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Tuesday, February 28, 2012

And now for something completely different—the 17th century leg bomb

© Christy K. Robinson
There's nothing new under the sun! 2012 and 1630.
My contribution to the leg-bomb fad.
Look below for The English Gentleman's original image.

Since the Academy Awards presenter, Angelina Jolie, struck a pose with her leg extended from the slit in her designer gown on 26 February, social media are experiencing a “leg bomb.” People are photoshopping Jolie’s bare leg onto Whistler’s Mother, Queen Elizabeth II, the Statue of Liberty, Darth Vader, and many other images, and posting them to Twitter, Buzzfeed, Pinterest, and like sites. And now, I've joined the fad!

This sort of pose was very common in the 17th century, albeit the pictures were of men. (The pose was too provocative for female models, even nudes, to strike. Women did not show the inside of their knees or thighs.) However, the male aristocrats and royalty who could afford to have portraits made, seem to have spiked the “leg-bomb” during the 1600s. Charles II of England (1630-1685), often “made a leg” in his portraits, but he wasn’t the first. Check out the images below:

1628--James Hay (Lord Carlisle),
made Lord Proprietor
of Barbados by King Charles I

A Puritan Family, 17th-century woodcut

Louis XIV of France, making a leg

The Tric-Trac Players
by Mathieu Le Nain

Charles II of England

I like the look of consternation on the lion,
hoping that the angel doesn't lose his scarf in the breeze.

Charles II of England

Charles II of England

Charles II of England

The English Gentleman,
a men's fashion circular, 1630.

Link to the The Sun with several funny Jolie leg images: http://bit.ly/xEQjMx

Wednesday, February 15, 2012

William Dyer, FIRST attorney general in America

Engaged for the people, by the people, or in the peoples' name

© 2012 Christy K. Robinson

         William Dyer, the son of a yeoman farmer from a village near Boston, Lincolnshire, was apprenticed as a haberdasher in London, where his guild brothers often became mayors, councilmen, or government officers. After his emigration to New England in 1635, he held a succession of appointments as surveyor, clerk, Secretary of State, and General Recorder, and was appointed the first Attorney General of Rhode Island in 1650. But as I discovered, Dyer was also the first Attorney General of any colony in North America! And wait until you read his commission. It’s brilliant. It will make you long for a return to that ideal of government today!
In 1628, the founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony followed the lead of the Plymouth Colony, and obtained a royal charter to form a community that was self-governed but answerable to the King, Parliament, and laws of England. The Massachusetts Bay Company purchased a huge tract of wilderness that was later subdivided to become part of New Hampshire and Connecticut.
In late 1637, a large group of religious dissidents in the Boston area, including Anne and William Hutchinson, and William and Mary Dyer, were given the choice of submitting to the Massachusetts Bay theocracy, or being banished. They may have been planning to leave anyway, but the expulsion of Anne Hutchinson for heresy certainly hurried their departure. While she was under house arrest in the winter of 1637-38, the men were searching for and purchasing land from the Narragansett Indians, for what would become the Colony of Providence Plantations and Rhode Island.
The group may have sent their belongings by ship around Cape Cod, but some of them walked out of Boston and through the Indian trails of the forest in hip-deep snow, near the time of Passover and Easter. They walked 44 miles in what must have been an impressive Exodus from Egypt.
Upon their arrival, they immediately began building a town at the top of Rhode Island, later called Portsmouth. And a year later, a group of them moved to build a town and harbor called Newport. William and Mary Dyer were co-founders.
click to enlarge
They formed the first democracy in America—and a secular one at that— (Massachusetts governors John Winthrop and Thomas Dudley were disdainful of democracy), and obtained their own charter from the English government in 1643, after Massachusetts Bay’s Gov. Winthrop implied that Rhode Island would be annexed to Massachusetts, thus bringing the heretics back under his control.
In May 1650, the General Assembly, meeting in Newport, created the offices of Attorney General and Solicitor General. William Dyer and Hugh Bewitt/Buit, respectively, were immediately engaged.
Notice the wording in the order and commission for Attorney General below, that he was “Engaged for the people, by, or in the peoples name…”  Does that sound familiar, like, say, the Gettysburg Address by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863, when he said that “Government by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”?
You won't see many “one people” or “We the People” empowering statements until 1776, in the Declaration of Independence, or 1787, when the United States Constitution was written. But Rhode Island was there in 1650, advocating for us—the People.
How wise and creative and brilliant were those Rhode Island founders?! Huzzah!

This office of Attorney General was not created for the use of oligarchs, or "the cutthroat of prosperitie" and commerce, or for preferment of the representatives and executive officers (feel free to contrast with modern government). It was for the interests of the people—of any background or social structure or financial status.

The. Free. People.

         The job description promised protection from criminals, and from officers of the state. These assemblymen were not creating laws to cover their behinds, they were creating laws for transparency and accountability. It’s mind-boggling, contrasting what the United States (and its allies) have come to over the last few decades.

Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in New England, p. 220 and 225:
Acts and Orders made at the Generall Courte of Election held at Newport, May the 23d, (1650), for the Colonie of Providence Plantations.

It is ordered by this Courte, to apoynt an Atturney Generall for the Colonie, as also a Solicitor. That the Atturney Generall shall have full power to impleade any transgression of the lawe of this State in any Courte of this State; but especially to bringe all such matters of penal lawes to tryall of the Generall Courte of Tryalls, as also for the tryall of the officers in the State at the Generall Assemblies, and to impleade in the full power and authoritie of the free people of this State, their prerogatives and liberties; and because envy, the cut throat of all prosperitie will not faile to gallop with its full careere, let the sayed Atturney be faithfully ingaged and authorized and encouraged. Engaged for the people, by, or in the peoples name, and with their full authoritie assisted; authorized, that upon information of transgressions or transgressors of the lawes, prerogatives and liberties of the people, and their penal lawes, he shall under hand and seale take forth summons from the President or Generall Assistants, to command any delinquent, or vehemently suspected of delinquencie in what kind soever accordinge to the premises, to appeare at the Generall Courte, if it be thereto belonginge, or to the Generall Assemblie in those matters proper thereunto; and if any refuse to apeare at that mandamus in the State of England’s name and the free people of this State, he shall be judged guiltie; and so proceeded with according to fine or penaltie.

Mr. William Dyre is deputed Generall Atturney for the Colonie, and ingaged.
First Attorneys-General of colonial/east-coast America
Year instituted
Colony/east coast of America
First attorney general
Rhode Island
William Dyer
North Carolina
George Durant
New York
crown appointee
David Lloyd
Benjamin Bullivant
western New Jersey
Charles Carroll
South Carolina
Nicholas Trott
Alexander Griffith
Sir John Randolph (deputy AG)
William Clifton
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
New Hampshire
Samuel Livermore
Erastus Foote
Charles Phelps

The most famous segment of Abraham Lincoln's 1863 Gettysburg Address:
"government of the people, by the people, for the people."

Note the similarity to the 1650 commission to the office of Rhode Island attorney general:
"engaged for the people, by, or in the peoples' name."
Christy K Robinson has written a trilogy (two historical novels based in fact, and a nonfiction book) on Mary and William Dyer. Traditionally, Mary Dyer, who is known for giving her life in the cause of religious liberty, gets all the attention because Quaker historians used her story for political and evangelization purposes. Because he never became a Quaker, William Dyer’s history has been much more difficult to tease out of archives and records in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and the British Library. But this English farmer's son was a foundation stone of American democracy.

Saturday, February 11, 2012

Slanderers: “worser than dead flies”

© Christy K. Robinson

I was googling some background detail for the novel I wrote on William and Mary Barrett Dyer, when I landed on a Wikipedia page for Rhode Island’s attorneys general. It wasn’t the page I needed, but out of affection for my 12th-generation ancestor, I stopped for a moment to read William Dyer’s worthy name—which wasn’t there! It had been replaced with a dirty word.

Many historians and genealogists are understandably leery of Wikipedia because it can be edited by anyone with a free account. While Wikipedia has fantastic resources (I like to look up the references at the bottom of articles), mistakes are also perpetuated there. Students using Wiki as a primary source repeat the mistakes and myths in their papers. Teachers sometimes make the mistake of going there for an easy explanation to complex questions. Hobby genealogists, not knowing differently, accept those words as gospel—and suddenly, it's a source in Ancestry! Some of my author colleagues have given up trying to correct errors after having their articles or sections re-edited by passionate but clueless Wiki account holders who have read something in a novel that seems to make sense, then have changed the Wikipedia page to reflect the fiction. They get into editing wars* about their favorite historical figures. This drives the historians and researchers crazy!

 I asked a friend in Facebook's history group to help repair the calumny—a slander!—perpetrated on the good name of William Dyer. He was the Rhode Island colony’s first attorney general, for two terms from May 1650 until 1652. On the Wiki page, instead of his name and city being at the top of the list of attorneys general of Rhode Island, I found this:
Attorney General under the Patent of 1643
William Sackmuncher, of Down Under
May 1650 - 1651

What? Excuse me? If you understand urban slang, that’s a terrible thing to say about anyone. It’s slander. Some vandal with a juvenile sense of humor slandered a remarkable man who was buried in 1677. If someone had said that about William Dyer in his time, the liar would have been heavily fined for the act itself and assessed any damages incurred, and imprisoned for rebellion against an officer of the court.

The Wikipedia page is repaired thanks to friends with Wiki coding skills, and now it hyperlinks to the William Dyer biography page. Let’s hope vandals don’t get an email notification that their graffiti has been edited.

This is the statute enacted when William Dyer was the first Secretary and General Recorder for Rhode Island, prior to his terms as Attorney General. He actually was responsible for transcribing the law (quill and ink on parchment) and filing it in a box with four locks (keys kept in the four main towns of Rhode Island), in a room to which he had a key.

Made and agreed upon at the Generall Court of Election, held at Portsmouth, in Rhode Island, the 19, 20, 21 of May, Anno. 1647, for the Colonie and province of Providence.

Forasmuch as a good name is better than precious ointment [Ecclesiastes 7:1], and Slaunderers are worser than dead flies to corrupt and alter the savour thereof [Ecclesiastes 10:1], it is agreed, by this present Assembly, to prohibitt the raysing or spreading of false reports, Slaunderers and Libells throwout the whole Colonie; and we further declare that the partie offended or grieved by such False reports, Slaunders, and Libells as hereafter followeth, may bring his action of slaunder against the reporter and speaker thereof, in case upon demand he reaveale not the author, but if revealed, then against the Author, and shall recover sufficient damages. The cases actionable are these; for a man to say eyther by word or writing, and yet not able to prove it, that another is a Traytor, a Felon ["sackmunching," which would have been considered a homosexual activity at that time, carried a death penalty with no appeal], a Thiefe, a Cutt-purse, or hath stole something; a perjured person, or hath forsworn himselfe in any man’s case; a Bankrupt, a Cheater, or one that lives by cheating; to call and be not able to prove it, an unmarried woman a whore; a young man unmarried, a whoremaster; to say a young man keepeth a House of Bawdery; or that a Tradesman maketh nothing but bad wares; or that a Merchant or shop-keeper hath nothing but rotten, bad and unsound wares in his house or shopp, or to speak any thing in the disparagement of a Man’s goods that he putts to sale whereby he may be damnified.
In May 1666, William Dyer, former attorney general and solicitor general, sued former Gov. William Coddington, his neighbor, for killing one of his mares, and lost the suit. Then he sued Coddington for "uttering words of contumacy" (stubborn refusal to obey or comply with authority, especially a court order or summons) and lost again.

Win or lose, words matter.

*Speaking of editing wars, one segment of American politics has decided that news and information that is in disagreement with their own agenda and ideology has created an online encyclopedia for historical revisionists called Conservapedia. They play content-editing war games in Wikipedia.
William Dyer's letter to the
General Court of Massachusetts
Bay Colony.

Christy K Robinson is author of two biographical novels on William and Mary Dyer, and a collection of her nonfiction research on the Dyers. In 1660, Mary Dyer was hanged for her civil disobedience over religious freedom, and her husband’s and friends’ efforts in that human right became a model for the United States Constitution’s Bill of Rights 130 years later. The books (and Kindle versions) are available on Amazon.

And if you'd like to own or give an art-quality print of Mary Dyer's or William Dyer's handwriting, their letters to the General Court of Massachusetts, CLICK HERE


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Week One:  No Nudity, Weapons or Naked Flames

Wednesday, May 8- Saturday, May 11

A collection of provocative works from the award- winning writers of the 7- ON Collective

Director: Augusta Supple

Writers: Vanessa Bates, Hilary Bell, Noelle Janaczewska, Ned Manning, Verity Laughton, Donna Abela

Actors: Alice Ansara, Kate Skinner, Jennifer White, Stephen Wilkinson, Megan Drury, Suz Mawer

Week 2: The Solitudes

Wednesday 15 – Saturday 18 May

Directors: Augusta Supple, Kate Gaul, Ngaire O’Leary, Helen Tonkin, Kai Raisbeck,  Sama Ky Balson,

Writers: Ava Karuso, Noelle Janaczewska, Jonathan Gavin, Melita Rowston, Julia-Rose Lewis, Kate Gaul, Maxine Mellor, Ruth Melville, David Finnigan

Actors: Ainslie McGlynn, Tom Christopherson, Alex Bryant Smith, Matt Charleston, Lauren Hamilton Neill, Luke Carson, Jan Langford Penny, Sonya Kerr, Aaron Glenane and Claudia Barrie.

Week 3:  Little Gods

Wednesday, May 22- Saturday, May 25

Writer/ Director: Nicholas Hope

Actors: Robert Alexander, Dominic McDonald, Jeremy Waters

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Thursday, 22 March 2012

The Floatable City

We have already determined that the earth's sea levels are presently rising and have been rising since the advent of the earth's current Interglacial (warming) phase known as the Holocene Epoch, which commenced around 15,000 ybp and that sea levels will continue to rise as the earth warms up and its ice sheets contract, during this naturally induced warming phase (read our previous blog on "Global Warming is inevitable":

According to an estimate by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), sea levels may rise up to 59cm during the 21st century. A 1m rise has not been ruled out.
This means that two facts remain to be dealt with. One, that buildings in low level or coastal conurbations will be ever increasingly exposed to flooding in the near future and, two, that the long term rise and fall of the sea's levels during the earth's Glacial and Interglacial cycles, is estimated at an average range of between 4 to 6m.
Now, as previously mentioned, the last time the earth's sea levels rose by 6m, during the peak of the Eemian Interglacial approximately 125,000 ybp, our human conurbations in coastal regions, were not yet existent. So, as a species, we have never faced such a threat before.

Given the above impending intermittent flooding and long term rise in sea levels of potentially up to 6m above the current level, conceivably over the next few thousand years, we, as architects, have three primary options. One option, and possibly the most extreme option, is to advise our clients against developing in coastal or low lying regions which could be affected by a 6m rise in sea levels, but due to present day settlement already located within these zones, this is not entirely practical nor feasible. A second option is to design buildings sufficiently elevated on fixed plinths to accommodate the inevitable rise in sea levels, should our clients still insist on developing within these risk zones.

The third option would be that we, as architects, start creating floatable buildings and cities, as opposed to floodable building and cities, within these low lying and/or coastal regions, with plinths that provide buoyancy and sufficient vertical movement range, to initially be able to absorb any potential flash flooding by rising with the water levels, and to eventually be able to accommodate a 6m rise in sea levels.

The floating city and floating buildings are already a viable concept in many parts of the world, especially in extreme low lying countries such as Holland. But the concept of floatable cities or buildings, should not be confused with floating cities or buildings. There is a fundamental difference between cities and building constructed to become buoyant in the event of catastrophe, and floating cities or buildings, which are purposefully constructed at sea or on lakes for that purpose exclusively, such as for example the Lake Huron Floating House .

What we are talking about here, are buildings constructed with plinths similar to a ship's hull, capable of becoming buoyant during a flood, yet still anchored to the earth by means of fixed mechanical foundations. These buildings would be analogous of ships sitting in a dry dock, awaiting the rising waters.

If one considers the enormity of ocean liners that exist today, such as The Allure of the Seas and The Oasis of the Seas, which could both be regarded as floating buildings, then constructing our future floatable building on dry ground similar to these principals, are not all that far-fetched. The only difference will be that a floatable building won't be going anywhere except up or down as required in the event of a catastrophical rising of water levels.

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McCain: Let’s start at the beginning; how did you get into owning the shop?

Jason: I was born into it, my mother and father owned the shop and i have followed suit. It’s all i really know, it has been in the family for over 40 years and i have been a partner in the business with my mother since 2009.

McCain: What do you believe makes your business successful?

Jason: Customer service and going the extra mile such as table service, no corkage which is important to my customers. My dad was such a big character in the business which was key! I am slowly getting his charisma and getting the customers laughing. We rely heavily on our regulars through winter, who keep coming back because of the consistency of our food. Our customers know they are going to get nice, thin crispy battered fish and fries that are always hot and crispy with a great flavour.

McCain: What is currently your trending signature dish on the menu?

Jason: Battered fish and chips are always our biggest seller. People just love quality fish & chips. It’s an aussie tradition.

McCain: You currently have on your menu McCain cream flesh 13mm, what made you select these fries for your business?

Jason: I personally love them, they have an amazing potato flavour they are also consistent in quality, and have a nice crunch to them. I trialled them for two weeks and the customer reviews i got back were amazing, so i had to stay with them. That was over 7 years ago now!

McCain: Are you aware how much profit you make on fries per serve/plate?

Jason: I am aware, but i’m not overly concerned with that, i’m more focused on getting volume of customers through our doors. For me it’s more about quality of fries over profit to grow the business and keep customers coming back for more.

McCain: There are a lot of fish & chips outlets everywhere, how do you deal with all the competition? What do you do differently to stand out?

Jason: I cook everything to order. People will wait longer, but they will come back because they know it’s fresh. I cook fries from frozen and it gives better end product every time.

McCain: What do your customers want in terms of fries?

Jason: Good value, crispiness and consistency.

Do you sell loaded fries? If yes, what do you currently have on the menu?

Jason: Yes, we sell cheesy loaded fries in winter with a mornay style sauce which are very popular. The McCain cream flesh 13mm work very well for this.

McCain: What advice do you have for fish & chips business owners when it comes to selecting fries?

Jason: There is no substitute for quality, that’s why i use McCain premium fries. A long time ago, before McCain we did try to use a lower grade fry but ended up losing a lot of business. We then switched to McCain fries and have grown since!

McCain: How do you get new ideas for your menu?

Jason: I look at market trends and what is working with competitors, or sometimes great ideas just come to me.

McCain: What inspires you as a fish & chips business owner?

Jason: In all honesty i love what i do and its good money. It’s definitely hard work, you wouldn’t do it if the money wasn’t great.

McCain: Tell us about your relationship with McCain, why do you choose to stay with the product and brand?

Jason: It’s the quality, i have been approached to change many times over the years, but McCain has the superior quality that the others simply don’t have. So based on that i choose to stay and sell McCain fries.


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The Meandering Moose

A meandering moose gathers no moss...He will simply eat it along the way.

Home Meanderings Tuesdays Other Stuff About Me The Wedding About Moose

Welcome to my website, an eclectic collection of my interests and meanderings.

The North American Moose (alces alces) is my totem animal, and one of my metaphors for life.

These two moose travel with me to various locales; they are the meandering moose.

This picture was taken on December 16, 2003 at the Wright Brothers Memorial in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina during the Centennial of Flight celebration. The hill behind me is Kill Devil Hill.

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“Bolt-Together” Model Construction

Recently, Chris Flanigan asked me about attaching scale model subassemblies to each other via fasteners instead of gluing.  The following was my response:

I got the bolt-together idea from John Pursley.  I used all metal fasteners.  Nylon would probably get pretty expensive, and are probably too big to be very versatile.  Almost all the fasteners on the Saturn are 2-56 sized, including both machine and self-tapping variety, most coming from www.microfasteners.com, some from McMaster-Carr.  I ended up trying different head styles for different uses (and thus different allen wrenches needed).  Here’s a fairly comprehensive breakdown of the various interfaces on that model:

Types of Interfaces Used on the 2008 SA-5 Model:

A)  #2 button-head machine screws/blind nuts:

B)  #2 button-head machine screws/threaded aluminum hex standoffs (example, part 91780A105 McMaster.com).  Standoffs anchored to centering ring using additional screw

C)  #2 button-head self-tapping screws

D)  #2 Socket-head cap machine screws and washers

E)  #2 Threaded Rod & hex nut

F)  #2 stainless steel soc. hd. cap machine screws

  • Anchor scale base plate to scale S-I lower structure (doubles as “scale” details–sort of)

G)  #4 truss head screws and blind nuts for custom rail button mounting

Here are some things to consider in designing a bolt-together model:

  1. I attempted to use #0 button-head self-tapping screws for some resin details, but I had trouble getting enough grip with the tiny allen wrench; also, adjustments to pilot hole size do not seem to yield useful results (too tight or too loose–usually too tight).  IIRC, I ended up not using them at all (but I could be wrong).
  2. Self-tapping screws may need some bees’ wax assistance when working with the high friction of resin or other plastic parts.
  3. Button head #2 screws are going to be lighter than soc. hd. cap screws; button heads are great if you need a lot of them.
  4. Soc hd. cap screws use a larger wrench and should be good when you need more torque.
  5. Bolt-together assemblies may require precise planning of stop rings or ledges, etc. so things can rest in the correct locations.
  6. Allow yourself appropriate tolerances (use slight .015″ to .02″ or more gaps between certain parts to your advantage) so that things will be snug (for example, my hex standoffs are slightly below the tops of my scale tanks so that the retaining ring will fit snugly on top of the tanks and not touch the standoffs).
  7. When working with #2 T-nuts, use an inserted screw to ensure alignment prior to gluing (factory threads in small blind nuts may not be perfectly aligned with the nut’s apparent axis).  Use also to check quality of threads (threads in some #2 blind nuts can be of poor quality).
  8. Fastened assemblies do open up a lot of possibilities for maintenance, but they can be a pain, so plan wisely.  Definitely something that requires the thinking of an engineer.
  9. Here’s something you may not think of…  Get multiple allen wrenches to go with each type of screw.  Keep one at home and at least two in your range box in case you lose one on the field.  Maybe use brightly colored tape on them.  You may even want to get a socket-type screw driver if you use any #2 hex nuts.

Hopefully this will be more helpful than it is confusing.


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 In the talk it is important to understand the relationship that requires understanding the child, through contact with the dynamics that seek to explain it by words spoken and prohibited in the face of life reality. In this way, in terms of depression, the word heard with ethics and commitment, combined with the medication and its monitoring can be a powerful icon in the treatment of disease.

About the publisher:

iMedPub Limited is a publishing house registered in UK, publishing medical books and journals since 2005. As an open service to doctors and biomedical researchers, it is driven by clinicians and researchers for themselves, while serving the interests of the general public. iMedPub disseminates research in a tiered system, beginning with our specialty books and journals and then working upwards. The grand vision of iMedPub is a world where all medical researchers and health professionals have an equal opportunity to seek, share and create knowledge. As we are a low cost academic publisher we offer the lowest article processing charges of all biomedical journals and publish books free of charges for authors.

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