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Matter of Estate of Blough

Annotate this Case

474 Pa. 177 (1977)

378 A.2d 276

In the Matter of the Estate of Burton F. BLOUGH, Deceased. Appeal of Naomi J. ROBINSON, Robert H. Redmond, Thomas M. Montgomery, Laura A. Wilson, Charles Burton Redmond, Laura Redmond Foley, Audrey West, Jane Powley and Mary DeChant Grant.

Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.

Argued October 13, 1976.

Decided October 7, 1977.

*178 *179 Harold R. Prowell, John D. Kuhn, Harrisburg, for appellants.

Heath L. Allen, Harrisburg, for appellee Mary Blough Vollmer.

ROBERTS, Justice.

Burton F. Blough (Testator) executed a will on February 11, 1927, which took effect upon his death, May 30, 1928. After making specific bequests to his wife, to his only child (appellee Mary Blough Vollmer, then Mary Blough Wagner), and to a charity, he directed that the residuary of his estate be placed in trust. The will directed the trustees

"to pay the income therefrom . . . unto my wife, Irene C. Blough, and my daughter, Mary Blough Wagner, share and share alike, at such times as may be practicable, and at or upon the decease of my wife I direct that her share of the income shall be paid to my daughter, and at or upon the decease of my daughter I direct that her share of the corpus of my estate, including that upon which my wife received income, shall be distributed among her children, and if the child or children should be deceased, her grandchild or grandchildren shall represent their parent in such distribution."

*180 Testator's wife died on November 11, 1944, and appellee became the sole income beneficiary of the trust. Appellee had only one child, Mary Patricia Wagner, who died without issue on March 26, 1974. By her will she bequeathed her residuary estate to appellee.

On January 23, 1975, appellee petitioned the Orphans' Court Division of the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County for termination of the trust. Appellants, collateral heirs of the testator (issue of testator's brother and sister), filed an answer to the petition objecting to termination of the trust. On June 22, 1976, the orphans' court granted the petition and terminated the trust. We affirm.[1]

The question presented is whether appellee, through her daughter's will, obtained a vested right to the remainder interest in the corpus of the trust, justifying termination of the trust.

Appellee contends that the testator created a vested remainder in his grandchild, appellee's daughter, subject to divestment upon occurrence of the condition subsequent that she predecease the life tenant and die with issue. Appellee argues that since her daughter died without issue, the condition subsequent can never occur; thus, the remainder interest passed to appellee by her daughter's will, causing a merger of the remainder interest with appellee's life estate. Appellee maintains that the sole purpose of the trust was to preserve the principal for the remaindermen. Since appellee's age (76 years) renders the possibility of additional remaindermen extremely remote, appellee submits that the trust no longer serves any purpose and should be terminated.

Appellants contend that the testator's intention was that the remainder of his estate go to living persons, as evidenced by the substitutionary gift to great grandchildren should their parents be deceased at the time the life estate terminates. They argue that the grandchild's remainder interest *181 was contingent upon her surviving the life tenant, and could not be passed to appellee, since it never vested. Appellants further assert that, since there are no living grandchildren or great grandchildren of the testator, the trust principal should be distributed among testator's statutory heirs living at the time appellee's life estate terminates. Alternatively, appellants argue that even if the grandchild's interest vested and passed to appellee by the grandchild's will, termination of the trust is premature.[2]

The orphans' court held that (1) the interest of the grandchild vested upon testator's death and passed to appellee by the grandchild's will; (2) the only purpose of the trust was to preserve the principal of the trust for the remaindermen; and (3) termination was appropriate since the purpose of the trust had been accomplished.[3]

*182 The parties and the orphans' court have characterized the central issue as whether the remainder interest of testator's grandchild was vested subject to a condition subsequent, or whether it was contingent. More specifically, the question is whether the grandchild's remainder interest was defeated because she failed to survive the life tenant.

The will provides that the children of any grandchild not surviving the life tenant shall represent their parent in the distribution of the remainder. If this condition is construed to require that the grandchild survive the life tenant, it does not matter whether the requirement be characterized as a condition precedent and the remainder interest contingent, or a condition subsequent and the remainder interest vested subject to defeasance.[4] Under either characterization, the *183 interest would be defeated, and could not have passed to appellee, since it is undisputed that the grandchild did not survive.[5]

On the other hand, if the condition is construed to defeat the grandchild's interest only if she predeceases the life tenant and dies with issue, it is also immaterial whether her interest be viewed as vested subject to defeasance upon this condition, or contingent upon her either surviving the life tenant or dying without issue. The orphans' court held that the interest was vested subject to defeasance if the granddaughter predeceased the life tenant with issue. But even if the interest of the grandchild is viewed as contingent upon surviving the life tenant or dying without issue, the result would be the same in this case because the contingency vesting the interest in the grandchild occurred upon her death without issue.

The question whether an interest is subject to a condition of survivorship does not turn on whether the interest is vested or contingent.[6] Normally, the characterization of the *184 question whether the interest is vested or contingent will not affect the result, since, in actuality, the court resolves the matter based on whether it finds a condition of survivorship to exist.[7] However, because the question whether a condition of survivorship exists is not identical with the question whether the interest is vested or contingent, the characterization may engender confusion.[8] Thus, our inquiry *185 is not whether the remainder in question is vested or contingent, but whether the remainder interest is subject to a condition that the grandchild, who died without issue, survive appellee, the life tenant.

The primary consideration in the construction and interpretation of wills is that the intent of the testator be followed. E.g., Estate of Jacobson, 460 Pa. 118, 122, 331 A.2d 447, 449 (1975); In re Estate of Horvath, 446 Pa. 484, 486, 288 A.2d 725, 726 (1972); Pearson Estate, 442 Pa. 172, 180, 275 A.2d 336, 339 (1971); McKinney Estate, 435 Pa. 608, 612, 258 A.2d 632, 634 (1969). Absent ambiguity, that intent is to be determined from "the four corners of his will," Estate of Jacobson, supra. The duty of the court is not to determine what the testator might or should have said in light of subsequent events but, rather, the actual meaning of the words used. Houston Estate, 414 Pa. 579, 586, 201 A.2d 592, 595 (1964); Kelsey Estate, 393 Pa. 513, 516, 143 A.2d 42, 44 (1958). Only if the language employed by the testator is ambiguous should the court resort to canons of construction. In re Estate of Horvath, supra; Houston Estate, supra; Newlin Estate, 367 Pa. 527, 80 A.2d 819 (1951).

Here, we see no ambiguity. Testator granted a life estate to his daughter and provided that upon her death, the principal of the estate "shall be divided among her children, and if her child or children shall be deceased, her grandchild or grandchildren shall represent their parent or parents in such distribution." Nothing in the language employed by testator imposes a condition on the interest of testator's *186 grandchild that she be alive at the time of the life tenant's death. Appellants concede that there is no express requirement in the will that the grandchild survive the life tenant, but argue that such a condition should be implied from the gift over to children of any grandchild predeceasing the life tenant. Appellants cite no authority in support of implying a condition of survivorship on the interest of a remainderman, solely from the existence of a gift over to potential issue of the remainderman.[9] On the contrary, this Court has in numerous cases held that the mere fact of a substitutionary gift to potential issue of a remainderman in the event the remainderman predeceases the life tenant does not subject the remainderman's interest to a condition that he survive the life tenant. E.g., Houston Estate, supra; Rickenback Estate, 348 Pa. 121, 34 A.2d 527 (1943); Lloyd's Estate, 326 Pa. 230, 192 A. 98 (1937); Jennings' Estate, 266 Pa. 60, 109 A. 544 (1920); Rau's Estate, 254 Pa. 464, 98 A. 1068 (1916); Carstensen's Estate, 196 Pa. 325, 46 A. 495 (1900); Chew's Appeal, 37 Pa. 23 (1860).

In Carstensen's Estate, the testatrix created a trust to pay income to her husband for life, and upon his death:

"`the whole estate then remaining to my brothers and sisters; the child or children of any of my said brothers or *187 sisters who may then be dead, to take and receive the share that his or their parent would have taken if living.'"

Id. 196 Pa. at 334, 46 A. at 496. One of the brothers of the testatrix died without issue during the life estate. A second brother predeceased the life tenant, but died with issue. The surviving brothers and sisters, and the issue of the second brother, argued that the class to take the remainder (brothers and sisters and issue of deceased brothers and sisters) was to be determined at the date the life estate ended. They argued that the interest of the brother who died without issue was defeated, since he did not survive the life tenant. The Court rejected this argument:

"We cannot agree . . . that the condition upon which the legacies were liable to be divested or defeated was simply the death of the legatees in the lifetime of. . . the life tenant. The divesting contingency was not merely the death of the legatee during the continuance of the particular estate, but it was his or her death during that period leaving a child or children. . . ."

Id. 196 Pa. at 335, 46 A. at 496.

Rau's Estate, supra, involved facts similar to the instant case. There testator established a trust for the benefit of his daughter for life, remainder to the children of the daughter, with substitution of the issue of any deceased child or children of the daughter. As here, the daughter's only child predeceased her without issue. The Court held that the child's interest passed to her mother, the life tenant, under the intestate laws.

Against this consistent weight of authority, appellants seek support for their interpretation of the will in the canon of construction in the Act of June 29, 1923, P.L. 914, formerly codified at 21 P.S. § 11 (1930), repealed by the Act of April 24, 1947, P.L. 100, § 14(1), formerly codified at 20 P.S. § 301.14(1) (1950),[10] which was in effect at the time testator's will was written and at testator's death. The Act, *188 the text of which is set forth in the margin,[11] creates a statutory presumption that where a testamentary trust provides for a life estate with remainder over to the testator's heirs, next of kin, or a "similar or equivalent phrase," those who are to take are to be determined as of the date the life estate ends, rather than the date of the testator's death. Hood Estate, 323 Pa. 253, 260, 186 A.2d 740, 743 (1936) (dictum). Where applicable the presumption imposes, in effect, a requirement that testator's heirs survive the life tenant, since it contemplates distribution to persons who would take under the intestate laws at the end of the life tenancy. The Act provides, however, that the presumption is overcome whenever testator has expressly, or by necessary implication, directed otherwise.

In arguing that the Act of 1923 is applicable, appellants rely on dictum in Bonsall's Estate, 288 Pa. 39, 42, 135 A. 724, 725-26 (1927), in which the Court stated:

"It may be very safely concluded that the legislature could not foresee every possible wording which a testator might use to define classes of persons to take in remainder (such as `issue,' `children,' `grandchildren,' `descendants' and the *189 like) and determined to cover them all by the expression `similar or equivalent phrase.'" (emphasis added).

Appellants contend that the remainder to testator's daughter's children and, if they be deceased, to her grandchildren, triggers the statutory presumption.

Two factors persuade us that the Act of 1923 does not apply to the remainder interest here. First, the Act by its terms applies to remainders to vest in the "donor's or testator's heirs or next of kin," etc. Here, the remainder interest is not to testator's children or grandchildren, but to his daughter's.

Second, we question the dictum in Bonsall's Estate which suggests that a remainder to children or grandchildren is "similar or equivalent" to a remainder to heirs or next of kin. The Act, when applicable, provides for distribution among those entitled under the intestate laws at the time the life estate terminates. The Act is concerned with the time when membership in the class of heirs is to be determined. It was not intended to change the nature of the class. It is unlikely that the Legislature intended to have a gift to children or grandchildren be interpreted to include those who are neither children nor grandchildren, but who may be entitled to take as collateral heirs under the intestate laws here, issue of testator's brother and sister. Testator's will made no provision for a gift to his brother or sister, or their issue, and we are unwilling to imply such a provision based upon a statutory presumption concerned only with the time estates vest.

Appellants assert several additional objections to termination of the trust. See note 3, supra. However, our determination that the remainder interest of appellee's child properly passed to appellee by her daughter's will, forecloses appellants' claim that they have an interest in the remainder. Appellants have alleged no other interest which would give them standing to object to the termination of the trust. In these circumstances, we need not consider their remaining claims. See, e.g., Brooke's Estate, 214 Pa. 46, 49, 63 A. 411, 413 (1906).

*190 We agree with the orphans' court that, under testator's will, his grandchild was bequeathed a remainder interest which could be defeated only by her death with issue during appellee's life. This interest became absolute upon her death without issue, and passed to appellee by the grandchild's will. We conclude, as the orphans' court did, that appellee is the only existing remainderman, and the possibility of additional remaindermen is extremely remote. Since we find that appellants have no interest in the remainder, they have no standing to object to termination of the trust. No basis appears for disturbing the orphans' court's decree terminating the trust.

Decree affirmed. Each party pay own costs.

JONES, former C.J., did not participate in the decision of this case.

[1] We hear this appeal pursuant to the Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act, Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 673, art. II, § 202(3), 17 P.S. § 211.202(3) (Supp. 1977).

[2] Independent of their claim as potential remaindermen, appellants advance three arguments why the purposes of the trust are unfulfilled and termination premature: (1) a legal remainder cannot merge with an equitable life estate; (2) the trust is still active because the trustees have continuing duties; and (3) there is still a possibility of additional remaindermen through birth, or adoption of a minor child by appellee.

[3] The orphans' court rejected appellants' contention that they were possible remaindermen under the will. The court recognized that the remainder interest was subject to open to allow in any subsequent issue of appellee, but held that appellee's advanced age (then 75 years) and unstable health rendered the possibility of further child-bearing or adoption of a minor child too remote to justify denying the petition to terminate. See generally 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2514(7) (Supp. 1977) (in construing devise or bequest to person described by relationship to another person, adoptive child considered child of his adopting parents, except that, when testator is not the adopting parent only a child adopted when a minor so considered, unless adoption reflected a parent-child relationship existing during child's minority); Appeal of James E. Gowen, Trustee, 106 Pa. 288 (1884) (when distribution of a fund involved, principles of equity control, rather than common law presumption of fertility); see also City Bank Farmer's Trust Co. v. United States, 74 F.2d 692 (2d Cir. 1935) (treating as indefeasibly vested a gift over upon death of life tenant without issue when female life tenant, although living, was fifty-nine years of age); Walker Estate, 62 D. & C.2d 536, 23 Fiduc.Rep. 617 (Pa.C.P. 1973) ("rule of fertile octogenarian" has been abandoned in Pennsylvania); see also Case Estate, 84 D. & C. 123 (Pa.C.P. 1952); Kelby Estate, 80 D. & C. 1 (Pa.C.P. 1952); Holmes Estate, 66 D. & C. 612 (Pa.C.P. 1949); Barnsley's Estate, 59 D. & C. 653 (Pa.C.P. 1947); Leonard's Estate, 60 D. & C. 42 (Pa.C.P. 1947); Lare's Estate, 57 D. & C. 163 (Pa.C.P. 1946).

The orphans' court recognized the general rule that merger of estates results only if the interests meeting in the same person are of the same character, i.e., either both legal or both equitable. E.g., Moore's Estate, 198 Pa. 611, 612, 48 A. 884, 887 (1901). However, the court recognized an exception permitting merger of legal and equitable interests when the purpose of the trust creating the equitable estate has been satisfied or has failed. See Harrar's Estate, 244 Pa. 542, 91 A. 503 (1914); Sharpless' Estate, 151 Pa. 214, 25 A. 44 (1892). We note that the result in Harrar's Estate, and Sharpless' Estate need not be viewed as an exception to the merger doctrine. In such circumstances, the remainder interest does not vest in possession because of a merger of the equitable and legal estates. Rather, the remainder interest vests in possession upon the termination of the preceding estate, when the trust purpose has failed or been accomplished.

[4] Survival as a condition subsequent is a logical anomaly, but one long accepted in the law. See, e.g., In re Taylor, 384 Pa. 550, 121 A.2d 119 (1956); Jennings' Estate, 266 Pa. 60, 109 A. 544 (1920); 5 Page on Wills § 43.10, at 360 (3d ed. 1962). Professor Gray points out the anomaly with the example of a gift to A. for life, remainder to B. and his heirs, but if B. dies before the termination of the life estate, then to C. and his heirs.

"Here, if the condition ever affects B.'s estate at all, it will prevent it from coming into possession; it will never divest it after it has once come into possession. . . . If the law looked on vested and contingent interests with an impartial eye, it would seem that such remainders should be held contingent. A condition which may prevent an estate's coming into possession, but which can never divest it after it has come into possession, is a condition in its nature precedent rather than subsequent. But the preference of the law for vested interests has prevented this view's being adopted."

J. Gray, The Rule Against Perpetuities §§ 104-05, at 91-92 (4th ed. 1942).

[5] See, e.g., Metzgar Estate, 395 Pa. 322, 324, 148 A.2d 895, 898 (1959); Buzby's Appeal, 61 Pa. 111, 117-18 (1869).

[6] This fact has on occasion been recognized by the Court. In Metzgar Estate, supra, testator provided for a life estate to his wife, remainder "to my Brothers and Sisters then living". 395 Pa. at 323, 148 A.2d at 896. Testator's wife predeceased him. At her death, two of the testator's sisters were still living. Later, one of the sisters predeceased testator. The issue was whether the daughter of the predeceased sister was entitled to her mother's remainder interest upon the death of the testator, or whether the will imposed a condition that the sister survive the testator as well as the intended beneficiary of the life estate, testator's wife. Mr. Justice Jones (later Chief Justice) noted:

"The sole question herein presented is whether under the language of this will membership in the class of takers was to be ascertained at the time of the life-tenant's, or the testator's, death. Any discussion of whether the interest of the testator's brothers and sisters under this will was vested or contingent would seem academic in view of the testamentary requirement that the takers must survive to a certain time or event; whether the interest be vested or contingent, if the taker failed to survive, his or her interest would be destroyed."

395 Pa. at 324, 148 A.2d at 897.

In Buzby's Appeal, supra, testator devised a life estate to his son, remainder to his son's issue then living and the issue of any who were deceased and, if no such issue existed, in trust to testator's "right heirs." The son died without issue. The question presented was whether the "right heirs" were to be determined as of the time of testator's death or the death of the life tenant. A determination of the heirs at the time of the life tenant's death would impose, in effect, a requirement that heirs of the testator survive the life tenant to be included in the class. The Court declined to follow the reasoning of cases which had decided similar questions on the basis of whether the interests of the heirs at the time of the testator's death were vested or contingent. The Court held: "Whether . . . the remainder be regarded as contingent or vested, the heirs of the testator who were living at his death are entitled to it under the limitation." 61 Pa. at 117-18. See also Simes and Smith, The Law of Future Interests, § 135, at 114 (2d ed. 1956) ("In a large number of cases in which the discussion proceeds as if the problem were merely whether the remainder is vested or contingent, the real question involved is simply whether there is a requirement that a certain devisee must survive until his interest becomes possessory; it being conceded that he has not so survived."); In re Estate of Callnon, 70 Cal. 2d 150, 74 Cal. Rptr. 250, 449 P.2d 186 (1969) (citing Simes and Smith); Johnson v. Wishard, 227 Ga. 355, 180 S.E.2d 738 (1970) (citing Simes and Smith).

[7] See, e.g., Jessup Estate, 441 Pa. 365, 276 A.2d 499 (1970); Houston Estate, 414 Pa. 579, 201 A.2d 592 (1964).

[8] The characterization may lead courts to erroneously assume: (1) that if there is no condition precedent of survivorship, the remainder is necessarily vested; and (2) that all contingent remainders are subject to a condition of survivorship. See Simes and Smith, The Law of Future Interests, supra, § 135, at 114-16. An example of how these assumptions can lead a court to an erroneous result is Padgett v. Hatton, 200 Ga. 209, 36 S.E.2d 664 (1946), cited in Simes and Smith, § 135, at 116 n.8. In Padgett, a deed was executed to a then childless grantee with the condition that if the grantee should die childless, the property was to be divided equally among the grantee's brothers and sisters. One of the brothers predeceased the grantee, who died childless. The question was whether the child of the brother who predeceased the grantee (life tenant) was entitled to his parent's interest in the remainder. The court held that since the child's parent's interest was contingent at the time of the parent's death, only the brothers and sisters who survived the life tenant were entitled to share in the remainder. Thus, the court erroneously implied a condition of survivorship because the interest was contingent, even though the only actual contingency was that the life tenant die without issue. Cf. Black v. Todd, 121 S.C. 243, 113 S.E. 793 (1922) (remainder contingent upon death of life tenant without issue not defeated by death of remainderman before life tenant; remainderman's descendants took contingent interest, which vested at death of life tenant without issue), cited in Simes and Smith, § 135, at 115 n.6.

[9] As the orphans' court pointed out, all of the cases cited by appellants in support of their interpretation of the will involve wills with clear language imposing a condition of survival, from which the testator's intent could be determined:

"Raleigh's Estate, 206 Pa. 451, 55 A. 1119 (1903) (`. . . upon the death of my wife, my executors shall divide my entire estate into as many equal portions as I shall have children living, or that should be represented by lawful heirs . . .'); Adams Estate, 208 Pa. 500, 57 A. 979 (1904) (`. . . remainder to go and be equally divided among all the children of my said son, George, then living, and the issue of any then dead . . .'); Mulliken v. Earnshaw, 209 Pa. 226, 58 A. 286 (1904) (`. . . my said real estate unto my children then living, and the issue of any that may be deceased . . .'); Feeney's Estate, 293 Pa. 273, 142 A. 284 (1928) (a trust and income therefrom to continue at the time of testator's son's death during the lifetime of his children `. . . living at the time of his death . . .'); Love Estate, 362 Pa. 105, 66 A.2d 238 (1949) (`. . . unto the heirs and legal representatives of my brother . . . and my sister . . . living at that time . . .') (emphasis added)."

[10] The policy expressed in the Act of 1923 is carried over in the present Decedents, Estates, and Fiduciaries Code, 20 Pa.C.S.A. § 2514(4) (1975).

[11] The Act of 1923 reads:

"Hereafter, when, in and by the provisions of any deed or will or other instrument in writing, property, either real or personal, or both, shall be donated, granted, devised, or bequeathed, either directly or in trust, for the use and benefit of any person, charity, or other use, for years or for life or upon condition, and which shall provide therein that, upon the termination of the estate for years or for life or upon breach of condition or other cause, the remainder over shall vest in the donor's or testator's heirs or next of kin or the persons thereunto entitled under the intestate laws, or other similar or equivalent phrase, the same shall be construed as meaning the person or persons thereunto entitled at the time of the termination of the estate for years or for life or upon condition under the intestate laws of the Commonwealth as they shall exist at the time of such termination; and such phrases shall not be construed as meaning the person or persons who were the heirs or next of kin of the donor at the time the grant or donation was made or at the time the testator died: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent any donor or testator from expressly or by necessary implication directing otherwise: And provided further, That the provisions of this act shall not apply to any case now pending."


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PTAs throughout California give Founders Day awards “in special recognition of outstanding service to children and youth.” The LCHS 7/8 PTA Founders Day Awards celebrate the achievements and dedication of LCHS staff members, parent volunteers, and/or community members. If you would like to recognize a deserving teacher, staff member, parent, or community member who has gone above and beyond in his or her service to the LCHS 7/8 school, please complete the form. The deadline for submitting nominations is Tuesday, November 19th, 2019. Please take the time to nominate that special someone .
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Weight Loss, 3 Day Diet Plan, 200 New Organic, Gourmet Recipes, Ph Balance, International Foods, Quick and Easy! Detox Bath Recipes, Fifth Avenue School of Modeling tips!

You will develop habits that uplift your spirit and bring you happiness through fitness, good health and mental clarity. This book describes exciting new ways to prepare your food. Together we will replace bad habits with good ones. SkinnyMe in 3, Energize for Free Naturally has a specialized plan for you that will be incredibility easy to follow, and will change the way you eat forever!


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Learn How to Bring Your Innovative Ideas to Life

Creative Tech Education offers enrichment programs or camps focused on technology. We offer a variety of programs for students of all ages. Within our programs, students will learn about the latest technology and how to innovate with it, apply what they learn by creating their very own original projects, and then share their creations and ideas with those around them. Students will have the opportunity to design and develop their very own websites, games, mobile applications, and much more! Learn more about our enrichment programs below.

Summer Programs

Due to COVID, our summer programs have been canceled for summer 2020. We plan on offering more programs in the future so please look for postings here on our website as well as on our Facebook page for more information. Thank you!

Questions about our programs?

Email us at info@creativetech.education


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Venous Insufficiency and Varicose Vein Treatment in Lee's Summit

If you have varicose veins, it is important to know that they can be more than just a cosmetic concern. These swollen, painful veins are often linked to vein disease and other health issues that can affect your quality of life. Fortunately, a physician evaluation and vein care plan can significantly improve symptoms and lifestyle.

The vascular specialists at the Lee's Summit Medical Center Vein Clinic will work with you to create a care plan to get you back on your feet and living life to the fullest. Our expert vascular surgeons and board certified interventional cardiologists are specially trained in diagnosing and treating vascular disease (which can affect the superficial veins, deep veins and arteries). Because they are trained in vascular disease, not just vein disease, they are able to perform a complete evaluation and pinpoint the true cause of your symptoms and develop an optimal care plan. We use cutting-edge technology, research and minimally invasive procedures for the best possible outcomes. And with all of these experts right here at Lee's Summit Medical Center, the relief you need isn’t far from home.

To find a vein specialist and schedule an evaluation, call or click below:

Find a Vein Specialist Near Me

(816) 282-5060

Vein Treatment Options

If you have bulging veins or varicose vein symptoms that are affecting your quality of life, it may be time to take the next step and see a vein specialist. After a physical exam and evaluation, your cardiologist may refer you for a duplex ultrasound (an ultrasound of the legs used to look for valve failure in the veins) to confirm diagnosis and provide more information to develop a treatment plan.

Treatment options include:

Compression Stockings

This is a first-line, non-invasive treatment used to apply pressure to the legs and improve blood flow. Some insurance companies may require three to nine months of use before covering minimally invasive treatment.

Venous Ablation

There are two types of venous ablation, radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation. Radiofrequency venous ablation is a minimally invasive, catheter-based procedure where problematic veins are closed from the inside using a microwave type energy and ultrasound guidance. Laser venous ablation is performed the same way only using laser energy to seal the vein.

Venous ablation is an outpatient procedure that is low-risk and performed using a local anesthetic. The procedure can take about an hour.

Recovery and Results

About one to three days following the procedure, your Kansas City vein doctor will send you for a duplex ultrasound. This is to confirm that the vein is closed and is healing properly. You will have a follow-up visit with your doctor in about another 2 weeks and about a month after that to make sure your leg is progressively getting better and ensure you do not have additional symptoms or issues that need to be addressed.

It is recommended to take two 20-minute walks the afternoon after the procedure and one 20-minute walk once or twice a day there after. This is to help facilitate the movement of blood out of the leg through the deep venous system.

Most patients have significant improvement in their symptoms within a week. But many will have significant improvements within a couple days. The procedure can improve symptoms such as pain, swelling, aching, heaviness, fatigue, prominence of varicosities and sometimes improve neurologic symptoms (such as restless leg) if there was a venous trigger.

Vein Surgery

Vein Surgery (microphlebectomy) is a minimally invasive, outpatient procedure used to surgically remove varicose veins. A local anesthetic is administered and your vein surgeon will make very tiny incisions to remove the troublesome vein. The surgery takes about an hour.

What are the Symptoms of Venous Insufficiency

If you have any of the following symptoms, you may want to consider being evaluated.

  • Leg pain, heaviness or cramping
  • Swelling
  • Tightness
  • Varicose veins (veins that are dark purple or blue, appear twisted and bulging)
  • Skin discoloration, redness, open wounds, sores or ulcers
  • Itching
  • Fatigue

What Causes Varicose Veins?

Varicose veins are caused by the breakdown of the valve system in veins close to the skin. This breakdown prohibits the flow of blood back to the heart and causes it to pool in the lower legs. This increased volume of blood and pressure of that blood can cause pain.

Varicose veins commonly affect people as we age, but many people as young as their teens have the same issues with the disease. Additionally, women are more likely to have varicose veins than are men. Other risk factors include:

  • A family history of venous disease
  • Two or more pregnancies
  • Prolonged sitting or standing
  • Obesity or an increased body mass index
  • Leg injuries
  • Smoking
  • Birth control pills or hormone replacement

How do you Prevent Varicose Veins?

While there is not much you can do about your family history, there are some things you can do to help prevent or slow the development of venous disease.

  • Exercise! It can help pump venous blood out of the legs. People who exercise regularly may experience fewer venous symptoms.
  • Avoid heavy isometric exercise (lift heavy things).
  • Avoid prolonged standing or sitting.
  • Avoid smoking.
  • Knee surgeries or leg trauma can sometimes contribute to the development of chronic venous disease.


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Serialised book: “The Subtle Dance” – 12th instalment

Part II: The heavy side of reality

Ego and dark entities

When you consider the chain of events which led to the present mess on our planet you wonder how and why it happened. Could it just have been a series of haphazard circumstances? Mindless evolution through pure chance without conscious intention? The probabilities of each single event are so ridiculously low that the whole scenario is simply impossible. And yet it happened. If we look at things only on the visible level the whole story eludes us. Somehow we have to come to terms with the inescapable evidence that what we see are visible manifestations of something happening at a different level of reality.

From our insights into the subtle realm we can think of “all there is” as an infinite field of energy, information, and consciousness steeped in unlimited non judgemental love. Such a vision is quite consistent with the harmony we see everywhere in nature. But it isn’t particularly easy to reconcile with the human history of violence and meanness. What is it in the whole scheme that turns human beings into such difficult, negative self harming creatures? We don’t know, but we can try prudent assumptions. Such as to imagine that in the subtle layers of reality distinct energy entities follow their own agenda not in alignment with universal love.

Many religious or esoteric traditions have offered images and stories of entities in the subtle realm interfering with creatures of our world. These entities – spirits, angels, demons.. – could be benign or malign. Some could have been incarnated as humans and others not, and some could be creatures from other planets or even other universes. More prosaically, subtle entities might just be clouds of thoughts and emotions potentially affecting our souls, minds and bodies. Metaphysical technicalities are not essential. What matters in the end is that subtle entities of one shape or another do interfere with us. And they do it largely through interacting with our own ego.

The ego is the mortal part of us. The one that sees itself separate from the rest of the universe and uses the reasoning intellect to try and deal with material things. There are very different facets to ego. It can appear arrogant and bullying or take on the clothes of humility and generosity. It can express itself though a whinny little voice or through noisy boasting. In whatever shape or role it turns up the ego is preoccupied with the “outside”: other peoples’ attitudes and judgements, society’s expectations, assumed dangers from the environment. It tends to see the outside as mainly hostile and is therefore steeped in fear and insecurity. The latter prevents the mind from reaching a relaxed confidence in the universe conducive to intuitive guidance. And disconnection from intuitive guidance attracts malign entities through resonance. Let’s explain that: each type of thought or emotion has its own “frequency”, like each sound or each colour. Thoughts and emotions of a negative streak such as fear, hatred, guilt, pessimism and so forth have low frequencies. And they resonate with subtle entities in the low frequency range. Think also of the universe as a vast computer network and each of us as a terminal. Any software can be downloaded on your terminal, including viruses, destructive programmes. Call the latter misguided entities. These keep trying to sneak into the human body-mind-soul system to feed from its energy. When they have managed to sneak into your system these entities create havoc. Not just in your conscious thoughts, but also in your emotions, in your unconscious attitudes, in the cellular memory of your body tissues. They make you un-well, fearful and aggressive. Think of when you were in a state of violent, uncontrollable rage, shouting, perhaps throwing stuff and hitting. Haven’t you thought afterwards, or even during the episode, “I wasn’t myself”? And indeed you weren’t yourself; your system was controlled by some entity or entities. When your energy is being sucked away by entities attached to you, your ego unconsciously starts looking out for things to meet its lack; it can be objects, money, relationships, alcohol, drugs, attention-seeking illnesses…whatever. This is happening to every human to some degree.

We can’t pretend that all this is the full and only truth. But it is a very useful model to shift one’s attitudes and relationships with fellow human beings, other creatures, oneself and life in general. The purpose of such a shift is to attract more positive events. This will be explained in detail in part III. At this stage we are simply going to be pragmatic and use this fairly simple metaphysical model to get a sense of what might be behind the movement of history through to the present apparent dead end. Not for the sake of satisfying our intellectual ego but as a foundation for positive, free and lucid mindset and action.

We have outlined how the ego can easily get entangled with entities that suck energy away from an individual and keep him disconnected from Source. And we have noted that this happens to virtually everybody to some degree. With this in mind, let us now consider the ruling elite who are driving society and the planet to utter chaos. Clearly these guys’ egos are entangled with viciously corrupt entities. And it appears obvious that many generations of rulers and mighty folks throughout history have been similarly “possessed”. Most of them were probably unaware of being effectively controlled by entities. There is no need to hate them retrospectively. Even the little man with a moustache who led the Nazis was in fact just a poor soul completely trapped by entities. As for today’s members of the elite, a lot of them probably suffer quite badly themselves even when living in visible comfort and “benefiting” from the trappings of power and success. If asked, they would probably deny their suffering, and pretend they are proud and happy to have made it to the top. Why then did ex prime ministers and presidents turn senile relatively shortly after leaving power? Why did super successful entrepreneurs died from cancer at a relatively young age? Not that they had lacked material comfort or intellectual stimulation. Is it perhaps that they experienced unbearable tensions, and losing their minds or bodies was their escape?

Infestation of the mind and runaway egos are not limited to people at the top. They can be found at all levels of society. And someone fairly highly positioned might actually be less infected than a low rank tyrant or sadist. In any case it is pointless to judge anybody, and not only pointless but totally unhelpful to hate or resent anyone. Negativity is cumulative. Resenting someone who has harmed you doesn’t wipe out the harm, it compounds it. That may be difficult to accept because we have been raised with this idea of justice and retribution. When pardon is granted, it is often conceded with a sort of condescending magnanimity perched on the moral high ground. But the whole moral business is a colossal distraction. Trying endlessly to know what is moral or immoral is pure waste of time and energy. It’s part of the deception trap. Low frequency thoughts always resonate with entities in the same frequency range. The only thing that can shift your life, and all lives, towards harmony and wellbeing is love, absolute unconditional love. Without judgement. Without preferences. Love of all. If you start segregating and think “oh I hate that bastard because he’s done such and such” you fall in the trap. The trap of non love based on judgements. In part III of the book we will look at a very simple but powerful technique for cleansing our mind and body software of unhelpful judgements.

We are beginning to get a sense of why human beings so often appear to be difficult, negative self harming creatures. It’s not, as self proclaimed “hard realists” maintain, that mankind is fundamentally bad, and that all we can do is to put in place organisations and moral codes to try and control the effects of human evil. This has been done for generations. And the result is clearly disastrous, suggesting that the underlying model is not appropriate. We use an entirely different model. We recognise that humans have a link to absolute perfection and kindness through their higher self, but that their ego often falls prey to entities which divert energy and cause disharmonious behaviour. In many cases, this simple metaphysical model provides clearer explanations of human behaviour than complicated theories from conventional psychology.

However we have to go a step further and stretch our model to account for collective dynamics beyond individual behaviour. How could the mere interplay of different ego’s entangled by entities have led to the Inquisition, to the slave trade, to millions of young men complying with orders sending them to the trenches in WWI, to the incredible horrors of WWII, to more than 2000 tests of nuclear weapons carried out after the second world war, to several thousands of nuclear weapons being deployed now ready to use at a moment’s notice, to systematic destruction of soils and eco-systems, to crazy uses of hard technologies in life sciences and medicine, etc. etc. In each situation, at every point in history including now, leaders, underlings and foot soldiers contribute to the chain. For example, there must be someone paid to take the dust off nuclear missiles. Well, perhaps not. But there were and are millions of people paid to execute operational tasks in all these sectors. Salesmen, technicians, accountants, receptionists, soldiers, doctors, nurses,.. They contribute to the smooth operation of systems with incredibly powerful effects on people and nature. Are they aware of these effects? Does it bother them? Perhaps to some extent. But then they need a job, an income. They have a social position, commitments, a mortgage to serve.

When you consider a doctor or a nurse in the medical system, they can still kid themselves that they are doing more good than harm. In some cases that is true. But what about when they are injecting multiple vaccination cocktails into babies or encouraging teenage girls and young women to be vaccinated for cervical cancer, knowing how controversial these procedures are? And the people in the military industries, in pesticides, or GMO’s. Are they blind and deaf? And those in the media and entertainment sectors which propagate utter rubbish, or in the education system which disseminates a narrow vision of science and knowledge split into disconnected silos to serve the interests of the establishment. Many things are interlinked in the global society, and most people are directly or indirectly serving organisations that are far from clean and innocent. This may be more brutally evident nowadays than in the past. But in fact it is not new. In a number of authoritarian regimes, pretty much everybody had to serve the system or be in real trouble. In feudal societies dominated by aristocracies and religious elites there was not much room for visible dissent. There is like a red line of tyranny running from ancient times thousands of years before the Christian era right through to our ultra sophisticated global system. What is it that keeps it going?

Some conspiracy theorists claim that entities have deliberately targeted humans over very long periods to harvest their vital energy. Specifically their energy emitted at low frequencies, associated with fear, violence, or hatred. This is why leaders under their control are given the job of driving the masses to disharmony and conflict. And why these same leaders always foster patriarchal regimes hard on women and nature, and impose dogmatic visions stifling intuitive connection with the subtle realm. That may seem a far fetched story, but we have to admit that it accounts rather well for a lot of what is going on. So we can use it as a model to help think through the best way to respond to the situation, which at the end of the day is the only thing that matters. If we accept the premise that entities interfering with us, whatever their nature, are after low vibration energy, we have an important clue to determine which types of response may work and which are bound to yield poor results. Do you remember these massive popular anti war demonstrations a decade ago? They did not prevent the US and UK governments from attacking Iraq. And more generally, have you noticed how disappointing are the effects of most activism? Why should that be so? Because in their desire to fight what they regard as evil, well meaning activists often unwittingly generate substantial low vibration energy in resonance with the issues they are trying to address. And this low vibration energy actually feeds the entities behind the problem. It isn’t defeatist mentality to recognise the phenomenon. On the contrary, being totally lucid paves the way for an effective response.

Leaving invisible entities aside for a minute, we can observe that most things going on in society involve groups, communities and organisations such as companies, churches, hospitals, schools, etc. Each group or organisation has its own dynamics, its own members and supporters, and its own opponents. And it picks up energy from all of them, whether friend or foe. The different groups and organisations are in constant competition to attract energy from individuals. You and I are for ever solicited to give off attention and energy. When you think of yourself as British, or Catholic, or middle class, or employee of company X, or feminist, or paying too much tax, you are in effect giving a form of loyalty or opposition, and therefore energy, to a group, organisation or informal cause. The latter, whatever its nature, is feeding off you. This happens at a subtle level, and you are probably unaware of the extent to which it creates a drag on your energy and places limiting beliefs in your mind. Whether there are invisible entities lurching behind the groups harvesting our energy is less important that the dynamics at work.

Having energy effectively sucked away from us happens in one to one relations as much as when groups or organisations are involved. We all know individuals who are real energy vampires. They may be bullies or whiners, but are in any case true manipulators.

And to probe even closer, we often waste energy without anybody but ourselves and our own demons involved. Say you have a low self esteem and even a sense of shame in you for an unclear reason – perhaps your great great granny was abused in her teens, or you were a slave in a previous incarnation, who knows. In any case, the low self esteem deep in your system destroys your vital energy.

To sum up, referring to invisible entities, whatever they are, is admittedly very speculative. However what matters is not so much to know “the truth”, which we obviously can’t, but to have a reasonably coherent model to help us find a way to deal with existence more effectively than through materialist-cum-dogmatic subservience. The latter brings only misery to individuals and contributes to the general mess. But we can choose another dance with reality. And this is the subject of part III which follows.

Copyright © Leo Foresta 2014

[1]Whereas the soul, or spirit or Higher Self is the eternal part of us connected to the subtle realm.

[2]Even when they talk of gender equality, which is code name for turning women into robotic male equivalents

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Black and White Dating

I n the disappointingly cool summer of , I bit the bullet and joined an online dating site. Basic research had taught me there are two types of dating sites: the ones you pay to use, and the free ones that really should be paying you. Despite this, I decided to chance it on a free service, OkCupid. OkCupid is one of the most popular free dating sites on the web, with about , members in the UK. Here, the site has a reputation for cool, intelligent and politically liberal users, often with jobs in media, charity and technology. On the day I registered, before I had even fully completed my profile, I got into an instant-message conversation, initiated by a year-old graphic designer from south London.

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Research conducted by Gerald Mendelsohn , Professor of Psychology at the University of California, revealed that over 80 per cent of the online contacts initiated by white members were to other white members, with only three per cent to black members. By definition, blacks within online dating apps are at an inherent disadvantage to whites. They regularly find themselves on the receiving end of post-colonial stereotypes about possessing a more voracious sexual appetite or outlandish sexual preferences.

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In terms of ethnicity, the black population is one of the biggest and most widespread globally. So, how come finding a suitable black man or woman is such a demanding, even herculean task? It seems like the more you look, the harder it gets to meet black singles. Read on as we detail everything there is to know about black dating—the good, the bad, and the technologies. Musical prowess is another field where black people are allegedly winning. Not all black men and women do great in sports. The above stereotypes are just that—stereotypes.

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Enrolling at Les Lilas

Thank you for your interest in Les Lilas French Bilingual Community School. Here you will find information about our enrollment process.

Steps for enrolling

Les Lilas welcomes candidates who are compatible with the school’s values and mission. Our admission process is designed to ensure that students admitted to Les Lilas will achieve personal success and thrive during their years with us.

To begin the enrollment process, please follow these steps:

  1. School Tours - Complete our Questionnaire Form and schedule a Tour today! Visit our school, see our classrooms, walk-around the grounds, and speak with our wonderful teachers. School Tours are underway and are held each Wednesday at 11:00am. Appointments are required. Call 425-449-9570 or email:

  2. Registration - During your school tour, you will receive our Registration Form. Submit this form, along with a $100/per child (non-refundable) registration fee and a family photo to begin the process of securing your child's spot.

  3. Coffee Admission Visits - Once registered, you are invited to attend one of our Coffee Admissions to share a cup of coffee or tea, some pastries and lively conversation with our families. Our priority is to build a strong community because we really do believe when adults get involved in the educational process, they show children that the community cares.

    You will have the opportunity to learn more about our unique Child-Centered Education, where each child's learning style is being supported. Students will have opportunities for hands-on experiences and creative curriculum (like games and songs). Scheduled dates for Coffee Admissions are provided during school tours.

  4. Discovery Mornings - Schedule a Discovery Morning visit for your child, a visit/playgroup time. Reservations may be made by calling Virginie Harroch at 425-449-9570, or emailing

  5. Contract Completion - Upon receipt of your Registration Form and Deposit, and as an opening is confirmed, we will send out our School Contract for your signature. Submit your application, along with one month's tuition as your deposit. Deposits are due by March 31, 2020.

  6. When openings are not available, your registration will be placed on our waitlist, you will be notified of your status by March 31, 2020.

    Please call should you have any questions so that we may help make your registration process a successful one!


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Smashing eggs, dumping milk: Farms forced to waste food in pandemic

'A good chunk of the food waste is due to the rigidity of our food system,' said one industry expert

Food waste is taking on a new meaning in the pandemic era.

Dumped milk in Wisconsin. Smashed eggs in Nigeria. Rotting grapes in India. Buried hogs in Minnesota. These disturbing images have stirred outrage around the world. But here’s the surprising part: the world may not actually be wasting more than normal, when a third of global food production ends up in landfills.

What’s changing now is that rather than being thrown out by consumers as kitchen waste, an unprecedented amount of food is getting dumped even before making it into grocery stores.

Blame broken supply chains. Across the globe, production is handled through what’s known as just-in-time methods. Output from farms can be shuttled into stores or restaurants within just a few days, and the next batch of crops and livestock is ready to take its place immediately.

When those chains face challenges — as has been the case with trucking, ports, labor crunches, restaurant shutdowns and slowed trade — there’s a huge backlog of supply that never makes it to stores.

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That will likely have devastating consequences on food security. Prices could end up rising further as millions are already suffering financially from the COVID-19 fallout.

“People who can barely afford to feed themselves now will face even more problems,” said Marc Bellemare, a co-editor of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics. “What worries me is human welfare.”

Before the pandemic, an estimated $1 trillion of food production ended up lost or wasted. The great bulk of that came from trash at home — about 40 per cent in the U.S. Now as people deal with fewer trips to the store and concerns over prices, dumping from the kitchen is expected to tumble, countering other losses. Some analysts say total waste could still be “potentially” higher this year, but close to a dozen interviews showed that no one was ready to take a firm stand on that.

“We don’t know whether it’s going to be more or less food waste in total this year, because you cannot underestimate that people are checking their own behaviour at home. But I’m very worried about the waste situation when it comes to food security,” said Bellemare, who’s also a professor at the University of Minnesota’s Department of Applied Economics in St. Paul.

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World hunger could double. That’s according to a letter last month to world leaders signed by Nestle SA, Unilever NV, Danone SA and PepsiCo Inc. The United Nations has also warned of the risk, with its World Food Programme saying the number of people facing acute food insecurity could reach 265 million.

Hog farmer Mike Patterson’s diet pig feed, which is part of his efforts to slow how quickly his animals fatten up, a necessity caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) related supply chain disruptions, seen in one of his barns in Kenyon, Minnesota, U.S. April 23, 2020. Photo by Nicholas Pfosi/Reuters

Some groups are already trying to solve the disconnect between food waste and hunger. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, for example, is buying $3 billion worth of surplus American meat, dairy and fresh produce that the agency will then partner with distributors to deliver to food banks and other organizations. The initiative is known as the “Farmers to Families Food Box Program.” But it’s hard to say how much of a dent those kinds of measures will make.

All this is happening at a time when food production in many ways has never been greater. Global harvests of rice and wheat — crops that account for about a third of the world’s calories — are poised to reach all-time highs in the upcoming season. The U.S., the No. 1 meat exporter, has seen its hog herd balloon to a record while poultry and egg production have also climbed.

But just because food is getting produced, doesn’t mean it’s getting to those who need it. That’s true under normal circumstances, but grows much more acute because of supply-chain disruptions caused by the pandemic.

“A good chunk of the food waste is due to the rigidity of our food system — highly specialized processing plants” such as dairy facilities that make cheese for restaurants and which can’t redirect ouput toward grocery stores, said Dana Gunders, the executive director of ReFED, a coalition of nonprofits, businesses and government agencies.

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Take the case of Michael Hill, who has been growing blueberries in central Florida for five years. He and his wife run two farms producing about 700,000 pounds a year, collected between March 20 and May 1. The breakdown in the supply chain meant retailers have placed limited orders, while restaurant shutdowns wiped out another chunk of demand. He had to leave 30 per cent to 40 per cent of his crop uncollected in the ground, where it will be eaten by birds or rot.

Volunteers hand out potatoes donated by Washington potato famers who are giving away a million pounds of their excess potatoes they have as a result of the foodservice industry slowdown caused by the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19), in Auburn, Washington on May 7, 2020. Photo by JASON REDMOND/AFP via Getty Images

Across the ocean, Adewole Oluwagbenga owns a poultry farm and a fish farm in Nigeria. He’s seen demand drop by about 70 per cent because of recent closures for restaurants and bakeries. In a given week that means about 5,000 to 6,000 eggs go unsold.

“Right now, some go bad,” he said. “We have not really been able to do much about it, and that’s where we have been having discussion on what we can do to begin to preserve. Nobody saw this coming, nobody was prepared for this.”

For food banks and other non-profits, the incoming supplies are larger than most groups have the resources to deal with.

Fareshare, the U.K.’s biggest food waste charity, received 758 metric tons of food in a recent week, more than double what it would get before the virus-lockdown era. The organization redistributes food from suppliers and supermarkets to charities and community groups via its regional distribution centers.

“What you don’t have is a perfect match of what is surplus, what is waste and what the charity sector needs,” said Lindsay Boswell, Fareshare’s chief executive officer. “There are quite a few businesses giving us their food as more people are suddenly more conscious of people going hungry. But if you’re hungry, a pallet of lemons doesn’t help you much.”

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Home waste

It’s not all bad news.

Worries over catching the virus means fewer trips to the grocery store and less time spent there. That’s forcing people to become more conscientious food shoppers, according to Jennifer Molidor, a senior food campaigner at the Center for Biological Diversity.

That’s likely bringing down food waste at home, and the new habits could show staying power post-pandemic.

Consumers are choosing shelf-stable items that will last longer, bringing grocery lists to reduce the time they spend in the supermarket and becoming more mindful about their cooking habits. Data from the U.K. drives this point home — nearly half of respondents in a survey said they are throwing away less food, according to research commissioned by environmental group Hubbub.

While reducing home waste in the longer term would create significant benefits for natural-resource depletion and the environment, food insecurity still remains an immediate problem in the pandemic. And it will have a lopsided impact on the world, with poorer countries and food-importing nations suffering the biggest hit.

Volunteers load groceries into vehicles at a drive-through food bank at the New York State Fairgrounds on May 12, 2020 in Syracuse, New York. Photo by Stefani Reynolds/Getty Images

Meanwhile, producers are left with tough choices and little cash flow to pay their debts. Lockdown measures have snarled transportation and wholesale markets have collapsed.

Almost $1 billion worth of grapes have been either destroyed or dried into less profitable raisins, according to P. Chengal Reddy, chief adviser to the Consortium of Indian Farmers Associations.

“Taking another loan will be very expensive, so, I will need to use some of my savings and sell my wife’s jewelry to invest in the next crop,” said Ramesh Vithoba Zoman, 56, who grows grapes on 8 acres in the western state of Maharashtra. He estimates he’ll take a loss of about 1.65 million rupees ($21,641) this season compared with an expected profit of about 500,000 rupees.

“I have told the bank that I can’t repay the loan this time, and I know they will charge me additional interest. It will create problems for me in the future.”

©2020 Bloomberg L.P.

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Loyola University Chicago Libraries

Sociology: Home

Sociology resources at Loyola University Chicago

LUC Sociology Department

Useful Sociology Links

Newsworthy blog

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About this subject guide

This subject guide for Sociology is designed around the goal of helping you locate pertinent, accurate, and credible information from within the holdings of Loyola University Chicago's libraries (whether those holdings be in print, electronic, or other formats) and, as needed, from the Internet at large.

Your feedback, comments, source and site rankings, and public or private input are greatly encouraged.  As this guide is meant to help you during your time at Loyola, you can in turn help other students as to what tools you've found that are important, interesting, and useful.

Use the "Email Me" link to the right of this column if you have any questions about this Subject Guide, or about anything related to the Libraries at Loyola University Chicago.

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Forced Evictions Advocacy Toolkit

The Forced Evictions Advocacy Toolkit is a compilation of PDF and video resources for activists, social movements and communities fighting evictions. From outlining the obligations of governments to sharing videos that help foster debate and inspire mobilization, the Toolkit provides critical resources to support the efforts of those advocating against forced evictions locally and globally, as well as those working to raise awareness on the issue. The Toolkit was created by WITNESS and Amnesty International.

Download the full PDF bundle by clicking on the “Add to Cart” button above. You can also download the individual videos or PDFs using the links below. For a DVD copy, please contact

Included in the Toolkit:
  • VIDEO: “Evict Them! In Five Easy Steps” is a satirical animation and effective attention grabber that shows how governments and corporations often behave when forcibly evicting a community. It can be a great way to spark debate and introduce the issue. (2 min)
  • VIDEO: “People Before Profit” brings together stories of forced evictions from 11 countries and highlights the common patterns of violations that occur before, during and after evictions. It also features the brave resistance of affected communities rising up to defend their rights. Screen it in meetings or debates to help communities locate their struggles within a global context, learn from each others’ experiences and build solidarity. (11 min)
  • TIP SHEET: “How to Film Forced Evictions” provides quick tips on safely and successfully filming a forced eviction. It can be used to effectively prepare community leaders, legal observers and advocates that may use video to document unlawful evictions.
  • GUIDE: “Forced Evictions: Know Your Rights” is a straightforward list of the key components of the right to housing. Useful for communities and advocates interested in using human rights principles and frameworks to protect their rights.
  • GUIDE: “Know Your Obligations: A Guide to Preventing Forced Evictions” is aimed at public officials, this guide outlines government’s’ responsibilities to uphold international human rights standards by providing practical guidance on the main measures that must be undertaken when planning development projects that may lead to evictions.

Elements of the Toolkit are available in:
Arabic | French | Hindi | Italian | Khmer | Oriya | Portuguese | RomanianSpanish

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Scot St Andrew Flag. Light Blue

The Flag Wholesaler

Our flags are from around the world and offer you the opportunity to fly your statement with pride, be it a party celebration or supporting your country or sport. Made from 100% polyester with brass eyelets.

Scot St Andrew Flag. Light Blue.

Flag size: 5ft x 3ft (1500mm x 900mm)
Material: 100% polyester
Weight: 0.4 kg
Packaging Dimensions: 0.5 × 0.5 cm

To fly your flag from a flag pole you will need two 100mm flag bungees to secure the flag.

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Judith Ann Gillard

Judith Ann Gillard
Date of birth: 03 September, 1942
Date of passing: 15 November, 2015

Gillard Judith Ann passed away peacefully on Sunday, November 15, 2015, aged 73 years. Dearly loved wife of Max, loved mother of Stephen, Deborah, Karen and Amanda, mother-in-law of Susan, Neville, Christopher and Lorenzo, adored Nana of 7 grandchildren and cherished Gran of 4 great grandchildren.
Rest in Peace
A private family funeral was held on Wednesday, November 18, 2015

Judith Ann Gillard

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Nanozomal CBD+ Emulsion 400mg - 100ml

Regular price R 549.00

Description: Nanozomal CBD Emulsion 400 mg
Pack size: 100 ml

Description: CBD assists with relief of minor pain, inflammation, anxiety,
stress and sleeplessness. Supports and enhances general health.
Product Information: Fresh Mint Flavour CBD Emulsion is a premium quality,
highly absorbable CBD product powered by Nanotechnology. It has a faster onset of action and is
designed to deliver 15 times more CBD to the blood stream compared to regular CBD oil.

(Extracted from Hemp family: Cannabaceae Species: Cannabis sativa)
Contains organic compliant oils Cannabidiol (CBD) (CBG, CBN, CBC, CBDa,
CBDV, CBDVa) and terpens.


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Mother's Day Limoges Boxes

Happy Mother's Day! Give the mother in your life fine French porcelain Limoges boxes. LImoges boxes featuring mother goose, mother hens, mother rabbits, mother cat, flowered boxes, sewing machine, sewing box and many more! These are the perfect gift for any mother on Mother's day or for any avid collector. Mother's Day is the perfect occasion to give our Limoges boxes to mom. Our selection of fine French porcelain figurines handsomely crafted in the time-honored tradition makes an excellent gift for the trinket box collector in your life. Exquisite detail and hand painted fine Limoges Box porcelain collectables are exclusively from the Limosine region imported directly. Show mom how much you love her this Mother's Day with a gift of an authentic fine Porcelain de Limoges box imported from France. If you cannot locate the desired Limoges on your list, please use the above link to contact us by email. We will do our best to locate it for you.


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Join My Team!

Why Join Stampin’ Up!?

Reasons to Join Stampin' Up!

Just as Stampin’ Up! demonstrators provide their customers with one-stop shopping and individualized service, Stampin’ Up! provides its demonstrators with the opportunity to pursue their individual goals whether those goals are to enjoy a hobby, build a thriving business, or contribute to family income while spending more time at home.

Whether you’d like to earn money to pay for your stamping supplies, create a full or part-time career, or simply get a discount on your stamping supplies, Stampin’ Up! will help you do it. And if that isn’t enough, we’ve listed 10 reasons for you to become a Stampin’ Up! demonstrator.

  1. Get ideas for handmade cards, scrapbook pages, and home decor projects.
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Click here — Join The Fun! — to join my team and for only $99 (shipping included) order your totally customizable Starter Kit.  If you’re not sure, please contact me so I can answer all of your questions to make your decision easier!

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Happy 2019!

Happy 2019! Time keeps marching on and one day bleeds into the next, though I find the end of the year calls for pause and reflection on what the heck happened over the last year and contemplation regarding what one hopes the next year might bring. I’m not much of a goal setter, if I want to do something I’ll generally just go for it and I either succeed or fail, I like to just wing it, so no New Years resolutions for me. I will say that 2018 will always be significant in my mind and I anticipate 2019 will be as well, mostly because so much has happened and so much more needs to happen.

We started 2018 with no idea if the Scotland thing would happen or not. If we didn’t get our UK visas we were still planning on leaving the Seattle area but hadn’t 100% settled on where. We were both shocked to actually get the TechNation endorsement that allowed for us to obtain our visas. The move to Scotland happened so quickly that we didn’t really have much time to register the move in our brains until we were here in Scotland. It was an utterly overwhelming process and I feel like we made it beyond some of the most challenging parts of our move in 2018, like getting the dogs here, finding housing, getting accounts set up (bank, utilities, phones, etc.), obtaining our NINos, getting the dogs sorted with a new diet (yes, this was a big problem initially), registering with a general practitioner, and so on and so on. We tore down our lives and started over from scratch in 2018.

I really pictured things looking a little different for us by this point. I felt confident that we’d both be employed and fairly settled by Christmas. The reality is that I am only now beginning the job search and my husband is still searching for steady employment. Fortunately, he has had a few freelance gigs since we arrived, which helped. Other things that I hadn’t fully anticipated were how many wonderful people we would meet in 2018, that I would be doing aerials again, that I’d discover the magic of the flying trapeze, that I would already have delved back into dog agility (even competed already), that we’d both be so in love with Glasgow, that we’d be the subject of a tv show, and just so much more. We have been extremely blessed.

I don’t have any real goals for 2019 but do have some things in mind that I hope might occur. The job thing has to happen fairly soon in order for us to stay here, so hopefully at the end of the year we’ll be celebrating having jobs. That’s not neccessarily something that I hope will happen or that’s a goal, but rather something that absolutely has to happen since our survival here depends on it. We’re looking at moving to a different flat in the spring since our flat is so damn expensive, so hopefully that works out. I would like to improve enough on the trapeze (either static, swinging or flying) that I’d feel confident putting together a performance by the end of the year, not necessarily performing but being able to if I wanted. I also hope to indulge my creative side more, which includes writing songs with my husband and maybe performing again. I don’t know, I suppose the list could go on but it would be cool if these things occurred. Of course, I hope for all that good health kind of stuff as well.

In other news, we had a great Christmas and New Years! For Christmas it was just us and the dogs and we opened gifts (the dogs had a lot of gifts and each had a stocking), had some great slow cooked stew, went for a walk, and relaxed. We were supposed to spend NYE at a friend’s place but Ryan wasn’t feeling well so we stayed back, chilled and had a nice evening. With the holidays concluded, businesses are starting to open again here in Scotland and I’m back to my circus classes, which I’m really happy about. People are now back in town after being away for the holidays, kids are back in school (I can hear them rejoicing in play at recess right around the corner), university is bringing the older “kids” back, and life is resuming as normal. I enjoyed the quiet that came over Glasgow for the holidays but it feels nice to have the city come back to life now.

Well, I suppose that’s it for now. In summary, I will say that this will go down in history as one of the most overwhelming and challenging years I’ve ever had but also one of the most exciting as well. I love Scotland and I hope this coming year further solidifies our truly becoming a part of this place.  I think on NYE of 2019 I will have more to reflect on than ever, I look forward to that and hope that I am smiling like an idiot while I do so.

Note regarding the photo attached to this post: Our friends gave us a gift bag full of all things Scotland (ok, all things that will fit into a bag), which we’ve already consumed half of. Such a cool and thoughtful gift!

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Coronavirus: Lagos moves to stop Sunday church gatherings, Juma'at services

The Lagos state government is set to ask religious leaders in the state to suspend all religious gatherings. These include Sunday Services in churches and Friday Jummat services in the various mosques.

The state Commissioner for Information, Gbenga Omotosho, made this known at a press briefing today March 18th.

“We are all aware that the Federal Government asked the National Youth Service Corps to shut down orientation camps. Yesterday (Tuesday) the Commissioner for Home Affairs said there will be a meeting with religious leaders today (Wednesday). It is going to be suggested to them to maybe stop Friday and Sunday services – wherever we have large gatherings.

Going by the new development, I am sure they will be advised to shut down the services in the interest of the public and all of us. I am sure they are going to comply” Omotosho said

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There’s big news regarding the two leading national genealogical organizations in the United States. I’ve got the press release from the Federation of Genealogical Societies here, as well as comments from FamilySearch.

NGS and FGS Merger

August 21, 2019 – Washington, D.C.

In a historic move, the boards of the National Genealogical Society (NGS) and the Federation of Genealogical Societies (FGS) announced today their intent to merge.

The two organizations, both non-profit leaders in the dynamic genealogy industry, will form one consolidated group that will continue to operate as the National Genealogical Society. Both boards approved a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) earlier this week, and jointly announced the news at the Opening Session of the FGS Family History Conference in Washington, D.C. this morning.

Leaders of both organizations believe this merger will serve the genealogy community by improving support of both individual members and societies in the pursuit of genealogical excellence.

The organizational structure of NGS will be modified to increase functions that support genealogical societies and family organizations.

NGS classroom

NGS Annual Conference

Digitization projects of genealogical importance such as the War of 1812 pensions will continue.

The two organizations will continue to operate independently while all details of the merger are completed, no later than October 1, 2020.

Faye Stallings, President of FGS, said: “We are excited about this opportunity to combine with a premier organization that has been in operation since 1903. This will allow for improved and expanded services to help support societies.”

Ben Spratling, President of the NGS, commented, “We look forward to continuing the strong legacy of FGS as a ‘gathering point’ for family historians and societies all across the nation.”

According to FamiySearch, “this significant, historical move will consolidate these two great, influential organizations in the genealogy industry, into one with greater capacity to serve the genealogy community.  You can read more about it in their press release published in concert with the opening session of the FGS Conference today in Washington, D.C.”

David Rencher, FamilySearch CGO, said “this is a significant move forward for both organizations. FGS has wanted to better serve individuals, and NGS has been seeking ways to better serve societies. Combining their efforts is a win/win for all genealogists at the local, state and international levels. FamilySearch is thrilled with the leadership of both organizations coming together to better serve all genealogists and family historians.”

podcasting at FGS 2018

Podcasting at the Genealogy Gems booth at the FGS 2018 conference

About FGS: FGS was founded in 1976 and empowers the genealogical and family history community, especially its societies and organizations, by advocating for the preservation of records and providing resources that enable genealogical organizations to succeed in pursuing their missions.

FGS launched the Preserve the Pensions project in 2010 and raised more than $3 million to digitize and make freely available the pension files from the War of 1812. Fundraising was completed for that project in 2016 and the digitization continues.

FGS was also the driving force behind the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors project alongside the National Parks Service.

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Re: PAE kernel default with 1.5gb of ram?

[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]

On Sun, Dec 24, 2006 at 11:59:03AM -0600, Frank Cox wrote:
 > I just updated a machine with FC4 to use FC6 and it now defaults to this kernel:
 >  2.6.18-1.2868.fc6PAE #1 SMP
 > The computer has only 1.5gb of ram in it; why would it want to use a PAE
 > kernel?  The "regular" kernel is also installed and I tried both, and didn't
 > see any difference in performance during the minute or two that I played with
 > it.
 > I could easily change the default to the regular kernel, but I want to know why
 > the machine figures it should be using a PAE kernel.

Does your CPU have NX ?

[Index of Archives]     [Current Fedora Users]     [Fedora Desktop]     [Fedora SELinux]     [Yosemite News]     [Yosemite Photos]     [KDE Users]     [Fedora Tools]     [Fedora Docs]

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Tips for helping your beginning reader

Many four year olds start to show an interest in reading. Once they have figured out that the little squiggles on the page mean something (i.e. having print awareness), their curiosity grows and they may tell you “I want to read”.  Then what? You may want to start whipping out sight word flashcards or sign your children up to reading apps like ‘Reading Eggs’. But here are three things any parent can do that will boost their child’s readiness for reading and set them up for literacy success in years to come. All three tips are based what research tells us are the foundational skills in reading, demonstrated by the Reading Rope (Scarborough, 2001).

Continue reading “Tips for helping your beginning reader”