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Criminal Justice

The research on capital punishment: Recent scholarship and unresolved questions

Tags: , | Last updated: January 5, 2015

Last updated: January 5, 2015

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Over the past year the death penalty has again come into focus as a major public policy and political issue, catalyzed by several high-profile events.

The botched execution of convicted murderer and rapist Clayton Lockett in Oklahoma in 2014 was seen as a potential turning point in the debate, bringing increased attention to the mechanisms by which persons are executed. That was followed by a number of other closely scrutinized cases, and the year ended with few executions relative to years past. On December 31, 2014, Maryland Gov. Martin O’Malley commuted the sentences of the remaining four prisoners on death row in that state. In 2013, Maryland became the 18th state to abolish the death penalty after Connecticut in 2012 and New Mexico in 2009.

Meanwhile, polling data suggests some softening of public attitudes, though the majority Americans continue to support capital punishment. Gallop noted in October 2014 that the level of public support (60%) is at its lowest in 40 years. A Washington Post-ABC News poll in mid-2014 found that more Americans support life sentences, rather than the death penalty, for convicted murderers. Further, recent polls from the Pew Research Center indicate that only a bare majority of Americans now support capital punishment, 55%, down from 78% in 1996.

Scholarly research sheds light on a number of important aspects of this issue:

False convictions

One key reason for the contentious debate is the concern that states are executing innocent people. How many people are unjustly facing the death penalty? By definition, it is difficult to obtain a reliable answer to this question. Presumably if judges, juries, and law enforcement were always able to conclusively determine who was innocent, those defendants would simply not be convicted in the first place. When capital punishment is the sentence, however, this issue takes on new importance.

Some believe that when it comes to death-penalty cases, this is not a huge cause for concern. In his concurrent opinion in the 2006 Supreme Court case Kansas v. Marsh, Justice Antonin Scalia suggested that the execution error rate was minimal, around 0.027%. However, a 2014 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that the figure could be higher. Authors Samuel Gross (University of Michigan Law School), Barbara O’Brien (Michigan State University College of Law), Chen Hu (American College of Radiology) and Edward H. Kennedy (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine) examine data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Department of Justice relating to exonerations from 1973 to 2004 in an attempt to estimate the rate of false convictions among death row defendants. (Determining innocence with full certainty is an obvious challenge, so as a proxy they use exoneration — “an official determination that a convicted defendant is no longer legally culpable for the crime.”) In short, the researchers ask: If all death row prisoners were to remain under this sentence indefinitely, how many of them would have eventually been found innocent (exonerated)?

Death penalty attitudes (Pew)To answer this question, they use a statistical method called “survival analysis,” a technique often used to calculate the effectiveness of medical treatments. After examining 7,482 cases, they estimate that 1 in 25 death row inmates are wrongly convicted. They conclude: “With an error rate at trial over 4%, it is all but certain that several of the 1,320 defendants executed since 1977 were innocent.” The authors explain that translating this conviction error rate into a reliable estimate of the number of innocents who have been executed is difficult, but “[they] do know that the rate of error among death sentences is far greater than Justice Scalia’s reassuring 0.027%.” However, they still believe it to be a low number: “Our data and the experience of practitioners in the field both indicate that the criminal justice system goes to far greater lengths to avoid executing innocent defendants than to prevent them from remaining in prison indefinitely.”

Interestingly, the authors also note that advances in DNA identification technology are unlikely to have a large impact on false conviction rates because DNA evidence is most often used in cases of rape rather than homicide. To date, only about 13% of death row exonerations were the result of DNA testing. The Innocence Project, a litigation and public policy organization founded in 1992, has been deeply involved in many such cases.

Death penalty deterrence effects: What do we know?

A chief way proponents of capital punishment defend the practice is the idea that the death penalty deters other people from committing future crimes. For example, research conducted by John J. Donohue III (Yale Law School) and Justin Wolfers (University of Pennsylvania) applies economic theory to the issue: If people act as rational maximizers of their profits or well-being, perhaps there is reason to believe that the most severe of punishments would serve as a deterrent. (The findings of their 2009 study on this issue, “Estimating the Impact of the Death Penalty on Murder,” are inconclusive.) In contrast, one could also imagine a scenario in which capital punishment leads to an increased homicide rate because of a broader perception that the state devalues human life. It could also be possible that the death penalty has no effect at all because information about executions is not diffused in a way that influences future behavior.

In 1978 — two years after the Supreme Court issued its decision reversing a previous ban on the death penalty (Gregg v. Georgia) — the National Research Council (NRC) published a comprehensive review of the current research on capital punishment to determine whether one of these hypotheses was more empirically supported than the others. The NRC concluded that “available studies provide no useful evidence on the deterrent effect of capital punishment.”

Researchers have subsequently used a number of methods in an effort to get closer to an accurate estimate of the deterrence effect of the death penalty. Many of the studies have reached conflicting conclusions, however. To conduct an updated review, the NRC formed the Committee on Deterrence and the Death Penalty, comprised of academics from economics departments and public policy schools from institutions around the country, including the Carnegie Mellon University, University of Chicago and Duke University.

In 2012, the Committee published an updated report that concluded that not much had changed in recent decades: “Research conducted in the 30 years since the earlier NRC report has not sufficiently advanced knowledge to allow a conclusion, however qualified, about the effect of the death penalty on homicide rates.” The report goes on to recommend that none of the reviewed reports be used to influence public policy decisions on the death penalty.

Why has the research not been able to provide any definitive answers about the impact of the death penalty? One general challenge is that when it comes to capital punishment, a counter-factual policy is simply not observable. You cannot simultaneously execute and not execute defendants, making it difficult to isolate the impact of the death penalty. The Committee also highlights a number of key flaws in the research designs:

  • There are both capital and non-capital punishment options for people charged with serious crimes. So, the relevant question on the deterrent effect of capital punishment specifically “is the differential deterrent effect of execution in comparison with the deterrent effect of other available or commonly used penalties.” None of the studies reviewed by the Committee took into account these severe, but noncapital punishments, which could also have an effect on future behaviors and could confound the estimated deterrence effect of capital punishment.
  • “They use incomplete or implausible models of potential murderers’ perceptions of and response to the capital punishment component of a sanction regime”
  • “The existing studies use strong and unverifiable assumptions to identify the effects of capital punishment on homicides.”

In a 2012 study, “Deterrence and the Dealth Penalty: Partial Identificaiton Analysis Using Repeated Cross Sections,” authors Charles F. Manski (Northwestern University) and John V. Pepper (University of Virginia) focus on the third challenge. They note: “Data alone cannot reveal what the homicide rate in a state without (with) a death penalty would have been had the state (not) adopted a death penalty statute. Here, as always when analyzing treatment response, data must be combined with assumptions to enable inference on counterfactual outcomes.”

Number of persons executed in the U.S., 1930-2011 (BJS)The authors examine state-level data from 1975 and 1977. (In 1975, the death penalty became illegal across the United States, in 1977 the ban had been overturned and 32 states had legal death penalty statutes.) This allows the researchers to compare different homicide rates for each state and each year. By conducting this analysis using a range of assumptions, they find that the deterrence effect of the death penalty strongly depends on those particular assumptions. They conclude: “Imposing certain assumptions implies that adoption of a death penalty statute increases homicide, but other assumptions imply that the death penalty deters it. Thus, society at large can draw strong conclusions only if there is a consensus favoring particular assumptions.”

However, even though the authors do not arrive at a definitive conclusion, the National Research Council Committee notes that this type of research holds some value: “Rather than imposing the strong but unsupported assumptions required to identify the effect of capital punishment on homicides in a single model or an ad hoc set of similar models, approaches that explicitly account for model uncertainty may provide a constructive way for research to provide credible albeit incomplete answers.”

Another strategy researchers have taken is to limit the focus of studies on potential short-term effects of the death penalty. In a 2009 paper, “The Short-Term Effects of Executions on Homicides: Deterrence, Displacement, or Both?” authors Kenneth C. Land and Hui Zheng of Duke University, along with Raymond Teske Jr. of Sam Houston State University, examine monthly execution data (1980-2005) from Texas, “a state that has used the death penalty with sufficient frequency to make possible relatively stable estimates of the homicide response to executions.” They conclude that “evidence exists of modest, short-term reductions in the numbers of homicides in Texas in the months of or after executions.” Depending on which model they use, these deterrent effects range from 1.6 to 2.5 homicides.

The NRC’s Committee on Deterrence and the Death Penalty commented on the findings, explaining: “Land, Teske and Zheng (2009) should be commended for distinguishing between periods in Texas when the use of capital punishment appears to have been erratic and when it appears to have been systematic. But they fail to integrate this distinction into a coherently delineated behavioral model that incorporates sanctions regimes, salience, and deterrence. And, as explained above, their claims of evidence of deterrence in the systematic regime are flawed.”

A more recent paper (2012) from the three authors, “The Differential Short-Term Impacts of Executions on Felony and Non-Felony Homicides,” addresses some of these concerns. Published in Criminology and Public Policy, the paper reviews and updates some of their earlier findings by exploring “what information can be gained by disaggregating the homicide data into those homicides committed in the course of another felony crime, which are subject to capital punishment, and those committed otherwise.” The results produce a number of different findings and models, including that “the short-lived deterrence effect of executions is concentrated among non-felony-type homicides.”

Other factors to consider

The question of what kinds of “mitigating” factors should prevent the criminal justice system from moving forward with an execution remains hotly disputed. A 2014 paper published in the Hastings Law Journal, “The Failure of Mitigation?” by scholars at the University of North Carolina and DePaul University, investigates recent executions of persons with possible mental or intellectual disabilities. The authors reviewed 100 cases and conclude that the “overwhelming majority of executed offenders suffered from intellectual impairments, were barely into adulthood, wrestled with severe mental illness, or endured profound childhood trauma.”

Two significant recommendations for reforming the existing process also are supported by some academic research. A 2010 study by Pepperdine University School of Law published in Temple Law Review, “Unpredictable Doom and Lethal Injustice: An Argument for Greater Transparency in Death Penalty Decisions,” surveyed the decision-making process among various state prosecutors. At the request of a state commission, the authors first surveyed California district attorneys; they also examined data from the other 36 states that have the death penalty. The authors found that prosecutors’ capital punishment filing decisions remain marked by local “idiosyncrasies,” meaning that “the very types of unfairness that the Supreme Court sought to eliminate” beginning in 1972 may still “infect capital cases.” They encourage “requiring prosecutors to adhere to an established set of guidelines.” Finally, there has been growing support for taping interrogations of suspects in capital cases, so as to guard against the phenomenon of false confessions.

Related reading: For an international perspective on capital punishment, see Amnesty International’s 2013 report; for more information on the evolution of U.S. public opinion on the death penalty, see historical trends from Gallup.

Keywords: crime, prisons, death penalty, capital punishment

    Writers: and | January 5, 2015

    Analysis assignments

    Read the issue-related New Yorker article titled "Trial by Fire: Did Texas Execute an Innocent Man?"

    "Trial by Fire: Did Texas Execute an Innocent man?" - See more at: http://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/transparency-death-penalty#sthash.uhxw1kd2.dpuf
    1. What key insights from the news article  in this lesson should reporters be aware of as they cover these issues?

    Read the study-related Associated Press article titled "Study: 1 in 25 Death Cases Likely Innocent."

    1. Reporter's use of the study: Evaluate what the reporter chose to include and exclude from the study. Would the audience have acquired a clear understanding of the study's findings and limits from this article?
    2. Reporter's use of other material: Assess the material in the article that is not derived from the study. For example: Does the reporter place the study in the context of other research and to what effect? Does the reporter include reactions to the study from other researchers or interested parties (e.g., political groups, business leaders, or community members) and are their credentials or possible biases made clear?

    Read the full study titled “Deterrence and the Dealth Penalty: Partial Identificaiton Analysis Using Repeated Cross Sections.”

    1. What are the study's key technical terms? Which ones need to be put into language a lay audience can understand?
    2. Do the study’s authors put the research into context and show how they are advancing the state of knowledge about the subject? If so, what did the previous research indicate?
    3. What is the study’s research method? If there are statistical results, how did the scholars arrive at them?
    4. Evaluate the study's limitations. (For example, are there weaknesses in the study's data or research design?)
    5. How could the findings be misreported or misinterpreted by a reporter? In other words, what are the difficulties in conveying the data accurately? Give an example of a faulty headline or story lead.

    Newswriting and digital reporting assignments

    1. Write a lead, headline or nut graph based on the study.
    2. Spend 60 minutes exploring the issue by accessing sources of information other than the study. Write a lead (or headline or nut graph) based on the study but informed by the new information. Does the new information significantly change what one would write based on the study alone?
    3. Compose two Twitter messages of 140 characters or fewer accurately conveying the study’s findings to a general audience. Make sure to use appropriate hashtags.
    4. Choose several key quotations from the study and show how they would be set up and used in a brief blog post.
    5. Map out the structure for a 60-second video segment about the study. What combination of study findings and visual aids could be used?
    6. Find pictures and graphics that might run with a story about the study. If appropriate, also find two related videos to embed in an online posting. Be sure to evaluate the credibility and appropriateness of any materials you would aggregate and repurpose.

    Class discussion questions

    1. What is the study’s most important finding?
    2. Would members of the public intuitively understand the study’s findings? If not, what would be the most effective way to relate them?
    3. What kinds of knowledgeable sources you would interview to report the study in context?
    4. How could the study be “localized” and shown to have community implications?
    5. How might the study be explained through the stories of representative individuals? What kinds of people might a reporter feature to make such a story about the study come alive?
    6. What sorts of stories might be generated out of secondary information or ideas discussed in the study?

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 Journal Of Commerce - International Living Building Institute launches new challenge

International Living Building Institute launches new challenge

0 154 Projects

by Jessica Krippendorf

The International Living Building Institute (ILBI) put its greenest foot forward recently by launching version 2.0 of its Living Building Challenge (LBC) building rating system.
International Living Building Institute launches new challenge

The International Living Building Institute (ILBI) put its greenest foot forward recently by launching version 2.0 of its Living Building Challenge (LBC) building rating system.

It takes sustainable building to a new level with accountability for local food production, social justice, community scale impacts and unrestricted access to nature.

The system is more of a step beyond LEED, rather than direct competition with it, said Jessica Wooliams, co-director of the B.C. chapter of the Cascadia Region Green Building Council (CRGBC), which administers the Living Building Challenge in Canada.

“When the Platinum level was defined, it was assumed by many to be the highest level of environmental performance possible. That isn’t the case anymore,” she said.

“LEED Platinum remains a significant achievement to attain, but there is a real appetite in the marketplace for a measure of true sustainability.”

Both the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) and the Canada Green Building Council (CaGBC) endorse the program.

The Living Building Challenge was first introduced three years ago, with the new version unveiled at the USGBC’s annual conference.

LBC buildings produce their own energy, capture and process their own water, and release minimal toxins.

It is comprised of seven performance areas, or ‘Petals’: Site, Water, Energy, Health, Materials, Equity and Beauty.

Petals are subdivided into 20 twenty Imperatives, each of which focuses on a specific sphere of influence.

Nine Canadian projects have registered for LBC certification and as many as ten others are aiming for it.

Like most rating systems, the original version applied to individual buildings, but version 2.0 has been expanded to include small in-home remodels, community initiatives and infrastructure.

The infrastructure component covers street intersections, parking surface area, and total allowable pervious and impervious surface cover, among others, said Eden Brukman, ILBI vice-president and research director with Cascadia council.

Allowable parking surface area, without a visual separation, is limited.

Additional parking can be addressed with underground or stacked structures. Bridge projects have to address scale, size and connectivity.

The program’s materials Red List may be the biggest hurdle for infrastructure projects, said Brukman.

For instance, the list forbids PVC and other plastics typically used to encase utilities embedded in concrete.

However, alternatives do exist such as PVC-free sheathing for cable wire.

“It’s not often used in typical commercial applications because of cost issues, which relate to people not knowing an alternative exists,” said Brukman.

“So the question is, ‘Who is going to start closing the loop to show that the demand is there?’”

Whether developers will find the program as marketable as LEED and other, better-known programs, remains to be seen.

Brukman said it is easier to use LBC criteria during the design charette process.

“Beginning with a LEED scorecard and deciding which points building owners want to achieve isn’t as inspirational,” said Brukman.

“In LEED you want to step back and look at the owner’s priorities and see what they spell out on the card; with Living Building Challenge you present an idea and see how far the client is willing to go.”

The system offers minimal increases in initial capital investment and quick paybacks, according to the Living Building Financial Study completed in 2009.

Nine LEED Gold projects, which offer somewhere from zero to two per cent increased capital cost on a typical project, served as the baseline.

They were conceptually transformed into Living Buildings and rated according to climate zone and energy use.

“(The team) calculated the incremental cost premiums and forecast them through time, based on energy savings, water savings, operations and maintenance, and other savings,” said Wooliams.

“One interesting finding is that when you push a building as far as you do for a Living Building, certain costs actually go down.”

The study suggests that certain building types – among them, university and grade school classrooms – now have payback times as low as two to seven years, with a four to nine per cent upfront increase over a LEED Gold project.

The paybacks of hospitals ranges between six and 16 years, depending on the region.

“Perhaps most importantly, the study reveals the places where we need policy incentives in order to make these buildings work,” said Wooliams.

There are about 70 projects throughout North America that are pursuing LBC certification and one registered project in France. Of these, three have completed construction and have entered the verification phase.

The program is primarily performance-based, requiring a minimum of 12 months of operational data to achieve certification.

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Friday, 26 April 2013

Church and State--Whither Now?

Constantine Versus the Apostle of the Secular Public Square

The issue of church establishment is one which Christians need to start thinking seriously about again and commence reading, writing and debating the teachings of Scripture and of the historical church.  In the West our debates and discussions and research will of necessity be largely academic and theoretical (although not completely so) because of the small (and shrinking) proportion of the population that is Christian and because of the dominant strength of secularism.

The same cannot be said of other regions and countries, where Christian growth is explosive.  It is also true that in countries where Christians live under authoritarian governments and the church continues by means of state permission, the issue of church and state is alive and very pressing.

But we in the West have one great contribution to make to this discussion: we have proven that a secular public square, neutral to religion, is a chimerical myth.  It is an oxymoron.
  Better to argue that wine is a non-alcoholic drink.  The state is incurably a religious institution and it operates in accordance with religious constructs insofar as all religions deal with values and ultimate beliefs regarding human birth, life, and death--and all things in between.  A particular state always reflects the establishment of one religion or another in its laws, rules, and regulations.  The West has foisted upon itself an irrational proposition that the state can be above religion and religious belief and that it takes to itself responsibility for those parts of life which are secular and irreligious.  It has failed miserably--as was inevitable.

Even those professedly irreligious now see the folly of the West's position and argue trenchantly that neutrality is an impossibility and that the so-called neutral public square is an imposition of a particular perspective, philosophy, and world view upon all citizens.  This is the West's great negative contribution to the debate about liberty and a Christian state establishment.  Christians in the West are also slowly learning a related lesson: there is no such thing as private faith.  There is only faith which inevitably has both private and public expression and reification.

Because these issues are of great moment, renewed study of Constantine the Great  is essential.  Constantine, as Roman emperor, established the Christian church in some important ways.  He was not entirely consistent in his actions.  There were few precedents to draw upon.  Mistakes were obviously made.  Nevertheless, mistakes and weaknesses and inconsistencies ought not offend us.  There is still much to learn.  Here are some of the most important things to consider:
1. His policy of toleration of all religions.
2. That religion is a matter of freedom and liberty of conscience.
3. Freedom is an opportunity for conversion to the true, Christian faith; but conversion cannot be forced, nor bribed.
4. The state was not neutral towards religions, but was most definitely Christian, reflecting the Emperor's own faith.
Peter Leithart points out that it is the fourth point that would rile most today in the West.  It strikes down the pretension of state neutrality with respect to religious belief.  It runs counter to Western notions of liberty.

The apostle of religious freedom in the West is John Locke.  Yet from the very beginning Locke ended up arguing for secular oppression and interference in religious practice under the guise of religious freedom.  In other words, Locke demonstrates philosophically the reality which is now increasingly emerging before our eyes: state neutrality towards all religions eventually turns the state into a persecutor of religious belief.

Locke, says Leithart, assumes that the essence of religion is internal; the realm of the magistrate is that which is external--or what we today would call the "public square".
The church's realm is the care of souls, and everything external is committed to the civil magistrate.  Such a definition of religious as nothing more than inward "belief" or piety is at odds with most major world religions, and is certainly at odds with Christian orthodoxy.  [Peter Leithart,  Defending Constantine: The Twilight of and Empire and the Dawn of Christendom (Downers Grove, Illinois: IVP Academic, 2010), p.142.]
Locke also employed another foundational premise which is theologically radical--yet it also demonstrates apostles of neutral public squares draw upon religious dogmas and theological precepts to make their case.
In addition, Locke's claim about the character of religion depend on an equally radical disjunction of Old and New.  If you want a de-Judaized faith, Locke provides it.  He describes the Jewish commonwealth as "an absolute theocracy" and contrasts it with the faith of the new Testament. "If anyone can show me where there is a commonwealth at this time, constituted upon that found [i.e. established by God]," he wrote, "I will acknowledge that the ecclesiastical laws do there unavoidably become a part of the civil, and that the subjects of that government both may and ought to be kept in strict conformity with that Church by the civil power."  It is nowhere to be found: "there is absolutely no such thing under the Gospel as a Christian commonwealth."  (Ibid.)
So, if a Christian commonwealth is an impossibility, what sort of commonwealth ought we to have?  Well, one where the civil magistrate controls public religious expression, of course.
Though [Locke] claims to be arguing for toleration and freedom of religion, he ends up ceding final  determinative authority over religion to the civil authorities. . . . [Believers] are inclined to "mix with their religious worship and speculative opinions other doctrines absolutely  destructive to the society wherein they live."  Catholics are especially apt to do this, in Locke's view, since they blend "opinions with their religion, reverencing them as fundamental truths, and submitting to them as articles of their faith," and therefore "ought not to be tolerated by the magistrate in the exercise of their religion . . . "  (Ibid.)

But it gets worse.  The Western apostle of religious liberty goes on to argue against religious groups which call for loyalty and attachment to fellow adherents greater than to fellow citizens.  When a sect such as this becomes numerous, the
magistrate should do what he can "to lessen, break, and suppress the party, and so prevent the mischief."  Quakers are tolerable because they are few, but "were they numerous enough to become dangerous to the state," they "would deserve the magistrate's care and watchfulness to suppress them."  Magistrates would act even if Quakers are "no other way distinguished from the rest of his subject but by the bare keeping on their hats."  Hats are a "very indifferent and trivial circumstance," yet too many people wearing the same hat might "endanger the government," and thus it is the magistrate's duty to "endeavour to suppress and weaken or dissolve any party of men which religion or any other thing hath united, to the manifest danger of his government." (Ibid., p. 143).
Beware the subversive hats!  Leithart points out that Locke's true position is nothing more than a theoretical endorsement of de Tocqueville's "tyranny of the majority".  We might also add that in practical terms Locke's magistrate resembles Hobbes's Leviathan.

Not that this was in any way to be regarded as religious persecution.  No, of course not.  For religion is only ever inward.  It has nothing to do with hats.

Locke is the apostle of the secular public square.  He correctly shows us how it inevitably leads to religious oppression as we are now experiencing in the West.   Try home schooling your children in Germany, for example.  Or try wearing a burka to school in France, or a pendant cross to work in the United Kingdom.

Constantine's policy in these matters was more coherent than Locke's because it was more honest, says Leithart.
Locke pretends to offer a level playing field but tilts it in the direction of a latitudinarian and sectarian Protestantism.  Constantine openly favoured one religion, Christianity, and dedicated the empire's pulpit, its incentives, is persuasive powers to encourage ultimate unity in religion.  He allowed other religions to continue, in the hope that their adherents would convert.  (Ibid., p. 144)
We expect that if indeed a new Christendom emerges in the Southern hemisphere these issues will come inevitably to the fore  Constantine has much to teach us, both positive and  negative.

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Sunday, March 23, 2008

I don't know him from a hole in the wall

I have just spent at least an hour trying to find the origin of this phrase. I gave up.

Today I did a bit more searching. I still can't find anything.

I get frustrated when I can't find an answer on the web or if I discover I actually have to buy a book to find the answer. Isn't that rather archaic?

Oh, but I still love the library!

Never mind that. Here's what I have found, thus far:

Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable posits that the expression "hole in the wall" was originally used in the United States, in the late 1900's, to denote places of illicit drinking. We all recognize the phrase "hole in the wall" as a shabby place, though it's often coupled with some discovery, as in "You know that awful little hole in the wall we pass by every day? A friend told me that the food is really heavenly, but don't tell anyone."

So, I'm thinking that "I don't know him from a hole in the wall" may mean that a person doesn't know someone from an illicit setting, but why would you admit having been there in the first place? So, it doesn't quite add up.

More later. And I need this like a hole in the head.

uptoolate said...

I was searching for the answer to this today and came up with your post....did you ever find the answer? Now you have me really curious :)

Ethical Paul said...

Here is the answer.

There is an old kind of rude saying, "He doesn't know his a$$ from a hole in the ground" meaning "he is foolish".

there is another saying which is "a hole in the wall" which is a small, possibly illegal drinking establishment.

People have confused and combined these two things and now incorrectly say, "He doesn't know him from a hole in the wall"

That is my story. It drives me crazy when people make this incorrect statement

Anonymous said...

it's a common expression used in Newfoundland , basically meaning you wouldn't recognize or know someone at all.

Anonymous said...

I disagree!!

I think you shouldn't interpret "from" as implying origin, as in "I did not meet the person at the hole in the wall". Rather "from" is used to compare the person and a hole in the wall: "I do not know the difference between this person and a hole in the wall" i.e. I have no idea who this person is.

Anonymous said...

Very strange!
I only found this phrase in my old schoolbook, and in Google under


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Monday, July 28, 2008

What's this "Cloud of Witnesses" about?

Therefore we also, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which so easily ensnares us, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us (Heb 12:1)

I hate feeling pressured.

This verse used to have that effect on me. Of course I knew that these witnesses were the people mentioned in the great "Hall of Faith" in the previous chapter. They were superheroes of the past who were tortured and martyred for their faith in God. I would read about them with awe. Then I would arrive at Chapter 12, and I would read about them forming a great cloud of witnesses, which was supposed to make me keep pressing on in my own race toward the finish line.

Teachers would tell me that those people were all surrounding me, watching my progress and cheering me on. But I couldn't believe they would actually be cheering for me, since I knew I wasn't making any great strides at that point in my life. So the thought of all of those spiritual giants surrounding me and watching me quickly became oppressive. Instead of making me want to endure, it made me want to quit, knowing I could never be as strong and brave as they were.

Ok, so maybe I was weird, but that's really the effect it had on me. Did it have that effect on anyone else?

Anyway, over the past few years I've been greatly enjoying the teaching ministry of Pastor John Piper, and if there's any one thing that Piper is known for, it's God-centeredness. That's a well I love to drink deeply from, and it has given me a whole new perspective on this verse.

Jesus said, "You shall be My witnesses" (Acts 1:8).

Paul said, "For I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ and Him crucified. " (1Co 2:2)

Peter said, "To Him all the prophets witness that, through His name, whoever believes in Him will receive remission of sins." (Acts 10:43)

Paul and Barnabas said, "Nevertheless He did not leave Himself without witness, in that He did good, gave us rain from heaven and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness." (Acts 14:17)

Ananias (the devout one) said to Saul of Tarsus, "For you will be His witness to all men of what you have seen and heard." (Acts 22:15)

Jesus said to Saul, "But rise and stand on your feet; for I have appeared to you for this purpose, to make you a minister and a witness both of the things which you have seen and of the things which I will yet reveal to you. " (Acts 26:16)

Of course there are other verses that use the term "Witness" to refer to other things. But there does seem to be a strong trend toward God-centeredness when speaking of witnessing. And since the Bible is indisputably a God-centric book, that's not surprising.

So what's with this cloud of witnesses? Well, perhaps they do cheer us on. That's a happy thought. But with what do they cheer us? To what do they witness?

If God opened up my spiritual ears right now so that I could hear what those witnesses were saying, I'm sure I'd be encouraged if they said things like, "You're doing great." In fact, I wouldn't only be encouraged, I'd be astonished! But I think I'd also be disappointed if that was most of what they said. You see, if their focus was centered on me, and they were witnesses of what I was doing, or of my worth, it wouldn't be enough for me. I would have plenty of reasons to doubt their assessment, since my own sin and failure are so clear to me. I would feel, frankly, like they were no better than the pop-psychology gurus of our day who go around stroking everyone's egos, convinced that the greatest thing anyone can do is worship his own reflection. That's shallow. I don't want it.

I wish I could hear those witnesses. Do you know who I think they would witness about? Do you know what I think they would be saying with all the conviction of their hearts and souls, with all the joy and fervor and love that fills everyone in Heaven?

"God is worth it all! He is so worth it! His beauty and His love and His perfection and His grace and His hope and His peace really are enough to sustain you and give you joy, even if they take all of your things and your family abandons you and you're tortured and imprisoned and killed. We know! We've been there. We're just ordinary people, but God came through for us! When we went through our tribulations, He drew closer to us than we ever could have imagined, and He'll do the same for you. When He reveals Himself more fully to you in your heart, you will be so glad to count all things as loss for the excellence of the knowledge of Christ Jesus our Lord! You will never regret it, because He is so wonderful!"

That, my friends, is the kind of "Cloud of Witnesses" that makes me want to pick up my weary feet and run some more. May we be such God-centered witnesses even before we leave this earth!

(Photo from Stock.xchng by Mordoc, edited for this site)
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