look at them just as they were from the first classifications.

Other things that can be used against the molecular classification, and as was mentioned earlier, is how costly it is, and how it might not be available everywhere. While that might be true now, we all know that it's all a matter of time before more technology advancements are happening, more competition is happening in this field that can help drive the cost down and also help make this testing widely available in less developed parts of the world. So that's one of the issues that can help overcome.

The other thing is, if you're looking at histology only, that's one thing, but the minute you start adding other ancillary tests to any histology evaluation, the price, or the cost of that analysis, will significantly increase very quickly. Be it multiplex immunohistochemistry, or any other like FISH or any other molecular technique to help you characterize these tumors.
The other thing is, we acknowledge the lack of agreement, or the interrupts over disagreement, an issue, important issue of urothelial carcinoma, which most of the times, expert pathologic review is required for proper classification of these tumors. But we know that expert pathology review is not always available and it's not practical for the most part. So these are issues that will argue against the pure histology classification.

Of course, there are important issues that were mentioned, and I'll read, which is lymphovascular invasion, sub-staging of these tumors, assessing of margins. While some of these are relevant histologic findings that we mentioned, their actual clinical value is still debatable, or is not completely solved, particularly vascular invasion, for example. But for all of this, it could be that all that is needed is more testing of cases with the focus on this particular parameter. And maybe we were able to find a molecular signature that can help identify cases with, that are more likely to have lymphovascular invasion. There may be another technology that will help us identify tumor at the margin, and the staging as well. Maybe some signatures may help you correlate with staging, better than the systems that we have, and maybe even more consistently applied than morphology parameters.
So other things that would be needed for, to help improve the molecular classification, is the technology that we're using. We have so many techniques that are becoming available and if they're well refined and improved, it would be a matter of time before they become implemented at a wide scale. We know that there are some studies showing single-cell analysis can address subpopulations within the same tumor and address heterogeneity. There are more sophisticated techniques such as spatial transcriptomic, and proteomic, where you can provide insight to relationships with different components of the same tumor on the same slide. We know the applications of the digital pathology and artificial intelligence, where there are some studies showing if you develop the right algorithms and link them with molecular features, by using the basic morphology features from a slide, to identify specific molecular abnormalities.

So these are all things that are happening at a small scale now, but with more work, they can be easily become widely applicable, to be used at a very large scale.
So in conclusion, molecular classification will continue to improve and will be refined. And while histology has served us very well for a long time, I think it will soon undergo a major overhaul that will reshape and redefine its role. And the more we incorporate molecular testing into the clinical practice, the more it will help us understand the diseases better. We'll provide more consistent classification and provide even more helpful and important information that can help guide specific and personalized treatments for these patients. Thank you.

Ashish Kamat: That was great Hikmat. So yeah, this is one of the problems in some ways, when we have two such experts, such as you and Eva, the role of the moderator becomes minimized because you guys covered pretty much everything that I was going to ask you, but let me ask you some things anyway.

So, if you focus on the molecular subtyping versus immunohistochemistry at the level that the two of you are, clearly the points that you raised in the debate are very valid. But let's translate to, for example, the average person in the United States, the patient, the doctors, that are being seen in the community. These labs, and even some universities in the U.S., don't have access to the latest technology, or if they do, it's only for the research lab. So in these situations, how do you propose the GU pathologist, or the clinician, should triage which tumors or which patients are selected for molecular subtyping versus pure immunohistochemistry. Eva, if I could have you start with that question, how would you triage these patients? Who should go for routine immunohistochemistry, and who should go for molecular subtyping to get the additional information that's important?

Eva Comperat: Well, this is a very tricky question, because really most of my tumors are really sorted out with normal pathology. If I have doubts for example, about a neuro-endocrine component, which is quite important to recognize, for example, of course, I do some immunos. But it's always immuno, this is written, the recommendation is always based on morphology. So if you do not have the morphology, don't put any immunos just on the tumor, because you can't afford it. This is the first thing. The second thing is probably that if you have really very tricky tumor, which is really very heterogeneous and mixed types, probably these guys should really get some molecular testing, to be sure that you really test the right component of the tumor. And maybe you see something more with molecular, which you do not see with the standard histology, or immunohistochemistry probably. But afterward, I would say that 90% of my tumors are really sorted them out with just pathology only.

Ashish Kamat:
Hikmat, what about in the U.S., from the U.S. perspective? What would you advise our practitioners here in the US that may not have access to subtyping techniques or technology? Should they send these tumors out? Should they rely on morphology alone?

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie: As I mentioned, and as Eva mentioned, morphology still provides a great deal of information, that should be sufficient for a large number of patients and proportion of patients. But that is mostly because our standard treatments now are based only on morphology. We have not incorporated what molecular classification can do. And maybe if the standard is molecular classification we'd be talking something completely different.

But, for the sake of this discussion, yes, most of the time, if a patient is healthy and no other comorbidities, maybe then you just apply them with the standard procedures, regular histology, irregular morphology, any subtypings, and you can do it. But then when you start dealing with a patient, for example, in bad renal function, and then chemotherapy may not necessarily be the best option for them. Can they benefit from something else maybe? Does the tumor have a specific alteration that can help them respond better to one treatment or the other? Would they be eligible for immune therapy? So these are the situations that once they become issues with any particular patients, maybe additional steps could be warranted, such as molecular classification, or additional immunohistic chemical studies that can help triage this patient in a better way.

Ashish Kamat: Yeah. So you raise an important point, and I do want to clarify for the audience that when we're talking about molecular classification and subtyping, we have to sometimes keep in mind that they may mean the same thing, or they may mean different things. Right? So what is your experience, Eva, and your recommendations to the community of researchers? Maybe the fellows in GU pathology. Should there be efforts focused on identifying IOT based markers that would help with subtyping, or should the field focus more on actually next-gen sequencing techniques to identify the different tub types? Which one, in your opinion, is worth expending research, money, dollars, and effort on?

Eva Comperat: Well, I'm more a fan of NGS to be honest, but probably because we have more experience, we have more data on NGS with the treatment of these direct cancers. But, I think also all the other options are good options, but we need more experience quite clearly. I mean, we're working now for nearly 10 years on the molecular and it's still not a gold standard, which I really regret that it's not enough introduced and integrated into treatment. So I think with all the new technologies, which are really upcoming, we have to be of course, careful, but we always are careful with our research and giving data and so on. And I really think this is also all the other types and techniques that are upcoming. And I think within five years, I hope so at least, they will be really integrated into the treatment. I don't know which is Hikmat's opinion on this.

Ashish Kamat: Yeah. Hikmat, I was just going to ask you, do you think that the push towards newer technologies is more relevant, or the quest to find basic IOT based markers that can help put subtype?

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie: I think we need more technology because IHC is helpful and powerful, but unless you get to a point where you can do one marker that can help you, like be specific in one entity versus the other one or two markers perhaps. I think doing 12, 13, 25, is not practical. And we're talking about the cost, that can increase the cost significantly, that can make the interpretation more difficult. Basically you're going to still rely on an algorithm or a computer, to help you make the decision at the end, while this is not the whole idea of practical classification. I think the technology is what is going to move us into this proper consistent and reproducible classification.

Ashish Kamat: Yeah. I think it's an important point that both of you raise is that just because we can do it with a cheaper modality such as IHC, doesn't mean that it will actually be more cost-effective because you'll have to use more markers, more panels, use technology algorithms anyways. And the cost of course, of next-gen and others, is dropping to a point where it actually is not as cost-prohibitive as it used to be.

I could chat with you guys forever on this topic, but in the interest of time, we will have to wrap it up. So let me ask each one of you to give the audience your closing thoughts here, your sort of summary of the high-level situation as to where we are today. Hikmat, let me start with you and give the lady the last word.

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie: Absolutely. So, I think morphology is a great, an important function of classification. It has served us for the longest time. It's still a great attribute. We recognize some of its shortcomings, and molecular is the way of the future. So we'll have to be smart about how to do it and to do more of this in the right way, and how to use it to the best of our advantage and help improve the classification systems that have been good for a long time, but again, they were not perfect. Molecular classification will help us improve our classification, our risk certification, and at the end, the benefit for everyone.

Ashish Kamat: Eva?

Eva Comperat: Well, I actually had joined pretty much Hikmat's opinion. I think we should really, in the end, have a double classification. One, which is really based on morphology, and the other one, which is really based on the molecular. Put them together, and this will be the most beneficial for the patient, in my opinion.

Ashish Kamat:
Great. Thank you so much, both of you, for taking time off from your busy schedules and joining us, and the Uro Today community, in sharing your thoughts. This has been great. Stay well and stay safe.

Hikmat Al-Ahmadie:
Thank you.

Eva Comperat:
Thank you.


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Girl Scout Lingo - What Does it Mean?

29 May 2021

Girl Scouts has been around for more than 100 years, which means we’ve had a lot of time to pick up a lot of traditions and quirky terminology. When you first join, it can feel like everyone is speaking another language!

To help bridge the gap, we’ve created a glossary of the most common Girl Scout words and phrases. We recommend keeping this page bookmarked, because we’ll continue to update it as needed!

Terms and definitions in italics are Girl Scout words and phrases not used at USAGSO.

Alum/Alumna – A former Girl Scout girl member

Ambassador – A Girl Scout in grades 11-12

Badge – Official embroidered insignia earned by completing a certain number of requirements in the Girl’s Guide to Girl Scouting. These earned awards are sewn on the front of the uniform and are distinguished from “participation patches” which are obtained by participating in various events

Bridging – When girls move from one program grade level to the next; may include an award for the girls completing the bridging award requirements, and likely will include a ceremony

Bronze Award – The highest award Girl Scout Juniors can earn. Earned by girls in the 4th-5th grades. The Girl Scout Bronze Award requires completion of a Journey, and then a minimum of 20 hours completing a take action project.

Brownie – A Girl Scout in grades 2-3

Buddy System – Safety practice that groups two or three girls together to keep watch over each other in an activity (such as swimming or hiking). The system can place girls of equal ability in the same group or a more mature girl as a mentor.

Cadette – A Girl Scout in grades 6-8

Council – A corporation, chartered by Girl Scouts of the USA, organized for the purpose of developing, managing, and maintaining Girl Scouting within a defined geographic region.

Counselor in Training (CIT) – A Girl Scout who is taking a course (called Counselor-in-Training) to learn camp counselor skills.

CSA – Abbreviation of Cadette, Senior, and Ambassador.

Daisy – A Girl Scout in grades K-1

Day Camp – A camp program within a 12-hour period that lasts for a minimum of three days.

Destinations – A trip or event beyond girls’ own troops and councils. Destinations are GSUSA programs organized locally and the events provide an opportunity for individual members to broaden their perspectives and give Girl Scouting enhanced visibility.

Digital Cookie – The Digital Cookie platform allows girls to customize the way they learn and earn during the Girl Scout Cookie Program, using technology in new and engaging ways, all while earning cool cookie business badges along the way.

Early Bird – Early renewal campaign that takes place between April and June (specific dates change each year) with added incentives like special programs, events and patches for girls who renew their membership before a certain date.

eBudde – A program used by volunteers and parents during the Girl Scout Cookie Program.

Extended Year Membership-

Fall Product Program – A product sale that begins in the fall, typically in October and allows troops to earn additional money. The products include a variety of nuts, chocolates and magazines.

Five Skills – These are the 5 skills every girl learns by participating in the Girl Scout Cookie Program: (1) Goal Setting; (2) Decision Making; (3) Money Management; (4) People Skills; and (5) Business Ethics.

Flag Ceremony – Honors the American flag as the symbol of our country and all the hopes, dreams, and people it represents.

Founder’s Day – Celebrated each year on October 31 in honor of Juliette Gordon Low’s birthday

Friendship Circle – Representing the unbroken chain of friendship among Girl Scouts and Girl Guides around the world. Involves Girl Scouts standing in a circle, crossing their right arms over their left, and clasping hands with their friends on both sides. Everyone then makes a silent wish as a friendship squeeze is passed from hand to hand around the circle.

Girl Guide – The original name for Girl Scouts, it is still used in many countries.

Girl Scout Cookie Program – The iconic Cookie sale! Girl Scouts sell Girl Scout Cookies to power new, unique, and amazing experiences.

Girl Scout Handshake – Made by shaking hands with the left hand and making the Girl Scout Sign with the right. Used when Girl Scouts greet one another.

Girl Scout Leadership Experience (GSLE) – The engine for everything girls do in Girl Scouting. The experience identifies all the elements that need to be in place for Girl Scouting to achieve its mission; Girl Scouting builds girls of courage, confidence, and character, who make the world a better place. When Discover, Connect, and Take Action activities are combined with the Girl Scout Processes of Girl-Led, Learning by Doing, and Cooperative Learning, girls achieve the desired and expected short-term leadership outcomes, ultimately resulting in Girl Scouting achieving its mission.

Girl Scout Sign – Official Girl Scout greeting. The right hand is raised shoulder high with the three middle fingers extended and the thumb crossing over the palm to hold down the little finger. The three fingers represent the three parts of the Girl Scout Promise.

Girl Scouting 101 – A 45 minute video provided by GSUSA that provides a quick breakdown and understanding of Girl Scouting. This tool is a requirement for new leaders to watch.

Girl-Led – Girls play an active role in planning activities, while adults provide guidance, ensuring that planning, organization, and set-up are age-appropriate. Evaluation of all activities is done jointly with girls and is integral to a high-quality Girl Scout experience.

Girl’s Guide to Girl Scouting – A handbook with earned badge requirements, traditions, and Highest Awards requirements used by the girl and/or troop.

Gold Award – The highest award in Girl Scouts. Open to Girl Scouts in high school, Gold Award projects find a sustainable way to solve community problems.

GORP – An acronym with two possible meanings, depending on who you ask! Good Old Raisins & Peanuts, or Granola, Oats, Raisins, & Peanuts. A camp snack favorite!

GSUSA – Girl Scouts of the USA, the corporation that promotes the Girl Scout movement in the U.S.A., which includes the United States, its territories, and possessions.

Highest Awards – Bronze, Silver, and Gold Awards. They are the highest honors a Girl Scout can earn. All three awards give girls the chance to do big things while supporting an issue they care about.

Insignia – Every Girl Scout item worn on the uniform (badges, awards, patches, stars, strips, etc.)

Investiture – A special ceremony in which a new member makes her Girl Scout Promise, receives their membership pin, and becomes a member of Girl Scouts.

Journey – A fun and challenging experience spread over a series of sessions (usually 6-8 but with the potential to last far longer). The journey invites girls to explore a topic and culminates in a take action project to make the world a better place. Once done, girls can wear their journey awards on the front of their Girl Scout vest.

Juliette Gordon Low – Founder of the Girl Scout movement in the United States of America.

Juliettes – First name of Girl Scout founder Juliette Gordon Low. Term also used to refer to registered Girl Scouts who are not part of the traditional troop program. These girls, also known as IRGs (individually registered girl) still work towards the same badges and activities, they simply do not belong to a troop. They can join other girls at council-wide events and can participate in all Girl Scouts has to offer.

Junior – A Girl Scout in grades 4-5

Junior Counselor – A Girl Scout who has already completed both Counselor in Training (CIT) I and II programs and would like to further enhance her leadership skills by learning what it’s like to be a camp counselor.

Kaper – A temporary job or responsibility

Kaper Chart – A chart showing each girl’s or each group’s job on any given project. It provides for rotation of jobs and sharing of responsibility.

Law – I will do my best to be
honest and fair,
friendly and helpful,
considerate and caring,
courageous and strong, and
responsible for what I say and do,
and to
respect myself and others,
respect authority,
use resources wisely,
make the world a better place, and
be a sister to every Girl Scout.

Lifetime Membership – Granted to any person 18 years of age or older or a high school graduate or the equivalent who: 1. Accepts the principals and beliefs as stated in the Preamble of the Girl Scout constitution. 2. Has paid lifetime membership dues of 25 times the annual membership dues. 3. Meets applicable membership standards. 4. Has 10+ year of service as a volunteer.

Membership Dues  – $25 fee paid annually to Girl Scouts of the USA for registration which goes directly to National Headquarters. One of the requirements for becoming a member of GSUSA.

Membership Pin – One of 5 pins; the trefoil with three faces (contemporary style), trefoil with eagle (traditional style) pin, Girl Scout Daisy membership pin, Girl Scout Brownie membership pin, and lifetime membership pin. These pins signify the acceptance of the membership requirements.

Membership Year – October 1 through September 30.

Mission – Girl Scouting builds girls of courage, confidence, and character, who make the world a better place.

Motto – Be Prepared

National Gold Award Girl Scouts – An honor given to 10 Girl Scout Seniors and Ambassadors each year whose Gold Award projects demonstrated extraordinary leadership, had a measurable and sustainable impact, and addressed a local challenge related to a national and/or global issue.

On Time – The membership renewal period running from the end of Early Bird until the end of the membership year, September 30.

Overseas Committee Management Team (OCMT)-OCMT's manage the Girl Scout program in a designated geographical region, such as a city or military installation.

Patch – Also known as a “fun patch.” Supplementary insignia received by girls for simply participating in an event or activity. Girls wear participation patches and pins on the back of their Girl Scout uniform.

Patch Program – Patches earned by completing programs unique to individual councils or organizations. The required activities to complete the patch programs are generally found on the council or organization’s website.

Petals – Earned awards by Girl Scout Daisies. Girls earn the Promise Center by showing they understand the Girl Scout Promise. Girls earn Petals by showing they understand the 10 parts of the Girl Scout Law.

Program Aide – Girl who is currently in the 6th grade, who has taken a specialized training to help troop/group leaders with activities for their girls.

Promise – On my honor, I will try:
To serve God and my country,
To help people at all times,
And to live by the Girl Scout Law.

Quiet Sign – Raising the right hand over the head to signal for attention and quiet at any Girl Scout gathering. When the hand goes up, mouths go quiet, and everyone joins in giving the quiet sign.

Regional Camporee-

Resident Camp – Overnight camp. Sessions are generally for at least five days (and four nights) and may be multiple weeks in length. The program is operated and staffed by the camp, and the supervision of campers is a camp responsibility. Campers stay overnight, and camp is responsible for campers 24 hours a day.

Sash – A type of uniform available to Brownies through Ambassadors. The sash sits on the right shoulder and crosses the body, resting on the left hip.

Senior – A Girl Scout in grades 9-10

Service Project – A project that helps the community with a specific and short-term need.

Service Unit – Geographic unit of troops/groups within a region which facilitates delivery of services and the Girl Scout program to girls and adults.

Silver Award – The highest award a Girl Scout Cadette can receive. Earned by completing a Girl Scout Journey and the suggested minimum of 50 hours building a team, exploring the community, picking a Take Action project, developing the project, and spreading the word.

Sit-Upon – Lightweight pad or mat the girls make to “sit-upon” when the ground is dirty or damp.

Slogan – Do a Good Turn Daily

S’mores – A sandwich made with graham crackers, chocolate, and a roasted marshmallow.

SWAPS – Special Whatchamacallits Affectionately Pinned Somewhere. Small tokens of friendship to exchange with Girl Scouts you meet while traveling.

Take Action Project – A project that helps the community by identifying the root cause of the community need, has long-term benefits, and has sustainable community support.

Tunic – A type of uniform available to Daisies. It is worn over the shoulders and ties at the waist.

Trefoil – The official emblem of the Girl Scout movement in the United States of America, registered in the United States Patent Office by Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.

Troop – This group of girls and adults (minimum of 5 girls and 2 adults) who meet on a regular basis to engage in Girl Scout Program activities. Troops are organized according to “Grade Level” which places girls together with others in the same social/developmental stage.

Troop Crest – A Girl Scout tradition that helps leaders easily identify Girl Scouts belonging to different troops while on a hike or other activity. There are currently 16 official troop crests available, and they are displayed on uniforms between the Girl Scout Council Identification Set and the troop numerals.

Troop Leader – A registered Girl Scout adult, background checked and trained volunteer who meets regularly with girls to help them achieve the purposes of Girl Scouting.

Uniform – An article of clothing that symbolizes the high ideals for which Girl Scouts stands. The main uniform pieces are a tunic, sash, or vest, and Girl Scouts wear one to display official pins, awards, badges, and patches.

Vest – A type of uniform available to all grade levels.

Volunteer Toolkit-

WAGGGS – The Word Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, a global association supporting female-oriented and female-only Guiding and Scouting organizations in 150 countries.

World Thinking Day – Celebrated annually on February 22. Official Girl Scout day where girls traditionally learn about the cultures and traditions of WAGGGS member countries. This day also commemorates the birthdays of Lord and Lady Baden-Powell the founders of the Scouting Movement worldwide.


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For the Record: How does one become a one-horse country

Jessica Estepa, Joanna Allhands, and Brett McGinness

Happy Friday, For the Record peeps! It’s a magical time in FTR Land. The Iowa caucuses are only days away. We watched the last debate before said caucuses. Ben Carson somehow fit both the Preamble to the Constitution and the words "one-horse country" into a mere two-hour time period. JIM GILMORE SHOWED UP TO SOMETHING.

We can hardly contain ourselves.

Lean into our excitement and let us be there for you six days a week. After all, the fun’s just beginning.

For the Record: Sign up for our politics newsletter

He's a real boy!

Jim Gilmore has been basically MIA since August, leaving us to wonder so very often why he’s even bothering to run for president at all (though, to be fair, we wonder that about nearly everyone who has been relegated to the happy hour debate). Now we know why: because he knew his moment would come. It happened on Thursday when he got to pull an O’Malley and talk about issues and, for the briefest of moments, trend on Twitter. Of course, life is fleeting. But we’ll never forget, Jim (and neither will this guy; that’s one vote, right?). In other undercard news: Carly Fiorina is still hating on Hillary Clinton, Mike Huckabee doesn’t think his message is getting out and Rick Santorum has nothing better to do on a Thursday night than hang out at a rival’s event.

They just can't help but talk about You-Know-Who.

In the real world, when you don’t show up to something, whatever it is usually doesn’t work out for you. Examples: If you don’t show up to a doctor’s appointment, you have to pay a cancellation fee. If you don’t show up to work, you’ll probably get fired. If you don’t show up for a date, you’re flaky. As we learned on Thursday night, real world logic does not apply to Donald Trump.  He made good on his promise to be a no-show at the #GOPDebate. The result: Everyone was talking about him and his proposed policies, directly and indirectly. “Let me say, I’m a maniac, and everyone on this stage is stupid, fat and ugly, and Ben, you’re a terrible surgeon. Now that we’ve got the Donald Trump portion of the way,” Ted Cruz said at the start of the debate. And on it went. Funnily enough, take away all the Trump remarks, and you get a Twilight Zone version of what the world could have been like had the Donald never entered the race. In that alternate reality, Jeb(!) Bush is surprised he’s not winning and everyone hates Cruz the most.

We thought politicians smiled more?

The Donald held his rival event, a benefit for veterans that would have looked like a typical Trump event on any other night. The crowds flocked to him, he made disparaging remarks about whoever was on his current target list (this week: Fox News) and he played it all off like it was NBD. One difference: he invited fellow GOP candidates Mike Huckabee and Rick Santorum onstage, saying that they weren’t like the others. It probably helps that neither of the men have any chance of being the Donald. Hugs for all!

After Chris Christie's claim that he simply can't understand Washington, the one-third of FTR that lives in the District of Columbia wonders if she's missed her calling as a translator. More on this possible business to come.


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Views around the country from our partners

  • The parent company of USA TODAY%2C Gannett%2C has dozens of newspapers around the country.
  • Each has its own opinion writers who often touch on national issues with a local flavor.

KENTUCKY - Editorial:Congress getting paid for gridlock

MISSISSIPPI - Sam R. Hall:Voting Rights Act challenge stirs local politics

INDIANA - Mike VanOuse on health insurance: Incentives to do for themselves

IOWA - Editorial:Budget mess looms, but feds vacation: Congress should start compromising on sequester


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Five Calming Herbs for ADHD

Click Here for calming herbs

Kids are naturally energetic and active, and their abundant energy often seems scattered and undirected to the adult eye. While most children are aware about the right place and the right time to move, children with ADHD have a problem controlling their impulses and energy levels. The good news is that natural ADHD treatments like exercise and diet can do much to calm a hyperactive child. You may also want to complement these ADHD natural treatments with the calming herbs listed below.

Red clover blossom

Red clover blossoms are normally used for their blood purifying properties, which is great for ADHD children who have been exposed to environmental toxins. But what most people don't know is that red clover is also a gentle relaxant that can be used for long periods of time. Red clover is usually taken as tea; steep the herb into a cup of water for 20 minutes and sweeten with honey.

A new study from Germany shows that when inhaled, jasmine essential oils can promote good sleep, relieve anxiety, and enhances mood. This is because jasmine fragrance increases the influence of GABA, a neurotransmitter that reduces excess brain activity and promotes calm feelings. In fact, researchers discovered that jasmine fragrance is five times more calming than chemical sedatives! If your ADHD child has a hard time sleeping, place a few drops of jasmine essential oil on an aromatherapy burner at least an hour before bedtime. You can also infuse your child's bath with jasmine essential oils.

Avena sativa

Avena sativa is a type of nerve tonic and relaxant made from the seeds of wild oats. Besides calming people under stress, avena sativa is rich in nutrients like calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B1, and B2, which are usually deficient in children with ADHD. It's also a great source of soluble fiber and complex carbohydrates.

Hsiao Yao Wan

The Chinese call ADHD the "sweet bug disease" because of the sleeplessness, restlessness, and itchy sensations experienced by children diagnosed with the disorder. In China, a popular herbal patent formula called Hsiao yao wan is normally given to hyperactive children. Made of herbs like bupluerum root, Chinese angelica root, Chinese peony root, and wild mint herb, Hsiao yao wan has been found to regulate mood and calm hyperactive behavior without causing sleepiness. Ask for it at a Chinese herbal store near you.

Valerian root

The European herb valerian root has been used as a sedative for centuries, but only recently did researchers discover why this happens. It turns out that valerian root has a lignan that attaches itself to the brain receptors responsible for regulating the body's sleeping or waking rhythms. Caffeine latches onto the same receptors, except it has an opposite stimulant effect. Give your child valerian root supplements if he or she has difficulty sleeping.

Dr. Yannick Pauli is an expert on natural approaches to ADHD and the author of the popular self-help home-program The Unritalin Solution. He is Director of the Centre Neurofit in Lausanne, Switzerland and has a passion taking care of children with ADHD. Click on the link for more great information about what is ADHD.

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See Home (EN)

Welcome to our campus!

Your student years will be unforgettable on our magnificent campus: a smart living lab full of knowledge and technology, leading research institutes and startups.

Our campus offers talented students, scientists and teachers a fascinating learning, working and living environment. A wonderful place where you follow scientific education and learn to apply your new skills in state-of-the-art labs. With more than 12,000 students from 100 different countries living, studying and playing sports on campus, you'll have new friends in a nanosecond.

Catch that campus feeling

Wondering what a day on campus would be like? Two ways to find out! Come over during an Open Day and experience it first-hand – or watch our campus video and catch that campus feeling now!

Study, sport and socialise

Together with the other campus inhabitants, you’ll find everything you need here for studying, working and living. From libraries and state-of-the-art laboratories to fitness and sports facilities. For almost any sport you can imagine such as baseball, beach volleyball, archery and even muggle quidditch. Here’s a small glimpse of our vast amount of facilities:

  • High tech lab for Technical Medicine
  • The Virtual Reality Lab and the Designlab
  • Supersonic wind tunnels and the RaM lab (Robotics and Mechatronics)
  • Climbing wall and lacross sports field
  • Open Air Theatre
  • Free wifi, ATMs and charging points for bicycles and cars
  • A student chaplain and a mosque area
  • A supermarket, hairdresser and employment agency
  • Cafés and restaurants, like Theatercafé de Vrijhof, Subway and Starbucks Coffee


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Braver/Wiser: A Weekly Message of Courage and Compassion

Naming the Truth

By Aisha Ansano

“Let us not value a false peace over a righteous justice. Let us not be afraid to sit with the ugliness, the messiness, and the pain that is life in community together. ” —Rev. Dr. Yolanda Pierce

In 8th grade, my English class was encouraged to enter an essay contest put on by the North Carolina Bar Association. It was a 50th anniversary commemoration of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, the 1954 Supreme Court decision that ruled that having “separate but equal” segregated schools was unconstitutional. The prompt invited us to consider how things were different between 1954 and 2004. I was pretty sure that what they wanted was an essay marveling at how much things had changed: how much better life was today than it was in 1954.

A black person's hand, holding a pen over a blank notebook.

And even though a lot had changed since 1954, I couldn’t write that essay. Instead, I wrote about the lunch tables at my extremely diverse middle school, which were segregated by race. A self-segregation, yes—there weren’t laws or school rules preventing people from sitting anywhere in the cafeteria, but nonetheless, everyone sat in the same places: with their friends of the same race. Social pressures and implications can hold as much weight as rules and laws—sometimes more.

I wrote about how even though things had changed, they hadn’t changed nearly as much as we would hope in fifty years. I wrote about how I hoped that in another fifty years, the change would be bigger, but that I was really worried it wouldn’t be. Even though I knew it would make people uncomfortable, even when I knew it wasn’t exactly what I was being invited to do, I named the truth as I perceived it, because it didn’t feel like there was any other option.

I won third place in that essay contest, and I’m not at all upset with that outcome. I would be proud of what I wrote even if I hadn’t placed at all. Writing that essay was about naming the truth as I had experienced it, even though it was uncomfortable, even though people might have preferred that I didn’t. I might have done better in the contest if I had written the essay they wanted—but I wouldn’t trade living my values for anything.

Holy one, when I wonder if it would be easier to simply go with the flow, help me to remember that grounding myself in what I believe gives me strength. May I continue to find ways to live my values in a complicated, messy world.

About the Author

Aisha Ansano

Rev. Aisha Ansano believes in the spirituality of food, the power of community, and the importance of self-care. She is the affiliated community minister at First Parish in Malden (MA), and a co-founder of the dinner church consultancy Nourish.

For more information contact .


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Suggestions for eight covenant sessions that include discussion topics, music and readings.
Product Code: 1017
ISBN: 9781558965133
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Skinner House Books
Published Date: 09/18/2006
Pages: 80
Size: 8.5 x 11
Availability:In stock
Price: $16.00
This addition to the Evensong series offers weekly worship gatherings to foster communication within families and church communities. Ninety minutes long, the 8 gatherings are ideal for 5 families, depending on size, or groups of 20. The orders of service, which can be photocopied for participants, include singing, readings and discussion suggestions.
Bookmark and Share

"I have been very happy using Evensong for Families one Friday evening a month since September. We meet in a home with a potluck dinner after Evensong. The parents have been very positive; they like the homework and worshiping with their children. The dinner afterward provides another opportunity for building community. The Evensong materials are great. The children have asked to sing our Evensong songs with motions during the Sunday Worship Service. "

—Lynne Webber, Unitarian Universalist of Santa Clarita Valley

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Review and Rate this Item

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A line forms at popular Brennan's

Featuring locally-sourced and organic foods, Brennan's Pub & Bistro is the Davis Center's sit-down or take-out retail dining location, known for it pub food flair and recognized for its sustainable food options and student-driven events. Its mission is to support local and regional farmers by purchasing local, organic and all-natural produce whenever possible. When out of season, we are committed to purchasing food from the next available growing region.  As such, Vermont products are featured in nearly everything — from salads to burgers, sandwiches, and beyond. You can even get a traditional Vermont Breakfast (try the pancakes!).

For those of age, Brennan's offers a local microbrew on tap as well as wine. Popular evening programs like UPB's pub quiz, comedy night and the occasional live music keep things busy late night.

Serving: Burgers (veggie, beef), salads, sandwiches, quesadillas, chicken fingers, shakes, fries, and specials based on local produce.

The Book Nook

a mouse with the words book nook

The Book Nook was inspired by UVM students and is the vision of JP Marton, a beloved Davis Center custodian. It was JP who observed students' love for reading books and worked to provide a space for the open exchange of books and ideas. Currently, the Book Nook resides in Brennan's Pub on the 1st floor of the Davis Center.

Since its conception in 2010, the Book Nook has tripled in size and donations are always welcome! You can donate books to the Book Nook by leaving them in the donation box (adjacent to the shelves in Brennan's). Books that hold special meaning are especially welcome.

10th Annual Book Nook Spring  Donation Drive

The UVM Book Nook is conducting its 10th annual Spring Donation Book Drive in order to stock up and replenish its shelves for the new 2021-2022 academic year.  As quiet and sparse as the campus was this fall and spring, Students still found their way to the Book Nook to find many books to read and enjoy.

During this difficult year Students showed a preference for Novels, but also actively searched for titles on Race and Social Justice, Philosophy, Poetry, Politics, Religion and Spiritualism. It is amazing to see reading preferences change from year to year -but there is always one common thread, and that is: UVM Students love to read important books; books that not only inform and provide enjoyment, but perhaps transform and widen ones perspective of the World.

Please consider the Book Nook as your year-round source for donating books that captivated and inspired you. You may end up helping to enhance a student’s life in a significant way that they had never imagined before.

To donate Books: We have a convenient Book Nook Donation Box located in the Dudley Davis H. Davis Center Atrium, outside Brennan’s Pub. For larger donations you can contact: jpmarton@uvm.edu

Points | Cash | Cat$cratch | Credit Cards

Closed until 10/4/2021

Contact Info:

(802) 656-3081

Contact UVM Dining

First Floor (1st Floor Map - PDF)


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Our second event, the Science Union quiz night is always popular with students. Held at the newly refurbished UWA Refectory, this event always sell out. Prizes are awarded for the victorious, the most original and hilarious, with colourful and creative costumes always making an appearance. Our quiz night also goes towards supporting charities, giving students an opportunity to contribute to the wider community while still having fun.

Event Dates

From To
25th Mar 2020 @ 7:00pm 25th Mar 2020 @ 11:00pm Add to your calendar

Event Details

UWA Refectory


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Coronavirus (COVID-19)

The global corona pandemic affects our everyday life and confronts us with many new challenges. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a health crisis of international concern and therefore, the opportunity to travel is limited. It is important to always be informed about the current situation. We follow the announcements of international and national governments and health authorities. Please also inform yourself. Before you book your holiday or start your journey you should check official sources for possible travel restrictions.

Here are some tips for the travel planning:

1. Please note that Traum-Ferienwohnungen is a mediation platform to connect hosts and vacationers. Bookings are done directly with the hosts. The hosts are the contracting party of the booking.

2. If you have any questions regarding a booking or inquiry, please contact the host directly. You can find the contact details in the exposé.

3. If you would like to change your booking because you are not able to travel now, please contact your host directly as well. You both can clarify how to deal with this special situation.

4. We have collected the most important sources of the Corona virus and possible travel restrictions. The information (in German) is constantly updated by the competent authorities.

We are very happy that travelling is partly possible again. We hope that you and the host find the best solution to ensure the health and safety for you and your family.

Kind regards und stay healthy
Your team from Traum-Ferienwohnungen

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  • 120 m²
xx 487 €
xxx 61494c35ef82a
61494c35ef8c2 61494c35ef8c3
  • X 61494c35ef8c4 (+X)
  • Xxx. 5 61494c35ef8c5
  • 120 m²
xx 314 €
xxx 61494c35ef8c8
61494c35ef96c 61494c35ef96d
  • X 61494c35ef96e (+X)
  • Xxx. 5 61494c35ef96f
  • 120 m²
xx 359 €
xxx 61494c35ef970
61494c35ef9ca 61494c35ef9cb
  • X 61494c35ef9cc (+X)
  • Xxx. 5 61494c35ef9cd
  • 120 m²
xx 464 €
xxx 61494c35ef9ce

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Vaculug strives at all times to meet its corporate and social responsibilities through a pro-active programme of continuous improvement and an adherence to best practice within all of its operations. Our CSR policy matters to us because it seeks to engage with all stakeholders in our business to understand our mission, invest in it and to support it.

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Both with regards to the performance of our products and in terms of our manufacturing, distribution and support operations, safety is our top priority at all times.

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Vaculug focuses on all aspects of the supply chain to reduce its own carbon footprint. In conjunction with industry-recognised bodies, we agree and set standards for the reuse of tyres and the recycling of those which are beyond further use.

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Buick LaCrosse For Sale in Phoenix, AZ

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Corvette Repair in Kelowna, BC

Driving down the roads of Kelowna, British Columbia, Lake Country, British Columbia, West Kelowna, British Columbia, Winfield, British Columbia, and Toovey Heights, British Columbia, it is easy to recognize the iconic Chevrolet Corvette driving alongside you. The Chevrolet Corvette is a two-door, two-passenger sports car that has been made by Chevrolet for over 60 years over eight design generations. The Corvette is known for its sleek and impressive bodywork as well as its impeccable performance. Assistant Director for the Public Relations Department Myron Scott suggested the name Corvette when Chevrolet was trying to come up with a name for their new sports car when it was developed in 1953. The name comes from the name of a small maneuverable warship. The Chevrolet Corvette is known as America's Sports Car, particularly after it was featured on the television show Route 66. According to Automotive News, the Corvette is synonymous with freedom and adventure, ultimately becoming both "the most successful concept car in history and the most popular sports car in history."

The first generation of the Corvette was introduced as a show car in 1953 at the General Motors Motorama. The Corvette generated a lot of interest among the public and six months later, the first round of production began.

The eighth and latest generation of the Corvette was released in 2019 for the 2020 model year as a coupe and convertible versions, in three colors: white, red, and blue. The car became the most expensive charity vehicle sold that week at the Barrett-Jackson, selling for $3 million. All funds were donated to the Detroit Children's Fund.

Over its seventy years of production, the Chevrolet Corvette has won quite a bit of awards. These include:

Your Quality Shop for Corvette Repair

Eventually, all vehicles need to be brought in for repairs. Whatever your needs are, you can take your Corvette to ValleyPro Autohouse. Proudly serving residents of Kelowna and surrounding areas since 2014, our owner Kevin Delaney and highly-skilled technicians go through extensive automotive repair training. At ValleyPro Autohouse, our number one goal is complete customer satisfaction, and we will make sure your vehicle is taken care of with top-notch service and also efficiently and cost-effectively. We can perform a multitude of services on your Corvette, including brake repair, Maintenance Service, transmission repair, and Preventive Maintenance Services. Reasons You Should Do Business With Us:

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You are currently viewing New principal for Miller Ave School

New principal for Miller Ave School

Paeroa’s Miller Ave School has a very deep history within its community which new principal Richard Wilkinson plans to build on.

“Some of our teachers have been here a long time – they were pupils and their families went here. Just about everyone you speak to came here or knows someone who did,” he said.

“I am looking at developing a school that is tailored around the local curriculum, knowledge of what belongs to the school and the history and the culture of the school.”

Mr Wilkinson, originally from Auckland, previously worked in International Education as the Primary Principal of Leman International School in Chengdu, China. Before that he was in middle management in Amman, Jordan at the International Academy Amman. While in New Zealand he was the Principal of Herekino School in the North Hokianga and the Deputy Principal of Pompallier Catholic School.

He applied for the Miller Ave School position while he was in China.

“My big ambition was to come home and invest everything I’ve learnt in education into our local environment.”

Mr Wilkinson’s wife is an early childhood educator, and they have a son Zion. His parent’s live in

“My own aunty came to Miller Ave and she is 74.”

The school roll is “now knocking on 150,” Mr Wilkinson said.

“I love it here. I love the kids’ tenacity and resilience after coming through Covid although the impact of Covid is now starting to come out of the woodwork.

“The kids come to school with a smile and they leave with the same smile.”


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Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast

Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast
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  • ISBN-13: 9780028640006
  • ISBN: 0028640004
  • Publisher: Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated

Davis, Park, Craig, Susannah

Learn the "inns" and outs of the B and B business! You're no idiot, of course. You've had the pleasure of staying at a few bed and breakfasts, and you'd love to open a charming inn of your own. But when you think about what it takes to get a business up and running, you want to hang the Do Not Disturb sign. This is your wake-up call! The Complete Idiot's GuideR to Running a Bed and Breakfast will show you it can be easy and fun-and a great way to meet new people and make money. In this Complete Idiot's GuideR, you get: * Useful insights into the booming B and B industry. * A simple test to help you decide if you have what it takes to succeed in the B and B business. * Idiot-proof guidelines for converting a house into a B and B. * Expert advice on accounting and business issues. * An insider's look at the new trends in guest services. You'll learn how to ... * Decide on room rates. * Draw up a business plan. * Create an eye-catching sign and brochure. * Set guest policies and house rules. * Schedule a daily routine. * Get listed in guidebooks. * Find reliable employees. * Get guest feedback. * Develop a visitor-friendly Web site. * Get start-up cash. * Make your inn unique with your own personal touches. * Pick the right place for your inn.Davis, Park is the author of 'Complete Idiot's Guide to Running a Bed and Breakfast' with ISBN 9780028640006 and ISBN 0028640004.

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Design And Implementation Of The Freebsd Operating System

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  • ISBN-13: 9780201702453
  • ISBN: 0201702452
  • Publication Date: 2004
  • Publisher: Addison-Wesley

McKusick, Marshall Kirk, Neville-Neil, George V.

As in earlier Addison-Wesley books on the UNIX-based BSD operating system, Kirk McKusick and George Neville-Neil deliver here the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and authoritative technical information on the internal structure of open source FreeBSD. Readers involved in technical and sales support can learn the capabilities and limitations of the system; applications developers can learn effectively and efficiently how to interface to the system; system administrators can learn how to maintain, tune, and configure the system; and systems programmers can learn how to extend, enhance, and interface to the system. The authors provide a concise overview of FreeBSD's design and implementation. Then, while explaining key design decisions, they detail the concepts, data structures, and algorithms used in implementing the systems facilities. As a result, readers can use this book as both a practical reference and an in-depth study of a contemporary, portable, open source operating system. This book: Details the many performance improvements in the virtual memory system Describes the new symmetric multiprocessor support Includes new sections on threads and their scheduling Introduces the new jail facility to ease the hosting of multiple domains Updates information on networking and interprocess communication Already widely used for Internet services and firewalls, high-availability servers, and general timesharing systems, the lean quality of FreeBSD also suits the growing area of embedded systems. Unlike Linux, FreeBSD does not require users to publicize any changes they make to the source code.McKusick, Marshall Kirk is the author of 'Design And Implementation Of The Freebsd Operating System', published 2004 under ISBN 9780201702453 and ISBN 0201702452.

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Historia de una Escalera

Historia de una Escalera
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  • Comments: Spine creases, wear to binding and pages from reading. May contain limited notes, underlining or highlighting that does affect the text. Possible ex library copy, will have the markings and stickers associated from the library. Accessories such as CD, codes, toys, may not be included.

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  • ISBN-13: 9780130679352
  • ISBN: 0130679356
  • Edition: 1
  • Publication Date: 1971
  • Publisher: Prentice Hall

Antonio Buero Vallejo

Antonio Buero Vallejo is the author of 'Historia de una Escalera', published 1971 under ISBN 9780130679352 and ISBN 0130679356.

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Pcat Flashcards Pharmacy College Admin Test

Pcat Flashcards Pharmacy College Admin Test
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  • ISBN-13: 9780738601403
  • ISBN: 0738601403
  • Publication Date: 2006
  • Publisher: Research & Education Association

Research Education Association Staff

REA's Interactive Flashcardsreg; PCAT What they're for and how to use them The Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) is a specialized test for students seeking admission to a pharmacy college and for schools to identify qualified candidates. The exam tests general and scientific knowledge needed for an education in pharmaceuticals. To help you study, REA has put together this book of flashcards, which you can take with you to study anywhere, even on the go. You'll find this flashcard book to be perfect for self-study, for reference, or just for a quick review. REA's PCAT Flashcards contains questions based on the actual test. Studying for the PCAT with the unique features of flashcards in a book format makes your test preparation easier. There are no loose cards to misplace. The cards are always in order for easier, more organized study. Study smarter, using the unique interactive feature not found in other flashcards. Write your answer to a card's question on the front, and then compare it with the answer on the back. The material presented on the following pages is separated into sections like those found on the PCAT itself, including Verbal Ability, Quantitative Ability, Biology, and Chemistry. On the PCAT, you will also find a Reading Comprehension section and a Writing subtest. The Writing subtest allows you 30 minutes to write an essay in response to a statement that either expresses an opinion or presents a problem needing a solution. To improve your essay-writing skills, consult www.rea.com for a host of additional study guides. Bonus material throughout this book offers fast facts on a career in pharmacy and other helpful sidelights. Much consideration and effort went into making this study aid the best of its kind. It is my hope that you will find this book to be an invaluable reference for your PCAT studies. Larry B. Kling Chief EditorResearch Education Association Staff is the author of 'Pcat Flashcards Pharmacy College Admin Test', published 2006 under ISBN 9780738601403 and ISBN 0738601403.

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Social Psychology

Social Psychology
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  • ISBN-13: 9780205797141
  • ISBN: 0205797148
  • Edition: 8
  • Publication Date: 2013
  • Publisher: Pearson Books

Aronson, Elliot, Wilson, Timothy D., Akert, Robin M.

Aronson, Elliot is the author of 'Social Psychology', published 2013 under ISBN 9780205797141 and ISBN 0205797148.

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Waorani Contexts of Violence and War

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  • ISBN-13: 9780534440060
  • ISBN: 0534440061
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  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing Company

by Unknown Author

Waorani Contexts of Violence and War, 1 with ISBN 9780534440060 and ISBN 0534440061.

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