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A scene from a previous production of "We Built This City," which will be part of La Jolla Playhouse's inaugural "Without Walls" series this fall.

La Jolla Playhouse's "Without Walls" series has taken plays out of the theater and into cars, gardens, even a martini bar. Now the innovative program of site-specific works is leaving dry land altogether (at least in part).

The Playhouse has made official an idea that's been brewing for a while now: A full "Without Walls" (or WoW) festival, to take place October 3-6.

Among the dozen-plus fest works will be a piece by master puppeteer Basil Twist, who masterminded the fantastical androids in the theater's recent world-premiere musical "Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots." The work will unfold on a La Jolla beach, and involve creatures that actually rise up out of the waves.

The festival also will take in (among other things) wholly reimagined versions of Chekhov and "Our Town," with contributions from a wide range of American and international artists.

The reach of the WoW initiative will be extended through partnerships with the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego and the UC San Diego Department of Theatre and Dance (with which the Playhouse already works closely, sharing facilities and some staff).

At a presentation Friday, Playhouse artistic director Christopher Ashley said the event will turn the theater's environs into a "festive village," with shows at multiple on-site venues (as well as a few in other locations) and even a beer garden.

Ashley said the festival will include a mix of ticketed and free events, with no tickets over $25.

The festival launches Oct. 3 with a special edition of MCASD's popular "TNT" (for "Thursday Night Thing") cocktails-and-art confab at the Playhouse.

A look at some of the WoW Festival pieces now in the works:

"The Car Plays: San Diego": This series of 10-minute plays that wedge performers and audience together inside actual cars was a hot ticket during its WoW production last year. Now the show (the brainchild of the L.A.-based company Moving Arts) gets an encore with a number of newly commissioned playlets.

"Platonov": Writer-director-designer, MIT faculty member and multimedia whiz Jay Scheib (named in 2009 as one of American Theatre Magazine's "25 to watch" over the next 25 years) is creating this "live drive-in movie" adaptation of Anton Chekhov's first full-length play. The piece likely will take place next to the "Stonehenge" sculpture on campus.

Scheib, who has done numerous shows in Europe, grew up on a farm in Iowa, not far from one of the few surviving drive-in movie theaters. "Platonov" weds his interest in the Chekhov work (whose manuscript the playwright tried to burn, Scheib notes) with a desire to explore such interwoven facets of the American Southwest as drive-in movie culture, drought, housing crises and the presence of the military. For the audience, he adds, there'll also be an element of something like Shakespeare in the Park.

The piece will take place inside a modular home fitted with video cameras; it'll be filmed and projected live.

Scheib observes that the action in "Platonov" takes place on the longest day of the year (the "white nights," or period of the midnight sun in the far north). That becomes a contributing factor in the way relationships explode.

"The fact of the matter is," Scheib says, "everyone should've really just gone to bed."

"Our Town": Tom Dugdale, a 2010 graduate of UCSD's MFA program in theater, conceived and is directing this audience-involving retelling of the Thornton Wilder classic. Dugdale says he envisions the actors grilling burgers and hot dogs and serving playgoers as they arrive for the show, which will take place alongside the Mandell Weiss Forum theater.

As with "Platonov," video cameras will be involved. Dugdale says part of his focus for his show is on the question of whether modern tech such as cell-phone cameras and social media help us savor everyday experience (the fleeting nature of life is a key concern of Wilder's play), or actually serve to take us out of the moment.

Basil Twist: The puppeteer's so-far unnamed project is his fifth collaboration with the Playhouse. And while staging a show in the ocean sounds daunting, it's actually not such a departure from some of Twist's past work. One of his signature creations is "Symphonie Fantastique," an aquatic show (complete with puppeteers in wetsuits) that takes place inside a massive water tank.

Part of the idea behind the new piece is that it'll likely draw in unsuspecting (and presumably surprised) passers-by as well as those who come specifically to see it. So if you're at the beach that day, you just might stumble upon it.

Or, as Twist points out: "It (might) stumble upon you."

100% San Diego: Ashley says this piece is driven by an "intense demographic" approach. Created by the German theater group Rimini Protokoll, it will hyper-distill San Diego County's population makeup (based on census data) down to 100 representative citizens to create a "living, breathing portrait of San Diego."

We Built This City: The Australian outfit Polyglot - along with audiences - will construct (literally) this work, a mini-metropolis made from thousands of cardboard boxes. The whole thing will go up in one day. Then comes the fun part: trampling it back to rubble. (You don't get to do that to a play's set very often.)

Kamchatka: Ashley worked to bring in this company after seeing their work at a festival in their home country of Spain. (Site-specific work is much more prevalent in Europe.) The troupe's improv-based show will involve eight lost characters, each with a suitcase and a souvenir. The piece is pitched as blurring borders between make-believe and life.

MCASD and UCSD: Also at the festival site, the museum will present works by the visual and performance artists James Luna (with a commissioned multimedia show), Kate Gilmore and Jacolby Satterwhite. And UCSD theater and dance students will collaborate with the university's music and visual-arts departments on further works to be announced.

Tickets to the WoW Festival will go on sale this spring. More details: (858) 550-1010 or lajollaplayhouse.org.


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Think of volunteering as Vitamin V; it’s good for you

Health Buzz

A study released in June found that volunteering not only does good for others, it does good for your health too. Harris Interactive conducted a study that analyzed the impact of volunteering on one’s health. A majority of participants surveyed felt it improved their physical, mental and emotional health. Ninety-four percent of people who volunteered in the last 12 months said it improved their mood and 78 percent said it lowered their stress levels.

The study, funded by United Health Group, represents a sample of 3,351 of adults in a wide variety of age groups and health standings. Eighty percent of participants who volunteered said they felt they had control over their health.

Another element of the report studied how employees who volunteer affect their workplace. The study concluded that they increased work productivity, decreased health care costs and developed skills such as time management and teamwork.

Volunteering may improve workplace relationships as well. Four out of five employees said they felt better about employers who supported volunteer activities, and 81 percent of those who volunteered through their workplace felt stronger relationships among coworkers.

Healthy living tips: Balancing Your Diet

To create a foundation for healthy eating, consider these tips:

Protein: Eat poultry and meat that is at least 90 percent lean; trim any extra fat. The healthiest ways to cook lean meats are grilling, broiling, roasting or baking.

Dairy: Choose low-fat or fat-free milk and cheese. Read yogurt labels to make sure they aren’t loaded with added sugars.

Whole grains: Make sure at least half your grains are whole by eating whole wheat bread, wheat bagels and brown rice.

Fruits: They can be eaten anytime of the day. For example, add bananas to cereal for breakfast, sliced oranges to salads for dinner and dried fruit for snacking.

Vegetables: Purchase canned, frozen or fresh vegetables rich in colors, which indicates they’re filled with vitamins and minerals.

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

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Shardeh Danielle Watkins and Gerrick Watkins, both 23 and Oceanside residents, died in fiery crash on Interstate 5 on Saturday. Watkins' Facebook page said they had married in 2011. She called herself a proud Marine wife.

— A Marine combat veteran and his wife were identified Wednesday as the couple who died, along with their two dogs, in a fiery weekend crash on Interstate 5.

Gerrick and Shardeh Watkins, both 23, lived in Oceanside, their families said.

The couple was headed south on the freeway in a Chevrolet Silverado pickup when it veered right for an unknown reason and slammed into a pole near the U.S. Border Patrol checkpoint south of San Clemente about 10:40 p.m. Saturday, authorities said.

The pickup burst into flames. The couple and their pets died at the scene.

“He was my hero,” Gerrick Watkins’ father, James Watkins, said when reached at his Texas home. “His friends told me he was Superman when he went to Afghanistan.”

Watkins said he raised his son and daughters, Amanda Watkins, 25, and Ashley Watkins, 17, as a single father. He said his son had played high school football in his native Texas, and joined the Marine Corps shortly after graduation.

“He loved being a man and being in the Marines. That is what he wanted to do,” the father said.

He described his son as funny and loud, “and even the guys in his platoon will say that everybody knew Watkins was around when he was there.”

Shardeh Watkins’ stepfather, reached at his home in Maryland, said the couple was “very family oriented.”

“They were very much into one another,” said Matthew Norris, who said he has been a part of Shardeh’s life since she was 7.

Norris said his outgoing stepdaughter, who’d been a high school cheerleader, was very loving. She worked as a nanny and had looked forward to becoming a mother someday.

Her survivors include Norris; her mother, Lori; a sister, Desaree Callis, 18; and a brother, Matthew Norris Jr., 7.

“She was her mother’s heart and best friend,” said Norris, adding that the mother and daughter bore a striking resemblance in appearance and personality.

He said Gerrick and Shardeh doted on their dogs, a chocolate Labrador retriever named Laila and a yellow Labrador named Scout.

“They were all taken at once,” Norris said. “That is the only comfort that we have.”

On her Facebook page, Shardeh called herself “a proud Marine wife.” The couple married in 2011.

Her Facebook page included condolences from friends, who expressed shock at the deaths. One friend, Justin Shahan, wrote that he was “still at a loss for words, but I know y’all are watching down on us from heaven.”


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Arraignment for Hans Petersen accused of embarking on an early-morning rampage through a La Jolla neighborhood in San Diego. UT photo by Christian Rodas

— The arraignment for a biotech executive accused of shooting and wounding both his former business partner and his estranged brother-in-law at their La Jolla homes was postponed Friday until next week.

Hans A. Petersen, 49, requested his arraignment be delayed until Monday but did not say why. San Diego Superior Court Judge Louis Hanoian granted the request and ordered him to remain jailed without bail.

Petersen, who had fresh lacerations on his forehead, is being held on three charges of attempted murder, as well as burglary and shooting into an occupied building. A public defender represented Petersen during the brief hearing Friday.

San Diego police say Petersen first shot UC San Diego cancer researcher Steven Dowdy through a bedroom window about 3 a.m. Wednesday. Dowdy’s wife was not hit.

Investigators said Petersen was angry over a failed business deal. The two men had invested in Traversa Therapeutics to market a technology that Dowdy had helped develop, but the company filed for bankruptcy last year. The technology is continuing to be developed through another company of Dowdy’s, Solstice Biologics.

About three hours after the attack on Dowdy, police said Petersen then went to the home of his estranged wife’s brother, Ron Fletcher, and smashed a window with a rock. He broke inside and shot Fletcher, while Fletcher’s two daughters hid, police said.

Fletcher was able to snatch away the gun and subdued Petersen with a blow to the head, police said.

Investigators said Petersen was upset at Fletcher over his involvement in the ongoing legal separation between Petersen and Fletcher’s sister.

In a temporary restraining order filed last year, the estranged wife, Bonnie Fletcher, described various incidents when Petersen screamed at her and hit her during alcohol-fueled tirades.

After they separated, she would stay at her brother’s home on Cottontail Lane at times. Her attorney said Petersen was likely looking for her when he broke into her brother’s home Wednesday, but she was not there.

Both shooting victims were continuing to recover at hospitals Friday.


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The San Diego Union-Tribune

Donna Brazile's 'Cooking With Grease' is good with the personal, less so with the political

July 18, 2004

Donna Brazile managed Al Gore's 2000 presidential campaign and pops up these days as a TV talking head opining on Democratic and U.S. politics. Sometimes she's sassy and insightful; sometimes she's bland and predictable. Which sums up her "Cooking With Grease: Stirring the Pots in American Politics."

Brazile's new memoir is best in offering a glimpse of how this African-American woman with early attitude came out of Louisiana and made her way to Washington, D.C. Her father was a janitor, her mother a maid, and Donna one of nine kids in their poor family. She was reading the newspaper and drinking coffee with her Grandma Frances at age 5 and "officially" joined the civil rights movement at age 8 – on April 4, 1968, the day of Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. She dreamed of becoming an activist.

Cooking With Grease

Stirring the Pots in American Politics

Donna Brazile

Simon and Schuster, $23

Brazile kept a diary from early on, and she uses it to great effect. Whether she's describing the good times and bad amid poverty and racism, the cruel distinctions of skin color even in her own family or the impact of the civil rights movement on the ground, Brazile is an authentic and engaging witness.

When she writes that "busing was the worst public policy decision ever made," she knows. Brazile was abruptly ripped out of her beloved school in Kenner, La., where teachers knew the kids' parents and lived in the community. The Kenner kids were met with thrown eggs, tomatoes and all manner of racial insults when they arrived in neighboring Metairie. "I put down in my diary," she writes, "that I felt humiliated by the whole process, which took place every day."

Ultimately, Brazile organized the black students and reached an accord with the principal.

There are, to be sure, stories of racial grace – her relationships with white teachers or her first white friend – but Brazile sees almost everything through the prism of race, while criticizing white reporters or colleagues for doing the same in dealings with her.

Her book is a reminder of all those almost forgotten marches on Washington and provides insight into the organizing behind them. Brazile was one of the chief organizers, and she provides a breathless blow-by-blow of the logistics and backroom politics. Her organizational skills led her into Democratic politics, which is the main chunk of the book, since Brazile became the first African-American to lead a major presidential campaign.

Many readers may find this the spiciest part of "Cooking With Grease." There are Brazile's stormy or strained relationships with Gore and Jesse Jackson. There's the who-said-what-to-whom and who-had-the-bigger-office revelations, the real and perceived grievances and the shouting matches. There's even occasional vulnerability and angst. But mostly, this is awfully thin gruel.

The further she moves away from Kenner – and the more enmeshed Brazile becomes in politics – the less interesting the book becomes. She is revealing without being introspective, and her politics are one-dimensional and almost cartoonishly partisan. Democrats good, Republicans evil – it's depressing to realize that even the partisans at the highest levels believe this stuff.

The sections on Kenner, where Brazile has something important and interesting to tell us about growing up poor and black and female in the South of the 1960s and '70s, are where "Cooking With Grease" serves up some savory down-home victuals.

(c) Newhouse News Service

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Charles Ezra Cook

Charles Ezra Cook of Refugio, Texas passed on to be with the Lord on March 28, 2014 at the age of 69. He was born January 24, 1945 in the U.S. Naval Hospital in San Diego, California to Cliffa Gene Lange Cook and Ezra Glen Cook. Charlie married Zehra Lale Kuzu on July 12, 1972 in Istanbul, Turkey. They met in Munich, Germany while he was stationed there in the Army. Prior to that, he had served one year in Vietnam after earning a  aster’s Degree in Physics.
After returning to the States, Charles got his first teaching job in Lampasas, Texas. Two years later, Charles and Lale moved to Refugio where he taught mathematics and computer science for the next 40 years. Their daughter, Neslie Jill,  was born in 1975. Charles was a faithful and active member of First Baptist Church. He taught the older men’s Sunday School class, was a member of the Baptist Men’s Group, and was on a number of committees. Charles also taught “Celebrate Recovery” and was a major influence in the lives of those in that group. He took special interest in the needs of his neighbors and friends. Charles’ mission in life was to educate. Through the classroom, Mr. Cook touched innumerable lives and has helped generations of students to enjoy and understand math and computer science. Up until his last week, he tirelessly worked on curriculum that is now  being used by over 2000 high schools across the country and even internationally. Charles never met a problem he didn’t try to solve. Those solutions led him to many business ventures including Memogram, in which he was one of the early pioneers in voicemail technology; Precision Prototypes, a circuit board manufacturing company; Power Quest, which patented a cordless battery charger; Aeroview, an aerial mapping and surveying company; as well as oilfield automation and web-programming. He had a variety of unique hobbies and interests including beekeeping, piloting airplanes, electronics, Egyptology, and world travel. Charlie was preceded in death by his father Ezra Glen Cook, and brother-in-law Don Henderson. He is survived by his wife of  42 years, Lale Cook; daughter, Neslie Cook of Austin, Tx; and mother, Cliffa Gene Cook of Pontotoc, Tx. He is also survived by two sisters,  Candace Henderson of Cherokee, Tx and Kristy Harris and husband, Joe Harris of Cherokee, Tx and numerous nieces and nephews. A funeral service was held at the First Baptist Church in Refugio, Tx on Monday, March 31. Following the service, a celebration of his life was held at the Refugio High School Auditorium. Graveside
service was held at Cold Creek Cemetery in Llano County, located near the family ranch. Pallbearers were: Randall Ross, Richard Ross, Norman Ross, Judd Henderson, Billy Clay Myers, and Todd Deaver. Honorary pallbearers are Curtis Harris and Joe Harris. Memorial gifts may be made to Hospice of South Texas, 605 E. Locust Ave., Victoria, Tx 77901
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Several forage industry stakeholders, producers, and researchers came together at the saskatchewan Forage Council Annual General Meeting in Saskatoon, SK on July 26, 2016. The day was planned in conjunction with the Saskatchewan Forage Seed Development Commission’s summer field tour. The event featured a tour of the University of Saskatchewan’s Kernen Farm forage plots as well as a tour of the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Saskatoon Research and Development Centre.
The day concluded with the announcement of the 2016 Forage Industry Innovation Award, which was presented to Dr. Paul Jefferson. “It is an honour to be recognized by the industry and I am very grateful to the ominators and to the Saskatchewan Forage Council Board of Directors,” said Jefferson. Jefferson, who has had a successful forage research career that has spanned over three decades, initially became interested in alfalfa breeding and genetics as a student at the University of Guelph. After a Master’s Degree, he came to Saskatchewan in 1981 where he started working at what is now the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Swift Current Research and Development Centre. Interested in drought-resistant forages, he obtained his PhD at Utah State University. “When I returned to Swift Current in 1987, I had the tools to conduct research in a number of areas related to forage and range in Saskatchewan, depending on the needs and issues in the industry,” he explained.
Jefferson has always been a great advocate for forage and uses every opportunity he can to raise awareness of the value and importance of forage and range to the livestock industries in Saskatchewan and Canada. In 2007, Jefferson moved to the Western Beef Development Centre at Lanigan, SK, where he is currently their Vice President of Operations.
The day also included the Saskatchewan Forage Council Board Meeting, where Dave Kerr was elected as the new president. Kerr, who is a forage and beef producer from Lashburn, SK, is prepared to take on the role. “I’m definitely looking forward to the challenge. I think the Saskatchewan Forage Council is playing a prominent role in forages and research in the province,” Kerr said recently.
To read the full press release, click here.
Posted August 21, 2016

the Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture, Central Testing Laboratories, , Ducks Unlimited, the Saskatchewan Forage Council and Saskatchewan Peavey Mart locations are working together to promote the Saskatchewan Hay Harvest Challenge. The goal is to raise awareness of the importance of growing and harvesting good quality forage and the importance of feed testing.   Hay Bale

Haying season approaches, and the challenge to put up good-quality hay with minimal field losses exists. Regardless of harvest management and weather conditions, the nutrient content of forage is highly variable. Matching the nutrients supplied by the forage with livestock nutrient requirements is only possible if the nutrient content of the forage is known.

Growing and harvesting good quality forage is the first step in meeting the nutritional requirements of livestock. To keep track of the quality of their forage, many livestock and forage producers keep a field record book.

The Saskatchewan Hay Harvest Challenge provides producers with a pocket-sized field book to record hay field conditions and harvest operations across their forage acres. In taking the Hay Harvest Challenge, producers are encouraged to submit forage samples for feed testing. The field record book provides an entry form to fill in after the feed test analysis is returned. Not only is the field book for record-keeping, it is also full of forage production and harvest management information - great for a quick reference to often-asked forage questions!

Prizes for the Saskatchewan Hay Harvest Challenge include eight $250 vouchers for feed testing analysis sponsored by Central Testing Laboratories and a $1,000 voucher for an in-store merchandise purchase from a Saskatchewan Peavey Mart location. Entry forms are found in the official field record book. The official challenge kick-off date is May 24, 2016 and all entries must be received by January 27, 2017. For more information or to obtain an official field record book contact your local Regional Forage Specialist, call the Agriculture Knowledge Centre at 1-866-457-2377 or contact the SFC at This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it .

Posted June 4, 2016

Saskatchewan Forage Council Forage ADOPT Project *COMPLETED*
This projecMaverick Barley Horizon Peas for greenfeedt was undertaken in 2015 at four regional locations (Swift Current, Scott, Melfort and Yorkton, SK) to demonstrate the yield and forage value of pea/cereal mixtures in comparison to monocultures of oats, barley and peas. Thirteen treatments at each site included pea, barley and oat monocultures as well as pea/barley and pea/oat mixtures at two different seeding rates. The highest overall yielding mixture was Haymaker oats at 30% of full seeding rate and CDC Horizon pea at 100% of full seeding rate. In contrast the lowest yielding forage treatment was CDC Horizon pea seeded without a cereal crop. Regional differences in yield were noted. Soil zone, growing conditions, protein requirements of livestock and cost should all be considered when selecting forages for greenfeed production.
Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Forage Specialists partnered on this project to oversee the demonstration sites.  The SFC would like to thank Denis Lueke of One Oak Farms (Humboldt, SK) and Scott and Shawn Fraser (Pambrun, SK) for donating seed for the project. Thank you to the research farms for their excellent work at the demonstration sites:Wheatland Conservation Area (Swift Current, Northeast Agriculture Research Foundation (Melfort, SK), East Central Research Foundation (Yorkton, SK), and Western Applied Research Corporation (Scott, SK).
 This project was supported by the Agricultural Demonstration of Practices and Technologies (ADOPT) initiative under the Canada-Saskatchewan Growing Forward bi-lateral agreement.
To read the full report, click here to downloas the pdf version or visit our Projects page.
Image: Maverick barley (50% seeding rate) and Horizon Peas (50% seeding rate) in mixture at Melfort in August 2015.
Image Credit: Brett Mollison, AAFC/Northeast Agriculture Research Foundation
Posted April 28, 2016

The Saskatchewan Forage Council Gratefully Acknowledges funding for our 'Facilitating Forage Initiatives in Saskatchewan' project through the Saskatchewan Cattlemen's Association
Saskatchewan Beef Industry Development Fund:

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P.O. Box 308 Asquith, SK S0K 0J0


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Get A $125 Wrinkle Cream For 99 Cents!

Categories: Beauty Products
Leave A Comment: Comments(28)

nivea cremeWhen I was researching for my Creme De La Mer post, I discovered there is a skin cream that is very similar to the super pricy cult favorite. While Creme De La Mer now costs $125 for a one ounce jar, Nivea Creme only costs 99 cents for a tin of it, or up to a whopping $6.99 for a 6 ounce jar!

Nivea Creme doesn’t contain algae extract, which is what La Mer touts as its star ingredient, but tons of products contain this, so it’s not a special ingredient at all. I stay far, far away from algae extract, since it’s very pore-clogging, so I wouldn’t even use Creme De La Mer if I had the money.

Besides algae extract, the two creams have the same identical main ingredients, in the same order! Creme De La Mer has some extra antioxidants in it, but since it’s in a jar, once air hits it, they will be ineffective. Get this – even the scent of the two products is the same! They both have a floral, Grandmother-y scent – I don’t know how else to describe it.

The main ingredients of the two products are: Water, Mineral Oil, Petrolatum, Glycerin, Microcrystalline Wax, Lanolin Alcohol, and Paraffin. This is sort of hilarious, because Nivea Creme has been around since 1911, and it hasn’t changed its formula since then! Not only does Creme De La Mer rip off a company’s product, but they choose a product that has the most basic, cheap ingredients ever, and charge 100 times more for it.

My experience testing the products
I bought a tin of the Nivea Creme, and have to say that I really like it! Despite the fact that it doesn’t have antioxidants, or anything special in it, it works great on my super dry skin, and it works better than most moisturizers for me. It’s a very heavy cream, and I would only recommend it for dry skin. It also works great as an eye cream. After using it at night, I woke up looking great, and it goes fine under makeup. Even though it’s such a heavy cream, it doesn’t clog pores, so it should be okay for acne-prone skin.

I bought the tin version, but it’s not exactly sanitary, since you have to stick your hand in it over and over, so I would recommend the tube version instead. I don’t like the floral scent, but it’s not that strong.

After trying the Nivea Creme, I stopped by Neiman Marcus and swiped a glob of the Creme De La Mer to try. I rubbed it on my hand, and couldn’t believe that it really did look, feel, and smell just like the Nivea Creme! Even though it’s just a moisturizer, Creme De La Mer pretends it’s a wrinkle cream as well.

The safety of the two products
Despite the fact that I like how the Nivea Creme works, there’s sort of bad news. Nivea Creme contains Methylchloroisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone, which are preservatives that are known to be possibly unsafe. Creme De La Mer contains the same ingredient, but it’s labeled Kathon CG instead. I am now torn, because I like how cheap and effective the Nivea Creme is, but it’s sort of dumb to keep using it when there are plenty of products out there that don’t contain these preservatives. I will have to read up more on these ingredients, because I just learned about them this week.

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28 Responses to “Get A $125 Wrinkle Cream For 99 Cents!”

  1. Stacy Says:

    Good job researching this! I also like Eurcerin but it’s greasy and Aveeno.

  2. TUPRNUT Says:

    I look forward to what you have to say about the preservatives in these products…. I have a few dry, scaly spots on my face and I’m hoping this would be a good fix for them. Let me know what you find out!

  3. Les Says:

    Argh – I posted my Nivea cream comment on the wrong post… sorry! I highly endorse it, though! Great stuff.

  4. Martina Says:

    You are reading my minds!I have just been testing and comparing both creams for the past few weeks! I’ve known the traditionally good Nivea for years and use it for drier parts of my face and the eye area as well.Haven’t found any better replacement cream than Nivea yet!Few weeks ago I decided to buy CDLM. I like it but have to agree with you that it’s nearly identical with Nivea and much,much more pricey…With CDLM we pay for their pricey marketing but a lot of generations know that Nivea doesn’t need any huge advertisements because Nivea sells itself!

  5. Andrea Says:

    interesting! just the other day i was reading about the CDLM and sorta wanted a jar to myself.

    thanks for letting us know!

  6. The Weekend Beauty Read Says:

    […] Savvy Skin tells you how you can Get a $125 Wrinkle Cream for 99 Cents. […]

  7. TUPRNUT Says:

    Oh my Word! I just bought this last night at Ulta and used in on those annoying dry spots on my face. I woke up to what I consider sheer miraculous! The dry spots have been healed.

    I could have saved myself a lot of moolah… I can’t even count the amount of moisturizers I’ve purchased the last year or so trying to solve by dry skin problem.

  8. KattG Says:

    Methylchloroisothiazolinone is a common ingredient in shampoos & conditioners. I don’t know about the safety level of it or Methylisothiazolinone but I do know that both my grandmother and my aunt who live in Norway have always sworn by Nivea and have wrinkle-free, baby bottom-smooth skin. Maybe it’s the preservatives? I think there are more harmful toxins in our air that we should worry about.

  9. KattG Says:

    From Wiki:
    In 2004, after receiving additional studies, the European Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers concluded “The SCCNFP is of the opinion that the proposed use of Methylisothiazolinone as a preservative at a maximum concentration of 0.01% (100 ppm) in the finished cosmetic product does not pose a risk to the health of the consumer.”

    The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), does not list methylchloroisothiazolinone as a known, probable or possible human carcinogen[3], nor have in vivo tests found evidence of carcinogenic activity. Methylchloroisothiazolinone is an allergen.

    So there you go!

  10. Miss Gisele B Says:

    A few months ago, a plastic surgeon told me the same thing…La Mer has a great marketing machine behind it.

    That said, Jeni, I do agree with you in your assessment of the ingredients. You really (REALLY) want to be careful because some of those ingredients are bad news.

  11. Jeni - Savvy Skin Says:

    It was wikipedia.com that I went to to research those ingredients! haha. I think I might have read the info wrong when I read it the first time. Paula Begoun (author of “Don’t go to the cosmetics counter without me”) says those ingredients are “sensitizing” but I don’t know what that means. I just slathered my face in Nivea tonight, so I’m obviously not too afraid!

  12.   Weekend Reading From The Beauty Blog Network by Girl Gloss Says:

    […] makeup with. Makeup Moxie reviews the new Revlon Mineral Makeup. Savvy Skin tells you how you can Get a $125 Wrinkle Cream for 99 Cents. makeup loves me helps you achieve the gossip girl look , xoxo. Beauty and Personal grooming tells […]

  13. Sarah Says:

    Thanks to you I grabbed a little tin of Nivea at Longs last night to try it out. My skin was super nice and smooth when I woke up this morning! For less than $1 (my friend works at Longs so he got it cheaper) I now have a good night cream for Winter! Thanks!

  14. Best of Temptalia January 14th through January 21st Says:

    […] Savvy Skin tells you how you can Get a $125 Wrinkle Cream for 99 Cents. […]

  15. L Says:

    Do you have Astral over there? It is similar to Nivea and in the UK costs about the same. Main ingredients: Aqua, liquid paraffin, glycerin, paraffin, lanolin, ozokerite, petrolatum.
    It really smooths out any dry patches and it doesn’t clog pores. It doesn’t have either of the preservatives you mention.
    I haven’t tried Nivea on my face so can’t give a comparison, but I recommend trying it if you can find it.
    I’m glad I have never bought CDLM, it is even more expensive over here.

  16. antiwrinkle cream Says:

    Hi!I got the most relevant knowledge about Nivea Creme, and have to say that really liked it! Despite the fact that it doesn’t have antioxidants, or anything special in it, it works great on my super dry skin, and it works better than most moisturizers.Most creams are also used to prevent the appearance of wrinkles due to aging by removing dead skin cells in order to reveal the younger skin beneath.Thanks!

  17. Kay Says:

    Inspired by your post, I went and bought a jar for myself – I live in Sweden but I figured the formula would be the same. But now that I compare the ingredients, “my” Nivea creme doesn’t contain those preservatives – actually, it says “no preservatives” on the jar itself too. Would that change the effect of the cream or is it just a plus?

    (My ingredients list:
    Aqua, Paraffinum Liquidum, Cera Microcristallina, Glycerin, Lanolin Alcohol (Eucerit), Panthenol, Decyl Oleate, Octyldodecanol, Aluminium Stearates, Citric Acid, Magnesium Sulfate, Magnesium Sulfate, Parfum, Limonene, Geraniol, Hydroxycitronellal, Linalool, Citronellol, Benzyl Benzoate, Cinnamyl Alcohol )

  18. Jeni - Savvy Skin Says:

    I have read how that Nivea Creme doesn’t contain those preservatives in some countries outside of the US. I have read most people prefer the creme that you have (to the one sold in the US) so that’s probably a good thing. But if it comes in a tin, you would think they would need preservatives to keep the product fresh, but somehow it must remain fresh, or they wouldn’t sell it!

  19. naomi Says:

    I love Nivea creme. I have both the USA Nivea made in Mexico and the German nivea. The German nivea is the best in my opinion. It sinks into my skin nicely and gives me a satin look under make up. It also does not have that Methylchloroisothiazolinone stuff. It is way healthier. Luckly, we have a German shop here in AZ and they carry the 400 ml for 14 bucks. I have converted myself to only German made Nivea now.

  20. Ricci Bell Says:

    It “. . .is a preservative with antibacterial and antifungal effects.” What’s somewhat scary is that “in high concentrations it can cause chemical burns and it is a skin and membrane irritant.” So make sure you rinse your hair once your done.

  21. mark s Says:

    This is my first comment here , so I hope I do it — and get it — right. I wanted to start with something simple, like a health and beauty aid, and I saw my wife putting the Made from Earth – Vitamin Enhanced Moisturizer on her face this morning (as she’s done very morning for the past 20 years of our married life) and I asked her why she uses it and is so dedicated to this one particular product. She scowled a bit at me and asked, “Can’t you see why?”

    Point taken.

    She looks beautiful and as young as when we first met (Yes, she’s looking over my shoulder as I write this. Ow!)

    But seriously, she is well on her way to 50 and (Ow!) looks fantastic. Her face is soft and nearly wrinkle-free, and many women underestimate her age which, of course, she loves.

    Whatever materials are contained in it, she has obviously benefitted. But even if she hadn’t been using it, and became wrinkled (Ow!) and hard (Umf!) and aged in appearance (Yow!), I would still love her (Awww!).

    Mark Shekens
    (Still happily married)

  22. hayde Says:

    What about Ponds cold cream. that seems to have good ingrediants. I am not crazy about mineral oil. but the rest of the ingrediants seem fine. I was thinking of getting some because I just bought an expensive cream and it smell like my mothers Ponds.

  23. ellie Says:

    When we lived in Stuttgart in the early eighties, I noticed the women (with great complexions) favored Nivea creme. I started using it exclusively – (Why mess with success!) and am so glad that I did – Today I am 60 and my skin looks remarkably unchanged from my “youth”. I love to tell people how I found Nivea……how long I have been using it and how great I think the product is! My son travels to Switzerland for his job and he brings me tins of German made Nivea.

  24. mimi Says:

    I use the german made Nivea creme and it is a terrific moisturizer. Very soothing and much better IMO than the made in Mexico version. I will always use this.

  25. www.facebook.com/tfsdeth Says:

    Darling, Just because creme de la mer & this nivea product share SOME of the same ingredients (most moisturizers
    contain most of the same ingredients as default so you could compare any moisturizer to creme de la mer) doesnt mean that they act in the same way or give the same results on the skin.
    La mer is finer quality ingredients, most of which are natural & then fermented to keep them ACTIVE, nivea DOES NOT have ACTIVE ingredients. That makes a huggggggge difference. Another difference is the quality of the minerals in creme de la mer, the molecule of mineral & mineral oil is to large to sink into the skin, max huber (who created creme de la mer) made it possible that the skin could take these minerals…no other product on the market anywhere has been able to do this.
    all in all the process of making creme de la mer is long, it takes about 4 months to make 1 oz(30ml) of creme de la mer. So i suggest you look into things first before you start to think your a cosmeceutical just because you matched some ingredients & also have a look at the process of creme de la mer, then maybe you can appreciate it more than comparing it to some cheapo drug store brand; cremedelamer.co.uk/10reasons/index.tmpl

  26. Cici Says:

    @tfsdeth: Well “darling”, apparently Nivea has worked fabulously for many women. Regardless of the “quality of ingredients” or whatever special fermenting process they use to justify the price-gouging, the only thing that matters in the end is the look and feel of your skin. Creme de la Mer is a good moisturizer, I’m sure, but it won’t banish fine lines or prevent aging like some want to believe. You can pay $125 for your water/mineral oil/glycerin/etc cream, sure….or you can buy an equally suitable moisturizer for $120 less and save that up for procedures that actually WILL get rid of wrinkles in the future. I’m sorry, but ingredients being “active” will not create the huge difference that you want people to believe. You sound like a La Mer sales associate.

  27. kitty Says:

    I think what #25 is trying to say is you can spend $1 on a bottle of grape juice or $125 on a bottle of Cabernet Sauvignon. Both are made from grapes but one is priced higher because of the fermentation process and the labor it takes to create it. La Mer uses fermented kelp like SK-II uses fermented yeast from sake they call Pitera. I imagine the fermented product acts as a kind of acid on the skin that removes dead skin cells so the vitamins and nutrients can penetrate the new skin making it incredibly soft and smooth. You may get similar results with a generic moisturizer if you use a gentle exfoliator on the face once or twice a week. Moisturizers do “plump” the skin, reduce fine lines and fine wrinkles. It’s better to use a moisturizer than none at all even if you have oily skin or you’re on a limited budget. Mario Badescu used to be at Saks and Neimans years ago but now he’s at CVS and his products are as low as $10. But depending on your age and the condition of your skin, you may need something more than over the counter if you want to reduce deep lines and wrinkles and lift the skin. For deep lines and wrinkles, you’ll need Retin-A or a chemical peel or a filler like Restylane. To lift the skin, you’ll need botox or a facelift. I hope this helps :)

  28. Susan Says:

    Well, my school of thought is what is the alternative to preservatives in skin care? Grapefruit??? which is what I’ve been seeing lately in some natural product lines. Sorry. It just doesn’t jive with me. I believe the amount of chemical preservatives is so minute and at the end of the ingredient listing that it won’t make any difference to your health. Besides, there is no skin care at the moment that goes INTO the bloodstream. Except the nanotechnology stuff……..which I’m staying away from until there is more studies.

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Combatkit Gear

This growing page is dedicated to our new addition to the lineup at   Combatkit is a premium gear manufacturer out of Europe with innovative designs made by soldiers for soldiers.   Combatkit gear is made of the highest quality materials and is arguably the best that is made in Eastern Europe although the company is owned and operated out of Norway, with input from military and security professionals all over Europe and Africa.   Many of the designs are influenced by combat proven advanced British kit, yet adapted for better versatility and modernized with innovations that are common to the private sector gear industry.  A unique combination of US, and European materials (mostly US, Polish and Norwegian) with Croatian cutting and assembly makes for affordable top shelf quality gear with the professional user in mind.   Viewing and handling this gear up close gives you another strong impression - this stuff is not made with wimps or small people in mind.   Nobody was trying to shave 50 cents here or there on cloth or webbing and shrinking a strap or belt here or there.   If you have a 50" chest and have been searching the world over for a tactical vest that will fit, or you are over 6"5" and don't want a vest that does not fit like a bra, this is your day.    We are talking thigh rigs that can fit a 30" leg, mag pouches that fit plenty of just about any type of assault rifle magazines, including AK-47 and FAL mags with everything in between.  Heck, you might even be able to fit Bren gun mags in these pouches.

Durable?  Well, the Scandinavians regularly train in some pretty rough conditions, and the Croats just got finished with some pretty nasty wars in some really rough terrain, so they know their business and they know it well.    The various professional soldiers who have contributed to the designs of this gear are not doing it out of speculation, they have tried a lot of what is out there and have figured out what works and what does not work for them.    From our standpoint in the US, a lot of this is cutting edge and "out of the box" thinking that in times past would take years to filter into the regular military from globe trotting Special Forces types and mercenaries, let alone general public availability.    This isn't what you will find at your local surplus store by a long shot, but it is very similar to what you will find being used by troops on the cutting edge of today's conflicts.

As this part of the website grows, I will be updating it with better pictures.   Believe me, the color match to the US camo patterns on this gear is perfect, and you get full compatibility on the PALS/MOLLE compatible items.   Not, "looks like" but fully compatible.

One thing that I noted about this gear right away is that the vests and chest rigs were engineered to not require wearing with a pistol belt in order to hold their shape or hold gear.    This is in large part to the patterns of European military uniforms.   US military BDUs consist of baggy comfortable pants, a tucked in shirt (T-shirt in hot weather, long sleeve shirt or sweater in colder weather) and a lightweight "jacket" that fits more like a heavy shirt.   The belt worn with the trousers is fairly lightweight and thin but some are quite stiff.   This is in large part because a pistol belt is worn outside the "jacket" which is worn almost all of the time and a thick, heavy trouser belt will make that uncomfortable.   This pistol belt eventually grew in importance to be the basis for most US military webgear and tactical vests, when in fact it became less relevant with the use of tactical vests and thigh mount holsters and pouches that could just as well be attached to a better trouser belt like the Specops Brand Better BDU belt, and similar belts made by other uniform and gear makers.   One problem that had been encountered with using pistol belt anchored webgear and tactical vests was interference with most modern backpacks that use a waist or abdominal belt/strap assembly to take weight off the shoulders.

The European uniforms on the other hand, usually have that outer heavy shirt tucked in with a wider trouser belt that is often used to support a few pouches, a knife and sometimes a holster.    Combat webbing would often not even include a built in belt because that belt would seriously interfere with the items worn on the exposed trouser belt.   This was not only the case with most European load bearing systems developed after 1990, it was evident in the earlier but highly advanced South African load bearing systems from the mid to late 1980s.   Onward to Combatkit and a lot of custom and semi-custom gear, set up in what we call the 'second line' of personal equipment, we eliminate the dedicated pistol and or gear belt in favor of smaller items worn on the trouser belt, and the bulk of second line gear suspended from the shoulders.   This also guarantees a better compatibility with the various abdominal straps used on newer generation backpacks that have been common among backpackers for over 20 years, and used by European soldiers for at least as long.   That is why most of the modern European webbing is worn higher on the torso - they do not want the vests or chest rigs to block the all-important large waist strap used on the backpacks.   Another factor of this that safety regulations for vehicle operators often mandate the use of seatbelts, even in combat vehicles.    Anyone who has driven a Bradley or M113 with their gear on and some senior NCO demanding use of seatbelts will appreciate a rig that does not encumber the waist.   Take my word for it, trying to find and unbuckle a seatbelt while wearing normal webgear or tactical vests is a major hassle.   You also don't get interference with rappelling harnesses and those all so familiar rope tie off arrangements we cal "Swiss Seats".

The Combatkit chest rigs are engineered to work with most other major items of gear like backpacks, jump harnesses, duty belts and holsters, although thigh holsters are most highly recommended with the chest rig instead of high riding duty type holsters.   It is also very easy to wear two of the Combatkit chest rigs at a time to give a balance that is very similar to that found on the older ALICE gear when you have that sort of harness fully loaded up with a butt pack and lots of pouches all around the waistline.   By wearing a chest rig on the front and having it adjusted normally riding accross the upper part of the stomach, you have room to easily mount another rig facing to the rear, with its belt and straps adjusted to work a notch lower than the front rig.   This setup makes it surprisingly easy to access contents from the rear facing rig by simply unsnapping its quick release buckles (now facing front) and taking it off to get at the stuff without taking your front mounted chest rig off.   This setup works particularly well with the light gunfighter rifle rig and the full sized medic/engineer rig that has the zippered pouches and full size sustenance pouches that the gunfighter rig lacks.

A note regarding price structure:  I just got the initial package of samples in and the prices are still in a flux.   Prices for most of this gear (along with the shopping cart buttons) are listed HERE on the tactical vests and chest rigs pages of our sales section.

Combatkit Rifleman's Vest

4 Reienforced Magazine pouches that hold all common assault rifle magazines

2 water bottle/sustainment pouches that can fit all common water bottles, canteens and rations.

2 Upper Front utility pouches

2 front zippered large utility pouches for maps, documents and large, flat items positioned behind the cargo pouches, in front of the chest

Quick release buckles on the front and shoulders for fast removal of the vest from a patient

Rear pouch for hydration system that fits up to 100 oz bladder

Rear drag/rescue handle

Space between sustainment pouches and magazine pouches for mounting knife,  folding magazine dump bag, flashlight or other narrow items that can mount to PALS webbing.   Compatible with Specops Brand Combat Master sheath.

Three D rings on each side of the vest for attaching lanyards or hanging items below the vest without needing to wear an additional pistol belt

Vest is compatible with PASGT armor and Interceptor IBA with full range of adjustment to fit the largest issued sizes of body armor with plates installed.    Adjustable for girth and height.   Fits individuals up to 6'6" tall and over 53" chest.

PALS/Molle attachment points for additional pouches on the shoulders.

Large velcro panel on the hydration pocket flap for mounting nametapes, insignia and other patches.

This vest is the do-all vest for the military rifleman who wants to have a lot of mags at his fingertips yet not leave the essential survival items behind.   It also works for the survivor or international security specialist who wants a single high quality vest that may be called into use with very different types of rifles.    Whether you are packing a FAL, AK, or M4, this vest is the best way to make sure you have enough mags on hand to take care of some serious business with the bad guys when its all about bullets and water when the day's work is death and slaughter.

Combatkit Medic/Engineer Vest

Same as above, but substitutes two large zippered utility pockets with medical patch (removable) instead of rifle mag pouches.    These large utility pouches have removable waterproof nylon liners to protect other contents from things like ruptured IV bags.   Inside the utility pouches you have a clever arrangement of two removable panels per pouch with elastic set up like PALS webbing so you can mount items like surgical instruments, blasting caps, or small pouches inside the large zippered pouches.   Utility pockets measure approximately 4 1/4"X9 1/2"X6" (or roughly 11cmX24cmX15cm) which works out to around 240 cubic inches (give or take a little for the flexibility of the pouch itself).

The sustainment pouches have additional pockets sewn on the side that can hold two M16 or two G3/FAL mags each (will not hold AK mags).

Additional space between sustainment pouch and medic/utility pouches for mounting PALS/MOLLE compatible items.

This vest is the most versatile of the breed for general survival use and by personnel such as Engineers and EOD personnel who need to carry mission specific essential items that have to be accessible when moments are critical and you don't have seconds to spare.    You don't want small items lost out of the pouches, you don't need to haul enough mags to start and finish WW III.   You can still carry a few M4 or G3 mags, or mount a pouch or two to keep some mags handy for the MP5 you use to keep the nasties away from your work.

Combatkit SAW Gunner's Vest

Same as above, but instead of the zippered utility pouches, you get two slightly larger mag pouches that are generously sized to fit M249 SAW drums.   These pouches will also fit belted ammo for just about any general purpose machinegun like the M240, MG3, Mag-58 and similar weapons.   You can load a belt into each of the pouches and actually feed the belt directly from a pouch to the gun in patrol mode.

The main pouches have a bit faster access than the pouches for the medic/utility vest and can actually hold more magazines than the rifleman vest if you stack them up in the pouches (it can get noisy though).

This vest is primarily for the SAW gunner and the guy who has to carry larger mission essential items with fast access through a single buckle on each of the larger pouches.    This vest can also work for the the Medic, survivor, or EOD man who keeps essential items in an organizer bag that can be pulled out and dealt with separate from the vest.

Combatkit Modular Vest

Similar in fit to the vests above, but has no pouches attached to it.   Fully adjustable to fit very full size people. It does retain the built-in hydration carrier, and the zippered chest pouches since they are effectively part of the structure of these vests.

The vest is covered with PALS/MOLLE compatible webbing on the front panels and can thus be configured to suit the user with any of the commonly compatible pouches, holsters, pockets and other items.

Combatkit Rifleman's Chest Rig

Perfect for the guy who operates out of a vehicle and wants minimum interference from his gear while sitting in the vehicle waiting for that critical moment to jump out and take care of business.    You don't want to be stopping to put on the vest or webgear that was so uncomfortable you would not wear it in the Humvee.    If you are patrolling some particularly mean streets or badlands and don't need to carry your house around your waist, this rig will do.   It will also give you just about zero interference with a backpack, rappelling harness or jump harness.

Combatkit Rifleman's Light Patrol Chest Rig

A slightly more compact version of the rifleman's chest rig gives up a sustainment pouch to gain ammo capacity and the ability to mount additional ALICE compatible pouches, items or canteens.   This gunfighter's rig was developed for use by troops who operate primarily out of a vehicle and the bulk of extra survival items is more of an encumbrance than a benefit.    The operator who uses this rig has his survival supplies somewhere else and is geared up to fight without much else cluttering up the chest rig, yet leaving room on the body to easily wear a THE pack, large ruck or an additional gunbelt.   Load up a dozen assault rifle mags of most types, or cram it tight with 16 USGI M16 mags (without magpuls) for enough to deal with all the bad guys at the party with a little left over for good measure.

Like with the other Combatkit gear, you can mount a radio pouch or other PALS/MOLLE compatible narrow pouches on the shoulder straps and of course, this chest rig is still adjustable to fit the big buys.   Unlike some of the other Combatkit chest rigs, this one does have a narrower profile so it can work well for smaller people without the irritating "full wraparound" that some smaller people complain about with full sized modern chest rigs that make it difficult to reach into the pouches that are situated all the way to the sides.    The top flap access pouches behind the magazine pouches still have ample room for other items.

Combatkit Medic/Engineer Chest Rig

This rig replaces the magazine pouches on the standard rifleman's chest rig with the Combatkit standard medic/utility pouches that you see detailed on the medic vest.

Combatkit SAW Gunner's Vest

Same as above, but replaces the utility pouches with SAW pouches that will hold belted ammo for all common light and medium machineguns.

Combatkit Modular Chest Rig

This popular design is becoming almost a standard throughout the industry.    The Combatkit version features PALS mounting points on the shoulder straps and a more supple material on the inside than some of the other makers do.   Compatible with all PALS/MOLLE and most ALICE gear.   Features inside pockets and quick release buckles on the back and shoulders.   Adjustable to fit the biggest of brutes.

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Fast Market Research

Market Report, "Bags and Luggage in Japan", Published

Recently published research from Euromonitor International, "Bags and Luggage in Japan", is now available at Fast Market Research

Boston, MA -- (SBWIRE) -- 11/28/2012 -- Consumer lifestyle and spending habits are having a direct impact on bags and luggage sales in Japan. One such category seeing a higher rate of decline over the review period was duffle bags. Consumers are still going to the gym or doing sports after work but are moving away from using a dedicated bag, such as a duffle bag, for these activities. Instead they are looking for a bag that can combine the various activities, and varying requirements, of their daily routine. In this way, single-use...

Euromonitor International's Bags and Luggagein Japan report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data (2007-2011), allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market - be they new product developments, distribution or pricing issues. Forecasts to 2016 illustrate how the market is set to change.

View Full Report Details and Table of Contents

Product coverage: Business Bags, Everyday Bags, Luggage, Other Small Bags, Wallets and Coin Pouches.

Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.

Reasons to Get this Report

- Get a detailed picture of the Bags and Luggage market;
- Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change;
- Understand the competitive environment, the market's major players and leading brands;
- Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.

About Fast Market Research
Fast Market Research is an online aggregator and distributor of market research and business information. Representing the world's top research publishers and analysts, we provide quick and easy access to the best competitive intelligence available. Our unbiased, expert staff will help you find the right research to fit your requirements and your budget. For more information about these or related research reports, please visit our website at or call us at 1.800.844.8156.

Browse all Consumer Goods research reports at Fast Market Research

You may also be interested in these related reports:

- Bags and Luggage in Singapore
- Bags and Luggage in Romania
- Bags and Luggage in Brazil
- Bags and Luggage in China
- Bags and Luggage in the US
- Bags and Luggage in the United Kingdom
- Bags and Luggage in Poland
- Bags and Luggage in the Netherlands
- Bags and Luggage in South Korea
- Bags and Luggage in Ukraine


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The internet is populated with many fake and scam sites - with many being created daily purely to look genuine. Even many review sites are tainted with fake reviews making it almost impossible for somedbody to detect a safe site from a scam. We attempt to analyse the website information and provide a trust guide that will help you determine the risk rating of .


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News Tours Boris Announce Summer Dates With Russian Circles And Red Sparowes

Boris Announce Summer Dates With Russian Circles And Red Sparowes

Posted May 19, 2010, 12:19 p.m. in Tours by Jon E.

Boris will be hitting the road with Russian Circles and Red Sparowes this summer, dates run as follows:

July 24th San Diego, CA – The Casbah July 25th Tucson, AZ – Plush

With Russian Circles:

July 27th Dallas, TX – The Loft July 28th Austin, TX – The Mohawk July 30th Baton Rouge, LA – Spanish Moon July 31st Tallahassee, FL – The Engine Room August 01st Atlanta, GA – The Masquerade August 02nd Carrboro, NC – Cat’s Cradle August 03rd Washington, DC – 9:30 Club August 04th Philadelphia, PA – Starlight Ballroom August 07th Cambridge, MA – The Middle East (feat. Cave In) August 08th Montreal, QC – Le Tulipe August 09th Toronto, ON – Lee’s Place August 10th Detroit, MI – Magic Stick August 11th Newport, KY – Southgate House August 13th Chicago, IL – Metro August 14th St. Louis, MO – Firebird (feat. The Life And Times) August 15th Lawrence, KS – Granada Theatre (feat. The Life And Times)

With Red Sparowes:

August 16th Denver, CO – Marquis Theater August 17th Salt Lake City, UT – TBA August 19th Calgary, AB – Republik August 20th Edmonton, AB – The Starlite August 22nd Vancouver, BC – Rickshaw Theater August 23rd Seattle, WA – Neumo’s (feat. Helms Alee) August 24th Portland, OR – Hawthorne Theatre (feat. Helms Alee) August 26th San Francisco, CA – Great American Music Hall (feat. Helms Alee) August 27th Los Angeles, CA – El Rey Theater (feat. Helms Alee) August 28th Pomona, CA – The Glass House (feat. Helms Alee)

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Monday, June 26, 2006

Test Preparation Trumps Arts Education

Thanks to people outside of Joel Klein's office, the New York City Schools have what sounds like a first-class blueprint for a compreshensive arts curriculum for the Schools. Only problem--no leadership and no cash to make it happen.

Wouldn't this be a great beginning for spending just a tiny fraction of the Buffet billions that he is giving away? Or is he, like Gates, only interested in the work curriculum or the curriculum for corporate growth? A clip from the Times:

"The blueprint is not curriculum, the blueprint is only a recommendation," said Councilman Domenic M. Recchia Jr., a Democrat of Brooklyn, chairman of the council's Cultural Affairs Committee. "They're not requiring schools to have music teachers or art teachers. They're not saying, 'You have to have this much art.' " Because the blueprint is aimed at arts specialists, it does not address schools that do not have them, or those with insufficient art space or supplies. "There is such a gap between the aspiration and the resources to actually make that happen that it feels like a hoax or a P.R. document," said Eva S. Moskowitz, former chairwoman of the City Council Education Committee, who now runs a charter school, Harlem Success.

Given the intense emphasis on math and reading scores, schools remain focused on test preparation and have no comparable incentive to improve arts education. "Arts are not on the school report card," said Richard Kessler, the executive director of the Center for Arts Education.

No real change can occur until they are, arts advocates say. "The chancellor would have to issue a mandate that arts is required as part of the curriculum and schools will be assessed and held accountable," said David Shookhoff, the director of education for Manhattan Theater Club, which produces plays on and off Broadway. "That would be a necessary step to ensure that we really move forward where every school has qualified arts specialists."

That mandate is not likely to come, said Joel I. Klein, the schools chancellor: "I'm a little hesitant to start to say, 'I'm going to mandate an arts curriculum, and I'm going to mandate a social studies curriculum, and I'm going to mandate a language curriculum.' Sometimes a little bit of judgment and discretion goes a long way."

Discretion?? What kind of discretion was used to determine that children in grades 3, 5, and 7 would be held back in school if they did not pass the annual test of mandated reading and math content? Was it Klein's discretion of Bloomberg's to ignore the warnings of the American Psychological Society and American Education Research Association against the use of such tests as the sole criterion for making life-changing decisions? Discretion??

  1. It's truly sad how the value of arts education in our society has truly been ignored.

  2. I just finished reading several essays by Elliot Eisner. One of his essays from the 1970s spoke about the consequences of standardization and testing: merit pay for performance, a drop in higher order thinking skills, and a total disregard of the whole child. His prophecy has certainly come true in many places.


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vol.123 número6Alta prevalência de desnutrição em pacientes com tumores sólidos não-hematológicos medida pelas pregas cutâneas e circunferênciasTromboembolismo venoso na gravidez associado a combinação de mutações do fator V de Leiden e G20210A do gene da protrombina índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
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Sao Paulo Medical Journal

versão impressa ISSN 1516-3180
versão On-line ISSN 1806-9460

Sao Paulo Med. J. v.123 n.6 São Paulo nov./dez. 2005

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoassaying versus microscopy: advantages and drawbacks for diagnosing giardiasis

O método imunoenzimático ELISA versus microscopia: vantagens e desvantagens no diagnóstico de giardíase

Alaíde Mader Braga Vidal; Wilson Roberto Catapani

Parasitology Laboratory of Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil

Address for correspondence

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Giardiasis is common in Brazil. For laboratory diagnosis, the method most utilized is microscopic examination of fecal samples, but the immunoenzymatic method is also available. The aim of this work was to verify the advantages and drawbacks of immunoassaying versus microscopy for diagnosing Giardia lamblia, when a single fecal sample is analyzed.
DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, double-blind study at the parasitology laboratory of Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC.
METHODS: Samples were prepared according to the traditional sedimentation (Hoffman, Pons and Janer) and Faust methods. Results were deemed positive when Giardia lamblia was found by one or both methods. The Prospect ELISA kit was used for detecting Giardia lamblia-specific antigen, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Results were expressed on a visual scale as negative or positive (+, ++, +++ or ++++).
RESULTS: The ELISA test was positive even when a significant proportion of corresponding samples examined by microscopy were negative. This trend was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The overall concordance of results between the ELISA test and microscopic examination of single samples was only moderate (0.50 by kappa test).
CONCLUSION: The ELISA test is useful when just searching for Giardia lamblia, because of its high sensitivity. For daily practice, we recommend microscopy, which is much cheaper and can also detect other parasites. The low positivity of single samples in this method can be overcome by using three samples, as recommended by most authors.

Key words: Giardiasis. Giardia lamblia. Parasitic intestinal diseases. Clinical laboratory techniques. ELISA.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A giardíase é comum no Brasil. Para o diagnóstico laboratorial, o método mais empregado é o exame microscópico de amostras fecais. O método imunoenzimático (ELISA) também é utilizado. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar as vantagens e desvantagens do método microscópico quando comparado ao imunoenzimático para o diagnóstico de Giardia lamblia em uma única amostra fecal.
TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo, duplo cego, no Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC.
MÉTODOS: As amostras foram preparadas para exame de acordo com os tradicionais métodos de sedimentação (Hoffman, Pons e Janer) e Faust. Um resultado positivo significa o encontro de Giardia lamblia por um dos métodos ou ambos. O kit Prospect ELISA foi utilizado para detecção do antígeno específico de Giardia lamblia, de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Os resultados foram expressos em escala visual como negativos ou positivos (+, ++, +++ ou ++++).
RESULTADOS: O teste ELISA é positivo mesmo quando uma significante proporção das correspondentes amostras examinadas por microscopia ainda é negativa, sendo esta tendência estatisticamente significante (p < 0,001). A concordância de resultados entre os dois métodos é apenas moderada (0,5 pelo teste kappa).
CONCLUSÃO: O teste ELISA é recomendável quando se busca uma elevada sensibilidade para a detecção de antígenos específicos de Giardia lamblia, como em estudos de prevalência. Para a prática diária, recomendamos o método microscópico, que tem custo muito menor e pode detectar outros parasitas na mesma amostra. A baixa taxa de positividade do método no exame de uma única amostra pode ser contornada pelo exame de três amostras, como recomendado pela maioria dos autores.

Palavras-chave: Giardíase. Giardia lamblia. Enteropatias parasitárias. Técnicas de laboratório clínico. ELISA.

Giardiasis is common worldwide, and 10% to 15% of the population is infected, even in first-world countries.1 In Brazil, unfortunately, there is still too much neglect of this subject, considering that data from local researchers show high prevalence rates of Giardia lamblia infection in several places in the country. Studies carried out in São Paulo,2-9 Minas Gerais,10 Paraíba,11 Rio Grande do Norte,12 the Federal District13 and Sergipe14 have demonstrated prevalence rates in the range of 9% to 50%, especially among children of up to four years old.

For laboratory diagnosis, the method most utilized is microscopic examination of fecal samples. Nevertheless, the immunoenzymatic method is also available. This assay is capable of detecting small quantities of fecal parasitic antigens, even in mild infections. The 65-kDa Giardia-specific antigen 65 (GSA 65) glycoprotein was considered to be the antigen of interest. It is present in the cysts and trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and is very specific to this parasite. It is the main antigen found in the feces of individuals infected with Giardia lamblia, and it has been used for immunodiagnosis.15

The earliest immunoenzymatic assays performed showed sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 98%, with the inconveniencing factor that they needed to be performed using fresh stools.16 In 1989, it became possible to apply specific antigens against the Giardia lamblia cyst wall, such as GSA 65, and this increased the sensitivity from 96% to 99% and the specificity from 96% to 100%.17 The commercial kits available today allow the utilization of preserved samples, thus making the process easier. However, the limiting factor in using this technology is its high cost in comparison with traditional microscopy methods.

This study aimed to verify the efficacy, advantages and drawbacks of immunoassaying versus microscopy for diagnosing Giardia lamblia, when single fecal samples are analyzed.

Prospective, double-blind study.

The study was carried out at the parasitology laboratory of Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC.

A total of 142 fecal samples (one sample from each of 142 patients) were analyzed using both immunoassaying and microscopy.

All the samples were prepared for examination according to the traditional sedimentation method (Hoffman, Pons and Janer) and the Faust method. For microscopic examination, the fecal samples were prepared and analyzed under the microscope as soon as they reached the laboratory. Microscope slides were always examined by the same very experienced person. Results were deemed positive when Giardia lamblia was found by one or both of the methods.

For the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, aliquots taken from the same fecal samples were stored at –20° C, for periods of no more than 30 days before their utilization. The Prospect ELISA kit was used for detecting Giardia lamblia-specific antigen (Alexon-Biobras, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais). The entire procedure was carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The results were expressed on a visual scale as negative, +, ++, +++ or ++++.

The chi-squared test for trend was used to verify the association between the results from the microscopic and ELISA methods. The kappa test was used to assess the concordance of results from the two techniques. For this purpose, all the positive results (+, ++, +++ and ++++) from the ELISA test were simply taken to be "positive" results, regardless of the intensity of the reaction. The kappa test was performed using the True Epistat (4th edition, Richardson, Texas, USA) statistical software, which assumes a normal distribution for the values and calculates a Z test.

Table 1 shows that, out of the 142 samples, 135 were negative by microscopic examination, whereas 130 were negative by the ELISA test. Among the 12 positive samples by ELISA, two displayed weak reactions (+), and these were negative by microscopy. Among the three ++ positive samples by ELISA, one was also positive by microscopy and the other two were negative. Five samples were classified as +++ positive by ELISA and, among these, three were positive and two negative by microscopy. Finally, two samples gave strongly positive ELISA tests (++++) and, among these, one was positive and the other negative by microscopy.

Among the 130 negative samples by ELISA, 128 were also negative by microscopy. However, two were considered positive by this method.

Table 1 shows that when the ELISA test is positive, a proportion of the corresponding samples is still negative by microscopy. This pattern is observed even when the ELISA test is strongly positive, and this trend is highly significant by the chi-squared test. Table 2 shows the concordance index between the ELISA and the microscopic method, obtained by the kappa test.

The diagnosing of giardiasis is very frequently dependent on the sequential examination of several fecal samples by a skilled person. In many cases, the parasite is not revealed by the examination of a single fecal sample. Hiatt et al.18 recommended that three samples per patient should be examined; otherwise the diagnosis rate might be significantly underestimated. According to these authors, the diagnostic yield increased by 11.3% for Giardia lamblia and 22.7% for Entamoeba histolytica, when three samples were examined instead of only one. The ELISA technique is fast and easy to perform for many samples at a time.

Other researchers, in developing an ELISA method for Giardia lamblia, showed that there was no difference in the antigenic activity of the system between the supernatant obtained from centrifuged samples and small samples of feces refrigerated at 4°C for up to two weeks.16 Also, repeated thawing and freezing of the samples (up to fifteen times) did not interfere with their antigenicity. In our study, once the samples were frozen, they were only thawed out to perform the ELISA test.

Green et al.17 developed another ELISA method for the detection of fecal antigens, in which the results could be evaluated in a visual colorimetric manner, thereby obtaining sensitivity greater than 98% and specificity of 100%. Since then, several kits have been developed. Garcia and Shimizu19 tested nine of these kits and found sensitivities ranging between 94% and 99%, with specificity of 100% for all of them, including the kit used in our experiment (Prospect ELISA for Giardia lamblia, Alexon Inc.). Mank et al.20 compared two commercial kits for detecting Giardia lamblia fecal antigens and reported that testing single fecal samples by this technique resulted in a diagnostic ratio similar to what was obtained when two separate samples were examined by microscopy techniques.

Schunk et al.21 tested an ELISA kit for detecting Giardia lamblia and reported no false positive results caused by the presence of other protozoa or helminthes in the feces. Among the 276 patients included in their study, 17.4% had at least one other protozoon or helminthe: twenty-four had Blastocystis hominis, twelve had Entamoeba coli and ten had Endolimax nana, while others had Isospora belli, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis and Ascaris lumbricoides. No patient among these reacted positively in the ELISA test. On the other hand, this indicates an advantage that microscopic examination has over ELISA: although the latter is very specific, it will not detect other parasites that the patient might have and which would be identified by microscopy. Among our patients, there were individuals who had other parasites that were identified by microscopic examination. Some patients who were negative for Giardia lamblia had Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni and Ancilostoma that were detected under the microscope. Among the Giardia lamblia-positive patients, some had Trichuris trichiura.

Our results (Table 1) have provided a comparison between the detection of Giardia lamblia by the microscopy technique versus the ELISA method, in single fecal samples. The results obtained may suggest that the ELISA test has greater sensitivity. This test might be able to detect minimal amounts of antigen and hence give a positive result even when the parasite load is slight. In such cases, several samples examined by microscopy would probably be required until one resulted positive. Therefore, the ELISA test is already positive even when a significant proportion of the corresponding samples examined by microscopy are negative, and this association is statistically significant (p < 0.001). In Table 2, the discrepancy between the results from the ELISA test and the microscopy technique can be seen, and this is reflected in the overall moderate agreement between the two methods, when following the recommendations for kappa test interpretation from Landis and Koch (1977).22

The occurrence of two patients who were positive by microscopy, among the patients who were negative by the ELISA method, may correspond to false positives due to examiner error. Even when the examiner is experienced, there is the possibility of a mistake in the identification, especially of the cystic forms.

With regard to the cost, each test performed by the ELISA method in Brazil had an estimated cost of 6.70 United States dollars (circa 18.76 Brazilian reais), whereas the cost of a test utilizing the Hoffman technique is about 0.05 Brazilian reais (US$ 0.02) and about 0.30 Brazilian reais (US$0.10) by the Faust technique.

We agree with Machado's opinion that the ELISA test should be used for epidemiological studies that have the strict goal of detecting giardiasis,23 because of its very great sensitivity. However, for daily practice, the low cost and capacity for detecting other parasites are factors that strongly recommend the utilization of three fecal samples examined by microscopic methods. This is especially so in our country, where it is not uncommon to find more than one parasite in the same patient (Table 3).

1. Meyer EA, Jarroll EL. Giardiasis. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;111(1):1-12.        [ Links ]

2. Vieira C. Prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças de um semi-internato de Santa Bárbara D'Oeste – SP, Brasil. [Prevalence of enteroparasitoses in children of a day care institution of Santa Bárbara D'Oeste, SP]. Medicina (Ribeirão Preto). 1980;11(1/2):23-6.        [ Links ]

3. Souza LM, Maffei HVY, Sogayar MI, Carandina L, Martinelli AJ, Pelissari CE. Parasitoses em lactentes de 0-12 meses de idade, atendidos no Centro de Saúde Escola de Botucatu, São Paulo. [Parasitic diseases in 0-12 months old infants, treated at the Centro de Saúde Escola de Botucatu, São Paulo]. J Pediatr (Rio de J.). 1981;51(5/6):321-3.        [ Links ]

4. Torres DMAGV, Oliveira MI, Fuzihara TO, et al. Correlação entre giardíase e grupo sangüíneo (sistema ABO) no município de São Caetano do Sul, SP. [Correlation between giardiasis and blood group (ABO system) in the municipality of São Caetano do Sul, São Paulo State, Brazil]. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 1989;49(1):69-73.        [ Links ]

5. Chieffi PP, Waldman EA, Dias RMDS, et al. Enteroparasitoses no município de Guarulhos SP, Brasil: 1. Prevalência de infecção entre escolares residentes no bairro de Taboão, em junho de 1984. [Intestinal parasitic infection in the municipality of Guarulhos, SP, Brazil: 1. Prevalence of infection among school children in Taboão district, June 1984]. Rev Inst Adolfo Lutz. 1988;48(1/2):75-80.        [ Links ]

6. Torres DMAGV, Chieffi PP, Costa W A, Kudzielics E. Giardíase em creches mantidas pela Prefeitura do Municipio de São Paulo, 1982/1983. [Giardiasis in nurseries supported by São Paulo Municipal Prefecture]. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 1991;33(2):137-42.        [ Links ]

7. Guimarães S, Sogayar MIL. Occurrence of Giardia lamblia in children of municipal day-care centers from Botucatu, São Paulo, State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 1995;37(6):501-6.        [ Links ]

8. Machado RC, Marcari EL, Cristante SFV, Carareto CMA. Giardíase e helmintíases em crianças de creches e escolas de 1º e 2º graus (públicas e privadas) da cidade de Mirassol (SP, Brasil). [Giardiasis and helminthiasis in children of both public and private day-care centers and junior and high schools in the city of Mirassol, São Paulo State, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1999;32(6):697-704.        [ Links ]

9. Tavares Dias M, Grandini AA. Prevalência e aspectos epidemiológicos de enteroparasitoses na população de São José da Bela Vista, São Paulo. [Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of parasitic infestation in the population of São José da BelaVista, São Paulo State, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1999;32(1):63-5.        [ Links ]

10. Almeida LP, Costa-Cruz JM. Incidência de enteroparasitas em habitantes do município de Araguari, Minas Gerais. [Incidency of enteroparasites en inhabitant of Araguari, Minas Gerais, Brazil]. Rev Cent Ciênc Bioméd Univ Fed Uberlândia. 1988;4(1):9-17.        [ Links ]

11. Silva RSM, Dantas Júnior GG, Dantas IG, Trindade MPB, Silva JC. Prevalência dos parasitos intestinais nos moradores da favela do bairro dos Ipês em João Pessoa. [Prevalence of intestinal parasite in inhabitants of Ipês district in João Pessoa]. CCS. 1986;8(3):29-30.        [ Links ]

12. Costa MSG, Nunes MPO, Nunes JFL, Silva EMA. Prevalência de enteroparasitoses em Natal, rotina coproscopia da parasitologia clínica – UFRN (Estudo em decênio). [Enteroparasitose prevalency in Natal, coproscopic routine of parasitological clinic - UFRN (Estudy realized in a decenium)]. Rev Bras Anal Clin. 1992;24(4):103-7.        [ Links ]

13. Almeida IS. Estudo transversal de prevalência de Giardia lamblia e outros parasitas intestinais no bairro Nossa Senhora de Fátima-Planaltina, DF. [Transverse study of prevalence of Giardia lamblia and others intestinal parasites in district of Nossa Senhora de Fátima-Planaltina, DF]. Brasília Med. 1991;28(1/4):16-9.        [ Links ]

14. Cardoso GS, Santana ADC, de Aguiar CP. Prevalência e aspectos epidemiológicos da giardíase em creches no município de Aracaju, SE, Brasil. [Prevalence and epidemiologic aspects of giardiasis in day care centers in the Municipality of Aracaju, SE, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1995;28(1):25-31.        [ Links ]

15. Guimarães S, Sogayar MIL, Franco MF. Giardia duodenalis: inter-strain variability of proteins, antigens, proteases, isoenzymes and nucleic acids. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 1999;41(1):45-58.        [ Links ]

16. Ungar BL, Yolken RH, Nash TE, Quinn TC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in fecal specimens. J Infec Dis. 1984;1(149):90-7.        [ Links ]

17. Green EL, Miles MA, Warhurst DC. Immunodiagnostic detection of Giardia antigen in faeces by rapid visual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lancet. 1985;2(8457):691-3.        [ Links ]

18. Hiatt RA, Markell EK, Ng E. How many stool examinations are necessary to detect pathogenic intestinal protozoa? Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;53(1):36-9.        [ Links ]

19. Garcia LS, Shimizu RY. Evaluation of nine immunoassay kits (enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescence) for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35(6):1526-9.        [ Links ]

20. Mank TG, Zaat JO, Deelder AM, van Eijk JT, Polderman AM. Sensitivity of microscopy versus enzyme immunoassay in the laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1997;16(8):615-9.        [ Links ]

21. Schunk M, Jelinek T, Wetzel K, Nothdurft HD. Detection of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in stool sample by two enzyme immunoassays. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;20(6):389-91.        [ Links ]

22. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159-74.        [ Links ]

23. Machado RLD, Figueiredo MC, Frade AF, Kudó ME, Silva Filho MG, Póvoa MM. Comparação de quatro métodos laboratoriais para diagnóstico da Giardia lamblia em fezes de crianças residentes em Belém, Pará. [Comparison of 4 techniques for the diagnosis of Giardia lamblia in stool of children from Belem city, Para State, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2001;34(1)91-3.        [ Links ]

Address for correspondence
Alaíde Mader Braga Vidal
Rua Dona Laura, 121  Apto. 31
Santo André (SP)  Brasil  CEP 09040-240
Tel. (+55 11) 4992-0073

Sources of funding: None
Conflict of interest: None
Date of first submission: October 21, 2004
Last received: March 9, 2005
Accepted: September 27, 2005

Alaíde Mader Braga Vidal. MSc in Health Sciences from Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
Wilson Roberto Catapani, MD. Full Professor of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.

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vol.64Speciation of Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes with L-glutamic acid in Dioxan-Water mixturesElucidation of the complex Baylis-Hillman reaction of 3-methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde with methyl vinyl ketone índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
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South African Journal of Chemistry

versão On-line ISSN 1996-840X
versão impressa ISSN 0379-4350

BUNHU, Tavengwa; KINDNESS, Andrew  e  MARTINCIGH, Bice S.. Determination of titanium dioxide in commercial sunscreens by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. S.Afr.j.chem. (Online) [online]. 2011, vol.64, pp.139-143. ISSN 1996-840X.

A variety of sunscreen products have been developed to afford the consumer protection against some of the deleterious effects, for example erythema, caused by solar ultraviolet radiation. The requirement that suncare products offer broad-spectrum protection has resulted in the use of inorganic oxides, such as micronized titanium dioxide (TiO2), in their formulation. However, there are now concerns about the photocatalytic effects of the TiO2 in these products and its potential phototoxicity to the skin through the generation of reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. It is important, therefore, that the amounts of TiO2 in suncare products be closely monitored and maintained within stipulated ranges. A simple, fast and reliable analytical method for the determination of TiO2 in commercial sunscreen products by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was developed and validated. The limits of detection and quantitation were found to be 0.018 and 0.062mL-1, respectively. The average percentage recovery of TiO2 was 102.32 ± 2.87 % with a RSD of 2.81 %. The method was applied to determine the concentration of TiO2 in 22 commercial suncare samples of which 14 contained TiO2. The amounts of TiO2 measured in these sunscreens ranged from 0.05 to 3.21 %. To our knowledge this is the first study that reports the amounts of TiO2 in sunscreen products available on the South African market.

Palavras-chave : Titanium dioxide; sunscreens; physical blocker; inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.

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