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Hypervirus: A Clinical Report

1000 Days of Theory

Hypervirus: A Clinical Report

Thierry Bardini

And everybody knows that the Plague is coming
Everybody knows that it’s moving fast
Everybody knows that the naked man and woman
Are just a shining artifact of the past.[1]

— Leonard Cohen, “Everybody Knows.”

The high degree to which AIDS, terrorism, crack cocaine or computer viruses mobilize the popular imagination should tell us that they are more than anecdotal occurrences in an irrational world. The fact is that they contain within them the logic of our system: these events are merely the spectacular expression of that system. They all hew to the same agenda of virulence and radiation, an agenda whose very power over the imagination is of a viral character.[2]

— Jean Baudrillard, “Prophylaxy and Virulence.”

At the dawn of capitalism’s fourth phase, the hypervirus awoke.
Poisonous parasite, undead, ubiquitous and omnipotent.

At the beginning of the 1980s, the logistic curve of the hypervirus (the “virus” virus) passed its first critical point (i.e. second order inflexion). Materializing the cybernetic convergence of carbon and silicon, it infected computers and humans alike at unprecedented levels. From this point on, an explosive diffusion in “postmodern culture” emerged, eventually it plateaued near saturation, redefining culture as a viral ecology. Room for one more inside, Sir.

“Virus” is a virus: virus is a reflexive name.
The virus is the quintessential Kantian thing-in-itself.
The hypervirus is the quintessential Dawkinsian meme.
(Your clone is the idealized expression of your viral self).

The postmodern master equation:
Baudrillard adds the corollary proposition:
Anathematic Illimited / Transfatal Express
Viral Incorporated / International Epidemics

The hypervirus rules our times like an indifferent despot (it practices liberal indifference). It is the ultimate boot sector parasite of our undead culture. Theorized, from Derrida to Foucault (who died of it), Baudrillard (passim [3]) and Deleuze, the virus is the master trope of “postmodern culture” (whatever that is) [4] Let us sketch rapidly the progression of the pandemics. [5]

In his Cut-Ups trilogy of the first half of the 1960s (The Soft Machine, The Ticket that Exploded and Nova Express), William Burroughs experimented with the stuff of words; in the early 1970s, Susumu Ohno coined the expression “junk DNA” Burroughs eventually synthesized the experiment into one fundamental thesis: language (and especially written language) is a virus. [6] At approximately the same time, the “computer virus” appeared in science-fiction literature. William S. Burroughs is patient 0 of the hypervirus, the original vector. It is an ironic corollary of his own thesis that the hypervirus was first detected in his writings. In The Electronic Revolution, he writes:

I have frequently spoken of word and image as viruses or as acting as viruses, and this is not an allegorical comparison. It will be seen that the falsifications of syllabic western languages are in point of fact actual virus mechanisms. The IS of identity the purpose of a virus is to SURVIVE. To survive at any expense to the host invaded. To be an animal, to be a body. To be an animal body that the virus can invade. To be animals, to be bodies. To be more animal bodies, so that the virus can move from one body to another. To stay present as an animal body, to stay absent as antibody or resistance to the body invasion. [7]

Relevant here is an extended version of Deleuze’s notion of the overman. The virus, more efficient than the overman, is not only “in charge of the animals” (As in Deleuze and Guattari’s version), but actually is the animal. This use of the verb “to be” is, of course, highly problematic for Burroughs, to the point that it is quite accurate to consider him the detective-doctor of the antiviral fight. [8] For Burroughs, the principals of this fight begin with a reform of language itself, in the “therapeutic” tradition of Count Alfred Korzybski’s non-Aristotelian semantics, whose seminar he attended in the late 1930s:

The categorical THE is also a virus mechanism, locking you in THE virus universe. EITHER/OR is another virus formula. It is always you OR the virus. EITHER/OR. This is in point of fact the conflict formula, which is seen to be archetypical virus mechanism. The proposed language will delete these virus mechanisms and make them impossible of formulation in the language. This language will be a tonal language like Chinese, it will also have a hieroglyphic script as pictorial as possible without being to (sic) cumbersome or difficult to write. This language will give one option of silence. When not talking, the user of this language can take in the silent images of the written, pictorial and symbol languages. [9]

For Burroughs, the first enemy in language is the “IS of identity”: “The word BE in the English language contains, as a virus contains, its precoded message of damage, the categorial imperative of permanent condition” (ibid.). Instead, Burroughs follows the advice of Korzybski, which is to reform language as a pictorial (iconic) language where silence is an option. Silence is understood here as the first step in the dissolution of the modern subject (i.e. the egoistic subject [10], from Descartes on). Thus, where Simon and Garfunkel innocently sing, fool said I you do not know, silence like a cancer grows — today South Park echoes, Die Hippie Die!

During the same general period, a philosophical project develops that mirrors the work of Burroughs. Between Of Grammatology (1967) andDissemination (1972), Jacques Derrida begins a philosophical enterprise that attempts to introduce the Other into the I: a redefinition of the subject. Eventually, this “introduction” becomes “infection”, and the Other is radically recast as the virus. Like Burroughs, Derrida first finds traces of the process in writing itself:

The absolute alterity of writing might nevertheless affect living speech, from the outside, within its inside: alter it [for the worse]. Even as it has an independent history (…) and in spite of the inequalities of development, the play of structural correlations, writing marks the history of speech. Although it is born out of “needs of a different kind” and “according to circumstances entirely independent of the duration of that people,” although these needs might “never have occurred,” the irruption of this absolute contingency determined the interior of an essential history and affected the interior unity of a life, literally infected it. It is the strange essence of the supplement not to have essentiality: it may always not have taken place. Moreover, literally, it has never taken place: it is never present, here and now. If it were, it would not be what it is, a supplement, taking and keeping the place of the other. What alters for the worse the living nerve of language . . . has therefore above all not taken place. Less than nothing and yet, to judge by its effects, much more than nothing. The supplement is neither a presence nor an absence. No ontology can think its operation.[11]

Derrida’s claim that “no ontology” can think this operation is questionable as it disregards the possibility of viral ontology. [12] The question remains whether we could create, following Korzybski and his students, a non-Aristotelian ontology — an ontology of the immaterial supplement. Of course, Derrida later recognizes the dominance of the virus:

All I have done … is dominated by the thought of a virus, what could be called a parasitology, a virology, the virus being many things…. The virus is in part a parasite that destroys, that introduces disorder into communication. Even from the biological standpoint, this is what happens with a virus; it derails a mechanism of the communicational type, its coding and decoding. On the other hand, it is something that is neither living nor non-living; the virus is not a microbe. And if you follow these two threads, that of a parasite which disrupts destination from the communicative point of view — disrupting writing, inscription, and the coding and decoding of inscription — and which on the other hand is neither alive nor dead, you have the matrix of all that I have done since I began writing. [13]

In 1976, Richard Dawkins (over)extends his (selfish) gene concept, into a number of notions: (re)birth of the meme, the other replicator, toujours le même. Dawkins renews a nineteenth century image contemporary to the Darwinian synthesis, the contagion of ideas, by reinvigorating its vocabulary: “when you plant a fertile meme in my mind you literally paralyze my brain, turning it into a vehicle for the meme’s propagation in just the way that a virus may parasitize the genetic mechanism of a host cell.” [14] Indeed, the virus appears as the excluded third term that makes the analogy between gene and meme possible:

There are many ways of defining the meme but there are two that we should perhaps take particularly seriously. First, Dawkins, who coined the term meme, described memes as units of cultural transmission which “propagate themselves in the meme pool by … a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation” (Dawkins, 1976 p 192). Second, the Oxford English Dictionary defines a meme as follows: “meme (mi:m), n. Biol. (shortened from mimeme … that which is imitated, after GENE n.). An element of a culture that may be considered to be passed on by non-genetic means, esp. imitation”. Both these definitions include the critical point that memes are cultural information that is copied, and that it is copied by imitation (…) There is a long history of research on imitation in both animal behaviour and human social psychology (…) In the nineteenth century Darwin collected many examples of what he took to be imitation in animals, as did Romanes (1882, 1883) but they did not define what they meant by imitation. Baldwin (1902) gave imitation a central role in his theories of evolution, pointing out that all adaptive processes can be seen as imitative – perhaps foreshadowing the universal Darwinism that today enables comparisons between biological evolution and memetic evolution (e.g. Dawkins, 1976; Plotkin, 1993). [15]

Dawkins later makes the point even clearer, by referring to certain memes (religious ones) as mind viruses (1993), and so opening the door to countless (ab)uses of the metaphor. That same year, a final critical point (second second order inflexion point) is passed, diffusion is now bound to saturation: the hypervirus is now, in Nirvana’s words, In Utero. To quote from Nirvana’s (very Bataillan) song “Milk it”: “I am my own parasite / I don’t need a host to live / (…) / I own my own pet virus / I get to pet and name her / Her milk is my shit / My shit is her milk.” But I am getting ahead of myself here; It might be paradoxically better to return to the false heavens of chronology in order to describe the epidemics of the timeless entity.

In 1981 — Elk Cloner, the first computer virus in the wild (i.e. affecting PCs), is documented, although early hackers will tell you that there were programs analog to what we now call “viruses” in the late 1960s or early 1970s. [16] Elk Cloner predated the experimental work that “officially” defined computer viruses and spread on Apple II. [17] When infected, the monitor of the computer displayed the following rhyme: It will get on all your disks / It will infiltrate your chips / Yes it’s Cloner! / It will stick to you like glue / It will modify ram too / Send in the Cloner!

In 1982 — the first global epidemics of the fourth phase officially begins: the name AIDS, for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is coined in August of that year. AIDS would soon become the syndrome of choice to synthesize and metaphorize the “postmodern condition.” It eventually appears as the final term in a series of diseases playing this part in our culture: plague-tuberculosis-cancer-AIDS. Room for one more inside, Sir.

This sequence corresponds term for term to the sequence of the four phases of capitalism: plague is the archaic and thus the archetypical disease (Girard); tuberculosis is the plague that corresponds to the second phase of capitalism (mechanized capitalism), and cancer the disease of the societies of control:

Early capitalism assumes the necessity of regulated spending, saving, accounting, discipline — an economy that depends on the rational limitation of desire. TB is described in images that sum the negative behavior of nineteenth century homo economicus: consumption; wasting; squandering of vitality. Advanced capitalism requires expansion, speculation, the creation of new needs (the problem of satisfaction and dissatisfaction); buying on credit; mobility — an economy that depends on the irrational indulgence of desire. Cancer is described in images that sum up the negative behavior of twentieth century homo economicus: abnormal growth; repression of energy, that is refusal to consume or spend. [18]

In this quote, Susan Sontag relates both diseases to an economy of desire. There is a profound resonance here with René Girard’s notion of mimetic desire, [19] a resonance that also evokes Richard Dawkins’s recycling of the nineteenth century socio-biologies of imitation. [20] Both, again, were products of the same period, the second oil crisis of international capitalism in the mid 1970s.

In the viral ontology of the postmodern condition (capitalism of the fourth kind), the undifferentiating crime is ascribed to the radical Other that is the virus. Metaphorically speaking, the Other then becomes a virus. Derrida is quoted by a web author as saying that all he has done … is dominated by the thought of a virus; the same author concludes that Derrida is a virus. The unbearable feedback of the becoming virus… “Berlusconi is a retrovirus,” writes Lorenzo Miglioli, and he adds, in the most synthetic expression of the viral horrors of history: “The Holy Inquisition (knowledge as a form of extortion), Nazism (knowledge as a form of indirect extortion, as an experiment), Pol-Pot (knowledge as a form of erasing/extermination of the actors for the sake of the scene) are pure and simple transcriptions, horror vacui translated into horror written on the flesh.” [21] G. W. Bush is a virus, Saddam Hussein is a virus, and bin Laden is a virus. Room for one more inside, Sir.

In 1983 — On November 3, the first “official” computer virus is conceived of as an experiment to be presented at a weekly seminar on computer security. Fred Cohen first introduced the concept in this seminar, and his PhD supervisor, Len Adleman, proposes the name “virus”. In his presentation, Cohen defines a computer virus as “a computer program that can affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself,” a definition he would stick to in his subsequent paper, [22] and one that would become the official definition of a “computer virus”. Cohen produces such an “infection” within a Unix directory-listing utility, proving that identifying and isolating computer viruses is a non-computable problem. This later result, maybe the most crucial point in Cohen’s work, meant that fighting the infection is therefore impossible to achieve using an algorithm, and one is left with the same aporia that philosophers have diagnosed.

According to Cohen, the first use of the term virus to refer to an unwanted computer code occurred in David Gerrold’s 1972 science fiction novel, When Harley Was One. In an interview, Len Adleman concurred with Cohen: “The term ‘computer virus’ existed in science fiction well before Fred Cohen and I came along. Several authors actually used that term in science fiction prior to 1983. I don’t recall ever having seen it, perhaps it was just a term whose time had come. So I did not invent the term. I just named what we now consider computer viruses ‘computer viruses.'” [23] Indeed, it was a term whose time had come! And the convergence was not fortuitous:

A few years later, while reading about the AIDS virus and its effect on T-cells, Adleman thought about a mathematical description of immunitary deficiency. As certain cells were depleted, he realized, other cells — similar in type but not in function — increased proportionately. Adleman’s hypothesis offered not only an explanation for how AIDS destroys the immune system, but pointed toward a method of treatment. If the population of the unaffected cell type (T-8s) could be artificially reduced, he reasoned, the homeostatic forces at work in the immune system would cause an increase in T-4s — the depleted cell types. [24]

In 1986 — the diffusion curve of the hypervirus passes its first order inflexion point, and the hypervirus thus becomes mainstream. That year, two Pakistani programmers replace the executable code in the boot sector of a floppy disk with their own viral code designed to infect 360kb floppies accessed on any drive. Their “Brain virus” (infected floppies had “© Brain” for a volume label) becomes the first recorded virus to infect PCs running MS-DOS. It is also the first “stealth” virus, meaning it attempts to hide itself from detection. If a computer user tried to view the infected space on the disk, ‘Brain’ would display the original, uninfected boot sector. Clearly, writers such as Burroughs and Derrida anticipated this form of dialectics of presence/absence. That same year, the performance artist Laurie Anderson turns William Burroughs’s original insight mainstream:

Paradise / Is exactly like / Where you are right now /Only much much Better.
I saw this guy on the train / And he seemed to have gotten stuck / In one of those abstract trances. / And he was going: “Ugh . . . Ugh . . . Ugh . . . “
And Fred said: / I think he’s in some kind of pain. I think it’s a pain cry. / And I said: “Pain cry? / Then language is a virus.”
Language! It’s a virus! / Language! It’s a virus! [25]

One year later, AIDS turns mainstream too, thanks to a “hit” from Prince:

Oh yeah / In France a skinny man / Died of a big disease with a little name / By chance his girlfriend came across a needle / And soon she did the same / At home there are seventeen-year-old boys / And their idea of fun / Is being in a gang called the disciples / High on crack, totin’ a machine gun. [26]

As in this song, the syndrome, however, is still restricted to certain stigmatized groups (homosexuals, junkies, etc.). At first, indeed, the syndrome is dubbed “the gay cancer.” Contrary to the other three diseases associated with prior phases of capitalism, it is highly significant that the main mode of AIDS transmission occurs by sexual contact. In 1988, Susan Sontag already understands this, as she follows her original essay on Cancer and “Illness and Metaphor” with an update focusing on AIDS. She writes: “The sexual transmission of this illness, considered by most people as a calamity one brings on oneself, is judged more harshly than other means — especially since AIDS is understood as a disease not only of sexual excess but of perversity.” [27] This notion is quite well expressed in a song by the Pet Shop Boys, which is also released in 1987:

Now it almost seems impossible/ We’ve drunk too much, and woke up everyone / I may be wrong, I thought we said / It couldn’t happen here
I don’t expect to talk in terms of sense / Our dignity and injured innocence / It contradicts your battle-scars / Still healed, so far. [28]

And the Boss (Bruce Springsteen) concurs, some years later, when the time is ripe for a cinematographic representation of an AIDS patient (as a white lawyer): “Oh brother are you gonna leave me / Wastin’ away / On the streets of Philadelphia.” [29] The year before, 1300 computer viruses were recorded, an increase of 420% from December 1990. By November 1990, one new virus was discovered each week. Today, between 10 and 15 new viruses appear every day. In fact, from December 1998 to October 1999, the total virus count jumped from 20,500 to 42,000. Perhaps soon we will stop counting; we have spyware now, and that too was anticipated by Burroughs:

It is worth noting that if a virus were to attain a state of wholly benign equilibrium with its host cell it is unlikely that its presence would be readily detected OR THAT IT WOULD NECESSARILY BE RECOGNIZED AS A VIRUS. I suggest that the word is just such a virus. [30]

It is worth noting that the ambiguity that surrounds the hypervirus is essential to its functioning as the master trope of the postmodern condition. If AIDS is the syndrome of choice to concretize the hypervirus in postmodern culture, it should be noted that, contrary to the three diseases associated with prior kinds of capitalism, AIDS is not a disease, but a syndrome. AIDS is the name of a medical condition associated with a wide spectrum of diseases that are usually assumed to be the consequences of the HIV infection. However, this very point is still the subject of controversy. Even if most of the medical and scientific community accepts today that AIDS results from the HIV infection, this is not a proven fact, and some say (e.g. the group of Perth; Kary Mullis, 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry) that it is only still a hypothesis, and a bad one at that. [31] To borrow a term from computer science, AIDS/HIV is a stealth virus. Rather than a mere epiphenomenon of big science, I consider this point as a crucial characteristic of the hypervirus.

Today, the postmodern has turned ambiguity upside-down with injunctions like “Embrace your viruses!”, or, even more, “Embrace yourself as a virus.” Steven Shaviro, in his “Two Lessons from Burroughs”, proposed such a “biological approach to postmodernism”, and offered violent viral replications and insect strategies such as swarming as models. [32] In a Deleuzian fashion, Shaviro suggested that learn about the other by becoming other; furthermore, by posing “the question of radical otherness in biological terms, instead of epistemological ones…. resolving such a problem would involve the transfer, not of minds, but of DNA.” [33] Deleuze and Guattari refer to this transfer as “aparallel”, more recently it has been termed “lateral.”

No moribund humanist ideologies will release us from this dilemma. Precisely by virtue of their obsolescence, calls to subjective agency, or to collective imagination and mobilization, merely reinforce the feedback loops of normalizing power. For it is precisely by regulating and punishing ourselves, internalizing the social functions of policing and control, that we arrive at the strange notion that we are producing our own proper language, speaking for ourselves. Burroughs instead proposes a stranger, more radical strategy: “As you know inoculation is the weapon of choice against virus and inoculation can only be effected through exposure.” For all good remedies are homeopathic. We need to perfect our own habits of parasitism, and ever more busily frequent the habitations of our dead, in the knowledge that every self-perpetuating and self-extending system ultimately encounters its own limits, its own parasites. Let us become dandies of garbage (…) Let us stylize, enhance, and accelerate the processes of viral replication: for thereby we increase the probability of mutation. In Burroughs’ vision, “the virus plagues empty whole continents. At the same time new species arise with the same rapidity since the temporal limits on growth have been removed… The biologic bank is open.” It’s now time to spend freely, to mortgage ourselves beyond our means. [34]

What was formerly seen as a problem, or even a stigma, is now portrayed as a path to Freedom, in a highly paradoxical statement strongly reminiscent of Philip K. Dick’s Gnostic theodicy. For the ambivalence, of course, remains. As I write these lines, my native country is agitated by the aftershocks of the declarations of a comedian who has proved (again) that anti-Semitism is still practiced there. This man, whose name translates ironically into English as “God-given”, has quite simply actualized the cultural ambivalence of the hypervirus’ total diffusion in an aphorism equating Zionism with “the AIDS of Judaism.”

I am reminded here of the famous characterization of my own generation by Louis Pawels, in an editorial for Le Figaro in December 1986, as “suffering from mental AIDS.” As we were demonstrating in the streets against one more reform of the educational system, Pawels wrote that we, “the children of stupid rock, the pupils of pedagogical vulgarity”, had “lost our natural immunities.” [35] Those viruses that were supposed to infect us were, of course, “mind viruses”, as Dawkins would say. By the time Pawels passed his judgment on my generation, AIDS was definitely going mainstream and “low culture” (i.e. rock n’roll & vulgar pedagogy) had rejoined sex and drugs to complete the list of the symptoms of the hyperviral infection. Most of us shrugged, laughing, and passed the joint… only to realize, a few years later, that the guy was one of the bouncers at the doors of perception, French style.

Today, such metaphorical uses of AIDS are so common that nobody seems to notice them anymore. A little Googling generates the following instances from the web: AIDS as a metaphor for violence, apathy, fear, loneliness, colonialism, globalization, pollution, ecological collapse, homosexuality, the opposing basketball team (!), the corruption and betrayal of the masses, chronic illness, the social and political deterioration of a fictional country, the general loss of moral standards, the conflicts tearing at American society at the turn of the millennium, the American condition, inequities, social decay, or merely “how the world works.” Room for one more inside, Sir.

There is one more crucial way in which today’s troubled times are understood through the AIDS metaphor: terrorism as a consequence of “metaphysical AIDS.” This one we owe to Jacques Derrida. [36] In an interview with Giovanna Borradori that took place in the wake of 9/11, he develops this thesis: terrorism is the latest symptom of (occidental) suicidal autoimmunity. [37] Borradori notes quite interestingly that Derrida began his reflection on the mechanism of autoimmunization during the winter of 1994, “in connection with a study of the concept of religion, which frames his discussion of religious fundamentalism and its role in global terrorism.” [38] And Derrida agrees, referencing a text written during that period:

In analyzing “this terrifying but inescapable logic of the autoimmunity of the unscathed that will always associate Science and Religion,” I there proposed to extend to life in general the figure of an autoimmunity whose meaning or origin first seemed to be limited to so-called natural life or to life pure and simple, to what is believed to be the purely “zoological,” “biological,” or “genetic” (…)Since we are speaking here of terrorism and, thus, of terror, the most irreducible source of absolute terror, the one that, by definition, finds itself most defenseless before the worst threat would be the one that comes from “within,” from this zone where the worst “outside” lives with or within “me.” My vulnerability is thus, by definition and by structure, by situation, without limit. Whence the terror. [39]

Notably, 1994 is the same year that Derrida realized that all his prior work from On Grammatology on could be reinterpreted as a kind of virology. Susan Sontag writes about the same process: “In the description of AIDS the enemy is what causes the disease, an infectious agent that comes form the outside (…) Next the invader takes up permanent residence, by a form of alien takeover familiar in science-fiction narratives. The body’s own cells become the invader […] What makes the viral assault so terrifying is that contamination, and therefore vulnerability, is understood as permanent.” [40]

Why then, this elision of the virus in Derrida’s account of terrorism? Why this strange feeling that if terrorism amounts to suicide, it is a spontaneous auto- phenomenon, with no external agent? In his first moment of autoimmunity, Derrida provides an answer. The aggression comes from the inside because it comes from “forces that are apparently without any force of their own but that are able to find the means, through ruse and the implementation of high-tech knowledge to get hold of an American weapon in an American airport.” [41] Nevertheless, this too is characteristic of viruses. More importantly, Derrida adds, “let us not forget that the United States had in effect paved the way for and consolidated the forces of the ‘adversary’ by training people like ‘bin Laden’ […] and by first of all creating the politico-military circumstances that would favor their emergence.” [42] While this may seem to be a form of engineered virus, for Derrida, it is best described as doubly suicidal.

If Derrida does not see the stigmata of the hypervirus in 9/11, it might be because this would amount to a repetition of Jean Baudrillard’s thesis. Previous to 9/11, even before Derrida understood that his work produces a kind of virology, Baudrillard begins to recognize terrorism as one symptom of the hyperviral infection (cf. my epigraph). Like Derrida, he recognizes it as the result of a suicidal drive: “The terrorist hypothesis is that the system itself suicides in response to the multiple challenges of death and suicide.” [43] However, unlike Derrida, Baudrillard resorts to a viral explanation, even if it does not take the face of an “external adversary”:

Terrorism, like viruses, is everywhere. There is a worldwide perfusion of terrorism, like the shadow of any system of domination, ready to awake everywhere as a double agent. There is no boundary to define it [le cerner]; it is in the very core of this culture that fights it — and the visible schism (and hatred) that opposes, on a global level, the exploited and the underdeveloped against the Western world, is secretly linked to the internal fracture of the dominant system. The latter can face any visible antagonism. But with terrorism — and its viral structure –, as if every domination apparatus were creating its own antibody [antidispositif], the chemistry of its own disappearance; against this almost automatic reversal of its own puissance, the system is powerless. And terrorism is the shockwave of this silent reversal. [44]

This is exactly my point: the very core of the culture that fights the hypervirus — postmodern theoreticians included — is infected by it. Terminally. Terrorism is but one symptom — albeit a crucial symptom — of the infection. It reflects the vital (and morbid) condition of postmodernity, setting the stage for the fourth phase of capitalism. Terrorism is the source of pain and suffering and maybe the only sign of a future to come, a junk future. Could this future only be death, as patient 0 seemed to have concluded?

“Fight tuberculosis, folks.”
Christmas Eve, an old junkie selling Christmas seals on North Park Street.
The “Priest,” they called him. “Fight tuberculosis, folks.” (…)
Then it hit him like heavy silent snow.
All the gray junk yesterdays.
He sat there received the immaculate fix.
And since he was himself a priest,
there was no need to call one. [45]

Junk is yet another name of the hypervirus: Virus and junk are connected through the power of the image, another excluded third. From the awakening of the hypervirus in Nova Express, Burroughs had realized that “junk is concentrated image” and that “the image material was not dead matter, but exhibited the same life cycle as the virus.” [46] All the gray junk tomorrows

[1] Leonard Cohen, “Everybody Knows.” I’m your Man, 1988.

[2] Jean Baudrillard, “Prophylaxy and Virulence,” The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme Phenomena, London: Verso, 1993, p.67.

[3] At a recent conference in Montreal, I had the opportunity to ask Baudrillard directly about the presence of the trope of the virus in his work. He answered that the virus was indeed a metaphor in his mind, albeit a metaphor which “renews the terms of the analysis.” He added: “Virtuality and virality get mixed up in my mind.” An apt conceptual rephrasing of the very thesis that I wish to defend here, under the cover of a fictional “clinical report.” (Jean Baudrillard, “La parralaxe du mal” Conférence Terreurs, Terrorismes et Mécanismes Inconscients, Montréal, October 31, 2005).

[4] “One must further recognize and accept the pervasiveness of the viral trope within postmodernism (…) and understand the ontological confusion (and ideological anxiety) which it carries.” Scott Bukatman, Terminal Identity: The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction, Durham: Duke University Press, 1993, p. 347.

[5] For this purpose, I will draw heavily on the terminology of Diffusion of Innovation theory (logistic curve, inflexion points and critical mass, etc.). Ironically enough, the logistic model of the diffusion of innovations was originally borrowed from the field of epidemiology (See Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, fourth edition, New York: Free Press, 1995).

[6] Incidentally, Salvador E. Luria, Max Delbrück and Alfred D. Hershey were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on viruses in 1969. As early as 1955, Salvador Luria had written that “A new view of the nature of viruses is emerging. They used to be thought of solely as foreign intruders — strangers to cell they invade and paratize. But recent findings, including the discovery of host-induced modifications of viruses, emphasize more and more the similarity of viruses to hereditary units such as genes. Indeed, some viruses are being considered as bits of heredity in search of a chromosome” In ’50, 100 & 150 Years Ago” Scientific American, April 2005, p. 18.

[7] William S. Burroughs, The Electronic Revolution, 1970, Expanded Media Editions Published by Bresche Publikationen Germany, English version available on-line at http://www.hyperreal.org/wsb/elect-rev.html.

[8] Kathy Acker, “Returning to the Source”, funeral oration for William Burroughs, 21C, 26 “No Future,” 1998, p. 14: “He was the detective. Being the detective, he was the doctor. He searched out the possessors some of whose other names are viruses and junk. The word is virus. In other words, language controls virally (…)William spent a life-time investigating anti-viral techniques.”

[9] Burroughs, The Electronic Revolution, op. cit.

[10] Cf. Anne-Marie Christin, L’image écrite, ou la déraison graphique, Paris : Flammarion, 2001 [1995].

[11] Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, G.C. Spivak, trans., Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1977. p. 314.

[12] Although starting from a very different standpoint, Paul Ricoeur seems to reach a similar conclusion: “Perhaps the philosopher as philosopher has to admit that one does not know and cannot say whether this Other, the source of the injunction, is another person whom I can look in the face or who can stare at me, or my ancestors for whom there is no representation, to so great an extent does my debt to them constitute my very self, or God — living God, absent God — or an empty place. With the aporia of the Other, philosophical discourse comes to an end.” Oneself as Another, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992, p. 355. Here I am tempted to spell injunction with a “k” and see the virus as its original source.

[13] Derrida, Jacques with Brunette, Peter and Wills, David, “The Spatial Arts: An Interview with Jacques Derrida.” In Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media Architecture. Brunette, Peter and Wills, David (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 12.

[14] Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989 [1976], p. 192.

[15] Susan Blackmore, “Imitation and the definition of a meme”, Journal of Memetics – Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 2, 1998. http://jom-emit.cfpm.org/1998/vol2/balckmore_s.html. Referred to in this citation are: Richards Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976; G.J. Romanes, Animal Intelligence, London: Kegan Paul Trench, 1882; J.M. Baldwin, Development and Evolution, New York: MacMillan, 1902; H. Plotkin, Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.

[16] There are instances of “viral infections” documented for the Univac 1108 and the IBM 360/370 (“Pervading Animal” and “Christmas tree”).

[17] For more info on Elk Cloner see http://www.skrenta.com/cloner/.

[18] Susan Sontag, “Illness as Metaphor”, in Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and its Metaphors, London: Picador, 1990 [1978], p. 63.

[19] See Des choses cachées depuis la fondation du monde. Paris: Grasset, 1978 and Le Bouc Émissaire. Paris: Grasset, 1982.

[20] Gabriel de Tarde, Les lois de l’imitation, for instance.

[21] Lorenzo Miglioli, “Berlusconi is a retrovirus: from the Italian theory-fiction novel” in Arthur and Marilouise Kroker, eds., Digital Delirium, Montréal, New World Perspectives, 1997, 145-151, p. 145.

[22] Frederic Cohen, “Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments”, DOD/NBS 7th Conference on Computer Security, originally appearing in IFIP-sec 84, also appearing in “Computers and Security”, V6(1987), pp22-35 and other publications in several languages http://vx.netlux.org/lib/afc01.html

[23] “Innerview”, http://www.scu.edu.cn/waim03/scu_cs/teach/adleman.htm.

[24] Ibid.

[25] Laurie Anderson, “Language is a Virus”, Home of the Brave, 1986.

[26] Prince, “Signs O’ The Times”, Signs O’ The Times, 1987.

[27] Susan Sontag, “AIDS and its Metaphors”, op. cit. 114. And she adds, “I am thinking, of course, of the United States, where people are currently being told that heterosexual transmission is extremely rare, and unlikely — as Africa did not exist.”

[28] The Pet Shop Boys, “It Couldn’t Happen Here”, Actually, 1987.

[29] Bruce Springsteen, “Streets of Philadelphia,” Philadelphia Soundtrack, 1993.

[30] Burroughs, The Electronic Revolution, op. cit.

[31] It seems quite ironic again that the controversy about the HIV “hypothesis” should have exploded right at the time the hypervirus pandemics passed its final inflexion point, around 1993. In 1993, Kary Mullis, in an interview for the Sunday Times, said: “If there is evidence that HIV causes AIDS, there should be scientific documents which either singly or collectively demonstrate that fact, at least with a high probability. There is no such document.” (28 nov. 1993). A year later, again in The Sunday Times, Dr. Bernard Forscher, former editor of the U.S. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, was quoted saying: “The HIV hypothesis ranks with the ‘bad air’ theory for malaria and the ‘bacterial infection’ theory of beriberi and pellagra [caused by nutritional deficiencies]. It is a hoax that became a scam.” (3 April 1994) See http://www.virusmyth.net/aids/controversy.htm

[32] Steven Shaviro “Two Lessons from Burroughs,” in Posthuman Bodies, ed. Judith Halberstam and Ira Livingston, University of Indiana Press, 1995, pp. 38-54, p. 38.

[33] Ibid., p. 47.

[34] Steven Shaviro, Doom Patrol, chap. 10, “William Burroughs” http://www.dhalgren.com/Doom/ch10.html.

[35] Louis Pawels, “Le monôme des zombis”, Figaro Magazine, December 6, 1986.

[36] Although Derrida consciously avoided the AIDS metaphor, critics were prompt to make the connection: “Derrida’s most striking claim is that 9-11 is the result of an autoimmune disorder. (…) 9-11 was a double suicide of both attackers and their victims. We are suffering from a metaphysical AIDS.” Gergory Fried, “The Uses of Philosophy”, Village Voice, quoted in “Derrida: democracy after 9/11”, Philosophy.com, February 23, 2005, on-line at http://www.sauer-thompson.com/archives/philosophy/002925.html.

[37] “Autoimmune conditions consist in the spontaneous suicide of the very defensive mechanism supposed to protect the organism from external aggression”, Giovanna Borradori, Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jürgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2003, p. 150.

[38] Ibid., p. 154.

[39] Ibid., pp. 187-188. Derrida refers here to his “Faith and Knowledge: The Two Sources of ‘Religion’ at the Limits of Reason Alone,” in Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo, eds., Religion, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1998.

[40] Susan Sontag, “AIDS and its Metaphors,” op. cit, pp. 105-108, first emphasis in the original, second and third mine.

[41] Borradori, Philosophy in a Time of Terror, p. 95.

[42] Ibid.

[43] Jean Baudrillard, “L’esprit du terrorisme”, Le Monde, November 2, 2001, revised translation based on Rachel Bloul’s translation, available on the webpage of the European Graduate School, accessed March 25, 2005, http://www.egs.edu/faculty/baudrillard/baudrillard-the-spirit- of-terrorism.html.

[44] Ibid.

[45] William Burroughs, “The Priest they called Him” from Exterminator! (1960), spoken word released on CD in 1993 with Kurt Cobain and Nirvana.

[46] Cf. Bukatman, Terminal Identity, pp. 74-78, for an analysis of this figure.

Thierry Bardini, a sociologist, is an associate professor in the Department of Communication at the Université de Montréal, Canada, where he co-directs the Workshop in Radical Empiricism (with Brian Massumi). In 2000, he published Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing, at Stanford University Press. He is currently finishing his second manuscript, entitled Junkware: The Subject without Affect. http://www.junkware.net

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No data are completely secure; how can governments and citizens most effectively manage this?

Cyberspace offers unparalleled social and economical benefits, provided its governance recognizes the interests of all stakeholders, nurtures entrepreneurship and facilitates social interactions. Guided by the Commonwealth values captured in the Charter of the Commonwealth, the CTO has carried out a project to develop the Commonwealth Cybergovernance Model that member countries could subscribe to. This initiative was launched at the 53rd Council meeting of the CTO on 9 – 10 October 2013 in Abuja, Nigeria – when ICT Ministers and the CTO Council approved this project and issued the Abuja Declaration on the proposed Commonwealth Cybergovernance Model. Following a series of regional consultations this model was presented to the Commonwealth ICT Minister’s Forum held on 3 – 4 March 2014 at Marlborough House in London, where it was adopted. The CTO proceeded to develop a Commonwealth Approach for Developing National Cybersecurity Strategies based on the Commonwealth Cybergovernance Model. This will be showcased at a series of regional and national workshops aimed to build capacity of stakeholders.

In the coming years the CTO will work with its member countries, member institutions and partner organisations to convert the Cybergovernance Model into practical actions and to implement National Cybersecurity Strategies, so that Cyberspace and ICTs of all forms are safe, secure and resilient.

The CTO’s engagement in Cybersecurity started in 2007 when two staff members took part in the HighLevel Experts Group of the ITU’s Global Cybersecurity Agenda. Since then the CTO has contributed to a number of working groups and participated in various initiatives. In September 2012, Professor Unwin, Secretary-General of the CTO, was also appointed to the IMPACT International Advisory Board in September 2012. These developments reflect the CTO’s focus on this niche important area, as well as its close working relationship with the ITU. The annual Commonwealth Cybersecurity Forum, organised by the CTO, has been running since 2010, building capacity and facilitating partnerships. Cybersecurity Forum 2014 was held at the BT Centre, in London on 5 – 6 March 2014.

Child Online Protection (COP) is an ITU initiative which seeks to ensure safety and security for children in online. The CTO has partnered with the ITU to implement COP in its member countries, starting with Cameroon, the Gambia, Ghana, Mauritius, Nigeria and Sierra Leone.


text:
Cuisine Wine

NZ Chardonnay Tasting results

19 August 2015 (Cuisine magazine Issue 172)

The numerous different styles of New Zealand chardonnay being produced made this tasting a fascinating one, writes john saker.

“There are 100 different faces of chardonnay,” noted Cameron Douglas going into this tasting. Over the two days that followed, the Cuisine panel went nose to nose with quite a few of them. As you’d expect from a variety with such a stylistically diverse wardrobe, there was plenty of discussion during the tasting. Among the recurring themes were the use of oak, the presence of sulphides  (a naturally occurring character we often describe as a “flinty” or “oyster shell” note) and levels of fruit ripeness. As always, the collective goal was to seek out wines with balance and finesse.
At the end of the tasting, unsurprisingly, a broad range of styles were represented in our top wines. “We’re seeing a lot of experimentation,” said panel chair John Belsham.
“That leads to diversity which is positive, but not always to consistency of quality.”
Cameron Douglas revelled in the broad spectrum of styles. “People are pushing the boundaries in terms of oak and sulphides,” he said. “And we were challenged in that regard. Ultimately, the wines that came out on top were seamless and balanced.”
Andrew Parkinson felt the overall quality had improved: “We may be in a stage of transition, but we’re not seeing the number of poor examples we have in the past.”
From a field of 167 chardonnays, 43 received four stars or more and eight of these were awarded the maximum five stars.

Tasting Panel

For this chardonnay tasting, John Belsham, an international wine judge and owner of Foxes Island Wines in Marlborough, was joined by Cameron Douglas, New Zealand’s only Master
Sommelier and senior wine-show judge, and Andrew Parkinson, national on-premise and fine wine manager for Negociants New Zealand. Associate judge (non-scoring) was Cuisine’s
wine writer John Saker.

Top 10 NZ Chardonnay

Domaine Rewa Chardonnay 2013

This fabulous example of a cool climate chardonnay is all about contained precision. The scents it offers up are subtle, yet from the first sip you know you’re in for a rare treat. Creamy peach and citrus notes, seasoned with a touch of  int and savoury spice, are served up bone dry. It is mouthfilling, concentrated and vibrant. “Perfect balance – nothing sticks out,” noted Andrew Parkinson. It is the kind of modern, lean chardonnay that pairs o so well with oysters and other shell sh dishes.

Top Wine Profile

Euro paean
Domaine Rewa, as its name suggests, is a New Zealand winery with a leaning towards the old world. Its proprietors are Philippa Shepherd and her French husband, potter Yannick Fourbet. For the past 11 years, Shepherd has been based in London where she currently works for Deutsche Bank. She grew up on an Otago farm, and at the urging of her family back in New Zealand, bought a small (5.5ha) established vineyard in the Cromwell Basin in 2009. Shepherd
and Fourbet wanted a name that straddled both their lands and cultures; “Rewa” was chosen as it was the given name of Shepherd’s grandmother. The vines are a mix of pinot noir, pinot gris, riesling and chardonnay and were planted in
1997 on an elevated site near Pisa Moorings along the Wanaka Rd. The vineyard is farmed biodynamically by viticulturists Grant Rolston and Gary Ford and 2013 was Domaine Rewa’s third vintage. Production is small – only 3000 bottles of the 2013 chardonnay were made – but a push is being made this year to increase the label’s presence in  ne wine stores and restaurants around the country.

Winemaker Pete Bartle regards the vineyard’s chardonnay fruit as among the best he has seen from the region. Shepherd’s instructions to him were simple:
“Please make the chardonnay in a subtle, old world style.” That it has won over Fourbet – a diehard lover of his own country’s wines and previously something of a Kiwi wine sceptic – suggests the brief was answered.

| $35
→ more 1 View All Results in the Domaine Rewa Chardonnay 2013 Tasting

Star ratings for this tasting

» How ratings work

  • Outstanding 8
  • Excellent 10
  • Very Good 25
  • Good 40
  • No Award 84
  • Total Entries 167


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Paper sigradi2011_194:
Virtual and augmented reality applications for Cultural Heritage

Cumulative Index of Computer Aided Architectural Design
in Spanish

Welcome guest _anon_613169

id sigradi2011_194
authors Garagnani, Simone; Manferdini, Anna Maria
year 2011
title Virtual and augmented reality applications for Cultural Heritage
source SIGraDi 2011 [Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Argentina - Santa Fe 16-18 November 2011, pp. 556-559
summary The purpose of this paper is to show the results of a research aimed at investigating the potential of digital technologies in order to provide instruments that allow to share information about the Cultural Heritage, which Museums and Institutions are called to preserve and promote. Our project's aim is finding the most suitable procedure to acquire archaeological artefacts, build their digital replica together with 3D printed prototypes and derive simplified models to be visualized through stereoscopic devices, allowing the simultaneous viewing of real and digital 3D data through an augmented reality environment, portable to mobile devices as well.
keywords 3D recontructions; stereoscopic visualization; augmented reality; virtual museum; rapid prototyping
series sigradi
content file.pdf (825,000 bytes)
discussion No discussions. Post discussion ...
last changed 2011/12/30 18:10


text:
Published On: Mon, Jun 5th, 2017

Crew Zr. Ms. Van Amstel helps to clean up oil spill in Curaçao

Oil spill Defense1WILLEMSTAD - Over seventy crew members of Zr.Ms. Van Amstel helped clean up the oil spill on the north coast of Curaçao last Saturday. At Wacawa, Boca Ascension and in St. Joris Bay, various teams of the Royal Navy M-frigate have been working to clean oil tar.

Zr.Ms. Van Amstel is the station ship of Defense in the Caribbean and is currently docked in the port of Willemstad.

Armed with garbage bags, rakes, and shovels and fitted with special footwear and gloves, the men and women of Zr.Ms. From Amstel got down to the dirty work. “You do not see the oil tar right away, but the marine professionals begin to find them everywhere in Boca Ascension. Stuck on litter or seaweed, smeared on a rock or already deep in the sand. Many waste bags are filled with contaminated material. It is hard working in the tropical heat and in the burning sun.

The Commander of the Navy in the Caribbean has been asked for help by the Maritime Authority of Curaçao thisOil spill Defense time. The crew of the frigate worked in conjunction with local nature management organizations such as the Unique Curaçao Foundation and Sea Turtle Conservation Curaçao.

The oil is probably derived from an oil refinery in Trinidad, where an oil tank leaked last month. Earlier, oil residues have also been found in Bonaire, Klein Curaçao and Aruba. Also there, the staff of the Department of Defense in the Caribbean have helped to clean up the pollution.

Oil spill Defense2

Photo credit: Renske Pin

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Victoria Vosburg & Matthew Copeskey

June 2nd, 2018

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Hillyer Adirondack 3 Piece Conversation Set

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Indulge in luxury Hillyer Adirondack 3 Piece Conversation Set

buying that furniture. Truth be told, it is much cheaper to purchase furniture in late the month. Most furniture corporations make decisions toward the end on the month on which lines of home furniture they will continue to use and which they could possibly get rid of. The ones they are trying to get eliminate are sold at a greatly discounted prices. Solid wood furniture is perhaps the most popular kind of furnishings. If you decide to by anything wood, nevertheless , there are some things to look for in order to make sure you are getting good quality. Run your hand in the furniture and make sure it is smooth. Seek out any blemishes as well. Buy applied furniture when you can. You may be surprised a few of the great furniture pieces you can get employed. Sometimes individuals will buy a decorating and not like it, or use it. And once they want a new piece, many times they are going to want to get rid of it for a reduced price. Be sure you're working with a budget giving up cigarettes shopping for furniture. There are many different prices to get furniture. You might end up bankrupt in the event you aren't prepared. If you have a price restrict in mind, you are less likely to overspend. Make sure the used furniture you are considering is not on some sort of recall list. What a big problem with used furniture. There may be hidden dangers that you'd generally never see when buying new. That can be done a simple web search to help you uncover whether the piece you are looking for is all

Indulge in luxury Hillyer Adirondack 3 Piece Conversation Set

right. Size needs to be an important factor when it comes to determining which furniture to purchase. You can see the most amazing sofa or table, but if it does unfit in your home, it may not be wise to have it. You may want to measure the area where you intend to put the furniture prior to heading to a store. If you are buying furniture for your child or child, make sure the furniture is going to suit their needs as they get older. A lot of baby beds now convert to kid or twin size beds as being the child gets older. Buying furniture that will looks too babyish will likely not address the child's tastes as they mature. Purchasing a piece of furniture, try removing the particular drawers. Indulge in luxury Hillyer Adirondack 3 Piece Conversation Set Touch the inside of the compartments to see if it feels rough. Low quality furnishings usually feels very rough. The higher pieces of furniture also have dust panels among drawers. Do not hesitate to ask for a lesser price if you do not see dust solar panels or finds that the wood within the drawers is rough. When shopping for furnishings, make sure you know a little about the several types of wood so you get the deal you would like. Solid wood generally costs the most which is more likely to get scratched. Veneers provide an inexpensive core. Composite and compound board items are made up from a couple of different things, like plastics and timber pulp. They cost the least nevertheless won't last long. Negotiate on the associated with the furniture that you like. Many people don't know that furniture normally has a built-in markup, just like cars on a great deal. There's an expectation that a very little haggling might happen. Do yourself a favor and provide 15% to 20% below the ticket expense and see what happens. You may be surprised with the money you save. Although you may be convinced to buy big, bold furniture together with wild or bright colors, preserve that for decorative pieces that may easily be moved around. Should your tastes change, large and strangely colored furniture may be hard to sell. Stay with neutral and classic shades for large and expensive pieces of furniture. Is the piece well-crafted? Are the keys on it sewn to it to just where they won't fall off? Do you see that the particular trim is perfectly aligned? Should you aren't seeing perfection, then check out something else since this piece is probably not great quality. Try using vacuuming and sizzling for cushion care instead of cleaning the covers in a washing machine. When you clean those covers, you can end up falling furniture colors pretty fast. In case you wash them at diverse times, you can have furniture that's got several color variants on it. It's not quite a sight. This article has provided you which includes great tips for those furniture buying needs of yours. Think about the assistance that has been given to you so that you can protected the furniture you need at a great price. There is no need to overpay with regard to furniture or make decisions devoid of all the information.

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Social Media

Best Practice in Social Internet Marketing

Entering the field of social networking for small companies has numerous factors and everybody ought to know the very best practice in network marketing, such as the right network marketing to make use of, cooking techniques effectively and much more. Today, this marketing might help companies to possess more new clients, to improve sales, to provide the content of the logo and gain web site traffic.

Social networking has an array of interactive websites for example discussing photos, videos, news also it helps to talk with family, buddies and much more. Typically the most popular social websites are Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google and Pinterest and business make use of this since these days, internet be influence in today’s world daily. People depend on the web for communication, entertainment and knowledge. It is crucial for any business to choose the present online trends like being visible in lots of places to waste time. It’s highly demand to understand the most recent news or stuff that is pertinent for your business and a great benefit for a moment improve your customers rapidly together with your current status, this is an advantage for the customers.

The very best practice of social internet marketing would be to be aware of right media sites for the business or company. This ought to be highly relevant to your company. It’s not bad to show on preferred media sites but it’s far better to be aware what the very best site for your company is. It’s not necessary to interact with your clients too frequently. You’ll provide your clients or supporters with information try not to ton their news feed with posts of your stuff. They’ll be switch off plus they might disconnect of your stuff. You are able to publish updates six or seven occasions each day in Twitter and Pinterest however in Facebook and LinkedIn a couple of times each day is sufficient.

Getting together with your supporters is yet another important factor. If customers send and get you inside a publish, make sure you answer it. This helps to improve your status. There are lots of methods to drive traffic towards your company website and network marketing is the easiest method to achieve your clients. Another essential factor may be the content of the publish. All you will publish it needs to be highly relevant to your company or company even going to your supporters since it increases your credibility and getting a great social networking publish won’t be informative but it’ll also promote user engagement.

Therefore, online users are continually adapting and taking advantage of media to obtain information like news, updates, while offering using their brands. Due to this, referral marketing has turned into a effective tool. Understanding the best practice in this helps your company to success. So plan in advance and also have a strategy, begin with a couple of social networking platforms because this is hard for you initially to possess many accounts in social networking websites. Remember that the effective social networking campaign can create an excellent impact for the brand online.


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LBSU looks to ‘greener’ practices with new sustainability commission

With the new Imagine Beach 2030 initiative commencing in less than a month, university officials are looking at ways to increase sustainable usage on campus, one way being the creation of the Presidential Commission on Sustainability on Sept. 28.

The commission’s role will be to help evaluate new technology or approaches that might enhance climate resilience, work with faculty to integrate issues of sustainability into classes, mount public information campaigns and sponsor events that showcase current and future sustainability measures, according to President Jane Close Conoley.

Wetlands plant ecology professor Christine Whitcraft said this commission will serve as an opportunity to elevate the profile of sustainability on campus. It will provide leadership for other programs on campus and will not replace the organizations that promote sustainability, such as Environmental Science & Policy club, Sustain U among others.

The first interim meeting was on Oct. 24 to figure out the details and logistics of the commission.

Before the Sustainability Commission was created, there was the Sustainability Task Force which had its first meeting in April 2011 and its final meeting in March 2017. They were dedicated to helping the university identify and adopt sustainable practices in university and auxiliary operations, incorporating sustainability into academic programs and increasing engagement of campus community in sustainability programs and initiatives.

Some of the previous members of the Sustainability Task Force will be part of this new Presidential Commission. Conoley will serve as the convener and faculty, staff, students, community members and a few university administrators will also serve on the commission, with Whitcraft as interim chair. Nominations and elections will be held in spring 2019 to bring in other members.

No other California State University has a similar commission, according to Conoley, but  President Dianne F. Harrison from California State University, Northridge is very active in sustainability efforts nationwide.

Although the creation of this commission isn’t officially part of the Imagine Beach 2030 initiative, Conoley said that sustainability efforts should be recognized beyond the time frame.

“I think we must imagine and plan for a future in which we are challenged with water and energy shortages, toxins in the air, compromised soil and oceans, and threats to all of the Earth’s species including us,” Conoley said.

Being a leader in sustainability, LBSU has a Climate Action Plan that was created in 2014 by faculty, students and staff on the Sustainability Task Force, which “provides a roadmap for achieving climate neutrality by 2030 by reducing Greenhouse Gas emissions associated with CSULB operations and activities while promoting curriculum and research related to climate change and sustainability.”

“Having a presidential commission conveys the message that sustainability is not housed in any particular field or department but instead is a lens through which we view all activities – individual and university scale activities,” Whitcraft said.

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Encourage a good new year with professional retail cleaning

Everyone knows that a career in retail is hard work. Shop assistants work long hours, most public holidays, and aren’t exactly top of the list for bonuses when Christmas time comes around. Managers have it just as hard. On top of ensuring that a shop stays on top of its targets, they have to keep an eye on new products coming in. And that’s without taking into account the high turnover of staff, which is often an entirely different job on its own…

One job that often gets missed-out is keeping the shop clean and safe for the visiting public. It may feel like enough to run the broom over the floor once a day, but in reality, there are lots more things to keep track of – kitchens, back rooms and store-rooms all need to be maintained and kept under control. The problem is making more time for your assistants so that they can do these crucial things. For many businesses, it simply is impossible.

Daisyclean know all about retail cleaning. Over the years we’ve cleaned everywhere from shops and warehouses to surgeries and workshops, and if there’s one thing we understand, it’s that the general public love a clean environment to shop in. Because the fact of the matter is that you really can smell and feel the difference! Good retail cleaning may be invisible to most, but that’s the way it should be. The last thing you want is for people to notice a bad smell and associate that with buying things from your business.

With the new year now here, everyone’s thinking about things they’d like to change or do in a revised and better way. By showing your staff that you take hygiene seriously, you’re more likely to get the best out of them and encourage them to keep the premises looking nicer. And when shop assistants are happy, they do things better. Which is good news, because with the competition between shops now as intense as ever, nobody can afford to keep doing things in a way which has a negative impact!

  1. Great Blog
    It is hard to clean the place during the holidays, then the best option for people is the cleaning company and they use it happily.

  2. People use the cleaning companies services in the holidays because they want to free from cleaning in these days.

  3. When Christmas time comes around, Most of the companies provide “Offer” services to the people Like Cleaning offer.

  4. office cleaning is most important thing in the business aspects or healthy environment.

  5. Office cleaning is the most highest in demand, is has to be great quality. loved this article on it thanks!! :)

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Grantee Q & As

Interviews with Dana Foundation grantees on their research and its applications.

January 16, 2019

Seeking the Triggers for Parkinson’s

Dana Grantee Xin Jin has found a new role for the dopamine pathway D2—not just a brake but a switch.

December 18, 2018

Going Small to Attack Cancers

Dana Grantee Michelle Bradbury uses nanotechnology to test possible treatments for cancer that target the disease and avoid healthy tissues.

October 23, 2018

Frontal Lobe Deficits and Financial Scams

Dana Grantee Natalie Denburg studies what makes some older adults more susceptible to fraud, and finds it’s probably not early dementia.

Connecting the Dots to Find a Protein that Affects Tau

A variety of brain troubles can trigger tau to form tangles, leading to diseases like chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer’s. While working to develop much-needed animal models that mimic the tricky process, Dana Foundation grantee Stanley Prusiner, M.D., found another protein, sortilin, that appears to govern tau’s actions.

Imaging Immune Therapies in Brain Tumor Patients

Brain tumors are the most common type of cancer occurring in children aged 14 and younger—as well as the leading cause of cancer death in that age group. Pediatric neurosurgeon Samuel Cheshier is working on new technologies to improve immunotherapy treatments and track their effectiveness over time.

When a Defective Heart Damages the Brain

Timing of Surgery May Be Key to Preventing Cognitive Complications of Congenital Heart Defects

Congenital heart defects can lead to significant, long-lasting cognitive deficits. Daniel Licht discusses his research on preventing such deficits, and how the timing of surgery may be a key factor in improved outcomes.

Who's in Charge?

Discovery of Conflict-Sensitive Cells in Cortex Helps Parse Neural Circuitry of Cognitive Control

Sameer Sheth's discovery of conflict-sensitive cells in the cortex helps shed light on the neural circuitry of cognitive control.

Almost Invisible to the Immune Response

More than 30,000 people in the US contract Lyme disease each year; the inflammatory disorder can lead to long-term complications with the skin, heart, joints, and brain. We talk to Dana grantee Mark Wooten about his research into how the causal bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, can become almost invisible to the mammalian immune system after infection, making the disease difficult to diagnose and treat.

Music as the Brain’s Universal Language

In his recent research, Charles Limb found that musicians used the language areas of their brains when performing instrumental improvisation. In our new Scientist Q&A, he ponders the question: Could music be the mind’s universal language?

Brain Stimulation + Imaging Pack Dual Punch to Treat, Unravel Depression Circuitry

Amit Etkin's lab is investigating the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with whole-brain EEG and functional MRI (fMRI) to treat depression and to help unravel its underlying brain circuitry.

A Study of Motivation

It’s difficult to know what motivates people, but R. Alison Adcock’s lab is using imaging to study how states like desire and curiosity can facilitate “motivated memory.” Her work could have implications in the education field, but also in other learning contexts like psychotherapy and behavior change.

High-Tech Imaging Targets Brain Damage in Kids with Malaria

Despite being a common disease, little is known about how malaria affects children’s brains. Using high-field MRI to scan children in sub-Saharan Africa, Dana grantee Michael Potchen and his team shed light on what may cause malaria-related brain swelling, which can lead to death and morbidity.

Imaging of Cognitive Impairment from Soccer Heading-Related Brain Injury

Study indicates there may be a heading threshold above which the risk for brain damage increases significantly

Dana Foundation grantee Michael Lipton is looking at the cumulative effect of soccer heading impacts by monitoring changes in brain structure and function with diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive tests.

Targeting Inflammatory Diseases With Electrical Signals

Devices, Not Drugs, Take Aim at Vagus Nerve

Dana grantee Kevin J. Tracey, a pioneer of “bioelectric medicine,” and his colleagues are testing vagus nerve stimulation devices for possible use in severe rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.

Probing Synaptic Pruning

Immune Cells Play Unexpected Roles in Normal Brain Development and Disease

Dana grantee Beth Stevens, Ph.D., discusses the unexpected roles immune cells play in normal brain development and disease.

Music, Art, and Cognitive Benefit: Separating Fact from Fallacy

Dana grantee Elizabeth Spelke discusses the future direction of arts and cognition research, and puts into perspective the media attention given to her recently published study on the effects of music classes on math abilities in children.

What Neuroimaging Really Measures

Parsing Out An ‘Anticipatory’ Brain State Improves Relevance of fMRI Signals to Neural Activity

The way fMRIs currently measure neural activity may be more complex than widely thought. Dana Foundation grantee Aniruddha Das explains how he showed that fMRI measures multiple types of neural activity, and how this finding could lead to clearer interpretation of imaging results.

Synchronicity and Hyperexcitability in the Autistic Brain

Dana grantee Carlos Portera-Cailliau's lab discovered new insights about autism by studying the firing patterns of networks of neurons in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.

Dying to Regrow

Dissecting the Role of Programmed Cell Death in Spinal Cord Regeneration

Programmed cell death has been viewed traditionally as a process that needs to be turned off in spinal cord injury, but research from Dana grantee Aravinthan Samuel’s laboratory at Harvard suggests that it may play a critical role in axon regeneration.

Imaging Early MS

New MRI Technique Reveals Potential Biomarker of Inflammation and Target for Less Toxic Multiple Sclerosis Treatments

Dana grantee John Chen discusses how a new MRI technique reveals a potential biomarker of inflammation and a target for less toxic multiple sclerosis treatments.

The Drunken Brain

MRS imaging yields clues to alcohol’s neural effects

Visualizing Hearing

Brain Imaging May Improve Outcomes in Deaf Children with Cochlear Implants

Dana grantee John S. Oghalai, M.D., talks about his use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool to improve cochlear implants in deaf children. He shares his team’s progress and what the new use of this technology may mean for children with these implants.

Deep Brain Stimulation for Severe Depression

New results suggest it works, but how?

Tracking the Tracts

Rare Disease Yields Clues to Early Myelin Development

The current treatment for a baby diagnosed with Krabbe disease, a rare and often fatal neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the motor system, can be very effective, but it also carries a 30 percent chance of death. Dana grantee Maria Escolar’s research may provide a better way to diagnose and treat infants with this and other motor diseases before the onset of visible symptoms, when treatment works best.

Ignorance and the Undertreatment of Addiction: Lessons from Prison

Dana grantee Charles O’Brien discusses his research to combat alcoholism and drug addiction using naltrexone and his frustration at the reluctance of many doctors to treat addiction with medication.

Sleep, Aging & Alzheimer’s

New Genetic Findings Reveal Clues to the Brain’s ‘Sleep Switch’

Dana grantee Clifford Saper, Harvard University, discusses his research into the connection between sleep problems in aging and an area of the brain known as the “sleep switch.”

Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

Brain Imaging Study Aims to Unravel How Reflective ‘Trick’ Relieves Amputees’ Pain

Dana grantee Jack Tsao, U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, discusses his research into how mirror therapy can relieve phantom limb pain suffered by amputees.

Bioethics in the Classroom

An Interview with Arthur Caplan, Ph.D. and Dominic Sisti, Ph.D.

The High School Bioethics Project aims to increase discussions about bioethics in high school classrooms through a combination of curriculum development, online initiatives, and outreach programs. In our grantee Q&A, Arthur Caplan, Ph.D., and Dominic Sisti, Ph.D., of the University of Pennsylvania discuss the project, started in 2007.

Separating the Bad from the Good in Neuroimmunology

Dana grantee Michael Dustin, one of the world's foremost authorities on visualizing immune response in nervous systems, describes the new imaging techniques he and his colleagues are using to study the behavior of T cells in real time in mouse models of meningitis and multiple sclerosis.

A Glimpse of Stem Cells in the Living Human Brain

Dana grantee Mirjana Maletic-Savatic, Baylor College of Medicine, discusses the novel method she and her team are pioneering to track neurogenesis–the growth of new neurons–in the living human brain.

Shifting Paradigms for Intensive Care of Severe Brain Injury

Dana grantee Stephan Mayer discusses the approach he and his team are pioneering to monitor brain function in patients with critical neurological injuries.


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Friday, October 12, 2012

Letters From Your Host (4)

I am attempting to do what C.S. Lewis did in "The Screwtape Letters", only I am going in the reverse, characterizing angels, not demons.

Our Dearest Company,

We have not heard from you in a while. We trust you are doing well.

We are under the impression you are frustrated with your life. Particularly, you are frustrated with God. Is this your way of punishing Him? Do you distance yourself out of frustration, grief, or whatever this reason is that you have not been in communication?

Or rather, are you frustrated by yourself, because you know you are doing something wrong, and you don't want to face Him with it? What is the reason for your silence? Are you too busy? Are you apathetic? Do you even realize the two of you have not spoken for a great length of time?

You pray, yes, but your mouth is like a religious puppet, being opened and closed by the strings of tradition, those strings are not attached to your heart and therefore your prayers seem empty.

Perhaps you have forgotten the kind of relationship the two of you share. How easy it is for you to forget. You are terribly forgetful. He is not just a polite acquaintance you tend to speak friendly hellos to from time to time. This is not just a nice relationship with a good friend.

You are in love with God.

Must we remind you? God is not human. He is not like you. He does not think like you, understand the world the same way you do, or submit to anyone or anything besides Himself. For a lack of better words, God is wild and dangerous. He is not domesticated in the way you would like to believe He is, he does not fit into any one idea, He is infinitely beyond the god you understand.

Imagine the shiny golden star sticker your teacher put on your math test in third grade. This is your understanding of God. Now think of the sun, 92,960,000 miles away, 9900 °F on the surface, 27 million °F at the core. This is God. Hold them up side by side in your mind: the sticker and the sun.

Are you beginning to understand now? Do not fool yourself. You will understand Him best by recognizing you do not understand Him. Yet, the fact still stands: the two of you are in love.

Remember your golden sticker understanding: you imagine God to be incredible, magnificent, awe-inspiring (even when you are frustrated with Him). Now, take everything you know about Him, and multiply it 27 million times. Does this not excite you? Does this not steal your breath away?

There is so much more than you could possibly imagine about who this Deity really is. We are frustrated by your inept language and its lack of ability to communicate this truth to you. Yet, what a privilege it is for you to have an eternity to find out more.

Eternity began the day you fell in love with Him. So, our dearly beloved, talk with Him; share everything, and above all, listen. He will begin to reveal Himself to you, one degree at a time. Of this you can be sure.

Affectionately yours,
Your Host

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The Dark Crystal

urZah the Ritual-Guardian

urZah the Ritual-Guardian had another wisdom. His mind was like a deep pool stirred by profound currents. Very slow to move, to speak; as wise as the silent stars. he made the sand paintings of prophecy for the urRu, pouring the colored sands while the others chanted; combing and brushing the sands of amethyst, opal, agate, onyx, and chalcedony; building the forms of spiral energy, himself a spiral, and at the moment of completion and revelation sweeping all away with his tail. He spoke more freely than the other urRu, but in riddles for choice. Long nights of meditation had left thought spirals not only on the skin of his face, as on the faces of the other urRu, but all across his body. Of this he would not speak.

Text from:
Brian Froud, The World of the Dark Crystal [ISBN: 1 86205 624 2]
Henson Organization Publishing / Harry N. Abrams, New York 2003
Originally published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1982
The urRu march toward the Castle of the Crystal ... to their destiny
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