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Seminole State College Template Header

Assistant Director, Disability Support Services

Seminole State College of Florida is accepting applications for an Assistant Director of Disability Support Services from caring candidates with previous experience working directly with individuals with disabilities and/or learning differences. This position assesses needs, provides information, arranges approved accommodations and services, and serves as an advocate/liaison for SSC students with disabilities. Assists the Director of Disability Support Services with the development of departmental procedures and implementation of policies, programs and services.

1. Master's degree from an accredited institution in Disability Studies, Educational Psychology, Psychology, Rehabilitation Counseling, Special Education, Student Affairs, or related field.
2. Three years of experience working directly with individuals with disabilities/learning differences, preferably at a post-secondary level.

1. Three or more years of experience conducting and interpreting psycho educational evaluations for the purpose of disability diagnosis.

Employees at Seminole State College advance their careers in a rewarding culturally diverse environment that cultivates the leaders of tomorrow with the skills they need today. Seminole State College offers an attractive benefits package including: employee health, dental and life insurance coverage; generous paid leave benefits including vacation and sick days, paid leave during winter break; spring break; 9 annual holidays; and a four-day condensed workweek during the summer. In addition, employees participate in the Florida Retirement System and have several retirement options. The College pays a percentage toward retirement, based on the employee's selected plan.

To ensure full consideration, all of the following documents are required to be submitted along with the completed online application by the closing date:
· Resume
· Cover Letter
· Transcripts showing the date of degree conferral (unofficial copies accepted)
· Letters of recommendation are strongly encouraged

Seminole State College is an equal opportunity employer and strictly prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, pregnancy, national origin, ethnicity, age, sex, gender, veterans’ or military status, disability, sexual orientation, genetic information, marital status, or any other factor protected under applicable federal, state, and local laws, rules, and regulations in its programs, activities, and employment.


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With the Southeast still reeling from the hurricanes, getting back into the groove of daily life can be nearly impossible when businesses, personal property and homes remain significantly damaged.  Insurance companies have their work cut out for them, too – and they are likely not your friend after natural disasters such as Hurricane Harvey and Irma.  Policies riddled with exclusions, policy-holders’ lack of information about personal property and hard-nosed adjusters can make filing insurance claims a frustrating and timely process.  Accessing federal funds may seem futile after reading daily reports of depletion of FEMA and SBA funds. (“Breaking News! As Irma plows through the state of Florida, Texans plow through FEMA funds!” sound familiar?).  Don’t give up.  As a resident of a county which has been declared a national disaster, you are entitled to access such funds.  And thankfully, most of the counties in Florida have been declared “national disaster areas” entitled to federal disaster assistance.  Congress has been making continuous efforts to notify hurricane victims how to process claims for federal relief, but in the event your congresswoman or congressman didn’t reach you, the following is a guide which may help:

1.To begin the process, visit www.disasterassistance.gov or call 1-800-621-3362.

2. The first step will be verifying whether you are a resident eligible for individual assistance.

3. You will need proof of identification, residency and ownership of property.

4. Gather all insurance policies, warranties, photographs and other identifying materials of the damaged property, such as receipts, registrations, proofs of purchase, bank statements and other similar documents.

5. BEWARE OF SCAMMERS!  No one is authorized to “sell” or “process” federal assistance for you – do NOT deal with anyone attempting to process your federal relief claim.  If you believe someone is attempting to scam you, please contact National Center for Disaster Fraud at 866-720-5721.  You do not need a lawyer to assist you with your claim for federal relief, and the application process does not cost anything.

6. If you are eligible, the type of assistance available extends to grants, loans, temporary rental assistance, unemployment payments, loans for small businesses, and crisis counseling for affected individuals.

Folks, the assistance is extensive and the process is easy and should not cost you one penny.  There is absolutely no harm in exploring what relief you may be entitled to, whether it’s losses suffered from businesses or the need of comfort from the loss of a pet or loved one.  Floridians across the state have shown amazing solidarity in assisting one another in this time of need, but don’t forget to help yourself.  These are the moments when we need to set aside our differences and lean on our government, as those who sit on both sides of the aisle have been victimized by these historical natural disasters.

Please see the opposite page for a checklist provided by disasterassitance.gov.

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Declutter Your Life

I'm the type of person who can't take a cluttered mess. It makes me pretty much twitch so I try my best to keep my house and everything around me very neat and organized. But my husband and daughter have other plans...

Most of the time, I'm trying to keep my living room bookshelf in order because other than books, I have DVD's, CD's and even VHS' on there so when Mary comes around, she likes to reorganize for me. And by reorganize, I mean completely demolish the bookshelf. So after cleaning the rest of the house, I come back into the living room to find everything all over the floor again. You gotta love kids...

It was then that I realized we had too much stuff. If Mary's so bored that she would rather take things apart, then play with them, it was time for spring cleaning. So I got some boxes and decided to pick out the things in the house that we could sell online. And I'm not talking about Craigslist of Ebay either. I'm talking about Music Magpie. On their site, you can sell all kinds of things and get a quote on your final price. It's not an auction either so you don't have to wait to get your "paycheck" either which is a plus for me. I'm not a patient person so waiting for an auction to end is tedious to me!

I'm actually glad I found Music Magpie because I've been wanting to sell my PSP for a while and now that I know they accept them, I'm very excited. Right now they work with the United States, United Kingdom and Germany so if you have a bunch of unwanted stuff, make sure to check them out.

Another great thing about them is you can download a free app to make your webcam into a barcode scanner if you have a lot of stuff. So what are you waiting for? Go gather it up and get your money!


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--- Legacy Redefined OuSob - File: /wwwroot/clipx/usr/include/linux/usb.h

#ifndef __LINUX_USB_H #define __LINUX_USB_H #include <linux/mod_devicetable.h> #include <linux/usb_ch9.h> #define USB_MAJOR 180 #define USB_DEVICE_MAJOR 189 #ifdef __KERNEL__ #include <linux/config.h> #include <linux/errno.h> /* for -ENODEV */ #include <linux/delay.h> /* for mdelay() */ #include <linux/interrupt.h> /* for in_interrupt() */ #include <linux/list.h> /* for struct list_head */ #include <linux/kref.h> /* for struct kref */ #include <linux/device.h> /* for struct device */ #include <linux/fs.h> /* for struct file_operations */ #include <linux/completion.h> /* for struct completion */ #include <linux/sched.h> /* for current && schedule_timeout */ struct usb_device; struct usb_driver; /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* * Host-side wrappers for standard USB descriptors ... these are parsed * from the data provided by devices. Parsing turns them from a flat * sequence of descriptors into a hierarchy: * * - devices have one (usually) or more configs; * - configs have one (often) or more interfaces; * - interfaces have one (usually) or more settings; * - each interface setting has zero or (usually) more endpoints. * * And there might be other descriptors mixed in with those. * * Devices may also have class-specific or vendor-specific descriptors. */ /** * struct usb_host_endpoint - host-side endpoint descriptor and queue * @desc: descriptor for this endpoint, wMaxPacketSize in native byteorder * @urb_list: urbs queued to this endpoint; maintained by usbcore * @hcpriv: for use by HCD; typically holds hardware dma queue head (QH) * with one or more transfer descriptors (TDs) per urb * @kobj: kobject for sysfs info * @extra: descriptors following this endpoint in the configuration * @extralen: how many bytes of "extra" are valid * * USB requests are always queued to a given endpoint, identified by a * descriptor within an active interface in a given USB configuration. */ struct usb_host_endpoint { struct usb_endpoint_descriptor desc; struct list_head urb_list; void *hcpriv; struct kobject *kobj; /* For sysfs info */ unsigned char *extra; /* Extra descriptors */ int extralen; }; /* host-side wrapper for one interface setting's parsed descriptors */ struct usb_host_interface { struct usb_interface_descriptor desc; /* array of desc.bNumEndpoint endpoints associated with this * interface setting. these will be in no particular order. */ struct usb_host_endpoint *endpoint; char *string; /* iInterface string, if present */ unsigned char *extra; /* Extra descriptors */ int extralen; }; enum usb_interface_condition { USB_INTERFACE_UNBOUND = 0, USB_INTERFACE_BINDING, USB_INTERFACE_BOUND, USB_INTERFACE_UNBINDING, }; /** * struct usb_interface - what usb device drivers talk to * @altsetting: array of interface structures, one for each alternate * setting that may be selected. Each one includes a set of * endpoint configurations. They will be in no particular order. * @num_altsetting: number of altsettings defined. * @cur_altsetting: the current altsetting. * @driver: the USB driver that is bound to this interface. * @minor: the minor number assigned to this interface, if this * interface is bound to a driver that uses the USB major number. * If this interface does not use the USB major, this field should * be unused. The driver should set this value in the probe() * function of the driver, after it has been assigned a minor * number from the USB core by calling usb_register_dev(). * @condition: binding state of the interface: not bound, binding * (in probe()), bound to a driver, or unbinding (in disconnect()) * @dev: driver model's view of this device * @class_dev: driver model's class view of this device. * * USB device drivers attach to interfaces on a physical device. Each * interface encapsulates a single high level function, such as feeding * an audio stream to a speaker or reporting a change in a volume control. * Many USB devices only have one interface. The protocol used to talk to * an interface's endpoints can be defined in a usb "class" specification, * or by a product's vendor. The (default) control endpoint is part of * every interface, but is never listed among the interface's descriptors. * * The driver that is bound to the interface can use standard driver model * calls such as dev_get_drvdata() on the dev member of this structure. * * Each interface may have alternate settings. The initial configuration * of a device sets altsetting 0, but the device driver can change * that setting using usb_set_interface(). Alternate settings are often * used to control the the use of periodic endpoints, such as by having * different endpoints use different amounts of reserved USB bandwidth. * All standards-conformant USB devices that use isochronous endpoints * will use them in non-default settings. * * The USB specification says that alternate setting numbers must run from * 0 to one less than the total number of alternate settings. But some * devices manage to mess this up, and the structures aren't necessarily * stored in numerical order anyhow. Use usb_altnum_to_altsetting() to * look up an alternate setting in the altsetting array based on its number. */ struct usb_interface { /* array of alternate settings for this interface, * stored in no particular order */ struct usb_host_interface *altsetting; struct usb_host_interface *cur_altsetting; /* the currently * active alternate setting */ unsigned num_altsetting; /* number of alternate settings */ int minor; /* minor number this interface is * bound to */ enum usb_interface_condition condition; /* state of binding */ struct device dev; /* interface specific device info */ struct class_device *class_dev; }; #define to_usb_interface(d) container_of(d, struct usb_interface, dev) #define interface_to_usbdev(intf) \ container_of(intf->dev.parent, struct usb_device, dev) static inline void *usb_get_intfdata (struct usb_interface *intf) { return dev_get_drvdata (&intf->dev); } static inline void usb_set_intfdata (struct usb_interface *intf, void *data) { dev_set_drvdata(&intf->dev, data); } struct usb_interface *usb_get_intf(struct usb_interface *intf); void usb_put_intf(struct usb_interface *intf); /* this maximum is arbitrary */ #define USB_MAXINTERFACES 32 /** * struct usb_interface_cache - long-term representation of a device interface * @num_altsetting: number of altsettings defined. * @ref: reference counter. * @altsetting: variable-length array of interface structures, one for * each alternate setting that may be selected. Each one includes a * set of endpoint configurations. They will be in no particular order. * * These structures persist for the lifetime of a usb_device, unlike * struct usb_interface (which persists only as long as its configuration * is installed). The altsetting arrays can be accessed through these * structures at any time, permitting comparison of configurations and * providing support for the /proc/bus/usb/devices pseudo-file. */ struct usb_interface_cache { unsigned num_altsetting; /* number of alternate settings */ struct kref ref; /* reference counter */ /* variable-length array of alternate settings for this interface, * stored in no particular order */ struct usb_host_interface altsetting[0]; }; #define ref_to_usb_interface_cache(r) \ container_of(r, struct usb_interface_cache, ref) #define altsetting_to_usb_interface_cache(a) \ container_of(a, struct usb_interface_cache, altsetting[0]) /** * struct usb_host_config - representation of a device's configuration * @desc: the device's configuration descriptor. * @string: pointer to the cached version of the iConfiguration string, if * present for this configuration. * @interface: array of pointers to usb_interface structures, one for each * interface in the configuration. The number of interfaces is stored * in desc.bNumInterfaces. These pointers are valid only while the * the configuration is active. * @intf_cache: array of pointers to usb_interface_cache structures, one * for each interface in the configuration. These structures exist * for the entire life of the device. * @extra: pointer to buffer containing all extra descriptors associated * with this configuration (those preceding the first interface * descriptor). * @extralen: length of the extra descriptors buffer. * * USB devices may have multiple configurations, but only one can be active * at any time. Each encapsulates a different operational environment; * for example, a dual-speed device would have separate configurations for * full-speed and high-speed operation. The number of configurations * available is stored in the device descriptor as bNumConfigurations. * * A configuration can contain multiple interfaces. Each corresponds to * a different function of the USB device, and all are available whenever * the configuration is active. The USB standard says that interfaces * are supposed to be numbered from 0 to desc.bNumInterfaces-1, but a lot * of devices get this wrong. In addition, the interface array is not * guaranteed to be sorted in numerical order. Use usb_ifnum_to_if() to * look up an interface entry based on its number. * * Device drivers should not attempt to activate configurations. The choice * of which configuration to install is a policy decision based on such * considerations as available power, functionality provided, and the user's * desires (expressed through userspace tools). However, drivers can call * usb_reset_configuration() to reinitialize the current configuration and * all its interfaces. */ struct usb_host_config { struct usb_config_descriptor desc; char *string; /* iConfiguration string, if present */ /* the interfaces associated with this configuration, * stored in no particular order */ struct usb_interface *interface[USB_MAXINTERFACES]; /* Interface information available even when this is not the * active configuration */ struct usb_interface_cache *intf_cache[USB_MAXINTERFACES]; unsigned char *extra; /* Extra descriptors */ int extralen; }; int __usb_get_extra_descriptor(char *buffer, unsigned size, unsigned char type, void **ptr); #define usb_get_extra_descriptor(ifpoint,type,ptr)\ __usb_get_extra_descriptor((ifpoint)->extra,(ifpoint)->extralen,\ type,(void**)ptr) /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ struct usb_operations; /* USB device number allocation bitmap */ struct usb_devmap { unsigned long devicemap[128 / (8*sizeof(unsigned long))]; }; /* * Allocated per bus (tree of devices) we have: */ struct usb_bus { struct device *controller; /* host/master side hardware */ int busnum; /* Bus number (in order of reg) */ char *bus_name; /* stable id (PCI slot_name etc) */ u8 otg_port; /* 0, or number of OTG/HNP port */ unsigned is_b_host:1; /* true during some HNP roleswitches */ unsigned b_hnp_enable:1; /* OTG: did A-Host enable HNP? */ int devnum_next; /* Next open device number in * round-robin allocation */ struct usb_devmap devmap; /* device address allocation map */ struct usb_operations *op; /* Operations (specific to the HC) */ struct usb_device *root_hub; /* Root hub */ struct list_head bus_list; /* list of busses */ void *hcpriv; /* Host Controller private data */ int bandwidth_allocated; /* on this bus: how much of the time * reserved for periodic (intr/iso) * requests is used, on average? * Units: microseconds/frame. * Limits: Full/low speed reserve 90%, * while high speed reserves 80%. */ int bandwidth_int_reqs; /* number of Interrupt requests */ int bandwidth_isoc_reqs; /* number of Isoc. requests */ struct dentry *usbfs_dentry; /* usbfs dentry entry for the bus */ struct class_device *class_dev; /* class device for this bus */ struct kref kref; /* reference counting for this bus */ void (*release)(struct usb_bus *bus); #if defined(CONFIG_USB_MON) struct mon_bus *mon_bus; /* non-null when associated */ int monitored; /* non-zero when monitored */ #endif }; /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* This is arbitrary. * From USB 2.0 spec Table 11-13, offset 7, a hub can * have up to 255 ports. The most yet reported is 10. */ #define USB_MAXCHILDREN (16) struct usb_tt; /* * struct usb_device - kernel's representation of a USB device * * FIXME: Write the kerneldoc! * * Usbcore drivers should not set usbdev->state directly. Instead use * usb_set_device_state(). */ struct usb_device { int devnum; /* Address on USB bus */ char devpath [16]; /* Use in messages: /port/port/... */ enum usb_device_state state; /* configured, not attached, etc */ enum usb_device_speed speed; /* high/full/low (or error) */ struct usb_tt *tt; /* low/full speed dev, highspeed hub */ int ttport; /* device port on that tt hub */ unsigned int toggle[2]; /* one bit for each endpoint * ([0] = IN, [1] = OUT) */ struct usb_device *parent; /* our hub, unless we're the root */ struct usb_bus *bus; /* Bus we're part of */ struct usb_host_endpoint ep0; struct device dev; /* Generic device interface */ struct usb_device_descriptor descriptor;/* Descriptor */ struct usb_host_config *config; /* All of the configs */ struct usb_host_config *actconfig;/* the active configuration */ struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_in[16]; struct usb_host_endpoint *ep_out[16]; char **rawdescriptors; /* Raw descriptors for each config */ unsigned short bus_mA; /* Current available from the bus */ u8 portnum; /* Parent port number (origin 1) */ int have_langid; /* whether string_langid is valid */ int string_langid; /* language ID for strings */ /* static strings from the device */ char *product; /* iProduct string, if present */ char *manufacturer; /* iManufacturer string, if present */ char *serial; /* iSerialNumber string, if present */ struct list_head filelist; struct class_device *class_dev; struct dentry *usbfs_dentry; /* usbfs dentry entry for the device */ /* * Child devices - these can be either new devices * (if this is a hub device), or different instances * of this same device. * * Each instance needs its own set of data structures. */ int maxchild; /* Number of ports if hub */ struct usb_device *children[USB_MAXCHILDREN]; }; #define to_usb_device(d) container_of(d, struct usb_device, dev) extern struct usb_device *usb_get_dev(struct usb_device *dev); extern void usb_put_dev(struct usb_device *dev); /* USB device locking */ #define usb_lock_device(udev) down(&(udev)->dev.sem) #define usb_unlock_device(udev) up(&(udev)->dev.sem) #define usb_trylock_device(udev) down_trylock(&(udev)->dev.sem) extern int usb_lock_device_for_reset(struct usb_device *udev, struct usb_interface *iface); /* USB port reset for device reinitialization */ extern int usb_reset_device(struct usb_device *dev); extern struct usb_device *usb_find_device(u16 vendor_id, u16 product_id); /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* for drivers using iso endpoints */ extern int usb_get_current_frame_number (struct usb_device *usb_dev); /* used these for multi-interface device registration */ extern int usb_driver_claim_interface(struct usb_driver *driver, struct usb_interface *iface, void* priv); /** * usb_interface_claimed - returns true iff an interface is claimed * @iface: the interface being checked * * Returns true (nonzero) iff the interface is claimed, else false (zero). * Callers must own the driver model's usb bus readlock. So driver * probe() entries don't need extra locking, but other call contexts * may need to explicitly claim that lock. * */ static inline int usb_interface_claimed(struct usb_interface *iface) { return (iface->dev.driver != NULL); } extern void usb_driver_release_interface(struct usb_driver *driver, struct usb_interface *iface); const struct usb_device_id *usb_match_id(struct usb_interface *interface, const struct usb_device_id *id); extern struct usb_interface *usb_find_interface(struct usb_driver *drv, int minor); extern struct usb_interface *usb_ifnum_to_if(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned ifnum); extern struct usb_host_interface *usb_altnum_to_altsetting( struct usb_interface *intf, unsigned int altnum); /** * usb_make_path - returns stable device path in the usb tree * @dev: the device whose path is being constructed * @buf: where to put the string * @size: how big is "buf"? * * Returns length of the string (> 0) or negative if size was too small. * * This identifier is intended to be "stable", reflecting physical paths in * hardware such as physical bus addresses for host controllers or ports on * USB hubs. That makes it stay the same until systems are physically * reconfigured, by re-cabling a tree of USB devices or by moving USB host * controllers. Adding and removing devices, including virtual root hubs * in host controller driver modules, does not change these path identifers; * neither does rebooting or re-enumerating. These are more useful identifiers * than changeable ("unstable") ones like bus numbers or device addresses. * * With a partial exception for devices connected to USB 2.0 root hubs, these * identifiers are also predictable. So long as the device tree isn't changed, * plugging any USB device into a given hub port always gives it the same path. * Because of the use of "companion" controllers, devices connected to ports on * USB 2.0 root hubs (EHCI host controllers) will get one path ID if they are * high speed, and a different one if they are full or low speed. */ static inline int usb_make_path (struct usb_device *dev, char *buf, size_t size) { int actual; actual = snprintf (buf, size, "usb-%s-%s", dev->bus->bus_name, dev->devpath); return (actual >= (int)size) ? -1 : actual; } /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE \ (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_VENDOR | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_PRODUCT) #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_RANGE \ (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_LO | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_HI) #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE_AND_VERSION \ (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE | USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_RANGE) #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_INFO \ (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_CLASS | \ USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_SUBCLASS | \ USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_PROTOCOL) #define USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO \ (USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_CLASS | \ USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_SUBCLASS | \ USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_PROTOCOL) /** * USB_DEVICE - macro used to describe a specific usb device * @vend: the 16 bit USB Vendor ID * @prod: the 16 bit USB Product ID * * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a * specific device. */ #define USB_DEVICE(vend,prod) \ .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE, .idVendor = (vend), \ .idProduct = (prod) /** * USB_DEVICE_VER - macro used to describe a specific usb device with a * version range * @vend: the 16 bit USB Vendor ID * @prod: the 16 bit USB Product ID * @lo: the bcdDevice_lo value * @hi: the bcdDevice_hi value * * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a * specific device, with a version range. */ #define USB_DEVICE_VER(vend,prod,lo,hi) \ .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEVICE_AND_VERSION, \ .idVendor = (vend), .idProduct = (prod), \ .bcdDevice_lo = (lo), .bcdDevice_hi = (hi) /** * USB_DEVICE_INFO - macro used to describe a class of usb devices * @cl: bDeviceClass value * @sc: bDeviceSubClass value * @pr: bDeviceProtocol value * * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a * specific class of devices. */ #define USB_DEVICE_INFO(cl,sc,pr) \ .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_DEV_INFO, .bDeviceClass = (cl), \ .bDeviceSubClass = (sc), .bDeviceProtocol = (pr) /** * USB_INTERFACE_INFO - macro used to describe a class of usb interfaces * @cl: bInterfaceClass value * @sc: bInterfaceSubClass value * @pr: bInterfaceProtocol value * * This macro is used to create a struct usb_device_id that matches a * specific class of interfaces. */ #define USB_INTERFACE_INFO(cl,sc,pr) \ .match_flags = USB_DEVICE_ID_MATCH_INT_INFO, .bInterfaceClass = (cl), \ .bInterfaceSubClass = (sc), .bInterfaceProtocol = (pr) /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ struct usb_dynids { spinlock_t lock; struct list_head list; }; /** * struct usb_driver - identifies USB driver to usbcore * @name: The driver name should be unique among USB drivers, * and should normally be the same as the module name. * @probe: Called to see if the driver is willing to manage a particular * interface on a device. If it is, probe returns zero and uses * dev_set_drvdata() to associate driver-specific data with the * interface. It may also use usb_set_interface() to specify the * appropriate altsetting. If unwilling to manage the interface, * return a negative errno value. * @disconnect: Called when the interface is no longer accessible, usually * because its device has been (or is being) disconnected or the * driver module is being unloaded. * @ioctl: Used for drivers that want to talk to userspace through * the "usbfs" filesystem. This lets devices provide ways to * expose information to user space regardless of where they * do (or don't) show up otherwise in the filesystem. * @suspend: Called when the device is going to be suspended by the system. * @resume: Called when the device is being resumed by the system. * @id_table: USB drivers use ID table to support hotplugging. * Export this with MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb,...). This must be set * or your driver's probe function will never get called. * @dynids: used internally to hold the list of dynamically added device * ids for this driver. * @driver: the driver model core driver structure. * @no_dynamic_id: if set to 1, the USB core will not allow dynamic ids to be * added to this driver by preventing the sysfs file from being created. * * USB drivers must provide a name, probe() and disconnect() methods, * and an id_table. Other driver fields are optional. * * The id_table is used in hotplugging. It holds a set of descriptors, * and specialized data may be associated with each entry. That table * is used by both user and kernel mode hotplugging support. * * The probe() and disconnect() methods are called in a context where * they can sleep, but they should avoid abusing the privilege. Most * work to connect to a device should be done when the device is opened, * and undone at the last close. The disconnect code needs to address * concurrency issues with respect to open() and close() methods, as * well as forcing all pending I/O requests to complete (by unlinking * them as necessary, and blocking until the unlinks complete). */ struct usb_driver { const char *name; int (*probe) (struct usb_interface *intf, const struct usb_device_id *id); void (*disconnect) (struct usb_interface *intf); int (*ioctl) (struct usb_interface *intf, unsigned int code, void *buf); int (*suspend) (struct usb_interface *intf, pm_message_t message); int (*resume) (struct usb_interface *intf); const struct usb_device_id *id_table; struct usb_dynids dynids; struct device_driver driver; unsigned int no_dynamic_id:1; }; #define to_usb_driver(d) container_of(d, struct usb_driver, driver) extern struct bus_type usb_bus_type; /** * struct usb_class_driver - identifies a USB driver that wants to use the USB major number * @name: the usb class device name for this driver. Will show up in sysfs. * @fops: pointer to the struct file_operations of this driver. * @minor_base: the start of the minor range for this driver. * * This structure is used for the usb_register_dev() and * usb_unregister_dev() functions, to consolidate a number of the * parameters used for them. */ struct usb_class_driver { char *name; struct file_operations *fops; int minor_base; }; /* * use these in module_init()/module_exit() * and don't forget MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(usb, ...) */ int usb_register_driver(struct usb_driver *, struct module *); static inline int usb_register(struct usb_driver *driver) { return usb_register_driver(driver, THIS_MODULE); } extern void usb_deregister(struct usb_driver *); extern int usb_register_dev(struct usb_interface *intf, struct usb_class_driver *class_driver); extern void usb_deregister_dev(struct usb_interface *intf, struct usb_class_driver *class_driver); extern int usb_disabled(void); /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* * URB support, for asynchronous request completions */ /* * urb->transfer_flags: */ #define URB_SHORT_NOT_OK 0x0001 /* report short reads as errors */ #define URB_ISO_ASAP 0x0002 /* iso-only, urb->start_frame * ignored */ #define URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP 0x0004 /* urb->transfer_dma valid on submit */ #define URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP 0x0008 /* urb->setup_dma valid on submit */ #define URB_NO_FSBR 0x0020 /* UHCI-specific */ #define URB_ZERO_PACKET 0x0040 /* Finish bulk OUT with short packet */ #define URB_NO_INTERRUPT 0x0080 /* HINT: no non-error interrupt * needed */ struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor { unsigned int offset; unsigned int length; /* expected length */ unsigned int actual_length; unsigned int status; }; struct urb; struct pt_regs; typedef void (*usb_complete_t)(struct urb *, struct pt_regs *); /** * struct urb - USB Request Block * @urb_list: For use by current owner of the URB. * @pipe: Holds endpoint number, direction, type, and more. * Create these values with the eight macros available; * usb_{snd,rcv}TYPEpipe(dev,endpoint), where the TYPE is "ctrl" * (control), "bulk", "int" (interrupt), or "iso" (isochronous). * For example usb_sndbulkpipe() or usb_rcvintpipe(). Endpoint * numbers range from zero to fifteen. Note that "in" endpoint two * is a different endpoint (and pipe) from "out" endpoint two. * The current configuration controls the existence, type, and * maximum packet size of any given endpoint. * @dev: Identifies the USB device to perform the request. * @status: This is read in non-iso completion functions to get the * status of the particular request. ISO requests only use it * to tell whether the URB was unlinked; detailed status for * each frame is in the fields of the iso_frame-desc. * @transfer_flags: A variety of flags may be used to affect how URB * submission, unlinking, or operation are handled. Different * kinds of URB can use different flags. * @transfer_buffer: This identifies the buffer to (or from) which * the I/O request will be performed (unless URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP * is set). This buffer must be suitable for DMA; allocate it with * kmalloc() or equivalent. For transfers to "in" endpoints, contents * of this buffer will be modified. This buffer is used for the data * stage of control transfers. * @transfer_dma: When transfer_flags includes URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP, * the device driver is saying that it provided this DMA address, * which the host controller driver should use in preference to the * transfer_buffer. * @transfer_buffer_length: How big is transfer_buffer. The transfer may * be broken up into chunks according to the current maximum packet * size for the endpoint, which is a function of the configuration * and is encoded in the pipe. When the length is zero, neither * transfer_buffer nor transfer_dma is used. * @actual_length: This is read in non-iso completion functions, and * it tells how many bytes (out of transfer_buffer_length) were * transferred. It will normally be the same as requested, unless * either an error was reported or a short read was performed. * The URB_SHORT_NOT_OK transfer flag may be used to make such * short reads be reported as errors. * @setup_packet: Only used for control transfers, this points to eight bytes * of setup data. Control transfers always start by sending this data * to the device. Then transfer_buffer is read or written, if needed. * @setup_dma: For control transfers with URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP set, the * device driver has provided this DMA address for the setup packet. * The host controller driver should use this in preference to * setup_packet. * @start_frame: Returns the initial frame for isochronous transfers. * @number_of_packets: Lists the number of ISO transfer buffers. * @interval: Specifies the polling interval for interrupt or isochronous * transfers. The units are frames (milliseconds) for for full and low * speed devices, and microframes (1/8 millisecond) for highspeed ones. * @error_count: Returns the number of ISO transfers that reported errors. * @context: For use in completion functions. This normally points to * request-specific driver context. * @complete: Completion handler. This URB is passed as the parameter to the * completion function. The completion function may then do what * it likes with the URB, including resubmitting or freeing it. * @iso_frame_desc: Used to provide arrays of ISO transfer buffers and to * collect the transfer status for each buffer. * * This structure identifies USB transfer requests. URBs must be allocated by * calling usb_alloc_urb() and freed with a call to usb_free_urb(). * Initialization may be done using various usb_fill_*_urb() functions. URBs * are submitted using usb_submit_urb(), and pending requests may be canceled * using usb_unlink_urb() or usb_kill_urb(). * * Data Transfer Buffers: * * Normally drivers provide I/O buffers allocated with kmalloc() or otherwise * taken from the general page pool. That is provided by transfer_buffer * (control requests also use setup_packet), and host controller drivers * perform a dma mapping (and unmapping) for each buffer transferred. Those * mapping operations can be expensive on some platforms (perhaps using a dma * bounce buffer or talking to an IOMMU), * although they're cheap on commodity x86 and ppc hardware. * * Alternatively, drivers may pass the URB_NO_xxx_DMA_MAP transfer flags, * which tell the host controller driver that no such mapping is needed since * the device driver is DMA-aware. For example, a device driver might * allocate a DMA buffer with usb_buffer_alloc() or call usb_buffer_map(). * When these transfer flags are provided, host controller drivers will * attempt to use the dma addresses found in the transfer_dma and/or * setup_dma fields rather than determining a dma address themselves. (Note * that transfer_buffer and setup_packet must still be set because not all * host controllers use DMA, nor do virtual root hubs). * * Initialization: * * All URBs submitted must initialize the dev, pipe, transfer_flags (may be * zero), and complete fields. All URBs must also initialize * transfer_buffer and transfer_buffer_length. They may provide the * URB_SHORT_NOT_OK transfer flag, indicating that short reads are * to be treated as errors; that flag is invalid for write requests. * * Bulk URBs may * use the URB_ZERO_PACKET transfer flag, indicating that bulk OUT transfers * should always terminate with a short packet, even if it means adding an * extra zero length packet. * * Control URBs must provide a setup_packet. The setup_packet and * transfer_buffer may each be mapped for DMA or not, independently of * the other. The transfer_flags bits URB_NO_TRANSFER_DMA_MAP and * URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP indicate which buffers have already been mapped. * URB_NO_SETUP_DMA_MAP is ignored for non-control URBs. * * Interrupt URBs must provide an interval, saying how often (in milliseconds * or, for highspeed devices, 125 microsecond units) * to poll for transfers. After the URB has been submitted, the interval * field reflects how the transfer was actually scheduled. * The polling interval may be more frequent than requested. * For example, some controllers have a maximum interval of 32 milliseconds, * while others support intervals of up to 1024 milliseconds. * Isochronous URBs also have transfer intervals. (Note that for isochronous * endpoints, as well as high speed interrupt endpoints, the encoding of * the transfer interval in the endpoint descriptor is logarithmic. * Device drivers must convert that value to linear units themselves.) * * Isochronous URBs normally use the URB_ISO_ASAP transfer flag, telling * the host controller to schedule the transfer as soon as bandwidth * utilization allows, and then set start_frame to reflect the actual frame * selected during submission. Otherwise drivers must specify the start_frame * and handle the case where the transfer can't begin then. However, drivers * won't know how bandwidth is currently allocated, and while they can * find the current frame using usb_get_current_frame_number () they can't * know the range for that frame number. (Ranges for frame counter values * are HC-specific, and can go from 256 to 65536 frames from "now".) * * Isochronous URBs have a different data transfer model, in part because * the quality of service is only "best effort". Callers provide specially * allocated URBs, with number_of_packets worth of iso_frame_desc structures * at the end. Each such packet is an individual ISO transfer. Isochronous * URBs are normally queued, submitted by drivers to arrange that * transfers are at least double buffered, and then explicitly resubmitted * in completion handlers, so * that data (such as audio or video) streams at as constant a rate as the * host controller scheduler can support. * * Completion Callbacks: * * The completion callback is made in_interrupt(), and one of the first * things that a completion handler should do is check the status field. * The status field is provided for all URBs. It is used to report * unlinked URBs, and status for all non-ISO transfers. It should not * be examined before the URB is returned to the completion handler. * * The context field is normally used to link URBs back to the relevant * driver or request state. * * When the completion callback is invoked for non-isochronous URBs, the * actual_length field tells how many bytes were transferred. This field * is updated even when the URB terminated with an error or was unlinked. * * ISO transfer status is reported in the status and actual_length fields * of the iso_frame_desc array, and the number of errors is reported in * error_count. Completion callbacks for ISO transfers will normally * (re)submit URBs to ensure a constant transfer rate. * * Note that even fields marked "public" should not be touched by the driver * when the urb is owned by the hcd, that is, since the call to * usb_submit_urb() till the entry into the completion routine. */ struct urb { /* private: usb core and host controller only fields in the urb */ struct kref kref; /* reference count of the URB */ spinlock_t lock; /* lock for the URB */ void *hcpriv; /* private data for host controller */ int bandwidth; /* bandwidth for INT/ISO request */ atomic_t use_count; /* concurrent submissions counter */ u8 reject; /* submissions will fail */ /* public: documented fields in the urb that can be used by drivers */ struct list_head urb_list; /* list head for use by the urb's * current owner */ struct usb_device *dev; /* (in) pointer to associated device */ unsigned int pipe; /* (in) pipe information */ int status; /* (return) non-ISO status */ unsigned int transfer_flags; /* (in) URB_SHORT_NOT_OK | ...*/ void *transfer_buffer; /* (in) associated data buffer */ dma_addr_t transfer_dma; /* (in) dma addr for transfer_buffer */ int transfer_buffer_length; /* (in) data buffer length */ int actual_length; /* (return) actual transfer length */ unsigned char *setup_packet; /* (in) setup packet (control only) */ dma_addr_t setup_dma; /* (in) dma addr for setup_packet */ int start_frame; /* (modify) start frame (ISO) */ int number_of_packets; /* (in) number of ISO packets */ int interval; /* (modify) transfer interval * (INT/ISO) */ int error_count; /* (return) number of ISO errors */ void *context; /* (in) context for completion */ usb_complete_t complete; /* (in) completion routine */ struct usb_iso_packet_descriptor iso_frame_desc[0]; /* (in) ISO ONLY */ }; /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /** * usb_fill_control_urb - initializes a control urb * @urb: pointer to the urb to initialize. * @dev: pointer to the struct usb_device for this urb. * @pipe: the endpoint pipe * @setup_packet: pointer to the setup_packet buffer * @transfer_buffer: pointer to the transfer buffer * @buffer_length: length of the transfer buffer * @complete: pointer to the usb_complete_t function * @context: what to set the urb context to. * * Initializes a control urb with the proper information needed to submit * it to a device. */ static inline void usb_fill_control_urb (struct urb *urb, struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, unsigned char *setup_packet, void *transfer_buffer, int buffer_length, usb_complete_t complete, void *context) { spin_lock_init(&urb->lock); urb->dev = dev; urb->pipe = pipe; urb->setup_packet = setup_packet; urb->transfer_buffer = transfer_buffer; urb->transfer_buffer_length = buffer_length; urb->complete = complete; urb->context = context; } /** * usb_fill_bulk_urb - macro to help initialize a bulk urb * @urb: pointer to the urb to initialize. * @dev: pointer to the struct usb_device for this urb. * @pipe: the endpoint pipe * @transfer_buffer: pointer to the transfer buffer * @buffer_length: length of the transfer buffer * @complete: pointer to the usb_complete_t function * @context: what to set the urb context to. * * Initializes a bulk urb with the proper information needed to submit it * to a device. */ static inline void usb_fill_bulk_urb (struct urb *urb, struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, void *transfer_buffer, int buffer_length, usb_complete_t complete, void *context) { spin_lock_init(&urb->lock); urb->dev = dev; urb->pipe = pipe; urb->transfer_buffer = transfer_buffer; urb->transfer_buffer_length = buffer_length; urb->complete = complete; urb->context = context; } /** * usb_fill_int_urb - macro to help initialize a interrupt urb * @urb: pointer to the urb to initialize. * @dev: pointer to the struct usb_device for this urb. * @pipe: the endpoint pipe * @transfer_buffer: pointer to the transfer buffer * @buffer_length: length of the transfer buffer * @complete: pointer to the usb_complete_t function * @context: what to set the urb context to. * @interval: what to set the urb interval to, encoded like * the endpoint descriptor's bInterval value. * * Initializes a interrupt urb with the proper information needed to submit * it to a device. * Note that high speed interrupt endpoints use a logarithmic encoding of * the endpoint interval, and express polling intervals in microframes * (eight per millisecond) rather than in frames (one per millisecond). */ static inline void usb_fill_int_urb (struct urb *urb, struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, void *transfer_buffer, int buffer_length, usb_complete_t complete, void *context, int interval) { spin_lock_init(&urb->lock); urb->dev = dev; urb->pipe = pipe; urb->transfer_buffer = transfer_buffer; urb->transfer_buffer_length = buffer_length; urb->complete = complete; urb->context = context; if (dev->speed == USB_SPEED_HIGH) urb->interval = 1 << (interval - 1); else urb->interval = interval; urb->start_frame = -1; } extern void usb_init_urb(struct urb *urb); extern struct urb *usb_alloc_urb(int iso_packets, gfp_t mem_flags); extern void usb_free_urb(struct urb *urb); #define usb_put_urb usb_free_urb extern struct urb *usb_get_urb(struct urb *urb); extern int usb_submit_urb(struct urb *urb, gfp_t mem_flags); extern int usb_unlink_urb(struct urb *urb); extern void usb_kill_urb(struct urb *urb); #define HAVE_USB_BUFFERS void *usb_buffer_alloc (struct usb_device *dev, size_t size, gfp_t mem_flags, dma_addr_t *dma); void usb_buffer_free (struct usb_device *dev, size_t size, void *addr, dma_addr_t dma); #if 0 struct urb *usb_buffer_map (struct urb *urb); void usb_buffer_dmasync (struct urb *urb); void usb_buffer_unmap (struct urb *urb); #endif struct scatterlist; int usb_buffer_map_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe, struct scatterlist *sg, int nents); #if 0 void usb_buffer_dmasync_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe, struct scatterlist *sg, int n_hw_ents); #endif void usb_buffer_unmap_sg (struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe, struct scatterlist *sg, int n_hw_ents); /*-------------------------------------------------------------------* * SYNCHRONOUS CALL SUPPORT * *-------------------------------------------------------------------*/ extern int usb_control_msg(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int pipe, __u8 request, __u8 requesttype, __u16 value, __u16 index, void *data, __u16 size, int timeout); extern int usb_bulk_msg(struct usb_device *usb_dev, unsigned int pipe, void *data, int len, int *actual_length, int timeout); /* wrappers around usb_control_msg() for the most common standard requests */ extern int usb_get_descriptor(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned char desctype, unsigned char descindex, void *buf, int size); extern int usb_get_status(struct usb_device *dev, int type, int target, void *data); extern int usb_get_string(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned short langid, unsigned char index, void *buf, int size); extern int usb_string(struct usb_device *dev, int index, char *buf, size_t size); /* wrappers that also update important state inside usbcore */ extern int usb_clear_halt(struct usb_device *dev, int pipe); extern int usb_reset_configuration(struct usb_device *dev); extern int usb_set_interface(struct usb_device *dev, int ifnum, int alternate); /* * timeouts, in milliseconds, used for sending/receiving control messages * they typically complete within a few frames (msec) after they're issued * USB identifies 5 second timeouts, maybe more in a few cases, and a few * slow devices (like some MGE Ellipse UPSes) actually push that limit. */ #define USB_CTRL_GET_TIMEOUT 5000 #define USB_CTRL_SET_TIMEOUT 5000 /** * struct usb_sg_request - support for scatter/gather I/O * @status: zero indicates success, else negative errno * @bytes: counts bytes transferred. * * These requests are initialized using usb_sg_init(), and then are used * as request handles passed to usb_sg_wait() or usb_sg_cancel(). Most * members of the request object aren't for driver access. * * The status and bytecount values are valid only after usb_sg_wait() * returns. If the status is zero, then the bytecount matches the total * from the request. * * After an error completion, drivers may need to clear a halt condition * on the endpoint. */ struct usb_sg_request { int status; size_t bytes; /* * members below are private: to usbcore, * and are not provided for driver access! */ spinlock_t lock; struct usb_device *dev; int pipe; struct scatterlist *sg; int nents; int entries; struct urb **urbs; int count; struct completion complete; }; int usb_sg_init ( struct usb_sg_request *io, struct usb_device *dev, unsigned pipe, unsigned period, struct scatterlist *sg, int nents, size_t length, gfp_t mem_flags ); void usb_sg_cancel (struct usb_sg_request *io); void usb_sg_wait (struct usb_sg_request *io); /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* * For various legacy reasons, Linux has a small cookie that's paired with * a struct usb_device to identify an endpoint queue. Queue characteristics * are defined by the endpoint's descriptor. This cookie is called a "pipe", * an unsigned int encoded as: * * - direction: bit 7 (0 = Host-to-Device [Out], * 1 = Device-to-Host [In] ... * like endpoint bEndpointAddress) * - device address: bits 8-14 ... bit positions known to uhci-hcd * - endpoint: bits 15-18 ... bit positions known to uhci-hcd * - pipe type: bits 30-31 (00 = isochronous, 01 = interrupt, * 10 = control, 11 = bulk) * * Given the device address and endpoint descriptor, pipes are redundant. */ /* NOTE: these are not the standard USB_ENDPOINT_XFER_* values!! */ /* (yet ... they're the values used by usbfs) */ #define PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS 0 #define PIPE_INTERRUPT 1 #define PIPE_CONTROL 2 #define PIPE_BULK 3 #define usb_pipein(pipe) ((pipe) & USB_DIR_IN) #define usb_pipeout(pipe) (!usb_pipein(pipe)) #define usb_pipedevice(pipe) (((pipe) >> 8) & 0x7f) #define usb_pipeendpoint(pipe) (((pipe) >> 15) & 0xf) #define usb_pipetype(pipe) (((pipe) >> 30) & 3) #define usb_pipeisoc(pipe) (usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS) #define usb_pipeint(pipe) (usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_INTERRUPT) #define usb_pipecontrol(pipe) (usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_CONTROL) #define usb_pipebulk(pipe) (usb_pipetype((pipe)) == PIPE_BULK) /* The D0/D1 toggle bits ... USE WITH CAUTION (they're almost hcd-internal) */ #define usb_gettoggle(dev, ep, out) (((dev)->toggle[out] >> (ep)) & 1) #define usb_dotoggle(dev, ep, out) ((dev)->toggle[out] ^= (1 << (ep))) #define usb_settoggle(dev, ep, out, bit) \ ((dev)->toggle[out] = ((dev)->toggle[out] & ~(1 << (ep))) | \ ((bit) << (ep))) static inline unsigned int __create_pipe(struct usb_device *dev, unsigned int endpoint) { return (dev->devnum << 8) | (endpoint << 15); } /* Create various pipes... */ #define usb_sndctrlpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_CONTROL << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint)) #define usb_rcvctrlpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_CONTROL << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN) #define usb_sndisocpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint)) #define usb_rcvisocpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_ISOCHRONOUS << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN) #define usb_sndbulkpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_BULK << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint)) #define usb_rcvbulkpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_BULK << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN) #define usb_sndintpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_INTERRUPT << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint)) #define usb_rcvintpipe(dev,endpoint) \ ((PIPE_INTERRUPT << 30) | __create_pipe(dev,endpoint) | USB_DIR_IN) /*-------------------------------------------------------------------------*/ static inline __u16 usb_maxpacket(struct usb_device *udev, int pipe, int is_out) { struct usb_host_endpoint *ep; unsigned epnum = usb_pipeendpoint(pipe); if (is_out) { WARN_ON(usb_pipein(pipe)); ep = udev->ep_out[epnum]; } else { WARN_ON(usb_pipeout(pipe)); ep = udev->ep_in[epnum]; } if (!ep) return 0; /* NOTE: only 0x07ff bits are for packet size... */ return le16_to_cpu(ep->desc.wMaxPacketSize); } /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */ /* Events from the usb core */ #define USB_DEVICE_ADD 0x0001 #define USB_DEVICE_REMOVE 0x0002 #define USB_BUS_ADD 0x0003 #define USB_BUS_REMOVE 0x0004 extern void usb_register_notify(struct notifier_block *nb); extern void usb_unregister_notify(struct notifier_block *nb); #ifdef DEBUG #define dbg(format, arg...) printk(KERN_DEBUG "%s: " format "\n" , \ __FILE__ , ## arg) #else #define dbg(format, arg...) do {} while (0) #endif #define err(format, arg...) printk(KERN_ERR "%s: " format "\n" , \ __FILE__ , ## arg) #define info(format, arg...) printk(KERN_INFO "%s: " format "\n" , \ __FILE__ , ## arg) #define warn(format, arg...) printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: " format "\n" , \ __FILE__ , ## arg) #endif /* __KERNEL__ */ #endif


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date: 18 January 2019

Shah Waliullah

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions

John Bowker

(1702–62).An Indian Islamic reformer, who was a Sunni and a leading Naqshbandī Sūfī. He lived at ...

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8 May, 2018 • • 37.3PhilosophyPolitics & Society

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Points of View

Jonathan Egid

Timothy Williamson

Tetralogue: I’m Right, You’re Wrong
Oxford University Press
£7.99 (pbk)

“The fruit bowl is to the left of the vase,” I say. “The fruit bowl is to the right of the vase,” you say. Need we disagree? Not if we are sitting at opposite ends of the table, observing the scene from different points of view. “This ice cream tastes like muck,” I say, to which you reply that “this ice cream tastes wonderful.” Once again it seems we need not disagree—we are simply making our judgements from different points of view, with the notion of a point of view expanding so as to include our respective gustatory preferences in addition to our location. The strategy is a familiar one—a dispute is resolved into a “faultless disagreement” by recognition that the judgements are compatible if they are relative to different points of view. There is no conflict, only differing perspectives.

But how far does this strategy go? If you claim not that the ice cream tastes good but that the ice cream is a kind of hummingbird, I am less likely to be conciliatory than in the original case—here you are simply wrong, relative to whatever point of view you care to take. There are, after all, some facts about the way the world is, and the way you have just described the world does not represent the world as it is, was, or will be. We might be similarly wary about a relativism in the moral realm. Even granted a large measure of openness and tolerance, I am unlikely to accept that contradictory claims about the rightness of killing innocents can ever be resolved into a faultless disagreement, regardless of perspective. Relativism then, can be obvious, absurd and ambiguous. What seems clear is that whilst some things are relative, and some disputes can be helpfully resolved by revealing a supressed relativisation, other things are not relative, and some disputes cannot be resolved in this way.

It might seem somewhat surprising that Timothy Williamson should write a work of “popular philosophy”. The Wykeham Professor of Logic tends to work on those topics which are amongst the furthest from the public gaze, on technical problems in formal logic, metaphysics and epistemology. His previous book, Modal Logic as Metaphysics, is one of the most formidably difficult works of contemporary philosophy, full of page after page of formal notation incomprehensible to all but the most proficient logicians. In it, he put forward the radical and provocative ontological thesis of “neccesitism”, the idea that everything is necessarily something. This thesis is supplied with the qualifier, itself not entirely lucid to non-philosophers, that “the modal operators are meant to be read as expressing metaphysical modality and the quantifiers are meant to be read unrestrictedly.” It might seem all the more surprising from someone who recently said that he disliked “selling philosophy to people fundamentally uninterested in it, by disguising it as something it isn’t”, which is precisely what many philosophers feel that the popularisation of their field amounts to.

The motivation behind Williamson’s foray into publicly accessible writing seems to be a conviction that philosophical thinking, properly conducted, has something important to say to the wider public. In particular, Williamson thinks that philosophy can offer an antidote, or at least a tonic, to a relativistic tendency in modern culture that he argues denigrates truth and rationality, and lies at the thin end of a wedge that includes “alternative facts”, distrust of experts, and a “post-truth” society.

Any worries that Williamson’s characteristic acuity and thoroughness would suffer in his shift from the abstract to the accessible are alleviated early on, and he displays considerable skill in introducing philosophical problems in a way that is at once utterly accessible, unsparingly rigorous and unexpectedly funny. The book is filled with all sorts of insightful observations and criticisms of the way we tend to think and argue, and one of the major merits of this excellent piece of popular philosophy is to show that no sooner have we begun to ask seemingly innocent questions than we are sucked terrifyingly deep into the philosophical rabbit-hole.

The short work is set in a train carriage, and follows a conversation between four people with very different ways of viewing the world. We begin with travellers Sarah and Bob arguing over the explanation of a recent accident suffered by Bob. Bob complains that his garden wall collapsed on his leg as a result of the machinations of an elderly neighbour, whom he accuses of witchcraft. Sarah tries to convince Bob of the irrationality of this explanation of witchcraft (which one suspects Williamson uses as a foil for religious “superstition”) and of the superior rationality of scientific explanation, but Bob sticks firmly to his guns, and the two meet a frustrating impasse of “I’m right, you’re wrong.” How to proceed when we encounter such impasses is the major question motivating the ensuing conversation.

Enter Zac, our arch-relativist, who sets himself up as arbiter in the debate between Sarah and Bob. His (self-proclaimed) radical idea, which he promises will resolve all difficulties and neutralise all disputes, is relativism: the idea, as he puts it, that each is “quite right from [their] own point of view” and that nothing is absolutely right or absolutely wrong.

For the relativist, there is no such thing as truth, beauty or justification outside the framework to which these notions are relative, and consequently there is no conflict between two opposed judgements made from within different frameworks, or “from different points of view.” This accounts for Zac’s way out of the argumentative impasse: “witchcraft is true from Bob’s point of view, and science is true from Sarah’s point of view.” This sort of answer seems to offer a very attractive solution: we need not go hoarse shouting “I’m right, you’re wrong”, because we can instead agree to disagree.

Sarah, Bob and Zac continue their discussion as the train rolls on through the landscape, each trying and failing to convince the other of their views on topics ranging from psychoanalysis to hippy communes and the scientific method, until the train pulls up at a station. Here our fourth character alights the train, sitting quietly as the trio continue their exasperated debate.

The new arrival, Roxana, is a logician with a razor-sharp mind and a tongue that is sharper still. She introduces herself with the polite interjection of “you appear not to know much about logic,” a pleasantry she follows up by declaring that the “lack of intellectual discipline [of the overheard conversation] was only slightly irritating.” Her flippant put-downs and sarcastic remarks do little to endear her to her fellow passengers. Roxana’s voice seems closest to Williamson’s own, although the similarity lies in the rigour, wit and sharpness of the views expressed, rather than the belligerent and dismissive attitude displayed by the fictional logician.

Despite its appeal (perhaps because of its appeal), Williamson sees Zac’s “anything goes” relativism as importantly misguided, and a good deal of Tetralogue is concerned with exposing its flaws and internal inconsistencies. Sarah, Bob and Roxana momentarily put their differences to one side in order to tease out the contradiction and evasiveness of Zac’s attitude, a feat which is hard to achieve, owing to his strategy of appending “according to my point of view” to every claim, which allows him to avoid committing himself to any position that might be proven wrong (or, indeed, right!).

Williamson takes relativism to be a facile and lazy way of avoiding the hard problems at hand. Zac doesn’t really say anything at all about witchcraft by saying that “witchcraft is right from Bob’s point of view but not from Sarah’s”; he merely summarises their beliefs in a way that safeguards himself from falsity at the expense of his not contributing anything interesting to the discussion. There is, according to Williamson, a fact of the matter about whether science or witchcraft is correct and the stand-offishness of relativism doesn’t help us get any closer to precisely what that might be.

Zac is portrayed as a well-meaning, but painfully complacent and naïve intellectual lightweight, basking in the self-perceived glory of having transcended such passé notions as truth and falsity, right and wrong, rational and irrational. Whenever he is backed into a corner by an interlocutor who wants to know where he stands on a given issue, he retreats to his constant refrain of “according to your point of view”, which becomes a hilariously repetitive bore. Relativism is not so much refuted as laughed out of court, a reductio ad absurdum heavy on the slapstick.

This tactic permits Williamson to entertainingly lampoon the silliest elements of an “anything goes”, anti-scientific relativism, but this does feel like rather low-lying fruit. One feels that Tetralogue could have been more compelling as conversation and more convincing as philosophy if Zac had been a somewhat less ridiculous character—although this would probably have been less amusing. Many characteristically strong and incisive, if familiar, arguments against a radical and generalised relativism appear rehearsed (for example the view that relativism must be self-defeating if the claim that “all things are relative” is itself to be understood as relative), but the arguments thus adduced would not trouble any of the philosophers often accused of relativism such as Wittgenstein, Putnam, Rorty and Field, not to mention the “continental” philosophers Williamson likely has in mind.

This might lead some readers to wonder whether Williamson’s crusade against relativism isn’t a Quixotic charge against philosophical windmills. Refutations of relativism by analytic philosophers were all the rage in the late ‘90s and early ‘00s, when post-structuralism and Rortian pragmatism were still major influences in Anglo-American humanities departments, although one wonders how prevalent this relativism is today. Certainly, one would not find many who subscribe to such wildly implausible positions in any philosophy faculty, and it is hard to see at whom this polemic is directed.

Ultimately, these concerns rather miss the point. Williamson’s target is a wider relativistic tendency in modern culture, one that he thinks has assumed political significance in recent years, having migrated from the ivory tower to the agora, and shedding any of its subtlety along the way.

The best (worst) example of this trend is Kelly-Anne Conway’s recent invocation of “alternative” facts in her discussion of the fictitious “Bowling Green Massacre”. There are, evidently, no such things as alternative facts. Facts concern how the world is, and the world is only one way. There are multiple descriptions and multiple opinions, of course, but there is only one set of facts. Facts do not permit alternatives. But, as Williamson seems to think, the “anything goes” mindset makes it all too easy for facts to be seen to shade insensibly into opinion and fabrication, and leads to the pernicious idea that there are not only alternative points of view and alternative opinions, but alternative facts we can pick and choose to suit our interests.

In a world where the very notions of truth and reason are systematically undermined, it becomes difficult to criticise their opposites where we find them, and even more challenging to call out those who skilfully manipulate public uncertainty about these issues for their own gain. One cannot expose someone for lying if there is no notion of truth, nor criticise a policy as irrational or unjust if the notions of rationality and justice have lost all currency.

This is indeed a lamentable part of our political discourse, one might think. But can we really blame this on philosophy? In a roundabout way, Williamson argues, we can:

When you discourage respect for rational standards, Zac, the confusion you create is a smokescreen for politicians to hide behind, to avoid proper scrutiny, even though I’m sure you don’t intend it that way. If I accuse a politician of falsehood and he replies that ‘false’ is a dangerous word, people should laugh. We’d be in trouble if instead their reaction was to nod with respect.

It is not that relativist philosophers have been plotting the downfall of liberal democracy. Williamson is hardly claiming that Trump and Conway spend their evenings and cabinet meetings poring over Grammatology and the Philosophical Investigations. There is no direct link between the philosophy and the politics that Williamson excoriates, but such links are always fairly tenuous, and a tenuous connection is a connection nonetheless. He gave a good summary of his concerns in a recent interview:

(W)hen politicians need to be called out for speaking plain falsehoods, it doesn’t exactly help that many academics in the humanities and elsewhere have been doing their best for years to ‘deconstruct’ the distinction between truth and falsity. They’re hardly in the strongest position to accuse a politician of disrespect for truth… The road to such relativism is paved with good intentions, at least in part. People wrongly took the plain distinction between truth and falsity to imply intolerance of other points of view, other religious or political faiths, perhaps a willingness to suppress them by force.

As Williamson acknowledges, the argument here owes something to the insight of another Oxford philosopher, Bernard Williams, himself more open to recognising a “truth in relativism”, who observed decades ago that relativism no more implies tolerance than intolerance, it being equally possible for “my point of view” to be that of a Nazi and that of a Quaker. In fact, taken seriously, relativism seems to deny us any ground for considering tolerance better than intolerance, or for seeing the Quaker as better than the Nazi, both tolerance and intolerance rooted as they are in their respective points of view.

Politics aside, a great merit of this clever little book is that it shows how much philosophy is implicit in ordinary conversation and discussion, how truisms and throwaway comments we make conceal deep and highly debatable presuppositions. By showing how philosophy is so often already implicit in our arguments, values and opinions, Williamson’s book works as a surprisingly natural route into philosophy, and a bridge to more theoretical discussions. If you ever needed to get a hard-nosed, practical friend interested in philosophy, this would be the way to do it. Rather than attempting to show that philosophy is not really, at its core, pretentious, obscure or irrelevant, Williamson wants to show that philosophy, done well, can be clear, unpretentious and relevant, and more than that, that we are in fact doing philosophy in some form all the time. A great deal of philosophy lies just beneath the surface whenever we get into chatting with one another about our beliefs and our justifications for holding them.

At its core, Tetralogue serves as a defence of the importance of clear thinking and rationality, of that which Williamson takes philosophy, at its best, to be the paradigm. Good philosophy is essential because bad philosophy is omnipresent.

Jonathan Egid is studying for a BPhil in Philosophy at Wadham College.