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Interest in nuclear energy grew during the presidencies of both George W. Bush and Barack Obama, but now the industry faces an uncertain future.

WASHINGTON — One flash point in the remarkable revival of interest in nuclear energy here — a revival now threatened by the calamity in Japan — came almost by accident at a late-night brainstorming session in a senator’s office in 1997.

Pete V. Domenici, then a Republican senator from New Mexico, was looking for an issue to claim as his own. One staff member, a former scientist at the Los Alamos nuclear lab, tossed out an idea that seemed dead on arrival: a renewed commitment to nuclear energy.

“Are you serious?” Mr. Domenici remembers asking the aide incredulously. After Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, nuclear energy had fallen into disfavor, development had stalled, and many politicians ran from the issue like it was a toxic cloud.

But with industry backing, Mr. Domenici overcame his skepticism and became one of the driving forces in a decade-long renaissance of nuclear energy — a resurgence that began in earnest under President George W. Bush and has led President Obama to seek a $36 billion expansion in loan guarantees to finance reactors at a time when other programs are being slashed.

Now, however, the future of nuclear energy in the United States is in doubt, with advocates on all sides bracing for a fierce debate over whether the disaster in Japan should slow or even derail the planned expansion of America’s 104 nuclear reactors.

Mr. Obama has shown no sign of backing away — a testament to the success of an expensive multiyear campaign by the nuclear energy industry, advocates in Congress and the executive branch.

Nuclear executives, girding for a fight, have already held 20 briefings for Washington lawmakers and others about the events in Japan and the potential lessons learned at home. They have been putting out guidance on increased safeguards for reactors, and giving reporters tours of nuclear plants.

The message: Despite the events in Japan, nuclear is a safe, affordable and “clean” energy source that does not spew harmful carbons into the environment or rely on foreign producers.

“We surely should avoid a rush to judgment,” Jeff Merrifield, a former member of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said in one of a series of videos that the Nuclear Energy Institute, the leading trade group, has put out on its Web site since this month’s tsunami crippled Japan’s reactors. The United States, he said, should “continue to move forward with building those plants because it’s the right thing for our nation.”

But with polls in the last two weeks showing dimmed support for nuclear power, opponents are hoping to use the events in Japan to slow the industry’s political momentum and challenge what the industry maintains is a long record of safety.

“The risk is just so great if there’s a screw-up,” said David Hamilton, director of energy programs for the Sierra Club, which opposes the expansion of nuclear energy. “The nuclear renaissance was already hanging by a thread, and the Japanese disaster may have cut the thread.”

But even the critics acknowledge that the industry’s backers have managed to jump-start nuclear energy in a way that few thought possible a decade ago.

One turning point, people on both sides of the issue agree, was that proponents took advantage of the public concern over climate change and carbon-producing fuels beginning in the early 2000s and were able to recast themselves — first to fence-sitting lawmakers, then to the public as a whole — as a “clean” alternative that would not harm the environment.

“It was a brilliant campaign,” said Tyson Slocum, an energy expert at Public Citizen, which opposes nuclear energy because of concerns about its safety, security and cost.

“While everyone was focused on shutting down coal plants, they had a couple of years to themselves to just talk to the American public in very sophisticated ad campaigns and to reintroduce a generation of Americans to nuclear power,” he said. “That was very powerful.”

Nuclear industry firms and their employees also contributed more than $4.6 million in the last decade to members of Congress — both Republicans and Democrats, including Mr. Obama, then a senator, and his presidential campaign — as the industry’s political fortunes were rising, according to an analysis by, a Washington research group that tracks money and politics.

And the industry has spent tens of millions more lately on lobbying. Last year, electric utilities, trade groups and other backers spent $54 million hiring lobbyists, including former members of Congress, to make their case, according to a separate analysis by the Sunlight Foundation, which also tracks money and politics.

As a senator, Mr. Domenici was a big beneficiary of the industry’s largess, collecting more than $1.25 million over his 20-year career from political donors affiliated with the energy sector.

Months after he committed himself to promoting nuclear energy, he gave a talk on the topic in 1997 at Harvard University called “A New Nuclear Paradigm.” Nuclear energy proponents called it a seminal moment in the shift of public opinion.

“I wanted to put nuclear power in its proper perspective,” said Mr. Domenici, who left the Senate in 2009 and serves as a senior fellow at the Bipartisan Policy Center in Washington.

“You have this resource just sitting there saying, ‘Are you going to use me or not?’ ” Mr. Domenici said in an interview last week. “People were stirring up fears of another Three Mile Island, but I believe the reality of nuclear power has now become much better known.”

Mr. Domenici’s position as a senior member of both the Senate Energy and Appropriations Committees gave him a particularly influential role in helping the industry. He was at Mr. Bush’s side in 2005, when the president signed a major bill that encouraged the building of new nuclear plants. Work has now begun on four new plants.

Mr. Domenici’s former aides have gone on to play critical roles in the debate as well.

Pete Lyons, a nuclear scientist and the former Domenici aide who first suggested the nuclear energy idea to the senator at his 1997 brainstorming session, went on to serve on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and has been nominated by Mr. Obama to run the Energy Department’s civilian nuclear program. Alex Flint, another Domenici aide at the meeting, now is the chief federal lobbyist for the Nuclear Energy Institute. And a third aide at the meeting, Steve Bell, assists Mr. Domenici’s work on a presidential panel on nuclear waste.

Mr. Flint said the senator’s staff did not expect to succeed when Mr. Domenici began proposing modest appropriations for nuclear research and programming in the late 1990s.

“We were going against the conventional wisdom,” Mr. Flint said. “We expected a pushback, but we didn’t get it. And it just grew from there.”

Within the Energy Department, meanwhile, a 2003 study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the future of nuclear energy helped forge a consensus within the government, even among skeptical policy makers, officials said. The study concluded that while nuclear power was facing “stagnation and decline,” it should remain an important way to provide carbon-free energy at relatively low cost.

“That really moved my thinking, and that kind of analysis was very influential,” said Daniel B. Poneman, deputy secretary at the Energy Department.

Today, there is no doubt about where the Energy Department stands.

Its Web site extols the value of nuclear energy as providing “low-cost, carbon-free electricity to help drive the American economy and preserve the environment,” and it even includes a special page for children called “the Power Pack,” featuring a sci-fi journey through nuclear energy.

For critics urging a go-slow approach to building reactors, the enthusiasm is all a bit much.

“The industry has really embedded itself in the political establishment,” said Mr. Slocum at Public Citizen. “They’ve had reliable friends from George Bush to Barack Obama, and the government has really just become cheerleaders for the industry.”

Whether events in Japan change the political calculus in Washington “is what everyone is waiting to see,” he said. “We don’t want to be seen as exploiting a tragedy, but it’s prudent to talk about the implications here. The best and the brightest can’t see around every corner.”


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Your celebration is only one email away! Contact me at and I will be happy to make your Tuscan dream come true!

Good food and wine can give you the possibility to share with friends and  relatives beautiful moments, and why not even when you’re in Tuscany with a private dinner at the villa in which you are staying. It can be for a birthday party, for a family reunion, a wedding anniversary, or a friends’ get-together, all great occasions to celebrate around Tuscany, with me to organize things for you, and you just have fun and enjoy the moment.

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Boston Legal Fodder

Boston Legal: The Mighty Rogues

Shirley visits her sick father whom, we learn, is suffering from the late stages of Alzheimer's. After breaking his ribs in a fall, Shirley's father Walt is clearly in pain and entirely fearful of everyone at the nursing home - Shirley included. When Shirley and Denny discover this, Shirley asks for a morphine drip to be used to put her father to rest for good. The doctor refuses, but Denny fortunately knows the head of hospital personally. The sympathetic Chief Resident explains that, while they can't allow a morphine drip by law, they could if they obtained a court order. Denny initially wants to see to it, but Shirley requests Alan specifically. Though Denny is taken back by the request, he doesn't seem hurt - Shirley is clearly in pain, and he'll do anything to help her, even let someone else take the lead. In court, the opposing counsel argues Shirley is in more pain than Walt and the potential for abuses set by the precedent outweigh the benefits of allowing a morphine drip. But Alan gives a passionate argument that threatens to boil over altogether if he's not careful. Composing himself, Alan speaks of his best friend in the early stages of Alzheimer's, and how he'll do everything in his power to preserve the sanctity of his friend's life - and death. Denny watches from the back bench, musing his future, while the judge grants the motion, and after thanking Alan, Shirley watches her father finally pass away.

In a lighter subplot, Jerry needs Katie's help with another court case. He's been using a confidence-building hormone on himself to date Dana, a beautiful women - and applied some to her as well. In retaliation, the woman is suing him. Katie is clearly upset with the flustered Jerry, but is forced to admit Dana does have a case. Under Katie's advice, Jerry apologizes to Dana and admits he is so in love with her he tried to pretend he was someone else. Later, at a bar, Dana drops the case and apologizes - and even gets back together with Jerry.

And lastly, the Mayor of Nantucket enlists Carl's aid - to get the town an atomic bomb for defense purposes. With the help of Lorraine, Whitney and Clarence. Later, Clarence refuses to help in the case on ground of principle, not wanting to help anyone get an A-Bomb, whether the case has a chance or not. The group doesn't go unhindered, however, as Denny is more than willing to gleefully lend a hand. Later, Carl finds his client isn't as crazy as it seems - he wants to use the media coverage to plunge nuclear proliferation back into today's top issues. Though the judge admits Carl has a point, he refuses to grant the motion to allow Nantucket its own A-Bomb.

Back on the balcony, Denny and Alan share scotch and cigars, and Denny reveals he heard Alan's closing. Denny ponders his final moments, but Alan is quick to change the subject and even admits it. The episode ends with Denny tenderly chewing on his cigar and holding hands with his good friend as he looks to the future.

Overall, a powerhouse of an episode, and a superbly satisfying one which manages to use just about everyone in the cast a little. The next episode looks to be just as interesting - as Denny and Alan speak in front of the Supreme Court!

Posted by Richard on April 15, 2008 11:05 PM
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More Recent Stories:
Boston Legal: Patriot Acts
Boston Legal: The Gods Must Be Crazy
Boston Legal Bows Out After Next Season
Boston Legal: Indecent Proposals
Boston Legal: The Court Supreme
Boston Legal: The Mighty Rogues
Boston Legal: Tabloid Nation
Boston Legal: Rescue Me
Boston Legal: Glow in the Dark
Boston Legal: Roe Vs. Wade: The Musical


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In The Soup

  • 1936
  • Movie
  • NR
  • Comedy

After barrister Lynn makes a mess of his first case, he realizes he just might be in the wrong business. To make ends meet he and wife Gunn decide to rent out their apartment to various persons simultaneously. The couple have to impersonate the house servants and throw a dinner party for the residents. Gunn puts a dash of sleeping powder into the soup, more

Where to Watch

Available to Stream

  • Watch on

Director (1 Credit)
Writer (1 Credit)
H. Fowler Mear
Source (1 Credit)
Ralph Lumley
Producer (1 Credit)
Julius Hagen
Cinematographer (1 Credit)
Sydney Blythe


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Fairness & Equality

  • The Police Federation trains representatives to help police officers who:

  •  - Who may have a complaint made against them
  •  - Who may be a witness to acts that form a complaint
  •  - Who may be otherwise involved
  •  - May have a complaint about the lack of equality and diversity in their treatment at work

    Police Federation Representatives can help officers to resolve their complaint within the workplace by:

  • - Being objective and independent

  • - Maintaining confidentiality

  • - Helping officers to clarify matters and identify relevant information.

  • - Exploring the options available to resolve their complaint

  • - Seeking to manage the officer’s expectations.

  • - Assisting officers to achieve a resolution through their Force procedures.

  • - Advising on how and when to use their Force Grievance Procedure.

  • - In appropriate circumstances, arranging for a solicitor to advise on the possibility of taking a case to an Employment Tribunal.

 Both the member and the Representative should keep a detailed diary of events relating to the complaint and should ensure that they keep each other informed on any developments.

The main purpose of any Grievance or Fairness at Work Procedure is to ensure that Officers who feel they have been unfairly treated either by management or their colleagues are given every opportunity to have their issue(s) resolved in a fair manner.

The procedure is intended to resolve officer's grievances quickly, but it is important to remember that there is no guarantee of obtaining resolution and that these procedures are not for establishing blame or providing punishment.

 Resolution Strategies

 The Federation recognises that no one benefits from protracted disputes in the workplace and therefore believes in resolving complaints as soon as possible. In order to help this happen, officers should identify what they want to be done at an early stage so that a resolution to their grievance can be achieved. Alternative resolution strategies should be considered, as they are both practical and achievable. In the Force these resolutions can take the following forms:

  • - Apology: This is often hard to achieve as it means that someone has to accept that his or her behaviour caused offence.

  • - Policy Revision: The Force would undertake to amend their policies and/or practices and introduce a procedure for monitoring to ensure that there was no reoccurrence.

  • - Compensation: The Force may pay a sum in recognition of the damage or hurt caused.

  • - Personal Needs: It may be possible to address the personal needs of the individual complainant or the person complained of, by for example, a revised training programme, or the provision of coaching or mentoring.

  • - Compassionate Leave / Special Leave: It may be possible to arrange for a period of leave for either or all parties.

  • - Transfer: One or other party could be offered a transfer to another post, but it is important to remember that it could be unlawful victimisation to move the complainant against his or her wishes.

  • - Disciplinary Action: The complainant's allegations may result in the taking of disciplinary action.

  • - Statement: The organisation gives an undertaking in writing that, for example the officer will not suffer future victimisation or that all records of the complaint will be removed from the officer's personal file.

This is not an exhaustive list but simply suggestions of ways a complaint could be resolved quickly, confidentially and without any blame being apportioned.

 The Legislation

 Police officers are Officers of the Crown, not 'employees' in the legal sense and are not covered by all employment laws. In matters of equality and diversity they are covered and can take claims under:

  • - The Equal Pay Act 1970 (as amended).

  • - The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended).

  • - The Race Relations Act 1976 (as amended).

  • - The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999.

  • - The Part Time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000

  • - The Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003

  • - The Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003

  • - The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006

 Time Limits

 These claims should be presented to an Employment Tribunal within a time limit of 3 calendar months less 1 day of the date of the last alleged discrimination (6 months in the case of an equal pay claim).

 Action under equality legislation in Employment Tribunal proceedings is taken against an officer's employer (the Chief Constable or Commissioner) for failing to provide the applicant with a non-discriminatory workplace. Only when and if the Chief Constable or Commissioner makes out a defence that they did everything in their power to prevent the discriminatory treatment can action then be taken against individual officers who may have been named as Respondents.

 Employment Tribunal Awards

 Officers may have an expectation that they will obtain compensation by taking their complaint to an Employment Tribunal. A Tribunal can award compensation for:

  • - Injury to feelings

  • - Loss of earnings

  • - Aggravated damages (infrequently)

They can also make a declaration that unlawful discrimination has taken place and recommendations as to future actions, but they cannot, for example, recommend that someone be promoted or given a specific posting.

Previous annual reports of the Employment Tribunal Service identify that awards at a Tribunal can be difficult to obtain and even then can be relatively small. Fewer than 5% of discrimination claims succeed at Tribunal with the median award for race, gender, and disciplinary discrimination being around £5,000. Many successful applicants receive less than this and only a small minority receive substantial sums of money. Tribunal award against individuals names as Respondents are made rarely, and when they are, they are usually only in the hundreds, not thousands of pounds.

 Funding Principles

The Police Federation can fund an officer's case to an Employment Tribunal. Where appropriate, the Federation Representative can arrange for the Federation's solicitors to review the circumstances of the case and give a legal opinion on its merits. They can also give an opinion on the potential costs of taking the case and the potential reward. The Federation will balance this with an analysis of the benefit of the case to the officer and the Service before deciding whether to fund an applicants case.

The Federation will regularly review the funding of a case and may withdraw funding at any stage if, for example, the circumstances of the case changes so that there is no longer a reasonable prospect of success, the member refuses a reasonable offer of settlement or otherwise acts in a manner against advice of the instructed solicitors or detrimental to the interests of the Federation.

The Federation operates a procedure enabling members to appeal against legal funding decisions and has encouraged all local Joint Branch Boards to introduce a Grievance Procedure, for members who wish to raise issues of concern about their treatment or representation.

Remember: The personal costs of taking a claim should not be underestimated. The litigation process can be lengthy and is inevitably confrontational often resulting in a breakdown of the relationship between officer and the force, with officers being lost to the service through extended periods of sickness and ill health.

Regulations, Pay & Conditions

Health & Safety

Retirement & Pensions


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Old 97’s County Fair Line-Up Announced

It’s been a tough winter and spring can’t get here soon enough. Texas roots rock legends the Old 97’s made just made that anticipation greater.

The line-up for the 3rd annual Old 97’s County Fair has been released and it’s another great showcase of roots rock acts.

Along with the 40 foot Ferris wheel and all the carnival games you’ll catch Lord Huron, The Mavericks, Valerie June, The Bottle Rockets, Erika Wennenstrom from Heartless Bastards, Paul Cauthen, Jamie Wyatt, The Bastards of Soul and, of course, the Old 97’s.

The Old 97’s County Fair takes place on Saturday April 14th at Main Street Garden, Downtown Dallas.

Kids 10 & under get in free so bring the whole family.

Buy your tickets here.

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text:
Thomas Kilian · @Khaldor

6th Nov 2017 from TwitLonger

What you should know about the upcoming #HGC "Rosterpocalypse"

With HGC 2017 ending and the transfer period starting the lineups of a lot more HGC teams will change than people currently expect. Most of the existing teams will make changes and a lot of them will probably be very surprising to the community. What I would like to stress with this post is that change is not a bad thing. The word rosterpocalypse gets thrown around every time this happens and most of the comments I read are negative. A lot of people seem to have the idea that change in a roster is essentially bad and that it's always preferential for players to stick together and "grow" as a team or overcome their differences.

Changes to a lineup are not always made because a team believes they failed at an event. And this seems to be the dominant opinion that I run into when I read about roster-swaps after BlizzCon in particular. Here's just a few additional reasons why teams commit to a new roster:

■ lack / need for a proper shot-caller within the roster
■ lack of motivation / ambition in some players
■ personality conflicts within the teams that can't be bridged
■ different approaches to the game between different "groups" within a team
■ different ideas about work ethic in general (schedules, time commitments etc.)

No team that I know of makes roster-swaps lightly. Most changes are discussed for weeks. At the BlizzCon Finals in 2017 there were several teams in multiple regions that discussed severe changes to their lineups and ended up not following through with it because they did not think the changes would be beneficial in the end or tried to overcome the existing problems internally. Decisions about roster changes are not easy and in the end every teams wants to make sure they emerge better than before to set themselves up in the best way possible for the upcoming year. It's also important to understand that especially the top teams within a region can trigger big changes in the entire region when they commit to a change:

Most of the European that did not make it to BlizzCon used the last few weeks to at least think about potential changes. Some already made the decision to let players go and tried out new ones. But very few of them (if any) actually committed to a new lineup yet. And the reason for this is very simple: most teams are waiting to see what happens with the three teams that went to BlizzCon.
If DIG, FNC and Expert don't change any players then the roster changes for 2018 would probably be very minimal. If on the other hand only one of these three teams changes players everything changes. The top three teams are in a situation where they can basically approach any player of the remaining HGC teams and make them an offer that very few would refuse. At the same time the players leaving one of the Top 3 would be highly sought after. You can see how this will immediately create a lot of change within the region, since very team strifes of course to head into 2018 with the strongest team possible to increase their chances to qualify for the HGC Offline events.

Many of you will already be aware of all of these things. But I'm always concerned when I read comments on Reddit, Twitter or Twitch where people have a very negative attitude towards changes and oftentimes attribute them to the wrong reasons. A lot of changes will happen and I personally believe that it's a good thing. The scene has matured and the teams don't make any of these decisions lightly. Yes, some of the new rosters will fail, but others will succeed and overall I personally am sure that the regions will come out stronger than before! It's going to be an exciting few weeks that lead into 2018 and and an even more exciting HGC 2018! Our first year of HGC has been an amazing adventure and I'm very excited to see what 2018 brings :)

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Small Title

                                                          Txtfmt (The Vim Highlighter)

Txtfmt is a Vim plugin that provides a sort of "rich text" capability for plain text files in Vim. The plugin permits you to highlight arbitrary regions of text with foreground colors, background colors, and all combinations of underline, bold, italic, etc...

 See below for screenshots illustrating some of the many ways Txtfmt can be used...

Block diagram created with Dr. Chip's "drawit" plugin and formatted with Txtfmt

Txtfmt 2.0 default "test page"

This screenshot shows a portion of a "test page" created by Txtfmt version 2.0 with default settings.

Using Txtfmt as a "standalone" filetype

Using Txtfmt with other filetypes (e.g. "C")

This screenshot shows a C source file containing "nested" Txtfmt regions embedded within a C comment. Note that the nesting of Txtfmt formatting regions is possible because of the "ft=c.txtfmt" in the Vim modeline.

:help txtfmt-'nested'

Using Txtfmt in conjunction with Ned Konz' TVO (The Vim Outliner) plugin

This screenshot shows how you can use Txtfmt to highlight the ordinary text within *.otl files created with Ned Konz' TVO (The Vim Outliner) plugin. To make it work, you simply need to set filetype to "otl.txtfmt" rather than "otl". The Txtfmt  "modeline" sets the 'nested' Txtfmt boolean option so that the Txtfmt regions can be nested within TVO regions.

Important Caveat: Because of an issue with the way TVO currently sets b:undo_ftplugin, you should set filetype either with a modeline or with an autocommand, but not with both!

Although the  colors I am using are admittedly a bit gaudy, the intent is simply to  demonstrate the creation of arbitrary highlighting regions within the  TVO  outline blocks.

Using Txtfmt in a vhdl source file

This example was created in response to a request from a user on the Vim mailing list. It shows how Txtfmt could be used to mark entire blocks of vhdl code in a persistent manner. Distinct "red background, bold-italic" and "yellow background, italic" blocks are created to illustrate how the programmer might adopt his own highlighting conventions to represent the maturity of a block of code.


text:
Fasting Moving Square Shaped Object Four Times Size Jet.

Location of Sighting: Minnetonka, Minnesota
Date of Sighting: November 5, 2016
Time of Sighting: 3:45 PM CDT

Center map

Description: I saw a square shaped object four times the size of a large jet and moving much faster. I was late in activating video and it moved too distant to get a good video.

Note to Commenters: If you are reporting a sighting, be sure to include the location (city, state, country), date and time of your sighting. Be detailed in your description. You may also use our report form to report your sighting. Comments will be published if they are in "good taste" and not inflammatory.
This entry was posted in square-shaped, UFO Sightings 2016, UFO Sightings Minnesota, Unidentified and tagged . Bookmark the permalink.

One Response to Fasting Moving Square Shaped Object Four Times Size Jet.

  1. Joel Wesley Small says:

    For whatever it might be worth, I have noted that there has been a significant increase in sighting reports of flights of objects of a rectangular shape. I have a friend that told me that he saw a solid metallic rectangular object ‘flying’ toward him in daylight hours, and said it was at least as large as a boxcar. He even managed to look at it with some binoculars, but in less than several seconds it seemed to just disappear, and this person has no interest in the UFO field.

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SP Energy Networks Third Party Innovation Challenge

Posted 27 October 2017
Energy Innovation Centre

Closing date: 05 January 2018

SP Energy Networks formally invites third parties to submit innovative proposals which fulfil the criteria of the 2018 Network Innovation Competition (NIC) or the Network Innovation Allowance (NIA).

Successful proposals should:

  • Support the transmission network of the future
  • Facilitate the aspiration of SP Energy Networks to become a Distribution System Operator (DSO)

NIC proposals

For NIC proposals, the third party should as far as possible prepare an initial proposal (ISP – Initial Screening Process) by the 5 January 2018 to allow SP Energy Networks to review. Following evaluation, successful proposals shall subsequently be adapted to full submissions (FSP) and submitted to Ofgem in April 2018 to secure funding. SP Energy Networks are particularly interested in identifying potential partners who are willing to develop the full proposal together along with them.

NIA proposals

Proposals for smaller projects (<£2.5m) with a lower Technology Readiness Level (TRL) will be considered for the NIA. Once evaluated, successful proposals will be progressed internally and presented to SP Energy Networks Innovation Steering Board for approval and funding. Successful NIA projects may be progressed into future NIC proposals in the future.

It is important to note that proposals should be innovative and not repeat projects that have been awarded funding previously within the UK.

SP Energy Networks are interested in innovative proposals for projects that will improve the way in which the transmission and/or distribution networks are planned, maintained and operated.

The aim of their innovation strategy is to enable a future flexible network which delivers value and choice for their customers whilst facilitating the growth of a low carbon economy in a cost effective manner. This is reflected in their ambition to become a Distribution System Operator (DSO). They are interested in any innovation which will enable this transition.

The three core areas SP Energy Networks will prioritise when evaluating any innovative proposals are:

  • Delivering value to customers
  • Enabling customer choice
  • Sustainable networks

The closing date for the submission of proposals for NIC and NIA is 5 January 2018.

Find out more


text:
UK Tri Academy

For many swimming is often a Triatheles weakest discipline! To others its just the bit before the bike and then the race starts! The bit to get through in one piece!

Ring any bells?!

Don’t let it be!

We will allow you to get on that bike feeling a lot fresher after a much more efficient swim!

How do we do that? The majority of triathletes work too hard on the swimming phase and we will change that. We will focus on making your stroke more efficient, allowing you to maintain your speed using up to 40% less energy!

The Triathelete programme is run by Adam Faulkner, Adam is a Double Olympic distance swimmer / Commonwealth Games Medallist and is one of only a handful of British Swimmers to break the 15 minute barrier on 1500m freestyle.

Stop dreading the Swim and thinking you can catch up on the bike by getting in touch with us now!

Where and When?

  • – Book at a time to suit you

    – Locations throughout Wiltshire

    – Small Group Sessions available


text:
Welcome to our Helpdesk

Our mission is to provide users and associated guest with an effective single point of contact and responsive tracking of computing and information technology related queries.

The Helpdesk service is manned during normal working hours, at least between 09:00 until 17:00, however, although you may receive response outside these times, this can not be guaranteed. The service will not necessarily be fully staffed between 12:00 pm and 1:30 pm, if you submit a call during this period, please be patient. HelpDesk submissions and Mail calls sent during this period and those submitted outside working hours will be attended to at the earliest opportunity.

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Guest Message by DevFuse

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new layout?...problem

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7 replies to this topic

#1 bgambino

    Subaru Nut

  • Members
  • 710 posts
  • new york

Posted 11 February 2013 - 01:05 PM

Hey guys

I have not been on in awhile and this is the first I have seen the new and improved board.

Do we have a search button any longer??

My 1996 legacy 2.2 automatic threw a P0302 cyl #2 misfire

What have I got??

PS---just started it and was running rough....no warning

Has all OEM wires/plugs etc but about 32,000 miles ago...so they "should" be good...

Coil pack? I have no idea how to test it

Edited by bgambino, 11 February 2013 - 01:16 PM.

#2 Turbone

    The Original Rob

  • Moderator
  • 12,203 posts
  • WA

Posted 11 February 2013 - 01:49 PM

Search button is at the top right of the page.

I would look at the spark plug first, then plug wire, then coil pack.

#3 987687

    Rally Suby!

  • Members
  • 4,259 posts
  • Northern Maine

Posted 11 February 2013 - 02:32 PM

Swap that plug wire with a different one. See if the misfire moves. If not, pull the plug and see what it looks like. #2 is fairly easy to get to on that engine.

#4 bgambino

    Subaru Nut

  • Members
  • 710 posts
  • new york

Posted 12 February 2013 - 07:25 AM

update....this is my sons car....when he called me, I walked him thru hooking up my code reader--thats when we found the 0302 code

I had him erase it.  He then started the car, and of course no change.  Several hours later I get home ...start it and it runs like the normal champion it is....drove

it around...later he went to the mall-- 35 min. trip....everything is fine.

What could cause such an intermittent problem like this??

I hate this kind of thing as you never know when it will  strike again.....

oh one more thing...when he first started it and it was running rough...the CEL was flashing...I never heard of it flashing b4...what signifcance is this?

Edited by bgambino, 12 February 2013 - 07:41 AM.

#5 987687

    Rally Suby!

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  • 4,259 posts
  • Northern Maine

Posted 12 February 2013 - 09:09 AM

The CEL flashes when there's a constant misfire. Was it wet while this was happening? Raining or really damp?

When plug wires are chafing or starting to wear out, they'll arc only when it's damp, then the problem will clear up when it's dry.

If it happens again try to figure out if it's running rich (ie. injector is firing, but plug isn't). It should smell strongly of gas out the exhaust. If you pull the plug it'll be wet.

If it's not running rich and/or you confirm the plug is firing while it has a misfire, it's likely an injector issue.

#6 1 Lucky Texan

1 Lucky Texan

    I read a lot about Subarus. '03H6OBW,'06WRX

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Posted 12 February 2013 - 10:01 AM

if those are the normal copper plugs, they may be worn.

#7 Fairtax4me

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Posted 12 February 2013 - 12:24 PM

32k is aged for copper plugs but they shouldn't be causing misfires yet. Check the plug wells for moisture.

#8 chaz345

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Posted 12 February 2013 - 01:04 PM

Based on the intermittant nature of the issue I'd be leaning toward sparkplug wires. Try replacing them or if they are not at all old, try unplugging them from both ends and re-connecting them.

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Special Feature

Bonfire Safety

Small bonfire in the woods

With the end of summer in sight, many people enjoy the last of the warm weather outside with friends and family toasting marshmallows around a fire. When having a bonfire, we encourage you to keep the following fire safety tips in mind:

  • Before starting a fire, check your city’s ordinances. You may need permission or a permit, depending on your location.

  • Do not start fires under windy or dry conditions.

  • Build the fire in an open area away from trees, houses, fences, trash, overhead cables, and tents.

  • Note the position of the wind before starting the fire. Flying sparks can cause injury or ignite something unintended.

  • Only burn dry wood; do not burn wet materials, painted items, furniture, or aerosols/canisters. Wet materials can cause excessive smoke, painted items often release hazardous fumes into the air, items such as furniture can cause large flames, and aerosols/canisters can explode.

  • Do not use accelerants to light the fire. Lighter fluid or gasoline can cause serious burns and out-of-control flames.

  • Keep the size of your fire reasonable. A large fire can quickly get out of hand.

  • Keep a garden hose or a bucket of water nearby for emergencies.

  • Never leave the fire unattended.

  • Be conscientious of alcohol consumption.

  • Keep children and pets away from the fire.

  • Extinguish the fire properly. Do not just let the flames burn out; soak the embers completely with water.


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The Green Review

The Green Review uses UNB's brand guidelines.

The project

The Green Review is an annual publication that showcases environmentally sustainable initiatives at UNB.

The 16-page PDF, by UNB Fredericton’s Facilities Management Sustainability Program, highlights environmental efforts and "green champions" at the university. Facts and figures show UNB's commitment to sustainability. These include:

  • 41% of the UNB Fredericton campus is naturalized green space
  • In 2014-2015, UNB Fredericton saved enough water to fill the Fredericton water tower 74 times
  • The Head Hall complex is a BOMA BEST Silver building with a score of 76%

The inspiration

The report combines an innovative design with elements from UNB's Brand Toolkit, which sets out how fonts, colours and typography should be used across all print and digital communications.

The UNB Sustainability unit logo, which combines the primary campus logo with a unit (i.e., Sustainabililty) identifier, is prominent in the design. (Don't have a unit or faculty logo yet? Contact

The design also cleverly mixes our primary colour palette (red, black and white) with colours from the secondary colour palette, like green, sky, mango and cherry. These help the most important elements of the design stand out, while still retaining a visual connection to UNB.

Consult the brand colour higherachy in the UNB Brand Cheat Sheet.

The credit

  • Project lead: Danielle Smith, Sustainability Coordinator, Facilities Management
  • Marketing Officer: Amy Wyntjes, Marketing Officer, Marketing Office
  • Designer: Ginger Designs

Want to suggest your marketing project for the Brand Inspiration website? Email and tell us all about it.


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Holistic Counselling

Effects of Modern Day Life PressuresWe live in a complex world that constantly demands our attention and focus. Over time we can lose sight of our own desires and needs – which may become obscured by others’ demands on our energy and time. Such a demanding environment often leads to uncomfortable emotions and feelings. In response, the mind and body create behaviours that seek to save you from difficult situations and consequent difficult emotions – this is how panic attacks, anger outbursts, or feelings of depression can develop.

Revealing and reflecting upon deeply held feelings and emotions – some of which may have been held within the body and mind for many years – can be quite daunting for anyone, especially if you are not used to identifying and exploring your way of being in the world and the life you have created for yourself. The powerful effects of this kind of self-exploration and resolution can be life-changing, yet supportive accompaniment throughout this inner journey is essential to bring about the most positive outcomes.

What is Holistic Counselling?

Holistic counselling is all-encompassing approach to exploring life issues, difficult-to-hold emotions and behaviour patterns, from the perspective of the ‘whole’ person, rather than individual symptoms or situations. What is important is identifying the source of the difficulties and developing an understanding of the origin and what is triggering the issue(s) to surface in your life just now. Everything in life is connected and it is through discovering the source that the present can be elevated and cured.  In order to achieve this, a holistic approach is taken whereby different techniques and approaches are explored to identify the source, such as Person Centred Counselling, Humanistic, Gestalt Therapy, Transpersonal Therapy or an Existential Approach. Having knowledge of a wide range of approaches allows a holistic counsellor to guide clients through a variety of approaches and exercises to reveal the source of the current difficulties. Once discovered and understood, and where needed, perceptions altered and behaviour patterns changed, the source of the difficulties dissolves, leaving the client lighter and in balance with their natural desires and way of being.

What is important for any successful holistic counselling is the relationship between the client and the counsellor. What Simon offers to all clients is an open, honest, truthful, non-judgemental approach, which allows full expression and exploration by the client of their difficulties.

Issues for which Holistic Counselling can be useful, include (but are not limited to):

  • Abuse (All kinds)
  • Addictions (Food, Alcholics in recovery)
  • Anger Management
  • Anxiety
  • Assertiveness Issues
  • Communication Problems
  • Depression
  • Grief & Bereavement
  • Guilt and Shame Issues
  • Mid-Life Crises
  • OCD
  • Personal Growth (For those whose aim it is to understand themselves better).
  • Relationship Problems
  • Self-Confidence Issues
  • Serious Illness (Emotional aspects)
  • Sexual Abuse
  • Stress
  • Trauma (PTSD)

For a free exploratory, introductory chat to find out how Holistic Counselling might be right for you, call Simon on 01743-718-324, or email simon@uniqueperceptions.co.uk to arrange a call time.

Fees: Holistic Counselling: £70 / hour

Sessions usually take place weekly and last for either 1 hour or 2 hours, depending on client requirements.


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Tuesday, July 21, 2015

Palak Paneer

Palak Panneer

Palak Paneer is a Restaurant style gravy made of Ground Palak and Paneer cubes.
Palak has high nutritional value and to know more about these wonder greens  click here. Also Paneer is rich in Calcium and Protein which are very essential for our Body. I always prefer fresh Home made Paneer  instead of Store bought ones, also it is very easy to prepare Paneer at home.

  • 250 gms Palak Leaves/Spinach
  • 250 gms Paneer/Cottage Cheese
  • 1 Onion (Finely Chopped)
  • 2 Tomatoes (Finely Chopped)
  • 1 inch length Ginger (Skin peeled and Chopped roughly)
  • 6-7 Garlic pods
  • 2-3 Green chillies
  • 1 tsp Kasuri Methi
  • 2 tbsp Fresh cream
  • As per taste Salt
Spice Powders:
  • 1 tsp Red chilli powder
  • 1/2 tsp Turmeric powder
  • A pinch Hing
  • 2 tsp Garam Masala
For Seasoning:
  • 1 tsp Cumin Seeds
  • 1 Bay leaf
  • 2 tbsp Oil
  • 1 tbsp Butter

1)  Wash and clean the palak leaves. Boil 3 cups of water with 1/2 tsp Sugar in a bowl and add the Palak leaves, let it boil for 2 mins and switch off the flame.

2) After straining the Hot water (Don't discard this water, we can use it for gravy part), pour cold water on these Palak leaves. Now add the Palak leaves to mixer along with Green chillies, Ginger, Garlic and grind to smooth paste.

Palak paneer

3) Heat 2 tbsp of Oil +1 tbsp of Butter in a kadai and add Cumin seeds to crackle. Next add Bay leaf and fry.

4) Add the onions and fry till golden brown. Next add Tomatoes and fry till they get cooked.

Palak paneer

5) Now pour the ground Palak paste and leave it to boil for few minutes. Add the Spice powders, Salt and let it boil for few more minutes. The gravy might thicken at this stage, use the stored Palak water to adjust the gravy consistency.

6) Now add Kasuri methi, Paneer Cubes and let them get cooked for another 5 minutes.

7) Finally add Fresh cream and mix well. Switch off the flame after 5 mins.

Yummy Palak Paneer is ready...

1) If you have few more strained Palak water left out apart from adding to Gravy. You can use the same water to make Chapathi dough.

2) Instead of adding Palak cubes directly, you can also sauté them in oil and add.

3) While Seasoning, Butter can be replaced with Desi Ghee too.

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Product Code Database
Example Keywords: battlefield -ipad $18-116
   » » Wiki: Html
Tag Wiki 'Html'.
HyperText Markup Language, commonly referred to as HTML, is the standard used to create . Along with , and , HTML is a cornerstone technology, used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for , and user interfaces for many mobile applications. can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages. HTML describes the structure of a along with cues for presentation, making it a markup language, rather than a .

HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites. HTML allows to be embedded and can be used to create . It provides a means to create by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, , quotes and other items.

The language is written in the form of consisting of tags enclosed in (like ). Browsers do not display the HTML tags and scripts, but use them to interpret the content of the page.

HTML can embed written in languages such as which affect the behavior of HTML web pages. Web browsers can also refer to (CSS) to define the look and layout of text and other material. The (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since 1997.

In 1980, physicist , then a contractor at , proposed and prototyped , a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an -based system.Tim Berners-Lee, "Information Management: A Proposal." CERN (March 1989, May 1990). Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data systems engineer collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notesTim Berners-Lee, "Design Issues" from 1990 he listedTim Berners-Lee, "Design Issues" "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used" and put an encyclopedia first.

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by , an in-house (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.

HTML is a that use to interpret and text, images and other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of . Many of the text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which in turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the developed in the early 1960s for the (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with also the separation of structure and markup; HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.

Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as such by the (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification: "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft by Berners-Lee and , which included an SGML to define the grammar. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its acknowledgment of the browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images, reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes. Similarly, 's competing Internet-Draft, "HTML (Hypertext Markup Format)", from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out forms.

After the HTML and HTML drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.

Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since 1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software vendors, by the (W3C). However, in 2000, HTML also became an international standard (/ 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999, with further errata published through 2001. In 2004 development began on HTML5 in the (WHATWG), which became a joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and completed and standardized on 28 October 2014.

HTML versions timeline
November 24, 1995
HTML 2.0 was published as IETF RFC 1866. Supplemental added capabilities
* November 25, 1995: RFC 1867 (form-based file upload)
* May 1996: RFC 1942 (tables)
* August 1996: RFC 1980 (client-side image maps)
* January 1997: RFC 2070 ()

January 14, 1997
HTML 3.2 was published as a . It was the first version developed and standardized exclusively by the W3C, as the IETF had closed its HTML Working Group in September 12, 1996.
Initially code-named "Wilbur", HTML 3.2 dropped math formulas entirely, reconciled overlap among various proprietary extensions and adopted most of 's visual markup tags. Netscape's and 's were omitted due to a mutual agreement between the two companies. A markup for mathematical formulas similar to that in HTML was not standardized until 14 months later in .
December 18, 1997
HTML 4.0 was published as a W3C Recommendation . It offers three variations
* Strict, in which deprecated elements are forbidden,
* Transitional, in which deprecated elements are allowed,
* Frameset, in which mostly only related elements are allowed.
Initially code-named "Cougar", HTML 4.0 adopted many browser-specific element types and attributes, but at the same time sought to phase out Netscape's visual markup features by marking them as in favor of style sheets. HTML 4 is an SGML application conforming to ISO 8879 – SGML.
April 24, 1998
HTML 4.0 was reissued with minor edits without incrementing the version number.

As of mid-2008, HTML 4.01 and ISO/IEC 15445:2000 were the most recent versions of HTML. Development of the parallel, XML-based language XHTML occupied the W3C's HTML Working Group through the early and mid-2000s.
October 28, 2014
HTML5 was published as a W3C Recommendation.

HTML draft version timeline
October 1991
HTML Tags, an informal CERN document listing 18 HTML tags, was first mentioned in public.
June 1992
First informal draft of the HTML DTD, with seven See section "Revision History" subsequent revisions (July 15, August 6, August 18, November 17, November 19, November 20, November 22)
November 1992
HTML DTD 1.1 (the first with a version number, based on RCS revisions, which start with 1.1 rather than 1.0), an informal draft
June 1993
Hypertext Markup Language was published by the IIIR Working Group as an Internet-Draft (a rough proposal for a standard). It was replaced by a second version one month later, followed by six further drafts published by IETF itself that finally led to HTML 2.0 in RFC1866
November 1993
HTML was published by the IETF as an Internet-Draft and was a competing proposal to the Hypertext Markup Language draft. It expired in May 1994.
April 1995 (authored March 1995)
HTML 3.0 was proposed as a standard to the IETF, but the proposal expired five months later (28 September 1995) without further action. It included many of the capabilities that were in Raggett's HTML proposal, such as support for tables, text flow around figures and the display of complex mathematical formulas.
W3C began development of its own as a for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets, but HTML 3.0 did not succeed for several reasons. The draft was considered very large at 150 pages and the pace of browser development, as well as the number of interested parties, had outstripped the resources of the IETF. Browser vendors, including Microsoft and Netscape at the time, chose to implement different subsets of HTML 3's draft features as well as to introduce their own extensions to it. (See ) These included extensions to control stylistic aspects of documents, contrary to the "belief of that such things as text color, background texture, font size and font face were definitely outside the scope of a language when their only intent was to specify how a document would be organized." Dave Raggett, who has been a W3C Fellow for many years has commented for example, "To a certain extent, Microsoft built its business on the Web by extending HTML features."

Although its syntax closely resembles that of , has abandoned any attempt to be an SGML application and has explicitly defined its own "html" serialization, in addition to an alternative XML-based XHTML5 serialization.
2011 HTML5 – Last Call
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. In May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which was the target date for recommendation. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its "HTML5" living standard to "HTML". The W3C nevertheless continues its project to release HTML5.

2012 HTML5 – Candidate Recommendation
In July 2012, WHATWG and decided on a degree of separation. W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a "snapshot" by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a "Living Standard". The concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved. New features can be added but functionality will not be removed.

In December 2012, W3C designated HTML5 as a Candidate Recommendation. The criterion for advancement to is "two 100% complete and fully interoperable implementations".

2014 HTML5 – Proposed Recommendation and Recommendation
In September 2014, W3C moved HTML5 to Proposed Recommendation.
On 28 October 2014, HTML5 was released as a stable W3C Recommendation, meaning the specification process is complete.

XHTML versions
XHTML is a separate language that began as a reformulation of HTML 4.01 using 1.0. It is no longer being developed as a separate standard.
  • XHTML 1.0, published January 26, 2000, as a W3C Recommendation, later revised and republished August 1, 2002. It offers the same three variations as HTML 4.0 and 4.01, reformulated in XML, with minor restrictions.
  • XHTML 1.1, published May 31, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation. It is based on XHTML 1.0 Strict, but includes minor changes, can be customized, is reformulated using modules from Modularization of XHTML, which was published April 10, 2001, as a W3C Recommendation.
  • XHTML 2.0 was a working draft, but work on it was abandoned in 2009 in favor of work on and . XHTML 2.0 was incompatible with XHTML 1.x and, therefore, would be more accurately characterized as an XHTML-inspired new language than an update to XHTML 1.x.
  • An XHTML syntax, known as "XHTML5.1", is being defined alongside in the HTML5 draft.

HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like and , although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example . The first tag in such a pair is the start tag, and the second is the end tag (they are also called opening tags and closing tags).

Another important component of the HTML , which triggers rendering.

The following is an example of the classic , a common test employed for comparing , and . This example is made using 9 :

   This is a title

Hello world!

(The text between <html> and </html> describes the web page, and the text between <body> and </body> is the visible page content. The markup text "<title>This is a title</title>" defines the browser page title.)

The Document Type Declaration .html is for HTML5. If a declaration is not included, various browsers will revert to "" for rendering. Activating Browser Modes with Doctype. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.

HTML documents imply a structure of nested . These are indicated in the document by HTML tags, enclosed in angle brackets thus:

In the simple, general case, the extent of an element is indicated by a pair of tags: a "start tag" and "end tag" . The text content of the element, if any, is placed between these tags.

Tags may also enclose further tag markup between the start and end, including a mixture of tags and text. This indicates further (nested) elements, as children of the parent element.

The start tag may also include attributes within the tag. These indicate other information, such as identifiers for sections within the document, identifiers used to bind style information to the presentation of the document, and for some tags such as the used to embed images, the reference to the image resource.

Some elements, such as the , do not permit any embedded content, either text or further tags. These require only a single empty tag (akin to a start tag) and do not use an end tag.

Many tags, particularly the closing end tag for the very commonly-used paragraph element , are optional. An HTML browser or other agent can infer the closure for the end of an element from the context and the structural rules defined by the HTML standard. These rules are complex and not widely understood by most HTML coders.

The general form of an HTML element is therefore: .htm. Some HTML elements are defined as empty elements and take the form <!DOCTYPE html>. Empty elements may enclose no content, for instance, the tag or the inline tag. The name of an HTML element is the name used in the tags. Note that the end tag's name is preceded by a slash character, "/", and that in empty elements the end tag is neither required nor allowed. If attributes are not mentioned, default values are used in each case.

Element examples
Header of the HTML document:.... The title is included in the head, for example:
 The Title
Headings: HTML headings are defined with the to tags:

Heading level 1

Heading level 2

Heading level 3

Heading level 4

Heading level 5
Heading level 6

Paragraph 1

Paragraph 2

Line breaks:. The difference between and is that "br" without altering the semantic structure of the page, whereas "p" sections the page into . Note also that "br" is an empty element in that, although it may have attributes, it can take no content and it may not have an end tag.

is a paragraph
line breaks

This is a link in HTML. To create a link the tag is used. The <tag attribute1="value1" attribute2="value2">''content''</tag> attribute holds the URL address of the link. A link to Wikipedia! Comments: Comments can help in the understanding of the markup and do not display in the webpage.

There are several types of markup elements used in HTML:

Structural markup indicates the purpose of text
For example, establishes "Golf" as a second-level . Structural markup does not denote any specific rendering, but most web browsers have default styles for element formatting. Content may be further styled using (CSS).
Presentational markup indicates the appearance of the text, regardless of its purpose
For example, indicates that visual output devices should render "boldface" in bold text, but gives little indication what devices that are unable to do this (such as aural devices that read the text aloud) should do. In the case of both and , there are other elements that may have equivalent visual renderings but that are more semantic in nature, such as and respectively. It is easier to see how an aural user agent should interpret the latter two elements. However, they are not equivalent to their presentational counterparts

Most of the attributes of an element are , separated by "=" and written within the start tag of an element after the element's name. The value may be enclosed in single or double quotes, although values consisting of certain characters can be left unquoted in HTML (but not XHTML) . Leaving attribute values unquoted is considered unsafe. In contrast with name-value pair attributes, there are some attributes that affect the element simply by their presence in the start tag of the element, like the <nowiki></nowiki> attribute for the href= element.

There are several common attributes that may appear in many elements :

  • The href attribute provides a document-wide unique identifier for an element. This is used to identify the element so that stylesheets can alter its presentational properties, and scripts may alter, animate or delete its contents or presentation. Appended to the URL of the page, it provides a globally unique identifier for the element, typically a sub-section of the page. For example, the ID "Attributes" in ismap
  • The img attribute provides a way of classifying similar elements. This can be used for or presentation purposes. For example, an HTML document might semantically use the designation id to indicate that all elements with this class value are subordinate to the main text of the document. In presentation, such elements might be gathered together and presented as footnotes on a page instead of appearing in the place where they occur in the HTML source. Class attributes are used semantically in . Multiple class values may be specified; for example <nowiki></nowiki> puts the element into both the "notation" and the "important" classes.
  • An author may use the class attribute to assign presentational properties to a particular element. It is considered better practice to use an element's class="notation" or class="notation important" attributes to select the element from within a stylesheet, though sometimes this can be too cumbersome for a simple, specific, or ad hoc styling.
  • The style attribute is used to attach subtextual explanation to an element. In most browsers this attribute is displayed as a .
  • The id attribute identifies the natural language of the element's contents, which may be different from that of the rest of the document. For example, in an English-language document:

    Oh well, c'est la vie, as they say in France.

The abbreviation element, class, can be used to demonstrate some of these attributes :

This example displays as HTML; in most browsers, pointing the cursor at the abbreviation should display the title text "Hypertext Markup Language."

Most elements take the language-related attribute title to specify text direction, such as with "rtl" for right-to-left text in, for example, , or .

Character and entity references
As of version 4.0, HTML defines a set of 252 and a set of 1,114,050 , both of which allow individual characters to be written via simple markup, rather than literally. A literal character and its markup counterpart are considered equivalent and are rendered identically.

The ability to "escape" characters in this way allows for the characters lang and abbr (when written as dir and <, respectively) to be interpreted as character data, rather than markup. For example, a literal & normally indicates the start of a tag, and &lt; normally indicates the start of a character entity reference or numeric character reference; writing it as &amp; or < or & allows &amp; to be included in the content of an element or in the value of an attribute. The double-quote character (&#x26;), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &#38; or & or " when it appears within the attribute value itself. Equivalently, the single-quote character (&quot;), when not used to quote an attribute value, must also be escaped as &#x22; or &#34; (or as ' in HTML5 or XHTML documents ) when it appears within the attribute value itself. If document authors overlook the need to escape such characters, some browsers can be very forgiving and try to use context to guess their intent. The result is still invalid markup, which makes the document less accessible to other browsers and to other that may try to parse the document for purposes for example.

Escaping also allows for characters that are not easily typed, or that are not available in the document's , to be represented within element and attribute content. For example, the acute-accented &#x27; (&#39;), a character typically found only on Western European and South American keyboards, can be written in any HTML document as the entity reference &apos; or as the numeric references e or é, using characters that are available on all keyboards and are supported in all character encodings. character encodings such as are compatible with all modern browsers and allow direct access to almost all the characters of the world's writing systems.

Data types
HTML defines several for element content, such as script data and stylesheet data, and a plethora of types for attribute values, including IDs, names, URIs, numbers, units of length, languages, media descriptors, colors, character encodings, dates and times, and so on. All of these data types are specializations of character data.

Document type declaration
HTML documents are required to start with a (informally, a "doctype"). In browsers, the doctype helps to define the rendering mode—particularly whether to use .

The original purpose of the doctype was to enable parsing and validation of HTML documents by SGML tools based on the (DTD). The DTD to which the DOCTYPE refers contains a machine-readable grammar specifying the permitted and prohibited content for a document conforming to such a DTD. Browsers, on the other hand, do not implement HTML as an application of SGML and by consequence do not read the DTD.

does not define a DTD; therefore, in HTML5 the doctype declaration is simpler and shorter: "HTML: The Markup Language (an HTML language reference)". Retrieved 2013-08-19.

An example of an HTML 4 doctype

This declaration references the DTD for the "strict" version of HTML 4.01. SGML-based validators read the DTD in order to properly parse the document and to perform validation. In modern browsers, a valid doctype activates standards mode as opposed to .

In addition, HTML 4.01 provides Transitional and Frameset DTDs, . Transitional type is the most inclusive, incorporating current tags as well as older or "deprecated" tags, with the Strict DTD excluding deprecated tags. Frameset has all tags necessary to make frames on a page along with the tags included in transitional typeSAMS teach yourself html and css 8th edition

Semantic HTML
Semantic HTML is a way of writing HTML that emphasizes the meaning of the encoded information over its presentation (look). HTML has included semantic markup from its inception, ξ1 but has also included presentational markup, such as &eacute;, &#xE9; and &#233; tags. There are also the semantically neutral tags. Since the late 1990s when were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the . This article notes that presentational HTML markup may be useful when targeting browsers "before Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0". See the to confirm that these were both released in 1997.

In a 2001 discussion of the , Tim Berners-Lee and others gave examples of ways in which intelligent software "agents" may one day automatically crawl the web and find, filter and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of human users. Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of , and may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current and hybridization of information is usually designed in by , who already know the web locations and the of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine.

An important type of web agent that does crawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with without which the World Wide Web's usefulness would be greatly reduced.

In order for search-engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of published text.

Presentational markup tags are in current HTML and XHTML recommendations and are illegal in HTML5.

Good semantic HTML also improves the of web documents (see also ). For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.

HTML documents can be delivered by the same means as any other computer file. However, they are most often delivered either by from a or by .

The is composed primarily of HTML documents transmitted from web servers to web browsers using the (HTTP). However, HTTP is used to serve images, sound, and other content, in addition to HTML. To allow the web browser to know how to handle each document it receives, other information is transmitted along with the document. This usually includes the (e.g. text/html or application/xhtml xml) and the character encoding (see ).

In modern browsers, the MIME type that is sent with the HTML document may affect how the document is initially interpreted. A document sent with the XHTML MIME type is expected to be XML; syntax errors may cause the browser to fail to render it. The same document sent with the HTML MIME type might be displayed successfully, since some browsers are more lenient with HTML.

The W3C recommendations state that XHTML 1.0 documents that follow guidelines set forth in the recommendation's Appendix C may be labeled with either MIME Type. XHTML 1.1 also states that XHTML 1.1 documents should be labeled with either MIME type.

HTML e-mail
Most graphical email clients allow the use of a subset of HTML (often ill-defined) to provide formatting and markup not available with . This may include typographic information like coloured headings, emphasized and quoted text, inline images and diagrams. Many such clients include both a editor for composing HTML e-mail messages and a rendering engine for displaying them. Use of HTML in e-mail is criticized by some because of compatibility issues, because it can help disguise attacks, because of accessibility issues for blind or visually impaired people, because it can confuse filters and because the message size is larger than plain text.

Naming conventions
The most common for containing HTML is .html. A common abbreviation of this is .htm, which originated because some early operating systems and file systems, such as and the limitations imposed by data structure, limited file extensions to .

HTML Application
An HTML Application (HTA; file extension ".hta") is a application that uses HTML and Dynamic HTML in a browser to provide the application's graphical interface. A regular HTML file is confined to the of the , communicating only to web servers and manipulating only webpage objects and . An HTA runs as a fully trusted application and therefore has more privileges, like creation/editing/removal of files and entries. Because they operate outside the browser's security model, HTAs cannot be executed via HTTP, but must be downloaded (just like an ) and executed from local file system.

HTML4 variations
Since its inception, HTML and its associated protocols gained acceptance relatively quickly. However, no clear standards existed in the early years of the language. Though its creators originally conceived of HTML as a semantic language devoid of presentation details, HTML Design Constraints, W3C Archives practical uses pushed many presentational elements and attributes into the language, driven largely by the various browser vendors. The latest standards surrounding HTML reflect efforts to overcome the sometimes chaotic development of the language WWW:BTB – HTML, Pris Sears and to create a rational foundation for building both meaningful and well-presented documents. To return HTML to its role as a semantic language, the has developed style languages such as and to shoulder the burden of presentation. In conjunction, the HTML specification has slowly reined in the presentational elements.

There are two axes differentiating various variations of HTML as currently specified: SGML-based HTML versus XML-based HTML (referred to as XHTML) on one axis, and strict versus transitional (loose) versus frameset on the other axis.

SGML-based versus XML-based HTML
One difference in the latest HTML specifications lies in the distinction between the SGML-based specification and the XML-based specification. The XML-based specification is usually called to distinguish it clearly from the more traditional definition. However, the root element name continues to be "html" even in the XHTML-specified HTML. The W3C intended XHTML 1.0 to be identical to HTML 4.01 except where limitations of XML over the more complex SGML require workarounds. Because XHTML and HTML are closely related, they are sometimes documented in parallel. In such circumstances, some authors as (X)HTML or X(HTML).

Like HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0 has three sub-specifications: strict, transitional and frameset.

Aside from the different opening declarations for a document, the differences between an HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.0 document—in each of the corresponding DTDs—are largely syntactic. The underlying syntax of HTML allows many shortcuts that XHTML does not, such as elements with optional opening or closing tags, and even empty elements which must not have an end tag. By contrast, XHTML requires all elements to have an opening tag and a closing tag. XHTML, however, also introduces a new shortcut: an XHTML tag may be opened and closed within the same tag, by including a slash before the end of the tag like this: <nowiki></nowiki>. The introduction of this shorthand, which is not used in the SGML declaration for HTML 4.01, may confuse earlier software unfamiliar with this new convention. A fix for this is to include a space before closing the tag, as such: <nowiki></nowiki>.Freeman, E (2005). Head First HTML. O'Reilly.

To understand the subtle differences between HTML and XHTML, consider the transformation of a valid and well-formed XHTML 1.0 document that adheres to Appendix C (see below) into a valid HTML 4.01 document. To make this translation requires the following steps:

  1. The language for an element should be specified with a <nowiki></nowiki> attribute rather than the XHTML <br/> attribute. XHTML uses XML's built in language-defining functionality attribute.
  2. Remove the XML namespace (<br />). HTML has no facilities for namespaces.
  3. Change the document type declaration from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. (see for further explanation).
  4. If present, remove the XML declaration. (Typically this is: lang).
  5. Ensure that the document's MIME type is set to xml:lang. For both HTML and XHTML, this comes from the HTTP xmlns=URI header sent by the server.
  6. Change the XML empty-element syntax to an HTML style empty element (<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> to text/html).

Those are the main changes necessary to translate a document from XHTML 1.0 to HTML 4.01. To translate from HTML to XHTML would also require the addition of any omitted opening or closing tags. Whether coding in HTML or XHTML it may just be best to always include the optional tags within an HTML document rather than remembering which tags can be omitted.

A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all the syntax requirements of XML. A valid document adheres to the content specification for XHTML, which describes the document structure.

The W3C recommends several conventions to ensure an easy migration between HTML and XHTML (see HTML Compatibility Guidelines). The following steps can be applied to XHTML 1.0 documents only:

  • Include both Content-Type and <nowiki></nowiki> attributes on any elements assigning language.
  • Use the empty-element syntax only for elements specified as empty in HTML.
  • Include an extra space in empty-element tags: for example <nowiki></nowiki> instead of xml:lang.
  • Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty (for example, lang<nowiki></nowiki>, not <nowiki></nowiki>).
  • Omit the XML declaration.

By carefully following the W3C's compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML 1.0 and have been made compatible in this way, the W3C permits them to be served either as HTML (with a <nowiki></nowiki> ), or as XHTML (with an <nowiki></nowiki> or <nowiki></nowiki> MIME type). When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, which adheres strictly to the XML specifications for parsing the document's contents.

Transitional versus strict
HTML 4 defined three different versions of the language: Strict, Transitional (once called Loose) and Frameset. The Strict version is intended for new documents and is considered best practice, while the Transitional and Frameset versions were developed to make it easier to transition documents that conformed to older HTML specification or didn't conform to any specification to a version of HTML 4. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for , which is omitted in the Strict version. Instead, are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML 1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML 4, the same differences apply to XHTML 1 as well.

The Transitional version allows the following parts of the vocabulary, which are not included in the Strict version:

  • A looser content model
    • Inline elements and plain text are allowed directly in: text/html, application/xhtml xml, application/xml, body and blockquote
  • Presentation related elements
    • underline (form)(Deprecated. can confuse a visitor with a hyperlink.)
    • strike-through (noscript)
    • noframes (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
    • u (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
    • s (Deprecated. use CSS instead.)
  • Presentation related attributes
    • center (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and font (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes for basefont (required element according to the W3C.) element.
    • background (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on bgcolor, body, paragraph (align) and heading (div...form) elements
    • p (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), h1 (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), h6 (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on noshade element
    • size (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), width, hr and align attributes on border and vspace (caution: the hspace element is only supported in Internet Explorer (from the major browsers)) elements
    • img (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on object and object elements
    • align (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and legend (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) on caption element
    • align (Obsolete), bgcolor (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), table, nowrap on bgcolor and width elements
    • height (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attribute on td element
    • th (Obsolete) attribute on bgcolor element
    • tr attribute on clear, br and compact elements
    • dl (Deprecated. use CSS instead.), dir (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) and menu (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) attributes on type and compact elements
    • start and ol attributes on ul element
    • type attribute on value element
  • Additional elements in Transitional specification
    • li (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended)
    • width (Deprecated. use CSS instead.) list (no substitute, though unordered list is recommended)
    • pre (Deprecated.) (element requires server-side support and is typically added to documents server-side, menu and dir elements can be used as a substitute)
    • isindex (Deprecated. use the form element instead.)
  • The input (Obsolete) attribute on script element (redundant with the applet attribute).
  • Frame related entities
    • object
    • language
    • type (Deprecated in the iframe, noframes and target elements.) attribute on map, client-side image-map (link), form, a and map elements

The Frameset version includes everything in the Transitional version, as well as the link element (used instead of form) and the base element.

Frameset versus transitional
In addition to the above transitional differences, the frameset specifications (whether XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4.01) specify a different content model, with frameset replacing body, that contains either frame elements, or optionally frameset with a body.

Summary of specification versions
As this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support. Rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML 1.0 to XHTML 1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification. The strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML 1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML 1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose (transitional) or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML 1.1 support (much of it is contained in the legacy or frame modules). The modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML 1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as (a presentational and semantic math language based on XML) and —a new highly advanced web-form technology to replace the existing HTML forms.

In summary, the HTML 4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML 1.0, ported this specification, as is, to the new XML defined specification. Next, XHTML 1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML 2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach.

HTML5 variations

WhatWG HTML versus HTML5
The considers their work as living standard HTML for what constitutes the state of the art in major browser implementations by (), (), (), (), and others. HTML5 is specified by the HTML Working Group of the following the W3C process. both specifications are similar and mostly derived from each other, i.e., the work on HTML5 started with an older WhatWG draft, and later the WhatWG living standard was based on HTML5 drafts in 2011.

Hypertext features not in HTML
HTML lacks some of the features found in earlier hypertext systems, such as , and others. Even some hypertext features that were in early versions of HTML have been ignored by most popular web browsers until recently, such as the link element and in-browser Web page editing.

Sometimes Web services or browser manufacturers remedy these shortcomings. For instance, and allow surfers to edit the Web pages they visit.

WYSIWYG editors
There are some editors (What You See Is What You Get), in which the user lays out everything as it is to appear in the HTML document using a (GUI), often similar to . The editor renders the document rather than show the code, so authors do not require extensive knowledge of HTML.

The WYSIWYG editing model has been criticized,Sauer, C.: WYSIWIKI – Questioning WYSIWYG in the Internet Age. In: Wikimania (2006)Spiesser, J., Kitchen, L.: Optimization of HTML automatically generated by WYSIWYG programs. In: 13th International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 355—364. WWW '04. ACM, New York, NY (New York, NY, U.S., May 17–20, 2004) primarily because of the low quality of the generated code; there are voices advocating a change to the model (What You See Is What You Mean).

WYSIWYG editors remain a controversial topic because of their perceived flaws such as:

  • Relying mainly on layout as opposed to meaning, often using markup that does not convey the intended meaning but simply copies the layout. XHTML Reference: blockquote. Retrieved on 2012-02-16.
  • Often producing extremely verbose and redundant code that fails to make use of the cascading nature of HTML and .
  • Often producing ungrammatical markup, called or semantically incorrect markup (such as frame for italics).
  • As a great deal of the information in HTML documents is not in the layout, the model has been criticized for its "what you see is all you get"-nature. Doug Engelbart's INVISIBLE REVOLUTION . Retrieved on 2012-02-16.

See also

External links

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MPS break into Perth jail

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December 9 2008

MPS break into Perth jail
Design and engineering company Morgan Professional Services (MPS) are marking successful completion of the third and final phase of their £20.2 million redevelopment project for HMP Perth.

The scheme – which will be built by MPS sister company Morgan Ashurst for the Scottish Prison Service – will see the creation of a new purpose-built visitor complex and staff facilities building including staff dining, lounge and gym areas. An existing administration building and gatehouse complex will be refurbished while an existing hall will be demolished to make way for a new-build estates and stores building. The scheme will also involve the creation of landscaped external areas, a new access road, visitor car park and perimeter security wall. The work is set to be completed in spring 2010.

MPS is the architect and the civil / structural engineer for the scheme. The company is additionally carrying out the design team leader and CDM co-ordinator roles.  MPS also worked with Morgan Ashurst on the second phase of redevelopment work at HMP Perth
MPS break into Perth jail

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