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A Macabre Medley of Medical Ministrations

A Macabre Medley of Medical Ministrations

As a special halloween treat, or perhaps trick, I thought we would look at a macabre medley of medical ministrations! Some of the gory ancient medical treatments in the search for good health!

First up, mind your brain…

A Macabre Medley of Medical Ministrations
crankshaft for trepanation from St Lizier apothecary

There is centuries of evidence of our ancestors boring into skulls (trepanation).

Many theories abound as to why this was done. While some consider a ritualistic cause the general belief is medical intervention.

Seems likely this was for pain relief perhaps following trauma. A release of pressure from headaches and other neurological conditions such as epileptic convulsions.

Creepy crawly blood suckers …

Any Outlander fans, of books or TV series, may remember Jamie Fraser bloodied and battered, after taking punishment for Laoghaire at Castle Leoch. Mrs Fitz brought leeches for reducing swelling. She pointed out to Claire they were of no use after the bruising has set.

Although the above is a fictional account, leeches were used. Most commonly utilised in cleaning wounds to avoid infection.

Oil of what for sciatica ??

A Macabre Medley of Medical Ministrations
old oil jars from St Lizier apothecary

I learnt of one ancient treatment, which I found particularly horrific, at the apothecary of St Lizier.

This treatment, utilised to treat sciatica, contained dog oil and 500 g of worms marinated in hot oil.

The dog oil recipe contained four small puppies! In the image of the old oil jars you can just see to the left the word ‘chien’. The jar reads ‘H. de chien’ translating as oil of dog. Poor puppies. I cannot imagine this treatment of worms and puppies provided any benefit to the sciatica patient. Certainly no life for the poor puppies or indeed, the worms!

Thankfully the above treatments have fallen out of favour.

New Orleans Pharmacy Museum – an eclectic exhibit

New Orleans Pharmacy Museum

New Orleans Pharmacy MuseumI have written previously about my visit to New Orleans and Voodoo. Looking through some old photographs recently reminded me of this trip. The photographs included in this post are from an enjoyable visit to the New Orleans Pharmacy Museum seven years ago.
New Orleans Pharmacy Museum

I do love visiting old pharmacies and seeing all the old herb bottles and jars and drawers and accoutrements.

The one in New Orleans was a wonderful example. In true New Orleans style some Voodoo potions are included in the exhibits. Should you ever visit New Orleans the pharmacy museum is well worth a visit.

There were many things I enjoyed about the museum. Especially relevant, the information on plants and herbs was of particular interest to me.

This settler’s quote from 1760 mentions ginseng and sarsaparilla. Nowadays, both plants well-known and in use by European herbalists, particularly ginseng. At the time, sarsaparilla would have been less well-known in the UK. It is a woody vine from the Smilax genus. Found growing in southern Europe and throughout Asia.

The ginseng mentioned here is probably Panax quinquefolius or American ginseng. In Europe P. ginseng, the Asian or Chinese ginseng, is more popular. However, in 1760 ginseng would have been relatively unknown in European medicine.

New Orleans Pharmacy Museum

In addition, I enjoyed reading the botanical magic and superstitions. There are many ticks in the forests in this area in France. How-in-ever, I doubt very much I would fancy walking around with a piece of fennel in my right shoe. That would be a little too uncomfortable, I fear!

However, I may source a dollar bill to wrap around a horse chestnut next time I fear my winter EDF electricity bill hitting my postbox.

New Orleans Pharmacy Museum

Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticks to cleanse and purify

Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticks to cleanse and purify …

Smudging and Smudge Sticks

Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticks

Many sources consider smudging an ancient tradition of indigenous American Indians. Some believe smudging was just as prevalent in ancient European cultures too.

The idea of smudging is to burn herbs to produce a smoke, no flame, to cleanse and purify. They have many uses. Some utilise them to cleanse rooms, homes or buildings. Others to cleanse and purify the aura or in meditation.

Artemisia or Salvia Smudge Sticks

Smudge sticks known as ‘sage smudge sticks’ are most popular. You will always find these sticks for sale in new age stores. Sometimes white sage (Salvia apiana) is utilised in these sticks. However, it is more often a species of Artemisia and not, botanically speaking, a true sage speciesSeveral different Artemisia species are used.

Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticksArtemisia californica more commonly known as sagebrush apparently has aromatic sage-like foliage. Another species, is A. tridentata or big sagebrush. Perhaps the name ‘sage’ stuck due to the common names rather than scientific.

Another species commonly called California mugwort is Artemisia douglasiana. Occasionally utilised in smudge sticks. Known as mugwort or black sage smudge sticks.

A newsletter from the Aromatic Plant Project suggest the common name for A. douglasiana is blue or green sage. They mention the herb for smudge sticks too. However, they add use ceremonially in sweat lodges.

The three Artemisia species, mentioned above, and Salvia apiana grow in North America. Of course, it is possible some of these plants were included in indigenous American Indian sacred ceremonies.

in the UK …
Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticks
Mugwort – Artemisia vulgaris

The common mugwort growing in the UK, and indeed here in the Aude, is Artemisia vulgaris. There are many ancient superstitions around it. Travellers carried it to ward of fatigue, wild beasts and evil spirits in the middle ages.

Often considered a herb of magic. A favoured ingredient for dream pillows. In addition a popular smudging herb for clearing negative or stuck energy. Best gathered on a full moon apparently, particularly in June, if using for visions.

Finally, you can make your own smudge sticks and choose any herbs you like. So what would be your preference Artemisia or Salvia smudge sticks ? Perhaps you prefer other plants, like purifying rosemary ?

The Surgery of Davie Beaton the Outlander Castle Leoch Healer

The Surgery of Davie Beaton the Outlander Castle Leoch Healer

In the first Outlander book, and the first TV series, Claire is taken by Colum MacKenzie to Davie Beaton’s dank surgery. The surgery is located in the basement of fictional Castle Leoch.

Last we saw of Claire in the TV show she had returned to her own time. With less than a month until Season 3 of the popular series airs, one wonders if Claire shall return to Castle Leoch at any point in the future, or should I say past!

In Season 1 Claire makes many interesting discoveries in the surgery of Davie Beaton and not all of them useful.

Davie Beaton’s Patient Log Book

It seems Davie Beaton, in life, was unfortunately not the best healer. Incidentally, he died of fever.

On browsing his log book, Claire reads an entry for a female patient with a thumb injury. Sarah had the misfortune of catching her thumb in a spinning wheel.

The Surgery of Davie Beaton
Yarrow – Achillea millefolium

Treatment involved application of boiled pennyroyal followed by a poultice of one part each of yarrow, St John’s wort, ground slaters and mouse-ear. This combination was mixed in a base of fine clay.

The first two are reasonable choices. Yarrow stanches bleeding. St John’s wort aids wound healing.

However, it is not entirely clear if the last ingredient refers to a plant or not. Cerastium fontanum is a type of chickweed. Commonly called mouse-ear. However, Hieracium pilosella, from the same family as the common dandelion, is commonly known as hawkweed and also mouse ear.

The fictitious treatment of Sarah may well have included one of these two herbs. H. pilosella was indeed traditionally utilised as an astringent, albeit more frequently as an expectorant. It had use in treatment of whooping cough.

Unfortunately, it is also possible the recipe actually means a mouse ear! What is certain? That third ingredient of ground woodlice is definitely not of plant origin!

Consequently the treatment was unsuccessful. Although some potential beneficial herbs in the treatment regime it was seriously in need of a powerful antiseptic and strict hygiene would have been paramount and highly unlikely in poor Sarah’s case.

Davie Beaton’s Recipe Book

In addition the discovery of a book of recipes included some further bizarre and obscure remedies.

A recipe for headache recommended drying one ball of horse dung and pounding this to a powder. The resulting powder mixed in hot ale. Surely that would give you a headache rather than cure it. Perhaps the smell made one vomit. As a result of which there may have been some relief if a digestive headache or migraine.

The recipe for treating children with convulsions was five leeches behind the ear. Poor kids.

Another recipe for jaundice used decoctions of roots of celandine and turmeric. Seems reasonable. However, the addition of the juice of 200 slaters not so much! Beneficial as plant medicines. However, the cause of the jaundice would need sought for best treatment. And the inclusion of the juice of 200 woodlice – erm?

Supplies in the Surgery of Davie Beaton

The Surgery of Davie Beaton
Wormwood – Artemisia absinthium

There were many jars and vials. While some of the jars contained useful ingredients such as angelica, rosemary and wormwood. Others contained dried toads packed in moss, dried snails, oil of earthworms and, of course, horse dung and slaters!

As a result, Claire certainly had her work cut out finding the useful remedies in that surgery.

Artemisia medicinal herbs from a busy lady !

Artemisia spp.

And the name

The scientific name Artemisia is often ascribed from the name of the goddess Artemis. You may see Artemis listed as the goddess of the hunt and wild animals, of hills, mountains and wilderness, of childbirth and relieving disease in women or of virginity and protection of young girls. Artemis is a busy lady!

Artemisia species
Artemisia medicinal herbs
the wormwood Artemisia

There are several Artemisia species. In fact there are way too many to write about in one little post.

My training as a medical herbalist included four Artemisia medicinal herbs. Since qualifying I have used two of these, both common European species, quite frequently.

Of the four Artemisia I studied I have three of them growing in my medicinal herb garden.

  • A. arbrotanum – southernwood
  • A. absinthum – wormwood
  • A. annua – sweet wormwood or sweet annie
  • A. vulgaris – mugwort
Artemisia medicinal herbs
the mugwort Artemisia

Therapeutically the above Artemisia medicinal herbs all have actions relevant to digestive and nervous systems, particularly wormwood and mugwort. Having more personal experience in use of both wormwood and mugwort I shall write about them separately.

Artemisia annua I shall also write about independently. This plant has much research for use as an anti-malarial. Although I haven’t used it personally it is worthy of a separate write-up.

Artemisia arbrotanum

Artemisia medicinal herbs
the southernwood Artemisia

I have this growing in the garden. I rather humbly confess to remembering little from my studies of this plant other than one thing!

The one thing I remembered quite clearly was the smell is offensive to moths and, if hung in the wardrobe, would drive them away. Hence the reason it is growing in my medicinal herb garden.

I do remember my student tasting of herbal tea and it smelling minty fresh almost like toothpaste. The taste I thought quite drying. Our tutor that day, Maureen Robertson, told us it was high in volatile oils. I guess this is why I remember the smell from my initial herb tasting.

I have a sprig from the garden as I am writing this. It does have such a lovely fresh smell although I no longer would describe it as minty fresh. As she is growing in the garden I really ought to get to know her better.

… moths again ??

Anyway back to moths … Having, extremely unwillingly, succumbed to moths eating some of my best clothes. Consequently I planted it in the garden. I hope I shall never have need of it my wardrobe. A lovely addition to the garden.

Menzies-Trull mentions the moths too. In addition to aromatic, bitter and carminative, those digestive actions, he also includes nervine tonic.

Indications include peripheral vascular disease, anorexia, flatulent dyspepsia, muscle cramps and spasms, sciatica and rheumatism. Amenorrhoea is another indication and surely under one of the many duties of the goddess Artemis! Externally in lotions for scalp and skin lice and as an insect repellent.

Energetically a herb of Mercury. Mercurial herbs have a tendency to be dry, perhaps the dry taste I remember.

And a few other species

Some of the other Artemisia species you may come across. I am less familiar with this group having never used them medicinally.

  • A. arborescens – giant mugwort or blue Artemis
  • A. californica – sagebrush
  • A. douglasiana – Californian mugwort or blue/green sage
  • A. tridentata – big sagebrush or white sage

Artemisia arborescens

Artemisa arborescens, I confess, I have no practical knowledge. However, I understand it is one of the Artemisia medicinal herbs as I read about therapeutic use for both essential oil and hydrosol. It is high in chamazulene.

A little science …

Chamazulene is a constituent. Found in a few Asteraceae botanical family plants. Commonly known ones are yarrow and chamomile. German chamomile essential oil has the most beautiful blue colour due to the chamazulene. This constituent is largely found attributable for the anti-inflammatory action in these plants. In some cases, particularly in German chamomile, it is also anti-allergenic.

essential oil use

Jeanne Rose, an American aromatherapist, highlights use of A. arborescens for sensitive skins, skin infections, eczema and psoriasis. I assume these indications refer to blending essential oil in a carrier oil or cream for external skin application.

and a little confusion …

Apparently Robert Tisserand, a well-known UK aromatherapist, advises against use in therapy due to high thujone content.

However, I read an interesting article in the Aromatic Newsletter of The Aromatic Plant Project from Spring 2005. Interestingly, their article disputes this. They advise both essential oil and hydrosol of Californian Blue Artemis, Artemisa arborescens, are free of thujone. It seems probable this tarnished reputation is due to mis-identity. The essential oil of a camphor Artemisia, commonly known as Moroccan Blue Artemis, is particularly high in thujone.

hydrosol use

Incidentally the hydrosol is apparently a gorgeous sky blue colour, naturally lighter than the essential oil. The hydrosol indicated, as essential oil, for damaged skin. In particular the Aromatic Plant Project recommend hydrosol as an anti-inflammatory and pain reliever following face lifts and other surgeries.

A. californica, A. douglasiana and A. tridentata

The above three are utilised in smudge sticks and incense. I shall write about smudge sticks separately.

further Artemisia medicinal herbs ?

Artemisia douglasiana

Seems like A douglasiana has some medicinal uses too, certainly the essential oil and hydrosol.

The Aromatic Plant Project advise A. douglasiana is a beneficial wash to ease the pain of aching muscles and joints. I assume they mean the hydrosol as they later advise massage with the essential oil in carrier oil for aching muscles and pain on the surface of the body.

In addition, for mental clarity and ease of mental distress, inhalation of essential oil is recommended. The hydrosol is also recommended added to the bath and for a tonic drink.

Artemisia tridentata

Artemisia medicinal herbs
the big sagebrush or white sage Artemisia

Menzies-Trull includes in his herbal. The primary action he lists as antimicrobial although he also includes anti-fungal and anti-protozoal. He suggests burning the herb in the sick room.

There is some overlap in indications with wormwood, mugwort, sweet annie and southernwood. Some digestive indications include dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, gastroenteritis, colic and worms.

The goddess of childbirth and relieving disease in women once again makes her appearance as this Artemisia is indicated for amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea and postpartum haemorrhage.

Final Artemis thoughts …

The above includes eight of the more common Artemisia species you are likely to come across. It seems that seven are Artemisia medicinal herbs. Three, of which, I have no personal medicinal knowledge. Although some are utilised in smudge sticks.

Finally, there are so many Artemisia species and this highlights the differences within Genus. Particularly important when one considers the differences between both the Californian and Moroccan Artemis Blue species and the potentially toxic high thujone content. In conclusion, one should always be cautious and ensure they have the correct Artemisia species particularly for therapeutic use. If in doubt, seek out your local medical herbalist.

Dandelion teeth of the lion – for kidney, liver and digestive function

Taraxacum officinale

So why dandelion? I have sat down to write this post for a friend. Ian is a fantastic photographer. Frequently his stunning photographs include trees, squirrels or his pet rabbit.

dandelion Taraxacum

This time, he emailed through this most beautiful photograph of a dandelion ‘clock’ or seed head. He described it as looking “like a lampshade from Habitat”!

Nature is often far more beautiful than any manmade product and, albeit his photograph is manmade, he has captured the beauty of nature perfectly.

And so my reason for this post? I threatened to bore him with the medicinal properties. He assured me he would not be bored. We shall see! I have brewed a cup of dandelion root and sat down to commence… He has no idea of the documentary I am about to provide. It is certainly one medicinal ally I could not be without in my herbal dispensary.

going back to my roots… a little…

Thinking of Ian’s rabbit I do wonder if Boz likes dandelions. My own childhood rabbit loved them. Thoughts have now moved from rabbits to chickens. My neighbours have six chickens. They love dandelion leaves.

I mentioned above the ‘clock’ or seed head. The proper name is pappus. I know some children used to play ‘clock’, however, I believed when I blew the pappus I was releasing captured fairies. I would make a wish and set them free to fairy land to make my wish come true, completely unaware in the process I was scattering seeds into any neighbouring garden lawns. Oh dear!

As I child I also remember the ‘ginger van’. This was a weekly van selling bottles of carbonated soft drinks, I guess it was run by Barr. Barr are now better known for Irn Bru. However, as a child the van had an array of soft drinks from cream soda or red cola to dandelion and burdock! We used to get to choose a bottle every week and you got money back the following week for returning your empty bottle. Recycling at its best!

Back to dandelion and burdock, I doubt very much the soft drink from the ginger van actually contained dandelion or burdock. It was probably flavourings and way too much sugar. A wonderful weekly childhood treat no less. I guess at some stage in history it probably stemmed from these two plant roots. Both excellent liver tonics.

The image of the dandelion pappus below is actually from my first website when I lived in Devon in the UK. I chose this as I liked the way the dandelion stood out strong and defiant against the blue backdrop.

First of all we ought to mention the name…

Taraxacum officinale dandelion pappus

Here we go a little French. The name dandelion is possibly derived from ‘dent de lion’. This basically translates as ‘tooth of the lion’. Barker suggests this given name was possibly due to the jagged leaf edge. However, I recall the root was thought to resemble the white tooth of a lion although I cannot remember where I read this or where I heard it. Who knows?

And so do the French call it dent de lion? Well no. They call it ‘pissenlit’. So if I tell you ‘en lit’ translates as ‘in bed’. I’m guessing you’ll get the general idea. It is indeed a diuretic, particularly the leaf. Another good choice for a common name.

The scientific name, Taraxacum, probably stems from Greek. Grieve notes ‘taraxos’ is Greek for disorder and ‘akos’ for remedy. Although Barker notes it may also stem from Arabic referring to eyesight as it was apparently recommended in the Middle Ages for eye conditions (Barker).

Where to find a dandelion… Really?

Podlech tells us dandelion is throughout Europe and also in the west of Asia. Common in meadows, pastures, fields and waste ground. He describes the humble Taraxacum officinale a solitary yellow flower-head on a long leafless stem with ray florets.

The leaves are in a basal rosette and are long, narrow and lobed with the lobes pointing back toward the base. The hollow stems exude a milky white juice.

Interestingly, Messéngué believes the Greeks and Romans didn’t know it and therefore it was brought to Europe perhaps by barbarian invaders.

In one of his many herbals, Mills seemingly agrees. He believes dandelion originates from central Asia. Although now found growing in northern hemispheres it is in most parts of the world and even arctic regions. He adds, dandelion prefers moist soil in pastures, meadows, lawns, and waysides. Easily propagated from root division or sowing the seeds. He advises it quickly spreads, as we well know. To contain dandelion he recommends picking the flowers before they seed.

Unfortunately, in the garden lawn, it is all to often attacked by vicious herbicides.

I love this quote from Judith Berger taken from her book Herbal Rituals.

“… we imagine that the cures for our ills are complicated, exotic, and expensive, often the plants which are meant to be our constant companions love to settle at our feet. These plants are extremely beneficial to our vitality and resiliency. In the case of dandelion, nature has placed in our midst an exceptionally healing food and medicine plant.”

Traditional Uses:

Traditional prescribing and research suggest the root has the stronger choleretic and cholagogue activities and the leaf has the stronger diuretic properties. Traditionally, the root and leaf were utilised for similar conditions albeit the leaf was considered weaker than the root except in its diuretic action (Bone). Personally I would agree and would choose the leaf for a diuretic action. Remember that French name.

Dandelion was traditionally used for cholecystitis, gallstones, jaundice, dyspepsia with constipation, enlargement of the liver or spleen, dropsy and uterine obstruction (Bone).

Nicolas Culpeper utilised for obstructions of the liver, gall and spleen. He found it had a cleansing property and suggested the herb for the passage of urine in both young and old. Also recommended for jaundice, fever, to procure rest and sleep and, for washing sores.

Messéngué advised eating as much dandelion salad as you liked as it would do “a power of good”. He also utilised the young buds as a substitute for capers. However, he particularly highlighted the medicinal properties, describing it a whole pharmacy of gold.

Modern Uses:

Taraxacum officinale dandelion leaves and flowerMany of the traditional uses remain today. Mills recommends dandelion as tonic for the liver and hepato-biliary functions. It supports and encourages these areas to adapt when under stress.

As a cooling bitter it has a gentle but strong ability to reduce fever with the additional advantage of stimulating the digestive system and useful in convalescence. As a result of the gentle eliminative properties it is recommended for constipation. Mills describes dandelion a choleretic herb improving bile production and cholagogic stimulating bile flow. Ideal for bilious conditions such as heaviness in the epigastrium possibly with nausea. Don’t you just love that word ‘bilious’.

Also recommended in treatment of arthritic disease to help remove toxic waste from the affected joints through the urine. And so we go back to Culpeper and his cleansing description.

Hoffmann recommends for congestive cases of jaundice and congestion of the liver and gallbladder suggesting dandelion has an ability to move things on.

Bone indicates dandelion for jaundice, gallstones, constipation, dyspepsia, flatulence, loss of appetite and intestinal bloating. Recommended for muscular rheumatism, chronic skin diseases and cystitis in combination with uva ursi. I imagine the cystitis use refers to the leaf. Certainly I would add dandelion leaf to most prescriptions for urinary tract infections.

Bone recommends caution in using the root if gallstones are present. His reasoning is not clear, nor is it clear if he meant you could use the leaf. I assume his caution relates to the possibility of moving the gallstones thereby obstructing the digestive tract. Personally I have not heard nor found evidence of this.

At the very least, I hope by now, you have grasped dandelion is probably a first port of call for happy kidney, liver and digestive function.

…kidney stone preventive and a bit of arthritic nutrition…

Weiss recommends taking high intake of dandelion tea once a week to stimulate diuresis and prevent recurrence of kidney stones. I assume he refers to the leaf here.

He also has a spring and autumn treatment regime for chronic arthritics where he suggests taking dandelion in salad, sandwiches and soup, as a tea and in fresh juice. This increases mobility and reduces stiffness.

I assume he means the leaf when discussing salad, sandwiches and fresh juice too. I have included dandelion, in combination with other herbs, in many prescriptions for arthritis.

and some other thoughts…

Duke recommends using dandelion as a preventive to osteoporosis. He describes dandelion as containing boron, calcium and silicon to strengthen the bone. Boron apparently works by increasing oestrogen levels in the blood.

He is not alone in this recommendation. Susun Weed uses “calcium and mineral-rich” dandelion in a vinegar for bone health. At a mere 5ft in height, and watching my mother, aunt and grandmother shrink, I’m all for the dandelion!

Weed utilises dandelion to ease hot flushes too. She prefers fresh leaf tincture. The root she uses fresh or dried in tincture form. She adds eating fresh dandelion leaves or drinking dandelion flower wine is also effective. Dandelion aids the liver in processing those menopausal hormones. Carrying along on the menopausal theme, Weed recommends dandelion tincture for those with itchy, sensitive skin and light-headedness. Common menopausal symptoms.

Duke adds the Chinese reputedly simmer the root in two or three cups of water until only half the liquid remains and use this remaining syrup mixture for tonsillitis. The Chinese also use the root as a compress to treat mastitis.

A bit of science…

The constituents include bitter glycosides, triterpenoids, tannins, volatile oil, inulin and potassium salts (Mills). Podlech also includes bitters, tannins and essential oils as the key constituents in addition to flavonoids. Bartram adds carotenoids and sesquiterpene lactones.

Hoffmann (1999) states up to 5% of dandelion is potassium, although it is not clear if he is referring to the root, leaf or the herb as a whole. He advises dandelion is one of the best natural sources of potassium. In addition to potassium, he includes glycosides, choline and triterpenoids in the constituent listing.

Weiss concludes that it is the sum of a large quantity of different constituents that give dandelion its real value and that it contains bitters, vitamins and enzyme acting substances that simulate the kidneys and liver function.

Cardiac glycosides may give dandelion its diuretic use in heart conditions and its ability to increase potassium levels in the blood. Iridoids and sesquiterpene lactones are bitter principles and bitters have a similar action to gastrin increasing hepatic bile flow and the appetite (Mills).

The leaf has a more pronounced diuretic effect and recommended for premenstrual fluid retention. However, root is preferred where additional signs of a sluggish liver, including constipation.

The leaf also has the higher content of potassium making it useful in the treatment of elevated systolic blood pressure. The root is indicated rather than leaf for cirrhosis of the liver. Also root as a hepato-protective agent to minimise damage to the liver when exposed to toxins. For severe morning sickness, in the first trimester of pregnancy, root is indicated (Mills).

Mills adds the leaf has so much potassium it increases blood potassium levels. Due to this it should be used as a diuretic in cases of heart failure.

Dosage in herbal medicine

Personally I prefer fresh tincture of leaf rather than a dried leaf tea. I very much enjoy a brew of the root and also use root in tincture form. When prescribing for patients tinctures are often easiest. The following lists dosage methods from some well-known herbalists.

Mills utilises root and/or the leaves. Roots prepared by decoction and the leaves by infusion. He recommends dosage of 2 to 8 g dried root or 4 to 10 g of dried leaf three times a day. If requiring the cholagogue or choleretic properties take thirty minutes before eating (Mills).

Hoffmann recommends tincture at a dose of 5 to 10 ml three times a day and leaves eaten raw in salads.

Roast and ground the roots to take freely as a coffee. Eat leaves raw in salads or cooked as spinach. Liquidise fresh plant and take as a juice at a dose of 1 to 4 teaspoons (Bartram).

Bone recommends a dose of 6 to 11.5 ml of 1:1 liquid extract of the leaf per day and 40 to 80 ml per week. For the root, 3 to 6 ml of 1:2 liquid extract per day and 20 to 40 ml per week.

Boil briefly a tea containing 1 to 2 teaspoons per cup of water of dried chopped root and leaf and leave for 15 minutes. Take every morning and evening for 4 to 6 weeks as a treatment in those with a tendency to form gallstones (Weiss).

Herbal Energetics

Dandelion is a cooling herb. In the time of Culpeper, choler in the body was believed to cause conditions such as ‘dry scabbing’. Today believed to be eczema. Dry bowels with constipation, large hard veins suggested an excessively hot and dry liver. Dandelion, as a cooling herb was indicated.

Attenuating or discutient herbs were used for cutting and thinning humours. Discutients were cooler in action than attenuating herbs. These herbs have a dilating rather than astringent action. Dandelion is a discutient herb. Dandelion is also considered a cooling diuretic (Tobyn).

Energetically ruled by Jupiter cold and dry in the second degree. Cooling stomach and liver. Opening, cleansing, healing and diuretic.

Magic and Witchcraft

Riva includes dandelion in her list of Herbs and Roots for Power. Take a handful of herb in a small bag and place in the tub for a herb bath. She describes this as stimulating and particularly beneficial for those with psychic talents or those wishing to summon spirits.

In addition, Riva adds, as a herb of Jupiter, Thursday is the best day for conducting spells with dandelion. She finds it a particularly favourable herb for those born under Sagittarius or Taurus.

Finally she recommends a cup of dandelion tea overcomes despondency and keeps you protected from disease.

A few more words…

Before I studied herbal medicine I often drank roasted dandelion root as a coffee substitute. I quite enjoyed it.

My first tasting of dandelion root as a decoction was as a student herbalist. It was a blind tasting. The smell reminded me of potatoes boiling but with a sweet-smelling undertone. I remember finding the taste sweet and, I felt, quite cooling.

At the time I imagined giving this herb to a person who was a bit floaty and in need of grounding, a little airy-fairy and dreamy. Someone always on the go, I felt it would help to ground them. My brother came to mind. When he was younger he was certainly a dreamer. He was, and still is, always on the go and never seems to have time to stop, sit-down and eat.

We tasted the leaf tea later in class. The smell of the leaf was similar to damp grass, though not quite as strong. The taste was slightly more metallic than the root.

Since qualifying I have used tinctures more than teas and probably root more than leaf. However, I do find the leaf has found its way into many prescriptions for urinary tract infections and fluid retention. I have also included it in some herbal prescriptions for high blood pressure.

If you ever meet Ian either in his capacity as a photographer or one of his many Woodland Trust ventures you can ask him about his knowledge of the humble dandelion. I’ll be eager to hear if I did indeed bore him with this rather lengthy narrative.

Wood betony a revered cephalic medicinal

Stachys betonica

Wood betony a revered cephalic medicinalWhat is in a name?

Named after its discoverers, the Vettones of Lusitania (Barker). However, de Baïracli Levy suggested the name is derived from Celtic ‘ben’ referring to head and ‘ton’ meaning tonic.

Wood betony can be found growing in common heaths, on grassy banks and edges of woodland apparently preferring lighter soils. Found growing throughout Europe although scarce in the north-west so rarely found in Scandinavian countries, Scotland or Ireland (Barker).

Aerial parts are utilised medicinally. Barker prefers fresh herb, adding it should be harvested during flowering.

Culpeper noted betony seemed to prefer shade and although flowering in July he found it better when harvested in May. This links in with Barker’s modern-day recommendation for harvesting.

I have this medicinal ally growing in my garden in Aude. Flowering in June had just began when I took the above photo. I love this plant. I find simply seeing the flower gives a pleasant feeling. Over the years I have discovered lots of interesting bits and pieces on use.

Traditional Use:
wood betony a revered cephalic medicinal
Delicate Betony flowerhead

Held in high esteem by Celts and Anglo-Saxons. Reputedly a cure for a number of conditions. In addition against sorcery (Barker).

Culpeper (1995) described wood betony as precious and believed every man should have it in his house as a conserve, oil, ointment, plaster and syrup!

Culpeper discusses Stachys in relation to the work of Anthony Musa, a physician to Caesar, whom he seemed to hold in high regard. The herbs use as a bitter was popular. Used to aid digestion, for indigestion and weak stomachs, intestinal worms, colic, jaundice and griping bowel pains. Furthermore it was used for head pains and epilepsy. Powdered herb mixed with honey was used for respiratory problems like coughs, colds, shortness of breath and wheezing. Apparently it would breakdown calculi in the kidney and bladder!

Barker notes Leclerc used it as a wound herb and in particular recommended it for sores and varicose ulcers and Culpeper also used fresh bruised herb or juice for open wounds.

Modern Uses:

wood betony a revered cephalicde Baïracli Levy advises it is a powerful head herb, describing its action as true cephalic. She recommends it for headache and neuralgia of the face and head. She also recommends it for liver and spleen congestion, for jaundice and for expelling worms, indications also provided by Culpeper in his extensive listing.

Riva notes it reputedly relieves toothache!

Barker indicates for any headaches or head pain particularly associated with anxiety or tension. He also notes it to be useful for vertigo as does Menzies-Trull.

Roth indicates it specifically for tension headaches caused by stress as well as for sore, overworked muscles and fibromyalgia pains. Interestingly Menzies-Trull indicates it for myalgic encephalitis.

Burgoyne lists Stachys in her repertoire of herbs for treating insomnia with headaches and stress.

Chanchal Cabrera, described wood betony a gentle, stimulating tonic for the brain. Quoting Priest and Priest she added especially indicated for hysteria or persistent unwanted thoughts and for nervous debility, anxiety or neuroses.

The title of wood betony a revered cephalic medicinal appears just!

a little bit of science…

Barker (2001) notes tannins and bitter compounds as well as a volatile oil. Also included the alkaloids betonicine and stachydrine.

McIntyre suggests up to 15% of the herb is tannins, adding tannins give the herb its wound healing properties. Astringency stops bleeding which protects the wound in fending off infection and expedites the healing process. In addition, tannins help astringe the gut suggesting benefit in diarrhoea. Finally, the astringency is useful in treating catarrh.

McIntyre advises it also contains saponins and the alkaloid trigonelline. Trigonelline, she notes, lowers blood sugar-making this useful for diabetics.

and a little research…

Muntean et al (2004) studied the constituent content of Stachys species. They noted Stachys species have a high content of iridoids but also found high quantities of flavonoids and phenol-carboxylic acids. They found these compounds to have a relaxant effect on smooth muscle which would link with the indications of fibromyalgia listed by Roth.

Skaltsa et al (2003) analysed the antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil from different Stachys species. The volatile oils were tested against six bacterium and five fungi. Their results showed Stachys had better activity against bacterium although noted Pseudomonas was resistant. Only one species showed any resistance to fungi.

Magic and witchcraft

Barker noted a traditional use against sorcery. However, Riva recommends sprinkling betony near windows and doors inside the home as it forms a protective wall against evil spirits. Worn as an amulet it gives strength to the body.

for those following the Outlander series…

In the first book, the chapter titled The Gathering, Geillis Duncan discusses wood betony as useful in turning toads into pigeons! Though I can’t personally see any benefit to that transformation myself.

Later in the same chapter Claire requires betony to make up medicines for people with food poisoning. In traditional uses above Culpeper highlights benefit for weak stomachs and griping bowel pains.

Herbal Energetics

Kingsbury relates the herb to the sacral chakra (located below the naval), noting it relaxes and balances this chakra. She finds it stimulates the liver meridian which can help move anger particularly where this is related to sexual organs in either abuse or disease. She believes by balancing this area it allows development of intimacy and companionship. However, Roth relates it to the solar plexus chakra as she believes this chakra the centre for gut instincts and self-confidence. She finds it nurtures and protects.

Culpeper described wood betony a herb of the planet Jupiter and the sign of Aries. Tobyn (1997) notes herbs of Jupiter are warm and moist and Culpeper found betony warming to the head.

Riva agrees with Culpeper that betony is a herb of Jupiter. In addition she describes betony as a herb in harmony with the zodiac signs of Cancer and Sagittarius. Betony is a particularly favourable herb for persons born under either of these two signs.

Culpeper believed difficulty with expectoration and pain on inspiration of cold air were signs of cold lungs and this too would benefit from the warmth of betony. He also used it as a loosening medicine also judged hot and moist. He found these relaxed muscles, tendons and ligaments linking to some of the previous modern-day indications including fibromyalgia.

wood betony a revered cephalic medicinalSo is wood betony a revered cephalic medicinal?

Certainly many practicing herbalists, from both the past and today agree.

Interestingly, Culpeper also described it as a heating diuretic noting these helped the kidneys separate out waste from the blood.

This particular description interested me as the first time I tasted this plant as a herbal tea I noted a warmth in my kidneys. It was a cold January day in Scotland but I specifically remember the pleasant warmth. In addition, I felt it made me feel quite heady. I also remember finding the smell quite off-putting. The smell and then taste seemed contradictory to me.

Death by Gold Ring – Pretty Poisonous Potion!

Death by Gold Ring

Death by Gold Ring
Inverary Castle

On a brief trip to Scotland last week, I visited Inverary Castle. A cousin was visiting from Australia and he was keen to visit the ancestral home of the chief of the Clan Campbell.

Although the site of an earlier castle, certainly since the 1400’s, building began on this particular castle in 1743. There are some later additions. The conical roofs of the corner towers are such an addition from 1877.

I personally have always thought this particular building more French château than Scottish castle. The interior continues this theme with French-influenced rooms with Beauvais tapestries. The castle also boasts paintings by French artists Girard and Guinand.

However, for me, I found two particular pieces most fascinating. One was a rubbing stone and the other a poison ring!

Rubbing Stone

Death by Gold RingThe rubbing stone, as you can see, apparently cured colic.

Of course, in some cases a mild colic benefits from a gentle massage, or rubbing, over the tummy area. Perhaps in some cases the rubbing stone was helpful! I can think on several much more effective digestion remedies though.

Poison Ring

Death by Gold RingI would have loved a closer look at the poison ring but unfortunately it was safely stored within the glass display cabinet.

The particular example in the castle is Italian but it seems these were quite popular throughout Europe in the 16th century.

Any fans of singer, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, may remember she used a poison ring to eliminate some of her competitors in the Murder on the Dance Floor video. A lady determined to win that dance competition.

Downtown Abbey

The castle may look familiar to Downtown Abbey fans. The Christmas 2012 episode was filmed in and around Inverary Castle. It served as the fictional Duneagle Castle. Duneagle Castle was the home of cousins young Lady Rose and her parents. Thankfully there was no death by gold ring in that episode!

Voodoo and New Orleans Spells with Herbs

Voodoo and New Orleans Spells

Some years back I was lucky enough to visit New Orleans. A fabulous fun place of blues and jazz. In addition, and right up my street, there are fascinating weird and wonderful herbs and voodoo and New Orleans spells. In fact it is one of the most enjoyable places I have been fortunate enough to visit. Blues, jazz, voodoo, weird and wonderful herbs and fascinating characters – what’s not to like?

Cemeteries and Voodoo

I was there at Halloween so partook in a Cemetery and Voodoo trip. We met at a French cafe. The guide was an entrancing character full of interesting anecdotes with long hair of a similar length and colour to my own. He commented on this to which I replied “Yes, grey”. I still laugh when I hear in my head his response in that New Orleans southern drawl

No honey youse and me just natural platinum blonds.

Voodoo and New Orleans spellsOn the cemetery tour we visited the future pyramidal tomb of actor Nicholas Cage and the tomb of the legendary Marie Laveau, the voodoo priestess.

The tour ended with a visit to a present day, and living, voodoo priestess. I was in a group of perhaps a dozen people. She singled me out asking where I was from. I have to confess I was somewhat unsure what she was going on about but I think she liked me and I had no intention of upsetting a voodoo priestess so happily agreed with whatever she said.

At the end of the trip I felt obliged to purchase some items from her spellbinding wares of herbs, voodoo and New Orleans spells. This brings me on to the focus for this post as one of the items I purchased was a modern herbal spell book!

Tidying the bookcase…

We’ve had some tremendous heat, in the 30’s, this last 10 days or so. This is quite high for this time of year and the garden has required watering most days particularly my small vegetable patch. My water butts for rainwater harvesting are very low.

While tidying my bookcase I came across my New Orleans purchase. Tidying the bookcase is often a lengthy process as I invariably come across a book I haven’t read for sometime and the tidying gets forgotten about for another few hours, days or weeks… and so the book…

Voodoo and New Orleans spells

And so to a make rain spell…

Quite apt for my poor draining water butts I thought!

  • Fill a large pan with water and add a handful each of sulphur, sea wrack and valerian.
  • As you put in each of the ingredients repeat the passage from Deuteronomy 11:14.

I will give you the rain of your land in his due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil.

This spell should be performed on a Monday, the day ruled by the Moon which is the planet controlling weather.

So there you have if it. Should you ever require a bit of rain you could always try the above spell, on a Monday. Good luck.

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal Knowledge

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal Knowledge

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal KnowledgeTwenty years ago I began reading the Outlander series of books. Helen DuFriend, an American friend and work colleague, was engrossed in the Outlander books. She thought I would be interested in reading them as they are based in Scotland.

Another Scottish friend, Anne McOmish also read the books and we had great deliberations and musings over them. Mainly relating to the rather dashing Jamie.

Of course, one could not help but fall for Jamie Fraser, even from the pages of a book. However, Claire’s interest in healing herbs also sparked my interest. Indeed Claire’s medical and botanical knowledge certainly aided her survival, in more ways than one, at that time in history. And so Outlander Claire Frasers herbal knowledge was an integral part of the story.

Outlander? more books and a TV show…

Recently I discovered there are several more books in the Outlander series and a television production to boot!

My sister-in-law, Shirley and I sat engrossed for several evenings glued to way too many episodes. Yes, we had square eyes. The TV series is fabulous. However, as is often the case with books versus TV shows there are slight changes. Unfortunately it is not possible to include all details. Some things are cut out.

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal KnowledgeEven with the first books there are differences. In the UK the first book was titled Cross Stitch. Across the pond it was titled Outlander. I first read Outlander when given it by an American friend. I did not know of Cross Stitch at that time.

Cross Stitch, the UK version, is different. Although the main story remains Cross Stitch includes some changes and some deletions from the version across the pond. I believe new prints in the UK still contain the content of Cross Stitch albeit with the name change to Outlander to link with the television series.

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal Knowledge

Wow, there are so many medicinal plants in Outlander. The TV series unfortunately could not possibly cover all the healing plants included in the corresponding novels. Only a few pages into the first book Claire mentions comfrey as

“good for haemorrhoids”.

after her husband Frank Randall asks about a dried plant in his copy of Tuscum and Banks.

“that horrible crumbly brown stuff”

Personally I’d have to say I would much prefer the crumbly comfrey to what must surely be a thoroughly boring book with such a title of Tuscum and Banks!

This is the first mention of Claire’s interest in healing plants and botany in the book. However, excluded from the TV show.

Furthermore in the book version she first visits Craigh na Dun with Mr Crook, a local herbalist. Her second visit is with Frank. In the television series her first visit is with Frank. Poor Mr Crook doesn’t even get a mention in the TV episode.

After passing through the stones …

At Castle Leoch, comfrey makes a further entrance in the book and a first introduction in the TV show in episode one.

Mrs FitzGibbons brings Claire garlic, witch hazel, comfrey and cherry bark for Jamie’s painful shoulder and gunshot wound. However, in the book the medicinal plants are garlic, thyme, comfrey and willow bark.

Witch hazel is a shrub or small tree. It is not native to Scotland or even the UK. The wild cherry tree would have grown in Scotland but it is rarer in the north of the country and south west. In fact in Highland folklore it was believed a witches tree!

It is possible the medicinal plants were changed for the TV show. Produced by an American cable company, initially for an American audience. However, it is also probable the television series is based on Outlander, the first book. Not the UK version, Cross Stitch.

Garlic is a powerful antiseptic, as is thyme. Chosen, in the book, for wound cleansing. Comfrey aids wound healing. Mrs Fitz brought comfrey and willow bark to ease Jamie’s pain. Willow bark is a source of salicylic acid. Salicylic acid perhaps better known today as the pharmaceutical preparation Aspirin.

Growing in the Castle Leoch Herb Garden

Outlander Claire Frasers Herbal KnowledgeIn the herb garden at Castle Leoch Claire finds fennel and mustard on the west side and chamomile on the more sunny south side.

Other medicinal allies growing include foxglove, sweet violet, fumitory, thyme, marigolds and yarrow. If interested click those underscored to learn more about their medicinal uses.

First Meeting with Geillis Duncan

In the UK book version Claire finds wood sorrel beneath roots of an alder. She searches for more. Apparently in the Outlander book she seeks a mushroom that is poisonous if prepared inappropriately. She is looking at mushrooms in the TV series too.

Geillis Duncan, talking of wood sorrel.

“Those are good for helping the monthlies”

Consequently startled Claire stands up and bangs her head on a pine branch.

A Battered and Bruised Jamie

After Jamie takes a punishment for Laoghaire he is once again battered and bruised. Willow bark again makes an appearance. Given as a tea to rinse his mouth and cleanse the cuts and ease the pains.

Claire asks Mrs Fitz about the increased chance of bleeding. Claire, from the future, probably knew about the blood thinning properties of aspirin. Mrs Fitz recommends following the tea rinse with St John’s Wort soaked in vinegar. She stipulates St John’s Wort is ground up well. After gathering under a full moon. St John’s Wort is wound healing and helpful to staunch bleeding.

And as for the surgery of the late Davie Beaton! That is a real challenge for Outlander Claire Frasers herbal knowledge. A story for another day.

I could write forever about the many healing plants from Outlander Claire Frasers herbal knowledge.


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Congressman Rohrabacher Concerned about Censorship at RFA

posted Nov 17, 2012, 7:30 AM by The Tibetan Political Review   [ updated Nov 17, 2012, 7:38 AM ]
November 16, 2012

Contact: Tara Setmayer

Rohrabacher Concerned about Censorship in Tibetan Service of Radio Free Asia

Washington, D.C. – Congressman Dana Rohrabacher (CA-46) wrote to Radio Free Asia President Libby Liu yesterday inquiring about the abrupt dismissal of long time Tibet Service Director, Jigme Ngapo. Congressman Rohrabacher wrote, “I have reason to believe that he was terminated for political reasons.” Last month almost every staff member of the Tibet Service signed a letter of support of Ngapo and urged that he remain on as Director. He is well known in the Tibetan community for encouraging and permitting divergent points of view to be aired on RFA about Tibet’s future.

Jamyang Norbu, one of the most prominent intellectual voices outside of occupied-Tibet, a supporter of free speech, democracy, and independence for Tibet recently had his contract terminated by RFA.

Lobsang Sangay, the Prime Minister of the Tibetan Government in Exile and his predecessor Samdong Rinpoche have in the past expressed their opposition of the leadership of the Tibetan Service at RFA. Both have met with President Libby Liu.

73 Tibetans have self-immolated since March 2011, Rep. Rohrabacher said, “
It could not be clearer; the people of Tibet are dying for freedom and independence. RFA needs to continue to be the source for accurate information. Any suggestion of political censorship within RFA must be fully investigated.

Rep. Rohrabacher is Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.

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Peckforton Castle Wedding Photography, Cheshire - Kelly & Ian

Posted on 3rd December 2012 by Mark Tierney

Tagged under: modern, manchester, different, creative, vows, documentary wedding photographer, peckforton castle wedding photographer, wedding photography cheshire

About the author: Mark Tierney

Mark Tierney is a Yorkshire based Contemporary Wedding Photographer covering the UK and beyond.

Gravatar By shelly on 3rd December 2012 at 6:22pm

Nicely done Mark! Love the shot of the bride carrying her dress into the woods. Beautiful. Looks like they had an awesome day. x

Gravatar By Mark Tierney on 4th December 2012 at 5:39am

Thanks Shelly!

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Sheffield Town Hall, Selby Abbey & Carlton Towers Wedding Photography - Dana & Danny

Posted on 12th January 2017 by Mark Tierney

You know you've been to an exceptional wedding, when it spans 6 months of the year and involves three, equally exquisite bridal gowns! Dana and Danny's wedding was one of the most ornately beautiful occasions I've been privileged to photograph. It kicked off in April with a small, intimate ceremony at Sheffield Town Hall. This dealt with the legalities of the marriage. On this glorious spring day, framed with an abundance of cherry blossom, we took plenty of shots of the newly weds beside the city fountains and under the blossom trees themselves. It was crazy, quirky, romantic and lots of fun.

The second part of the wedding took place in September, with a ceremony at the very grand Selby Abbey. Many friends and family were present to congratulate the happy couple and help them celebrate. Once the vows had been exchanged, I took a few photos of Danny and Dana in and around the incredible architectural feats of the Abbey, before heading over to Carlton Towers where the reception was to be held.

If you're not familiar with Carlton Towers, this Victorian Gothic house, is decorated very opulently and is the perfect setting for an incredibly glamorous wedding such as this one, but despite the beauty of the backdrop, it was clear that family, friends and the commitment they had made were the most important aspects of Dana and Danny's celebration. There was feasting, plenty of speeches and dancing. We took formal shots, not-so formal shots and some couple shots of the bride and groom around the house. This was a particularly memorable wedding and I genuinely wish Dana and Danny all the very best for their lives together.

Dana & Danny's Supplier Shout Out:

Videographers: First Sight Weddings

Florist: Swallow & Damsons

Wedding Car: Cupid Carriages

Music (Piano Player): Chris Noble

Alcohol (branded beer): Little Black Dog

Wedding Dress: Dera White

Sheffield Town Hall is also featured in my list of best wedding venues Yorkshire.

Tagged under: jay chou wedding, selby abbey wedding, chinese wedding yorkshire, grand yorkshire wedding, carlton towers, carlton towers wedding

About the author: Mark Tierney

Mark Tierney is a Yorkshire based Contemporary Wedding Photographer covering the UK and beyond.

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Comments: The Explanation

The fact that the Post saw fit to publish "Bob Levey's Washington" for so many centuries is alone reason to discredit the paper as a source of anything except mad drivel.

This Amity character sounds pretty awful however.

Posted by Seth at February 1, 2009 12:50 PM

Please do us all a favor and post this into the comments every time Brad DeLong asks "Why Oh Why Can't We Have a Better Press Corps?"

Posted by hedgehog at February 1, 2009 01:20 PM

The WaPost has gone downhill since Jason Robards ran it.

Posted by Dennis Perrin at February 1, 2009 01:37 PM

Admittedly Amity Shlaes has the name and the look of a girl I'd like to marry.

Posted by Mark at February 1, 2009 02:02 PM

This is all well and good, but unfortunately leaves out a key part of the equation that critics of this analysis always bring up: the audience.

They say, but surely the need to attract an audience in the first place to sell to the advertisers at least brings some balance into it? Some deference to the concerns of the reader/viewer/listener?

And indeed it might... if all audiences were equal. But advertisers don't just want an audience, they want particular audiences: the kind with money to spend. An audience that spends big and spends frequently. In brief, the upper class. That's their target audience and therefore the media's target audience.

This is something to keep in mind also when people make criticisms of the media for being commercial and profit-driven to pander to the lowest common denominator to attract as big an audience as possible and make money. Maybe there's some of that going on, but it rather misses a major reality of what's going on - that to a large extent media and news is debased not because they are pandering to us unwashed slobs to make money, but because they are pandering to corporate sponsors and the rich generally.

Posted by g at February 1, 2009 02:02 PM

Actually, g, jon has got it right, as he mostly does.
Murkins are misled in their schooling to misunderstand the nature of the fundamental transaction of media/advertizer/consumer relation.
The advertizers are the audience, and the consumers are the commodity that the media 'sell.' The WaPo's major customers ARE indeed other huge corporations who have interlocking memberships on all the boards of directors. WaPo doesn't care a fig for you or me, as long as Boeing is still on board.

Posted by woody at February 1, 2009 02:36 PM

The corporate propaganda model is fine as far as it goes, but it is entirely incomplete when it comes to explaining Donna Britt's continuing appeal.

Posted by Seth at February 1, 2009 02:41 PM

Jonathan, far be it from me to tell you how to spend your time, but I always wish you would write more posts like this explaining the institutional bias of the corporate media. Not only are you really good at explaining it, but you also have a really light touch, making you a perfect propagandist for the propaganda model of understanding the media to the liberal hordes out there in blogland who are still clueless as to why the media behaves as it does, attributing all the biases to anything but institutional ones.

Posted by updike's ghost at February 1, 2009 03:20 PM

It occurred to me that we're hearing a lot these days about the hard times that have befallen the print media, including the behemoths of the Hudson and the Potomac. People don't get their news from these great, beautiful, "objective" sources any more. So it seems that they aren't doing such a good job of pandering to us lowest-common-denominator unwashed masses after all. They do seem to keep selling the ads, but maybe not well enough. So it becomes necessary to cut the reporting staff. Good reporters cost money, and the papers can fill their pages more cheaply with fluff, "human-interest" stories, public-relations releases from corporations to be run as if they were news, government public-relations releases to be run as if they were news. Despite all these precautions, bits of news keep finding their way into print/broadcast/cable. Cut the staff some more!

And then they wonder why they keep losing market share to the Daily Show and the Colbert Report. Maybe most Americans don't really care about the news. But those who do, evidently don't want what the corporate media are selling under that name.

Posted by Duncan at February 1, 2009 03:37 PM

Are the Stutts University sports teams called the Bearcats?

Posted by BillCinSD at February 1, 2009 10:22 PM

I am the lowest common denomenator. Amity Shlaes has a funny last name.

What else is there to know?

Posted by bobbyp at February 2, 2009 12:02 AM

besides, everyone knows that there is actually something better for economic recovery than tax cuts: the reagan dime. the roosevelt dime forces people into an impoverished line of thinking. no one would ask a brother to spare a reagan dime. they would ask to borrow it at a fair rate of interest, for a profitable purpose, over a fixed and appropriate period of time.

Posted by hapa at February 2, 2009 01:29 AM

The news isn’t about information it is entertainment. That’s all it ever was.

Posted by Rob Payne at February 2, 2009 04:40 AM

Oh, I'm not convinced "everyone knows that there is actually something better for economic recovery than tax cuts." I came across a link to 1962 that reminded me, tax cuts is a venerable institution in both Republican and Democratic Party politicking.

"Our true choice is not between tax reduction, on the one hand, and the avoidance of large Federal deficits on the other. It is increasingly clear that, no matter what party is in power, so long as our national security needs keep rising, an economy hampered by restrictive tax rates will never produce enough revenue to balance the budget - just as it will never produce enough jobs or enough profits.

"In short, it is a paradoxical truth that tax rates are too high today and tax revenues are too low - and the soundest way to raise revenues in the long run is to cut rates now.

Posted by Mary at February 2, 2009 09:55 AM

A recurring problem in the liberal blogosphere is the mismatch of their expectations and perceptions to reality. Reality is what it is, don't care about what you think it should be.

This problem manifests itself in the ongoing concern about media "misbehavior", a longing for days gone by or a return to our nation's principles, and supporting policy like the Iraq war because they think it will do some good.

Jon often writes about the misery, angst and irrationality we all fall into when our beliefs are challenged, this recurring disappointment found between reality and the model of reality we all carry in our heads is very much the same.

Posted by Justin at February 2, 2009 03:32 PM

I don't think reality is what it is at all. It's something else entirely, and that misconception has caused untold amounts of grief.

Posted by Tiffa at February 2, 2009 10:56 PM

I find it suspicious that someone with a bachelors' degree in English, 25 years ago, no matter how prestigious the institution (Yale), and no subsequent academic training or degrees, would be thought sufficiently 'expert' to be a 'senior' anything at the CFR, much less an 'economics' analyst...

Posted by woody at February 3, 2009 02:41 PM


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123 Main Street, Newcastle BT33 0AE
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Two extremely conveniently situated ground floor two bedroom apartments with full turn key finish on Newcastle’s sea front and perfectly located to take advantage of all the amenities on offer in Newcastle. These properties are perfect for all those seeking a bolt hole by the sea in NI’s premier seaside resort.

Key Information

Address 4 No. Apartments, 20 Downs Road, Newcastle
Style Apartment
Status For sale
Price Asking price £169,950
Bedrooms 2
Bathrooms 2
Receptions 1
Heating Gas
EPC Rating C79/C79 (co2: B85/B85)

  • 2 no. brand new 2 bed ground floor apartments with full turn key finish
  • Situated in a seafront location and only 100 yards off Main Street
  • Bay windows to front in all apartments
  • Magnificent views of the sea and mountains
  • Gas heating with double glazing throughout and served by a passenger lift

Additional Information

Ground Floor

Apartment 1 - AGREED / Apartment 2 - AVAILABLE

Kitchen / Living Area 14’9” x 16’7” (into bay)
Master Bedroom 10’9” x 10’9”
Master Bedroom En suite 4’2” x 6’5”
Bedroom (2) 10’6” x 8’3”
Family Bathroom 4’2” x 6’6”

First Floor

Apartment 3 - SALE AGREED / Apartment 4 - SALE AGREED

Kitchen / Living Area 14’10” x 16’6” (into bay)
Master Bedroom 11’0” x 10’8”
En Suite 6’6” x 5’5”
Bedroom (2) 6’6” x 9’8”
Family Bathroom 4’2” x 6’5”

Finished and ready to move into the apartments have fully painted ceilings and walls, recessed spotlights to parts and polished timber floors throughout

Kitchens include impressive high quality units with matching work tops and tiled backsplashes, integrated appliances to include: built in eye level “NORMENDE” oven and microwave, built in “NORMENDE” hob, stainless steel extractor hood, integrated fridge/freezer, dishwasher & washer dryer

Bathrooms and en suites comprise a mix of: tiled walls and floors, fitted white sanitary wear, corner fitted shower cubicles with rain shower heads and chrome towel rails

Entrance to both ground floor apartments from Downs Road
Entrance to both first floor apartments from the rear
On street parking with ground floor apartments

Dedicated parking to rear with both first floor apartments with vehicular access from Newcastle’s Main Street via Savoy Lane and then right turn into laneway serving building

Common stairwell to rear with lift access to upper floor
Balconies to both first floor apartments
Bin Store to rear and Gas supply to front.

The apartments are available for sale by way of long lease hold interests.

We estimate the annual service charge for the maintenance and upkeep of the common parts of the building together with the buildings insurance to be c. £350.00 pa.

Although not yet assessed we estimate that the rates for each of the apartments in the block will be calculated at c. £1,100 pa

These particulars do not constitute any part of an offer or contract. None of the statements contained in these particulars are to be relied on as statements or representations of fact and any intending purchaser must satisfy himself by inspection or otherwise as to the correctness of each of the statements contained in these particulars. The Vendor does not make or give and neither T.L Graham & Son nor any person in their employment has any authority to make or give any representation or warranty whatever in relation to this property. Please note that we have not tested the services or systems in this property. Purchasers should make/commission their own inspections if they feel it is necessary. Photographs are reproduced for general information and it must not be inferred that any item is included for sale with the property.
(NB. All measurements are approximate)

On the approach to Newcastle from the direction of Belfast enter the one-way system at the main roundabout and proceed as if heading for Main Street. However, at the Bus Station veer left and pass Lidl on your left. Proceed through the mini roundabout and on into Downs Road. No. 20 is situated on your right hand side almost directly opposite the Downs Road Children’s Playpark.


text:
Friday, January 23, 2015

From My Favorite Rummage Sale ..

Hello my dear friends,

I have told you about the London Orchestra many of times before and that it holds an amazing rummage sale twice a year here and that I have always found so many lovely treasures there. Today I am sharing my newest treasures from what seems to have been their last sale last Autumn.

I was very fortunate to find many very lovely treasures again. What I am going to do with them is still a little mystery to me though right now but I am sure something will pop into my mind in the future.

Unfortunately the Orchestra was suddenly shut down late last year. That is something so sad and just says something about our cities finances really. The statement said that they were not going to perform until at least the end of 2015 and maybe even longer. Saying that, this also means that it seems the largest rummage sale event in our city has also has come to an end and for me that is sad too. I will miss visiting it a lot. Hopefully they will be back some time again as a orchestra and as a rummage sale too.

Thank you for stopping by here at Todolwen today and visiting me. It means so much to me when you do.

I hope you are well my dear friends and life is treating you kind.

Have a peaceful and creative day.

  1. Wow !! Beautiful findings !! I have never found things that pretty at rummage sales . I live in Arkansas in the United States ..
    Love your blog !
    Cathy Thompson

  2. Wonderful treasures Karen! I'm sad for you, with no symphony, and no rummage sale but I think there will be a little consolation in dreaming up wonderful new creations....

  3. Ohhhh how lovely are the treasures you found!
    Hope to see soon some new creation with the lovely colored flowers.

    Hugs Ines♥

  4. You found some amazing things! The rummage sales here never yield anything half as nice so you definitely lucked out!


text:
Sunday, Feb 25, 2018
One of America's Great Newspapers ~ Toledo, Ohio

Spotlight: The Bourbon Cowboys

The Bourbon Cowboys

Lineup: Rodney "HotRod" Parker, John McAfee, and Randy Monk.

Year formed: An off-shoot of the popular modern country band Rodney Parker and Liberty Beach, the Bourbon Cowboys formed in 2011.

Style of music: Acoustic renditions of favorite modern and classic country hits, specializing in three-part vocal harmonies.

Sounds a little like: A night of good time acoustic honky tonk music.

Influences: Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, Hank Williams, Hank Williams, Jr., Hank Williams III, and maybe a little Led Zeppelin.

Favorite local venue: Russ' Roadhouse, The Campfire Grill, Winchesters.

Upcoming gigs: The Campfire Grill, 7 to 11 tonight; Russ' Roadhouse, Jan. 9, 6:30 to 10:30 p.m.; we currently rotate every other Thursday between those two venues.

Web site:

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Sunday, Feb 25, 2018
One of America's Great Newspapers ~ Toledo, Ohio

Our Towns Web

Perrysburg Township officials disappointed with mining permit

Perrysburg Township officials said Wednesday they are disappointed the state has granted a mining permit for a township landscaping business.

Township trustees said they’ve learned the Ohio Department of Natural Resources has approved a mining permit this week for Wylie and Sons Landscaping LLC at 27226 Glenwood Rd.

“That isn’t what I wanted to hear,” Trustee Gary Britten said at Wednesday’s meeting.“Nothing can be done about it, which is what we were afraid of.”

Township Administrator Walt Celley formally objected to the application when the company submitted it in July, 2013. He sent a letter to the ODNR, saying he was concerned the mining work would create too much wear and tear on the road. He also is concerned the mining project won’t include reclamation of the land.

Wylie and Sons Landscaping applied for permission to mine 800 tons of topsoil, 6,000 tons of clay, and 100,000 tons of limestone from the site annually. In total, the company would mine 12,000 tons of topsoil, 90,000 tons of clay, and 1.5 million tons of limestone.

The drilling will be 15 to 20 feet deep in holes 4 to 8 feet wide. All of the 14.7 acres on the site will be affected.

In addition to Mr. Celley’s objection, about 30 neighbors of Wylie and Sons Landscaping who oppose the mining plan attended a public hearing in September, 2013 hoping for the application to be rejected. They said the company was a “bad neighbor” that made too much noise and disturbed residents with its trucks.

Tom Wylie, company owner, wasn’t at Wednesday meeting and could not be reached for comment Wednesday night, but he has previously said if someone has an issue with the business they need to address it to him. He has told his truck drivers to pull out north on Glenwood Road because they will disturb fewer residents driving that direction.

David Crow, ODNR deputy chief said last year he couldn’t decide whether to approve the permit based on complaints that Wylie and Sons is a bad neighbor. He did say residents could appeal the permit in courts though.

“We put a lot of resources into fighting this application,” Mr. Celley said Wednesday.

Contact Matt Thompson at:, 419-356-8786, or on Twitter at @mthompson25.

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At a Glance

FWD is a design and marketing firm that works closely with clients to develop unique brand strategies using web, email and print strategies and solutions.

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Accused Maryville Church Gunman Ruled...

Accused Maryville Church Gunman Ruled Unfit To Stand Trial

There are 3 comments on the Fox2Now story from Oct 20, 2009, titled Accused Maryville Church Gunman Ruled Unfit To Stand Trial. In it, Fox2Now reports that:

A man accused of gunning down a pastor during a Sunday sermon as the church's congregation watched in horror is mentally unfit to stand trial, a judge in southwestern Illinois ruled Tuesday.

Join the discussion below, or Read more at Fox2Now.

Saint Louis, MO

#1 Oct 20, 2009
I blame Sedlacks parents for this tragedy. I am tired of hearing about these mentally ill people who are running around society hurting, killing and scaring people because their families do not want to deal with the issues at hand. This man was living with his parents and you cannot tell me that they did not know he had these thoughts. Stop sticking your head in the sand, families, and take care of your mentally ill family members so the rest of us can be safe.

Saint Louis, MO

#2 Oct 21, 2009
To Janie, not sure what a family is supposed to do with an adult male who is grown? Stand over him 24/7 and make sure he never leaves the house? Chain him to his bed? Put his medication in his mouth and force him to swallow it? Unfortunately the facilities that used to take care of and/or house people like this are becoming fewer and fewer, with more families having to house mentally ill people. I blame the lack of services for people like this, not the families. Adults with schizophrenia are notorious for not taking their medication. When a man is grown, as this man was, you can't hold his family totally responsible, in my opinion. Unfortunately, no one will ever be safe, no matter if it's the mentally ill you're referring to, drug addicts, gang members, drunk drivers, etc. etc. and I hate to say it, but attacks like this, someone coming into a public place and killing people, is becoming more prevalent in our society, whether the accused is mentally unstable or not.

Collinsville, IL

#3 Oct 21, 2009
Sedlacek... pronounced Sed -la -check at least by those I've known with that name....

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The Satellite Shop

Similar ads Visit the website Tell-a-friend
Electrical products you'll find on the high street and some, it claims, you won't.
Tell others about this site by clicking on the "social bookmarking" site logos below:

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Sixteen Mexican's Killed at Birthday Party by Guns from Obama and Holder's Fast and Furious Guns Scheme

More dead and I believe we are still only scratching the surface. It is going to take all of us to keep the pressure on our Congress to NOT LET THIS ISSUE DROP.....CRIMES HAVE BEEN COMMITTED- and our government would love for this to go away and don't think they aren't trying. Imagine if this had happened under Bush? There would be no re-election bid, he would already have been impeached.  Holder is not indicted, but still in office. Obama can cry "Executive Privilege" only so long. (He hopes until after the election).  Fox is still the only news agency with a voice speaking out on this which makes my blood boil worse.  WE MUST NOT FORGET.
- W.E.

h/t FoundersKeeper

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See all London Tour Reviews

100% Fully booked tour
By: MARIA EDELWINA CARREON | Tue Nov 28, 2017 at 04.00 PM
This must be a very good tour because it got fully booked easily. May be if I visit UK again, I will try this tour again
100% Fast paced tour
By: MARIA EDELWINA CARREON | Tue Nov 28, 2017 at 03.50 PM
A lot of places were visited during this one day tour. However, the pacing was very fast to avoid the crowd and be on time for the next destination. We had a very informative and funny guide who was a great story teller with a voice that re.. Read full review
100% Fabulous trip.
By: Diane Branter | Sun Nov 12, 2017 at 09.28 AM
Even in November , this was a fantastic experience. The tour guide and driver were both exceptional. It was amazing how much we saw in a short time. We were always told about the places we were visiting, including how to avoid scams. A few .. Read full review
6-Day Tour of England and Scotland from Paris to London

**Cambridge | York | Edinburgh | Lake District | Stratford-Upon-Avon**

100% Exquisite Trip
By: Anonymous | Wed Nov 08, 2017 at 04.09 PM
The trip had a lot of potential and places that it covered. I enjoyed the trip overall. We visited a lot of historical places throughout england. It's worth it if you want to cover a lot of land within a short time frame and without any wor.. Read full review
100% Exceeded Our Expectations
By: Anonymous | Fri Nov 03, 2017 at 12.45 AM
We really enjoyed ourselves on our tour of Scotland and the UK. The tour was well run and Eric, our guide, was knowledgeable and patient. I am removing one star for the breakfast at Abington. That was a sad morning.
95% Amazing tour
By: nothing | Thu Nov 02, 2017 at 05.30 AM
This tour was amazing! The tour guide is professional in providing the needed information.
100% 16 days tour - purple and blue line.
By: Anonymous | Tue Oct 31, 2017 at 01.41 PM
Travel is okey. Highly recommended. Will return to Prague and Bratislave, Austria and other countries.
100% 2 Europe Tour ( perple line and blue line )
By: Anonymous | Sat Oct 28, 2017 at 02.19 AM
I'm happy to choose 2 trips in Europe, i'm happy all the services and a tour guide and drivers too. they ware good, i'm thinking for the future trip with this company. i'm happy with Tour 4 Fun, very good services when i need help, S.. Read full review
100% 7 days great britain
By: Anonymous | Thu Oct 26, 2017 at 08.38 AM
value for money was excellent
100% Devon Cornwall Tour
By: Anonymous | Sun Oct 08, 2017 at 07.27 AM
Hugh, was and awesome guide with lots of knowledge on the area, he went above and beyond to try and fit in all the days activities! It was such a well organised tour and would highly recommend to friends to go with rabbies. It was a great m.. Read full review
2-Day Cotswolds, Bath, and Oxford Sightseeing Tour

**Advance Booking Recommended -- Sells Out Quickly!**

81% A nice tour guide
By: Anonymous | Sat Sep 30, 2017 at 09.19 AM
We went for the 2 days Cotswold tour. The tour guide James was a very nice guy who gave us lots of information and a polite gentleman. We were travelling in a group of 10 in a small bus which was lovely as it was small enough to know some o.. Read full review
100% Purple line tour
By: Anonymous | Thu Sep 28, 2017 at 01.55 AM
Enjoyed the tour very much.Lots of wonderful places to see, though the pace was quite fast most days. Tour guides were good especially Jack on the UK leg. A great way to see new places
88% Penelope Nash
By: Anonymous | Wed Sep 27, 2017 at 10.57 AM
Our tour guide Jamie was very accomplished and certainly went the extra mile for us Bus was comfortable Accomodation disappointing Overall would recommend
100% Great tour
By: Anonymous | Tue Sep 19, 2017 at 09.59 AM
I really enjoyed this tour. Would def keep working on City walking guides - particularly for executor. Cheers
14-Day Western Europe Holiday: Madrid to Berlin

**Madrid-Barajas Airport Pick-up**

95% 14-Day Western Europe
By: Qin Qin | Wed Sep 13, 2017 at 09.01 PM
I went on this tour by myself, I had a lovely time.
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Trade Cards Online
games : YuGiOh! : Promotional Cards II (English)
Add card image Archfiend Commander

Archfiend Commander:

If you control an "Archfiend" card, you can Special Summon this card (from your hand), but it cannot attack this turn. You can only Special Summon "Archfiend Commander" once per turn this way. When Special Summoned this way: Target 1 "Archfiend" card you control; destroy that target. When this card is Tribute Summoned: You can target 1 Level 6 "Archfiend" monster in your Graveyard; Special Summon that target in face-up Defense Position.

  • Number: JUMP-EN067
  • Rarity: Ultra Rare
  • Card Type: Monster / Effect
  • Monster Type: Fiend
  • Attack Points: 2500
  • Defense Points: 1200
  • Level / Rank: 6
  • Attribute: Dark
  • Password: 68371799
SP = Short Print (Common);
SSP = Super Short Print (Common);
DNPR = Duel Terminal Normal Parallel Rare;
DRPR = Duel Terminal Rare Parallel Rare;
DSPR = Duel Terminal Super Parallel Rare;
DUPR = Duel Terminal Ultra Parallel Rare;
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Trade Cards Online
games : Lord Of The Rings : Legends/Legends Masterworks
Faramir`s Sword card scan: click to enlarge

Faramir's Sword:

Bearer must be Faramir. He is damage +1. Each minion skirmishing Faramir at a battleground or Forest site is roaming.
"'There will be hard handstrokes nigh at hand ere the day is full.'"

  • Number: 12RF5
  • Rarity: RF
  • Strength: +2
  • Type: Possession
  • Race/Class: Hand Weapon
  • Twilight Cost: 2
  • Culture: Gondor
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text: Ten Ways To Make Your Website More Mobile Friendly The bulk of the book is a history lesson, from the commodity boom of the 1970s through the monetary experiments of the 2010s. Being poor is not being able to pay for all the expensive tests, labs, medicines & office visits that are required by Pain Specialists, but if you don’t go to them & follow every letter of the CONTRACT” of humiliation they make you sign, then regardless of any reason at all that you have for missing an appointment- like eviction & having no phone-you are kicked to the curb. The first start with getting people attention and it start from fascinating readers by blog posts, instead of focusing[…]


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Newly-Discovered Stress Medicine

I’ll admit: I’m a gamer. I love to play. But shoot-em-up games are not exactly my favourite.
Yesterday, though, I downloaded one of these: an iPhone game called Where’s My Rubber Ducky. It’s a 3-D audio game played with earphones on, where you spin around and point your phone in the direction you hear the zombies coming from. You have a gun and a machete you can use to eradicate these monstrous pests.
Your name is Jack, and you’re blind, armed and dangerous, and swear like a trooper. You’re really not impressed, because your land was invaded, all the women were taken, but even worse – your rubber ducky! You don’t care about the rest, you just want your ducky back!

After having had a really horrible day, I needed to be violent. Violence against real people can get messy, and it can also put me behind bars. So why not shoot some zombies who are intruding in my “space”.
So, with a few minutes to spare before I went out, I decided to shoot some zombies.
I got so carried away with these creatures coming at me from all angles. Sadly, I died within the first five minutes, because unfortunately, with all the excitement, I started pointing my head, and not my phone. :-d
The result of that disaster was side-splitting laughter which washed away the stress of the day.
So, if you need to vent or de-stress, and you feel like taking it out on something or someone, take it out on the critters who stole your rubber ducky.
The game is free in the US app store, and has no visual aesthetics, because it was designed for blind people. But I dare anyone to try this zany game and let me know how it goes. Please also don’t forget to tell me if your head started misbehaving. 🙂

Leave a comment please :-)


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Treasured by Holly

Shipping & Returns

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Unless otherwise specified by buyer, I will ship all items via U.S.P.S. first class mail

Easy Returns & Exchanges

If a refund is ever necessary (and I certainly hope it isn't!), monies will be refunded *only* after I have received items.

CUSTOM ORDERS/ONE OF A KIND ITEMS: Because of the nature of custom items, I cannot accept returns, exchanges, or refunds. Please ensure that you are satisfied with the colorways that you have chosen *before* I begin crocheting. All custom orders are final.


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Age: 18 years old
Occupation: Telemarketer

Adriana is a girl that I met through a repair man that was working on my house. After I told him about my site, he told me that he may know of a girl that may model nude for the site. The next day, he came back over to my house to finish the job and he had a cute little teen with him! I wanted to fuck her but she told me that she had a steady boyfriend and wouldn't want to go that far. She did let me jack off on her hairy little teen asscrack though!

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Do you like to look at REAL AMATEUR GIRLS? You will not find any fake and airbrushed models here at TRUE AMATEUR MODELS! However, what you WILL find are VERY AMATEUR GIRLS modeling nude for their VERY FIRST TIME! You wil NEVER be able to find these girls ANYWHERE else! That's for sure.

This is 100% EXCLUSIVE and HIGH QUALITY amateur content...all shot by myself and from my very own home! There are no "blurry" or "grainy" looking amateur pictures here! Click the banner above to find out why TRUE AMATEUR MODELS is the VERY BEST amateur website that exists today!

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Military Neck Knife - XSF Plain Neck Knife
19 BH43007
Out of Stock!

Fast and Accurate Order Processing

We offer standard, 3 day express, 2 day express, and overnight express shipping options for your convenience. If you place your order Monday - Friday by 2:00 PM EST using one of our express shipping options, your order will be processed and shipped the same day it is placed!

Applies to delivery within the 48 contiguous states only.

Out of Stock Notification

E-Mail Address: Please Send Me Free Updates via Email

    Developed by former Canadian Special Forces operator and custom knife maker, Brent Beshara, the XSF combines extraordinary power with a sleek design to produce the ultimate personal defense weapon.

    Its full-tang design and textured G-10 handle scales ensure superior strength and a positive grip. Features include a black Teflon coated AUS8A stainless steel blade. Measures 6.2 in. overall. Includes injection-molded nylon sheath with neck chain.

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