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Medical Marijuana Week - Day 4: Protesting the federal crack down nationwide

February 16, 2012
During Obama’s Presidency, his administration has used a series of familiar and new tactics to interfere with state medical cannabis laws including nearly 200 SWAT-style raids leading to more than 60 indictments, threat letters to landlords and government officials, gross manipulation of the tax code, denying medical cannabis patients the right to bear arms, seizing medical cannabis related bank accounts, and much more. Today, ASA Chapters and affiliates in 9 cities and 6 states rallied outside of federal buildings and other venues across the country to tell Obama that enough is enough.

Steph Sherer, Executive Director of Americans for Safe Access, protested with the San Francisco ASA Chpater in front of his campaign appearance there. She said:
The literal and figurative assault on medical marijuana patients currently underway by the Obama Administration is unprecedented in this country's history, despite hollow proclamations to the contrary.  The intensity and breadth of the attacks has far surpassed anything we saw under the Bush Administration and has resulted in the roll-back of numerous local and state laws.

The Obama Administration has also employed numerous federal agencies, including the DEA, FBI, ATF, VA, and IRS to shut down access to medical marijuana, and cut-off services for, or otherwise discriminate against, literally hundreds of thousands of patients across the country.

Patient advocates in San Francisco and across the country called on Obama to end his attacks on the medical marijuana community and begin to address this issue from a public health standpoint. In addition to keeping his pledge of deprioritizing enforcement, advocates are encouraging Obama to reschedule marijuana for medical use. ASA is currently litigating the rescheduling issue in the D.C. Circuit and has also filed a separate lawsuit challenging the Obama Administration's violation of the Tenth Amendment by derailing state medical marijuana laws.
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FW198 WWI Military Policemen by King and Country

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FW198            “WW1 Military Policemen”

A pair of “Red Caps” (on account of their red service cap covers) directing traffic and on the lookout for deserters, malingerers and others trying to evade their duties.

 Special Note:   All rank and file Military Policemen were Non Commissioned Officers.  The older Corporal is pointing, the younger Lance Corporal is watching.

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• Atlético Mineiro
  • Fluminense
  • Grêmio
  • São Paulo FC
  • Corinthians
  • Internacional
  • Vasco da Gama
  • Santos FC
  • Sport
  • Palmeiras
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Palmeiras president Tirone: Riquelme deal not easy

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Palmeiras president Arnaldo Tirone has revealed that he is not optimistic about the chances of signing Argentine star Juan Roman Riquelme.

Riquelme, 34, has been identified by the relegated São Paulo giants as the ideal player for their Copa Libertadores campaign and to help them achieve promotion back to the top flight of Brazilian football, but the deal is looking unlikely despite Tirone going to Buenos Aires.

“We have studied him, it was offered. But there's nothing decided,” he told Lancenet!

“It can happen, but it is not an easy operation. It was his brother who spoke with our senior football people. It has nothing agreed.

“The difficulty is to formalise the operation as a whole because he is a big name player.

“The possibility exists but that does not mean anything. So far, there is nothing for me to say now. He just told me he wanted to come here.”

Riquelme is seen as a replacement for Chilean midfielder Jorge Valdivia who no longer has the confidence of the club and the board does not rule out selling the player.

The chances of Riquelme leaving Boca has been reduced slightly though given that Carlos Bianchi has returned to the club as coach.

Riquelme played some of the best football in his career under Bianchi and they have a great relationship, so it is understood that the coach will try to convince the playmaker to play for Boca again.

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• Atlético Mineiro
  • Fluminense
  • Grêmio
  • São Paulo FC
  • Corinthians
  • Internacional
  • Vasco da Gama
  • Santos FC
  • Sport
  • Palmeiras
  • Atlético PR
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Internazionale midfielder Hernanes: Things must change next season

Hernanes looking forward to facing his old team
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Hernanes has warned Internazionale that things must change next season as he looked ahead to their fixture against Lazio this week.

On Sunday, the Nerazzurri lost the Derby della Madonnina thanks to Nigel de Jong’s second half header.

Despite defeat to AC Milan, the Brazilian was confident they could end the season with two victories.

However, he was firstly critical of his team, Hernanes told Inter Channel: "This season we've always waited to be in trouble before reacting, that's not right, we need to focus to do well in our last two games.

“But next season must not go like this, we need to have our target and must not let it slip for a second, and show more consistency.

"Now we need to prepare well for the Lazio game, it will be a six-pointer. We need to change things though, we can't go on like this.”

Although the former Lazio man admits it will be nice to see some former team mates, only one thing will be on his mind once the game starts.

Hernanes added: "Personally I'll try to prepare calmly for the match, as I've always done, knowing that I'll meet my former team-mates.

It will be nice to see them but once the game starts we must only think about winning. We can't think about anything other than a victory. We'll prepare well to secure the result we need."

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Update on Southern Rail

Another frustrating meeting with Southern Rail today, who continue to promise improvement for commuters with nothing to back it up. Below is the latest letter from the Transport Secretary on the issue. I welcome the assurance that Southern “are not being – and will not be – let off the hook for performance”. Commuters rightly expect Southern to be fully held to account for the ongoing problems and atrocious service, and I will keep pressing this issue until we see the improvement that is needed.

Click here to read the Transport Secretary’s letter in full


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A Brief History of No-Fault Divorce in America

Last updated 4 years ago

California law provides for no-fault divorces. This means that the spouse seeking a divorce does not have to prove that the other spouse did anything wrong or that there were specific circumstances which led to the divorce. However, this has not always been the case.

California was actually the first state to sign a no-fault law into effect, which was done by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1970. Prior to that time, divorces could only be obtained when one party could show that the other spouse had done something wrong. Commonly pleaded examples included stating that the other spouse had committed adultery, committed a felony, or abandoned the marriage and the filing spouse.

To learn more about divorce in California, please do not hesitate to call Moreno Family Law in San Jose at (408) 266-9011. We specialize in family law and can help you with your divorce, child custody, or support case.

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Lake Cunningham Regional Skatepark

Admission Fee

Youth $3 / Day
Youth $20 / Month Pass
Youth $75 / Annual Pass
Adult $5 / Day
Adult $25 / Month Pass
Adult $99 / Annual Pass
All Rentals $5.00

Other Link Register for Classes and Programs Online!

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At 68,000 square feet, Lake Cunningham Regional Skate Park is the largest skate park in California. Featuring the the world's largest cradle, tallest vert wall, and largest full pipe, LCRSP offers a wide variety of terrain for all skill levels to learn and enjoy.

  • Birthday Party Packages
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Is it your first time at the Skate Park? Print, sign and bring the liability waiver with you on your first visit to speed things up.  Participant's under the age of 18 will need a parent or legal guardian's signature. See you at the LCRSP!

Waiver form

Rules and Regulations

  • All participants must sign a waiver before entering the facility. Participants 17 years of age and under must have waiver signed by a parent or legal guardian.
  • All participants must wear a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads at all times while inside the facility.
  • Skateboards, BMX, MTB, Inline and Scooters are allowed. All sessions are mixed – everyone is allowed to use the park simultaneously.
  • No Smoking, of any kind, is allowed in San Jose Parks.
  • No alcohol is allowed in the skate park, parking lot or pathways.
  • For participants’ safety, LCRSP will be closed to the public during wet and rainy weather. Please call the park at (408) 794-7574 in advance if you are unsure about the current local weather conditions.

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If you have a current valid College Student ID card, then YOU can get in FREE to California’s largest skate park!  Bring your friends for a shred session every Friday at the Lake Cunningham Regional Skate Park.  Every Friday College students get in free before 5pm with a current valid ID card. You can stay as long as you want…just get in before 5pm. We are open Fridays from 12pm-9pm. Remember that helmets, elbow pads and knee pads are required at all times. Rental packages are available for only $5!

2017 President's Week Break Extended Hours
Saturday, February 18 through Saturday, February 25: 9:00am-9:00pm
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OneWeb is Building and Hiring in Anticipation of a Very Ambitious Production Schedule

OneWeb builds satellite factory near Kennedy Space Center.

With a schedule of launching every 21 days, there had better be a large enough facility for production and so it begins as this article from the Florida Sentinel reveals.

Construction on a new factory for OneWeb Satellites on Florida’s Space Coast is shaping up, even while the fledgling space company builds its first few satellites in France.

OneWeb has joined with European jet manufacturer Airbus in a billion-dollar effort to launch upwards of 1,000 satellites to form a new communication network for the planet. The Sentinel broke the news about the company’s Florida plant in April 2016.

The company’s CEO Greg Wyler tweeted a photo recently of the factory under construction next to Kennedy Space Center. He also updated an audience at the Satellite Innovation Symposium in California recently on the prototype satellites.

“We are going to launch every 21 days over two years across multiple sites,” Wyler said, according to SpaceNews.com coverage of the symposium.

The company is hiring at Cape Canaveral now, advertising for and antenna engineer, a radio frequency design engineer, and multiple manufacturing associates.

The website says the manufacturing jobs only require a high school diploma, or GED equivalent, and three years of experience in manufacturing environment, among other things.

OneWeb Satellites’ plant in Florida will be exactly like the one in Toulouse, France – where Airbus headquarters is – except it will have double the product capacity.

The Florida plant will include two production lines, whereas the France location has one. In the meantime the company held its first launch drill at its Virginia control room, and rockets started arriving for the first launches – planned for next spring – at the Arianespace launch site in French Guiana.

OneWeb has also teamed up with Jeff Bezos’ rocket company Blue Origin, which is building a rocket plant practically across the street from the OneWeb plant.

They will build and launch satellites in Central Florida, reinforcing the foothold that private space flight is gaining in the region.

OneWeb has contracted for five launches of its satellites on Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket.Local manufacturing of satellites and rockets has been historically scarce in Florida.

Plenty of contractors provide support, services, parts and engineering, but Cape Canaveral hasn’t been known for large-scale manufacturing. The two companies said they would hire, combined, about 550 people.

Paul Brinkmann, Reporter, Florida Sentinel


text:
Mike Reynozo of Riverside blows bubbles with his 2-year-old twin daughters, Dani and Ele at the Camp Paivika open house June 14. The family’s 19-year-old daughter, Hannah, is a camper there.
Mike Reynozo of Riverside blows bubbles with his 2-year-old twin daughters, Dani and Ele at the Camp Paivika open house June 14. The family’s 19-year-old daughter, Hannah, is a camper there.

Nearly 5,000 feet up in the San Bernardino Mountains is another treasure of the Inland Empire.

At Camp Paivika, amid towering ponderosa pines, is a place where campers with physical or developmental disabilities can spread their wings and experience the same joys and challenges their nondisabled peers enjoy.

Here, they can forget their limitations and feel free to be themselves.

Campers can go on guided hikes, horseback riding, participate in talent shows, arts and crafts, campfires and swimming.

Nine-year-old Connor Abbot, his mother, Kathleen Struyk and grandmother Elizabeth Struyk, are all excited about Connor’s first day of camp on Thursday.

The Northridge family visited Paivika for the first time for an open house and swimming pool ribbon-cutting on a recent Saturday.

Connor, who has autism and epilepsy, participated in the Parachute Game with other prospective campers while family members toured the grounds.

“He will be one of the youngest campers here,” said his grandmother, Elizabeth, who came from Florida to visit more than six years ago and never went back.

Elizabeth, a retired nurse, said that Connor is friendly but gets overwhelmed.

They will be leaving him in good hands — what makes Camp Paivika unique is the level of care provided to special-needs campers, one of the best resident camps in Southern California.

Owned and operated by Pasadena-based AbilityFirst, Paivika was established as a Crippled Children’s Society in 1947, one of the first fully accessible resident camps in the country.

“Paivika” means “dawn” in the language of the native Cahuilla Indians.

Camp Paivika provides camp programs for children and adults with special needs, teaching social interaction and independence to campers 8 and older.

Seven weeklong sessions run from June through August.

Kelly Kunsek, camp director, has worked for the well-being of her campers for 19 years.

“We want parents to feel comfortable handing over their most precious possessions to us,” said Kelly, who teams up with her husband, Kenny Kunsek, facility manager.

The couple and their 11-year-old daughter, Sydney, live on the grounds year-round.

The staff, comprised of about 60 people from all over the United States, includes two 24/7 registered nurses.

“We offer a high level of care and can do it all,” Kelly assured family members. “We maintain campers’ strict medication schedules and special diets and are ready for any emergency.”

During the open house, I wandered around the grounds, chatting with people and enjoying the cool shade and a chicken ka-bob from the outdoor grill.

It was a beautiful place to be.

Best of all, for the campers, is the fun.

Campers swim or play games in the new swimming pool, built in fall 2013 to replace the aging 50-year-old pool.

They can enjoy performing arts with a talent show and skits.

The camp includes stables and offers horseback riding to campers.

There is one movie night each session when adult campers can lay on mattresses under the stars and watch the movie.

This summer, the staff is welcoming Bugaboo, a new pony, who pulls a cart.

There is a nature center, hiking and a fire ring for cookouts and campfires.

The camp also includes five dormitories, a health care center, amphitheater and a main lodge with a large recreation room and dining hall.

Accredited by the American Camping Association, Camp Paivika is on 12 acres of U.S. Forest Service land near Crestline and overlooks the San Bernardino Valley.

And here’s a thought for the day: Laughing stock — cattle with a sense of humor.

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Family and friends lit candles Saturday night to honor Tomanisha Nichols, who was shot to death last weekend, and to help raise funds for her burial.

Since the 19-year-old woman was killed outside a house party in an unincorporated area near San Bernardino on July 13, relatives have been hosting car washes, are planning a barbecue and created a webpage,, to raise money for Nichols’ funeral. At the time of this post, $330 of the $7,000 goal had been donated, according to the website.

Nichols’ mother, Nicole Denham, was distraught during the candlelight vigil, held at the scene of the homicide, the 4000 block of North E Street in unincorporated San Bernardino.

In a post on the donation website she said she hopes to bring awareness to the region’s gun violence plaguing her family and many others.

“This is a mother’s worst nightmare to have to bury her own child,” she wrote. “No parent should ever have to bury their child. … I just want my daughter to have a proper burial. Everyone deserves that.”

Join the Conversation

We invite you to use our commenting platform to engage in insightful conversations about issues in our community. Although we do not pre-screen comments, we reserve the right at all times to remove any information or materials that are unlawful, threatening, abusive, libelous, defamatory, obscene, vulgar, pornographic, profane, indecent or otherwise objectionable to us, and to disclose any information necessary to satisfy the law, regulation, or government request. We might permanently block any user who abuses these conditions.

If you see comments that you find offensive, please use the “Flag as Inappropriate” feature by hovering over the right side of the post, and pulling down on the arrow that appears. Or, contact our editors by emailing

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Hello! I'm Sarah. A Northern cactus hoarding, plant growing, tattoo appreciating colourful illustrator and everything blogger currently residing in the UK.

With my roots in a small coastal town in England, I did some growing up and then moved to Preston to study Illustration, my life long career dream, at university.  My blogging journey began as a hobby in 2015 and remains so since!

The Scarlet State has blossomed little-by-little over the past couple of years into a cosy corner of the internet where topics such as living well, cruelty free beauty, mental health, interior and taboo are talked about often.

I reserve a space here too for my personal thoughts- from happenings in my daily life to my take on current events, but fear not! The Scarlet State is a place of positivity, inspiration and relaxation. So please, grab a cuppa (my favourite beverage), sit down and have a browse. We have lots of catching up to do.

Feel free to say hey on Instagram and Twitter too!

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text: It just doesn’t get much better than a film that takes a few minutes to ratchet up the tension via that classic struggle over which wire to cut so as to defuse a bomb and avert catastrophe. To be fair, it’s a somewhat tired trope that’s been done to death, yet when it is executed well, it’s a slam dunk for that extra pinch of tension screenwriters love to mine for.


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School Bus Contractors

Winners named in national bus safety competition

Posted on July 17, 2012

MILWAUKEE — School bus drivers from across the nation competed here over the weekend in the 42nd Annual School Bus Driver International Safety Competition, hosted by the National School Transportation Association.

The event began with a written test, and then contestants got behind the wheel of a bus to put their driving skills to the test, competing in one of three categories: Conventional, Transit or Small Bus. Contestants can earn a maximum of 725 points for the entire competition.

The event culminates with an awards banquet and ceremony.

A breakdown of the winners in each category is as follows:

• First Place: Mark Koelbl, First Student Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Score: 643)
• Second Place: Michael Castaneda, North East Independent School District, San Antonio (Score: 618)
• Third Place: Larry Hannon, Centennial School District, Warminster, Pa. (Score: 611)

• First Place: Antonio Perez, San Dieguito Union High School District, Encinitas, Calif. (Score: 574)
• Second Place: Robert Parrish, First Student Inc., Alaska (Score: 560)
• Third Place: Randy Schwartz, Alpine School District, American Fork, Utah (Score: 549)

Small Bus
• First Place: Russell Altizer, Montgomery County Public Schools, Christianburg, Va. (Score: 585)
• Second Place: Virginia Smythe, Greater Albany (Ore.) Public Schools (Score: 504)
• Third Place: Eleanor Taylor, Monterey County (Calif.) Office of Education (Score: 448)

The School Bus Driver International Safety Competition began in 1971 as the National School Bus Safety Roadeo and continues to take place annually.

Related Topics: NSTA, roadeo

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Queen's University

Patrick and Jean Brady Award

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Provided byQueen's University
DeadlineOctober 31, 2017
Type of AwardScholarship
DonorEstate of Margaret Jean Brady

Level of StudyBachelor;
Field of StudyEnglish Language and Literature, General
Year of StudyEntering or in second year, Entering or in third year, Entering or in fourth year
Course LoadFull-time
School of StudyQueen's University
Region of StudyOntario
Schools AttendedAny School
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Wednesday, May 20, 2009

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Learning Habits That You Should Adopt

Successful businesspeople have benefited from the realization that ongoing learning is a vital part of success both in business and life.

Here are five ways you can entrench the habit of lifelong learning in your life, starting today.

1. Foster a Growth Mindset

Don’t allow your mindset to prevent you from growing. We often let our beliefs about learning hold us back: “I’m too old to learn”, “I’m too busy running a business to learn new things”. Neuroscience has proved these beliefs to be false and have shown that our brains stay malleable well into old age, and it still remains possible to create new neuron connections and learn new things well into your eighties.

According to Stanford psychologist, Carol Dweck, people have one of two types of mindsets: Fixed or growth. People with a fixed mindset believe that you are born with a fixed level of intelligence and that this cannot improve with work and effort. In contrast, people with a growth mindset believe that they can constantly improve themselves through work and practise.

Successful people adopt the second type of belief. They understand that only through ongoing learning and practise can you not only improve yourself, but adopt these learnings to increase the growth of your business.

Henry Ford said: “Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young.”

2. Practise the 1% Margin

Britain’s cycling team coach, Dave Brailsford was faced with a formidable goal of ensuring that a British cyclist won the Tour de France – something that had never happened before. His approach was simple: He instituted the marginal gains approach which practises a 1% margin for improvement in everything that the team would do.

From focusing on the cyclists’ nutrition and training programmes to choosing the best pillow and most effective gels, Brailsford and his team searched for the 1% improvements in everything. His goal was to win the stage race in five years – they achieved it in three.

Practise a few simple disciplines daily, like reading eight pages every day. This won’t change your life immediately but imagine the accumulation of knowledge you would have after ten years.

student read

3. Create and Maintain Goals

As you practise the 1% marginal improvements, you also need to be clear and specific about what it is exactly that you want to learn and by when. There is little difference between a choice that is 1% better or 1% worse, but according to personal development expert, Jeff Olsen, as time passes, the gap between those who make better decisions each day and those who make poor decisions grows ever wider.

Success is not a standalone event, it requires working constantly towards a specific goal so that you can finally realise it. Establish what it is that you want to achieve so that you can incrementally learn and improve to reach your final goal.

“Being productive and being busy are not necessarily the same thing. Doing things won’t create your success; doing the right things will,” says Olsen.

4. Always Ask Questions

Some things cannot be learnt from a book. Actively seek out experts in fields that you otherwise lack the skills in and ask questions. This may take a bit of pride swallowing but the benefits far outweigh a moment of awkwardness.

Research from Washington University has shown that questioning helps you to create mental representations that will aid you to both understand and remember the information. Questioning works because it makes you an active learner instead of a passive recipient of information. When you interact with information by elaborating on it, thinking about its context, or relating some pieces of information to others, you increase the likelihood that you will remember it.

5. Apply What You Learn

Don’t just accumulate a large archive of learning and information. The greatest benefit of learning comes from applying it to your business and life.

Olsen said that learning is: “The greatest gift you could ever give yourself is also the wisest business investment you could ever make. It is the most critical step in accomplishing any challenging task, and is the one step without which all other success strategies, no matter how brilliant or time tested, are doomed to fail.”

Adapted from http://www.telkombusinessblog.co.za/?p=2771


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.85 issue1Serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from ZimbabwePrevalence of select vector-borne disease agents in owned dogs of Ghana author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association

On-line version ISSN 2224-9435
Print version ISSN 1019-9128

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. vol.85 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2014

Theileriosis in six dogs in South Africa and its potential clinical significance

Chantai T. RosaI; Paolo PazziI; Salome NagelI; Vanessa McClureI; Jevan ChristieI; Milana TroskieII; Eran DvirI

IDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa
IIDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by a piroplasma of the genus Theileria that can cause anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Its clinical importance for dogs' remains poorly understood, as only some develop clinical signs. In this study, physical and laboratory findings, treatment and outcomes of six client-owned diseased dogs presented at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital are described retrospectively. In the dogs, Theileria species (n = 4) and Theileria equi (n = 2) were detected by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-reverse blot hybridisation assay in blood samples, whilst PCR for Babesia, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia were negative. The most common physical findings were pale mucous membranes (five out of six dogs), bleeding tendencies (five out of six dogs) and lethargy (three out of six dogs). All dogs were thrombocytopenic [median 59.5 W 109/L (range 13-199)] and five out of six dogs were anaemic [median haematocrit 18% (range 5-32)]. Bone marrow core biopsies performed in two dogs showed myelofibrosis. Theileriosis was treated with imidocarb dipropionate and the suspected secondary immune-mediated haematological disorders with prednisolone and azathioprine. Five dogs achieved clinical cure and post-treatment PCR performed in three out of five dogs confirmed absence of circulating parasitaemia. An immune-mediated response to Theileria species is thought to result in anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in diseased dogs with theileriosis. A bleeding tendency, most likely secondary to thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathy, was the most significant clinical finding in these cases. The link between thrombocytopenia, anaemia and myelofibrosis in theileriosis requires further investigation and theileriosis should be considered a differential diagnosis for dogs presenting with anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia in endemic tick-borne disease areas.

Theileriosis in dogs may be an emerging tick-borne disease (Chomel 2011), which is caused by piroplasmosis due to organisms of the genus Theileria located within erythrocytes. It can cause anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia secondary to an immune-mediated syndrome (Beck et al. 2009; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008). The size of the pear-shaped intraerythrocytic piroplasma stages evaluated on blood smear examinations has traditionally been used for the identification of Babesia species in dogs, with large forms being associated with Babesia canis and small ones with Babesia gibsoni. However, more sensitive molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing have further allowed the identification and differentiation of several large and small agents of canine piroplasmosis (Simues et al. 2011). Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ssrRNA gene has allowed reclassification of the canine piroplasms into true Babesia species (B. canis and B. gibsoni), Theileria annae or Babesia microti-like (phylogenetically close to zoonotic B. microti of humans) and Theileria-like groups (Dixit, Dixit & Varshney 2010). Theileria annae, Theileria equi and Theileria annulata have all been identified in diseased dogs in Spain (Garcia 2006), South Africa (Matjila et al. 2008), Croatia (Beck et al. 2009), France (Fritz 2010) and Portugal (Simoes et al. 2011). Dogs have presented with: fever (Fritz 2010; Zahler et al. 2000); anaemia (Beck et al. 2009; Camacho et al. 2002; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008; Zahler et al. 2000); thrombocytopenia (Beck et al. 2009; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Irwin 2010; Matjila et al. 2008; Zahler et al. 2000); immune-mediated syndrome (Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008); and renal failure (Garcia 2006).

Many diseased dogs that were reported in previous studies had concurrent haemoparasitosis, therefore an association between theileriosis and the clinical signs could not be established, and treatment and outcomes were also not reported (Beck et al. 2009; Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003; Fritz 2010; Matjila et al. 2008). The pathophysiology of detected Theileria species in dogs remains unknown (Chomel 2011). A chronic established host-parasite commensal relationship or a less virulent parasite relationship compared to the typical host (sable antelopes, horses and cattle) has been proposed (Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003; Matjila et al. 2008), which could explain why some dogs remain subclinically infected. In dogs presenting with anaemia and/ or thrombocytopenia, an immune-mediated process has been proposed (Dixit et al. 2010; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Irwin 2010; Matjila et al. 2008; Torina et al. 2007). Co-infections with other vector-born haemoparasites such as Babesia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Bartonella and Rickettsia species can occur (Kordick et al. 1999; Matjila et al. 2008; Yabsley et al. 2008).

Peripheral blood smears can be used to detect the piroplasms within erythrocytes (Dixit et al. 2010), but the genotype identification requires PCR (Irwin 2010; Simues et al. 2011). Polymerase chain reaction has therefore become an essential diagnostic tool for genera and species identification (Ashley, Hackner & Prittie 2012; Boozer & Macintire 2005; Criado et al. 2006; Criado-Fornelio et al. 2009; Simues et al. 2011). Imidocarb dipropionate has been assumed to be the drug of choice in dogs and other species (Camacho et al. 2002; Fritz 2010; Simues et al. 2011) based on reported post-treatment clinical improvement and negative PCR (Dixit et al. 2010; Fritz 2010; Gubbels et al. 1999; Simues et al. 2011).

The objectives of this study were to retrospectively describe the clinical manifestations of dogs exclusively diagnosed with theileriosis by PCR, their response to treatment and to alert veterinarians in endemic tick-borne disease areas of the existence of this piroplasmosis in dogs. The speculative pathophysiology of the clinical findings is discussed.

Material and methods

The medical records of client-owned clinically ill dogs presented during 2010-2012 at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital in South Africa with Theileria species detected in blood by PCR were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were diseased dogs in which only Theileria species were detected in whole blood by PCR followed by a Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridisation assay, whilst negative for other haemoparasitoses such as ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis or hepatozoonosis. Three additional dogs were excluded due to other concurrent haemoparasites. Signalment, seasonality, presenting complaints, physical examination findings, laboratory test results, imaging findings, treatments and outcomes of all dogs were recorded and compared. A physical examination, peripheral blood smear, urinalysis, faecal analysis and blood collection by jugular venipuncture into ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and serum biochemistry tubes were performed at admission.

Laboratory tests

Central and peripheral blood smears were done at admission to screen for common haemoparasites (Babesia and Hepatozoon species) and to assess changes to erythrocyte morphology, and colour, and platelet count. A complete blood count (CBC) (ADVIA 2120 Haematology System, Siemens, South Africa), in-saline agglutination (ISA) test, and serum biochemistry profile (albumin, globulins, total proteins, glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride) (Cobas Integra 400 plus, Roche, South Africa) were performed in all dogs. A Coombs' test was performed in three out of six dogs presenting with anaemia at admission. Bone marrow biopsy and cytology were performed in two dogs presenting with non-regenerative anaemia.

Molecular detection

The DNA was extracted from 200 µL of the EDTA-buffered whole blood using the commercially available DNA Kit (QIAamp®DNA Mini Kit, Qiagen, Cape Town, South Africa), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The extracted DNA was eluted in 100 µL elution buffer and stored at 4 °C until analysis. Amplification by PCR of the variable region in the 16S ribosomal RNA gene for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma, and in the 18S ribosomal RNA gene for Theileria and Babesia using specific PCR-primers located within the conserved parts of the rRNA gene of the target organisms was performed. Both PCR-primers sets had matching melting temperatures and thus the same PCR programme could be used for both reactions. The resulting PCR products were hybridised and each species (Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Theileria, Babesia) identified by a species-specific oligonucleotide probe using a line-blotter apparatus, as follows. The forward primer, RLB-F [5'-GAC ACA GGG AGG TAG TGA CAA G-3'] and the biotin-labelled reverse primer, RLB-R [5'-Biotin-CTA AGA ATT TCA CCT CTA ACA GT-3'] were used to amplify the 460-bp - 520-bp fragment of the 18S SSU rRNA gene spanning the V4 hypervariable region of Theileria and Babesia species (Gubbels et al. 1999; Matjila et al. 2004). For the Ehrlichia and Anaplasma, a forward primer Ehr-F (5'-GGA ATT CAG AGT TGG ATC MTG GYT CAG-3') and the reverse primer Ehr-R (5'-biotin-CGG GAT CCC GAG TTT GCC GGG ACT TYT TCT-3') amplifying the fragment of 460 bp - 520 bp from the V1 hypervariable region of the 16S SSU rRNA gene were used (Bekker et al. 2002). A reaction mixture of 25 µL of a ready-to-use mixture for high-specificity real-time quantitative DNA amplification (Platinum Quantitative PCR Supermix-UDG, Celtic Molecular Diagnostics, Cape Town, South Africa), 20 pmol (0.25 µL) of both forward and reverse primers (Forward and reverse primers, Inqaba Biotec, Pretoria, South Africa), 2.5 µL of the extracted DNA template and 9.5 µL of molecular grade water was performed in an automated DNA thermal cycler (GeneAmp® PCR System 9700 (automated DNA thermal cycler), Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). A touchdown PCR programme was used and the final extension cycle completed the PCR at 72 °C for seven minutes and was left at 4 °C. The RLB hybridisation was performed using PCR products as described by Gubbels et al. (1999). A plasmid control was used as an internal positive control to ensure that all the Babesia/Theileria and Ehrlichia/Anaplasma species-specific oligonucleotides were correctly bound to the RLB membrane and reacting adequately. After stringent washing to remove unbound PCR products, the hybridised PCR products were visualised using chemiluminescence and the microorganisms identified.

Thoracic radiographs were taken and abdominal ultrasound was performed in all cases to rule out other causes of anaemia and thrombocytopenia.

The veterinarian responsible for each case prescribed medical treatments, apart from imidocarb diproprionate (Forray, imidocarb diproprionate 12% m/v, Intervet Schering-Plough Animal Health SA, Isando, South Africa); these included blood transfusions, prednisolone and azathioprine.

Complete blood counts in every patient were monitored during hospitalisation and treatment. Follow-up consultations performed in five out of six dogs had complete history, physical examinations and CBC recorded. The remaining dog was euthanised five days post-admission due to financial constraints. In three out of six dogs, whole blood PCR was repeated between one and three months post-treatment. When improvement and normalisation of the haematocrit and platelet count were documented, clinical cure was considered to have been attained.

Dogs with theileriosis ranged from three to 10 years old with a median of seven-and-a-half years.

Five dogs were pure breed dogs (Labrador retriever, Beagle, Bullmastiff, Bloodhound and Maltese) and one dog was a small crossbreed. Half of the dogs were males and the other half females.

Three dogs were diagnosed in winter (June to August), two in spring (September to November) and one in autumn (March to May). No cases were diagnosed in summer (December to February).

Clinical signs and physical abnormalities

Clinical complaints and physical abnormalities detected at presentation were recorded (Table 1). The most common clinical findings were pale mucous membranes (five out of six dogs); bleeding tendency (five out of six dogs) characterised by oral bleeding, petechiae, ecchymoses, haematuria or haematochezia and lethargy (three out of six dogs).

Laboratory findings

Faecal analysis

On faecal analysis, no intestinal parasites or protozoa were detected. One dog had haematochezia, which was thought to be related to the dog's severe thrombocytopenia (15 x 109/L; RI 200-500).

Complete blood count

No haemoparasites were detected on peripheral or central blood smears. All dogs had platelet counts below the reference range [median 59.5 W 109/L (range 13-199), reference interval (RI) 200-500] and an increased mean platelet volume [median 17.05 fL (range 12.2-19.6, RI 6-11)] (Table 2). Although all dogs had platelet counts below the RI, the thrombocytopenia in two out of six dogs was mild and clinically insignificant (181 W 109/L and 199 W 109/L). In five out of six dogs concurrent anaemia was detected [median haematocrit 18% (range 5-2, RI 37-55)]. The anaemia was macrocytic hypochromic regenerative (absolute reticulocyte count above 60) [median absolute reticulocyte count 123.91 (range 98.06-276.00)] in three out of five dogs and normocytic normochromic non-regenerative in two out of five dogs with absolute reticulocyte counts of 17.1 and 19.4. Howell-Jolly bodies were detected in one dog. The dog without anaemia had a haematocrit of 60% and a severe thrombocytopenia (36 W 109/L). Two dogs at admission had mild to moderate leucocytosis due to a mature neutrophilia and monocytosis. Median white cell count of all dogs at admission was 8.23 W 109/L (range 3.27-38.11, RI 6-15).

The anaemia and thrombocytopenia detected at presentation in five out of six dogs normalised after treatment (Table 2). The remaining dog was euthanised five days post-diagnosis. At the end of treatment the haematocrit [median 35% (range 31-36, RI 37-55)], platelet count [median 630 W 109/L (range 314-943, RI 200-500)] and white cell count [median 17.32 W 109/L (range 8.32-47.12, RI 6-15)] increased.

In-saline agglutination and Coombs' tests

In-saline agglutination test (ISA) was positive in one out of six dogs at admission and became negative four days after initiation of treatment. Coombs' test performed in three out of six dogs at admission was negative in all cases.

Serum biochemistry profile

Most serum biochemistry parameters and electrolytes in all dogs at admission were within the reference range (Table 3).

Urinalysis was performed in five out of six dogs at admission. No abnormalities were detected in two out of five dogs, whilst the remaining three out of five dogs had inadequately concentrated urine (specific gravity range 1.015-1.016) confirmed by repeated sampling on consecutive days. Additionally, two of these dogs had haemoglobinuria (dogs with haematocrit of 5% and 8%) and one had haematuria (a dog with platelet count of 15 W 109/L).

Bone marrow evaluation

Bone marrow cytology and core biopsies performed in two out of six dogs with non-regenerative anaemia revealed hypocellular bone marrow and increased fibrotic tissue deposition compatible with myelofibrosis in both cases. Increased iron deposition was also evident on the bone marrow evaluation of one of the dogs.

Molecular testing

In two out of six dogs, Theileria equi was identified. In the remaining four out of six dogs, the PCR product did not hybridise to any species-specific probe, only to the Theileria genus-specific catchall probe. Polymerase chain reaction assays for the remaining haemoparasites tested were negative in all dogs.

In five out of six dogs, no radiographic abnormalities were detected. One dog had radiographic signs compatible with spirocercosis, which was considered to be an incidental finding unrelated to the clinical signs. The spirocercosis was thought to be non-neoplastic due to positive response to treatment and the absence of metastasis on thoracic radiographs. Abnormalities detected on abdominal ultrasound included splenomegaly (four out of six dogs) and hepatomegaly (three out of six dogs). Fine-needle aspirates of the enlarged abdominal organs were performed in all dogs and were compatible with extramedullary haematopoiesis.

Treatment and outcome

Treatment and outcomes were reported in five out of six dogs, as the remaining dog was euthanised five days post-diagnosis due to financial constraints and poor clinical improvement. For treatment of the theileriosis, two injections of imidocarb dipropionate 6 mg/kg were administered subcutaneously (SC) 14 days apart (Plumb 2008). A transfusion of packed canine red blood cells was administered to four out of six dogs with anaemia at admission after blood and urine collection. Prednisolone and azathioprine were administered at immune-suppressive doses in all dogs for suspected immune-mediated haematological disorders secondary to the theileriosis due to continuous drop of the haematocrit, presence of spherocytosis and anisocytosis, haemoglobinuria (two dogs) and absence of other detectable causes. The dog with non-neoplastic spirocercosis was treated with doramectin 0.4 mg/kg SC every 14 days for a total of six treatments (Mazaki-Tovi 2002) with a positive response.

Post-treatment complete blood count (Table 2) of five out of six dogs demonstrated clinical cure, with complete resolution of clinical signs and correction of the anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia. Post-treatment blood PCR performed in three out of five dogs was negative for all haemoparasites, therefore also supportive of clinical cure.

This retrospective study describes the common findings in diseased dogs with Theileria species detected by PCR-reverse blot hybridisation assay, which included pale mucous membranes, bleeding tendencies and lethargy. All dogs were thrombocytopenic and five out of six were anaemic. Bone marrow core biopsies performed in two dogs showed myelofibrosis. All treated dogs (five out of six) achieved clinical cure.

The number of reported cases of theileriosis in dogs seems to be increasing (Dixit et al. 2010), with the majority of cases described in the Mediterranean countries (Beck et al. 2009; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Simues et al. 2011) and South Africa. This emphasises the need to better understand the significance of this piroplasma in dogs and to alert veterinarians to its existence. However, the increased number of reported cases could simply relate to the new molecular techniques used in the clinical investigations of diseases.

Blood smear examinations by light microscopy seem to be reasonably sensitive for diagnosis of intraerythrocytic piroplasms (Irwin 2010; Simues & Waner 2011), but the species or genotype of the organism cannot be determined by morphology alone; they require PCR and genomic sequence analysis (Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003; Harrus & Waner 2011; Irwin 2010; Matjila et al. 2008; McCullough 2003; Otranto et al. 2010; Simues et al. 2011). In contrast, the detection of chronic and subclinical piroplasmosis in carrier dogs requires molecular tools (serology and PCR) because the sensitivity of microscopy in such cases is very low (Irwin 2010; Matjila et al. 2008), which is most likely the case in the dogs of this study.

Several Theileria species have been identified in both diseased and subclinically infected dogs. Species found in diseased dogs included: Theileria equi in dogs in Southern Europe (Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003), France (Fritz 2010) and Croatia (Beck et al. 2009); Theileria annae in dogs from Germany (Zahler et al. 2000), Spain (Camacho et al. 2002; Garcia 2006), Croatia (Beck et al. 2009) and Portugal (Simues et al. 2011); and Theileria sable in dogs from South Africa (Matjila et al. 2008). Theileria annulata and T. equi have been identified in subclinically infected dogs in southern Europe (Criado et al. 2006; Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003) and T. annae in a subclinically infected dog in Croatia (Beck et al. 2009). This shows that certain Theileria species might be associated with either a non-clinical state related to a commensal relationship, a less virulent parasite-host relationship (Criado-Fornelio et al. 2003; Matjila et al. 2008), or clinical disease of different severities in dogs (Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008). The specific pathogenic species, treatment and outcomes of canine theileriosis have been poorly described.

The present study only evaluated diseased dogs with theileriosis detected by PCR. Theileria equi was identified in two out of six dogs and Theileria spp. in the remaining four. The pathophysiology of detected Theileria species in dogs remains poorly understood (Dixit et al. 2010; Solano-Gallego & Baneth 2011) but it seems that haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly and an immune-mediated syndrome may be associated with this organism (Camacho et al. 2003; Dixit et al. 2010; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008; Simues et al. 2011), as was also seen in the present study. It appears that theileriosis in dogs shares common features with other haemoparasitoses such as babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, namely anaemia and/or thrombocytopenia being hallmarks of all three tick-borne diseases (Ashley et al. 2010; Garcia 2006; Harrus & Waner 2011; Solano-Galego & Baneth 2011). Therefore, for the correct treatment and prognosis accurate detection of species and subspecies is important (Dixit et al. 2010).

The thrombocytopenia detected in this study, as in others (Matjila et al. 2008; Simues et al. 2011), was likely to be secondary to an immune-mediated destruction, splenic sequestration or platelet consumption. It was considered the most likely cause of the bleeding tendency noted in five out of six dogs, characterised by the presence of oral bleeding, petechiae and ecchymoses. A concurrent thrombocytopathy, as described in canine ehrlichiosis (Harrus, Bark & Waner 1997; Harrus, Kass, Klement & Waner 1997; Harrus & Waner 2011; Little 2010; Matjila et al. 2008; McCullough 2003; Shipov et al. 2008), could also be suggested as a cause of the bleeding tendency; platelet function testing would be required to prove this association. A transient thrombocytopenia due to splenic platelet sequestration and immune-mediated destruction as occurs in B. canis subspecies rossi and B. gibsoni infections (Ashley et al. 2010; Taboada & Lobetti 2006) could also be the cause of the thrombocytopenia seen in theileriosis. Further studies are required to determine possible links between thrombocytopenia, anaemia and the bone marrow myeloproliferative disorder that were detected in the dogs with theileriosis.

Garcia (2006) found that 90% of dogs with theileriosis had regenerative anaemia with haematocrits below 31%, and 75% of dogs had platelet counts below 75 W 109/mL and 50% below 23 W 109/mL. All dogs in this study had platelet counts below the RI, with four out of six having a severe thrombocytopenia (median platelet count 59.5 W 109/L). Five dogs had anaemia (median haematocrit 18%) similar to previous reports (Beck et al. 2009; Fritz 2010; Garcia 2006; Matjila et al. 2008; Simues et al. 2011). The anaemia detected was considered to be either immune-mediated or related to direct parasite-induced injury and/or oxidative injury from haemolytic toxins, as described in canine babesiosis (Harrus, Bark & Waner 1997; Irwin 2010; Jacobson 2006; McCullough 2003). The presence of anisocytosis and spherocytosis, continual drop of the haematocrit and response to immunesuppressive drugs supports an immune-mediated process, even in the presence of a negative ISA and Coombs' test, as they have low sensitivity. In this study, two out of six dogs had non-regenerative anaemia, contrary to previous studies consistently reporting regenerative anaemia. This lack of regeneration is proposed to be secondary to an immunemediated destruction of bone marrow precursor cells, leading to myelofibrosis and haemosiderin deposition (Hoff et al. 1991; Weiss 2008; Weiss & Smith 2002), as detected in these two dogs or related to a theileriosis-associated bone marrow suppression, similar to what occurs in the chronic phase of ehrlichiosis (Harrus, Kass, Klement & Waner 1997, Harrus & Waner 2011; Little 2010; McCullough 2003; Solano-Gallego & Baneth 2011). The chronicity of infection can be considered a possible determinant factor for bone marrow involvement leading to these different clinicopathological findings observed in theileriosis in dogs.

An immune-mediated glomerulonephropathy with renal azotaemia was described in 36% of dogs diagnosed with T. annae in Spain (Garcia 2006), a feature not evident in the present study. This is possibly due to a different infecting species and immune-response, or a more chronic subclinical disease or low parasitaemia.

Studies regarding the optimal treatment of canine theileriosis are lacking. Imidocarb dipropionate has been assumed to be the drug of choice at 6 mg/kg administered SC and repeated 14 days later, for elimination of this parasite (Camacho et al. 2002; Fritz 2010; Simues et al. 2011), as administered in all dogs in this study. All dogs in the current study that received both SC injections of imidocarb diproprionate achieved clinical cure, suggesting that imidocarb dipropionate is efficient in sterilising theileriosis infections in dogs. This is further supported by the negative PCR results after treatment, as suggested in babesiosis (Boozer & Macintire 2005). To assure parasitological cure, other body tissues such as the spleen, liver and bone marrow should undergo molecular testing for the presence of the parasite.

The relationship between parasite species and clinical signs, morphological characteristics and drug trials against Theileria infection in dogs deserves further investigation. Movements of dogs can expand the geographical distribution of established piroplasms (Irwin 2010), thus, beyond accessible and accurate diagnostic tools, safer and more efficacious drugs against the parasite are necessary.

Limitations of this study included: a small number of dogs; lack of tissue sample confirmation of parasite cure in all dogs; absent follow-up PCR post-treatment in two dogs; lack of confirmation or exclusion of other haemoparasites beyond Babesia sp., Ehrlichia sp., Anaplasma sp. and Hepatozoon canis that could have potentially caused the anaemia and/or thrombocytopaenia; and lack of DNA sequencing in order to clearly define the infecting Theileria agents. Another limitation was the inclusion of a dog with concurrent non-neoplastic spirocercosis in this study, but the authors believe that the spirocercosis was an incidental finding unrelated to the severe macrocytic hypochromic anaemia (haematocrit 5%, RI 37-55) or the insignificant thrombocytopenia (platelet count 199 W 109/L, RI 200-400) on presentation, as non-neoplastic spirocercosis is not associated with severe anaemia. Normocytic mild to moderate anaemia is more commonly seen in neoplastic spirocercosis in dogs (Dvir et al. 2008).

Further studies are required to determine the possible links between thrombocytopenia, anaemia and myeloproliferative disorders, as observed in some cases with theileriosis. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the specific pathogenic species and their virulence, in order to better understand and anticipate the clinical manifestations of theileriosis in dogs.

Veterinarians should be aware of this tick-borne disease and should consider theileriosis as a differential diagnosis for any dog with thrombocytopenia and/or anaemia in an endemic tick-borne disease area. Diseased dogs with a history of exposure to ticks or previous travel to a tick-endemic area should prompt specific investigation for haemoparasitosis, including theileriosis.

Theileria species detected in diseased dogs in South Africa seem to carry a fair-to-good prognosis if early diagnosis, adequate treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and symptomatic care are instituted. The pathophysiology of theileriosis is speculated to be immune-mediated leading to thrombocytopenia and anaemia. An immune-mediated bone marrow involvement is also suspected in more severe and chronic cases.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.

Authors' contributions

C.T.R. (University of Pretoria) is the main author and responsible for the project design and for a clinical case. P.P. (University of Pretoria), S.N. (University of Pretoria), V.M. (University of Pretoria) and J.C. (University of Pretoria) were responsible for the clinical cases, data collection and analysis, and made conceptual contributions. M.T. (University of Pretoria) performed, interpreted the PCR results and described the PCR technique. E.D. (University of Pretoria) was the project leader making fundamental contributions.

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Chantal Rosa
Private Bag X04
Onderstepoort 0110
South Africa

Received: 24 Sept. 2013
Accepted: 10 Jan. 2014
Published: 20 Aug. 2014

Creative Commons License All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License


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