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Shank Muscle Strength Training Changes Foot Behaviour during a Sudden Ankle Supination.
PUBLISHED: 06-26-2015
The peroneal muscles are the most effective lateral stabilisers whose tension braces the ankle joint complex against excessive supination. The purpose of this study was to identify the morphological and biomechanical effects of two machine-based shank muscle training methods.
To enable intuitive operation of powered artificial legs, an interface between user and prosthesis that can recognize the user's movement intent is desired. A novel neural-machine interface (NMI) based on neuromuscular-mechanical fusion developed in our previous study has demonstrated a great potential to accurately identify the intended movement of transfemoral amputees. However, this interface has not yet been integrated with a powered prosthetic leg for true neural control. This study aimed to report (1) a flexible platform to implement and optimize neural control of powered lower limb prosthesis and (2) an experimental setup and protocol to evaluate neural prosthesis control on patients with lower limb amputations. First a platform based on a PC and a visual programming environment were developed to implement the prosthesis control algorithms, including NMI training algorithm, NMI online testing algorithm, and intrinsic control algorithm. To demonstrate the function of this platform, in this study the NMI based on neuromuscular-mechanical fusion was hierarchically integrated with intrinsic control of a prototypical transfemoral prosthesis. One patient with a unilateral transfemoral amputation was recruited to evaluate our implemented neural controller when performing activities, such as standing, level-ground walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent continuously in the laboratory. A novel experimental setup and protocol were developed in order to test the new prosthesis control safely and efficiently. The presented proof-of-concept platform and experimental setup and protocol could aid the future development and application of neurally-controlled powered artificial legs.
18 Related JoVE Articles!
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Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
Authors: Jeremy D. Smith, Abbie E. Ferris, Gary D. Heise, Richard N. Hinrichs, Philip E. Martin.
Institutions: University of Northern Colorado, Arizona State University, Iowa State University.
The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and 2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.
Bioengineering, Issue 87, prosthesis inertia, amputee locomotion, below-knee prosthesis, transtibial amputee
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Vascular Occlusion Training for Inclusion Body Myositis: A Novel Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Bruno Gualano, Carlos Ugrinowitsch, Manoel Neves Jr., Fernanda R. Lima, Ana Lúcia S. Pinto, Gilberto Laurentino, Valmor A.A. Tricoli, Antonio H. Lancha Jr., Hamilton Roschel.
Institutions: University of São Paulo, University of São Paulo.
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. It is known to produces remarkable muscle weakness and to greatly compromise function and quality of life. Moreover, clinical practice suggests that, unlike other inflammatory myopathies, the majority of IBM patients are not responsive to treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs to counteract disease progression1. Additionally, conventional resistance training programs have been proven ineffective in restoring muscle function and muscle mass in these patients2,3. Nevertheless, we have recently observed that restricting muscle blood flow using tourniquet cuffs in association with moderate intensity resistance training in an IBM patient produced a significant gain in muscle mass and function, along with substantial benefits in quality of life4. Thus, a new non-pharmacological approach for IBM patients has been proposed. Herein, we describe the details of a proposed protocol for vascular occlusion associated with a resistance training program for this population.
Medicine, Issue 40, exercise training, therapeutical, myositis, vascular occlusion
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Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks
Authors: Theresa Sukal-Moulton, Ana Carolina de Campos, Christopher J. Stanley, Diane L. Damiano.
Institutions: National Institutes of Health.
There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.
Behavior, Issue 94, functional near infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS, brain activity, gait, motor tasks, cerebral palsy, coordination
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An In Vitro Adult Mouse Muscle-nerve Preparation for Studying the Firing Properties of Muscle Afferents
Authors: Joy A. Franco, Heidi E. Kloefkorn, Shawn Hochman, Katherine A. Wilkinson.
Institutions: San José State University, University of Florida, Emory University School of Medicine, San José State University.
Muscle sensory neurons innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs encode length and force changes essential to proprioception. Additional afferent fibers monitor other characteristics of the muscle environment, including metabolite buildup, temperature, and nociceptive stimuli. Overall, abnormal activation of sensory neurons can lead to movement disorders or chronic pain syndromes. We describe the isolation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and nerve for in vitro study of stretch-evoked afferent responses in the adult mouse. Sensory activity is recorded from the nerve with a suction electrode and individual afferents can be analyzed using spike sorting software. In vitro preparations allow for well controlled studies on sensory afferents without the potential confounds of anesthesia or altered muscle perfusion. Here we describe a protocol to identify and test the response of muscle spindle afferents to stretch. Importantly, this preparation also supports the study of other subtypes of muscle afferents, response properties following drug application and the incorporation of powerful genetic approaches and disease models in mice.
Neuroscience, Issue 91, muscle spindle, muscle afferent, extensor digitorum longus, sensory neurons, electrophysiology
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Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Authors: Natalie Vanicek, Stephanie A. King, Risha Gohil, Ian C. Chetter, Patrick A Coughlin.
Institutions: University of Sydney, University of Hull, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals, Addenbrookes Hospital.
Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual's use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual's postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed. Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.
Medicine, Issue 82, Posture, Computerized dynamic posturography, Ankle brachial pressure index, Peripheral arterial disease, Intermittent claudication, Balance, Posture, EquiTest, Sensory Organization Test, Motor Control Test
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Proprioception and Tension Receptors in Crab Limbs: Student Laboratory Exercises
Authors: Zana R. Majeed, Josh Titlow, H. Bernard Hartman, Robin Cooper.
Institutions: University of Kentucky, University of Kentucky, University of Oregon.
The primary purpose of these procedures is to demonstrate for teaching and research purposes how to record the activity of living primary sensory neurons responsible for proprioception as they are detecting joint position and movement, and muscle tension. Electrical activity from crustacean proprioceptors and tension receptors is recorded by basic neurophysiological instrumentation, and a transducer is used to simultaneously measure force that is generated by stimulating a motor nerve. In addition, we demonstrate how to stain the neurons for a quick assessment of their anatomical arrangement or for permanent fixation. Staining reveals anatomical organization that is representative of chordotonal organs in most crustaceans. Comparing the tension nerve responses to the proprioceptive responses is an effective teaching tool in determining how these sensory neurons are defined functionally and how the anatomy is correlated to the function. Three staining techniques are presented allowing researchers and instructors to choose a method that is ideal for their laboratory.
Neuroscience, Issue 80, Crustacean, joint, Muscle, sensory, teaching, educational, neuroscience
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Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice
Authors: Jane A. E. Batt, James Ralph Bain.
Institutions: St Michaels Hospital, McMaster University.
The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.
Medicine, Issue 81, mouse, tibial nerve, gastronemius, soleus, atrophy, denervation, reinnervation, myofiber, transection
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Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding
Authors: Thomas C. Bulea, Atilla Kilicarslan, Recep Ozdemir, William H. Paloski, Jose L. Contreras-Vidal.
Institutions: National Institutes of Health, University of Houston, University of Houston, University of Houston, University of Houston.
Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.
Behavior, Issue 77, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Medicine, Anatomy, Physiology, Biomedical Engineering, Molecular Biology, Electroencephalography, EEG, Electromyography, EMG, electroencephalograph, gait, brain-computer interface, brain machine interface, neural decoding, over-ground walking, robotic gait, brain, imaging, clinical techniques
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A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Avinash Eranki, Nelson Cortes, Zrinka Gregurić Ferenček, Siddhartha Sikdar.
Institutions: George Mason University, George Mason University, George Mason University, George Mason University.
Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.
Medicine, Issue 79, Anatomy, Physiology, Joint Diseases, Diagnostic Imaging, Muscle Contraction, ultrasonic applications, Doppler effect (acoustics), Musculoskeletal System, biomechanics, musculoskeletal kinematics, dynamic function, ultrasound imaging, vector Doppler, strain, strain rate
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Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance
Authors: Michael Anthony Hunt.
Institutions: University of British Columbia .
Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes. Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session. This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.
Medicine, Issue 71, Biophysics, Anatomy, Physiology, Physics, Biomedical Engineering, Behavior, Psychology, Kinesiology, Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal System, Biofeedback, biomechanics, gait, movement, walking, rehabilitation, clinical, training
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Ex Vivo Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles
Authors: Ki Ho Park, Leticia Brotto, Oanh Lehoang, Marco Brotto, Jianjie Ma, Xiaoli Zhao.
Institutions: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Ohio State University .
Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca2+ handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca2+ signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.
Physiology, Issue 69, extensor digitorum longus, soleus, in vitro contractility, calcium signaling, muscle-tendon complex, mechanic alternans
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A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Fabrisia Ambrosio, G. Kelley Fitzgerald, Ricardo Ferrari, Giovanna Distefano, George Carvell.
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.
Neuroscience, Issue 63, Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, skeletal muscle, pre-clinical, animal, medicine, physiology
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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
Authors: Simeon J. Morgan, Antonio G. Paolini.
Institutions: La Trobe University.
Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural auditory prostheses, such as auditory brainstem implants1-3 and auditory midbrain implants4,5. While acute experiments can give initial insight to the effectiveness of the implant, testing the chronically implanted and awake animals provides the advantage of examining the psychophysical properties of the sensations induced using implanted devices6,7. Several techniques such as reward-based operant conditioning6-8, conditioned avoidance9-11, or classical fear conditioning12 have been used to provide behavioral confirmation of detection of a relevant stimulus attribute. Selection of a technique involves balancing aspects including time efficiency (often poor in reward-based approaches), the ability to test a plurality of stimulus attributes simultaneously (limited in conditioned avoidance), and measure reliability of repeated stimuli (a potential constraint when physiological measures are employed). Here, a classical fear conditioning behavioral method is presented which may be used to simultaneously test both detection of a stimulus, and discrimination between two stimuli. Heart-rate is used as a measure of fear response, which reduces or eliminates the requirement for time-consuming video coding for freeze behaviour or other such measures (although such measures could be included to provide convergent evidence). Animals were conditioned using these techniques in three 2-hour conditioning sessions, each providing 48 stimulus trials. Subsequent 48-trial testing sessions were then used to test for detection of each stimulus in presented pairs, and test discrimination between the member stimuli of each pair. This behavioral method is presented in the context of its utilisation in auditory prosthetic research. The implantation of electrocardiogram telemetry devices is shown. Subsequent implantation of brain electrodes into the Cochlear Nucleus, guided by the monitoring of neural responses to acoustic stimuli, and the fixation of the electrode into place for chronic use is likewise shown.
Neuroscience, Issue 64, Physiology, auditory, hearing, brainstem, stimulation, rat, abi
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An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery
Authors: Richard M. Lovering, Joseph A. Roche, Mariah H. Goodall, Brett B. Clark, Alan McMillan.
Institutions: University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine.
Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.
Medicine, Issue 51, Skeletal muscle, lengthening contraction, injury, regeneration, contractile function, torque
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Manual Muscle Testing: A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Nancy Ciesla, Victor Dinglas, Eddy Fan, Michelle Kho, Jill Kuramoto, Dale Needham.
Institutions: Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital , Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland Medical System.
Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to ≥43 research staff who have performed >800 assessments on >280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.
Medicine, Issue 50, Muscle Strength, Critical illness, Intensive Care Units, Reproducibility of Results, Clinical Protocols.
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Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Peter E. Oishi, Sompob Cholsiripunlert, Wenhui Gong, Anthony J. Baker, Harold S. Bernstein.
Institutions: University of California San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco State University, University of California San Francisco , University of California San Francisco.
To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We describe a detailed approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in freshly explanted hindlimb muscle from the mouse. We describe the atraumatic harvest of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, mounting the muscle in a muscle strip myograph (Model 820MS; Danish Myo Technology), and the measurement of maximal twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, and half-relaxation time, using a square pulse stimulator (Model S48; Grass Technologies). Using these measurements, we demonstrate the calculation of specific twitch and tetanic tension normalized to muscle cross-sectional area, the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio, the force-frequency relationship curve and the low frequency fatigue curve 4. This analysis provides a method for quantitative comparison between therapeutic interventions in mouse models of muscle disease 1,2,3,5, as well as comparison of the effects of genetic modification on muscle function 6,7,8,9.
Medicine, Issue 48, muscle, twitch, tetanus, force-frequency, fatigue
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Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
Authors: Christopher K. Thompson, Arun Jayaraman, Catherine Kinnaird, T. George Hornby.
Institutions: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disorder, which produces profound deficits in volitional motor control. Following medical stabilization, recovery from SCI typically involves long term rehabilitation. While recovery of walking ability is a primary goal in many patients early after injury, those with a motor incomplete SCI, indicating partial preservation of volitional control, may have the sufficient residual descending pathways necessary to attain this goal. However, despite physical interventions, motor impairments including weakness, and the manifestation of abnormal involuntary reflex activity, called spasticity or spasms, are thought to contribute to reduced walking recovery. Doctrinaire thought suggests that remediation of this abnormal motor reflexes associated with SCI will produce functional benefits to the patient. For example, physicians and therapists will provide specific pharmacological or physical interventions directed towards reducing spasticity or spasms, although there continues to be little empirical data suggesting that these strategies improve walking ability. In the past few decades, accumulating data has suggested that specific neuromodulatory agents, including agents which mimic or facilitate the actions of the monoamines, including serotonin (5HT) and norepinephrine (NE), can initiate or augment walking behaviors in animal models of SCI. Interestingly, many of these agents, particularly 5HTergic agonists, can markedly increase spinal excitability, which in turn also increases reflex activity in these animals. Counterintuitive to traditional theories of recovery following human SCI, the empirical evidence from basic science experiments suggest that this reflex hyper excitability and generation of locomotor behaviors are driven in parallel by neuromodulatory inputs (5HT) and may be necessary for functional recovery following SCI. The application of this novel concept derived from basic scientific studies to promote recovery following human SCI would appear to be seamless, although the direct translation of the findings can be extremely challenging. Specifically, in the animal models, an implanted catheter facilitates delivery of very specific 5HT agonist compounds directly onto the spinal circuitry. The translation of this technique to humans is hindered by the lack of specific surgical techniques or available pharmacological agents directed towards 5HT receptor subtypes that are safe and effective for human clinical trials. However, oral administration of commonly available 5HTergic agents, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), may be a viable option to increase central 5HT concentrations in order to facilitate walking recovery in humans. Systematic quantification of how these SSRIs modulate human motor behaviors following SCI, with a specific focus on strength, reflexes, and the recovery of walking ability, are missing. This video demonstration is a progressive attempt to systematically and quantitatively assess the modulation of reflex activity, volitional strength and ambulation following the acute oral administration of an SSRI in human SCI. Agents are applied on single days to assess the immediate effects on motor function in this patient population, with long-term studies involving repeated drug administration combined with intensive physical interventions.
Medicine, Issue 50, spinal cord injury, spasticity, locomotion, strength, vector coding, biomechanics, reflex, serotonin, human, electromyography
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Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
Authors: Barbara Sargent, Hendrik Reimann, Masayoshi Kubo, Linda Fetters.
Institutions: University of Southern California, Temple University, Niigata University of Health and Welfare.
Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants’ leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.
Behavior, Issue 100, infant, discovery-learning, motor learning, motor control, kinematics, kinetics
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Hours: M-Sa: 8A-5P, Su: 12A-12A

Providing junk removal services to La Vernia, TX and surrounding areas, including:

and these nearby zip codes:
78101, 78108, 78109, 78112, 78114, 78121, 78124, 78148, 78150, 78152, 78154

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Posted On: October 27, 2010 by Junk King
San Antonio Recycling - The Basics Guide
Anyone passing through San Antonio will probably be thinking of that town’s most popular slogan “Remember the Alamo.” But if you talk to the locals, their new favorite slogan might just be “Remember the Recyclables.” San Antonio has gotten into the recycling game in a big way. Each home owner is provided with their own... Read More

Junk King Crown

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Byres Rd parking

Information about parking in Byres Rd

Looking for parking in Byres Rd? You’ve come to the right place! Funnily enough, parking is what we do best - and we’ve got a sumptuous selection of 250 locations in Byres Rd for you to choose from.

Our parking in Byres Rd is up to 70% cheaper than what you’d usually pay, plus you can book your guaranteed space in advance right here - forget about feeding the parking meter.

No more fumbling for coins and no more circling the block looking for a space. As for parking tickets? You can wave goodbye to them too - if you overstay with us, you just pay for the extra time.

We’re taking the pain out of parking for 1 million drivers across the UK. But don’t just take our word for it - check out our latest customer reviews for Byres Rd parking below:

Directions were spot on and description of what to expect was exactly as described. First time using and would recommend. Thanks! ” — Parking Space on Dumbarton Road, G11

delighted. Fantastic parking space. Timothy the owner is an utter delight to deal with. would recommend without any hesitation. ” — Parking Space on Partick Bridge Street, G11

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Got a spare driveway or garage in Byres Rd? You can list your parking space for free with JustPark. It only takes a few minutes to get up and running, and you could be making money in no time. Find out more here.

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Help Young Drivers Become Safe Drivers

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among 15- to 20-year olds, according to the National Center for Health Statistics. Half of all teens will be involved in a car crash before graduating from high school.

Immaturity and lack of driving experience are the two main factors leading to the high crash rates among teens.

Recently two teens were involved in a fatal accident. The teen driving was on his learner’s permit and left the scene of the accident. Before leaving the scene, his passenger, another teen, stopped to take a smiling selfie by the wrecked vehicle and then posted it on Instagram. The teen driver was later arrested for leaving the scene and violating the rules of his learner’s permit.

The National Safety Council (NSC) states that no state has laws are strong enough to fully protect new teen drivers. Household rules about passengers, nighttime driving and cell phone use can fill gaps in state laws. Parents can be a big influence and great coaches for their teen drivers. Set the example you want your teens to follow. The more you know, the more you can do to prevent these crashes.

Parental Resources:


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Hatco DL-700-CR Heat Lamp, Cord Mount to Canopy, Remote Switch, 700 Shade

KaTom #: 042-DL700CR • MPN: DL-700-CR 1201

Extended Lead Time (14+ days)

(0 reviews)Write a Review
Retail Price: $318.00
$174.90 / Each

Hatco DL-700-CR Description

Heat Lamp, 1 bulb type, 8-1/2" H x 6-1/2" diameter shade, cord mount to canopy (overall length from 17" to any length), remote switch location, no bulb included.

Please contact Customer Service when ordering for specification of all options included with this model. KaTom requires this additional contact to ensure the order is customized best for your business needs.

Decorative Options Include:
Designer Colors: Warm Red, Black, Gray Granite, White Granite, Navy Blue, Hunter Green
Gloss Finishes: Smooth White, Gleaming Gold, Glossy Gray, Bold Black (standard)
Polished Finishes: (shade styles DL500, -725, -775 only, upcharge applies) Bright Brass and Bright Nickel.

*The warranty will not be honored for residential or non-commercial use of any Commercial Equipment.

Hatco DL-700-CR Specifications

PDF Spec Sheet
Manufacturer Hatco
Weight 10.00


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Hotel Posada Jesus de Nazaret

18 Oriente 203, Colonia Centro, 72000 Puebla, PU, Mexico
+52 222 232 1518

Overall guest ratings

7.2/10 Good
based on 40 reviews

Review highlights

  • 9.6
  • 7.5
  • 2.5
  • 1.4

    show all

    Hotel Posada Jesus de Nazaret is located 5 minutes’ drive from Puebla Zocalo Square and 1.2 miles from the Amparo Museum. It features free Wi-Fi, colonial décor, a garden and a 24-hour front desk. The rooms offer basic décor washed in white, a desk, fan and cable TV. The bathrooms are private and have shower and free toiletries. This hotel has a restaurant with traditional, Puebla-style food and Mexican cuisine. There are several meal options within 0.6 miles. The Hotel Posada Jesus de Nazaret is 2,953 feet from the Main Theater and 0.6 miles from the Puebla Convention Centre. Los Fuertes Historic Zone is 15 minutes’ walk away and Puebla International Airport is a 30-minute drive away.

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    • Internet
    • Restaurant
    • 24 Hour Front Desk
    • Safe
    • Storage available
    • Free Wi-Fi
    • Terrace/Patio
    Less More

    Guest reviews

    Overall rating

    7.5 Good
    based on 40 reviews
    • 9.6 "Terrific location."
    • 7.5 "Good service."
    • 2.5 "Awful rooms."
    • 1.4 "Quite uncomfortable."

    Overall rating

    7.0 Good
    based on 40 reviews
    • 2.4 "Awful rooms."
    data provided by TrustYou

    Recent reviews

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Communion silver bracelet "Little Diva" with crystal cross

€23,95 Incl. tax
Article number: k421
Delivery time: 16:00 ORDERED, SHIPPED SAME DAY! Packaged in sieradenbuideltje + silver cleaning cloth.
♥ Made exclusively (.925) sterling silver components: of clasp, beads, extension chain to beg. Thus, anti-allergenic and forever beautiful.
♥ The beads are all hand knotted on extra strong double silk thread. So huge firm, yet with a very smooth fit.
♥ With silver extension chain so that your girl for about 2 years of pleasure from her bracelet.
♥ AAA grade pearl (5 to 6 mm), the highest level of quality among freshwater pearls.
♥ Luxury wrapped in a pink silk sieradenbuildeltje, as ready to give as a gift!
♥ Mommy Matching bracelet available, symbolic of your love relationships, forever!
♥ As jewelery KAYA donates an amount so that a child in Gambia can take a week to school (CSR recognized).
♥ Safety : Children under three years must wear jewelry under supervision. Have a baby or toddler unattendedwith jewelry. Remove the jewelry while playing before they take a bath and of course sleeping. Children's Jewelry for toddlers are intended primarily as a memento, to wear during special occasions and keep it for later.

Because of its shape and unfathomable luster pearl is true in many cultures as a symbol of eternity, wisdom and beauty. For her children's jewelry KAYA imports the finest AAA quality freshwater pearls consisting of 100% nacre. These pearls are the most beautiful in the world as seen by the perfect shape and gorgeous intense shine.

0 stars based on 0 reviews


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Dealer Overview on

Rivertown Toyota
COLUMBUS,GA 31904-3645

Rivertown Toyota Inventory

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Why You Should Buy A New Car From Us

At Rivertown Toyota Scion, we want our customers to know that we are here to ensure you have a great car-buying experience from beginning to end! From the minute you walk into into our showroom looking for the new or used vehicle to fit your style and needs, we are here to help! With over 2000 New and Used vehicles in our Automall, I am sure we have the vehicle that is right for you. Visit Rivertown Toyota Scion in Rivertown Automall, Columbus, GA today.

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2009 Victory Kingpin

Excellent Condition $7,525

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Canon FX Case

KEH Model# 215566

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Canon FX Case Description

Canon Manual Focus FX

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Congratulations on adopting your new Puppy

The following is a guide to assist you with the basics of keeping your new addition happy and healthy. Please also remember that Kellyville Pets, along with Sydney Animal Hospital will be here to advise you every step of the way.

Inside - A bed is very important to help your puppy feel secure in its new home, therefore an appropriate bed should be provided. Pups are more likely to feel secure if they have a snug bed, so a bed with high, soft sides will suit most breeds. Alternatively, there are high sided plastic beds which can be easily cleaned and are good for a pup who is prone to chewing. A flea-resistant cushion placed in the bed makes it comfy.

Outside - If your puppy will eventually sleep outside, he or she will need some sort of shelter to protect them from the elements. If you have a well sheltered, undercover area, there are some weather resistant beds available. Dogs can also benefit from having a “Trampoline” bed, but if you do not have adequate shelter you will need a kennel. These come in many shapes, sizes and materials to suit your puppy and your home.

Toys - For a puppy, one of the most important toys is their comfort toy. This toy should be soft, cuddly and ideally be introduced to the pup before taking him or her home. This may help soothe the puppy as the toy will take on the scent of what was familiar to them. An efficient way to distract pups from naughty habits is to provide them with a variety of toys to help occupy and entertain them. To achieve this, a few basic toys can be used, such as balls, ropes, squeaky toys, rubber toys and treat dispensing toys. Over the space of a few weeks, a collection of toys should be compiled and stored away, with the pup having access to 3 or 4 at a time. Swapping them every few days may help prevent boredom and destructive behaviour.

Teething - Puppies go through a teething stage and chewing will help relieve the pressure on their gums. If you provide them a variety of items that they are allowed to chew, there is less chance that your furniture and new shoes will look like a tasty chew treat. Providing pigs ears, trotters, bones and rawhide will also assist in discouraging naughty behaviour. If the pup found a particular piece of furniture to chew, there are bitter tasting sprays which can be applied to such an area to deter them.

Bath-time - Dogs should not be bathed too often, as it strips the coat of its natural oils, which causes red, itchy and sometimes smelly, skin. As a puppy, a soap-free gentle shampoo should be used, once every 1-2 weeks, whilst as an adult washing should be limited to every 3-4 weeks. There are even shampoos available specifically for dogs with sensitive skin. Every week in between washes, a dry conditioner can be rubbed and brushed through their coat to stimulate the oils and make them smell nice, discouraging you from washing so often. You should make sure that neither an adult nor puppy is bathed in human shampoo, as it contains soap which irritates their skin.

Brushing - There are a variety of brushes available, depending on the breed of dog you own. Most adult dogs will benefit from a good comb, along with nail clippers, to keep their nails as short as possible. For most medium to long-coat dogs, a Slicker brush will be most effective at removing any dead, or excess undercoat. A rubber brush is best for dogs with a short coat, and when used in a massaging motion, it will stimulate the coat and help prevent molting.

Eyes/Ears - Some breeds are prone to getting a weepy discharge from the eyes, which can leave tear stains if not wiped away regularly. It is best to keep the hair under the eyes as short as possible, as well as using an eye cleaning solution on a cotton ball, to gently wipe away any discharge. Dogs (and especially puppies) that have long, floppy ears, tend to get a build up of ear wax, which can cause infections if not cleaned out regularly. It is best to clean their ears out after every bath, more often if it develops as a problem for your dog in particular.

Walking - Most people know that a dog should wear a collar, and this is still the case, but for a different reason. These days, it should not be used to restrain a dog, but instead to hold its name tag or for aesthetic reasons. Many types of harnesses are now available, to suit almost any dog. They comfortably restrain the dog around both the chest and neck, providing more support and giving the owner more control.

Bowls - A non-slip stainless steel bowl is the most hygienic bowl for your dogs food, as you can give it a quick wipe out after every meal. For water, a heavy ceramic bowl will be sturdy enough to prevent the dog from tipping it over, and will also help to keep the water cool. To get the best use out of your bowl, choose something to suit your puppy through adulthood

Jumper - A warm, polar-fleece jumper may be necessary for short-coated or clipped dogs, during cooler periods. Water-proof coats will provide your dog with warmth and keep them dry.

Toilet Training - Toilet training a young pup can be a long process, as they do not have the bladder strength or size to be able to hold themselves for any significant period of time. Using puppy toilet training pads will encourage your pup to seek one particular spot to use as its toilet, in conjunction with constant reward training when he/she goes in the correct place. If they are in the habit of going to the bathroom in the wrong place, such as a certain spot on the carpet, there are cleaning products which eliminates the odour to such a degree that your dog can no longer sniff out his/her regular spot. When using regular household cleaners, the odour is still present to the dogs sense of smell. Pet cleaning products use enzymes to eliminate the pheromone that, to dogs, smells like urine.

Play Pen - Because of your puppy’s small bladder, it is much easier to toilet train while using a much smaller space during periods when the dog is by themselves, such as nighttime or when you cannot supervise them. This is where a puppy play pen comes in handy, you can provide a small space with all the necessities, increasing the chance of the pup going to the toilet in the right spot, as well as keeping your mind at ease that he/she cannot get into any mischief while you are not looking.

Socialisation - Between the ages of 6-16 weeks, your puppy is at a critical socialization period, where it will learn important life skills from other pups and adult dogs. This is why socializing your puppy, with other healthy, vaccinated dogs, is extremely beneficial in the long term. Puppy Pre-School provides a safe, secure environment for your puppy to interact with 7-9 other puppies, who are all healthy and up-to-date with their vaccinations. It also teaches you the basics of obedience training and techniques for discouraging naughty puppy habits.

Vaccinations - Puppies require regular boosters to protect against Canine Parvovirus, Corona virus, Hepatitis, Kennel Cough (Bordatella) , Leptospirosis, Parainfluenza and Distemper. Initially they should have been done at 6-8 weeks and followup vaccines are required at the ages of 10-12 weeks, 14-16 weeks, along with yearly boosters. Until the puppy has had its 14-16 weeks vaccination, you should not let him/her come in contact with dogs that could possibly be carrying any diseases, which includes walks on the street or to the dog park.

Worm/Flea Prevention - An intestinal worming product needs to be administered on a strict routine for puppies, which includes being treated at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks, and every month following this, until they reach 6 months of age, at which time it needs only be done every 3 months. Dogs should be on a monthly flea control program, which will kill and prevent fleas from infesting your dog. Heartworm treatment should start before 12 weeks of age and needs to be continued monthly, unless, as an adult, you choose to give your dog the yearly injection.

De-sexing - It is highly recommended that, at 5-6 months of age, you get your dog spayed/neutered. Not only does it prevent unwanted pregnancy, but it also significantly decreases the risk of prostrate (male dogs) and ovarian (female dogs) cancer later in life.

A well balanced diet is essential for any dog, and even more vital for the needs of a growing puppy. Your puppy has been fed Hills Science Diet dry food, which is a Premium ‘Complete’ Diet, this means it provides the daily intake of all essential nutrients and vitamins a dog needs. Dogs require different levels of fat and other nutrients in the various stages of their life, therefore

Hills Science Diet provide you with a range of diets to suit your dogs needs. Up until 12 months (for smaller breeds) or 18 months (for large breeds) of age, pups need to be fed a higher fat diet, and other extra nutrients, that assist in growth. After 4 months of age, if you choose to, you can mix in small amounts of fish, mince, vegetables, egg or rice, with the dry food. This is not necessary, and in large amounts will be detrimental rather than beneficial, however a small amount of variety is acceptable. Puppies from 6-12 weeks should be provided with 3 meals a day, from 3-10 (approx) months should be fed 2 meals a day, and 1 or 2 meals a day after 10 months of age.

No dogs should be provided a constant ‘grazing’ type diet, where food is left out for an extended period of time, the food will settle in the gut and become a problem for digestion. As an adult, the dog can move onto a variety of diets available, including a basic adult food, ‘light’ formulas or even one of the specialty range targeting sensitive skin or healthy joints.

At 5 years (for medium to large breeds) or 7 years (for small breeds) of age, you should provide your dog with a ‘senior’ diet, as he/she now needs higher digestible fibre, and more glucosamine and chondroitin to help prevent arthritis, hip dysplasia or any other joint problems. Remember that dogs are lactose intolerant, so should never be fed any dairy products, including cows milk, even as a puppy. Pups do not need any cereals, porridge or anything other than the Eukanuba dry food, unless otherwise recommended by one of our Small Animals staff or a Veterinarian.

My Puppy won’t eat

If your puppy goes off its food, he or she may have an upset stomach from the stress of entering a new environment. If there is anything else that seems of concern then please call Kellyville Pets or Sydney Animal Hospital immediately.

Ultimately, your pup should be eating the Hills Science Diet Puppy Dry food exclusively, however in very few instances it is necessary to place the puppy on a temporary chicken diet to build up its weight before once again trying it on the dry food. If this is the case, the first two meals should be solely warm boiled chicken. For every meal after this, a very small amount of Hills Science Diet should be mixed in with the chicken, and if necessary soaked in warm water, until finally, after 4-5 days the puppy should be back on 100% Hills Science Diet dry food. If being fussy, do not offer any other options to the puppy, otherwise he/she will then realize if they do not eat the healthy food, mummy or daddy will give them treats instead. Be strict, and eventually the dog will eat it with no problem, which is more beneficial for the long term health of your dog.

My puppy won’t sleep

If you set up your puppy in comfortable surroundings for nighttime, and any other time when you are not able to supervise him/her adequately, you will limit the anxiety of the puppy being left alone.

You have a few options as to where to set up your puppy’s new home.

  • A small room of the house, such as laundry or bathroom Puppy Play pen
  • Training Crate
  • Regardless of the place you choose, the following should be available for the pup within that area.
  • Bed
  • Water Bowl
  • Comfort toy
  • Chew (Pigs ear etc)
  • Paper covering majority of floor space
  • Puppy Training pad in one spot
  • Heat pad (during cooler periods)

In the evening, play with your puppy, to tire him/her out, before putting them to bed, as late as possible. This will hopefully result in them going straight to sleep, rather than crying. The pigs ear, or something similar, will assist in giving them something to do if they wake during the night.

Regardless of what you provide, you will get a small amount of crying during the first few nights, however if you react appropriately it will soon cease. When you hear your puppy cry, do NOT call out, or go to him/her, as this will only encourage the crying next time. The best thing to do is just ignore it, and let the pup put itself back to sleep, which WILL happen, do not be concerned.

If you are concerned about anything, please do not hesitate to call Kellyville Pets or Sydney Animal Hospital. We are more than happy to answer any queries.

Sydney Animal Hospital 106 Windsor Rd, Kellyville NSW 2155 Ph. 8883 0533

Guinea Pig - Fact Sheet Download Puppy Guide

Back to all Fact Sheets

At Kellyville Pets, we encourage responsible pet ownership.

FACT SHEET © Copyright 2014 Kellyville Pets - The information in this brochure is meant as a guide only. Kellyville Pets take no responsibility of any description for any consequence and or result that may eventuate as a consequence of any information obtained from this brochure.


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Call Us - Johannesburg: 010 500 1155, Cape Town: 021 447 2956

Wired ValuMouse

Wired Reliability with Silent Clicking

Wired ValuMouse

About This Product

The Wired ValuMouse features a three-button/scroll wheel setup that offers silent clicking when you need to get work done and don’t want to disturb anyone in a quiet environment. A high-definition optical sensor provides reliable and responsive control when you’re navigating and the comfortable, contoured shaping feels great for either right-handed or left-handed users. It offers Plug & Play installation with a standard USB wired connection and is built to last with a 5-year limited warranty.

  • Silent clicking for quiet environments or when you need to stay focused to be productive
  • Ambidextrous, contoured shape for either right-handed or left-handed users
  • High-definition optical sensor (1000 DPI) for responsive control
  • Three Button/Scroll Wheel setup
  • Plug & Play installation with reliable, wired USB connection
  • Built to last with a 5-year limited warranty
  • Compatible with Windows® 8.1, 8, 7 and Mac OS X

  • Mac OS X 10.11
  • Mac OS 10.9
  • Windows 10
  • Windows 8.1
  • Windows 8
  • Windows 7
  • Mac OS X 10.10
  • Chrome OS 44 and above

  • UPC: 5028252478632
  • Best For: Desktop PCs
  • Compatibility: Chrome OS 44 and above, Mac OS 10.9, Mac OS X 10.10, Mac OS X 10.11, Windows 10, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1
  • Connectivity: Wired
  • Controls: Scrollwheel
  • Features: Ambidextrous Design
  • Sensor: Optical

Weights and Dimensions

  • Height: 60mm / 2,4"
  • Width: 108mm / 4,3"
  • Depth: 38mm / 1,5"
  • Weight: -

5 YearsYou can get further information on warranties by viewing our FAQs & Warranty page.

Case studies

Product support
  • Silent Click

    Significantly quieter than a standard mouse, it’s ideal if you are using the device in a quiet environment, such as a library or at a conference presentation, and don’t want to disturb others around you or interrupt your concentration

  • 1000 DPI Sensor

    The high-definition optical sensor tracks the mouse’s movements with smooth accuracy for optimal performance and productivity

  • Ambidextrous Design

    The three button with scroll wheel setup gives both right-handed and left-handed users the freedom to get the most out of the mouse with contours that allows for pain-free and comfortable extended usage

  • Plug & Play Installation

    Simply insert the standard USB wired connector into your device and you’ll be up and scrolling quickly as the mouse driver will download and install automatically

  • 5-Year Limited Warranty

    Built to last, this could be the last mouse you ever have to buy and we’ll replace or fix it if something goes wrong with it


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Completely London

Ollerton Road, Bounds Green N11

Asking price £699,950

    Property features

  • House
  • Bedrooms: 4
  • Reception rooms: 1
  • Bathrooms: 2

Property description

Situated within easy reach of Bounds Green underground station and Bowes Park rail station is this superb period terrace house for sale. Bowes Park Primary School is also close by.

This fine home is arranged over three floors and provides 1247 sq ft of living space and retains period features.

Additional information

  • Four bedrooms
  • Two reception rooms
  • Fitted kitchen
  • Family bathroom
  • Shower room
  • Private rear garden
  • Period features
  • EPC rating DC

Local authority

Barnet Borough Council

  • Arnos Grove (0.3 miles)
  • Bounds Green (0.4 miles)
  • Bowes Park (0.5 miles)

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Studying for a test? Prepare with these 2 lessons on Circuits.
See 2 lessons

Introduction to circuits and Ohm's law

Video transcript
Well, we've spent many videos talking about electrostatic fields and the potential on a charge or the potential energy of a charge when it's in one place. But let's see what happens where, given a potential, what happens when we actually allow the charge to move? And this will probably be a lot more interesting to you, because you'll learn how much of the modern world works. So let's say that I have a source of voltage. Let me see how I want to draw that. I'm going to draw that like that. I'll draw it in yellow. So this is my source of voltage, often known as a battery. This is the positive terminal. This is the negative terminal. It's a whole other subject, a whole other video, and I'll make one eventually, of how a battery works. But let's just say that no matter how much current-- well, actually, let me explain in a second, but no matter how much charge flows out of one side of a battery to the other side of the battery, that somehow the voltages remain constant. So that's kind of a non-intuitive thing, because we learned about capacitors, and we will learn more about capacitors in the context of circuits, but what we learned about a capacitor is that if we got rid of some charge on one end, the total voltage across the capacitor will decrease. But a battery is this magical thing. I think it was invented by Volta, and that's why we call everything volts and voltage and all of that. But it's this magical thing that, even as one side loses charge to the other side, that the actual voltage, or the potential between the two sides, actually remains constant. That's the magic of a battery. So let's just assume that we have one of these magic instruments. You probably have one in your calculator or your cellphone. And let's see what happens when we allow the charge to actually travel from one side to the other. So let's say that I have an ultra-good conductor. Let's say it's a perfect conductor. It's normally drawn straighter than what I'm capable of doing. And no, I haven't had anything to drink before making this video. So what did I do here? So in the process of kind of connecting this positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery, I'm also exposing you to common schematic notation for electrical engineers and electricians, et cetera, et cetera. So what this is, these lines here essentially are wires. There's no reason why I drew it at a right angle here. I just did that to be neat, those right angles. And it's assumed that this wire is an ideal conductor, that charge can flow freely without being impeded. This thing right here, this scratchy line, this is a resistor, and this is something that will actually impede the charge. It'll keep the charge from going as fast as possible. And then, of course, out here, this is a perfect conductor again. Now, which way will the charge flow? Well, I think I've mentioned this before, but in electric circuits, it's actually the electrons that are flowing. The electrons are those small particles that are going really, really fast around the nucleus of an atom. And it's actually the electrons that have this fluidity that allow it to flow through a conductor. So the actual movement of objects, if you call an electron an object, some would argue that they're almost just notional objects, but the actual flow is the electrons from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. But the people and all who originally created circuit schematics and were the pioneers of electrical engineering and electricians and whoever, I don't know who came up with it, they decided to say-- and I think the point here was to confuse people-- that the current flows from the positive to the negative. So the direction of the current is normally given in this direction, and current is specified by I. And what is current? Well, current-- so wait. Actually, before I tell you what is current, just remember, even though people say that the current-- and most textbooks do this, and if you become an electrical engineer, people will often say that the current is flowing from the positive terminal to the negative terminal, the actual flowing of things actually occurs from the negative terminal to the positive terminal. It's not like somehow these big heavy protons and nuclei are somehow traveling this way. Once you compare the size of an electron to a proton, you would realize how crazy that is. It's the electrons, these little super-fast particles that are moving through the conductor from the negative terminal this way. So you could almost view this current as, the lack of electrons are flowing this way. I don't want to confuse you. But anyway, just remember that this is the convention, but the reality is to some degree the opposite of the convention. So what is this resistor? Well, as the current is flowing-- and I want to stay as close as possible to reality so you have a good visualization of what's going on. As the electrons are flowing, you have these little electrons, and they're flowing in this wire. And we assume for some reason this wire is just so amazing that they don't in any way bump into any of the atoms of the wire or anything. But when they get to this resistor, that's when these electrons start bumping into things. They start bumping into the other electrons in this material. So this is the resistor right here. They start bumping into the other electrons in this material. They bump into the atoms and molecules in this material. And in the process, the electrons essentially slow down, right? They're bumping into things. So essentially, the more things that there are to bump into, or the less space there are for the electrons to flow through, the more that this material is going to slow down the electrons. And as we'll see later, the longer it is, that only increases the chance that electrons bump into things. And this is called a resistor and it provides resistance, and it dictates how fast the current flows. So current, even though the convention is it flows from positive to negative, current is actually just the flow of charge per second. So we could write that down. I know I'm saying this in kind of a disjointed way, but I think you get what I say. Current is flow of charge, so change in charge per second, or per change in time, right? So the way you could think about it is, what is voltage? Voltage is how badly does current want to flow? So if there's a high voltage difference between these two terminals, then the electrons that are sitting here, these electrons want to really badly get here, right? And if the voltage is even higher, these electrons want to get there even more badly. So before people understood that voltage was just a potential difference, they would actually call this desire of the electrons to get from here to here the electromotive force. But what we've learned now, it's not actually a force. It's just this potential difference that makes the-- we could almost view it as an electrical pressure, and that's what people used to actually call voltage, electrical pressure. How badly do the electrons want to get from here to here? As soon as we give the electrons a path through this circuit, the electrons will start traveling. They'll start traveling, and we assume that this wire provides no resistance, that they can travel as fast as they want. But when they get to this resistor, they start bumping into things, and this limits how fast the electrons can travel. So you can imagine that if this object right here is somehow the rate-determining factor in how fast the electrons travel, no matter how fast the electrons can travel after that, this was the bottleneck. So even though electrons can travel really fast here, they have to slow down here, then they could travel really fast here, the electrons here can't travel any faster than the electrons through this. Well, why is that? Because if these electrons are traveling slower, so the current here is lower-- current is really just the rate at which the charge is traveling, right? So if the current is lower here and the current was higher here, we would essentially end up having a buildup of charge someplace here while all of the current were waiting to travel through this. And we know that that's not the case, that all of the electrons actually travel at the exact same rate through the entire circuit. I'm going in the opposite of the convention right now, because the convention is that somehow we have the positive things traveling this way. But I want to give you a really intuitive sense of what's going on in a circuit, because I think once you understand that, once problems get a lot more complicated, they won't be so daunting. So what we know, and this is called Ohm's law, we know that the current is actually proportional to the voltage across the circuit. So we know that voltage-- or we could view it the other way, that the voltage is proportional to the current through a circuit. So the voltage is equal to the current times the resistance, or you could say that the voltage divided by the resistance is equal to the current. This is called Ohm's law, and this is true whenever we're at a constant temperature. We'll go into more depth later, and we'll learn that if a resistor actually has temperature increases, then its particles and its molecules are moving around more, they have higher kinetic energy. And then it's even more likely that electrons will bump into them, so actually, the resistance increases with temperature. But if we assume at a constant temperature for a given material-- and we'll also learn later that different materials have different resistivities. But for a given material at a constant temperature in a given configuration, the voltage across a resistor divided by the resistor is equal to the current that flows through it. An object's resistance is actually measured as ohms, and it's given by the Greek letter Omega. So let's do a simple example. Let's say that this is a 16-volt battery, so the potential difference here is 16 volts between the positive and the negative terminal. So it's a 16-volt battery. Let's say that this resistor is 8 ohms. What is the current flowing through-- and I keep doing it in the opposite of the convention, but let's go back to the convention. What is the current flowing through this circuit? Well, it's fairly straightforward. It's just Ohm's law, V equals IR. The voltage is 16 volts, and it equals the current times the resistance, times 8 ohms. So the current is equal to 16 volts divided by 8 ohms, which is equal to 2, and this is 2 amperes. Or sometimes they're called amps, and that's the units for current. But as we know, all current is, is the amount of charge per amount of time, so an ampere is just 2 coulombs per second, right? Oh, I'm already at 11 1/2 minutes. So I will leave you there. You now know the basics of Ohm's law and maybe a little bit of intuition on actually what's going on in a circuit, and I will see you in the next video.


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    Madeline 24 Piece Tin Tea Set with Suitcase

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    Madeline and her friends help set the table for tea with YOTTOY's deluxe 24 piece tin tea set. Our Madeline Tea Set features an illustrated tray, teapot, four cups and saucers, four plates, four spoons, and four blue monogram patterned napkins and matching tablecloth, setting the perfect party for four! Each piece fits securely inside a full-color printed paperboard Suitcase, bearing the stamps of Madeline's favorite international destinations.

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ANATOMY OF A SONG by Marc Myers

The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits that Changed Rock, R&B and Pop
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A cultural history of the elusive hit single, focused on artists’ recollections and studio alchemy.

In 2011, Myers (Why Jazz Happened, 2012) began the Wall Street Journal’s “Anatomy of a Song,” which focused on “dramatic stories” of creativity. “I realized the column would be better served as an oral history,” he writes, “with the stories told through songwriters’ and artists’ own words.” The resulting book is “a five-decade oral history of rhythm & blues, rock and pop.” Choosing 45 representational songs that topped the charts or were otherwise prominent, the author chronicles American pop from about 1952 to 1991, the era when radio could effectively “break” a song. Developing this overall narrative, Myers provides several paragraphs of context for the moment in which a song arrived, then switches to recollections of artists and producers. It’s a clever concept that becomes repetitive. Still, his interview subjects are well-chosen, and the excerpts provide insight on the constantly changing technology and industry behind the hits. Initially, pop music was segregated and viewed as marginally profitable, allowing regional scenes to become suddenly prominent, as with the Marvelettes’ “Please Mr. Postman.” As vocalist Kat Schaffner recalls, “Motown wanted a No. 1 pop hit, but [nobody] expected that five girls from Inkster [Michigan] were going to give it to them.” While musicians like Keith Richards took advantage of new recording technologies (“Street Fighting Man”), the record industry was gradually losing control, as a reliance on “tightly controlled singles, with albums functioning merely as collections of these short records,” gave way to the creative demands of groups like Led Zeppelin. Myers ably discusses such fluctuations within the cultural landscape during the 1960s and ’70s, though he still tends toward generalizations—e.g., “Punk rock in New York had run its course by the 1970s.” The book’s strength lies in thoughtful, wry reflections from artists including Elvis Costello, Jimmy Cliff, Stevie Wonder, Booker T. Jones, Dr. John, and Debbie Harry.

An entertaining record of the soundtrack of the baby boomer era.

Pub Date: Nov. 1st, 2016
ISBN: 978-0-8021-2559-0
Page count: 336pp
Publisher: Grove
Review Posted Online:
Kirkus Reviews Issue: Sept. 1st, 2016

NonfictionTHE NEW ANALOG by Damon Krukowski
by Damon Krukowski
NonfictionT BONE BURNETT by Lloyd Sachs
by Lloyd Sachs
NonfictionSTUDIO GRACE by Eric Siblin
by Eric Siblin


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A loan of $525 helped to purchase vegetables for setting up a business.

Rozilmo's story

Rozilmo is one of these individuals who try to improve living conditions and stimulate the economic conditions of their family. She is married, 56 years old, and she is raising three children. Her husband works as a teacher in high school and receives a small pay. Her oldest children also work, but their income is not sufficient to provide the family with all necessary means.

Rozilmo decided to help her husband and children for the family's benefit. With this aim she attended the course "Bring It On", organized by the Association for Business Women, and she received a certificate. Now she may start her own business and become successful in this area.

Rozilmo would like to set up a business of buying and selling vegetables at the local market, as she has experience in this type of business. She plans to use the income received to provide her children and grandchildren with a good education and hearty food. She requests a loan in the amount of 2,500 somoni for the purchase of food products in order to set up the new business. She awaits your kindness.

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A loan of $400 helped to buy thread to make fabric.

Petronila's story

18-year old Sra. Petronila is single. She didn't have the chance to go to school. She is a weaver, having learned this skill with help from her older sister. Petronila now has five years of experience as a weaver. Her parents help support her.

She is seeking a loan to buy different types of thread and silk since she wishes to make silk cloth and offer new designs to her customers. She hopes to have her own working capital and to be able to increase it.

Translated from Spanish by Kiva volunteer Jane A

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Adobe Photoshop CS5 : Complete

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  • Copyright: 11/04/2010
  • Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Part of the highly successful Shelly Cashman series, ADOBEr PHOTOSHOPr CS5: COMPLETE follows the proven Shelly Cashman step-by-step, screen-by-screen approach to learning the Photoshop CS5 software. In this text, you will find features designed to engaged students, improve retention, and prepare them for future success. Students are encouraged to expand their understanding of the Photoshop CS5 software and graphic design concepts through experimentation, exploration and planning ahead. Brand new end of chapter exercises prepare students to become more capable software users by requiring them to use critical-thinking and problem-solving skills.

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Endocrine Physiology, Fourth Edition

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  • Copyright: 01/31/2013
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The best endocrine review available for the USMLE Step 1 The fourth edition of Endocrine Physiologyprovides comprehensive coverage of the basic science and anatomy behind endocrine function. With its focus on must-know principles, Endocrine Physiolologyis the best review available for the USMLE Step 1 and the perfect reference for residents and fellows. NEW!boxed clinical case scenarios enable students to apply information to real life scenarios Learning aids include objectives, key concepts, a summary, and review questions Covers the principles of endocrinology and metabolism on a system-by-system, organ-by-organ basis

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Casebook in Child Behavior Disorders

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  • Copyright: 03/09/2012
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Reflecting the latest research from the field, CASEBOOK IN CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS, 5e vividly illustrates the rich and arresting nature of disorders that first manifest themselves in childhood while also showing how a child's developmental patterns shape the expression of each disorder. Every complex case demonstrates how each disorder is expressed--from presentation through diagnosis and treatment. Throughout the book, the author explores the DSM-IV-TR criteria and highlights the interaction between developmental and environmental influences for each disorder. Offering a wealth of cases, the Fifth Edition enables learners to put their knowledge into practice. Unique mixed cases challenge readers to draw from what they have learned to come up with their own diagnosis.

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God and the Big Bang

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  • Copyright: 03/25/2016
  • Publisher: Jewish Lights Pub

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GloMinerals Eye Shadow Trio - Sweet 'N' Spicy (3.4g/0.12oz)

GloMinerals Eye Shadow Trio - Sweet 'N' Spicy (3.4g/0.12oz)

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  • An incredible eye shadow collection for brilliant eye look
  • Consists of a base, contour & highlight shade
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Pre-Ride Checklist

A quick check of your bicycle before riding your bicycle can help prevent those long walks home. It only takes about two minutes. Make it a habit and your chances of a breakdown are greatly reduced.  Always wise when cycling to Ride Safe, Ride Smart.  Check here for tips.

_____ Check the quick release levers -- Make sure that your quick release levers on your wheels are installed correctly and are properly tight. A runaway wheel is a nasty surprise.
_____ Bounce the Bike -- Pick up your bike 4 or 5 inches off the ground and bounce it once or twice. Listen for unusual rattles, they can indicate loose parts about to fall off.
_____ Check the Brakes -- Check the front and rear brakes separately. Give the levers a good squeeze to make sure they are tight and the cable is securely fastened.
_____ Spin the Wheels -- Lift the front of the bike of the ground an inch or so and spin the front wheel. I should spin freely with no brake rub and should be relatively true. Listen for grinding sounds in the hub that indicate the need for maintenance. Do the same for the rear wheel.
_____ Check the Cranks -- Make sure that the crank bolts are tight and the chain rings are true and are not missing any teeth.
_____ Check the Headset -- Hold the front brake down and gently rock the bicycle forward and back. Loose or worn bearing will make a distinct click. Tighten or service if necessary.
_____ Check the Tires -- Make sure your tire have the correct amount of air pressure and examine them for rips, tears or sharp objects stuck into the tread. Check brake and derailleur cables for fraying.
_____ Check the Handlebars -- Make the handlebars and stem are securely fastened. Visually examine the handlebars for bends or crack. If you find any, replace immediately.

======The City of Los Angeles offers many advantages for cyclists; elevation tends to be slight, and weather conditions above average. Since it rarely rains, consider these tips whenever the roads are wet and you choose to ride:

• Keep sharp eye for potholes, avoid puddles since they may be deeper than they look.

• Don’t lean into corners; ride upright so your weight is centered.

• Slow down and ride with an increased awareness of what is a ahead to avoid suddenly needing to stop.

• Periodically tap your brakes, to ensure they are ready to be used when stopping. Ride with even more expectation of needing to stop.

• To obtain better traction, some suggest reducing air pressure 5 to 10 pounds.

• Avoid increasing speed on curves.

• Avoid painted and metal street surfaces, at railroad tracks ride straight over rather than crossing at an angle.

Rain or shine: Always choose whenever you cycle to ride wearing a helmet, possessing bright front and rear lights, and at least one working brake.

+++++Remember to hydrate, eat healthy year round, and ride wearing sturdy footwear and with layers of clothing so you add or remove a layer depending upon the weather.

Ride Safe, Ride Smart.  You'll be happy and so will your loved ones.


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Essential Stripe Full-Queen Duvet Cover
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This colorful, striped duvet cover is a must-have for any bedroom. With a reversible design that features a bright vibrant pattern, it's made from comfy 100% cotton. It even reverses to solid grey, for an instant match-with-anything alternative.

Essential Stripe Full-Queen Duvet Cover

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  • Features a solid grey base with multi-colored twill tape stripes on front
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  • 100% cotton
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Height: 88"

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