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* Jabber is an ''implementation'' of the set of protocols.

* Jabber is an ''implementation'' of the set of protocols.

* Jabber is an idea whose time has come.

* Jabber is an idea whose time has come.

 In fact, all these answers are right. Jabber is a set of protocols expressed within XML that allow people and applications to converse with one another. Sure, TCP sockets, STDIN/STDOUT, infrared, voice input, and teletype mechanisms all allow people and applications to converse; the difference is that Jabber provides a structured, extensible framework for exchanging all kinds of information.
 This is all rather abstract, so what do we mean by "extensible framework for exchanging information"? Taking it one word at a time:

In fact, all these answers are right. Jabber is a set of protocols expressed within XML that allow people and applications to converse with one another. Sure, TCP sockets, STDIN/STDOUT, infrared, voice input, and teletype mechanisms all allow people and applications to converse; the difference is that Jabber provides a structured, extensible framework for exchanging all kinds of information.

This is all rather abstract, so what do we mean by "extensible framework for exchanging information"? Taking it one word at a time:

; Extensible
; Extensible

Revision as of 04:31, 17 September 2006

Programming Jabber

Original Book was Copyright 2002 O'Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O'Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O'Reilly Media books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safari.oreilly.com). For more information contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [1].

Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the image of a bare-throated bellbird and the topic of Jabber is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

LEGO� is a registered trademark of The LEGO� Group. MINDSTORMS and Robotics Invention System are trademarks of The LEGO� Group. All other trademarks, service marks, and the like are the property of their owners.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and the author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

What is Jabber? Depending on who you ask, the answer to that question could be any one (or all) of the following:

  • Jabber is a technology.
  • Jabber is a protocol (or set of protocols).
  • Jabber is an XML-based Instant Messaging (IM) system.
  • Jabber is an implementation of the set of protocols.
  • Jabber is an idea whose time has come.

In fact, all these answers are right. Jabber is a set of protocols expressed within XML that allow people and applications to converse with one another. Sure, TCP sockets, STDIN/STDOUT, infrared, voice input, and teletype mechanisms all allow people and applications to converse; the difference is that Jabber provides a structured, extensible framework for exchanging all kinds of information.
This is all rather abstract, so what do we mean by "extensible framework for exchanging information"? Taking it one word at a time:

Jabber's substrate is XML. XML is inherently extensible in the sense
that tags can be added in a hierarchical sequence. Namespaces in XML
allow us to keep track of the meaning and organization of these tags.
You can put together a system for exchanging information using many
different tools. The point about the "framework" is that the
information exchanged and the entities that are exchanging it are
contextualized, bringing meaning and structure to the interactions.
Conversation is two-way, and it takes many forms
question and answer, notification, compartmentalized discussion,
and simple chat. Jabber supports all these different types of conversation and more.
One doesn't really say that information is exchanged in a
conversation, but when you bring applications into the mix of
conversing entities, it may well be the case. And it's not just
information exchanged in the form of conversations but also
information about the entities themselves that flows across this
context framework. It goes without saying: Jabber is an instant
messaging (IM) system.

Instant messaging was Jabber's original raison d'�tre. Many deployments of Jabber software are to provide IM services, but Jabber is more than IM�certainly more than the phrase "instant messaging" represents. In this book you'll find out why this is so and how you can deploy solutions with Jabber that are more than mere chat. But most importantly, Jabber is fun!

Like chess, which has a small set of rules but countless game possibilities, the technologies employed in Jabber and the Jabber protocol itself are straighforward. The possibilities are almost limitless. Furthermore, because of a fundamental design feature[1] (you might call it a "philosophical" angle), implementing Jabber-based solutions to your problems can be fun�really!

The History of Jabber

Jeremie Miller started the Jabber project early in 1998, and it was announced to the public in January 1999. To understand why Jabber came about, and in the form it took, let's look briefly at what existed in the IM world before Jabber.

The Pre-Jabber History

While the concept of live chat systems has existed for many years, with commands such as Unix's talk and VMS's phone, IM as we know it today existed as a concept and a handful of systems from companies such as Mirabilis, AOL, Microsoft, and Yahoo!. These systems (ICQ from Mirabilis, AIM from AOL, MSN from Microsoft, and Yahoo!IM from Yahoo!) allowed their users to chat to one another and avail themselves of IM-related services. However, an AIM user couldn't chat with an ICQ user, and MSN users couldn't interact with Yahoo!IM users. Each system was effectively closed to the outside world.

Furthermore, the protocols that these systems used were also mostly closed�proprietary�which meant it was difficult to find clients for these IM systems other than the ones supplied by the IM system owner.

Finally, the systems themselves were monolithic: multiple clients but a single server (or server farm). Although the companies were able to invest time and money into the problem, the fact remained that a monolithic architecture presented a scaling problem. Perhaps more relevant than that, companies that wanted to use IM services internally had to accept the fact that the conversations would be carried through the systems of a third party�namely the owners of these public IM systems. This was no more desirable than for a company to run its internal email using a public email service such as Hotmail.

Of course, these systems did have their advantages. The clients were accomplished and easy to learn and use, and as long as your correspondents were using the same IM system and you didn't mind your messages being carried by another organization (for private individuals these wouldn't be unique circumstances; again, we are led to the email services parallel), then you could leave the system management to someone else and get on with chatting.

Scratching an Itch

Having all your contacts use the same IM system is all well and good in theory but in practice is rarely the case. (If you're like me and have only a few friends, then this is not so much of a problem.) Jeremie Miller had correspondents in different IM systems and consequently had to have different IM clients running on his desktop to keep up with them all. Many great software projects stem from a personal "itch" that someone wanted to scratch. This was the primary itch that Jeremie had�a single client for all IM interaction: panacea.
Of course, one obvious solution would be to build a single client that supported all of the IM system protocols, but this approach had two drawbacks:

  • The proprietary nature of the protocols made it harder to implement the support required and would make the client overly complicated.
  • Every time the protocol, which wasn't under his control, changed or a new one came along, the client would have to be modified�a task not practical for a large user base. On top of that, GUI programming isn't everyone's cup of tea, and Jeremie preferred a solution that allowed him to concentrate on the underlying problems at hand and let others build the GUIs.

Along Came Jabber

So Jeremie resolved to create a solution that had the following characteristics:

It would have its own internal protocol, based upon XML. This protocol should be:

  • Simple to understand and implement
  • Easy to extend
  • Open
  • The complexity of bridging the disparate proprietary IM protocols would remain at the server, each bridge being a plug-in module.
  • All the clients would have to implement only the single, simple open protocol; everything else would be implemented at the server. He called this solution "Jabber."
    The main architectural feature for Jabber that Jeremie strived for was that it should be simple enough for anyone to implement a Jabber server of his own. Unlike a centralized server environment, with all of the traffic routed through a central point, Jeremie envisioned that Jabber would be decentralized, allowing individuals, companies, and public organizations to run their own servers. This is particularly relevant for internal-only, IM-style corporate communications. Just as email servers are used to exchange mail using the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP), the Jabber servers are able to connect and exchange IM traffic whenever necessary. Figure P-1 illustrates Jabber's distributed architecture, with two separate Jabber servers serving separate users.

The distributed architecture of Jabber

Being open meant that Jabber could benefit from the help of anyone who wished to lend a hand, and administrators were empowered to be able to find and fix problems themselves if they so wished.
ß Being XML-based, as opposed to another binary format, for example, meant that the protocol streams were easy for humans to read, extensible, and readily integrated (a great range of XML parsing and construction tools is already available).

Being distributed meant that the Jabber system would belong to the people and that some of the scalability problems would be avoided. There remain some scalability issues, of course. Client-server communication that is TCP socket-based suffers from limitations of this technology. There are, however, initiatives to overcome these limitations with multiplexing techniques such as jpolld and dpsm (see http://download.jabber.org).

All of these features made for a good IM system design. But why stop at IM? Consider the client as an implementation of a simple protocol to exchange messages and presence information in XML structures and use plug-in services at the server, and what do you have? A language- and platform-agnostic XML routing framework.

Good grief, what a mouthful! This is why my response to "What is Jabber?" is usually just:

A really great technology!

IM System Features

This book assumes you have a basic knowledge of features commonly found in IM systems. In case you don't, here's a brief rundown of features relevant to what we'll be covering:

In many cases, there's not much point in sending a quick message to
someone if they're not there. Presence is a term used in IM to
describe the technique of exchanging information, in a controlled
manner, about availability (or unavailability).
The idea is that
when you connect to your IM server, your client sends an "I'm here"
message that is relayed to your correspondents. It does the opposite
when you disconnect. During the time you're connected, you can vary
the information about your availability to reflect your immediate
situation ("just popped out for coffee," "working on my resum��don't
disturb me!").
Buddy List�/roster
Both terms (the former comes from the original IM systems, the latter
from Jabber) refer to a list of correspondents with whom you regularly
communicate and from whom you receive presence information. Depending
on the IM system, the list may be stored on the client or on the
server. Storing the list on the client has the (tenuous) advantage of
being accessible when you're not connected to the server. Storing the
list on the server means that you have a consistent roster content
regardless of the client or workstation you happen to use�the list
travels with you.
Jabber stores the roster on the server.
Push and pull
When you connect to an IM system, there may be information the client
needs to retrieve�pull�from the server (the roster, for instance).
This is under direct control of your client as it decides when to make
the retrieval. During the course of the connection, you'll receive
messages from your correspondents. You don't request these messages by
making a retrieve call to the server, as you would with the Post
Office Protocol (POP) or Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) to
retrieve email messages from the mail server; they're pushed to
you as they occur. : In other words, you could say that the client
must implement an event-based system, to listen out for and
subsequently handle the incoming information, by displaying a pop-up
window containing the chat message, for example. : The push/pull
system lends itself well to traffic other than IM traffic.
It almost goes without saying that, like other IM systems, Jabber has
a client-server architecture. Clients and client libraries that
implement the Jabber protocol, such as Net::Jabber,
Jabber::Connection, Jabberpy, and
JabberBeans, are available for many languages (here, for
Perl, Python, and Java).
With Jabber, it is especially relevant to
stress that the "weight balance" in complexity terms, between the
client and the server, comes down heavily on the server side. Not only
does this mean that the complexity remains where it should be�on the
server�but also makes the task of writing clients easier and the
resulting software lighter. ; Multiple versus single server
We've already mentioned that the Jabber architecture does not dictate
a single, centralized server. Not only does this mean that
organizations can implement their own private system, but also that
developers are free to install their own server and develop new
plug-in services in addition to the IM bridges already available.

What's Inside

This book is not particularly about IM per se. Nor is it about the bridges to other IM systems. It's about the essence, the ideas, and the potential behind that concept and reality called Jabber.
You will learn about the Jabber protocol and how to use Jabber's technology to implement not only IM-based solutions but also solutions that don't involve inane chat. You'll learn how to install and configure your own Jabber server. You will discover more about the features of Jabber that give it its propensity for being an ideal messaging glue for many communication solutions; all of Jabber's technology features�the building blocks and the protocol itself�are explained; and you'll get to know how Jabber can be implemented in a variety of situations�some involving IM, others not�through a series of application and problem scenarios with fully working code examples, or recipes, in Perl, Python, and Java.

Here's a brief overview of what's in the book:

Part I
The first part of this book provides you with an introduction to
Jabber; you'll learn about its features, why it's more than an IM
system, and how to install and configure a Jabber server of your own.
Chapter 1
We begin with an imaginary conversation with human and application
participants that shows how Jabber provides the supporting messaging
"plasma." A short script shows how simple it is to make use of
Jabber's power.
Chapter 2
We take a look at some of the features�the nature�of Jabber, to
understand why Jabber is more than just an IM system. The features
introduced in this chapter will be revisited as core building material
for our recipes in Part I.
Chapter 3
Here you'll learn how to retrieve and install the Jabber server and
perform minimal configuration, enough to be able to fire it up and use
it as a basis for the recipes in Part I. Some troubleshooting and
monitoring tips are also included.
Chapter 4
Once we have our Jabber server installed and running, we take a closer
look at how the server has been designed. We focus on the server
makeup and the different ways it can be deployed. A detailed tour of
the standard configuration is also in this chapter.
Part II
The second part of this book provides detailed information about the
Jabber protocol and a series of recipes�practical solutions to
everyday problems�deployed in Jabber. The recipes use various Jabber
features as a way of illustrating parts of the protocol.
Chapter 5
We take a detailed look at what Jabber looks like under the hood. We
examine Jabber IDs (JIDs), resource and priority, and XML streams, and
the basic Jabber building blocks (<message/>,
<iq/>, and <presence/>).
Chapter 6
This chapter focuses on the standard Jabber namespaces used to
accomplish IM-related and other tasks. A description for each one is
given in turn.
Chapter 7
This chapter looks at the steps needed to create and authenticate with
a user and examines the different types of authentication. We also
build a utility to create users in order to generate users for our
Chapter 8
This chapter looks at some simple examples of Jabber deployment using
basic features of message and presence, including presence
Chapter 9
Extending the themes introduced in Chapter 8, we look at how messages
can be extended to carry custom and compartmentalized data and how to
write a 'bot that serves in a conference room. Furthermore, we look at
how components are defined and written and examine how different event
models can coexist with Jabber's.
Chapter 10
This chapter shows diverse applications of Jabber, from building an
online address book using Jabber as infrastructure, through exchanging
XML-RPC-encoded requests and responses over Jabber, to extending the
client scope of SAP's R/3 business software.

Software Used in This Book

The recipes in this book come in varying flavors, some in Perl, some in Python, and some in Java. These examples�to a greater or lesser degree�make use of prewritten libraries that provide at least the basic services needed to connect to a Jabber server and exchange data with it. Here's a summary of the versions of the languages used in this book, along with those libraries that are used, what features they offer, and where they're available. In addition, references to all of these libraries can be found on the Jabber development web site, http://dev.jabber.org. The installation instructions for the libraries can be found in the library packages themselves.

The Java recipes in this book are written in Java 2 (J2SE�the Java 2 Standard Edition), specifically with the 1.3.1 version of the Java Development Kit (JDK).

JabberBeans is the name of the Java library for Jabber used in this book. It offers comprehensive coverage of the features needed to write programs that interact with Jabber servers: connection, authentication, and the management of Jabber elements passed between your script and the Jabber server.

The JabberBeans library can be obtained from http://jabberbeans.org. The version used in this book is 0.9.0-pre4.

The recipes have been built and tested with Perl 5.6.0, although earlier and later versions of release 5 will probably work just fine.

Two libraries are available for programming Jabber solutions in Perl. Both come in the form of installable modules and are of the object-oriented persuasion.

This module is available on the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
(CPAN), at http://www.cpan.org. Net::Jabber provides basic
functionality for connecting to and interacting with a Jabber server,
in addition to a host of higher-level features for manipulating all of
the Jabber elements and making use of standard and custom namespaces.
It relies upon a companion module XML::Stream, also
available on CPAN, that provides the underlying mechanisms for
creating connections to a Jabber server, as well as sending,
receiving, and interpreting (parsing) the fragments of conversation
between your script and that Jabber server.
The version of
Net::Jabber used in this book is 1.0022. The corresponding
version of XML::Stream used is 1.12.
The Jabber::Connection module is available on CPAN and
provides the same basic features Net::Jabber does, albeit in
a more "RISC" (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) way. While it
provides similar functionality for connecting to and exchanging data
with a Jabber server, it offers, via a companion modulecalled
Jabber::NodeFactory, a lower-level API�similar to that in the
Jabber server itself�for constructing and manipulating the Jabber
elements. There are no high-level features; instead, you build your
own using the building blocks that the module provides. : The version
of Jabber::Connection used in this book is 0.02.

The Python examples have been written with Python 2.0.

Jabberpy is the name of the Python Jabber library used in the Python recipes in this book. As with Perl's Net::Jabber library set, Jabberpy provides its feature set from two separate libraries�jabber, which provides connectivity, authorization, and callback functions such as Net::Jabber and Jabber::Connection, and xmlstream, which provides the basic connectivity and parsing functions such as Net::Jabber's companion XML::Stream.

The Jabberpy libraries are available from its project site, at http://sourceforge.net/projects/jabberpy.

The version of Jabberpy used in this book is 0.2.

Where to Go for More Information

There are plenty of places out there on the Net to find out more about Jabber in general and programming with Jabber in particular. The main web site at jabber.org has a number of faces:

This is the main entry point for all things Jabber. Start here if you
want to find out about Jabber generally. ; http://dev.jabber.org
You can find information on development efforts, both core and
peripheral, here. There are lists of projects, discussion forums, and
news items concerning new developments and initiatives in the Jabber
world. ; http://docs.jabber.org
This is the place to go to if you want more information on Jabber's
technology and protocols. It has a range of documents contributed by
various members of the Jabber community. In addition to the sites
listed here, there are other resources available online for learning
more about Jabber. Countless mailing lists, linked to from the
http://dev.jabber.org page, cover subjects ranging from identity and
profiles to security. The two main mailing lists are jadmin and
jdev, covering administrativeand development subjects,
respectively. All newcomers are welcome!

Finally, there's a Jabber conference room called jdev where many of the Jabber developers hang out. Just point your Jabber client at conference.jabber.org and drop by for a chat.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Used for commands, programs, and options. All terms shown in bold are
typed literally. ; Italic
Used to show arguments and variables that should be replaced with
user-supplied values. Italic is also used to indicate new terms, URLs,
filenames, file extensions, directories, and to highlight comments in
Constant Width
Used to show the contents of files or the output from commands.
Constant Width Bold
Used in examples and tables to show commands or other text that should
be typed literally by the user.
Constant Width Italic
Used in examples and tables to show text that should be replaced with
user-supplied values.
These signify a tip, suggestion, or general note.
These indicate a warning or caution.

How to Contact Us

We have tested and verified the information in this book to the best of our ability, but you may find that features have changed (or even that we have made mistakes!). Please let us know about any errors you find, as well as your suggestions for future editions, by writing:

O'Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North : Sebastopol, CA 95472 (800) 998-9938 (in the U.S. or Canada) (707) : 829-0515 (international/local) (707) 829-0104 (fax) You can also send us messages electronically. To be put on the mailing list or to request a catalog, send email to:
[2] To ask technical questions or comment on the book, send email to:
[3] We have a web site for the book, where we'll list examples, errata, and any plans for future editions. The site also includes a link to a forum where you can discuss the book with the author and other readers. You can access this site at:
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/jabber For more information about this book and others, see the O'Reilly web site:

To my dearest wife, Sabine, who patiently and quietly took on all the demands of daily life for us during this project, allowing me to devote myself to researching and writing. To my son, Joseph, who knew I was writing a book but also knew that helping him build train tracks, drawing, and going on bicycle rides was always good tonic for a mind congested with XML.

To my grandpa, Harold Lomax, who never tired of reading through what I had written to check and correct grammar and punctuation.

To my editor, Chuck Toporek, who not only has great taste in music, but also has a sense of humor to match his infinite patience. Chuck taught me a great deal about writing and thinking, without me even realizing it was happening. Also, many thanks to David Chu, Chuck's editorial assistant. It's easy to miss the people behind the scenes when they do such a good job, so thanks for pushing my SGML files through when they needed to be checked by Tools, for coordinating the technical review, and for assisting Chuck to make this book happen. Thanks also to Lenny Muellner, my SGML guru. He helped me with my SGML queries and always kept me on the right track.

To the reviewers of this book, Jens Alfke, Matthew Allum, Michael Bauer, Piers Harding, Jeremie Miller, and Thomas Muldowney, who gave up a lot of their time to provide me with wonderful feedback and great insights. Special thanks go to Piers, the best technical debating partner you could wish for; trying to keep up with him mentally is what drives me on.

And, of course, where would this book be without the very thing that captured my imagination and held it all this time? Thanks to Jeremie and the team of core Jabber developers for building something so fascinating. Thanks also to the Jabber developer community at large, a more friendly bunch of diverse people one could hardly hope to meet.

Finally, thanks to Tim O'Reilly and all of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., for seeing Jabber for what it really is and for having confidence in me to write about it.

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Attending to the daily round of the Divine Office the prayers of the psalmist start to make sense and have a certain impact on the soul. Trust in the words of the psalmist is not based on sentiment –that would be a waste of time– but on relationship between faith and reason viz. our relationship with God. We reach out to God and God bends down to touch our hearts. Moreover, the various hymns we sing, especially the ones we frequently sing during a particular liturgical season, begin to have an impact on our spiritual and human life. If they don’t, then we’re wasting our time: empty words lacking conviction and human desire.

Fasting has never made any sense to me unless I made did it with the reasonableness of all of what I believed about the presence of Christ my life, and the relationship I share with Him. Fasting also lacks meaning unless it is rooted in sacred Scripture, of both Testaments, especially and essentially looking to Christ’s own example as a model for me. Now I am a weak man and I rely on grace for much. I suspect this is true not only for me, but for others as well. Furthermore, feasting on sumptuous foods and fine wines is rather meaningless unless there’s been a discipline fast from things that draw our hearts, minds and bodies which opens up our senses for the best the Lord has to offer. Of course, I am not advocating the doing of things that are impracticable, for Aquinas tells of the art of the possible.

A 6th century Latin hymn at Lauds today made me think of fasting given that the Lord had done so when he walked this good earth. The hymn’s author states: “for Christ, through whom all things were made, himself has fasted and has prayed” and then he petitions the Lord: “Then grant us, Lord, like them to be full oft in fast and prayer with thee; our spirits strengthen with thy grace, and give us joy to see thy face.” First we acknowledge the fact that the Lord engaged in fasting to focus His attention on the Divine Will and to ward off temptation. The implication is that we are to imitate the Lord’s example while asking for the grace of strength in an attempt to do spiritual battle with the certain hope of beholding the face of the Redeemer.

To that end, I was pleasantly surprised to see today’s essay on the First Things blog on fast and feast. Peter Liethart’s essay “Keep the Fast, Keep the Feast” is a superb reflection on the meaning of a Christian’s fast and feast in Lent.

What banquet are you are preparing to eat? Or are you going to eat from the dumpster? What does the fast and feast mean to you? Are you patterning your life according to Christ’s example? In what ways is the Lord preparing you to fully enter into beatitude? Do these Christian practices bring you closer to Christ and the Christian proposal to fully live?

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text:
Controller Based WLANs

How do I block traffic between clients on the same virtual AP?

Product and Software: This article applies to ArubaOS 6.1 and later.

Each virtual AP profile configuration now includes the ability to block traffic between clients that use that virtual AP.

The global firewall also includes an option to deny all inter-user traffic, regardless of virtual AP used by those clients. If this global setting is enabled, all inter-user traffic is denied, regardless of the settings configured in the virtual AP profiles. If the setting to deny inter-user traffic is disabled globally but is enabled on an individual virtual AP, only the traffic between untrusted users and the clients on that one virtual AP is blocked.

To use the WebUI to block traffic between users on a specific virtual AP:

1) Navigate to the Configuration > Advanced Services > All Profiles page and expand the Wireless LAN menu.

2) From the Virtual AP Profile menu, choose the virtual AP profile for which you want to block inter-user traffic.

3) Click the Deny Inter User Traffic checkbox.

4) Click Apply Changes.

Version History
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Last update:
07-03-2014 11:32 AM
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text:
Hair colors over the years

[ Edited ]
(0) Hearts

I just love watching on Youtube videos of their hair from what it was...To now. So I'm curious, what was yours and currently is?

1. was Blonde highlights cause my very first choice in my life was blonde. Couldn't have it at the beginning due to my grandma saying that it might not be the right color for me...and yada, yada, ya....So when I had the money I went to Tony and Guy and told them to do it. (idk if you can see them in this picture, but they are there...)

2. was a one long blonde streak on the right of my head (after my highlights all grown out) Had to do that one twice, to make it more brighter. The first time was done by an amateur, the second time was done by a pro.155594_10150140748404377_654839376_8010141_8212379_n.jpg

3. unfortunately I do not really have a picture for that but I had blonde streaks EVERYWHERE!!! when pacifically asked for blonde all over and streaks of my original hair in, nope got that instead....

4. (don't have a picture of this one either, expect when it grew out) went to an MCC (Mesa Community College) class to learn more of what I don't already know about make-up and whats right for your skin...Anyways...A lady at her salon fixed my hair, made the blonde more blonde and put some red in the bangs and in the back of my hair. It made my blue/green eyes more brighter than it already was *0*

after that I was just too lazy to re-dye my hair...So it end up growing and getting lower and lower to my ends. I didn't care at that point, I figured I didn't have money to do it.

5. After that since I already had blonde at my ends I figured I'd try atomic turquoise (since it said to try a tester at first.) So I told my friend to dye my hair. He did, but it wasn't as bright as I thought it would be, since my blonde wasn't as blonde as it should be when you do weird colors. So it turned out more green than turquoise. But in this lighting it has the color I want it to be. After a while I couldn't keep it since I had split ends like crazy. I had to say goodbye to my ends....So I went to a salon and they chopped it all off.

atomic turqiose2.jpg

Now, I have it back to my brownness, and have it healthy as possible while it's growing to the length I want it to be, before I dye it again.

Re: Hair colors over the years

(0) Hearts

I am just going to do my hair colors this year, I had red than pink during the summer than when the school year started I had  lilac hair, than dyed it with special effects blue velvet, that faded to a lilac color again, I put color ion in teal over it, than bleached that so it was a light blue color, than bleached it two more times and it is nearly white now with a hint of blue on the ends. I am gonna tone it soon and than cut it into a boy cut. I sound crazy probably considering this is just this year, I have had pretty much every color in the book besides black.

Re: Hair colors over the years

(0) Hearts

That is just freaking awesome! I envy you, I wish I could color my hair of the rainbow. But I want it to continue growing before I dye it again.

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text:
Dec 11 2013
By: darkan12-nl Survivor 1630 posts

Get a PS4™ by partying in PS Home! [Region: HK , MY , TH , ID]

2 replies 289 views Edited Dec 11, 2013

PlayStation®4 Launch Event

PlayStation®Home Photo Contest

Get a PS4™ by partying in PS Home!

Are you excited about the launch of PS4™? Of course, right?

You will be even more excited after we tell you about this event, which is going to be held so that you can set the mood for the launch.

You will get a chance to win a PlayStation®4 with PlayStation®Camera Bundle Set FOR FREE!!

What you need to do to win is “host a virtual party” in your Personal Space, display reward items PS4™ and DUALSHOCK®4 ornaments which you will automatically obtain in Home Square, then take fun photos and show us your passion for PS4™!!

Afterward, send us the photo. The user that sends the best, most amazing and creative photo will win! Your submitted photos might be posted in PS Home poster screens. Be on the lookout!

<Submission period>

From 11th December (After the Regular Maintenance) to 18th (23:59 JST)

<Where to take photos>

Any Personal Spaces

<How to take photos>

Simply use the camera (it is a default portable item).

Press R1 button on the controller to bring up a menu choose “Camera” press to shoot

<How and where to submit >

Please send your creation to us “PSHome_Photos”.

(XMB "Friends" → "Message Box" → "Create Message")

Please see Terms and Conditions of PlayStation®4 Launch Event PlayStation®Home Photo Contestbelow.

1. This event is organized by Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia

      ("the Organizer").

2. The submission period is from after the regular maintenance

    on 11th December, 2013 to 23:59 Japan Standard Time,18th December, 2013.

3. Only Sony Entertainment Network members in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea,

     Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia are allowed to join.

4. Each participant can submit multiple photos but only the last 3 submitted photos

    will be entered into the contest.

5. The Organizer will judge the photos submitted by the participants based on

     how inspirational, constructive and creative they are.

6. Winner(s) will receive one PlayStation®4 with PlayStation®Camera Bundle Set.

7. The result will be announced on Asia PlayStation® Blog on or before

     27th December, 2013. We will contact the winner(s) individually via email for

     prize redemption details.

8. All prizes cannot be exchanged for cash or other products.

9. The organizer will not be responsible for any loss or delay in prize delivery caused

    by incorrect information provided by the participant(s) or by any natural disasters.

10. The Organizer reserves the right to amend the terms and conditions of

    this activity without advance or separate notice.

    In such case, the participants shall not have any disagreement.

11. Sony Computer Entertainment Japan Asia reserves the final rights of

   decision in case of any disputes.

 photo l_1ac92e40c72f428cb2c1ab1d6c3930c5-1-1.jpg
Message 1 of 3 (289 Views)
Registered: 10/27/2009
463 posts

Re: Get a PS4™ by partying in PS Home! [Region: HK , MY , TH , ID]

Dec 11, 2013

Yep, seen that ad the last week or so. Seems pretty awesome that you can win a PS4 just by partying w/ your friends on home. Wish we would've had something like this, but releasing the console here first plus the relatively cheap price I can understand why we didn't. Best of luck to everyone that enters.

Message 2 of 3 (239 Views)
Registered: 03/26/2013
1041 posts

Re: Get a PS4™ by partying in PS Home! [Region: HK , MY , TH , ID]

[ Edited ]
Dec 11, 2013

Good news for Asian Home users. Thanks....

Message 3 of 3 (229 Views)


text:
The Honourable
Bob Hawke
23rd Prime Minister of Australia
Elections: 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990
In office
11 March 1983 – 20 December 1991
Monarch Elizabeth II
Governor-General Sir Ninian Stephen
Bill Hayden
Deputy Lionel Bowen
Paul Keating
Brian Howe
Preceded by Malcolm Fraser
Succeeded by Paul Keating
Treasurer of Australia
In office
2 June 1991 – 4 June 1991
Prime Minister Bob Hawke
Preceded by Paul Keating
Succeeded by John Kerin
Leader of the Labor Party
In office
3 February 1983 – 20 December 1991
Deputy Lionel Bowen
Paul Keating
Brian Howe
Preceded by Bill Hayden
Succeeded by Paul Keating
Leader of the Opposition
In office
3 February 1983 – 11 March 1983
Deputy Lionel Bowen
Preceded by Bill Hayden
Succeeded by Andrew Peacock
Member of the Australian Parliament
for Wills
In office
18 October 1980 – 20 February 1992
Preceded by Gordon Bryant
Succeeded by Phil Cleary
President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions
In office
7 September 1969 – 19 October 1980
Preceded by Albert Monk
Succeeded by Cliff Dolan
Personal details
Born Robert James Lee Hawke
(1929-12-09) 9 December 1929
Bordertown, South Australia, Australia
Political party Labor Party
Spouse(s) Hazel Masterson
Blanche d'Alpuget
Children Susan Pieters-Hawke
Stephen Hawke
Roslyn Dillon-Hawke
Robert Hawke Jr. (deceased)
Education Perth Modern School
University of Western Australia
University College, Oxford
Profession Trade Unionist
Website Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library

Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke ACGCL (born 9 December 1929) is an Australian politician who was the Prime Minister of Australia and the Leader of the Labor Party from 1983 to 1991.

After graduating from the University of Oxford in 1956, Hawke was allowed to join the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) as a research officer. Having risen to become responsible for wage arbitration, he was elected President of the ACTU in 1969, where he achieved an unprecedented level of popularity. After a decade as ACTU President, Hawke announced his intention to enter politics, and was immediately elected to the House of Representatives as the Labor MP for Wills.

Three years later, he led Labor to a landslide election victory and was sworn in as Prime Minister. He led Labor to victory at three more elections in 1984, 1987 and 1990, thus making him the most successful Labor Leader in history. The Hawke Government created Medicare and Landcare, brokered the Prices and Incomes Accord, formed APEC, floated the Australian dollar, deregulated the financial sector, introduced the Family Assistance Scheme, announced Advance Australia Fair as the official national anthem and initiated superannuation pension schemes for all workers.

Hawke was eventually replaced by Paul Keating at the end of 1991, who would go on to deliver the Labor government a record fifth consecutive victory and a record 13 years in government at the 1993 election. He remains to date Labor's longest-serving Prime Minister, Australia's third-longest-serving Prime Minister, and is currently the oldest living former Prime Minister. To date, he is the only Australian Prime Minister to be born in South Australia.

Early life and family

Hawke was born in Bordertown, South Australia, the second child of Clem Hawke, a Congregationalist minister, and his wife Edith (known as Ellie), a schoolteacher.[1] His uncle, Albert, was the Labor Premier of Western Australia between 1953 and 1959, and was also a close friend of Prime Minister John Curtin, who was in many ways Bob Hawke's role model.

Hawke's elder brother Neil, who was nine years his senior, died at the age of 17 after contracting meningitis, with no cure being available at the time. Ellie Hawke subsequently developed an almost messianic belief in her son's destiny, and this contributed to Hawke's supreme self-confidence throughout his career.[2] At the age 15, he presciently boasted to friends that he would one day become the Prime Minister of Australia.[3]

At the age of 17, the same age that his brother Neil had died, Hawke had a serious accident while riding his Panther motorcycle that left him in a critical condition for several days. This near-death experience acted as his catharsis, driving him to make the most of his talents and not let his abilities go to waste.[4][5] He joined the Labor Party in 1947 at the age of 18, and successfully applied for a Rhodes Scholarship at the end of 1952.[6][7]

Hawke was educated at Perth Modern School and the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws. The following year, Hawke won a Rhodes Scholarship to attend University College, Oxford, where he undertook a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE).[8] He soon found he was covering much the same ground as he did in his education at the University of Western Australia, and transferred to a Bachelor of Letters, writing his thesis on wage-fixing in Australia which was successfully presented in January 1956.[9]

His academic achievements were complemented by setting a new world record for beer drinking; he downed 2 12 imperial pints (1.4 l) – equivalent to a yard of ale – from a sconce pot in 11 seconds as part of a college penalty.[10][11] In his memoirs, Hawke suggested that this single feat may have contributed to his political success more than any other, by endearing him to a voting population with a strong beer culture.[9]

In 1956, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department at the Australian National University in Canberra.[9][12] Soon after his arrival at ANU, Hawke became the students' representative on the University Council.[12] A year later, Hawke was recommended to the President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) to become a research officer, replacing Harold Souter who had become ACTU Secretary. The recommendation was made by Hawke's mentor at ANU, H.P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases. Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer, moving to Melbourne with his wife Hazel.[13]

Council of Trade Unions

Bob Hawke, elected President of the ACTU.

Not long after Hawke began work at the ACTU, he became responsible for the presentation of its annual case for higher wages to the national wages tribunal, the Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. He was first appointed as an ACTU advocate in 1959. The 1958 case, under previous advocate R.L. Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase.[14] The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke.[15] He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as an ACTU advocate that, in 1969, he was encouraged to run for the position of ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union.

He was elected ACTU President in 1969 on a modernising platform by the narrow margin of 399 to 350, with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with the Communist Party.[16] He later credited Ray Gietzelt, General Secretary of the FMWU, as the single most significant union figure in helping him achieve this outcome.[17]

Hawke declared publicly that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself", and his approach to government was pragmatic. He concerned himself with making improvements to workers' lives from within the traditional institutions of government, rather than by using any ideological theory. He opposed the Vietnam War, but was a strong supporter of the US-Australian alliance, and also an emotional supporter of Israel. It was his commitment to the cause of Jewish Refuseniks that led to a planned assassination attempt on Hawke by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and its Australian operative Munif Mohammed Abou Rish.[18]

In 1971, Hawke along with other members of the ACTU requested that South Africa send a non-racially biased team for the Rugby Union tour, with the intention of unions agreeing not to serve the team in Australia. Prior to arrival, the Western Australian branch of the Transport Workers Union, and the Barmaids' and Barmens' Union, announced that they would serve the team, which allowed the Springboks to land in Perth. The tour commenced on 26 June and riots occurred as anti-apartheid protesters disrupted games. Hawke and his family started to receive malicious mail and phone calls from people who thought that sport and politics should not mix. Hawke remained committed to the ban on apartheid teams and later that year, the South African cricket team was successfully denied and no apartheid team was to ever come to Australia again. It was this ongoing dedication to racial equality in South Africa that would later earn Hawke the respect and friendship of Nelson Mandela.[19][20][21]

In industrial matters, Hawke continued to demonstrate a preference for, and considerable skill at, negotiation, and was generally liked and respected by employers as well as the unions he advocated for. As early as 1972, speculation began that he would seek to enter Parliament and eventually run to become the Leader of the Labor Party. But while his professional career continued successfully, his heavy drinking and his notorious womanising placed considerable strains on his family life.[22]

In 1973, Hawke was elected as the Federal President of the Labor Party. Two years later, when the Whitlam Government was controversially dismissed by the Governor-General, Hawke showed an initial keenness to enter Parliament at the ensuing election. Harry Jenkins, the MP for Scullin, came under pressure to step down to allow Hawke to stand in his place, but he strongly resisted this push.[23] Hawke eventually decided not to attempt to enter Parliament at that time, a decision he soon regretted. After Labor was defeated at the election, Whitlam initially offered the leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him.[24] Despite not taking on the offer, Hawke remained influential, playing a key role in averting national strike action.[25]

The strain of this period, serving as both ACTU President and Labor Party President, took its toll on Hawke and in 1979 he suffered a physical collapse. This shock led Hawke to publicly announce his alcoholism in a television interview, and that he would make a concerted – and ultimately successful – effort to overcome it. He was helped through this period by the relationship that he had established with the writer Blanche d'Alpuget, who in 1982 published an admiring biography of Hawke. His popularity with the public was, if anything, enhanced by this period of rehabilitation, and opinion polling suggested that he was a far more popular public figure than either Labor Leader Bill Hayden or Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

Member of Parliament, 1980–83

Hawke addresses the Labour Day crowd in October 1980

Hawke's first attempt to enter Parliament came during the 1963 federal election. He stood in the Geelong-area seat of Corio and managed to achieve a 3.1% swing against the national trend, although he fell short of ousting longtime Liberal incumbent Hubert Opperman.[26] Hawke passed up several opportunities to enter Parliament throughout the 1970s, something he later wrote that he "regretted". He eventually stood for election to the House of Representatives at the 1980 election for the comfortably safe Melbourne seat of Wills, winning comfortably. Immediately upon his election to Parliament, Hawke was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet by Labor Leader Bill Hayden as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations, Employment and Youth.[27] Throughout that time, opinion polls continually indicated that, in contrast to Hayden, Hawke was regarded as "a certain election winner". After losing the 1980 election, Hayden's position as leader was never completely secure. In order to quell this constant speculation over his position, Hayden eventually called a leadership ballot for 16 July 1982, believing that if he won he would be able to lead Labor into the next election.[28] Hawke duly challenged Hayden, but Hayden was able to defeat him and remain in his position, although his five-vote victory over the former ACTU President was not large enough to dispel doubts that he could lead the Labor Party to victory at an election.[29]

Despite being defeated, and amongst the early 1980s recession, Hawke continued to agitate behind the scenes for a change in leadership, with opinion polls continuing to show that Hawke was a far more popular figure than both Hayden and Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Hayden's leadership position was thrown into further doubt after Labor performed poorly in a by-election in December 1982 for the Victorian seat of Flinders, following the resignation of the former Liberal Minister Sir Phillip Lynch. Labor needed a swing of 5.5% to win the seat, and had been predicted by the media to win, but could only achieve a swing of 3%.[30] This convinced many Labor MPs that only Hawke would be able to lead Labor to victory at the upcoming election. Labor Party power-brokers, such as Graham Richardson and Barrie Unsworth, now openly switched their allegiance from Hayden to Hawke.[30] More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor's Senate Leader John Button, eventually became convinced that Hawke's chances of victory at an election were greater than Hayden's. Having initially believed that he could carry on, Button's defection proved to be the final straw in convincing Hayden that he would have to resign as Labor Leader.[31] Less than two months after the disastrous showing in Flinders, Hayden announced his resignation as Labor Leader to the caucus on 3 February 1983. Hawke was subsequently named Acting Leader—and hence Leader of the Opposition—pending a party-room ballot at which he was elected unopposed.[31] By a remarkable coincidence, on the same day that Hawke became Leader, Fraser called a snap election for 5 March 1983, hoping to both capitalise on Labor's feuding before it could replace Hayden with Hawke.[32] Fraser initially believed that he had caught Labor out, thinking that they would be forced to fight the election with Hayden as Leader. However, he was surprised to find out that Hayden had already resigned that morning, literally hours before the writs were issued. In the election held a month later, Hawke led Labor to a landslide election victory, achieving a 24-seat swing—still the worst defeat that a sitting non-Labor government has ever suffered—and ending seven years of Liberal rule.

Prime Minister (1983–91)

Hawke in 1983

After Labor's landslide win, Hawke was sworn in as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia by the Governor-General on 11 March 1983. The inaugural days of the Hawke Government were distinctly different from those of the Whitlam Government. Rather than immediately initiating extensive reform programmes as Whitlam had, Hawke announced that Malcolm Fraser's pre-election concealment of the budget deficit meant that many of Labor's election commitments would have to be deferred.[33] As part of his internal reforms package, Hawke divided the Government into two tiers, with only the most important ministers attending regular meetings of the Cabinet. The Labor caucus were still given the authority to determine who would make up the Ministry, but gave Hawke unprecedented powers for a Labor Prime Minister to select which individual ministers would comprise the 13-strong Cabinet.[34] Hawke said that he did this in order to avoid what he viewed as the unwieldy nature of the Whitlam Cabinet, which had 27 members. Caucus under Hawke also exhibited a much more formalised system of parliamentary factions, which significantly altered the dynamics of caucus operations.[34]

Hawke presents a cheque for Ash Wednesday fire relief to South Australian Premier John Bannon in April 1983.

Unlike his predecessor as Labor Leader, Hawke's authority within the Labor Party was absolute. This enabled him to persuade his MPs to support a substantial set of policy changes. Individual accounts from ministers indicate that while Hawke was not usually the driving force for economic reform – that impetus instead coming from Treasurer Paul Keating and Industry Minister John Button – he took on the role of achieving consensus and providing political guidance on what was electorally feasible and how best to sell it to the public, tasks at which he proved highly successful. Hawke took on a very public role as Prime Minister, proving to be incredibly popular with the Australian electorate; to this date he still holds the highest ever AC Nielsen approval rating.[35]

The political partnership between Hawke and his Treasurer, Paul Keating, provided essential to their success in government. The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a Rhodes Scholar; Keating left high school early.[36] Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, horse racing and all forms of sport; Keating preferred classical architecture, Mahler symphonies and collecting English Regency and French Empire antiques.[37] Hawke was consensus-driven; Keating revelled in aggressive debate. Hawke was a lapsed Protestant; Keating was a practising Catholic. These differences, however, seemed only to increase the effectiveness of their partnership, as they oversaw sweeping economic and social changes throughout Australia.

According to political commentator Paul Kelly, "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system".[38] Although the Fraser Government had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the 1981 Campbell Report, opposition from Fraser himself had stalled the deregulation process.[39] When the Hawke Government implemented a comprehensive program of financial deregulation and reform, it "transformed economics and politics in Australia".[38] The Australian economy became significantly more integrated with the global economy as a result, which completely transformed its relationship with Asia, Europe and the United States.[38] Both Hawke and Keating would claim the credit for being the driving force behind the success of the Australian Dollar float.[40]

Among other reforms,[41] the Hawke Government dismantled the tariff system, privatised state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off the state-owned Commonwealth Bank of Australia.[42][43] The tax system was reformed, with the introduction of a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax, reforms strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but not ones that they reversed when they eventually returned to office.[44] Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community – the "main loser" from the 1985 Tax Summit according to Paul Kelly – was the introduction of full dividend imputation, a reform insisted upon by Keating.[45] Funding for schools was also considerably increased, while financial assistance was provided for students to enable them to stay at school longer. Considerable progress was also made in directing assistance "to the most disadvantaged recipients over the whole range of welfare benefits."[46]

The Prime Minister's Office at Old Parliament House, preserved as it appeared during Hawke's Prime Ministership

Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal Party fell after the resignation of Malcolm Fraser. The Liberals were divided between supporters of the dour, socially conservative John Howard and the more liberal, urbane Andrew Peacock. The arch-conservative Premier of Queensland, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, added to the Liberals' problems with his "Joh for Canberra" campaign, which proved highly damaging. Exploiting these divisions, Hawke led the Labor Party to landslide election victories in a snap 1984 election and the 1987 election.

Hawke's time as Prime Minister saw considerable friction develop between himself and the grassroots of the Labor Party, who were unhappy at what they viewed as Hawke's iconoclasm and willingness to cooperate with business interests. All Labor Prime Ministers have at times engendered the hostility of the organisational wing of the Party, but none more so than Hawke, who regularly expressed his willingness to cull Labor's "sacred cows". The Socialist Left faction, as well as prominent Labor figure Barry Jones, offered severe criticism of a number of government decisions. He also received criticism for his "confrontationalist style" in siding with the airlines in the 1989 Australian pilots' strike.[47]

Hawke and US President Ronald Reagan at the White House in 1985

In spite of the criticisms levelled against the Hawke Government, it succeeded in enacting a wide range of social reforms during its time in office.[48][49] Deflecting arguments that the Hawke Government had failed as a reform government, Neville Wran, John Dawkins, Bill Hayden and Paul Keating made a number of speeches throughout the 1980s arguing that the Hawke Government had been a recognisably reformist government, drawing attention to Hawke's achievements as Prime Minister during his first five years in office. As well as the reintroduction of Medibank, under the new name Medicare, these included the doubling of child care places, the introduction of occupational superannuation, a boost in school retention rates, a focus on young people's job skills, a doubling of subsidised home care services, the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, a 50% increase in public housing funds, an increase in the real value of the old-age pension, the development of a new youth support program, the re-introduction of six-monthly indexation of single adult unemployment benefits, and significant improvements in social security provisions.[50][51] As pointed out by John Dawkins, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher under the Hawke Government than under the Whitlam Government.[50]

Another notable success for which Hawke's response is given considerable credit was Australia's public health campaign regarding AIDS.[52] In the later years of the Hawke Government, Aboriginal affairs also saw considerable attention, with an investigation of the idea of a treaty between Aborigines and the Government, although this idea would be overtaken by events, notably the Mabo court decision.

The Hawke Government also made some notable environmental decisions. In its first months in office it halted the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania, responding to a groundswell of protest about the issue.[53] In 1990, with an election looming, tough political operator Graham Richardson was appointed Environment Minister, and was given the task of attracting second-preference votes from the Australian Democrats and other environmental parties. Richardson claimed this as a major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the 1990 election.[54]

Richardson felt that the importance of his contribution to Labor's victory would automatically entitle him to the ministerial portfolio of his choice, which was Transport and Communications.[55] He was shocked, however, at what he perceived as Hawke's ingratitude in allocating him Social Security instead. He later vowed in a telephone conversation with Peter Barron, a former Hawke staffer, to do "whatever it takes" to "get" Hawke.[33][56] He immediately transferred his allegiance to Paul Keating, who after seven years as Treasurer was openly coveting the leadership.[57]

Bob Hawke and Labor Leader Mark Latham unveil a plaque in 2004 to commemorate the centenary of the Watson Labor Government in 1904.

The late 1980s recession and accompanying high interest rates had seen the government in considerable electoral trouble, with many doubting if Hawke could win in 1990. Although Keating was the main architect of the government's economic policies, he took advantage of Hawke's declining popularity to plan a leadership challenge. In 1988, in the wake of poorer opinion polls, Keating put pressure on Hawke to step down immediately. Hawke responded by agreeing a secret deal with Keating, the so-called "Kirribilli agreement", that he would stand down in Keating's favour shortly after the 1990 election, which he convinced Keating he could win.[58] Hawke duly won the 1990 election, albeit by a very tight margin, and subsequently appointed Keating as Deputy Prime Minister to replace the retiring Lionel Bowen, and to prepare Keating to assume the leadership.

Not long after becoming Deputy Prime Minister, frustrated at the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might step down, Keating made a provocative speech to the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery. Hawke considered the speech extremely disloyal, and subsequently indicated to Keating that he would renege on the Kirribilli Agreement as a result.[59] After this disagreement tensions between the two men reached an all-time high, and after a turbulent year, Keating finally resigned as Deputy Prime Minister and Treasurer in June 1991, to challenge Hawke for the leadership. Hawke comfortably defeated Keating, and in a press conference after the result Keating declared that with regards the leadership, he had fired his "one shot". Hawke appointed John Kerin to replace Keating as Treasurer, but Kerin quickly proved to be unequal to the job.[60] In spite of his convincing win over Keating, Hawke was seen after the result as a "wounded" leader; he had now lost his long-term political partner, his rating in opinion polls began to decrease, and after nearly nine years as Prime Minister, many were openly speculating that he was "tired", and that it was time for somebody new.[61]

Hawke's leadership was finally irrevocably damaged towards the end of 1991, as new Liberal Leader John Hewson released 'Fightback!', a detailed proposal for sweeping economic change, including the introduction of a goods and services tax and deep cuts to government spending and personal income tax.[60][62] The package appeared to take Hawke by complete surprise, and his response to it was judged to be extremely ineffective. Many within the Labor Party appeared to lose faith in him over this, and Keating duly challenged for the leadership a second time on 19 December 1991, this time narrowly defeating Hawke by 56 votes to 51.[63] In a speech to the House of Representatives the following day, Hawke declared that his nine years as Prime Minister had left Australia a better country than he found, and he was given a standing ovation by those present. He subsequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to the Governor-General. Hawke briefly returned to the backbenches before resigning from Parliament on 20 February 1992, sparking a by-election which was won by independent Phil Cleary from a record field of 22 candidates.[64]

Hawke wrote that he had very few regrets over his time in office; although his bitterness towards Keating surfaced in his earlier memoirs, by 2010, Hawke said that he and Keating had long since buried their differences, and that they regularly dined together and considered each other friends.[65]

Retirement and later life (1992–present)

Bob Hawke in 2012.

After leaving Parliament, Hawke entered the business world, taking on a number of directorships and consultancy positions which enabled him to achieve considerable financial success. He deliberately had little involvement with the Labor Party during Keating's time as Prime Minister, not wanting to overshadow his successor, although he did occasionally criticise some of Keating's policies publicly.[66]

Bob Hawke at Parliament House for the national apology to the Stolen Generations.

After Keating's defeat and the election of the Howard Government at the 1996 election, he began to be more involved with Labor, regularly appearing at a number of Labor election launches and campaigns, often alongside Keating. In the run up to the 2007 election, Hawke made a considerable personal effort to support Kevin Rudd, making speeches at a large number of campaign office openings across Australia. As well as campaigning against WorkChoices, Hawke also attacked John Howard's record as Treasurer, stating "it was the judgement of every economist and international financial institution that it was the restructuring reforms undertaken by my government, with the full cooperation of the trade union movement, which created the strength of the Australian economy today".[67]

Similarly, in the 2010 and 2013 campaigns, Hawke lent considerable support to Julia Gillard and Kevin Rudd respectively. Hawke also maintained an involvement in Labor politics at a state level; in 2011, Hawke publicly supported New South Wales Premier Kristina Keneally, who was facing almost certain defeat, in her campaign against Liberal Barry O'Farrell, describing her campaign as "gutsy".[68]

In February 2008, Hawke joined former Prime Ministers Gough Whitlam, Malcolm Fraser and Paul Keating in Parliament House to witness Prime Minister Kevin Rudd deliver the long anticipated apology to the Stolen Generations.[69]

In 2009, Hawke helped establish the Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the University of South Australia. Interfaith dialogue was an important issue for Hawke, who told the Adelaide Review that he is "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. They give a false impression of the essential nature of Islam."[70]

Personal life

Hawke married Hazel Masterson in 1956 at Perth Trinity Church.[12] They had three children; Susan (born 1957), Stephen (born 1959) and Roslyn (born 1960). Their fourth child, Robert Jr, died in his early infancy in 1963. Hawke would later be named Victorian Father of the Year in 1971.[71] The couple divorced in 1995. Hawke subsequently married the writer Blanche d'Alpuget, and the two currently live together in Northbridge, a suburb of the North Shore of Sydney.

On the subject of his religion, Hawke previously wrote, while attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference in India, that "there were all these poverty stricken kids at the gate of this palatial place where we were feeding our face and I just had this struck by this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of people". He subsequently abandoned his Christian beliefs.[72] By the time he entered politics he was a self-described agnostic.[73] Hawke told Andrew Denton in 2008 that his father's Christian faith had continued to influence his outlook, saying "My father said if you believe in the fatherhood of God you must necessarily believe in the brotherhood of man, it follows necessarily, and even though I left the church and was not religious, that truth remained with me."[74]

Titles, styles and honours

Bust of Bob Hawke located in the Prime Ministers Avenue in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens

  • 1979: Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) "For service to trade unionism and industrial relations" as President of the ACTU; the honour is also traditionally bestowed upon all former Prime Ministers of Australia.[75]
Foreign honours
  • August 2009: Australian Labor Party Life membership, Bob Hawke became only the third person to be awarded life membership of the Australian Labor Party, after Gough and Margaret Whitlam. During the conferration, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd referred to Hawke as "the heart and soul of the Labor Party".[77]

Honorary degrees

Other honours

A biographical television film, Hawke, premiered on the Ten Network in Australia on 18 July 2010, with Richard Roxburgh playing the title character. Rachael Blake and Felix Williamson portrayed Hazel Hawke and Paul Keating respectively.[81]

See also

  1. ^
  2. ^ Davidson, G., et al. (1998), p. 302
  3. ^
  4. ^ D'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). Robert .J. Hawke: A biography, p. 31. Schwartz, Melbourne. ISBN 0867530014.
  5. ^
  6. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p.18
  7. ^ Hawke, Bob (1994), p.19
  8. ^ Hawke, Bob (1994), p.24
  9. ^ a b c Hawke, Bob (1994), p.28
  10. ^
  11. ^
  12. ^ a b c Hurst, J., (1983), p.25
  13. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p.26
  14. ^ Hurst (1983), p.27
  15. ^ Hurst (1983), p.31
  16. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p.78
  17. ^
  18. ^
  19. ^ D'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). Robert .J. Hawke: A biography, p. 192. Schwartz, Melbourne. ISBN 0867530014.
  20. ^
  21. ^
  22. ^ Davidson, G., et al. (1998), p. 303
  23. ^ Obituary "Labor stalwart who would not stand aside for Bob Hawke", The Age, 6 August 2004, p.9
  24. ^ Hawke (1994), p.70
  25. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p.198
  26. ^ [1] Archived 10 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p. 262
  28. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.24
  29. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p. 269
  30. ^ a b Hurst, J., (1983), p. 270
  31. ^ a b Hurst, J., (1983), p. 273
  32. ^ Hurst, J., (1983), p. 275
  33. ^ a b Kelly, P., (1992), p.57
  34. ^ a b Kelly, P., (1992), p.30
  35. ^
  36. ^ Edwards, J.,(1996), p.44
  37. ^ Edwards, J.,(1996), p.6, p.48
  38. ^ a b c Kelly, P., (1992), p.76
  39. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.78
  40. ^ Edwards, J.,(1996), pp.216–217
  41. ^
  42. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.665
  43. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.672
  44. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.175
  45. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.174
  46. ^ Ross McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991
  47. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.544
  48. ^
  49. ^ [2] Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  50. ^ a b Whitlam, Wran and the Labor tradition: Labor history essays, volume two By Gough Whitlam, Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch
  51. ^
  52. ^ For discussion see William Bowtell, Australia's Response to HIV/AIDS 1982–2005, Lowy Institute for International Policy, May 2005
  53. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.528
  54. ^ Richardson, G., (1994), pp. 276–277
  55. ^ Richardson, G., (1994), p.281
  56. ^ Richardson, G., (1994), p.282
  57. ^ Richardson, G., (1994), p.311
  58. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), p.454
  59. ^ Hawke (1994), p.501. This was the speech in which Keating described himself as the 'Plácido Domingo' of Australian politics.
  60. ^ a b Kelly, P., (1992), pp.649–651
  61. ^ Edwards, J., (1996), p.435
  62. ^ Kelly, P., (1992), pp.609–614
  63. ^ Edwards, J.,(1996), p.441
  64. ^
  65. ^
  66. ^ 1994 Year in Review – Australia Encyclopædia Britannica online
  67. ^
  68. ^
  69. ^
  70. ^
  71. ^ D'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). Robert .J. Hawke: A biography, p. 197. Schwartz, Melbourne. ISBN 0867530014.
  72. ^
  73. ^ Blanche d'Alpuget, Robert J. Hawke, 87
  74. ^
  75. ^
  76. ^ "Former Australian Prime Minister Named PNG Chief", Solomon Times, 8 January 2009
  77. ^
  78. ^
  79. ^
  80. ^
  81. ^

  • Blewett, Neal (2000), 'Robert James Lee Hawke,' in Michelle Grattan (ed.), Australian Prime Ministers, New Holland, Sydney, New South Wales, pages 380–407. ISBN 1-86436-756-3

External links

  • Hawke Swoops into Power – Time 14 March 1983
  • Robert Hawke – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
  • Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre
  • Player profile: Bob Hawke from CricketArchive
  • Video of Hawke campaigning for McKew in Bennellong in late 2007 on YouTube
  • Video of Hawke campaigning for an Australian republic on YouTube
  • Video of Norman Gunston, Gough Whitlam, Bill Hayden and Bob Hawke at 'The Dismissal' on YouTube
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by
Gordon Bryant
Member of Parliament
for Wills

Succeeded by
Phil Cleary
Political offices
Preceded by
Bill Hayden
Leader of the Opposition
Succeeded by
Andrew Peacock
Preceded by
Malcolm Fraser
Prime Minister of Australia
Succeeded by
Paul Keating
Party political offices
Preceded by
Bill Hayden
Leader of the Labor Party
Succeeded by
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Thursday, August 1, 2013

Fused deposit modeling

I already promised that there are going to be more detailed posts about the printing-techniques. (I waited long enough now.) So, here's the first of them:

Who read my last blog post knows already that the fused deposit modeling is the oldest "printing" method. The technology was developed in the late eighties and commercialized in the early nineties by Stratasys, Inc. S. Scott Crump, the co-founder, and currently CEO, of Stratasys patented the FDM technology in 1989 with his wife and also co-founder, Lisa Crump. In 2003, the FDM-technology was the most used rapid prototyping technique.

The model is - obviously - built layer for layer, either until the model is finished or there isn't any material available.
The FDM-Process
As you see on the graphic, the extruder/ the printing head or the platform where the model is built, is fixed. However, there are a few different ways of moving the extruder. The most common method to do this is the "cartesian"-system, but a different system - the so called "Delta-Printer" - is rising.

Material loading

The material used is stored on a spool respectively multiple different spools if there is more than one printhead. From the spool, the filament is led to the extruder. As you see, the material loading for the FDM process isn't too complicated. However this is very different for the other processes I am going to describe in here.

The extruder is the heart of any FDM-printer. It's the place where the stiff plastic filament gets molten and placed in the form of the model we want to achieve. The following graphic is pretty self-explaining, but I am going to say a few words along with it:
Material-loading and extrusion
After the filament is pulled into the extruder by the stepper motor, it is pressed inside the hot-end, where the filament gets molten. Depending on the filament (ABS, PLA, etc.) the temperature of the hot-end varies.

  • It's cheap. As you may know, the cheapest 3d printer is the printrbot simple for only 300 Dollar. Compared to the much more expensive SLS/SLM/SLA-machines, even something like the makerbot is easily affordable.
  • The filament is available in a great range of materials, and most of it is pretty cheap.
  • Very compact build-style.
  • Easy to operate and keep working.
I know that there are a few more advantages, but I feel like these are the most important. I might even write a more detailled post later on.

  • Supports are required for complicated geometries. Although there are machines that use dissoluble materials for the support is this a limiting factor for this technology.
  • If you want a clean surface, you have to go through post-processing. This is the effect of the layers.
  • Lacking accuracy in comparison to the "bigger" printing-technologies like SLS.

I hope reading this post was enjoyable and informative for you.
I promise that there won't be such a big gap between this and my next post.

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