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NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash ington, D.C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.

No. 91-1393

on writ of certiorari to the united states court of appeals for the eighth circuit

[January 25, 1993]

Chief Justice Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the Court.

In this case we decide whether counsel's failure to make an objection in a state criminal sentencing proceeding --an objection that would have been supported by a decision which subsequently was overruled--constitutes "prejudice" within the meaning of our decision in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Because the result of the sentencing proceeding in this case was rendered neither unreliable nor fundamentally unfair as a result of counsel's failure to make the objection, we answer the question in the negative. To hold otherwise would grant criminal defendants a windfall to which they are not entitled.

In August 1985, an Arkansas jury convicted respondent Bobby Ray Fretwell of capital felony murder. During the penalty phase, the State argued that the evidence pre-sented during the guilt phase established two aggravating factors: (1) the murder was committed for pecuniary gain, and (2) the murder was committed to facilitate respondent's escape. Finding the existence of the first of these factors, and no mitigating factors, the jury sentenced respondent to death.

On direct appeal, respondent argued, inter alia, that hissentence should be reversed in light of Collins v. Lockhart, 754 F. 2d 258 (CA8), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1013 (1985). In that case the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit held that a death sentence is unconstitutional if it is based on an aggravating factor that duplicates an element of the underlying felony, because such a factor does not genuinely narrow the class of persons eligible for the death penalty. Accordingly, respondent argued that his death sentence was unconstitutional because pecuniary gain is an element of the underlying felony in his capital felony murder conviction-- murder in the course of a robbery. The Arkansas Supreme Court declined to consider whether to follow Collins because respondent failed to object to the use of the pecuniary gain aggravator during the sentencing proceeding. Rejecting the remainder of respondent's claims, the Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed both the conviction and the death sentence. Fretwell v. State, 289 Ark. 91, 708 S. W. 2d 630 (1986). Respondent then filed a state habeas corpus challenge, arguing that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the Collins objection. The Arkansas Supreme Court rejected the claim because the Arkansas courts had not passed on the Collins question at the time of respondent's trial. Fretwell v. State, 292 Ark. 96, 97, 728 S. W. 2d 180, 181 (1987).

Respondent filed a petition seeking federal habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. Among other things, he argued that his trial counsel did not perform effectively because he failed to raise the Collins objection. The District Court held that counsel "had a duty to be aware of all law relevant to death penalty cases," and that failure to make the Collins objection amounted to prejudice under Strickland v. Washington, supra. 739 F. Supp. 1334, 1337 (ED Ark. 1990). The District Court granted habeas relief and conditionally vacated respondent's death sentence. Id., at1338.

The Court of Appeals affirmed by a divided vote, 946 F. 2d 571 (CA8 1991), even though it had two years earlier overruled its decision in Collins in light of our decision in Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988). See Perry v. Lockhart, 871 F. 2d 1384 (CA8), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 959 (1989). The majority believed that the Arkansas trial court was bound under the Supremacy Clause to obey the Eighth Circuit's interpretation of the Federal Constitution. Based on this belief, it reasoned that had counsel made the objection, the trial court would have sustained the objection and the jury would not have sentenced respondent to death. The court remanded, ordering the district court to sentence respondent to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It held that since respondent was entitled to the benefit of Collins at the time of his original sentencing proceeding, it would only "perpetuate the prejudice caused by the original sixth amendment violation" to resentence him under current law. 946 F. 2d, at 578.

The dissenting judge argued that Strickland prejudice involves more than a determination that the outcome would have been different-- it also involves the concepts of reliability and fairness. 946 F. 2d, at 579 ("By focusing only on the probable effect of counsel's error at the time of Fretwell's sentencing, the majority misses the broader and more important point that his sentencing proceeding reached neither an unreliable nor an unfair result"). We granted certiorari, 504 U. S. ---- (1992), and now reverse.

Our decisions have emphasized that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel exists "in order to protect the fundamental right to a fair trial." Strickland v. Washington, supra, at 684; Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157, 175 (1986) (noting that under Strickland, the "benchmark" of the right to counsel is the "fairness of the adversary proceeding"); United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 653 (1984) ("Without counsel, the right to a trial itself wouldbe of little avail") (internal quotation marks and footnote omitted); United States v. Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 364 (1981) (the right to counsel "is meant to assure fairness in the adversary criminal process"). Thus, "the right to the effective assistance of counsel is recognized not for its own sake, but because of the effect it has on the ability of the accused to receive a fair trial. Absent some effect of challenged conduct on the reliability of the trial process, the Sixth Amendment guarantee is generally not implicated." United States v. Cronic, supra, at 658.

The test formulated in Strickland for determining whether counsel has rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance reflects this concern. In Strickland, we identified the two components to any ineffective assistance claim: (1) deficient performance and (2) prejudice. [n.1] Under our decisions, a criminal defendant alleging prejudice must show "that counsel's errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable." Strickland, 466 U. S., at 687; see also Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 374 (1986) ("The essence of an ineffective assistance claim is that counsel's unprofessional errors so upset the adversarial balance between defense and prosecution that the trial was rendered unfair and the verdict rendered suspect"); Nix v. Whiteside, supra, at 175. Thus, an analysis focussing solely on mere outcome determination, without attention to whether the result of the proceeding was fundamentally unfair or unreliable, is defective. [n.2] To set aside a conviction orsentence solely because the outcome would have been different but for counsel's error may grant the defendant a windfall to which the law does not entitle him. See Cronic, supra, at 658.

Our decision in Nix v. Whiteside, supra, makes this very point. The respondent in that case argued that he received ineffective assistance because his counsel refused to cooperate in presenting perjured testimony. Obviously, had the respondent presented false testimony to the jury, there might have been a reasonable probability that the jury would not have returned a verdict of guilty. Sheer outcome determination, however, was not sufficient to make out a claim under the Sixth Amendment. We held that "as a matter of law, counsel's conduct . . . cannot establish the prejudice required for relief under the second strand of the Strickland inquiry." 475 U. S., at 175. The touchstone of an ineffective assistance claim is the fairness of the adversary proceeding, and "in judging prejudice and the likelihood of a different outcome, `[a] defendant has no entitlement to the luck of a lawless decisionmaker.' " Ibid. (quoting Strickland, supra, at 695); see also Nix v. Whiteside, supra, at 186-187 (Blackmun, J., concurring in judgment) ("To the extent that Whiteside's claim rests on the assertion that he would have been acquitted had he been able to testify falsely, Whiteside claims a right the law simply does not recognize. . . . Since Whiteside was deprived of neither a fair trial nor any of the specific constitutional rights designed to guarantee a fair trial, he has suffered no prejudice"). [n.3]

The result of the sentencing proceeding in the present case was neither unfair nor unreliable. The Court of Appeals, which had decided Collins in 1985, overruled it in Perry four years later. [n.4] Had the trial court chosen to follow Collins, counsel's error would have "deprived respondent of the chance to have the state court make an error in his favor." Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 10. [n.5]

Respondent argues that the use of hindsight is inappropriate in determining "prejudice" under Strickland, and that this element should be determined under the laws existing at the time of trial. For support, he relies upon language used in Strickland in discussing the first partof the necessary showing--deficient performance. We held that in order to determine whether counsel performed below the level expected from a reasonably competent attorney, it is necessary to "judge . . . counsel's challenged conduct on the facts of the particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel's conduct." Strickland, 466 U. S., at 690.

Ineffective assistance of counsel claims will be raised only in those cases where a defendant has been found guilty of the offense charged, and from the perspective of hindsight there is a natural tendency to speculate as to whether a different trial strategy might have been more successful. We adopted the rule of contemporary assessment of counsel's conduct because a more rigid requirement "could dampen the ardor and impair the independence of defense counsel, discourage the acceptance of assigned cases, and undermine the trust between attorney and client." Ibid. But the "prejudice" component of the Strickland test does not implicate these concerns. It focusses on the question whether counsel's deficient performance renders the result of the trial unreliable or the proceeding fundamentally unfair. Id., at 687; see Kimmelman, 477 U. S., at 393 (Powell, J., concurring). Unreliability or unfairness does not result if the ineffectiveness of counsel does not deprive the defendant of any substantive or procedural right to which the law entitles him. As we have noted, it was the premise of our grant in this case that Perry was correctly decided, i.e., that respondent was not entitled to an objection based on "double counting." Respondent therefore suffered no prejudice from his counsel's deficient performance.

The dissent contends that this holding is inconsistent

with the retroactivity rule announced in Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310 (1989), but we think otherwise. Teague stands for the proposition that new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be announced or applied on collateral review. Id., at 310. As the dissentacknowledges, post, at 11-12, this retroactivity rule was motivated by a respect for the States' strong interest in the finality of criminal convictions, and the recognition that a State should not be penalized for relying on "the constitutional standards that prevailed at the time the original proceedings took place." Teague, supra, at 306 (plurality opinion) (internal citations omitted). "The `new rule' principle therefore validates reasonable, good faith interpretations of existing precedents made by state courts even though they are shown to be contrary to later decisions." Butler v. McKellar, 494 U.S. 407, 414 (1990).

A federal habeas petitioner has no interest in the finality of the state court judgment under which he is incarcerated: indeed, the very purpose of his habeas petition is to overturn that judgment. Nor does such a petitioner ordinarily have any claim of reliance on past judicial precedent as a basis for his actions that corresponds to the State's interest described in the quotation from Butler, supra. The result of these differences is that the State will benefit from our Teague decision in some federal habeas cases, while the habeas petitioner will not. This result is not, as the dissent would have it, a "windfall" for the State, but instead is a perfectly logical limitation of Teague to the circumstances which gave rise to it. Cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is

1 Petitioner concedes that counsel's performance was deficient. He therefore focusses his argument exclusively on the prejudice component.

2 Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, today's decision does not involve or require a harmless error inquiry. Harmless error analysis is triggered only after the reviewing court discovers that an error has been committed. And under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), an error of constitutional magnitude occurs in the Sixth Amendment context only if the defendant demonstrates (1) deficient performance and (2) prejudice. Our opinion does nothing more than apply the case by case prejudiceinquiry that has always been built into the Strickland test. Since we find no constitutional error, we need not, and do not, consider harmlessness.

3 The dissent's attempt to distinguish Nix v. Whiteside, 475 U.S. 157 (1986), is unpersuasive because it ignores the reasoning employed by the Court. In Nix, we did not reject the respondent's claim of prejudice because perjury is "perhaps a paradigmatic example" of lawlessness. Post, at 7. Rather, we held that the respondent could not showStrickland prejudice merely by demonstrating that the outcome would have been different but for counsel's behavior. Nix, supra, at 175-176. Contrary to the dissent's suggestion, this reasoning was not invoked to resolve the factual oddity of one case, but rather represents a straightforward application of the rule of law announced in Strickland. Nix, supra, at 175-176.

4 Respondent argues that Collins v. Lockhart, 754 F. 2d 258 (CA8), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1013 (1985), is still good law despite our decision in Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988), and urges us to decide this question as a threshold matter. We decline the invitation. A premise underlying the question presented was that Collins had been properly overruled by the Eighth Circuit. Because respondent "failed to bring [his] objections to the premise underlying the questio[n] presented to our attention in [his] opposition to the petition for certiorari," we decide that question based on the Eighth Circuit's view that Collins is no longer good law. Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc., 504 U. S. ___, ___ n. 10 (1992).

5 As an alternative argument, the Solicitor General relies upon the language of the habeas corpus statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), which provides that habeas relief may issue only if the applicant "is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States." According to the Solicitor General, because Lowenfield was decided at the time respondent petitioned for federal habeas relief, he could not argue that he was currently in custody in violation of the Constitution. Because of our disposition of the case on the basis of Strickland v. Washington, supra, we do not address this contention.


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Highways and Motor Vehicles

highways and motor vehicles law: an overview

The term "highway" includes all public roads and ways. Highway law is concerned with the regulation and maintenance of all means of travel open to the public -- such as turnpikes, toll roads, bridges, ferries, navigable waters, etc. Generally, all roads which the legislature has power to establish are public roads. Highways are distinguished from private roads in that highways are intended for public use, and are maintained at the public's expense.

Both state and federal highway law exists, but emphasis should be placed on local rules and regulations. Typically, in most jurisdictions, highway officers are personally liable for injuries to persons or property resulting from acts of their negligence in connection with the construction and repair of highways, streets and bridges, but there is some authority to the contrary.

Established in 1966 by 49 U.S.C. § 102, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) establishes overall transportation policy for the United States. Its goal is to ensure a "coordinated, effective administration of the transportation programs of the Federal Government." Among the programs under the DOT's administration are:

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Category: Business Sectors

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Funny Story | Once a chairman was confused

  • Funny story

    Once a Chairman was confused in selecting his company's new CEO as every contender (1) was equally experienced and had near to same accomplishments (2). They all were young energetic and well qualified. To chose the best among them, he decided to take a test. One day he called every one of them at his home. And took them on tour of his opulent (3) mansion. In the back of the property, the Chairman has the largest swimming pool any of them has ever seen.

    The huge pool, however, was filled with hungry alligators, with lots of sharp nails and wires (4) in it.The Chairman said to his executives "I think an executive should be measured by courage (5). Courage is what made me Rich. So this is my challenge to each of you: if anyone has enough courage to dive into the pool, swim through those alligators, and make it to the other side, I will give that person anything they desire. My job, my money, my house, anything!

    "Everyone laughs at the outrageous (6) offer and proceeds to follow the Chairman on the tour of the estate. Suddenly (7), they hear a loud splash. Everyone turns around and sees the CFO (Chief Financial Officer) in the pool, swimming for his life. He dodges (8) the alligators left and right and makes it to the edge of the pool with seconds to spare. He pulls himself out just as a huge alligator snaps at his shoes. His shirt was torn, pant had a mark of alligator's tooth.

    The flabbergasted (9) Chairman approached the CFO and says, "You are amazing. I've never seen anything like it in my life. You are brave beyond measure and anything I own is yours. Tell me what I can do for you.The CFO, panting for breath, looks up and yelled (10), "leave everything...Just  tell me who the hell pushe d me in the pool!"

    Добавлено: 06.10.14

1 комментарий к статье Funny Story | Once a chairman was confused

  • Dumka62 3 года назад

    Добрый день. Почему в начале истории ChairmEn хотя речь идет об одном человеке? Можно предположить что так можно называть и одного человека, но тогда почему в конце ChairmAn? И почему это слово пишется то с большой, то с маленькой буквы?


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Tax Lawyer in Connecticut and New York

John helps businesses and individuals solve their most complex tax problems.  He takes the complex tax laws and translates them into solutions.

Individuals, Corporations, Partnerships and Businesses

He has over 20 years of helping individuals, corporations, partnerships and businesses resolve tax issues.  He's advised corporations both domestically and internationally.

Confusing tax
Tax Law CT

Minimize Estate, Gift, Income, Corporate, Partnership, Real Estate, Sales and Use, Federal, and State Taxes

John can help plan across the various potential  taxes imposed; estate, gift, income, corporate, partnership, real estate, sales and use, federal, and state.   He can ensure your income tax, estate planning and business interest all optimize taxes

He can help minimize Estate and Income taxes.  You should pay your fair share, but only in the amount required by law.

John has an advanced law degree (LLM) in Taxation and is also an accountant with over 20 years of tax experience.

Benjamin Franklin famously said, "Nothing is certain but death and taxes."   John aims to make him wrong about the tax part.

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Julie is an APA Titled Sports Physiotherapist with a post graduate diploma in Exercise and Sports Science.

The majority of Julie’s clinical experience was at The North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre in Sydney where she was based from 1989 until 2005. Julie developed a keen interest in ACL rehabilitation and developed several knee rehabilitation protocols.

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Julie has lectured on many courses including Level 1 and 2 Sports Physiotherapy courses, Masters of Sports Physiotherapy at Sydney Uni, and Knee and Ankle workshops, and conference presentations about working within Private Practice.

Since 2006 Julie has been the NSW State Manager for Health Networks Australia/Lifecare, overseeing the operation of physio practices in NSW, QLD and the ACT to help them be productive, successful and profitable businesses.


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Main content

  • Ready rolled puff pastry

  • Jar of tomato sauce

  • 4 slices of ham

  • 150g / 5oz grated cheese (Edam / Gouda / Gruyere or Emmenthal)

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In Florida, may a Trustee of a Trust be removed?

Section 736.0706 of Florida Statutes provides for the removal of a Florida trustee under certain circumstances.

Under this statutory section, the settler (the person setting up the trust), a co-trustee, or a beneficiary of the trust may request that the applicable probate court remove a trustee. In addition, a trustee may be removed by the court on the court's own initiative if the court learns of grounds for doing so.

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(a) The trustee has committed a serious breach of trust;

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(d) There has been a substantial change of circumstances or removal is requested by all of the qualified beneficiaries, the court finds that removal of the trustee best serves the interests of all of the beneficiaries and is not inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust, and a suitable co-trustee or successor trustee is available.

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Re: [PATCH] au1000_eth.c Power Management, driver registration and modul

To: Rodolfo Giometti <>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] au1000_eth.c Power Management, driver registration and module support
From: Sergei Shtylyov <>
Date: Wed, 31 May 2006 19:01:02 +0400
Cc:,, Linux-MIPS <>, Jordan Crouse <>
In-reply-to: <>
Organization: MontaVista Software Inc.
Original-recipient: rfc822;
References: <> <> <> <> <> <> <>
User-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux i686; rv:1.7.2) Gecko/20040803

Rodolfo Giometti wrote:

the new version of my patch for au1000_eth.c who should implement:

Also, as suggested by Sergei it:

* uses physical addresses and not KSEG1-based virtual anymore and
  claims/releases the 4-byte MAC enable registers:

   wwpc:~# cat /proc/iomem
   10500000-1050ffff : eth-base
   10520000-10520003 : eth-mac
* assigns to the Ethernet ports two consecutive MAC addresses:

   -            dev->dev_addr[4] += 0x10;
   +                            ((unsigned long) macen_addr);
   +            memcpy(ndev->dev_addr, au1000_mac_addr,
   +            ndev->dev_addr[5] += 0x01;

   Now that this is merged, Rodolfo's patch should probably preempt mine...
but it looks like something was lost during the transition: I failed to see
where SYS_PINFUNC register is actually read (the comment mentioning this was retained :-) to check whether Ethernet port 1 is enabled (its pins are shared w/GPIO)...

WBR, Sergei

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Linux - Newbie This Linux forum is for members that are new to Linux.
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Old 06-28-2003, 05:33 AM   #1
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Angry kppp terminal window does not come up

I am using Mandrake 8.1 and kppp to connect to the internet. However, kppp is not working. My modem works fine, and I connect ok.. but a terminal window does not pop up where I can enter my password and Id. I cannot find any option to "pop up terminal window on connect" or anything like that. i see that it is possible to create a chat script to supply information but this seems more complicated.. is this the way it is usually done?
any help is appreciated.. Thank you .
Old 06-28-2003, 06:33 AM   #2
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moved to correct forum, please try to pick them more carefully.
Old 06-28-2003, 07:06 AM   #3
Registered: Dec 2002
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when you start up kppp you are prompted for your username and password (before you dial in).

Does your internet connection function? As in does it connect, or do you get disconnected / does pppd return an error, is there an actual error message?

if you get a pppd error then because authorization could not take place, check the pppd options in the kppp setup, and add the noauth setting. You will need to be root to use kppp. If you recon that's the problem, let me know here and we'll help you (further).
Old 06-28-2003, 09:44 AM   #4
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thank you chakkerz!
I will try these suggestions right away.

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Linux Today: Linux News On Internet Time.

More on LinuxToday

Tip of the Day: Install Adobe Flash Player 10 in Debian

Oct 22, 2008, 13:31 (2 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Dan Craciun)

No-Size-Fits-All! An Application-Down Approach for Your Cloud Transformation

[ Thanks to Chris7mas for this link. ]

"To enable Flash Player 10 in Konqueror 3.5.9, go to Settings -> Configure Konqueror..., then click on the Plugins tab on the left. Hit the Scan for New Plugins button (click Save on the dialogue that appears)."

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Gubuntu--Google and Linux

Jun 22, 2007, 00:45 (11 Talkback[s])

No-Size-Fits-All! An Application-Down Approach for Your Cloud Transformation

"Gubuntu, Glinux or Ginux could all be worthy names if Google were to seriously consider entering the platform battle. A more united and professional Linux front headed by a behemoth such as Google could help Linux achieve a mainstream market.

"Dell's move to offer computers with linux instead of the standard windows configuration is indicatory of future trends. Dell has realized it needs to listen more carefuly to what consumers and business wants, instead of complying to the usual Microsoft platform hegemony..."

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Statutory Rules 2011

No 119 The Social Security Benefits Up-rating Order (NorthernIreland)2011

This Order, one of a series of statutory rules relating to the...

No 156 The Sex Discrimination Order 1976 (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2011

These Regulations amend the Sex Discrimination (Northern...

No 157 The Cross-Border mediation Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2011

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text:
Bravo l’artiste

John Lanchester

  • The Murdoch Archipelago by Bruce Page
    Simon and Schuster, 580 pp, £20.00, September 2003, ISBN 0 7432 3936 9
  • Rupert Murdoch: The Untold Story of the World’s Greatest Media Wizard by Neil Chenoweth
    Crown Business, 416 pp, US $27.50, December 2002, ISBN 0 609 61038 4
  • Autumn of the Moguls: My Misadventures with the Titans, Poseurs and Money Guys who Mastered and Messed up Big Media by Michael Wolff
    Flamingo, 381 pp, £18.99, January 2004, ISBN 0 00 717881 6

If we follow the logic of Fredric Jameson’s Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, we could say that Rupert Murdoch is not so much a man, or a cultural force, as a portrait of the modern world. He is the way we live now; he is the media magnate we deserve. It is almost impossible to say a single conclusive, summing-up thing about him. The range of his interests is so diverse as to defy summary, and almost to defy listing. We in Britain know about the Sun and the News of the World, the Times and the Sunday Times and the Times Educational, Higher Education and Literary Supplements; we know about HarperCollins, and hence about Jack Higgins, and about Fourth Estate, and hence about The Corrections; we know about the BSkyB network in Britain, about its role in pioneering multi-channel TV, and about its ownership of the rights to transmit Premier League football, which have just been diluted by the European Commissioner for competition, Mario Monti. (His requirement was that Sky sell eight games a season to other networks. Golly, what a fearsome sanction.) If we think about it for a moment we remember that he owns the Fox network in America, and 20th Century Fox the film studio, and Fox News the toxic right-wing news channel, the Star satellite network in Asia, and the LA Dodgers baseball team, and part of Ansett airlines until it went broke, and the US TV Guide. Some of us may be aware that he owns 70 per cent of Australia’s newspaper industry, and one of its main television channels. He is the unmoved mover behind The Simpsons, That 70s Show, Married with Children, Fight Club, The Full Monty, Ally McBeal, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, King of the Hill, Titanic. We can usually think of one or two of these at the same time, but the sheer extent of Murdoch’s businesses is so vast that it is hard to hold them in the mind simultaneously. When his wife Anna filed for divorce and was asked the extent of her husband’s assets, she said she didn’t know what his assets were. In his response, Murdoch was asked the same question, and gave the same answer. The strange thing is that he may have been telling the truth.

A very great deal has been written about Murdoch, most of it at some deep level boring because it is so much on one side or the other. William Shawcross surprised and disappointed many of his admirers by coming out as a big Murdoch fan in his 1992 biography. Bruce Page’s recent work, The Murdoch Archipelago, is as badly written as any book I have ever read, and is full of sentences which don’t mean quite what their author seems to think they do, but it does have a body of reflection and inside experience to make its bitter critique of Murdoch convincingly feelingful. Perhaps the most useful book is Neil Chenoweth’s Virtual Murdoch (2001), now revised and republished as Rupert Murdoch, which is jauntily written and has a great deal of financial information that must surely have been discomfiting for its subject. Nothing ever written about Murdoch, however, gives you the feeling that its author has got him, perhaps because there is so much – or so many – of him to get.

‘The thing about Rupert,’ someone who knows him once told me, ‘is that his barbarian routine is a complete act. In second-hand bookshops around Melbourne you can still find copies of his grandfather’s sermons. From an Australian point of view the Murdoch family are practically the Huxleys.’ This is true; or it is at least one of the truths about Murdoch. Type his surname into a search engine and the first hit will be Murdoch University in Western Australia, named in honour of his great-uncle Walter, a literary scholar with a particular interest in the question of the canon. Walter is also the only Murdoch to have an entry of his own in the Oxford Companion to Australian History. The family’s charitable and philanthropic work is extensive: Rupert’s mother was made Dame Elisabeth in recognition of her work for the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne. She is 94, and is often said to be the reason that Murdoch’s Australian papers, tabloids included, are markedly less feral than their British equivalents. There is no Page Three girl in Australia, not in Rupert’s papers.

Actually, I say ‘he’ owns things, but that needs some glossing. These assets of Murdoch’s are not really his, they belong to his company, News Corp. When I say ‘belong’, I mean that News Corp has a substantial interest in them, like the 35 per cent stake News Corp has in BSkyB, a stake which proved sufficient to have Murdoch’s 30-year-old college dropout son, James, appointed chief executive of the company, in the face of opposition from other shareholders. When I say News Corp is ‘his company’, I mean it’s a company of which he owns about 35 per cent, the exact amount varying from time to time as his shareholding goes up and down. When I say he ‘owns’ these shares, I mean that they belong to a company called Cruden Investments, which was the family vehicle to which Murdoch’s father, Sir Keith, left his assets, and which is in turn owned by something called the A.E. Harris Trust, a trust which is set up like other trusts, in that Murdoch can say when it suits him that he has no control over it, because it is run at arm’s length by lawyers and accountants, or that he has complete control over it, because he can appoint and dismiss the trustees. When speaking to the Federal Communications Commission in Washington, he has tended to stress his control of the trust, because this emphasises that his assets are – since he became an American citizen in 1985 – American-owned. At the same time, when speaking to the Securities and Exchange Commission in New York, Murdoch stresses that his company, News Corp, is Australian, and hence liable to different rules over accountancy standards (which are more flexible in Australia) and tax.

Tax. There’s a thing. Murdoch, or rather News Corp, doesn’t pay much of it. In the course of Neil Chenoweth’s investigations he found that News Corp’s tax bill declined from 30 cents in the dollar in 1984 to nine cents in the dollar in 1986, and stayed below ten cents in the dollar for the entire decade from 1989. The savings in the decade to 1997 were over a billion pounds’ worth of unpaid tax. This isn’t because News Corp gets some special tax rate; they pay tax at the same rate as every other company. Rather it’s because of the effort and ingenuity which goes into moving money between networks of trusts and offshore entities in order to minimise the company’s liability for tax. Between 1992 and 1997 News Corp declared profits of A$5.8 billion in Australia, under Australian accounting rules; profits of A$3 billion in the US, under SEC accounting rules; and paid tax consistent with having earned profits of A$1 billion. ‘In those six years alone the News Corp accountants had moved A$4.8 billion of income past the tax authorities in Britain, the United States and Australia.’ And then Chenoweth has found, looking at the accounts, that the company’s profits, declared in Australian dollars, were A$364,364,000 in 1987, A$464,464,000 in 1988, A$496,496,000 in 1989 and A$282,282,000 in 1990. The odds that such figures were a happy coincidence are 1,000,000,000,000 to one. That little grace note in the sums is accountant-speak for ‘Fuck you.’ Faced with this level of financial wizardry, all the ordinary taxpayer can do is cry ‘Bravo l’artiste!’

What this boils down to – and this is one of the most Postmodern things about Murdoch – is that he is in a sense not located anywhere. He was on British TV a few weeks ago, talking about the possibility that he might switch his support away from Labour, and particularly about the threat that the European Union posed to ‘our sovereignty’. I thought I had a full understanding of what the word ‘shameless’ implies, but it turns out that I don’t. This is the man who said ‘I am very proud and grateful to be sworn in as an American citizen’ 18 years ago, and who has not lived in London since the early 1970s. ‘Our’ sovereignty: amazing.

There was a time when more or less everybody, apart from the people who were paid by him or whom he was helping to stay in office, thought that Murdoch was a Bad Thing, pure and simple. That was during the early 1980s, when the Columbia Journalism Review described the New York Post under his ownership as a ‘force for evil’. His papers were unashamedly on the side of Mrs Thatcher, and did everything they could to get her elected and then to keep her in power. They were powerfully assisted in this by the fact that voters from the social class C2 were a. the key target in Tory plans to lure former Labour voters; b. heavily represented in certain constituencies, such as the famous Basildon; and c. keen readers of the Sun. On the day of the 1992 general election the Sun ran a headline saying: ‘IF KINNOCK WINS TODAY, WILL THE LAST PERSON TO LEAVE BRITAIN TURN OUT THE LIGHTS.’ After the result it ran another headline saying: ‘IT’S THE SUN WOT WON IT.’ That was a joke, but from the psephological point of view it was not as much of a joke as you might think. Following whatever deal it was Murdoch made with Tony Blair in 1995, when Blair flew out to Australia to address a conference of News Corp executives, the Sun now backs Labour, the party most of its readers have supported all along.

It would be fascinating to know the details of the deal between Blair and Murdoch. It would be interesting even to know the mode of the exchange: whether explicit, or a matter of nudges and winks, or a matter of mutual interests being taken for granted in the shared understanding of hommes d’affaires who know what they want from each other. Murdoch’s papers backed Labour in the two subsequent general elections, so that part of the arrangement seems clear enough. It’s what was promised in return that one wonders about. But we have glimpses. When Gavyn Davies submitted a report on the future of broadcasting in 1999, it had various anti-Murdoch provisions and recommendations, none of which made it into law. When the House of Lords added an amendment to a communications Bill, threatening to ban ‘predatory pricing’ or the attempt to drive competitors out of business by undercutting them – which is what the Times was then engaged in doing – the Government in the Commons threw it out. The Government prevented an attempt to block Murdoch from buying Channel Five. Blair called Romano Prodi, then Prime Minister of Italy, to discuss the possibility of Murdoch’s bidding for Mediaset, Silvio Berlusconi’s company. All of this is in contravention of everything the Labour Party spent twenty years saying it would do about Murdoch.

Apropos the price war, I know someone who sat next to Conrad Black at dinner while it was going on. The Telegraph was one of the price war’s principal targets. (‘Don’t worry about the Telegraph,’ Murdoch told Sir David English of Associated Newspapers in 1993. ‘Leave them to me. I’ll put them out of business for you.’) Knowing that Black knew Murdoch socially, my friend asked him if he had ever brought up the subject of the price war. Black shook his head. He said: ‘He could smell the fear.’

I’ve never written for a Murdoch paper. This was an issue of principle, once upon a time, but it’s now so long since anybody asked me that when I sat down to write this piece I had to struggle to remember why I had once felt so strongly. Other parts of the British press are as bad as anything published by Murdoch; the Sunday Times may not be a real newspaper, but the other Sundays have long since joined it. Murdoch may have lastingly coarsened British public life, but if he did, he did it so successfully that his enterprises no longer stand out in relief. Reading these books, I have remembered the reason: it was to do with the way he had supported Mrs Thatcher and, I felt, distorted the democratic process in the 1980s. Now, though, I think Murdoch’s support cuts both ways, and did so even at the time. Page gives an example, in his account of the Westland Affair. Mrs Thatcher, and especially her press secretary, Bernard Ingham, were so close to the Sun that the paper tended to run anything she wanted: ‘Ingham’s dominance of the lobby – gift of the Murdoch papers – was a weapon of tempting power, but dangerously visible in use.’ When the Cabinet was feuding over Westland, the Sun naturally backed her, and so when Patrick Mayhew, the Solicitor-General, told Michael Heseltine that his account of the rival bids might contain ‘material inaccuracies’, this confidential legal advice was immediately leaked to the Sun, whose sensitive and nuanced front-page account of the discussion was a banner headline: ‘you liar’. But Mayhew’s letter was a request for information. It was answered the same day, in a way which made it clear that no corrections to Heseltine’s letter were necessary – and this meant that the Sun had dropped Thatcher, who everybody knew was the ultimate source of the leak, in deep shit. In the Commons debate which followed the resulting row and Leon Brittan’s resignation, a competent performance by Neil Kinnock would have brought her down, and it would have been the Sun wot done it.

The first draft of this piece began with a passage meditating at complex and moving length on the fact that I had never written anything for any one of Murdoch’s many enterprises. But then I realised that it wasn’t true, since I contributed a piece to the anthology Mortification, edited by Robin Robertson, about writers’ public embarrassments. I agreed to contribute before the book found its publisher, which turned out to be Fourth Estate, prop. R. Murdoch. Oops. I suspect I’m not the only person to have been caught out, since another contributor was Julian Barnes, who once said that signing a copy of one of his books to Rupert – at the request of Murdoch’s then-wife Anna – was ‘the sentence I am most ashamed of having written’. As Auberon Waugh once said, when a campaign to place a plaque to Matthew Arnold in Westminster Abbey was cut short by a letter from the Dean informing him that there already was one, ‘I am still sure that there is a point to be made, even if I am no longer quite so sure what it is.’

Besides, there is now, whatever negative view one takes of Murdoch, one huge thing to throw in the scales on the other side of the question, and that is The Simpsons. In talking to students at Al Gore’s Columbia University media class, Murdoch charmed his listeners by referring to The Simpsons as ‘the best television programme ever made’. That is, on reflection, I think, true. It is also true that none of the existing American broadcast networks would have made a show that was perceived as being too abrasive and too anti-family for the audience and (more accurately) the advertisers. So no Murdoch, no Simpsons – and that, for anyone who thinks as highly of The Simpsons as I do, is a big point in his favour. He also gets credit for his own appearance on the programme, in the episode where Homer and his buddies go to the Super Bowl. ‘I’m billionaire tyrant Rupert Murdoch,’ said billionaire tyrant Rupert Murdoch.

Opinions differ as to the most egregious headline ever published by one of Murdoch’s papers. ‘GOTCHA!’, published on the first news of the sinking of the Belgrano, is hard to beat. Even Kelvin MacKenzie, the Sun’s carnivorous editor, had second thoughts about that one, and changed it in later editions to ‘DID 1200 ARGIES DROWN?’ ‘I wouldn’t have pulled it if I was you,’ Murdoch told MacKenzie, according to Peter Chippindale and Chris Horrie’s deathlessly great history of the Sun, Stick It Up Your Punter! ‘Seemed like a bloody good headline to me.’ So ‘gotcha!’ still probably wins the prize, though there is a groundswell of support for the New York Post’s ‘AXIS OF WEASEL’. As for the vilest thing ever done by one of the journalists on a Murdoch tabloid, that is too difficult a title to award with any confidence, not least because so many of these dark acts happen in darkness. For the moment, and provisionally, we can award the title to the Australian reporter on the Post, Steve Dunleavy, who donned a doctor’s coat and posed as a bereavement counsellor to interview the family of a man blinded by Berkowitz, the ‘Son of Sam’, in New York in 1977.

As for the contemporary Sun, I have to say that I find it indefensible. One of the good points in Page’s book is that he shows it was not always so. Murdoch created the Sun in 1969, after he’d bought the News of the World from the Carr organisation, defeating Robert Maxwell en route. The News of the World is a Sunday paper, so it was a point of elementary commercial logic to start a daily paper to accompany it, in order that the presses would not lie idle during the week. Larry Lamb, the Sun’s first editor, essentially stole the tabloid format of the Mirror, coarsened it slightly, and left out the would-be informative but muddling and tonally uncertain Mirrorscope. The result was that the Sun ate the Mirror’s lunch, and the ensuing switch in fortunes between the two papers was unprecedented in Fleet Street history. Lamb’s Sun was yobbish but not rabid in the way that the paper became under MacKenzie, and has remained: the instrument, and exemplar, of a kind of journalism in which it is impossible to tell the truth.

This is not to say that I don’t, like most people who have worked in newspapers, have a sneaking admiration for the craft in some of the Post and Sun’s headlines. One of my recent favourites was the one summarising the Government’s arguments over Saddam Hussein and wmd: ‘HE’S GOT ‘EM . . . LET’S GET HIM.’ (A more accurate summary of Government policy would have been ‘HE HASN’T GOT ‘EM . . . but let’S GET HIM ANYWAY.’) The technique involved isn’t to do with news, and it’s a mistake to see it as journalism – it’s more related to advertising, or to comedy. ‘FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER’, ‘HEADLESS BODY IN TOPLESS BAR’ – that isn’t journalism gone wrong, it’s a form of vaudeville. Or rather, it is journalism gone so wrong that it isn’t journalism any more.

Murdoch is, in person, charming. Everyone agrees. You get a glimpse of this in the account of working for him written by Philip Townsend, who was his butler in London during the 1980s. (Townsend had a dog who died, and whom he kept in Murdoch’s freezer.) When Murdoch made the switch to living more healthily – influenced by the fact that his father died at 67 – he did so by announcing to his butler: ‘Phil, I’m into yin and yang and all that shit.’ This charm is no small factor in his success, and comes across in many of the stories people tell about him, and in some of the things he says about himself. ‘I am sober after lunch, and in some parts of Fleet Street, that makes you a genius,’ he once said.

But there is a kind of flakiness too. The all-over-the-globe nature of the News Corp empire seems to be paralleled by a personal all-over-the-placeness in Murdoch. He has short-term goals but no master-plan. His two main insights – that news was gradually giving place to entertainment, and that a modern media company needed to be global in its reach – occurred to him in the 1960s. He has been faithful to those notions and they have served him well, but they are about as broad and vague as a strategy for a business can possibly be. A big company is, among other things, a portrait of its creators, and when that creator is one person, the company is a kind of character-sketch of its principal. Take the case of two of the world’s richest men, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates. Buffett’s investment vehicle, Berkshire Hathaway, is a portrait of Middle American Main Street: his holdings are in American Express, Coke, Dairy Queen, Disney. His philosophy is to ‘put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch the basket,’ and his ambition is to be quantifiably the most successful investor of all time. There is a recognisable consistency of approach and worldview in his career. Gates’s monomaniac focus and obsessive determination to win – to see the world in terms of winning – are indelibly stamped on Microsoft. Gates is not just in Microsoft’s dna: he is Microsoft’s dna. When we turn to Murdoch, however, there is no equivalent focus or consistency. If News Corp is a portrait, it is a picture of someone with an attention deficit disorder; a man who needs to be in constant motion, who can’t be in one place. Murdoch’s transnational existence, and the transnational status of his company, combined with the apparent insatiability of his appetites for movement and corporate acquisitions, for more and bigger deals, for more and bigger bets, makes News Corp close to being a company with no ‘there’ there.

From Woodrow Wyatt’s journals for 1986, quoted in The Murdoch Archipelago:

Wednesday 1 October. A message to speak to Downing Street urgently. The Prime Minister wanted me to know before the official announcement . . . that Duke Hussey was to be the new chairman [of the BBC] . . . I was shattered.

Wyatt’s worry was that Murdoch had recommended Hussey, an establishment dud, to get rid of him from Times newspapers. It was Hussey, Page argues, whose management of the Times and Sunday Times had put them into the position where Murdoch was able to take them over. But Wyatt’s anxieties on that score were eased by a phone call:

Rupert rings in a great state: ‘Has she gone mad? What a disastrous appointment. He was quite useless here and the only thing he was fit for was to run things like Hampton Court entertainment . . . They will make rings round him. The BBC Mafia must be absolutely delighted.’

Still troubled, Wyatt brings the subject up with Thatcher herself:

When I told her that the Duke Hussey appointment was a bad one, disastrous like the two previous ones, she said: ‘I wouldn’t have done it if I didn’t have such a strong recommendation from Rupert.’ I was amazed and said: ‘But he rang me up asking whether you’d gone mad.’

‘Good Lord,’ she said. ‘Well, he told me he was a very strong man, what had happened at the Times was not his fault . . . Otherwise I wouldn’t have made the appointment.’

So Wyatt gets back to Murdoch:

I tackle him about his having recommended Duke Hussey. Strange. He denies it, says he didn’t mention his name . . . I said: ‘Are you sure you didn’t say anything about Duke Hussey?’ He seemed evasive and giggled a bit. I said: ‘Why did she get the strong impression that you did?’ He says he doesn’t know. I think she is telling the truth and not Rupert.

This episode, we can agree, adds a new chapter to the annals of bizarrerie. Page thinks that ‘the giggle, perhaps, is a rare manifestation of Murdoch’s inner amazement "at the suggestibility of politicians’. And it might be to do with sheer flakiness too. From Chenoweth:

Among the crop of wild rumours and far-fetched tales that swirled around Rupert Murdoch in the American summer of 1996, the wildest and most far-fetched was the story that Murdoch did not really exist. He had died years ago, the yarn went, sometime during the 1990 debt crisis. Since then the chief executive’s role at News Corporation had been played by half a dozen Murdoch lookalikes. This was the reason for the contradictory strategy moves coming out of News Corp in the last ” 12 months.

It is this flakiness and suggestibility which has helped prevent Murdoch from being more of a force for harm. Added to it is the fact that, almost without exception, he puts his political interests to work to serve his business interests, and not the reverse. He could be Dr Evil if he wanted, but he doesn’t, because it would get in the way of business. The paradoxical proof of this comes in his actions in China, which are in one sense as despicable as anything he has ever done, and in another oddly comforting, since they prove as much as anything can that he is motivated not by ideology but by a simple need to keep doing business, and keep making ever bigger deals. The irony is that the events in China, which showed Murdoch finally abandoning any claim to the anti-establishment, anti-authoritarian, muckraking pose he has for many years struck at every opportunity, were prompted by one of the few openly political speeches he has ever made. New telecommunications technology, Murdoch told an audience at Banqueting House in 1993, has ‘proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere’. Murdoch’s speech was reported all over the world. A month later the Chinese Government banned all satellite dishes in China, inconveniently for the man who had just spent $825 million in Hong Kong to buy the satellite channel Star TV. The Chinese Government knows how to make a supplicant eat shit, and in the years to come Murdoch was to pay Deng Xiaoping’s daughter a substantial advance for a biography of her dad, back out of publishing Chris Patten’s book East and West, ban the BBC World Service from the Star satellite, and slag off the Dalai Lama as ‘a monk in Gucci shoes’, as part of his strategy of appeasement. The Chinese Government enjoyed it, too. When Murdoch finally secured a meeting with Zhu Rongji, then one of the country’s Vice-Presidents, in 1998, Zhu switched from talking via the interpreter to ask Murdoch a question in English.

He had heard, Zhu said, that Murdoch had taken out US citizenship when he wanted to operate a television network in America. Would he consider taking out Chinese citizenship to further his interests in China? Murdoch was clearly taken aback. Zhu watched his reaction for a moment, then turned to his entourage and repeated his question in Chinese – to general mirth.

You almost feel sorry for him.

So what does drive Murdoch, if it isn’t ideology? The answer seems to lie in his love of crises, of the point when everything seems about to be lost. The best-known instance, thanks to the bravura account in Shawcross’s biography, is the episode in 1990 when News Corp was facing a debt crisis, and Murdoch spent months flying between meetings – over a hundred of them – to engineer a ‘rescheduling’ of the debt. If a single one of the 146 lenders to News Corp had said no, the company would have gone into liquidation; and on 6 December, one of them nearly did. The Pittsburgh National Bank refused to ‘roll over’, i.e. extend, its loan of A$10 million, and for some hours it seemed likely that Murdoch’s company would collapse. He got out of it, though, as he always does.

Perhaps a better example of how Murdoch chooses to live and do business comes in the events which led up to the great credit crunch of 1990. These began in Murdoch’s American acquisition spree of the middle 1980s. He bought the 20th Century Fox network in the US in 1985, the Metromedia chain of television stations the same year, and then in 1986 launched Fox, the first national TV network since 1959. He didn’t have the money to pay for all of this, so he raised it by revaluing his company under Australian accounting rules, raising its worth from $166 million to $1.6 billion, and accordingly raising its ability to borrow money; then he borrowed some money from junk bond king Michael Milken, under a very badly designed deal which meant that he had to pay out more money the more News Corp’s share price went up; then he moved his British newspapers to Wapping, saving £150 million a year in operating costs, so that he could afford it. He spent the next five years coping with the consequences of his deal with Milken, which had become extraordinarily expensive thanks to the fact that the move to Wapping made News Corp’s share price shoot up; in the process he took over most of the Australian newspaper industry, as part of a set of rococo debt-shifting manoeuvres brilliantly unpicked by Neil Chenoweth. Then in 1988 he amalgamated Harper and Row with William Collins to form HarperCollins, and launched the Sky network.

This would count as a mad binge, if it had not kept on going – and is going on still, with the most recent focus of obsession being Murdoch’s attempts to buy a share of the DirecTV satellite station in the US. At the time of writing, he has just managed to do so, at a cost of $6.6 billion. Any one of these deals – bets, really – could have ended with News Corp’s going under. An addiction to gambling is usually seen as being au fond an addiction to losing. With Murdoch it clearly isn’t like that: it’s as if he needs the stimulus of exposure to risk to stay fully present. His attention is always seeking to wander off: it’s only in a crisis that he feels he is where he wants to be. There is no other tycoon who has made such a career of betting his company. ‘Rupert Murdoch is probably at his best when he is cornered or when he does have great adversity going against him,’ Barry Diller, who set up the Fox network for him, said. ‘And maybe it’s his moment of greatest pleasure.’ Perhaps that pleasure, that buzz, is what in the end Murdoch is after. He is that strange thing, a sensualist of crisis.

Murdoch-watchers are officially supposed to be consumed with interest in the question of what will happen to News Corp when he dies. (If you think he’s going to retire, I have a bridge I would like to sell you.) This is taken to mean, which of his children will inherit the top job: hard-working Elisabeth, who has spent more professional time outside the company than the other contenders; earnest, likeable, good-looking Lachlan; relaxed, good-looking, likeable James. Then there is the Wendi Deng factor: the children from Murdoch’s third marriage are likely to inherit the 10 per cent share of News Corp which currently belongs to Dame Elisabeth. The argument over shares and inheritance was said to be the main bone of contention in Rupert’s divorce from Anna. All in all, we’re in good Balzac territory here.

But I don’t think this will play out in quite the soap-operatic way some people seem to think. Corporate fashions go in cycles, and the wave of ‘consolidation’ and mega-mergers which has dominated the media industry for some time is likely, if history is any guide, to be followed by an equally manic period of deconsolidation, fragmentation and break-up. As Michael Wolff argues in his brash Autumn of the Moguls, the media business is full of marriages and alliances which, from an economic point of view, don’t make any sense. There is a gradual, terrible realisation that ‘synergy’, the buzz-word behind the great consolidation, while useful as a slogan, mantra and battle-cry, has the unfortunate defect of not meaning anything. When the first of the great unwieldy conglomerates – AOL Time Warner, perhaps – begins to fracture, others will start to follow, as markets realise that these businesses are not, after all, worth more than the sum of their parts.[*] The likelihood is that after Murdoch’s death, News Corp will travel down this route. After all, the only coherence News Corp has is as an image of Murdoch, a pointillist portrait made up not of ink-dots but of entire companies. Or, to put it differently, News Corp is his biography: when one story ends, so does the other. The contenders for the throne will, if the other shareholders let them, end up presiding over different bits of what used to be one big mad conglomerate.

In the 1980s, people like me thought that Murdoch was Dr Evil. It turns out that he isn’t, not because the man whose papers now support Labour is in secret a cuddly social democrat – a glimpse at the Post or the Sun or Fox News will take care of that fantasy; or because the man whose employment policies in the 1960s in Australia were memorably summed up as ‘no blacks, no poofters, no suede shoes’ now has black grandchildren, a Chinese wife and two mixed-race daughters; or because on one big, crucial question facing the future of Britain, that of the euro and the EU’s democratic deficit, he is, for once, on what seems to me to be the right side. (Murdoch’s opinions on that subject probably owe something to the fact that he has so little leverage in EU politics, and fears what its unamenable, unindebted regulators could do to him: Mario Monti’s gesture over Premier League broadcasting rights were a sneak preview of what, in a more fully unified Europe, might be to come.) The real reason Murdoch isn’t Dr Evil is because being Dr Evil would get in the way of business. As Wolff puts it, ‘who doesn’t believe that, if his politics ceased to serve his strategy, his politics would change?’ He needs to be on the winning side, and needs to be able to change sides at will to keep it that way. This is the main reason why, in words of Chris Patten’s that express a deep weight of personal experience, ‘his help is only available when you don’t need it.’

Murdoch’s power and success come from his complete understanding of the modern Western world’s first commandment: thou shalt give people what they want. ‘There’s been nothing in Rupert’s papers to make you say: "Now that’s a new idea,”’ Cecil King observed twenty years ago. ‘There’s never a new idea. What his papers are about is going further, being louder and more vulgar.’ That philosophy, or strategy, has remained true. There is a circularity: Murdoch takes what we want, and gives it back to us in a coarser version – and we find that we prefer it that way. His basic approach, which he pioneered with the Sun and shows no signs of abandoning, is to take an existing form and make it slightly more violent, slightly more pornographic, slightly more envious. We lap it up. News Corp defeats its competitors because it is better at second-guessing the public. The really depressing thing isn’t that in the Postmodern, Late Capitalist world, we don’t just have the billionaire media tycoon we deserve; we have the media tycoon that we want.

[*] You could argue that Vivendi is the first of the conglomerates to self-deconstruct – but that company’s transformation from being the super-safe, super-dull utilities business Compagnie Générale des Eaux to the all-rapping, all-boogying, all-fucked-up media conglomerate Vivendi was so recent, so goofy and so clearly doomed to fail that it probably doesn’t count. This is how Woolf describes Jean-Marie Messier, the man who created this paradigmatic disaster, shortly after he moved to New York and shortly before he was sacked:

‘There was, languorously moving up Madison Avenue, a small man, with a coat cast cape-like over his shoulders and the most pleased-with-himself expression I have ever seen on an adult … He occupied a wide swathe of the sidewalk, with a strut to the left and then a strut to the right, nodding and smiling, or rather bestowing blessings, on passers-by, who gave him a wide and incredulous berth. He seemed to see himself as some combination of Pope and maestro – his idea, I suppose, of an American mogul … I do not think he would have considered spontaneous applause to be out of order.’


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The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences

Designing oral presentations

In order to effectively communicate your science through an oral presentation, you need to be able to design that presentation so that both you and your listeners can easily follow along. No one likes sitting through a Powerpoint presentation filled with words on every slide and a presenter who is just reading off of them! Here are some resources to better help you design thoughtful and engaging oral presentations.

Campus resources:

Online resources:

  • Ask for feedback regarding your strengths and weaknesses after giving any presentation
  • When watching others give presentations, take note of what they do well and don't do well to incorporate what you learn into your presentations


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Latest Forum Posts:

My Life's Lost Love

Loss and sorrow
Benighted bed

Beneath my head

My life’s lost love

Pulled from my grasp

With sorrowful gasp

My life’s lost love

Away you go

As my tears fall so

My life’s lost love

Ne’er ending sorrow

No sun tomorrow

My life’s lost love

My breaking heart

And poisoned dart

My life’s lost love

I sleep to die

And wake to cry

My life’s lost love
I cry!
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Cheering Bella

Dreams can be fulfilling
My name is Bella and I am not happy. I thought my senior year of high school would be great. Isn't this supposed to be the time when you're both on top of your own little world, but also excited about entering a new frontier next year? But still, I am not happy. Or should I say that I am not satisfied.

My situation is not one that provokes much sympathy. I know it may sound like bragging but I happen to be rich, hot, and smart. First, the brains; I am in the top 10 in my class and my school is one of the tops in the state. I plan to become a doctor, and what a sexy doctor I will be.

I am half Asian and half Latina, with silky black hair that is an inheritance from my Asian father and Latina mother. It is not the perfect straight hair of full Asian women, but it has wave and body. I am 5' 5" with rich coffee colored skin and what I would call an athletic-trim body. I wish my breasts were bigger; they're nice B cups but my nipples are large, dark and responsive.

In the summer when I tan, I really like the way the tan lines create a contrast between my lighter colored breasts and dark nipples. Most people would say, or at least I gather by their stares that my ass and legs are my best feature. I am not really tall, but my legs are long for my size and they are nicely shaped, not skinny stick legs.

I know I sound like a bitch, but I am a hot Asian chick. I know because I am captain of the cheerleading squad and I can see the effect I have on the boys and school, and their father when I do my routines. Do they really think I am unaware of their lust-clouded ogling or the jokes and fantasies they nervously share with each other?

Most people think I am a bitch because they see me as just tits and ass, but when they find out I have a brain and thoughts of my own, and dare to express my opinions, then they call me a bitch. Well this bitch can fuck your boyfriend anytime I want, but I haven't, so back off.

I am not a virgin. I've had boyfriends, but they never last. See the reason above. Most of them have been jocks, with not much to offer but rock-hard abs and what is hanging between their legs. I enjoy them, and let them enjoy me, but I can't talk to them and they don't want to listen to me. So after I have scratched my itch and before they call me bitch, I find a way to end it.

I don't seek out jocks, but they are the only ones with the confidence to approach me and I am actually too shy to approach any of the boys that I might really like. There is one boy I think about a lot, Matt. He is geeky cute, with curly black hair and a shy smile that is so rare, but on the occasions when I see it, it brings a warm tingle between my legs. Sometimes in class I find myself staring at him and sliding my finger up my short cheer skirt.

He is tall and slender, about 6', but by no means the tallest boy in school. He doesn't have the body of the jocks I have dated, but he has that skinny boy body with long, smooth muscles, but alas no six-pack abs. Unlike the jocks and most of the boys in school, he has a full chest of hair, which gives him an air of erotic maturity. I have dated mostly smoothies, but during gym class I have watched him when he is on "skins" and goes shirtless.

Last week I was watching Matt during one of these times. I imagined what it would feel like to nuzzle my face into his chest. What would it feel like to kiss and lick that hairy chest? I imagined nipping at his nipples, peaking out from the rich, dark hair and circling them with my tongue. I was flushing when I thought about how my nipples would feel crushed against his chest. Would it tickle? I didn't know but I was mad to find out.

Lost in my fantasy and not helped by the cool air of the gym I noticed that my nipples were growing hard underneath my thin gym t-shirt. Even worse I was getting so wet I feared I might be staining my shorts. I also became aware that several of the boys had noticed my high beams and were giggling nervously. I glanced at Matt, but the way he turned and the expression on his face left me uncertain if he saw, but there was just enough of a smile on his face that my juices were starting to flow. I excused myself to the restroom.

Once inside, I went to one of the stall and pulled down my shorts and panties. The panties were soaked, but I didn't care about that right now. I slid my finger into my slit and was instantly soaked in the flood. My clit was hard and aching and I had to relieve it. I pinched it slightly and with my other hand grabbed a nipple. I bit my lip to keep from moaning and pushed my finger fully inside my warm, wet hole. I took my shorts and panties all the way off and raised my legs onto the sides of the stall (cheerleader trick) and leaned back with the plumbing awkwardly against my spine, but all my focus was between my legs. I didn't know how much time I would have before the teacher, Miss Lamm, would come to check on me, so I worked my pussy into a rapid lather until my orgasm arrived in long, surging waves. When I left the stall, my face was so flushed I had to hold a towel soaked in cool water against my face.

Later that night, I went to bed trying to decipher if Matt had seen my nipples and what he might think about it. Would he ever talk to me? Would I ever have the nerve to talk to him? I played out imaginary scenarios and conversations in my head and eventually drifted off to sleep. My dream started innocently enough. I was jogging my usual route. I enjoyed the pulsing of my body and the exertion of the run. I also enjoyed the looks I got. As in most dreams the familiar was mixed with the odd. In this case, I was running not in my usual gear but my cheerleading outfit. The tiny skirt just barely covered by firm round ass, but with each stride it bounced up to reveal the ripe globes of my eighteen year old culo and I wasn't wearing panties.

As I ran I became aware that someone was running behind me. Relief and desire quickly replaced my initial shock of fright when I realized that it was Matt chasing my tail in my dream. I could see his long, lithe strides gaining on me. As he gained on my, his clothes seemed to melt away, revealing his chest glistening with sweat and a long glorious cock surging towards me.

I found out later that the real version was not a big as my dream-enhanced version (he was long and medium thick, not as big as some of the jocks I had been with). But in my dream his cock seemed as big as my arm with bulging head I could barely wrap my fingers around.

I felt my pussy come alive inside me, my lips quivering to devour his manhood. I imagined tentacles sprouting from my mound and snaking towards him but when I looked down all I could see was my usual, neatly shaved trim that was dripping my sex down the dark skin of my legs.

Suddenly my skirt and top were gone, when it magically melted like his clothes or if he ripped it off of me isn't clear. The change in my dream attire slowed my pace and Matt closed on me. I felt his rippling manhood slap against my tush, sending a pulse of pleasure through my body.

The contact jolted me to greater speed, not out of fear, but for the thrill of being caught again. He quickly closed the gap and ran in step behind me, with his cock slapping my ass or, even better sliding under my cheeks to tease my throbbing vulva. Physically this was impossible, but it worked inside the fantastic mechanics of my dream and we settled into rhythm where he entered me fully as I slowed down and pulled out as I sped up. Running and fucking, fucking and running, we went for miles.

We crossed a stream and I fell, with him coming down on top of me. I finally felt the crush of his hairy chest on my nipples and thrilled with the sensation. I had little time to enjoy that though before he entered me in a long, smooth stroked. I pulled him to me and drew his lips to mine. I wrapped my legs around him and dug my heels into his back, holding his throbbing passion deep inside me.

From this position I used my heels to urge him forward and he resumed his long strokes of my pussy with his engorged staff. Squeezing my legs and digging my heels I controlled the speed of his mounting. I kept my arms locked around his neck to hold his chest against my nipples enjoying the friction his hairy chest generated on my belly and my breasts. My nipples ached with the stimulation, creating a feedback loop of tingling pleasure from my tits to my twat and back again.

I could sense him quickening and felt a surge as his shaft enlarged even more inside me. I kept my legs and heels wrapped around him but I let him have his pace. I could feel my orgasm building, like rising water behind the dam. Except what was creating and holding back this flood was the large, young cock pounding on my walls. I felt myself starting to crumble when he lifted his hand under my ass and lifted me further onto his cock, driving deeper than I could imagine. When he had me in position, he slipped a finger in my ass and finally we both exploded together.

I woke up to find myself naked, sweating and my sheets soaked from a very real orgasm from only the dream of fulfilment. I had no way to expect that the reality would live up to the fantasy, but now I was resolved to breach the gap and find out.

This story is protected by International Copyright Law, by the author, all rights reserved. If found posted anywhere other than with this note attached, it has been posted without my permission.

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9to5Mac has the "news," but the Macalope must warn you: It might be too horrible to behold.

"KGI: 5.5-inch iPhone 6 likely to be delayed until after October, possibly until 2015"

NOOOOOOOOOOOO. But ... but ... the Macalope needs his iPhablet now! Because the screen's bigger! Well, perhaps he'll just switch to Android if Apple can't bring rumored products to market when they're rumored to be coming to market!

And then he'll wade into the ocean and never return. That sounds about right.

So, delayed according to who?

KGI Securities analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, who has provided accurate Apple product information in the past (timing aside) ...

Oh, well, Kuo is usually right except for issues of timing, so we should totally take this timing-related rumor at face value. The important thing to do is not to question how a device that hasn't been announced yet could be delayed. No, it's to identify winners and losers, of course: Apple = loser, Samsung = winner.

"Delay Of Large iPhone Is The Best Possible News For Samsung" (no link for repeat crimes against humanity).

That's Jim Edwards keeping score over at Business Insider, where it's always "Competitors: 1 million, Apple: nil."

Apple was poised to deliver a killer blow to Samsung. But now it seems Samsung has gotten a reprieve.

Because that rumored phone? Rumored to come later. Also, Fleetwood Mac's most popular album? Still "Rumors." #rumors

Business Insider's Jay Yarow lauded Kuo's mad predictamatory skillz last year, saying he "nailed it":

Aug. 10: He says Apple will have a scratch resistant sapphire home button with a fingerprint scanner. Correct! (Unfortunately, he also said he thought the button would be made convex instead of concave. Incorrect!)

Aug. 15: A gold iPhone. Correct! (He also said there would be a 128 GB model. Incorrect!) ...

Aug. 16: Apple will kill the iPhone 5, replacing it with the iPhone 5C, and it will keep the iPhone 4S. Correct! (He said the iPhone 5C would sell for $400-$500. Incorrect!)

Nailed, uh, certain parts of it!

This, of course, being after Kuo said in March of 2013:

"We expect Apple will introduce its new iPhones and iOS7 in June, and start shipping the new iPhones (5S and low-cost model) in the FDD version in July," KGI Securities analyst Ming Chi Kuo said in an investor note.

Screwing up Apple rumors, however, means never having to say you're sorry. Because you were never wrong. It was Apple that was wrong. The company must have changed the date after the rumor came out. It's very spiteful. It ... hey, where are you going?


text:
HP Coupon Codes 2018

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HP has as its aim to continuously innovate and engineer exciting new products and technology solutions which can improve your life and help you do what you need to do. As well as offering great discounts, such as HP laptop deals, and highly rated products, sustainability is also at the heart of HP's agenda. They even aim to cause zero deforestation as a result of their paper-based items and packaging by 2020.
HP coupon codes & promo codes
On the HP website, where you can also use HP coupon codes and HP promo codes, you can browse laptops, tablets, desktops, printers, ink, toner, displays, accessories and even solutions for your business. If you'd prefer to look at printers or computers in the flesh, HP is stocked by all major electronics stores nationwide – just don't forget to print out your HP discount code.

Discounts at HP

HP offers regular bargain coupons on its products – for instance, one of the great HP laptop deals recently was 25% off a spend of $599 or more, and another bargain gave you a $10 saving when you bought $60 of accessories or smaller products, such as printer paper.
If you're a student between k-12 and college age, a homeschool student or a teacher, you can also see big savings at HP by signing up to HP Academy online. This will give you a HP student discount of up to 30% across most products, as well as personalized help with choosing the right products for your studies and lifestyle. You can get a customized solution online or by speaking to one of their HP Academy Advisors on the phone.
Another great way to save money when using HP products is to look out for HP ink coupons. You can sometimes get 50% off HP's instant ink program, with one month free. As ink can be quite an expensive part of keeping your printer in working order, it's worthwhile using the latest HP ink codes to get it as cheaply as possible.
When you need to buy a new laptop, printer or even office supplies, our selection of the best HP coupons will mean fantastic deals for you and your family, allowing you to keep making savings and get the best out of coupon codes and promotion codes available.

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While these coupon codes are not for HP you may find some amazing offers below that help you save money when you're shopping online.

Store Spotlight

GNC has roots dating back to 1935, when it began life as a small Pittsburgh health food store known as Lackzoom. Today, GNC has over 6,000 locations a ... read more.


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A la venta - Oconomowoc Lake, WI, United States - $3.499.000

    Oconomowoc Lake, WI, 53066 - United States

    4545 Hewitts Point Rd

    Vivienda Unifamiliar

    • 5
    • 5
      Baños (4 Completos, 2 Parcial)
    • 0
      Hectáreas de lote

    This iconic 1916 Mediterranean Villa awaits the next chapter in its rich story! Set on 3.7 acres with 369 ft. of Oconomowoc Lake frontage, this 12,212 sq. ft. home features a Spanish tile indoor pool that simply must be seen as well as spectacular views from nearly every room! The master suite features its own sunroom. There is also a 2 bedroom guest house and garage space for over a dozen vehicles. Signature arched entries and ceilings, many relaxing porches, black-and-white marble tile, hardwoods and four fireplaces set a classic and inviting tone for this home.

    MLS ID: 1488330

    Coldwell Banker Elite
    Jon Spheeris

    En el área


text:
For sale - York, United States - $10,000,000

York, 17019 - United States

53 Water Street

Lot / Land

  • 4
  • 3.5
    Bathrooms (3 full, 1 partial)
  • 5,231
    sq ft (282.6 acre lot)

This extraordinary estate comprises five continuous parcels of verdant land to include two farms and two additional homes. Built in 1900, the Colonial-style main house offers 5,231 square feet of living space over three levels. Accommodations within include four bedrooms and three full and one half bathrooms. Currently zoned for agricultural use, the property offers endless potential. Its 282.6 acres include 400 feet of pond frontage and proximity to Rt. 15. Well onsite.

Listing date: 03/17/2017

MLS ID: 1703171219189263

Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc.
Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc.

In the Area


text:
For sale - Ross, CA, United States - $18,500,000

Ross, CA, 94957 - United States

2 De Witt Drive

Single family home

  • 6
  • 11
    Bathrooms (10 full, 2 partial)
  • 8,660
    sq ft

A rare offering for an incredible grand Ross estate set on nearly 2 flat acres in the heart of town.

Resort like gated entry leads down the motor court to the main residence (7,668 square feet) with 6 bedrooms and 8 baths along with an extraordinary great room for entertaining.

Amazing grounds with vast lawn areas, private tennis court, pool, bocce court, 4 car garage, pool cabana (410 square feet) with full bath, sauna, bar, and a separate tennis cabana/guest quarters (582 square feet). Well water irrigates the extensive landscaping.

The tennis cabana features a full bath with shower, a beautiful fireplace and an adjacent outdoor barbeque center. This cabana can also be used as guest quarters. Newly refinished tennis court features a viewing promenade.

The spacious pool has a separate spa and outdoor dining area with built-in BBQ grill, refrigerator, and stove. Pool Cabana includes bar, sink, refrigerator with ice maker and warming stove and also a full bath with shower, and sauna.

The large kitchen is extensively appointed with:
- Viking 6 burner stove with built-in grill and two ovens
- Viking 4 burner cook top with built-in griddle
- Viking single oven
- Miele deep fryer and 2 burner warmer
- Viking bread warmer
- Large sized refrigerator
- Viking under-counter beverage refrigerator
- Viking under-counter commercial ice maker
- 4 sinks
- Fisher Paykel dishwasher

The great room is approximately 1,240 square feet with 15' ceilings and includes a large fireplace, built-in bar with sink, refrigerator, and Viking commercial ice-maker. Perfect for large gatherings.

Two half baths are located on the ground level.

Master bedroom suite is located on the ground level and opens to the spacious grounds. A large sitting room features a fireplace. Very large bathroom with steam shower and in-ground tiled spa with fireplace. Separate closet/dressing room is complete with extensive cabinetry throughout.

Four bedrooms are located upstairs each with a private full bath. A large storage room is also available on this floor.

Formal dining room with wet bar and adjacent wine storage bar with and two under counter beverage refrigerators.

The housekeeping quarters are located off the kitchen and features a bedroom, full bath and laundry facility.

Shown by appointment to qualified buyers.

Listing date: 10/16/2017

MLS ID: not on mls

Golden Gate Sotheby's International Realty
Mark Millstein

In the Area


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Maple Leaf Photo and GIF Booth | LA | NY | San Francisco | Las Vegas

How does it work?

Your guests tap the screen to start a session, and the photo booth takes a series of photos while prompting the user on the screen.

Your photos, GIFs, or videos are branded and automatically uploaded to the web.

The world sees. Your guests are offered a branded print, and are prompted to walk over to our iPad-based social media kiosks where they can view, email, text, share to social media, or even queue up another print.

What are the perks?

A minimal footprint and sleek design ensure that our photo booth will fit into almost any space and blend in seamlessly with event decor. Our photo booth houses the printer inside the kiosk which is rare for American photo booths, where normally printers are an afterthought connected externally.

Our photo booth is equipped with a high resolution DSLR camera and a professional flash unit situated 6 inches above the camera, which gives users flattering jaw lines. Our photo booths are also equipped with 1 or 2 cellular hotspots, ensuring internet access in almost any situation. A full suite of social media analytics and data capture capabilities complement this modernized photo booth.

Our flexible platform allows for full customization of the user experience, from the branding of the touch screen interface, to the hardware itself. We can tailor every facet of the experience to fit your needs.

an animated gif taken by Maple Leaf Photo Booth rentals in New York City
a photo booth photo at a beverly hills bar mitzvah at the four seasons
a photo of a lady holding a bedazzled photo booth prop at the Emmys. Photo taken by Maple Leaf Photo Booth rentals in San Francisco
Film strip print layouts taken in a green screen photo booth at the 2016 and Holiday party in Westlake Village, Los Angeles, CA
a photo booth photo with a custom set for a bat mitzvah in Orange County

The Unit


text:
‘Brands should favour “gritty” marketers over entrepreneurial’

CMOs looking to hire the most effective, high performing teams should look for “gritty” marketers that make the most of their ability through hard work.

An analysis of top performers across 100 brands by global networking firm The Corporate Executive Board (CEB) finds that so-called “focusers” – those that persevere despite setbacks, prefer depth of focus over breadth and think through issues thoroughly – are the “truly stand-out performers and offer an advantage over all other marketing profiles”.

It adds the strategy of searching for “digitally savvy, data-driven and entrepreneurial” marketers isn’t necessarily the right approach.

The study also found that 66% of CMOs surveyed feel that they have missed “many of most major opportunities” in the past two years because they responded slowly to fast changing consumer needs and interests.

The CEB is a research and advisory organisation that works with CMOs and global marketing bosses from the FTSE 100 and Fortune 500.

It analysed of 570 marketers across 100 brands, 34 companies and 15 industries.

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