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Monday, August 3, 2015

August 2015 - Featured Playlist: Leading Ladies

Every good part of history has its dark points, and while there are so many wondrous developments throughout the history of music, it certainly has its tragedies as well. One of the most glaring errors is that for most of Western music history, women composers have been dismissed, neglected, or outright repressed. Composition was seen as a man’s world, and women were often confined to roles as dutiful housewives who might play a little piano for friends.

While full equality has yet to be achieved, the world of composition has come a long way in recent decades, with women like Joan Tower and Sofia Gubaidulina creating irrepressible music that has paved the way for a new generation of talent that cannot be ignored. This month we are highlighting the contributions of the women composers throughout history who have battled tremendous odds to become our Leading Ladies.

To hear the playlist, access NML as usual, go to the Playlists section, and select the Playlist of the Month folder under the Naxos Music Library Playlists tab. If you are on your institution's premises, you may also be able to access it if you CLICK HERE.
1. Alma Maria Mahler-Werfel – 5 Gesange: No. 2 Ekstase – When Alma Maria Schindler married Gustav Mahler in 1902, she agreed to his insistence that she cease composing so she could focus on raising their children. Years later, during a difficult point in their marriage, Gustav sought the advice of Sigmund Freud, who convinced him to stop curtailing her composition. They remained married until his death in 1911.

2. Dora Pejačević – Piano Concerto in G Minor: III. Allegro con fuoco – Pejačević was born in 1885 to a noble family in Croatia, and she is remembered as an important regional composer who helped introduce the orchestral song to Croatian music. Before she died at 37 from complications during childbirth, she composed over a hundred works, a number of which have been recorded in recent years.

3. Louise Farrenc – Symphony No. 1 in C Minor: IV. Allegro assai – Farrenc achieved fame first as a pianist, which allowed her to take a position as Professor of Piano at the prestigious Paris Conservatory. Of course, she was paid considerably less than her male counterparts, and it wasn’t until one of her compositions was triumphantly premiered by famed violinist Joseph Joachim that she was finally able to convince the school to pay her equally.
4. Grażyna Bacewicz – Violin Concerto No. 3: III. Vivo – Bacewicz was a talented violinist who performed both as a soloist and as the principal violinist of the Polish Radio Orchestra, a position which facilitated the performance of many of her works. Her compositions were highly respected in Poland in her day, and she received several lifetime achievement awards through the 1950s.

5. Kassia – O Vasilevs tis doxis Christos – Legend has it that 9th-century Byzantine emperor Theophilos was about to select Kassia as his empress when he made a comment that through a woman (Eve) sin entered the world. Unfazed, she reminded him that through a woman (the Virgin Mary) salvation also entered the world. Embarrassed, the emperor selected another woman, and Kassia later joined a convent.

6. Amy Beach – Bal masque – New Englander Amy Beach was the first successful female composer in the United States. She was a child prodigy, able to sing dozens of songs by her first birthday and improvise counter-melodies by her second. Following her husband’s wishes, she limited her performance career, but she was then able to devote herself fully to composition, soon earning a place as one of the major American composers of her day.
7. Mélanie Bonis – Les gitanos – Mel Bonis was born into a family that did not understand her musical ambitions, and they forced her to marry a wealthy businessman. Much of her time was occupied running the household and performing her socialite duties, but she still found a way to compose. One telling response to her music came from Saent-Saëns: “I would never have believed that a woman could be capable of writing that.”

8. Florence Beatrice Price – Symphony No. 1 in E Minor: IV. –– - Price became the first African-American woman to be acknowledged as a symphonic composer, and to have music performed by a major orchestra. She was friends with writer Langston Hughes and singer Marian Anderson, and her music blended traditional European Romantic technique with the rhythms and other elements of African-American spirituals.

9. Nadia Boulanger – 3 Pieces for Cello and Piano: No. 3 Vite et nerveusement rythmé – Nadia Boulanger’s compositions, though excellent and well received, were overshadowed by those of her younger sister Lili. Shortly after her sister’s death at the age of 25, Nadia gave up composition entirely and focused on teaching, counting many of the greatest 20th-century composers as her students.

10. Sofia Gubaidulina – Serenade – Gubaidulina frequently pushed the limits of what the Soviet music establishment would permit, earning disapproval for her exploration of alternative tunings and for her unapproved participation in Soviet music festivals in the West. Nevertheless, she continued to follow her own muse, and in 1992 she was able to leave Russia and make her home in Germany.

11. Missy Mazzoli – Magic With Everyday Objects – Born in 1980, Missy Mazzoli has established herself as a prominent composer in New York City, and she’s had her music performed by the Kronos Quartet, eighth blackbird, Maya Beiser, the Minnesota Orchestra, and may other artists prominent today. In 2016 she is expected to premier a new opera based on Lars Von Trier’s classic film Breaking the Waves.

12. Elisabetta Brusa – Symphony No. 1: III. Allegro moderato – Italian composer Elisabetta Brusa composed her Symphony No. 1 towards the end of the 1980s, and it was her first work written for a large orchestra. She works within a generally tonal sound world influenced by composers of the late Romantic Era, and her work has a unique mystical melodicism that stimulates the imagination.

13. Clara Schumann – Piano Concerto in A Minor: I. Allegro maestoso – Clara Schumann was one of the more prominent figures in German music during her lifetime. Not only did she have a 61-year career as a pianist, during which she established the now-commonplace custom of performing from memory, but she composed alongside her husband Robert and was a noted champion and mentor of Johannes Brahms.

14. Ethel Smyth – Serenade in D Major: II. Scherzo: Allegro vivace – Allegro molto – Like many other female composers, Ethel Smyth first had to battle the opposition of her father, then the judgments of a musical world that would call her loud, powerful works unladylike, then dismiss her softer music as trivial. She was an active participant in the suffragette movement, even spending a couple months in prison for her activism.

15. Hildegard of Bingen – O magne Pater – Medieval mystic Hildegard of Bingen was a nun in Germany who penned one of the largest known oeuvres from the twelfth century. Her melismatic melodies and wide pitch range were progressive for the day, and her Ordo Virtutum is possibly the oldest surviving morality play. Not only did she compose music, but she also wrote several books on theology, science, and medicine.

16. Fanny Mendelssohn-Hensel – Das Jahr: No. 4 April – Growing up, Fanny Mendelssohn’s music teacher considered her to be more notable than her younger brother Felix, but due to prevailing attitudes towards women in that day, she was not permitted by her father and brother to pursue a career in performance or composition. Her husband was more supportive, at least of her writing, and she left us more than 460 pieces of music.
17. Germaine Tailleferre – Pastorale in C Major - Tailleferre changed her surname from Taillefesse as a little act of resistance to her father’s disapproval of her musical ambitions. Her work was championed by Ravel, and she was a member of the group of young composers known as Les Six. Her work from the 20s and 30s is best-known, but she composed right up to her death in 1983.

18. Maria Theresia Von Paradis – Sicilienne – Maria Theresia Von Paradis was blind from a very young age, though as a teenager her condition showed improvement until her doctor was fired by her family, either because of fear of scandal or loss of disability pensions. This didn’t prevent her from becoming a tremendous pianist who was able to commission works from Mozart, Haydn, and Salieri.

19. Rachel Portman – Oliver Twist: Fagin’s Loot – English composer Rachel Portman is primarily known for her film scores, which include Oliver Twist, Chocolat, Emma, and The Cider House Rules. She is one of only two female composers to win an Academy Award for a film score (for Emma in 1996), and she remains the only woman to receive multiple nominations in that category.

20. Jennifer Higdon – Amazing Grace – Higdon is one of the most frequently performed contemporary American composers, with her tone poem blue mountain alone earning performances from over 400 orchestras since its 2000 premier. Among a growing array of accolades, Higdon has won both a Grammy Award and a Pulitzer Prize. To close this playlist we selected her string quartet arrangement of the hymn Amazing Grace.

Each month, Naxos Music Library presents a themed playlist for our subscribers to enjoy. We know that a database of over 1.6 million tracks can be a bit daunting, so we'd like to highlight some of the amazing music that is available to you. Let it kickstart discovery!

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David Stern does not want to see what happened to the Knicks happen to anyone else

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This season, there is hope around the New York Knicks. Amar’e Stoudemire, Raymond Felton, Anthony Randolph all running Mike D’Antoni’s exciting system. That should be fun.

It hasn’t been that way for years around Madison Square Garden. Bad decisions to take on (or give out) huge contracts to players past their prime (or without a prime) left the franchise in a huge hold and fans frustrated.

Going into this round of Collective Bargaining Agreement negotiations, Stern told Alan Hahn of Newsday he doesn’t want a repeat of what happened to the Knicks somewhere else.

“One of our generalized goals in collective bargaining is to come up with a system in which teams are not doomed by their past mistakes for an inordinate amount of time, so fans can have hope,” Stern said.

That makes some sense.

But there is a line to walk here — there needs to be a consequence for bad decisions and handing out bad contracts. There cannot be a get out of jail free card. Part of the sport is played by the general managers — and guessing (or second guessing) along with them is part of the fun for us fans. It’s the draw of fantasy sports.

If, hypothetically, you are the Atlanta Hawks and you give a six-year max deal to your best player even though you know by the end of that deal he will be drastically overpaid and a shell of himself on the court, you should have to pay a price. Okay that’s not so hypothetical. But the point is if you give out a contract like that, you should not have an automatic out after a couple years.

There’s a line to walk. But all to often what the owners really want out of the CBA negotiations is a way out of their own bad decisions.

Warriors hope to get Shaun Livingston, Matt Barnes back for second round

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OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) — The Golden State Warriors hope to get injured reserves Shaun Livingston and Matt Barnes back from injuries for the second round of the playoffs after getting more than a week off between series.

The Warriors said Saturday that Barnes has been upgraded to probable for Tuesday night’s Game 1 and Livingston remains questionable but is hopeful he will be ready to return. Star forward Kevin Durant is expected to be a full go after missing two games and being limited to 20 minutes in Game 4 last round because of a strained left calf.

Barnes has been sidelined since April 8, while Livingston sprained a finger on his right hand in Game 1 of the first-round against Portland.

Golden State begins the second round at home on Tuesday night against the winner of Sunday’s Game 7 between the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz. The Warriors have been off since sweeping the Trail Blazers last Monday, giving them more than a week between games.

“I’m trying to make sure I rest it as much as I possibly can, because when I do come back I plan on staying all the way back,” Livingston said Saturday. “Hopefully it will be ready for Tuesday.”

After taking Tuesday and Thursday off following their first-round sweep, the Warriors practiced for a second straight day Saturday. They plan to practice again on Sunday and then again Monday once they know their second-round opponent.

There is no update on the status of coach Steve Kerr, who missed the final two games of the first round because of complications from two back surgeries. Kerr talks daily with interim coach Mike Brown and took part in coaching meetings Friday but was not at practice on Saturday.

PBT Extra: Rockets vs. Spurs far more than Kawhi Leonard vs. James Harden

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Kawhi Leonard vs. James Harden. Two MVP candidates matching up in the second round of the NBA playoffs.

However, the San Antonio Spurs vs. Houston Rockets is much more than that.

It’s a battle of pace. It’s a chess match between two of the best coaches in the game. It’s about which team’s role players are going to step up.

I talk about all of that in this latest PBT Extra. Plus, of course, when Leonard will guard Harden.

How to start your Saturday night: Watching 15 minutes of best plays from NBA season

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There are no NBA playoff games Saturday night, the first night since the start of the postseason there hasn’t been one game. Don’t worry, there are two games on Sunday, including Game 7 between the Jazz and Clippers.

But if you need a Saturday night fix, this will have to do: 15 minutes of the best plays from last season, as compiled by NBA.com.

Go ahead, watch it. You’ve got nothing better to do.

Paul Millsap says the expected, he will “most likely” opt out of contract

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This is ranked right next to “overeating can lead to weight gain” on the list of surprising things, but we will dutifully report it anyway:

Paul Millsap is going to opt out and officially become a free agent this summer.

Atlanta’s owner as well as Mike Budenholzer, the coach and head of basketball operations, have both said they plan to do whatever it takes to re-sign Millsap with the Hawks. Millsap didn’t sound like someone eager to leave after the Hawks were eliminated from the playoffs Friday.

“It’s been great. I’m looking to expand this and see where the franchise can go. These last four years has been great. I couldn’t ask for anything more.”

Even with both sides singing Kumbaya, keeping Millsap in Atlanta likely means a five-year contract at or near the max, which for a 32-year-old player means the Hawks would regret the last year or two of that deal.

Not that the Hawks have much of a choice here, they have to come in big and keep him. For one, they can’t afford to lose Al Horford and then Millsap for nothing in back-to-back years. If they were going down the rebuilding road, they needed to trade Millsap at the deadline (or last summer) to make sure they got something in return. Atlanta explored trade options at the deadline, but then pulled back (rumored to be because of an edict from ownership, which didn’t want to see the team blown up after the Kyle Korver trade).

By not making that trade the Hawks signaled their intention to remain a good team — a 43-win team this season that got them the five seed — with Dennis Schroder and Dwight Howard, one that draws well at an arena that historically has not been that full, and see if they can add on. They strike me as a team that will win between 42-50 games a year and be middle of the pack in the East for the next few years, unless they can find a way to add an elite player (which is incredibly difficult).

But if the Hawks can’t re-sign Millsap, then the plan gets blown up. So expect them to come in with a big offer come July 1.

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TMZ report: Lamar Odom has had a drug problem for the last two years

We’ll begin this by stating the obvious, which is that Lamar Odom played in the NBA for the Clippers last season without incident, and has not failed a league-mandated drug test since 2001.

With that being said, we also cannot ignore the report that is out there.

TMZ, an organization that is admittedly more interested in Odom’s relationship with Khloe Kardashian than they are with his NBA career, is reporting that Odom’s “hardcore drug abuse” is the reason that the marriage between Odom and Kardashian is “in crisis.”

From TMZ’s report:

The marriage of Khloe Kardashian and Lamar Odom is in crisis, and TMZ has learned … the core reason is hardcore drug abuse.

Multiple sources familiar with the situation tell TMZ … Lamar has had a problem for 2 years. It got so bad, last August Khloe pressured Lamar to go to rehab. Lamar went to a facility in San Diego, but he was so resistant Khloe hired private investigators to secretly stand guard at the rehab place to make sure he didn’t leave. The P.I.s stood guard 24/7.

We’re told the situation has become dire. Sources tell us … within the last 2 days, the entire family staged an intervention, trying to convince Lamar to go back to rehab, but he wouldn’t have any of it.

These are obviously serious allegations, especially where Odom’s NBA career is concerned. But again, he hasn’t failed an NBA drug test, so no matter how credible the sources, it’s all just hearsay to a certain extent.

In case you’re curious, here’s how the league’s drug testing program is laid out, via Larry Coon’s CBA FAQ:

Testing falls into two categories: reasonable cause and random. Reasonable cause testing occurs when the league or players association provides the program’s independent expert with information about a player’s use, possession or distribution of prohibited substances, and the expert believes that reasonable cause exists to order testing. If reasonable cause is found to exist, the player can be tested without notice up to four times in a six week period. Players can be subjected to random testing up to four times during a season and up to two times during an offseason (offseason testing is conducted for SPEDs and diuretics only).

To summarize, players are tested up to six times per year, although the offseason tests are only looking for steroids, masking agents, or performance-enhancing drugs.

Odom is still a free agent, and these allegations may be the primary reason why if the teams that are interested are aware of these alleged issues. The Clippers were the team most recently reported as having interest.

Warriors hope to get Shaun Livingston, Matt Barnes back for second round

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OAKLAND, Calif. (AP) — The Golden State Warriors hope to get injured reserves Shaun Livingston and Matt Barnes back from injuries for the second round of the playoffs after getting more than a week off between series.

The Warriors said Saturday that Barnes has been upgraded to probable for Tuesday night’s Game 1 and Livingston remains questionable but is hopeful he will be ready to return. Star forward Kevin Durant is expected to be a full go after missing two games and being limited to 20 minutes in Game 4 last round because of a strained left calf.

Barnes has been sidelined since April 8, while Livingston sprained a finger on his right hand in Game 1 of the first-round against Portland.

Golden State begins the second round at home on Tuesday night against the winner of Sunday’s Game 7 between the Los Angeles Clippers and Utah Jazz. The Warriors have been off since sweeping the Trail Blazers last Monday, giving them more than a week between games.

“I’m trying to make sure I rest it as much as I possibly can, because when I do come back I plan on staying all the way back,” Livingston said Saturday. “Hopefully it will be ready for Tuesday.”

After taking Tuesday and Thursday off following their first-round sweep, the Warriors practiced for a second straight day Saturday. They plan to practice again on Sunday and then again Monday once they know their second-round opponent.

There is no update on the status of coach Steve Kerr, who missed the final two games of the first round because of complications from two back surgeries. Kerr talks daily with interim coach Mike Brown and took part in coaching meetings Friday but was not at practice on Saturday.

PBT Extra: Rockets vs. Spurs far more than Kawhi Leonard vs. James Harden

Leave a comment

Kawhi Leonard vs. James Harden. Two MVP candidates matching up in the second round of the NBA playoffs.

However, the San Antonio Spurs vs. Houston Rockets is much more than that.

It’s a battle of pace. It’s a chess match between two of the best coaches in the game. It’s about which team’s role players are going to step up.

I talk about all of that in this latest PBT Extra. Plus, of course, when Leonard will guard Harden.

How to start your Saturday night: Watching 15 minutes of best plays from NBA season

Leave a comment

There are no NBA playoff games Saturday night, the first night since the start of the postseason there hasn’t been one game. Don’t worry, there are two games on Sunday, including Game 7 between the Jazz and Clippers.

But if you need a Saturday night fix, this will have to do: 15 minutes of the best plays from last season, as compiled by

Go ahead, watch it. You’ve got nothing better to do.

Paul Millsap says the expected, he will “most likely” opt out of contract

Getty Images
Leave a comment

This is ranked right next to “overeating can lead to weight gain” on the list of surprising things, but we will dutifully report it anyway:

Paul Millsap is going to opt out and officially become a free agent this summer.

Atlanta’s owner as well as Mike Budenholzer, the coach and head of basketball operations, have both said they plan to do whatever it takes to re-sign Millsap with the Hawks. Millsap didn’t sound like someone eager to leave after the Hawks were eliminated from the playoffs Friday.

“It’s been great. I’m looking to expand this and see where the franchise can go. These last four years has been great. I couldn’t ask for anything more.”

Even with both sides singing Kumbaya, keeping Millsap in Atlanta likely means a five-year contract at or near the max, which for a 32-year-old player means the Hawks would regret the last year or two of that deal.

Not that the Hawks have much of a choice here, they have to come in big and keep him. For one, they can’t afford to lose Al Horford and then Millsap for nothing in back-to-back years. If they were going down the rebuilding road, they needed to trade Millsap at the deadline (or last summer) to make sure they got something in return. Atlanta explored trade options at the deadline, but then pulled back (rumored to be because of an edict from ownership, which didn’t want to see the team blown up after the Kyle Korver trade).

By not making that trade the Hawks signaled their intention to remain a good team — a 43-win team this season that got them the five seed — with Dennis Schroder and Dwight Howard, one that draws well at an arena that historically has not been that full, and see if they can add on. They strike me as a team that will win between 42-50 games a year and be middle of the pack in the East for the next few years, unless they can find a way to add an elite player (which is incredibly difficult).

But if the Hawks can’t re-sign Millsap, then the plan gets blown up. So expect them to come in with a big offer come July 1.


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The NCAA Playing Rules Oversight Panel approved adding the word “flagrantly” to the men’s and women’s track and field rules pertaining to when a competitor should be in violation of impeding a runner.

The change was recommended by the Men’s and Women’s Track and Field Committee during its meeting in June. The rule is effective beginning Dec. 1, 2014, and distinguishes flagrant contact from the incidental contact that can occur during running events.

The referee, after consulting with the appropriate officials, can now disqualify a competitor who:

• Flagrantly jostles, cuts across or obstructs another competitor so as to impede the other runner’s progress. Direct contact is not necessary; any action that causes another runner to break stride or lose momentum is grounds for disqualification.

• Flagrantly veers to the right or to the left so as to impede a challenging runner or forces the challenging runner to run a greater distance.

The panel also approved an amendment to the rule that addresses races run on curves. If a runner steps on or over the lane line to the left with two consecutive steps of either both feet or a single foot, they will be disqualified.

Event Management Concerns

The NCAA Men’s and Women’s Track and Field Rules Committee also re-emphasized that all running and field competitions must be conducted as written in the rules book starting in the 2014-15 academic year. The subject was a topic of discussion during the committee’s June meeting.

Committee members are concerned with the recent trend of reducing the number of rounds of competitions at meets containing large numbers of competitors entered in an event.

In those situations, the committee believes there is a tendency for meet organizers around the country to be creative with the rules in order to reduce the number of rounds of competition. For example, if there are a larger number of runners competing in the 200-meter dash at a meet, the rules require that subsequent rounds of competition be conducted (first round, quarterfinal, semifinal and final).

The committee determined that around the country, meet organizers are arbitrarily splitting the large number of competitors into divisions at the meet, which means the athletes are only required to run two rounds of competition.

The track and field rules committee wants meet organizers to understand that this practice is no longer acceptable.

The committee said meets can no longer use the practice of splitting a particular event into special sections.


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Wednesday, April 1, 2009

I know it's old-fashioned, but visiting bookstores in a new city is a great pleasure. Especially used bookstores. There's a fine one close by the conference hotel:
111 Mathewson St, Providence, RI - (401) 521-2665
There's also a first-rate scholarly bookstore:
240 Westminster St, Providence, RI - (401) 273-7900
A 25-minute or so hike through the Brown campus will take you to the Brown University Bookstore, newly renovated. An excellent selection, and a great coffee shop!

  1. I have purposely chosen the smallest suitcase that would hold all my stuff to avoid bookish temptations this conference.

  2. I went to Cellar Stories--it was a wonderful little bookstore! 3 books for $8.


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All-Weather High Tops

The Hill-Side

All-Weather High Tops

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Hand-sewn high-tops from The Hill-Side in Forest. Weatherproof cotton upper. Round toe with rugged rubber toe box. Gusseted tongue. Lace-up front with flat cotton laces. Brass D-rings and coated brass eyelets. Twill tape binding detail at tongue. Pull tabs at heel and tongue. Rubber side panel and heel cap. High-traction natural rubber outsole. Slightly raised heel. Lined.

• MizuTech weatherproof cotton upper
• Terry cloth lining
• Rubber outsole
• Made in Japan
• Men's sizes listed
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Estelle Pastel River

Estelle Pastel River

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From Komono, a sleek and minimalist watch with a genuine leather wrist band in pastel rive blue. Features a water-resistant glossy metal case, stainless steel back and Japanese quartz movement.

• Minimalist watch
• Glossy metal case with stainless steel back
• Water resistant at 3 atm
• Japanese quartz movement
36mm case diameter
7mm case thickness

8.5" strap length
Standard domestic flat rate of $7.95—free on orders of $75 or more.

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The Nehru Memorial Museum & Library

‘Circulation and Rupture: The Bay of Bengal as a South Asian region’, 25th February, 2015 .

‘Circulation and Rupture:
The Bay of Bengal as a South Asian region’

Prof. Sunil Amrith,
Harvard University,

The Bay of Bengal is a meaningful historical region—at particular moments, and especially between the mid-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries, its coasts were as closely linked to each other as to the heartlands of the nation-states they ultimately formed part of. This lecture focuses on the period of the most intensive connectedness in the Bay of Bengal region, in the 1920s and 1930s. It will suggest that the region was linked neither by a single language, nor by political integration, though most of it was within the British Empire; rather, it was a region defined by mobility and circulation—the movement of people, ideas, and capital. And the core problem the speaker seeks to address is why this region, so intensively connected by the 1920s, collapsed so rapidly, and to such an extent that it had largely “disappeared” from public and scholarly consciousness by the 1960s. The lecture concludes by reflecting on the more recent revival of connections across the Bay, and asks to what extent these new links are rooted in the region’s history.

Dr. Sunil Amrith is Mehra Family Professor of South Asian Studies and Professor of History at Harvard University. From 2006 to 2015, he taught at Birkbeck College, at the University of London. His books include Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants (2013), and Migration and Diaspora in Modern Asia (2011). He is currently working on the environmental history of water in India.

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Wednesday, January 23, 2013

72 Hour Kits

I've been thinking a lot about 72 hour kits.  Most of us have the items on most lists, but they are spread throughout our homes.  The more I read and learn about emergencies, the more I believe in a kit that is immediately ready to throw in our cars, or be carried away from our homes.

I've seen a lot of lists from FEMA, Red Cross, LDS blogs, and some serious Doomsday groups.  Here's a good basic list with some extras added.  Please add any extras I may have overlooked in the comments section.

1 - Water.  You can live without food for three days, but you cannot live without water.  Pack one gallon per person per day.  Don't go out and buy all one size.  Some can be in large amounts, some should be in small amounts and easily carried by children.  Water filters, sterilizing drops, pills, etc. can supplement your amount, but do have some ready water packed.

2 - Food.  Pack foods that are ready to eat and don't need to be prepared.  Pack high energy foods like peanut butter, crackers, granola bars, etc.  Pack treats like hard candy, gum, and instant cocoa.  If you're using MRE's, consider their water activated heaters.  Pack utensils that can be reused and thrown away.  Pack dehydrated meals.  Pack extra water if needed for these type of foods.  Pack specialty foods for infants or special diets.  Try for 2,000 calories per person per day.

3 - First Aid Kit.  There is a lot of discussion on what should be in here.  Think of the basics first.  Bandaids, Neosporin, Antiseptic Wipes, tweezers, Gauze pads and tape, Feminine Menstrual supplies, Latex Gloves, Hand Sanitizer, Thermometer, Non prescription drugs, and Prescription drugs.  Consider adding sunscreen, lip balm, burn cream, small sewing kit with scissors and safety pins, Ace bandage and clips, instant ice pack, CPR shield, Ipecac and Activated Charcoal, Face masks.

4 - Basic Needs Supplies.  100 hour candle.  Waterproof matches, Solar/Battery/Hand Crank Radio with AM/FM/Short Wave/NOAA capability, Flash lights, Light Sticks, Batteries, Utility Knife, Pliers, Collapsible shovel, Duct Tape, Plastic Sheeting, Compass, Whistle, Flint, Cash in small bills, Pencil and Paper, Card games and puzzles, Aluminum Foil, Ziplocs, Signal Flare, Local Map showing towns, roads, waterways, and terrain, Clorox Wipes, 5 Gallon bucket with lid, trash bags, Disinfectant.  Consider if you will need plates and cups based on what food you have packed.

5 - Temporary Shelter Supplies.  Small tent and stakes, sleeping bags, Space blankets,

6 - Clothing.  Sturdy shoes, Rain gear, hats, gloves, Thermal Underwear, Underwear, Socks, One set of shirt and pants per person, Coat/Jacket.

7 - Personal Hygiene.  Toilet Paper, Comb, Hair bands, Soap (Consider Dr. Bronner's type soap that can be used for plates and is biodegradable too), Shampoo/Conditioner, Disposable Razor, Tooth brushes and paste, Wash Cloth, Hand Towel, Contact case and solution (if applicable).

8 - Papers.  Copies of: Birth Certificates, Insurance, Immunizations, Phone Numbers, Will, Passports, Social Security Cards, Bank Account #s, Stocks, Bonds, Investments, Credit Card Accounts, Household Inventory, Marriage Certificate, Scriptures, Patriarchal Blessings, digital copy of genealogy.  Can add copies of photos in digital form.

9 - Gas Wrench.  Before you leave your home in an emergency, shut off Main Power switch, Main Water supply, and Natural Gas at the meter.

New Cannery Prices

The LDS St. Paul Cannery has new prices as of Jan. 1, 2013.  Most prices are the same, three have changed: White Rice price down $1 per 25 lbs., Granulated Sugar price up 5 cents per 25 lbs., and White Flour price down $4.45 per 25 lbs.  All bulk packaging material prices also stayed the same.

Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Simplified Sundays

We've discovered a simpler approach to Sunday meals.  Nachos and Omelets!  They're super easy and we always have the ingredients.   The best part is that the kids can help with most of the prep work.

Oven Nachos

Place tortilla chips on a rimmed baking sheet.
Top with shredded cheese.
Broil until cheese is melted.
Serve with salsa, sour cream, refried beans, ground beef, etc.

(Aaron likes to toss the chips in enchilada sauce before topping with cheese)

Grease a small nonstick pan and heat to medium high.
Crack two or three eggs in a bowl and whisk until foamy.
Pour into pan and pull eggs into the center leaving uncooked eggs around edge. (These folds are what makes the omelet fluffy).
When almost all of the egg is set, lay toppings on one half of cooked eggs.  Fold over the plain side and continue cooking until cheese is melted.  You may need to flip the omelet over to the other side.

(I like to add canned, rinsed garbanzo beans.  They add a nice texture and have a great mellow flavor)


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Vacation Makeup: Blush and Highlighters

To continue with my vacation makeup series, I'm moving on to cheek products today. I kept it pretty minimal in this department and only brought a handful of items.
For my basic everyday powder I packed my much beloved Rimmel Stay Matte Powder, I seriously love this stuff and love it's price even more!
Hoola Bronzer by Benefit I picked because it's been my go to the past few months. I love how it works on my skin tone when I am super pale or when I have a bit of a tan. Great universal bronzer!
Also by Benefit, I packed my mini Cha Cha Tint and Sun Beam as a good liquid blush and highlight alternative. Sometimes I reach for these products if I know I'm going to be out in warm weather and want my makeup to last!
Along the same lines, I brought my old LE Cream Color Base by Mac in Tickled Pink. You can't get this product anymore unfortunately, but there are a bunch of great alternatives on the market. I love that this can be used as blush or lip color, the perfect travel friendly product!
Lastly I threw in my NARS Madly Blush. I love this blush, it's the most beautiful peachy tan color and it looks fantastic when my skin has a bit of color to it!
Let me know what you think of this series in the comments below! Also what cheek products do you pack when you are traveling? I would love to hear what you guys think! Thanks for reading!

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20 Dec 2010 - Neptune Wave Power Signs Licensing Agreement with SAIC

20 Dec 2010 - Neptune Wave Power Signs Licensing Agreement with SAIC

PRESS RELEASE                                                                                FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

For More Information, Contact:
Paulina Valenciano
Neptune Wave Power, LLC

Neptune Wave Power Signs Licensing Agreement with SAIC

Dallas, Texas, December 20, 2010 – Neptune Wave Power, LLC announced today that it had recently signed a Non-Exclusive Patent License Agreement with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC).  This agreement allows SAIC to explore possible applications of Neptune’s patented technology for converting wave energy into electricity.

“We are very excited about having a Fortune 500 company like SAIC researching the possible development of innovative applications for our patented technology,” said Rene Larrave, Chief Executive Officer of Neptune Wave Power.  “Their reputation for innovation, integrity, and breadth of expertise should provide the basis for a mutually beneficial relationship.”

“We look forward to exploring whether Neptune’s patented intellectual property could be used in wave energy conversion product applications for our customers,” said Peter Mikhalevsky, Senior Vice President, Acoustic and Marine Systems, of SAIC.

About Neptune Wave Power

Neptune Wave Power has developed patented technology that will produce cost-effective commercial quantities of electric power using a generation system harnessing kinetic energy from ocean waves.  The generation cost compares favorably not only with that of other generation systems such as wind power or alternative proposed wave energy capturing devices, but with many other conventional power sources as well.  Neptune Wave Power is headquartered in Dallas, Texas.  For more information, visit

# # # #

View more »


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Drakengard 3: Carnage Has Never Looked So Beautiful [Sponsored]

dk3 cover

In ancient days, six beautiful sisters descended upon the world and used their powers of song to usher in an age of peace. These sisters came to be worshiped as “Intoners,” each ruling over a piece of the world. But the day has come when that peace will be shattered, as the eldest sister, Zero, sets out on a quest to murder each of her younger siblings.

This is the set-up for Drakengard 3, a prequel to Drakengard and Drakengard 2 originally released on the PlayStation 2. It’s features a dark storyline for mature audiences (with plenty of dark humor) that explains how this fantasy world began. It allows any newcomer to join in the mayhem in the shoes of Zero, an anti-hero with a grudge against the world.

This includes Zero’s dragon companion, Mikhail, who accompanies her despite her foul mood and temper. Using Mikhail’s powers, Zero can rain carnage down from above, wreathing her foes in dragon fire or chasing down her sisters on Mikhail’s back, weaving through cityscapes and skies.

A dark story of murder and bloodshed, players come to understand Zero’s true intentions as they delve deeper into her bloody quest, but also come to discover that each of her sisters are not the pristine goddesses spoke of in the stories. Each sister’s name is just a number, but their personalities are anything but simple. From the promiscuous Five, to Four with her inferiority complex, to Three, with her creepy obsession with dolls, this is a dysfunctional family of the highest order.

cent and dito

Each sister is also served by a Disciple with their own personality quirks. These Disciples are bound to their Intoners in body and soul, serving them to the end of their immortal days. This is perhaps not a bad job for Cent, who is worshipped by Two, but is more like a personal hell for Dito, who finds himself a slave to Five’s every whim. Zero will have to contend with these Disciples if she’s to make it to her sisters, but will they be friend or foe?

You can learn more about the story of Drakengard 3 on the official website. Make sure to check out the novellas for awesome stories about all of the characters.

Drakengard 3 is out now on the PlayStation 3 for $49.99.

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Save 10% On The Blade Pico Double-Flip Drone [Deals]

The Blade Pico Double-Flip Drone is super tiny, and super fun. It’s also on sale in our Nerd Approved Deals Store for just $49.99 with free shipping!

Weighing in at just 8 grams, the Blade ‘Pico’ QX is the smallest drone Blade has ever released, and comes equipped with SAFE® (Sensor Assisted Flight Envelope) technology to make flying easier for newer pilots. Capable of single and double flips, and adorned with prop guards to minimize the effects of collisions, this drone starts fun and stays fun.

See the drone in action after the break…

Blade Pico Double-Flip Drone ($56 $49.99)

We also have awesome giveaways going on right now including an Xbox One, Beats headphones, and an Apple watch, so get in on those while you still can!

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Hockey fans, you might want to look away, because what you are about to read and see will likely offend you.

Shortly after the Celtics and Nets finished up a game Wednesday that included three ejections stemming from a “brawl,” Brooklyn big man Kris Humphries took to Twitter to show off his battle wounds. And by battle wounds, I mean a few scratches on his shoulder.

See, hockey fans (those of you who stuck around). Don’t say I didn’t warn you. The scratch marks, which presumably occurred during the second-quarter “rumble,” hardly seem like a reason to get up in arms, yet Kim Kardashian‘s ex brought them to the forefront.

Surely (hopefully), Humphries was just having fun while taking a subtle jab after the game. For those who may have missed it, Humphries was involved in an altercation with Rajon Rondo after Humprhies fouled Kevin Garnett under the basket. Humphries and Rondo quickly got physical, with the dueling duo’s teammates soon joining in the fracas.

We’ll see what league discipline comes from Wednesday’s “scrap.” One thing we do know, though, is that it’ll likely be more than five minutes in the box.

Click here to see the Celtics-Nets altercation >>

Click here to read Jason Terry’s postgame comments about Humphries >>

© 2017 NESN


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Tuukka Rask Comes Up Big, Leading Bruins Out of ‘Starting Blocks’ on Right Foot (Video)

Some high expectations are being placed on the Bruins this season, and Tuukka Rask will have to shoulder much of that load. Such is the plight of a starting goaltender after all, especially one taking over for Tim Thomas.

Despite that pressure, Rask looked perfectly comfortable between the pipes as the No. 1 goalie on Saturday, leading the B’s to a 3-1 victory in the first game of the season. Outdueling reigning Vezina Trophy winner Henrik Lundqvist to boot, Rask made 20 saves in an outstanding effort that should do plenty to calm any concerns that might have been brewing.

For that effort, NESN Nation’s Dan Duquette is giving Rask our “Starting Blocks” player of the game. Who’s yours?

Join NESN Nation: In-game home page | Twitter | Facebook

© 2017 NESN


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Internet FAQs: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

[Our beautiful book cover]

By Margaret Levine Young and John R. Levine.
October 1995, 400 pages, US$19.99. C$26.99, £18.99, ISBN 1-56884-476-X.

What's a FAQ? A Frequently Asked Question, and when it comes to the Internet, there are plenty of them! This book contains hundreds of your questions about the Internet, with answers by Margy and John. It's a great book -- the authors use it all the time!

  • Page 38, FAQ 3-9: Change "news://" to "news:". The newsgroup has the URL "".
  • Page 69, FAQ 5-13: At the end of the page add "or look at this Web site:". It's a list of freenets around the world.
  • Page 115, FAQ 8-7: To finger someone from Eudora, choose Window, then Ph.
  • Page 142, FAQ 9-19: The Phone Company, which provided an all-volunteer e-mail-to-fax service, doesn't do so any more. A number of Internet sites are fax servers, that is, they accept e-mail messages and send them as faxes. Some fax servers are free, but only send faxes to limited areas -- it makes sense, since to send a fax long distance, the fax server would rack up a serious phone bill. Other fax servers charge you for sending the fax, including the cost of phone call.
    Here are the URLs or e-mail addresses of a bunch of commercial fax servers:
    Elvis: For information, send e-mail to In the body of the message, say "help" on the first line and "english" on the second line. (If you forget to specify English, you'll get help in Russian, because Elvis is in Russia.)
  • Page 192, WWW by mail: The servers listed in the book have gone away. Fortunately, there's a new one.
    To get a Web page via e-mail, send a message to (yes, it's in Germany). In the text of the message, enter the following command:
    get URL
    Replace URL with the URL of the Web page that you want, For example, to get the Internet For Dummies Central Web page, you can send this message:
    It doesn't matter what you put in the subject line, because the mail server program that receives your message ignores the subject line. You receive the specified Web page, without graphics, sound, or other jazzy stuff, by return e-mail. If you don't want the page to include HTML commands, add the option "-t" after the get command in your e-mail message.
    Another address that will e-mail you a Web page is Peter Flynn in Ireland, at In the text of the message, type "GO URL". For example, to get the IDG Books home page, you'd type
    You get the Web page back as an e-mail attachment.
  • Page 339, FAQ 21-11: SimTel is now at Also check out WinSite at

About Internet FAQs: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions.

Send comments or questions about this book to

Register your copy of this book.

Return to the The Internet Gurus Central Books Page.
This page © 2002-2008 I.E.C.C. Last updated 1999/10/10 19:27.


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GAIA Community Networks: Sustainability & Regulation Workshop

Tuesday, January 26, 2016 - 10:15am to Wednesday, January 27, 2016 - 2:15pm

netCommons participates in the organization of the next GAIA workshop in Cambridge, January 26 & 27, 2017, about the development of local networking infrastructures using cooperative & open-access management schemes, exploring two main approaches:

  1. Open-access radio spectrum (and its availability, sharing, open access, etc),
  2. Community networks (with similar properties) providing open-access connectivity (and also IX-like infrastructures etc).

The workshop is funded by the Internet Society, EU H2020 RIFE Project, EU H2020 netCommons Project, and theEPSRC GCRF African Internet Measurement Observatory (AIMO) project.

Organization  - Arjuna Sathiaseelan (UCAM)  - Marco Zennaro (ICTP)  - Leandro Navarro (UPC)

The detailed programme is available here:


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Properties for Sale in Horsham, Little Bridges Close, Horsham, West Sussex

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Find out if you are charging enough rent or what your property would be worth if you were to sell now

Register For Free

Create an account for free today to unlock some great features of Net House Prices.

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 The Anglican Church,Canada Synod (Independent) | Anglican church in Cambridge, ON | Powered by Net Ministries
Providing Free Web Pages for Churches, Ministries, and Charities Since 1995

The Anglican Church,Canada Synod (Independent)

St. Matthew's Cathedral, 18 Harvey Street • Cambridge, ON N3C-1M6 • Canada • 1-905-357-3331http://www.stmatthewscathedral.ca/index.html • Anglican

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ia-stackexch-user-marks-post-und     (Dynamic Networks)

Download network data

This network is in the collection of Dynamic Networks

Visualize ia-stackexch-user-marks-post-und's link structure and discover valuable insights using our interactive graph visualization platform. Compare with hundreds of other networks across many different collections and types.

CategorySparse Networks
ShortStack Overflow favorite network
Vertex typeUser, post
Edge typeFavorite
Edge weightsUnweighted
DescriptionStack Overflow is the main question and answer website of the Stack Exchange Network. This network is a bipartite Stack Overflow favorite network. Nodes represent users and posts. An edge denotes that a user has marked a post as a favorite. Third column is the edge weight and fourth column is the timestamp of the edge.

Citing the repository in published materials

If you find Network Repository useful for your research, please consider citing the following paper:

     title={The Network Data Repository with Interactive Graph Analytics and Visualization},
     author={Ryan A. Rossi and Nesreen K. Ahmed},
     booktitle={Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},

Note that if you transform/preprocess this data for your own research, we ask that you please share the data by uploading it along with details on the transformation and reference to any published materials.

     title = {Stack Exchange Data Explorer},
     author = {{Stack Exchange Inc.}},
     year = {2011},
     howpublished = {\url{http://data.stackexchange.com/}},

Network Statistics

Maximum degree6.1K
Minimum degree1
Average degree4
Number of triangles230.4K
Average number of triangles0
Maximum number of triangles11.9K
Average clustering coefficient0.00128994
Fraction of closed triangles0.00106668
Maximum k-core26
Lower bound of Maximum Clique6

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Visualize and interactively explore ia-stackexch-user-marks-post-und and its important node-level statistics!

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Friday, August 30, 2013

Informational meeting for Costa Rica Trip 2014

Attention Spanish students!
Are you interested in travel? NVHS Spanish teachers are organizing an ACIS trip to Costa Rica for June 2014. Don't miss this opportunity to experience the culture and immerse yourself in the language! Come to the informational meeting to held in D109 of the main building on Monday Sept. 16 at 6:30 p.m. to get all the details!

If you cannot attend, no worries! Contact Sra. Fehring at


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Thursday, September 29, 2016

Society for Neuro-Oncology meeting to feature several prominent neuropathologists

David W. Ellison, MD, PhD,
one of the presenters at the 2016 SNO meeting
The Society for Neuro-Oncology 2016 Annual Meeting to be held this year in Scottsdale, Arizona on November 16-20 will feature several members of the American Association of Neuropathologists. Peter Canoll will be speaking on "Primary brain tumors – pathology, grading and prognosis – new WHO classification". Arie Perry will be giving a "WHO overview". Sandro Santagata will talk on "Advances in the molecular genetics of meningioma". Dan Brat will present on "IDH-omas". Cynthia Hawkins will give an overview of pediatric gliomas. David Louis will give a keynote presentation entitled "The 2016 WHO classification of CNS tumors: an overview and a review of diffuse gliomas in adults". Additionally, Dr. Louis will be this year's recipient of the Victor Levin Award which honors an individual who has made a significant contribution to the field of neuro-oncology. David Ellison will provide a keynote presentation entitled "The 2016 WHO classification of CNS tumors - What’s new for pediatrics?" Finally, Fausto Rodriguez will give a talk entitled "Impact of NF1 status on glioma pathology". These individuals are advancing the field of neuropathology not only in their research but in their interactions with our colleagues in other fields of neuro-oncology including medical neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, neuroradiology, and radiation neuro-oncology.

Tuesday, September 27, 2016

Guest Post: Dr. Nat Pernick, Creator of

The following is a guest post from Dr. Nat Pernick, creator of, who reached out to me via Dr. Mark Cohen in search of neuropathology contributors to his website: is looking for authors for its neuropathology chapters, specifically the CNS nontumor and CNS tumor chapters.  You can also write about Stains and Molecular Markers related to neuropathology.  You can either update existing topics or write about new topics.  More information is available on our Instructions for Authors page. The main advantages of being an author are: (a) you are helping the worldwide pathology community, as we average 15,000 daily visits; (b) it helps your academic career; and (c) and it may improve your writing skills.  We provide an honorarium of $20 per topic, but if money is your main motivation, this will not be a good fit.  You must be a good writer, and be able to follow our format.  You can write about one topic or many, but they must be approved in advance by us, and we have you do them one at a time.  Senior residents / fellows can write if they are supervised by a staff pathologist who meets our author requirements.  If interested, email your CV and a list of topics you want to write about (either update existing topics or write new topics) to Dr. Pernick at

Monday, September 26, 2016

University of Colorado residents show up in force for CAP16

Left to right: Drs. Robinson, Greer, Roberts, Klein, and Graham (with me kneeling)
Five PGY2 pathology residents, the most from a single class in the history of the institution, are presenting posters today and tomorrow at the annual meeting of the College of American Pathologists. Most are neuropathology related. Here are the titles:

Caleb Graham, et al. Pilocytic Astrocytoma: A Diagnostic Consideration in Lateral Ventricular Tumors

Ashley Greer, et al. BRAF Mutational Status in Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma/Ganglioglioma

Colleen Klein, et al. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Discovered Clinically and at Autopsy: A Dual-Institutional, 10-Year Retrospective Review

Sammie Roberts, et al. Double Separate Versus Contiguous Pituitary Adenomas: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features and Endocrinologic Follow-up

Chase Robinson, et al. Is Testing for IDH1 Mutation in Gliomas by Immunohistochemistry Worthwhile in Persons Older Than 55 Years?

Congratulations, everyone!

Sunday, September 25, 2016

CAP16 Scientific Plenary Session - The Immune Checkpoint Revolution in Cancer Treatment: "Moonshot" or "Pie in the Sky"

I'm attending the scientific plenary session at the 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathologists in Las Vegas. The discussion is being led by Dr. Lynette Sholl (pathologist), Dr. Christopher Lathan (medical oncologist), and Barry Nelson (lung cancer patient).  Although not directly related to neuropathology, the discussion of the role of biomarkers as a means of directing treatment impacts every area of surgical pathology -- including neuropathology. Mr. Nelson recounted his journey through immunotherapy. Dr. Sholl talked about the paradigm shift that has occurred in cancer therapy by virtue of harnessing T-cell mediated immunity, particularly related to PD-L1. Dr. Lathan, who is Mr. Nelson's physician, talked about his relationship with both the cancer patient and the pathologist. It was pointed out that everything starts with the diagnostic tissue; and the pathologist, as custodian of that tissue, is at the foundation of every patient's battle against cancer.  Importantly, Dr. Lathan pointed out that Mr. Nelson is a outlier. Most patients, at this point in our understanding of treatment, do not respond to immunotherapy. Finally, Mr. Nelson pointed out that he does not consider himself cured, but rather "healed". Thanks to immunotherapy, he lives with cancer rather than being cured from it. That relationship with cancer in itself is a paradigm shift, much like the one we have already gotten used to with regard to AIDS.

Left to right: Sholl, Nelson, Lathan

Thursday, September 22, 2016

A case of recurrent ligneous conjunctivitis in an adult

Massive fibrin deposition in a case of recurrent ligneous conjunctivitis in an adult

I recently signed out a case of ligneous conjunctivitis, a rare form of chronic pseudomembranous conjunctivitis that is marked by a massive accumulation of ﬁbrin. The term ligneous (from the Latin term for "woody") refers to the ﬁrm consistency of the large masses of ﬁbrin that comprise the pseudomembranes. Ligneous conjunctivitis typically occurs in children but may recur in adults. Treatment is often challenging because the inﬂammation is persistent and the pseudomembranes often recur rapidly after excision. Histopathology shows two components: granulation tissue and sheets of intensely eosinophilic acellular amorphous material, which has been shown to be composed predominantly of ﬁbrin. The mass of ﬁbrin also incorporates other serum components such as immunoglobulin. Lesions that resemble those found in the conjunctiva can affect other mucous membranes including the larynx, vagina, and ear. Ligneous conjunctivitis is an autosomal recessive trait caused by mutations in the gene for plasminogen on chromosome 6q26.

Reference: Eagle, Ralph C. Eye Pathology: An Atlas and Text [2nd edition] page 55.

Wednesday, September 21, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights - BRAF Mutational Status in Desmoplastic Infantile Astrocytoma/Ganglioglioma

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Ashley Greer and colleagues at the University of Colorado in Poster #194 discuss the BRAF mutational status of DIA/DIG.

Context: Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/gangliogliomas (DIA/DIGs) are rare, massively cystic tumors usually found in superficial cerebral hemispheres. They are characterized by prominent desmoplastic stroma, interspersed neoplastic astrocytes, and fewer, if any, neoplastic ganglion cells. While BRAF mutation is found in up to 50% of pediatric gangliogliomas, 2 recent studies found it was rare in DIA/DIGs. We sought to assess BRAF mutation in our DIA/DIGs.

Design: Review of departmental files from 2000–2016 was performed to identify DIA/DIGs, with review of clinical outcome, neuroimaging features, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for astrocytic and neuronal markers, and BRAF VE1. BRAF mutational assessment was undertaken in IHC+/equivocal cases, with additional next generation sequencing whenever possible.

Results: All 6 cases were cerebral-hemispheric, with overlapping neuroimaging features (Figure 76, A and C) and favorable clinical outcomes, although histologic differences were noted. Five of 6 tumors contained a predominantly neoplastic astrocytic population (Figure 76, B), while DIA/DIG from the oldest child (12 months) showed exceptionally large nodules of neoplastic ganglion cells (Figure 76, D). This was the only case to show either BRAF VE1 IHC+ and/or mutation (rare c1799_1800TG.AT; p V600D). Next-generation sequencing on this case, and a comparison astrocytic-dominant DIA/DIG, showed only mutation in BRAF, and not in 26 other commonly mutated genes.

Conclusions: Five of 6 classic DIA/DIGs were negative for BRAF mutation. Previous publications found mutation in 2 of 18 and 1 of 14 cases; 2 of 3 reportedly mutated cases were unusual in that they were in atypical anatomic locations (suprasellar, fourth ventricle), and 1 was in an older child (24-month-old). DIA/DIGs with unusual features may be more likely to show BRAF mutation similar to ganglioglioma.

Tuesday, September 20, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights - Astrocytoma With a Distinct Molecular Signature: MYB Rearrangement and EGFR Amplification

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Doan V. Lai and colleagues at Oklahoma University and St. Jude's in Memphis in Poster #184 describe a combination of low- and high-grade molecular features in a pediatric diffuse astrocytoma.

Diffuse gliomas are uncommon in children but cause significant morbidity and mortality. Unlike diffuse gliomas in adults, pediatric low-grade tumors rarely progress to high-grade disease. Molecular studies are playing an increasingly large role in classifying and predicting therapeutic response in these tumors. MYB rearrangements are common in pediatric diffuse low-grade astrocytomas. EGFR amplification, which occurs in high-grade gliomas, however, is not reported in low-grade gliomas. We report the first case of a pediatric astrocytoma with both MYB rearrangement and EGFR amplification. A 3-year-old boy was found to have a T2 hyperintense, nonenhancing mass in the
left temporal lobe after minor head trauma. Histology showed a diffuse astrocytic tumor with low cell density and bland cytology. Mitotic figures were present, albeit focally, prompting a diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma. No necrosis or microvascular proliferation was identified. The Ki-67 labeling index, while generally low, rose to approximately 20%, corresponding to regions of mitotic activity. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed both rearrangement of MYB in two-thirds of cells and amplification of EGFR in approximately one-quarter of cells. This combination of low- and high-grade molecular features in a pediatric diffuse astrocytoma is so far unique and may
represent the molecular correlate of the rare clinical scenario where a pediatric diffuse astrocytoma, with MYB rearrangement, progresses to high-grade disease.

Saturday, September 17, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights - Naegleria fowleri: Understanding the Clinical Presentation and Autopsy Findings of a Rare and Almost Universally Fatal Central Nervous System Infection

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Alexander T. Damron and colleagues at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston discuss Naegleria fowleri CNS infection in Poster #114:

Naegleria fowleri is a free-living ameba known to cause primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Moreover, PAM is an acute, fulminating, and hemorrhagic infection that occurs in healthy young children with fresh water exposure in warm climates. It is postulated that Naegleria fowleri enters through the nasal passages and crosses the cribriform plate, where it reaches the subarachnoid space and disseminates into the olfactory lobes. Visvesvara et al (2007) performed a retrospective study of all reported N fowleri infections in the United States from 1937 to 2013 and found 3 survivors in 142 reported cases. Only 27% of the 142 cases were diagnosed before patient death. We present a case of a previously healthy 14-year-old boy who presented with fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status 8 days after swimming in a warm freshwater lake. Cerebrospinal fluid studies showed organisms consistent with amoeba (Figure 265, C). Despite neuroprotective measures and antimicrobial medications, the patient was pronounced brain dead 9 days after admission. Autopsy revealed the cause of death to be PAM from infection with N fowleri with cerebral edema and tonsillar herniation (Figure 265, D). Microscopic examination of the central nervous system revealed amoebic organisms infiltrating the meninges and diffusely involving the brain parenchyma in a perivascular distribution (Figure 265, A and B). The most critical aspect in treating patients with PAM is early detection and prompt initiation of multiple antimicrobials and neuroprotective measures.Despite current recommendations, the high mortality rate of these infections (97%–98%) suggests that an effective treatment for PAM is not yet known.

Friday, September 16, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights - Heterotopic Cutaneous Meningioma: An Unusual Presentation Occurring in a Patient With a History of Intracranial Meningioma

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. I'll be attending the meeting this year. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Chibuike L. Enwereuzo and Jean Henneberry at Baystate Medical Center/Tuft University School of Medicine, in Springfield, Massachusetts  discuss an unusual case of cutaneous meningioma in a patient with a history of intracranial meningioma (Poster #106):

Meningioma is a neoplasm of the meninges and typically occurs in intracranial sites. Extracranial meningioma has been reported most frequently in the sinonasal tract and skull bone, most often as extension of intracranial meningiomas. Isolated heterotopic meningioma without contiguous intracranial lesion is extremely rare. A 56-year-old woman presented in December 2015 with 2 firm subcutaneous scalp masses: one in the left lateral and the other in the left superior regions. The clinical impression was that of lipoma. Pathologic examination revealed
an ill-defined proliferation of fairly uniform meningothelial cells, infiltrating a fibroblastic stroma with interspersed adipose tissue. The 2 excised lesions had similar histologic features. Immunohistochemical stains were performed, and the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and negative for S100. A diagnosis of atypical meningioma, World Health Organization (WHO) grade II, was made. The patient’s medical history was significant for intracranial meningioma of the frontal lobe in October 2007, which was diagnosed as atypical meningioma, WHO grade II. Comparison of the scalp masses to her prior meningioma revealed a distinctly different morphologic pattern. Considering the 8-year interval between the scalp tumors and intracranial meningioma, it is unlikely that her most recent tumors represent a recurrence or metastasis of the intracranial tumor.

Thursday, September 15, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights - Extraventricular Neurocytoma: A Diagnostic Pitfall Mimicking Oligodendroglioma

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. I'll be attending the meeting this year. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Xinhai Zhang and colleagues at Loma Linda University in California discuss in Poster #198 discuss the problem of distinguishing extraventricular neurocytoma from oligodendroglioma:

Context: Extraventricular neurocytoma (EVN) mimics oligodendroglioma in terms of location and morphology. Oligodendrogliomas usually progress, while EVNs, other than atypical EVNs, typically do

Design: We retrospectively analyzed studies encompassing 155 EVN cases published since 2000 for distinguishing features.

Results: Summarized differentiating features include the fact that EVNs have a peak incidence in the third and fourth decade of life, whereas the peak incidence of oligodendrogliomas is from the fourth to sixth decade. EVNs can have small areas of nucleus-free neuropil as well as thickened hyalinized blood vessels, features not seen in oligodendrogliomas. Immunohistochemically, oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 (OLIG2) is immunopositive in oligodendroglioma but negative in EVNs. In addition, EVNs are consistently positive for synaptophysin but rarely positive for GFAP, whereas oligodendrogliomas are variably positive for synaptophysin and more often positive for GFAP. Many oligodendrogliomas show loss of heterozygosity on
chromosomes 1p and 19q. These changes are not seen in EVNs except for atypical EVN with MIB-1 proliferation indices greater than 3%. IDH1/2 mutations are present in many oligodendrogliomas but not EVNs. Ultrastructurally, EVN tumor cells demonstrate numerous neuritelike cell processes as well as cell bodies with dense-core neurosecretory granules, whereas oligodendroglioma cells show plump and rounded cytoplasm without forming cellular processes, synaptic structures, or dense-core granules. Rare hypothalamic neurocytomas express TTF1 and vasopressin.

Conclusions: While clinicopathologic features are diagnostically helpful, additional molecular analyses are needed to better characterize the spectrum of EVNs and their distinction from oligodendrogliomas.

Wednesday, September 14, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights: Accuracy of Central Nervous System Intraoperative Consultation Among Neuropathologists and General Pathologists

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. I'll be attending the meeting this year. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Timothy Harcom and Patrick Malafronte of the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center address in Poster #202 the accuracy of CNS intraoperative consultation:

Context: The reported accuracy of central nervous system (CNS) intraoperative consultation approaches 90%. Many of these studies, however, only include analysis by neuropathologists. The accuracy of diagnoses among general pathologist has not been extensively studied.

Design: All CNS intraoperative consultations during a consecutive 5-year period were evaluated. The consultations were separated into 2 groups: those consultations evaluated by a neuropathologist and those evaluated by a general pathologist. Four categories of frozen-permanent concordance were created: complete concordance, partial concordance, discordance, and deferral of diagnosis beyond the appraisal of adequate diagnostic tissue.

Results: A total of 170 CNS intraoperative consultations were identified: 91 cases with neuropathology evaluation and 79 cases with general pathologist evaluation only. The results (numbers of cases) were as follows, respectively: total concordance of 43 and 25; partial concordance of 39 and 31; discordance of 5 and 6; deferral of diagnosis of 4 and 17. Two of these comparisons produced statistically significant results (P< .05), complete concordance, showing a 72% increase, and deferral of diagnosis, showing a 76% decrease when the cases were evaluated by a neuropathologist.

Conclusions: The increased reliance on deferral of diagnosis and a reduced concordance rate among general pathologists points to a potential learning deficit that could be overcome through targeted education programs, similar to the ThinPrep Pap Proficiency Test, with the aim of increasing the quality of information provided during CNS intraoperative consultation.

Tuesday, September 13, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights -- Pilocytic Astrocytoma: A Diagnostic Consideration in Lateral Ventricular Tumors

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. I'll be attending the meeting this year. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Caleb Graham and colleagues at the University of Colorado (Poster #193) discuss the differential diagnosis of oligodendroglioma mimickers in the lateral ventricles. Here's the updated abstract:

Context: The most common lateral ventricular tumors are choroid plexus papilloma and meningioma, with a fewer number of cases of subependymoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, lymphoma, and metastasis. Lateral ventricular pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) are uncommon, seldom reported as a series, and must be excluded from neurocytoma and glioneuronal tumors.

Design: Our brain tumor databases were reviewed to identify all lateral ventricular PAs seen from 2000 to 2016. Magnetic resonance imaging studies were reviewed to exclude cases that were primarily parenchymal with secondary protrusion into the lateral ventricles. Immunohistochemical workup for glial and neuronal markers, as well as BRAF VE1 (surrogate marker for BRAF V600E mutation), were undertaken. KIAA:BRAF fusion status and electron microscopy were performed in 2 cases.

Results: Four cases (ages 13, 21, 28, and 43 years) were identified. By neuroimaging 2 cases displaced the septum (Figure 75, A) and 1 was near the trigone (Figure 75, B). These cases had generated wide radiologic differential diagnoses, especially central neurocytoma in the 2 cases displacing the septum. Histologically, 3 of the 4 were predominantly composed of small round cells with perinuclear halos (Figure 75,C) and showed few piloid areas or Rosenthal fibers. These cases also showed patchy synaptophysin immunohistochemical positivity, traditionally associated with neuronal tumors (Figure 75, D), but those evaluated by electron microscopy failed to show neuronal lineage.Unlike typical gangliogliomas, all 4 were BRAF VE1 negative.

Conclusions: Lateral ventricle PAs are uncommon but should be considered when encountering lateral ventricular tumors.

Monday, September 12, 2016

CAP16 Abstract Highlights: Predictive Markers for Meningioma Grading

The 2016 annual meeting of the College of American Pathlologists (CAP16) is coming up September 25-28 in Las Vegas. I'll be attending the meeting this year. In this series of posts, I'll be featuring poster abstracts of particular interest to neuropathologists.

Hussam Abu-Farakh and colleagues from Ibn Haytham Hospital in Amman, Jordan present a poster (#178) on predictive markers for meningioma grading. Here is an excerpt from the abstract:

Design: We studied 244 meningioma cases during the last 10 years at our center. All cases were studied for the following: sex, tumor size, mitotic count, the presence of small cell component (SCC), brain invasion (BRI), bone invasion (BNI), necrosis, and atypia (defined as pleomorphism, prominent nucleoli 6 large hyperchromatic nuclei). Additionally, immunohistochemistry for the percentage of progesterone receptor (PRG) expression, p53, and Ki-67 was calculated.

Results: Grade I and II meningiomas were more common in females, but grade III tumors were equally distributed (P , .05)

The poster also breaks down specific percentages for different histologic features of each of the grades in their series. For example, with regard to progesterone receptor (PR) immunohistochemical expression, 65% are positive in Grade I meningiomas, 32% are positive in grade II, and only 3% are positive in grade III.

Tuesday, September 6, 2016

Featured Neuropathologist: Karra A. Jones, MD, PhD

Karra Jones, MD, PhD
From time to time on Neuropathology Blog, we profile a prominent neuropathologist. In the past, we've featured the likes of Craig Horbinski, Roger McLendon, and Jan Leestma. Today, we feature a rising star in the field: Karra A. Jones, MD, PhD. Having just moved to the University of Iowa from UCSD, Dr. Jones is poised to do great work at her new institution. Here's a short bio followed by a Q&A with the inimitable Dr. Jones:

Karra Jones grew up in Kansas City where she completed her M.D. and Ph.D. at the University of Kansas School of Medicine. Karra’s graduate work focused on the evaluation of muscle spindle innervation by large peripheral nerve fibers and proprioceptive abnormalities in diabetes. During her time at KUMC, Karra was inspired by the strong history of neuropathology in Kansas City started by the dearly missed John Kepes and continued by her amazing mentor Kathy Newell. Karra traveled to the West Coast in 2010 to train in combined anatomic pathology/neuropathology under Lawrence Hansen, Scott VandenBerg, Subhojit Roy, and Henry Powell at the University of California, San Diego. There she focused on brain tumor research with Scott VandenBerg and Steve Gonias and developed a clinical interest in neuromuscular pathology. She was fortunate to obtain additional training in muscle pathology at UCSD with Diane Shelton in The Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory. Karra joined the staff at UCSD in 2014 where she headed the neuromuscular service, participated in the general neurosurgical service, collaborated with molecular pathology on brain tumor molecular testing protocols/testing, supervised a biomarker laboratory, and was a co-director of the tissue biorepository. Karra very recently returned to the Midwest to join the highly talented neuropathology group at the University of Iowa where she is very excited to be practicing alongside Steve Moore, Leslie Bruch, Pat Kirby, and Gary Baumbach.

1. Why did you decide to become a neuropathologist?

I became interested in the neurosciences after spending a year as a research assistant at Emory University in the Department of Neurology prior to medical school. Then, during graduate school at KUMC, my interest in tissue morphology was peaked after spending hours each day under a confocal microscope staring at muscle spindle innervation (what a gorgeous thing!) While at KUMC, I was extremely lucky to have Kathy Newell take me on as a mentee, and after that I was hooked. Almost everyone in my family is an artist, and I often felt like the outsider in that regard. But I realized with pathology, and in particular the beauty of neuropathology, I was a different kind of artist in my own right. Examining, classifying, and photographing brain tumors, neuromuscular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases seemed like the most fun I could ever have at work. And I continue to have fun every day as a neuropathologist.

2. Name a couple of important professional mentors. Why were they important to you?

I already mentioned Kathy Newell – Kathy has been an amazing mentor throughout my training and early career even though I haven’t worked with her directly since medical school. She first inspired me to pursue neuropathology with her amazing eye, calm demeanor, and kind heart. She also taught me about the importance of a “Neuropathology Family” introducing me to John Kepes and encouraging me to work with B.K. DeMasters during my last year of medical school, which helped solidify my decision to pursue combined AP/NP training. Another very important mentor is Lawrence Hansen (although he would argue that mentor means “cross-dresser” as the word is derived from Homer’s Odyssey in which Athena assumes the form of Mentor.) Larry is one of the most talented teachers and morphologists I have ever had the opportunity to work with. His “Hansen-isms” are embedded in my brain for life and as a neuropathologist and educator I will forever pass them on to my fellows, residents, students and mentees. Not only is Larry an amazing teacher and mentor, but also he is a very good friend and human being. I was also extremely lucky to be mentored by Scott VandenBerg on brain tumor diagnosis, molecular testing, and basic science research. Without Scott’s influence, I wouldn’t be where I am today.

3. What advice would you give to a pathology resident interested in doing a neuropathology fellowship?

Do it! Neuropathology is clearly the best of all pathology specialties. But in all seriousness, Neuropathology training will give you a highly desirable skill set that will prepare you for a large variety of career paths. There are many ways to “differentiate” as a neuropathologist – academic, private practice, research, clinical, tumors, neuromuscular, neurodegenerative, etc. So, prior to your NP training, try to think about what you would like to do as a career after it’s all said and done, but remember to always be flexible and allow yourself to change your mind (it happens in medicine quite often). Neuropathology can also be a good specialty to combine with others such as pediatric pathology and forensic pathology, making you a highly desirable job candidate for varied positions. Don’t be intimidated by the 2 year commitment of the NP fellowship. One extra year in training is nothing in the grand scheme of life and only prepares you even better for the day you click “finalize” on your first case (or it gives you more time to work toward getting grant funding before the clock starts ticking). Right now, there are many job openings in neuropathology – we need bright, motivated, and enthusiastic trainees to become the next generation of neuropathologists.

4. What city would you like a future American Association of Neuropathologists meeting to be held and why?

I would love for the meeting to be held in San Francisco again. I love visiting the city and always look for excuses to return.


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Shropshire Council

Who's improving social value in Shropshire?

Organisations which have signed up to the Social Value Charter for Shropshire

 Shropshire Council  Shropshire CCG
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 Allcare Shropshire Ltd   Age UK Shropshire, Telford & Wrekin
University Centre, Shrewsbury   YSS
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Take a look at the following examples of local organisations delivering great social value. (You can submit your own example using our case study form and email it to the address at the bottom of this page)...

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Wednesday, June 26, 2013

The 5th Wave- Review

My blogs are back. The summer read kickoff when without a hitch with the Sciencetellers and I've explained our prize system to about 500 people, that has to be the bulk of the chaos right... probably not, the last day of school is on Wednesday so I'm sure it only gets crazier from there. Alright, talking aside, about The 5th Wave.

After the 1st wave, only darkness remains. After the 2nd, only the lucky escape. And after the 3rd, only the unlucky survive. After the 4th wave, only one rule applies: trust no one.

Now, it’s the dawn of the 5th wave, and on a lonely stretch of highway, Cassie runs from Them. The beings who only look human, who roam the countryside killing anyone they see. Who have scattered Earth’s last survivors. To stay alone is to stay alive, Cassie believes, until she meets Evan Walker. Beguiling and mysterious, Evan Walker may be Cassie’s only hope for rescuing her brother—or even saving herself. But Cassie must choose: between trust and despair, between defiance and surrender, between life and death. To give up or to get up.

I've been waiting for this book since I saw it on the cover of Growing Minds magazine (which I love by the way). I give this book five stars, hands down. I'm normally not one for aliens. I've watched a few of the movies but for some reason I could never get into it, I could never suspend my disbelief and believe what I was reading or watching, but this, this book was different. The idea that the aliens attack the planet in waves, as opposed to dropping down from the mother ship with flying saucers and giant robots probably helped. These aliens managed to hit us (humans) in ways that we absolutely couldn't defend, by the time the 5th wave approaches, humanity is well on it's way to destroying itself.

The characters that Rick Yancey has created and thrown into this world are fantastic. Cassie begins the novel by doing the unthinkable. He has to make honest to goodness rough and tough decisions and the way that Yancey sets them into motion we feel with her. We cry with her, worry with her, and we're just as snarky as she is ( I love characters like that). All I can say about Evan without spoiling anything is I TOTALLY KNEW IT.

Happy reading!!!

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How the Trump and Clinton tax plans would affect Americans

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WASHINGTON (AP) — For America’s wealthiest families, the presidential campaign presents a stark choice: A big tax increase if Hillary Clinton wins the election — or a big tax cut if Donald Trump wins.

For everyone else? Right now, neither candidate is proposing major tax changes.

Tax policy is one of the issues on which the two nominees differ most. Their approaches are likely to draw new attention in the wake of a New York Times report that Trump’s nearly $916 million in losses in 1995, according to tax records the paper received anonymously, means he may not have paid federal income taxes for as many as 18 years.

On trade, Clinton has backed off her previous support for free trade agreements and, like Trump, now opposes the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a pact involving the U.S. and 11 other nations.

Trump has said he will spend twice as much on building and repairing roads, airports and other infrastructure as Clinton would.

On trade and infrastructure spending, Trump has taken a populist approach that jettisons Republican orthodoxy. But on taxes, his proposed tax cuts for individuals and businesses are more in line with previous Republican candidates and elected officials. After two previous tries, he provided more details on his tax plans in a speech in New York last week — although he left one key component unclear.

Clinton, for her part, is proposing to raise taxes for the wealthiest households to pay for traditional Democratic proposals such as expanding access to higher education.

“Here, at least, they fall into very much traditional Democratic and Republican proposals,” said William Gale, co-director of the Tax Policy Center, a joint project of the Brookings Institution and Urban Institute.

On taxes, the two candidates remain far apart. Here are summaries of their proposals:

TRUMP: He would cut the top income tax bracket to 33 percent from its current level of 39.6 percent. Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan has made the same proposal, which the conservative Tax Foundation said would help boost after-tax income for the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans by 5.3 percent. Trump would also cap tax deductions at $200,000 per household.

CLINTON: She is proposing several tax increases on wealthier Americans, including a 4 percent surcharge on incomes above $5 million, effectively creating a new top bracket of 43.6 percent. And those earning more than $1 million a year would be subject to a minimum 30 percent tax rate. She would also cap the value of many tax deductions for wealthier taxpayers. All the changes would increase taxes in 2017 for the richest 1 percent by $78,284, reducing their after-tax income by 5 percent, according to the Tax Policy Center.

TRUMP: Would reduce the seven tax brackets in current law to three, at 12 percent, 25 percent and 33 percent. He’d also raise the standard deduction to $15,000 for singles and $30,000 for households.

CLINTON: Says she will not raise taxes on the middle class. Her current proposals would have little impact on the bottom 95 percent of taxpayers, according to the Tax Policy Center.

TRUMP: Would cut the corporate rate from its current 35 percent to 15 percent. It’s unclear however, if he’d allow “pass through” corporations, which pay taxes on revenue as personal income, to claim the 15 percent rate. Doing so would cost an extra $1.5 trillion, according to the nonpartisan Tax Foundation, which supports lower tax rates.

CLINTON: Would not change the corporate tax rate.

TRUMP: Managers for private equity firms and hedge funds can classify their investment profits as “carried interest” and pay capital gains taxes on their income at rates that can be as low as half the regular income tax rate. Trump says he would eliminate the loophole, but hedge fund and private equity managers would be able to pay even lower tax rates should Trump let pass-throughs enjoy his lower 15 percent rate.

CLINTON: Would eliminate the loophole and tax carried interest as ordinary income.

TRUMP: Would eliminate the so-called “death tax” that is currently levied on estates worth more than $5.45 million ($10.9 million for married couples).

CLINTON: Would increase the estate tax to 65 percent from 40 percent and apply it to more estates, starting with those worth $3.5 million ($7 million for married couples).

TRUMP: Argues his steep cut in the corporate tax rate would end the practice of corporate “inversions,” which occur when a U.S. company acquires a foreign corporation, then relocates overseas, to avoid paying U.S. corporate taxes. The U.S. corporate tax rate of 35 percent is the highest in the developed world, though many companies use deductions and other strategies to avoid paying that amount. Trump would only tax repatriated corporate money at 10 percent to incentivize businesses to bring it back into the country.

CLINTON: Would discourage inversions by making it harder for a U.S. company to classify itself as a foreign-owned to avoid U.S. taxation. She would also place an “exit tax” on companies that leave the U.S. while still keeping earnings overseas that haven’t been subject to U.S. tax.

TRUMP: Wants to make child care costs tax-deductible, subject to caps based on income and the average price of childcare in a state. It would apply to stay-at-home parents as well. Would expand the Earned Income Tax Credit to benefit lower-income earners who pay little or no income tax. Current law allows parents to claim a credit of up to $6,000 for child care expenses. He’d also let families put aside money in tax-exempt accounts to pay for child care.

CLINTON: Has made several proposals intended to help limit child care expenses to 10 percent of a family’s income through a combination of expanded government spending and unspecified tax credits.