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Environmental implications of land-use patterns in the new villages in Tanzania

W.F.I. Mlay
Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Agriculture, which dominates most of the African economies, has been the main focus of national development plans of most independent African countries for over two decades. Land policies and reforms of various kinds have been instituted and implemented with the aim of radically improving the performance of the agricultural sector. However, success has been mixed. In most countries, traditional practices and low productivity have persisted despite major reforms and large investments. Where agricultural innovations have been introduced, shortterm successes have often been followed by long-term problems.

The most frequently occurring of such problems is environmental degradation. In practice, many agricultural programmes tend to place a strong emphasis on quantitative increase in production and to be less concerned with qualitative aspects such as resource management and conservation. As a result, the environmental implications of, for example, changes in land use are often overlooked until serious physical deterioration has occurred.

In most parts of Africa there are many examples of environmental deterioration resulting directly or indirectly from changes in land use. This paper highlights some of these environmental implications of land-use changes. It examines the particular case of Tanzania, where a major nationwide resettlement programme was recently undertaken with the aim of transforming agriculture, improving productivity, and raising the standard of living of the people, the majority of whom reside in rural areas.

Resettlement and Villagization

Tanzania adopted the policy of villagization in 1967 as part of a national strategy for development. This policy entailed, among other things, the resettlement of all households outside areas of dense settlements into villages. By 1975, it was estimated that over 75 per cent of the national population was resident in such villages.

This was a dramatic change from the situation in the mid1960s, when it was estimated that 86 per cent of Tanzania's population lived in scattered homesteads, that is, outside villages and towns (Maro and Mlay 1982). Prior to villagization, the system of agriculture practiced in most parts of the country was shifting cultivation. This system permitted farmers to use new lands from time to time and allowed for long periods of fallow. Pastoralists moved from place to place, according to seasonal changes, in order to find adequate pastures for their stocks. As a result, there was generally a balanced adjustment between land-use patterns and the environment, which for the greater part of the country is semiarid, permitting only extensive use.

The villagization policy was the culmination of a long process of searching for the best rural development strategy for Tanzania. During the colonial period and the early years of independence, changes in land use were initially achieved by opening up new areas but retaining traditional agricultural practices. Subsequently, improvement in the agricultural system was considered necessary in order to meet the increasing demand for food and export crops. A transformation approach was therefore proposed whereby modern inputs could be introduced through extension services. Village settlement schemes were established in chosen areas in order to relieve areas with population pressure. This strategy proved to be an expensive undertaking with very limited returns. As a result, it was abandoned after only two and a half years of operation. However, the idea of modernizing the entire agricultural sector was considered a necessary prerequisite for rural development. It was assumed to be the best means by which the welfare and standard of living of the majority of people in rural areas could be improved. Since the majority of the population lived in isolated homesteads, large-scale resettlement was recommended as the first step in the direction of modernization (Nyerere 1967). Resettlement would also provide the basis for concentrating land and human resources, thus minimizing the cost to the Government of providing basic services. At the same time, the benefits of co-operative production and use of modern methods of farming would quickly spread and transform the entire national economy.

Judging from the effects of the implementation of the villagization policy, it seems that major environmental implications of large-scale resettlements were not fully considered before the plan was carried out (Mascarenhas 1979). It was simply assumed that what had prevented nucleated settlements before was the lack of organization and that once this was provided, the benefits of living together in village communities would be more or less automatic.

Generally, the proceeds of settlement were achieved fairly quickly once the Government had decided that all possible methods should be used to move people into villages. After six years (1967-1972) of experimentation with voluntary spontaneous resettlement during which less than 20 per cent of Tanzania's population moved into villages, it took only two years of forced movement (1974-1975) to raise the population living in villages to about 80 per cent, that is, virtually all scattered households were moved into villages (McHenry 1979). Village areas were quickly demarcated, with each village consisting of between 200 to 600 households. Subsequently, attempts were made to set up administrative and organizational structures for each village. Credit facilities, agricultural extension, and other basic services were generally extended to the new villages to enable them to operate as viable socio-economic entities with full legal status.

Land Use Changes Since 1967

The combined effect of resettlement and a rapid population growth (3.1 per cent per annum) over the last two decades has been to change substantially the rural population density in areas previously sparsely populated and thereby to alter patterns of land use.

According to the 1978 Population Census, the average population density for the whole country increased by 42 per cent between 1967 and 1978. Of the four regions which experienced an above average density change, three -Tabora, Rukwa, and Arusha -are some of the most sparsely populated regions in the country (see table 1). The factor which has influenced density change at the regional level is mainly natural increase rather than resettlement, which mostly involved intraregional movement of population. The impact of resettlement on the population density has been felt more at the district and subdistrict levels. Local studies have indicated that over 75 per cent of all movements into villages involved distances of up to 10 kilometres only (Mlay 1981). This suggests that overall, even more drastic density changes have occurred at the local level over much of Tanzania, particularly in areas which were previously sparsely populated.

This concentration of population has had several important effects on land utilization. Foremost, land-use patterns have undergone considerable change. In some areas, land that was once cultivated and under permanent crops was abandoned and allowed to revert to bush when people were moved into villages. Examples of this occur in Mtwara and Coast regions where many cashew nut and coconut farms are covered with bush. In other areas, marginal land which was previously uninhabited or only used for grazing has been closely settled and the natural vegetation has been replaced by food crops such as maize, cassava, and sorghum. Second, where settlements have been established there has been a change from the traditional, extensive use of land to very intensive cultivation and livestock rearing. The establishment of village areas with a central core for dwelling units has increased distances to farms, restricted the traditional practice of shifting cultivation (since all village land is allocated for various uses), and made land a scarce commodity. The greater house-to-field distance has affected the time and energy required to reach fields, the ease of application of inputs such as manure and fertilizer, the ability to protect crops from pests and wildlife, and the cost of transportation of harvests from fields to the village. Hence, in most villages only the land adjacent to the village centre is intensely utilized. Third, with the establishment of permanent settlements, an ongoing competition for land between sedentary agriculturalists and pastoral groups has been intensified. In this struggle there is evidence to show that land that was previously exclusively used for grazing has increasingly been brought under permanent cultivation since villagization, thus pushing livestock keepers to even more marginal lands. The possibility of developing successful mixed farming near or within the village has been reduced to the extent where livestock has had to be moved away from settled areas. This has created in some areas a separation between crop production and livestock development, except in areas where stall feeding is possible (Mascarenhas 1979).

TABLE 1. Regional population density change 1967-1978

Density per sq. km

Percantage change in density
1967 1978
Dodoma 17.2 23.5 36.6
Arusha 7.4 11.3 52.7
Kilimanjaro 49.3 68.1 38.1
Tanga 28.9 38.9 34.6
Morogoro 9.7 13.3 37.1
Coast 13.2 15.9 20.4
Lindi 6.4 8.0 25.0
Mtwara 37.2 46.2 24.2
Ruvuma 6.2 8.9 43.5
Iringa 12.1 16.2 33.9
Mbeya 12.5 17.9 43.2
Singida 9.3 12.4 33.2
Tabora 6.6 10.7 62.1
Rukwa 4.1 6.6 60.9
Kigoma 12.8 17.5 36.7
Shinyanga 17.7 26.1 47.4
West Lake (Kagera) 23.1 35.5 53 7
Mwanza 53.6 73.3 36.8
Mara 25.0 33.2 32.8

Source: 1978 Population Census: Preliminary Report, Tanzania

Environmental Consequences of Villagization

Inevitably, the large-scale changes in population density and land use have exerted a strong influence on the natural environment. The extent of environmental stress created by villagization can best be appreciated by considering the changes which have taken place in two major ecological zones.

Highland Areas

The highland areas of Tanzania constitute about 18 per cent of the national land area but because of their high resource potential they have been densely settled for many years. Currently, they carry about 40 per cent of the population. Rates of population growth in these areas are very high, about 3 per cent per annum, and despite Government efforts there has not been much outmigration. On average the population density is over 75 persons per square kilometre but some areas have densities of over 400 persons per square kilometre.

Environmental stress was evident in the mountain areas long before villagization, and studies of carrying capacity by Moore (1971) and Maro (1975) have indicated that these areas have surpassed their maximum capacity to maintain the rapidly growing population. The movement to villages occurred mainly in the surrounding lowland areas, which had in the past been devoted to wet season cultivation. However, as a consequence of villagization on the lower slopes, there is an increasing encroachment on forested areas for cultivation of cereals and other annual crops which used to be grown in the lowlands. It has been observed in many parts of Tanzania that, in general, forest utilization has traditionally been a plundering operation. Hence, large-scale clearing of forest, often by use of fire, is converting the national forest vegetation into savannah grasslands. Recently, a devastating fire on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro destroyed between 10,000 and 20,000 hectares of forest (Darkoh 1980).

This deleterious change in land use has also affected the land which used to be of high fertility. Deforestation has degraded the soils and increased their erodibility. Reduction in infiltration resulting from the destruction of the vegetation cover has caused a fall in the water table and increased the incidence of river flooding in the surrounding plains. Furthermore, the growing demand for arable land on the upper slopes has claimed whatever uncultivated land there used to be. Such land is usually on steep slopes and river banks. It is estimated that over 30 per cent of steep slopes in the mountain areas are being converted into fields. Landslides and mudflows usually start in such cultivated fields carrying away both soil and crop. In a study conducted by Temple and Rapp (1973) in the western Uluguru mountains, it was shown that 47 per cent of cases of landslides occurred in areas under cultivation, 46 per cent in areas under grass, often with old terraces, and only 6 per cent of cases were observed in areas under forest, bush, or rock. Although some forms of traditional soil conservation methods are still practiced, such efforts are negligible because of the rapidity with which the natural vegetation is being depleted. The result is a widespread destruction of the forest environment, including the removal of the soil cover through sheet erosion and gullying.

Lowlands and Plateaux

Lowlands and plateaux cover over 80 per cent of the land area and can be subdivided into two categories:

  1. river basins, and coastal and lakeshore lowlands, constituting lands of medium agricultural potential; and
  2. more marginal semi-arid and arid plateaux, covering much of northern, central, and western Tanzania.

Together, these areas carry about 50 per cent of the population in medium to low densities.

The occurrence of pockets of low density and surplus land made these areas ideal for large-scale resettlement of the scattered population into villages. However, as in many other similar environments in the tropics, most of the land suitable for agricultural development was already under some form of use (Dasmann 1973). Consequently, the poor location of new settlements on land of inferior quality led to a sharp decline in agricultural production in the years following villagization. Moreover, villagization necessitated the intensification of land use, a practice unfamiliar to most of the people and unsuitable for such fragile environments. The result has been the spread of serious cases of soil erosion and the rapid destruction of the natural vegetation. Where relatively high population densities already existed, such as along the shores of Lake Victoria, villagization has intensified the process of environmental degradation already in operation before resettlement.

However, of greater impact on the environment has been the increased concentration of livestock around the villages, especially in the semi-arid and arid zones. Here, overgrazing is one of the more serious agents of environmental deterioration. It is not always possible to generalize about the effect of grazing for such a large part of the country because pastoral lands vary greatly in type, from semi-arid steppe of the Masailand type to the savannah grasslands of Shinyanga and Mara regions. In the semi-arid and arid areas, overgrazing has led to the destruction of the scanty vegetation, compaction of the soil surface due to trampling, and destruction of the soil structure. This in turn makes the soil more susceptible to erosion and over time converts wet season pasturelands into permanent wasteland or desert. In the better savannah grasslands, where mixed farming is common, the influence of the concentration of population and animals has damaged the natural woodland and productive grasslands and kept their regeneration in check due to constant use. This is particularly noticeable where fires are frequently being used and movement of stock is restricted.

Resettlement has also affected the wildlife ecology. Many of the game sanctuaries and national parks for which Tanzania is famous, such as Serengeti, are found in the semi-arid zone. Until recently, these savannah areas were characterized by large herds of ungulates and other grazers and browsers with their associated predators. The proximity of dense settlements to the game reserves has created a number of environmental hazards. Kurji (1977) lists these as: frequent outbreaks of fire which destroy both vegetation and animals, indiscriminate hunting for trophies, which has caused the near extinction of certain species of game, and a general destruction of the land available for pastures as more and more of this land is taken up for cultivation.

Villagization, Environmental Hazards, and Agricultural Production

Despite these negative impacts of villagization on the environment, initial large-scale movement of populations into villages was in fact carried out in response to specific environmental problems. It was felt that peasants would be better equipped to cope with problems of drought and floods and be better able to raise agricultural production if they lived together in communities than if they were scattered.

If we consider the case of Dodoma region, villagization was introduced at a time when the Government was desperately trying to reach the scattered population with famine relief during a period of extended drought. Dodoma region has a long history of droughts and famine; hence, villagization was seen as a panacea to deal with these problems. With the settlement of populations into villages, boreholes were drilled to provide water for both man and beast. New droughtresistant food crops such as millet varieties were introduced with considerable success. Many of the traditionally seminomadic Wagogo began to settle down to mixed farming and the development of viticulture, which was proving to be an attractive cash crop. In addition, for the first time, more and more villagers were within reach of such services as schools, dispensaries, and food stores.

However, over the last decade, prolonged periods of drought have affected this region, and due to a lack of manpower and funds, basic services have not been maintained. Agricultural production has, as a result, been on a steady decline. In addition, the population density has increased by 50 per cent over the last two decades. Recent livestock densities were estimated by Berry (1976) to be 1.9 hectares per livestock unit in an area where 2.5 hectares per livestock unit is considered the maximum safe density. The result has been the spreading of large tracts of wastelands, bare eroded soils, and gullying, the worst examples of which are the "bad lands" topography of Kondoa district, where innumerable gullies and sand-choked rivers cries-cross newly cultivated fields. A study recently conducted by Mascarenhas (1979) to discover the causes of environmental deterioration in Dodoma has concluded the following:

Changes in the traditional pattern of activity have brought about environmental stress. When a dense settlement is introduced into a fragile environment, pressure is brought to bear on local vegetation. Regeneration of this vegetation was easy when settlement was dispersed and fluid [but] repeated use of land by people who are no longer mobile requires a change in agricultural practices. Increased use of ground water has raised the spectre of a lowered water table, which could be a local disaster if not controlled. But by far the greatest desertification pressures stem from the livestock component of Gogo society. Fixed settlement drastically concentrates animals that once roamed over larger spaces.

Another factor which has limited the capability of villagization to cope with environmental hazards and raise agricultural production is the failure by the local population to adapt to different agricultural practices in the new environment. The case of the resettlement experience in Rufiji district, which has been described in detail by Sandberg (1974), illustrates this. Villagization in the Rufiji district was carried out in response to specific environmental hazards. Traditionally, the Warufiji lived in scattered homesteads on the flood plain and depended on the annual flooding of the Rufiji river to provide silt and water for rice cultivation. However, the floods which made agriculture flourish also caused destruction of homes and fields from year to year. It was decided, therefore, to shift the population to the higher northern banks, into villages. Two major problems resulted from this relocation of the population. Most villagers could not continue to farm on the flood plain because of the increased distance. In any case, cultivation on the flood plain was discouraged because it was feared that many villagers would want to go back to their former homes. The new environment on the higher ground is very different from the one the Warufiji were familiar with. The vegetation is different, the rains erratic, and the soils less fertile. The crops which could be grown, such as cassava, were not popular and wet rice cultivation was not possible. What was required was a gradual change from the old agricultural system practiced in the flood plain which was ecospecific. This change did not happen because of the rush to resettle the population in the shortest possible time before the next floods. The result has been a slow process of adjustment in which famine relief has had to be provided where agricultural production collapsed.

The environmental implications of land use change as illustrated above are not unique to the villagization programme. If villagization is viewed as a component of rural development, as conceived by policymakers and planners in Tanzania, it can be compared in its environmental effects to many other agricultural development projects initiated in the country. Murray-Rust (1973) carried out an in-depth study of one such development project in a catchment area called Kisongo in the rangelands of Northern Tanzania. A water reservoir was constructed at Kisongo in 1960 to provide water for stock and for human consumption in a very dry environment. This area was originally the preserve of the nomadic Masai pastoralists, who maintained an ecological balance by seasonal transhumance movement. However, the completion of the reservoir changed all that. Stock numbers increased and became concentrated on the catchment area. Sedentary cultivators in-migrated from surrounding densely populated areas and settled near the water supply. As a consequence, land use changed dramatically. The area available for grazing began to decline rapidly as more cultivated plots and permanent settlements were established. Overgrazing has become a major cause of sheet and gully erosion, both in the bare pasturelands and along stock routes. By 1975 it was estimated that the water supply would begin to dry up and the carrying capacity of the land would drop to a lower level than before the reservoir was built. The explosion of the cattle population due to overstocking would render the land barren and almost useless to man and beast.

The last, but by no means the least, factor which has had a major influence on agricultural production in villages is location. It has been observed that some of the major environmental problems in the villages stem from locational considerations. In particular, the distance factor has been a great influence on intensity of land use. Thus, in many areas environmental deterioration varies with distance from the village settlement. Evidence of soil exhaustion is more obvious near villages where the land is subject to more frequent and intensive use than farther away. Under the traditional system of shifting cultivation, the settlement would have moved before productivity of the land declined. However, villagization implied permanent settlement within a prescribed village land area. Furthermore, there was a great deal of emphasis on accessible locations, so much so that often roadside sites were preferred even when it was clear that no agricultural activity could be undertaken profitably near the settlement location. In terms of layout, most villages were structured as a concentration of dwellings, like urban settlements. Family plots had, as a result, to be some distance away from the village settlement.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The above-mentioned case studies demonstrate that agricultural development initiatives, whether large-scale national programmes, such as the one undertaken under the villagization policy, or small-scale projects, such as the water reservoir project in Arusha Region, inevitably impinge on the pattern of land use, destabilizing existing agricultural practices and causing major changes in the natural environment.

The human adjustments which are required to develop successful agriculture under changed environmental and demographic conditions brought about by development programmes do not often take place. Hence, environmental deterioration, stagnation, or even decline in yields have continued to be the experience of many agricultural development efforts. In the specific case of villagization in Tanzania, the evidence shows that the whole question of relating demographic change, caused by natural increase and resettlement, to particular ecological conditions did not receive much attention. There seems to have been an implicit assumption that once people were put into villages, development would be automatic.

Many studies of tropical agriculture confirm that, although traditional farming is primitive in its tools and scale of operation, in terms of its agricultural practices, it is the most suited to fragile environmental resources (Knight 1976). These practices were developed over many generations of trial and error and stood the test of time. In the restricted mountainlands and river basin, intensive care of the land resources has maintained high yields. In the savannah plains and plateau, the practice of slash-and-burn shifting cultivation utilizes the great supply of nutrients available in tropical vegetation. Long periods of fallow with short periods of farming allow for vegetation regeneration and recovery of soil fertility. However, rapid rates of population growth and aspirations for an improved standard of living have combined to render such age-long practices ineffective or impracticable. The introduction of development projects, innovative technology, and new agricultural practices has often brought temporary relief, as in the case of villagization. Long-term results have failed to meet expectations, however.

There are many lessons to be learnt from the Tanzanian experience. First is the need to identify possible environmental consequences of changes in land use occasioned by various pressures before they arise. Second, specific solutions to deal with current and future land-use problems should take into consideration those practices with which most farmers are familiar before introducing new ones. Third is the need to monitor development projects designed to meet a specific need with a view to identifying side-effects that may aggravate the original problem.

Too much emphasis has been placed on the fragility of tropical environments, including climatic changes, as the main cause of agricultural decline. Research has shown that different land-use practices have a greater influence on the level of productivity or deterioration of land than the nature of the land resource. For example, Jackson (1977) has shown that differences in soil erosion due to differences in the management of the same soil are greater than the differences in erosion of different soils under the same management. What these lessons suggest is that there is a need to adopt an integrated approach to land-use planning and implementation, backed by research.

In terms of its conceptualization, the villagization policy in Tanzania was intended to be an integrated, holistic approach to rural development. It was a settlement development programme, an agricultural development and resource management programme, as well as a population redistribution strategy. In addition, it was a welfare programme aimed at equitable provision and distribution of welfare and development services. All these objectives were supposed to be interrelated. However, in the implementation, only the welfare aspect was given emphasis. Resettlement was considered to be all that was necessary to achieve the other objectives of villagization. Hardly any research was undertaken prior to implementation and results from past resettlement experiences were rarely considered in launching new operations.

After a review of many of the mistakes committed in the implementation of villagization, some measures for their rectification have been identified. Two of the remedies which are currently being emphasized are: relocation of farmsteads and development of satellite villages. The first remedy involves, where there is surplus land, shifting each household to a sizeable plot of land, usually 3 hectares, in such a way that each farmstead will be surrounded by its farm. This measure has the advantage of reducing the distance to the farm while minimizing the environmental hazards of concentrated settlements. Since the economy of most villages is still dependent on production from household plots rather than the communal farm, this measure has also motivated villagers to adopt land-use management and intensive techniques on their plots, which are within easy reach. To encourage villagers to shift their homes to new sites, loans and credit facilities have been made available for construction of houses. In some regions, building brigades are trained using village youths who are subsequently employed by the village government to construct houses for individual families in the new locations. All these are costly undertakings and there is still some reluctance on the part of people to move yet again. The second remedy has been to encourage the growth of satellite villages, particularly in areas where mixed farming or export crop production require large tracts of land. In such cases, the village settlement is left intact as the permanent residence while temporary settlements are developed away from the village, in areas of extensive farming. These satellite settlements may be seasonally inhabited by part or all of the family labour. This strategy has the obvious advantage of providing the household with a temporary home during peak growing and harvest periods and reducing the travel distance to the farm or pasture land. More time and labour can therefore be devoted to the management of the land. In the long run, such satellite villages may grow to become permanently inhabited and to possess a complete economy of their own, independent of the village from which they sprang.

Both approaches to the problem of concentration of settlements have the added advantage of affording more flexibility in terms of change in agricultural practices and in the introduction of innovation in an integrated manner. Examples from other parts of the world where nucleation has predominated in the past suggest that the present spontaneous tendency is to modify the pattern of rural settlement and land holding in such a manner that the distance separating the farmstead from the lands cultivated is reduced to something in the order of one or two kilometres, if the farmstead is not actually on the farm (Chisholm 1961). However, in the case of Tanzania, achieving an ecologically balanced land-use system will depend on the extent to which the following steps are adopted in the process of adjustment:

  1. survey of the village land to assess its suitability for various uses;
  2. development of appropriate conservation methods to prevent further land degradation while at the same time improving the quality of soil and vegetation resources;
  3. adoption of agronomic techniques whose benefits have been tested in similar environments;
  4. education of the people with respect to farming practices, taking into account their traditional expertise;
  5. integration of land-use planning with the growth of both the village population and its stock; and
  6. monitoring of environmental consequences of development projects on land use and finding appropriate solutions.

In the last analysis, the objective of these measures should be to develop an integrated land-use mix of agriculture and livestock activities which has the greatest returns from different agroecological zones while sustaining the best utilization and conservation of land and water resources.

Barker, D.E. 1979. "The Debate on Rural Socialism in Tanzania.'' In B.U. Mwansasu and C. Pratt, Towards Socialism in Tanzania. Tanzania Publishing House. Dar es Salaam.

Berry, L. 1976. "Dynamics and Process of Change." In C.G. Knight and J.L. Newman, eds., Contemporary Africa: Geography and Change. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

Chisholm, M. 1961. Rural Settlement and Land Use. Hutchinson University Library, London.

Darkoh, M.N.K. 1980. "Man and Desertification in Tropical Africa." Inaugural Lecture Series. Dar es Salaam University Press, Dar es Salaam.

Dasmann, R.F. et al. 1973. Ecological Principles for Economic Development. John Wiley & Sons, London.

Jackson, l.J. 1977. C/imate, Water and Agriculture in the Tropics. Longman, London.

Knight, C.G. 1976. "Prospects for Peasant Agriculture." In C.G. Knight and J.L. Newman, eds., Contemporary Africa: Geography and Change. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.

Kurji, F. 1977. "Human Population Densities and the Changes around the Conservation Areas of Tanzania." BRALUP Research Paper No. 51. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

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Maro, P.S. 1975. "Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Kilimanjaro 1920- 1970." BRALUP Research Paper No. 40. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

Maro, P.S., and W.F.I. Mlay. 1982. "Population Redistribution in Tanzania." In L. Kosinsky and J.l. Clarke, eds., Population Redistribution in Africa. Heinemann, London.

Mascarenhas, A.C. 1977. "Resettlement and Desertification: the Wagogo of Dodoma District, Tanzania." Economic Geography, 53:4.

__________. 1979. "After Villagisation What?" In B.U. Mwansasu and C. Pratt, eds., Towards Socialism in Tanzania. T.P.H., Toronto.

Mlay, W.F.I. 1981. "The Spatial Impact of Decentralisation: Its Significance for Rural Transformation in Tanzania." In H. OkothOgendo, ea., Approaches to Rural Transformation in Eastern Africa. Bookwise, Ltd., Nairobi.

Moore, J. 1971. "Rural Population Carrying Capacities for the Districts of Tanzania." BRALUP Research Paper No. 18. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

Moss, R.P. 1969. "The Ecological Background to Land Use Studies in Tropical Africa, with Special Reference to the West." In M.F. Thomas and G.W. Whittington, eds., Environment and Land Use in Africa. Methuen, London.

Murray-Rust, D.H. 1973. "Soil Erosion and Reservoir Sedimentation in a Grazing Area West of Arusha, Northern Tanzania." In A. Rapp et al., "Studies of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania." BRALUP Monograph 1. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

Nyerere, J.K. 1967. Freedom and Socialism. Oxford University Press, Dar es Salaam.

Sandberg, A. 1974. "Socio-economic Survey of Lower Rufiji Flood Plain." BRALUP Research Paper No. 34. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

Tanzania. 1978. Population Census: Preliminary Report. Dar es Salaam.

Temple, P.H., and A. Rapp. 1973. "Landslides in the Mgeta Area, Western Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania." In A. Rapp et al., "Studies of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation in Tanzania." BRALUP Monograph 1. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam.

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“Yusuf!” Eames hissed, trying to get his friend’s attention through his doorway without actually going in. He tried it again, dragging his name out to three syllables instead.

After the kind of job that went on too long, taxed him past what he thought he was capable of and scraped him out, there was only one place that Eames wanted to go to come down. This last catastrophe didn’t even have the advantage that sort of job usually came with: the exhilaration of doing the magnificent, of creative thinking turning shitty situations around, or the adrenaline rush that came with escaping certain danger. Instead, he simply felt drained, filed down after a job that had been a domino line of fuck-ups.

After a moment, a bleary-eyed Yusuf stepped out of his bedroom in his bare feet and bare chest with a pair of pyjama bottoms on between. They were sitting low on his hips, as if hastily pulled on. At his waistband, below his stomach, Eames could see a tiny bit of pubic hair. His stomach gave a lurch.

“Eames,” Yusuf said in a very quiet voice, eyes coming up at the corners like a suppressed laugh. “I have company.

“You always have company,” Eames said belligerently, squinting past Yusuf’s shoulder and into the mysterious darkness of Yusuf’s room. “You used to not have so much company.”

“Yes,” Yusuf said, “when I was poor.”

“You were never poor.”

“When I was less rich,” Yusuf amended easily enough, padding from one foot to the other. “Now what is the point, Eames?”

Eames was not in the habit of getting to the point. “Just in the neighborhood,” he said. “Thought I’d come visit an old friend.” He doesn’t have to say I thought I’d come sleep in your bed, because Yusuf already knew that, by virtue of Eames being present, uninvited in his house during the witching hour.

Yusuf shut the door behind him, cutting Eames off from the view inside his bedroom and clasped one warm hand around the curve of Eames’ shoulder. His face softened as he brushed his thumb across Eames' collarbone. He chewed on his own bottom lip before he finally said, “It is good to see you, but now is not a great time.”

Eames might otherwise have left, because Yusuf clearly wasn’t ready for visitors, but he’d already toed his shoes off. He loved the carpeting in Yusuf’s place in Mombasa. Putting his throbbing feet back into his shoes was quite an unappealing thought. “You’ve kicked out women for me before,” Eames said, grinning crookedly up at him, imploring, “send her home.”

“One,” Yusuf said, starting a list on his fingers, grinning despite himself. “Mostly you kick out women, second, the last time would not have worked had you not been so inexplicably fluent in Portuguese, and third,” Yusuf said, but then stopped abruptly: “There is no number three.”

Yusuf, perpetually still-water calm, looked suddenly suspicious. “There definitely is,” Eames crowed. “There’s a number three. If your company is a he, I am going to be so pissed.

Because he would be, or, he would be something like it — floored or devastated — and anger was the closest thing to hide behind, when for years he had known that Yusuf loved him, but couldn’t love him in that way. Wasn't aligned that way. He had the important parts of Yusuf, his heart and his past and his future; Yusuf was a cool place to rest his face, the spaces in between the traffic and splinters. He had everything of Yusuf but his libido. If he found out now that that wasn't it, that there were men that he could, did, sleep with, it would break the peace Eames had made with his hungry life.

Yusuf moved his hand from Eames’ shoulder to clap over his mouth. His hand was soft, and his thumb brushed across his cheekbone, as if it was less to keep him quiet and more an excuse to touch him. “Not a he, you dolt,” Yusuf said, rolling his eyes, and Eames felt marginally mollified. “She’s just. It’s different. Not someone I can just call a cab for.”

“Different how?” Eames demanded, the question coming out warm and muffled against the soft pad of Yusuf’s palm. He needed to know if Yusuf was getting serious because Yusuf was foundational; Eames had plenty of boyfriends, lovers, one night stands — that all came and went — but there was a reason he kept his name clear in the city like he’d never done before. He wasn’t even half as careful in the south of France, where he visited his father with some regularity.

A woman’s voice came through the door, calling his name, and Eames immediately recognized it. Yusuf startled away from Eames.

“You’re kidding,” Eames said in a low voice, just as Yusuf called back, “Coming!”

“You’ve got Ariadne here?” Eames accused, and couldn’t decide if he was amused or horrified.

Yusuf had the good grace to look sheepish, hand on the doorknob. “It’s basically an apprenticeship.”

“She doesn’t have to go,” Eames decided.

“Of course not,” Yusuf said, looking suspiciously at Eames, but also a little bit tentatively pleased that Eames was finally in agreement. “Remember, we already ruled that out.”

While Yusuf stared at Eames, the door sprung to life behind him, making both men jump. Behind it, Ariadne stood with her mussed hair, in a loose shirt, slouchy on the torso but fitted at her elbows, and a pair of panties. She didn’t actually look all that surprised to see him. “Are you coming back to bed?”

“Yes,” Yusuf said.

“Yes,” Eames said, at the same time.

“No,” Yusuf said.

Ariadne pushed a sleepy hand through her hair, and turned around, flicking on the light as she did. Past her shoulder, Eames could see Yusuf’s bed, big and plush and already sleep rumpled, and he felt calmed by its mere visibility. “The bed is pretty big,” she speculated, and climbed back in, curling up loosely like a cat on one side.

Yusuf let out a long sigh, but didn’t say no.

“I’m getting in the middle,” Eames declared.

“Absolutely not,” Yusuf said.

Eames climbed into the middle of the bed, without taking off his trousers. Yusuf frowned, lingering by the doorway light switch. Behind him, Eames felt Ariadne shifting, tucking her feet against his knees.

Eames patted the empty space next to him.

“Alright, already,” Yusuf said, under his breath, and the light cut off. Eames closed his eyes instead of straining to focus in the new dark. After a moment, he felt the shift of the mattress underneath him as Yusuf crawled in.

“You look terrible,” Yusuf said, in a quiet breath.

“You can’t even see me,” Eames huffed, without opening his eyes.

“I always see you,” he said, and Eames felt a single finger on his face, stroking from his forehead, down his nose, to the divot of his lip. Yusuf’s finger rested there, and for the first time since he buckled himself into a transatlantic flight, with two stopovers, Eames felt some of the tension he’d carried in his ribs unwind.

“I can’t see anything,” Ariadne said from behind him.

“Sorry lovey,” Eames said. “If it makes you feel better, I will still look terrible in the morning.”

Ariadne made a sympathetic noise and moved closer to his back, he could feel the tip of her little nose rest against his spine, just below his neck. Yusuf threw an arm over him and by that point they were all close enough that he could feel Yusuf groping for Ariadne’s hand.

Eames tried not to concentrate on the warm, friendly bulk of Yusuf, but he’d nestled so close to Eames’ chest that he wanted to cry with the relief of it.

“You’re okay,” Ariadne said into his shoulder blade, as if the mess of his emotions had been giving off light in the dark and she knew about them. She steered the knot of her and Yusuf’s joined hands over him to rest at the dip of his waist, noticeable only when he rested on his side.

Eames thought he would finally drift off, then, warm and cocooned and safe between a friend and the nebulous great love of his adult life, but then Yusuf broke the silence again to tell him: “You’re still wearing your trousers.”

Well . Eames thought. He’d invited himself into Yusuf’s bed, wormed his way in between him and Ariadne, and wasn’t sure if it would be the one step too far that would get him kicked out to make his way back to his own place on the other side of the city.

He didn’t want to say any of that, but Yusuf was no stranger. He gave a little huff and then threw back the thin sheet to sit up, and went for Eames’ trousers, without even a little light to guide him. Eames’ heart stuttered in his chest as Yusuf wrangled them off, leaving him in his pants.

Thank you seemed like an inappropriate response, too earnest and a little pathetic, so he went for levity instead. He poked his leg out until it hit Yusuf in the dark, on the side of his ribs, and treated him to a little rub.

“Better?” he asked.

Yusuf patted his shin. “Your legs are like sandpaper,” he said, dryly, but he nestled back down all the same, heavy against Eames’ chest, legs against his own, one arm over his shoulders and his face touching the naked curve of Eames’ neck. He put his hand in the soft tangle of Yusuf’s curls.

Ariadne’s breathing was off-sync with Yusuf’s but somehow in perfect rhythm regardless, a quiet echo. He listened to the stereo concert of it until his brain was half convinced he was listening to the tide, rolling and constant, and slept there, steadier than he had in months.

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text:
CAMODOC-L Archives

Archiver > CAMODOC > 2006-09 > 1157570519

From: "Billie C. & Anita 'Jean' Reynolds" <>
Subject: [CAMODOC] MCR Obits June 2001
Date: Wed, 6 Sep 2006 12:21:59 -0700

June 7, 2001

Donald William Squires

Donald William Squires of Alturas, passed away early Tuesday morning, June
5, 2001 at Modoc Medical Center. Services are pending at this time. A
complete obituary will follow next week.

"Jack" John Williams Flournoy (no photo available)

"Jack", John Williams Flournoy passed away in Bakersfield, CA on June 1,

Jack was gladly welcomed into a family of six girls on April 27, 1921 in
Likely, CA. His parents, Gladys Williams Flournoy and William Flournoy, were
descendants of some of the first settlers in South Fork Valley.

Jack enjoyed growing up on the family ranch in Likely. He attended South
Fork Elementary School through the eighth grade. He graduated from Modoc
Union High School where he enjoyed sports. He set a record in the 100
yard-dash that wasn't broken for years. He finished two years of college at
Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, before being drafted into the Army in World War

Jack joined his wife and son Charles after the War ended. They lived in
Likely until the family ranch was sold in 1946. The young family moved
around California, trying different business ventures, but Modoc was always
on Jack's mind.

In 1952, Jack and his wife, Carol, moved to Cedarville and bought what
became Flournoy's Market. Jack kept busy with the VFW organization, the
Cedarville Fire Department, the Rotary Club, and church.

His first marriage ended, and he remarried. Myra added three children to the
family: Nancy, Alice-Lu and Johnnie.

All of the children were grown by 1980, so Jack and Myra made another move.
For ten years, they owned an animal care center in Lemoore, CA. After a few
years, they decided to retire to Myra's home-town of Kingsburg, CA. There,
they enjoyed retirement until Myra's death. Jack then decided to move to
Bakersfield to be close to his son Bruce.

Jack never lost his love for Modoc County. He cherished his memories of
Likely and Surprise Valley. He enjoyed the cattle drives with friends in
Nevada. For years, Jack and six of his good friends went on an annual trip
to the South Warners. He was always ready to help in community activities.
Jack was a good friend who will be missed by everyone who knew him.

A memorial service will be held in the Old Likely Church on Highway 395 on
June 15, 11:00 a.m., followed by a gathering at the Likely Fire Hall.

The family suggests contributions in Jack's name, be made to the Modoc
County Historical Society, Alturas, CA.

Jack was preceded in death by his son Charles, his wife Myra, parents Gladys
and Will Flournoy, sisters, Eunice and Henrietta. He is survived by sisters,
Ruth, Claire Goulden, Lois Enefer, June Lord, many nieces and nephews.

June 14, 2001

Carl Clifton 'Bob' Cannon

After a long illness, Carl Clifton Cannon, better known as "Bob," died
unexpectedly of a massive heart attack in Redwood City, Calif. on June 2,
2001. He was 64.

The Rev. Dr. Ben Zandstra conducted services at graveside, June 7 at 11:00
a.m. at the Alturas Cemetery, Alturas, Calif.

Bob was the only son of seven children, born to Edna (Royce) and William
Jesse Cannon of Alturas. He was born July 8, 1936 in Alturas, Calif. and
lived in Alturas his entire life, with the exception of a brief time in
Redwood City, where he died unexpectedly.

He attended local schools and after leaving school, worked for many years as
a ranch hand and buckaroo on various cattle ranches around the Alturas area.
He loved horses and calf roping.

Mr. Cannon was fond of square dancing and was considered quite good at it.
He and a friend traveled as far as Idaho for some of the square dance

Mr. Cannon is survived by two sisters Jessie Genung and Ruby Marx, both of
Redding and aunts Lucille Gysin Chandler and Ruth Royce both of Alturas; and
numerous nieces and nephews.

He was preceded in death by his parents, Jesse and Edna Cannon and four
sisters, Opal "Babe" Smith, Irene Blevins, Edna Pearl Meredith and Lodena
Brister Burmister.

Pallbearers were Bill Brister, Marion Smith, Gary Blevins, Newt Stanley,
Delwon Cannon. Kerr Mortuary was in charge of arrangements.

Donald William Squires

Donald William Squires, 70, passed away June 5, 2001, at Modoc Medical
Center, Alturas, after a battle with cancer. Services for the former
business owner and long-time area resident will be held at 11 a.m. on
Friday, June 15, at Kerr Mortuary Chapel in Alturas. The Rev. Patrick Henry
of Sacred Heart Catholic Church will conduct the memorial service. Inurnment
will follow at the Alturas Cemetery, with the three veterans' organizations
giving the committal for their fellow serviceman.

Don was born on August 28, 1930 in Sonora, Calif. to dentist, Dr. Charles
and Dorothy Squires. He graduated from Adin High School in Adin, Calif.
where he met his future wife Laura Staub of Bieber, when she was 14.

He followed high school with four years in the U.S. Navy during the Korean
Conflict on the U.S.S. Midway and the U.S.S. Oriskany aircraft carriers.

He and Laura corresponded throughout this time, until he was discharged in
November 1954 as a Commissary man III Class. After his discharge, he was
fond of saying "after seeing the world through a port hole, I was ready to
settle down in a quiet, peaceful area."

He returned to Bieber where he and Laura were married November 27, 1954. The
two shared 46 years of marriage, and friendship that spanned over 50 years.
Don worked for McCloud River Lumber Company for four years, while the couple
lived in Burney. Their daughter Linda was born in 1956 and daughter Betsy in
1958. The family moved to Santa Rosa where Don worked for Clover Dairy for
seven years, before they moved to Alturas, 37 years ago. Don worked for
Staub and Sons and as a custodian for Modoc Middle School until he retired
in 1986. While both held other jobs, and made Alturas their home, he and
Laura owned and operated their popular Don's Valley Burger in Cedarville for
10 years, until they sold the business. It was part of Don's nature to "kid"
everyone, no matter what age they were, and he always had a warm smile to
follow his words.

In his leisure time, he enjoyed his grandchildren, camping, travel and
family reunions. He was fond of watching western movies, and reading books
authored by Louis L'Amour. Donald had been a member of the Alturas Volunteer
Fire Department.

He was preceded in death by his parents and a brother Bill Squires of
Belmont, Calif.

He is survived by his wife Laura of Alturas; daughters and sons-in-law Linda
and Joe Battram and Betsy and Randy Calkins, Alturas; grandchildren Marissa
Calkins, Chico; Stacy and Jennifer Calkins, Christopher and William Battram,
Alturas; sister and brother-in-law Rosemary and Erney Ellison, Corte Madera;
sister Carol McCloone, Simi Valley; Ella Fabian, Windsor; brother and
sister-in-law George and Reb Squires, San Jose; sister and brother-in-law
Patricia and Michael Christopher, Hayward and numerous nieces and nephews.
Contributions in memory of Mr. Squires be made to the American Cancer
Society, 3290 Bechelli Lane, Redding, CA 96002 or to the Modoc Tobacco
Coalition, 441 N. Main St., Alturas, CA 96101.

Jimmie Johnnie Washoe

Jimmie Johnnie Washoe, age 96, passed away June 9, 2001 at Mayers Memorial
Hospital in Fall River Mills, Calif., following surgery for a broken hip.

Funeral services will be held today, Thursday, June 14 at 11:00 a.m. at the
Lake County Fairgrounds in Lakeview, Ore. The Rev. Dr. Ben Zandstra of
Cedarville will officiate. Interment will follow in the family plot at the
I.O.O.F. Cemetery in Lakeview, Ore.

A reception at the Lake County Fairgrounds will follow the burial service.

Family and friends are invited to share copies of photos on a sharing table
which will be provided at the services. Visitation will be from 8 a.m. to
9:30 a.m. on Thursday at Ousley Osterman Huffstutter Chapel in Lakeview.

Jimmie was born on December 15, 1904 in Lakeview, Ore. to Charlie and Bonnie
Washoe. He worked at several large and small ranches in southern Oregon and
northern California. He also trained race horses and jockeyed in horse
racing. Mr. Washoe was a skilled horseman who appreciated a good show and
work horse.

He is survived by his daughter, Johanna Washoe of Redding, CA; two nieces,
Bertha Townsend of Fort Bidwell, CA and Lorraine DeGarmo of Alturas; four
nephews, Merle DeGarmo of Nixon, Nev., Edson DeGarmo of Klamath Falls, Ore.,
Burt and Ralph DeGarmo of Fort Bidwell, CA. and numerous relatives.
Preceding him in death were his parents, Charlie and Bonnie Washoe and
sister Nettie DeGarmo.

Contributions in memory of Jimmie may be directed to the Surprise Valley
Community Hospital, P.O. Box 246, Cedarville, CA 96104 or the Lake County
Roundup Museum c/o John Flynn, 438 Mountain View Lakeview, OR 97630 or to a
charity of the donor's choice.

Delphia Evelyn Warren (No photo Available)

A funeral service was held for Delphia Evelyn Warren June 11, 2001 at the
Eagleville Church in Eagleville. Mrs. Warren, age 85, died in Klamath Falls
of natural causes June 5, 2001.

She was born April 26, 1916 at Blackfoot, Idaho to George W. and Nancy Ellen
Jones. She was the youngest of 11 children. The family moved to Cedar Pass
in the winter of 1929-30. She moved from Fallon, Nevada, to join the family
at Cedar Pass in July, 1930. She married Willis Warren December 24, 1932 and
moved to the Willis Ranch two miles south of Eagleville. Willis preceded her
in death in 1987.

She lived on the Willis ranch until 1996 when she sold the family ranch. She
was a self-employed rancher who raised cattle and hay. She was a 1935
graduate of Surprise Valley High School, having gone back to finish her
senior year. She had left high school in Cedarville after the first semester
of her senior years in 1932 and went back when first daughter Betty was one
year old.

Mrs. Warren loved quilting and embroidery work, genealogy, her kids and
grandkids. She also loved poems and prayers, photos, collecting things about
farms and the history of Eagleville. She also loved traditional hymns. She
was a member of the Ladies Club, Senior Center and Women's Glee Club, doing
plays in Northern California.

She is survived by a daughter, Betty Jewell of Klamath Falls, son and
daughter-in-law, Gerald and Nancy E. Warren of Mooresville, Indiana;
daughter-in-law, Nancy Warren of Reno; sister Velma Nelson of Los Angeles;
grandchildren, Monica Warren, Alturas; Melanie Warren, Judith Warren, Reno;
Rina an Neal Ganey, Davenport, Iowa; Diane Clow of Vancouver, Wa.; Steven
and Judith Jewell of Klamath falls; great-grandchildren, Whitney and Joshua
Warren, Terra Fatheree, Sarah and Nathan Clow, Russell, Daniel and Alan
Jewell. Her parents, husband, nine brothers and sisters and a son, Willis E.
Warren preceded her in death.

Interment was in the Eagleville Cemetery and Dr. Ben Zandst

June 21, 2001

Joseph Lee Parman

Joseph Lee Parman, a fifth generation rancher, who lived and loved cattle
ranching for all his 75 years of life, passed away on June 15, 2001 in
Cedarville, Calif.

Born September 11, 1925 in Lake City, Calif. to Vonetia and Lawrence Parman,
he finished the ninth grade in Cedarville before deciding that ranching was
what he wanted to do most in life. Always a hard worker, Mr. Parman also
loved to ride horses and really enjoyed helping neighbors during branding
season. He had a quiet dignity and self confidence about his work.

He met his wife and partner Bettie Wescott of Sacramento who was visiting in
Cedarville when Joseph was 20. Their's has been a 55-year marriage meant to
be, when they exchanged vows on March 28, 1946 at the Federated Church in
Alturas, after a brief courtship. They reared three daughters and have
enjoyed their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, as well. In their early
years of marriage, Joe and Bettie raised 30 dairy cows and sold the milk to
Mountain Lily Dairy in Alturas. In addition to the Lake City Ranch, the
Parmans purchased two ranches in Nevada at Sand Creek, on the California and
Nevada border and Board Corral. On January 1, 1997, a surprise raging
mountain mud slide from the Warner Mountains, wiped out their Lake City
ranch and home and brought heartache, but the couple endured. They relocated
to a new home in Lake City, but Joe's health was declining, following years
of battling allergies and asthma throughout his life on the ranch and later
pneumonia. Bettie cared for her husband at home during his declining health.

The Rev. Dr. Ben Zandstra conducted services at the Surprise Valley
Community Church, Cedarville on Monday, June 18, followed by a graveside
service at the Lake City Cemetery.

- Mr. Parman is survived by his wife Bettie of Lake City; mother Vonetia
Phipps of Yreka, Calif.; daughters Carol Ann Green and husband Nate of
Wilder, Idaho; Nina and husband Ronnie Heard of Stockton, Calif.; Bonnie and
Mickey Bunyard of Lake City; sister Joy Wilson and husband Harry Bill of
Winnemucca, Nev.; sister Freda Wilson and husband Jim of Yreka; brother
George Parman of Eureka, Nev.; five granddaughters, seven
great-grandchildren and numerous nieces and nephews.

He was preceded in death by grandson Joe Courtney of Lake City.

Donations in memory of Mr. Parman may be made to the charity of choice or to
the Surprise Valley Community Hospital, P.O. Box 246, Cedarville, CA 96104.

Billie C. & Anita 'Jean' Reynolds
Family Researcher of "The Last Frontier"
Modoc County, California
Our outgoing mail is checked by ZoneAlarm AntiVirus.

This thread:


text:
Archiver > PAALLEGH > 2007-04 > 1176720876

From: "Victoria Hospodar Valentine" <>
Date: Mon, 16 Apr 2007 06:54:36 -0400

Frank DILLON died at his home at Champion Wednesday, March 14.
Mr. DILLON was hurt in the he Briar Hill mine of the Pittsburg Coal Co.
March 3d, and died from the effects of his injuries ten days later. He is
survived by his wife and three children.

Dr. D. K. SMITH, brother of Councilman J. B. SMITH, died at
Colorado Springs at eleven o'clock Wednesday nigh. Dr. SMITH was a member
of the hospital staff at Altoona, Pa., for a number of years. His health
having failed him, he went to Colorado some time ago, but the change did not
bring about the improvement sought. He was a classmate of Dr. W. L. SCOTT
and his wife is a sister of the wife of Rev. CONNORS of Venice.

Miss Alice MILLER, daughter of John H. MILLER of Mt. Pleasant
township, died at her home Tuesday evening, March 13. Miss MILLER spent
several years as a mission teacher in the Mary Allen Seminary in the South,
returning home about three years ago in broken health. Her mother died just
two weeks ago since which time Miss Alice has rapidly declined. She is
survived by her father, two brothers, and two sisters: Prof. MILLER of W. &
J. College, Edwin and Catherine at home, and Mrs. John WHITE of Mt. Pleasant
township. Funeral services were held Friday at 1:30 o'clock.

Mr. and Mrs. W. T. REED were at New Wilmington Sunday attending
the funeral of Mrs. REED's niece, Miss Anna MILLER, of Greenfield, Pa.

Frank DILLER, a well known young man of McDonald, was taken to
the Mercy Hospital, Pittsburg, Monday afternoon to undergo an operation for
appendicitis. He was already in a greatly weakened condition and the
chances were largely against him. The operation on Monday evening was
apparently successful, but he died on Wednesday morning. He was born in
Buffalo, N. Y., December 1, 1888. At the age of seven his mother died and
he came to McDonald to live with his aunt, Mrs. J. C. MULDOON. He has lived
here most of the time since. His father resides in Buffalo. Frank was of a
most cheerful and generous disposition and was much liked by a large circle
of young friends who deeply mourn his loss. He appeared to have little hope
of recovery when he was taken away and remarked to friends who were trying
to cheer him that he would probably not come back alive. The funeral was
held this (Saturday) morning with High Mass of Requiem at St. Alphonsus'
church. Interment at Noblestown.

Mr. and Mrs. Samuel WILLISON and sons, Roy and Joseph, of
Oklahoma, former residents of this vicinity, are here at present, called
home on account of the death of their daughter and sister, Mrs. Della
BORCHERT, whose death occurred last Saturday. Mr. and Mrs. WILLISON will
remain with friends for two weeks before they return to their Western home.

*Hickory column

James GIRT attended the funeral of Wm. H. HUFF, one of his old
comrades, at McKees Rocks Monday.

*Sturgeon column

This thread:


text:
Archiver > VAGOOCHL > 2001-02 > 0983190837

Subject: [GOOCHLAND] TAYLORS -- 1700s Goochland,Cumberland, Powhatan Co VA
Date: Mon, 26 Feb 2001 07:33:57 EST

Fellow Virginia Taylor Researchers:

I am trying to find the ancestors (and likely relationship between) of THREE
Taylor families in Powhatan/Cumberland/Goochland/Henrico Cos VA. Advice on
any of these is much appreciated.

FIRST LINE -- Priority, my children's direct paternal line. I'm interested
in any clues to this Thomas' Taylor family.

SARAH RACHEL TAYLOR, b. about 1708, Henrico Co VA,and died after 1762 in
Buckingham Co VA. She was married first to Robert Ligon MOSELY, and second
to Jean Pierre (John Peter) BONDURANT. My children descend from the second
marriage through son Richard Bondurant, b. 1740 Manakintown, Goochland, who
married Cecelia HALL.

Sarah Rachel Taylor is said to be the daughter of:
THOMAS TAYLOR, b. abt 1680 in Henrico Co, married Mary.

SECOND LINE (married into my Baugh family in Powhatan Co):

JANE D. TAYLOR was born Abt. 1806, Powhatan Co., VA; married. JOHN N. BAUGH,
October 03, 1826, Powhatan Co., VA (Source: Marriage Bond, 100, John N.
Baugh and Jane D. Taylor, dau. of Ferguson Taylor who consents. Edward F.
Baugh guardian of John is surety. WIt. Benjamin B. Taylor and John D.
Taylor. Married 5 Oct by Rev. John Wooldridge.); b. Abt. 1806, Powhatan
Co., VA. John N. Baugh is the son of John Baugh d. 1817 Powhatan Co vA, who
was the son of John Baugh d. 1804-1805 Powhatan Co VA, who is the son of John
Baugh, d. 1761, intestate Chesterfield Co VA.

Jane D. Taylor was the daughter of:
FERGUSON TAYLOR was born abt 1763 in Powhatan Co., VA, and died May 24, 1831
in Powhatan Co., VA. He married SALLY ? Abt. 1788 in Powhatan Co., VA. Will
of Ferguson Taylor appended at end of post (FYI).

Ferguson Taylor was the son of:
JAMES TAYLOR and Elizabeth HUGHES, according to information provided me by
Cecil Robert Taylor.

THIRD LINE (in Lawrence Co MO, descendants of first couple marry into
descendants of brother of John Baugh, d. 1817 --Archibald Bolling BAUGH, my
DESDEMONA TAYLOR was born 19 Apr 1788, Henry Co. Virginia, married Thomas
TURLEY, 29 June 1811, Grainger Co TN. She died 17 Dec, 1877, Grainger Co TN

She is said to be the daughter of:
DANIEL TAYLOR was born 3 Aug 1761 (Powhatan Co.) then Cumberland Co.
Virginia. He married Jane ROWLAND about 1780 in Henry Co VA. He died
November 25, 1835, Marshall's Ferry, Grainger Co TN.

He is said to be the son of:
JAMES TAYLOR who was born 28 Feb 1731 (Cumberland Co.) then Goochland Co.
Virginia. On December 3, 1755, he married Nancy Anne OWEN, He died April 4,
1815 in Grainger Co TN.

He is said to be the son of:
WILLIAM TAYLOR, who was born probably before 1715 and married Mary before
probably before 1731. That is all the information that I have for him.

Any thoughts that you have on these folks are much appreciated. I can
provide information on descendants of all of the above.

Thanks in advance,

Janet (Baugh) Hunter -- Will of Ferguson Taylor follows:

Powhatan Co., VA
17 March 1831-20 July 1831

I Ferguson Taylor of Powhatan county Virginia do hereby make my last Will
and Testament in manner and form following that is to say:
1st: I desire that after my decease, some property be immediately sold, and
all my just debts be paid.
2nd.: I lend to my wife Sally Taylor (after paying my just debts) during
her natural life, all my estate both personal and real, and after her death
I give it to my children and Grandchildren hereinafter mentioned. And I
desire that my wife Sally Taylor shall give my Grandson George Alfred Ballow
a plain education to be paid out of my estate.
3rd: I give to my Grandson George Alfred Ballow one third part of my land
and a Negro boy named Andrew to him and his heirs to have and to hold
4th: I give to my daughter Jane D. Baugh one third part of my land to her
and her heirs to have and to hold forever.
5th: I give to my son Samuel T. Taylor the other third part of my land to
him and his heirs to have and to hold forever.
6th: I desire that the balance of my personal estate shall be sold and
divided among my children hereafter named as follows:
1st: I give to my son William B. Taylor one dollar.
2nd: I give to my son John D. Taylor one dollar
3rd: I give to my daughter Elizabeth H. Ballow dec'd one dollar.
4th: The balance of the money arising from the sale of my personal estate,
I desire shall be equally divided among my four children, Jane D. Baugh,
Susan D. Tucker, Benjamin B. Taylor and Nancy D. Williams.
Lastly: I do hereby constitute and appoint my friends Edward F. Baugh and
John N Baugh Executors of this my last Will and Testament hereby revoking
all other Wills or Testaments heretofore made by me. In Witness whereof I
have hereunto set my hand and affixed my seal this 17th day of March 1831.
/s/ Ferguson Taylor, his seal
Signed Sealed published and
Declared as the last will and
Testament of the above named Ferguson Taylor. In presence of us
Francis C. Lowry
Edward F. Baugh
John N. Baugh

At a Court of Quarterly Session held for Powhatan County at the Courthouse
thereof on Wednesday the 20th day of July 1831 - The foregoing last Will
and Testament of Ferguson Taylor deceased was presented in Court and proved
by the Oath of Edward F. Baugh and the affirmation of Francis C. Lowry two
of the subscribing Witnesses to the same and Ordered to be recorded. And
Edward F. Baugh and John N. Baugh the Executors named in the said Will in
Open Court relinquished their right to qualify as such which is ordered to
be entered of record. /s/ Teste, R.S. Graves, D.C.

Note on the witnesses: Edward F. Baugh is Edward Fleming Baugh, and his
relationship to the John Baugh family is not clear, except that he was
clearly a "beloved friend". Francis LOWRY, married Anne Goode, daughter of
Bennett GOODE and Rebecca BAUGH, she was a sister of John Baugh d. 1817, and
my Archibald Bolling Baugh.

This thread:


text:
NARA and Declassification

General Information about Restricted Records

Federal records may be restricted by statute, Executive Order, or by the agency that transferred the records to NARA. All agency-specified restrictions must comply with the exemptions in the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Even if the records are not national-security classified, some records contain information exempt from release under the FOIA. Presidential records are governed by separate access laws, for more information please visit the website for the Office of Presidential Libraries.

The public may request access to all closed records under the Freedom of Information Act, in addition, access to classified records may be requested under the Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) provisions of Executive Order 13526. If your initial access request for archival records is denied, you will be notified of your right to appeal the decision. Please note that EO 13526 provides for alternate appeal methods for Mandatory Review requests if you have not received a response in one year, more information is available on the website for the Information Security Oversight Office.

PDF files require the free Adobe Reader.
More information on Adobe Acrobat PDF files is available on our Accessibility page.

NARA and Declassification >

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272


text:
Records Managers

NARA's Strategic Directions for Federal Records Management
July 31, 2003

I. Background
II. Goals
III. Strategies
IV. Tactics
V. Success

I. Background

The records management program that the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) currently administers was designed primarily for people who created, maintained, and used paper records. It has served us well for several decades. But, while agencies continue to generate paper, most records are created electronically and remain in an electronic format for at least a portion of their lives. This change has been accompanied by a number of other developments in the Federal record-keeping environment. Some of these developments are:

  • Software manufacturers specialize in providing expanded tools for creation and modification of electronic documents, but tools to manage these records lag behind. As a result, agencies are trying to manage most records in paper filing systems, despite the fact that some of the new electronic formats cannot be rendered well (and in some cases cannot be rendered at all) in a paper environment.

  • E-mail often replaces phone conversations and face to face meetings that would not have been included in files in the past, resulting in more records being created;

  • E-mail replaces written memoranda, letters and other types of written, "formal" communications;

  • There has been a proliferation of copies made possible by photocopy machines and other devices that quickly and cheaply duplicate all types of paper-based information;

  • It is easier to disseminate, revise, and reuse records to support knowledge management. This complicates the job of managing the records to document business processes.

  • Changing technology and a decline in the number of personnel who specialize in filing agency records places greater records management responsibilities on program staff whose main focus must be to carry out the mission of the agency, not manage records.

Finally, the advent of electronic records brought another party into the mix of records creation and management - the information technology (IT) staff, turning the two-way (program staff and records management staff) records relationship into what is often a dual, two-way relationship: program/records management staff and program/IT staff. The IT staff manages the systems that contain electronic records and does so according to its own practices, which are sometimes different from records management practices.

To meet the challenges posed by these developments, NARA is embarking on a redesign of Federal records management. The redesign grows out of the July 2002 NARA ’Proposal For a Redesign of Federal Records Management,’ and from a number of valuable comments that interested stakeholders provided us about the proposal. This document presents a strategic framework for the redesign effort and outlines how NARA will move forward to implement the redesign.

Top of Page

II. Goals

Our Strategic Plan states that NARA will ensure ready access to essential evidence that documents the rights of American citizens, the actions of Federal officials, and the national experience. In support of the NARA Strategic Plan, we will partner with stakeholders to ensure that:

  • Federal agencies can economically and effectively create and manage records necessary to meet business needs,

  • Records are kept long enough to protect rights and assure accountability, and

  • Records of archival value are preserved and made available for future generations.

Top of Page

III. Strategies

These are the strategies that we will use to achieve our goals.

  1. We will create mutually supporting relationships with agencies that advance agency missions and effective records management.

  2. We will demonstrate that effective records management adds value to agency business processes. Our guidance, training, and assistance to agencies will focus on using records management as an important tool for supporting agency business processes.

  3. We will stress that there is no one level to which all records must be managed. Resources, techniques, and tools should be allocated based on business needs for the records as information assets, legal requirements (e.g. the Federal Records Act, the Freedom of Information Act, and the Privacy Act), risks, and resources.

  4. We will stress that agencies may choose a variety of means to manage their records, including traditional records management programs, automated tools, or other approaches. Our concern will be how well records are managed, not whether agencies have all the elements of a traditional records management program.

  5. Our approach to records management will be based on the ISO Records Management Standard 15489. We will focus on the importance of trustworthy records, and we will stress the concepts of authenticity, reliability, integrity, and usability found in the ISO Standard. We will stress that records management processes occur throughout the records life cycle, rather than in a fixed, sequential manner. In developing regulations, policies and guidance, NARA will stress the importance of agencies documenting their business processes, assessing the value of their information assets, and using risk assessment to determine appropriate records management approaches.

  6. We will focus on those records that are essential to the government as a whole for accountability, protection of rights, and documentation of the national experience. This will help NARA and Federal agencies to focus attention and resources on a smaller number of government activities (work processes) - those areas and programs that create and produce such records.

  7. We will establish priorities for committing NARA resources based on three criteria: the degree to which records relate to rights and accountability; the degree to which they create records with archival value, and the degree to which records in a program area are at risk.

  8. We will partner with Federal agencies and others to develop, adapt, or adopt products and practices that support good records management. Our experience shows that we are more effective in partnerships than working alone. Potential partners and sources will include standards organizations, other governments, and the private sector.

  9. We will provide leadership, in partnership with other key stakeholders, to focus agency attention on electronic records needs and to guide and support solutions to electronic records issues and problems.

Top of Page

IV. Tactics

We will use the following tactics to help us carry out our strategies and achieve our goals.

Good communications are essential to any program. These tactics are related to all nine strategies in Section III.

  • Advocacy
    To meet statutory requirements and the needs of agency records managers, NARA will take a more active role in raising records management awareness.

  • Change Management
    NARA will address internal and external stakeholder needs so that together we can make the necessary changes in our records-related business processes.

Guidance and Training
We will modify our guidance and training program to reflect strategies 2, 3, 4, 5, and 9 in Section III.

Assistance to Agencies
The tactics in this group will help us set priorities for providing assistance to Federal agencies. We will be able to provide assistance appropriate to the business needs of the agency while ensuring the protection, preservation of, and access to records of archival value. These tactics support all nine strategies in Section III.

The United States Code authorizes NARA to inspect agency records and record management practices and to conduct records management studies (44 U.S.C. § 2904-2906). A streamlined program for inspections and studies supports strategies 2, 7, 8, and 9 in Section III.

  • Inspections
    NARA will undertake inspections when an agency, or a series of agencies in a specific line of business, fails to address high-level records management risks or specific problems identified through NARA's risk-based resource allocation model or other means such as Government reports or the media.

  • Studies
    Records management studies will focus on cross-Government issues and will be undertaken to identify and analyze best practices and develop Government-wide recommendations and guidance.

  • Reporting
    NARA will report to Congress and OMB regarding problems and recommended practices discovered as part of targeted assistance projects, inspections and studies that we carry out.

Business Process Reengineering
We will change our own life cycle work processes so that they more effectively and efficiently support the needs of our customers, and so that they better support and complement one another. This tactic supports all nine strategies in Section III.

Planning and Evaluation Tools
These tactics support all nine strategies in Section III

  • Planning Tools
    We will work with stakeholders to build records management considerations into the planning and procurement processes for new records systems.

  • Evaluation Tools
    We will work with stakeholders to develop methods that agencies can use to evaluate how effectively they are managing their records.

Records Management Tools
We will support the development of automated tools that will help agencies manage Federal records. These tactics support all nine strategies in Section III.

  • DOD Standard
    We will continue to support the Department of Defense (DoD) 5015.2 Standard and will partner with DoD to further develop the standard.

  • Records Management Service Components
    We will champion an effort to develop records management service components that can be built into agency enterprise architectures.

Scheduling and Appraisal
We will find ways to minimize routine scheduling activity so that agencies and NARA will be able to focus resources on the priority records identified in Section III. These tactics support all nine strategies in Section III.

  • Flexible Scheduling
    NARA will change its process so that, except for permanent records, agencies can schedule records at any level of aggregation that meets their business needs.

  • Expanded GRS
    NARA will provide additional general records schedules to include more types of records that are common to Federal agencies.

  • Retention standards
    When appropriate, we will develop retention standards that cover broad functional areas of the Government.

  • Appraisal policy
    NARA will codify the strategic framework, objectives and guidelines that it uses to determine whether Federal records have permanent value.

  • Front-end scheduling
    We will work with agencies to schedule their records as early as possible in the records life cycle, including building scheduling into the design of new records systems.

  • Mandatory destruction
    We will seek to change the statutory requirement for mandatory destruction on records and substitute a more flexible and less labor intensive approach to meeting agency needs to keep some records longer than their NARA approved disposition authorities (retention schedules) specify.

Top of Page

Records Center and Archival Activities
These tactics will help us provide agencies with modern records center services and will help us preserve permanent records and make them available for research. These projects support strategies 1, 3 through 6, 8 and 9 in Section III above.

  • Records Center Program and electronic records services
    To the extent viable from a business perspective, the Federal Records Center system will accept and service electronic records.

  • Expanded formats for archival records transfers
    We will accept a broader range of formats and data types for permanent electronic records.

  • Pre-accessioning
    We will work with agencies to obtain permanent electronic records as soon as possible and before they are legally accessioned so that we can ensure their preservation. (see NARA Bulletin 2004-02)

  • Pre-description
    We will work with agencies to capture archival descriptive information about permanent records as part of the scheduling process.

Top of Page

V. Success

We will measure our progress through the performance plans associated with tactics outlined in Section IV above. We will know we have succeeded when:

  • NARA is recognized as providing leadership in records management throughout the Federal government.

  • NARA is agile in adapting to changes in information technology and in the Federal recordkeeping environment.

  • Records management is viewed by agency leaders and managers as an important component of asset and risk management.

  • Federal agencies have the records management tools necessary to support their business needs.

  • More people, inside and outside of the Federal government, know about, use, and benefit from NARA services.

  • Current and future users of records have ready access to essential evidence regardless of where it is or where they are.

Top of Page

Records Managers >

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration
1-86-NARA-NARA or 1-866-272-6272


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Search Results | University of Illinois Archives

Searching for Subject: History of Zoology

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Article |

Frequency of Repetitive Behaviors in Early Infantile Autism and Its Variants

Edward R. Ritvo, MD; Edward M. Ornitz, MD; Steven La Franchi
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1968;19(3):341-347. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740090085008.
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Published online

EXTENSIVE clinical observations of children usually diagnosed as autistic, schizophrenic, symbiotic-psychotic, and with "atypical ego development" indicate that they manifest similar features and can be best understood as suffering from variants of a single disease1. Their symptoms can be grouped into five subclusters which make their similarities clear: (1) disturbances of perception, (2) disturbances of motor behaviors, (3) disturbances in the ability to relate to others, (4) absent or pathologic language development, and (5) disturbances of developmental rate. The disturbances of perception appear to be fundamental to the other aspects of the disease. The total symptom complex suggests that there is an underlying neuropathology2 which leads to periodic overloading and underloading of the central nervous system. These alternating states of excessive facilitation and inhibition vary the child's awareness and response to the same stimuli and causes what we have termed perceptual inconstancy.

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Contact us
For sale

1 Colonial mentality and sex priests

2 Better sex, more muscle

3 Apomorphine instead of yohimbine?

4 Unwarranted restrictions to population growth

5 Wealth is a golden-cage trap

6 Over-reporting "sexual predators"

7 Violence as political tool

8 Me and my genes

9 Ideal domain names

10 Efficiency in cosmetic surgery

11 Labial surgery

12 Why you should not believe Ebay feedback

13 Bromocriptine not just for Parkinson's disease

14 Buying tongkat ali


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Bonneville Phoenix Network
 KTAR News
 Arizona Sports
Arizona Sports 98.7 FM

Arizona Wildcats

Updated Nov 1, 2012 - 3:51 pm

Arizona basketball picked to win Pac-12

The Pac-12 preseason media poll was released Thursday morning, and by the slimmest of margins, the Arizona Wildcats were picked to win the conference.

Arizona received 15 of a possible 36 first place votes, one fewer than UCLA, but the Wildcats finished the poll with 403 points, one more than the Bruins.

After UCLA, the top five of the conference is rounded out by California, Stanford and Washington.

The Wildcats return three starters from last year’s 23-12 squad, including Solomon Hill, who was a First Team All-Pac-12 selection a year ago when he averaged 12.9 points and 7.7 rebounds per game.

Arizona also has one of the top recruiting classes in the country featuring center Kaleb Tarczewski, power forward Grant Jerrett and power forward Brandon Ashley, who were all ranked in the top 20 recruits in the nation by ESPN.

Arizona won an exhibition game against NCAA Division II Humboldt State 108-67 Wednesday night. The Wildcats will open their season November 11 against Charleston Southern at McKale Center in Tucson.

Pac-12 Media Preseason Poll

1. Arizona (15) 403

2. UCLA (14) 402

3. California (3) 325

4. Stanford 296

5. Washington (2) 278

6. Colorado 262

7. Oregon 217

8. Oregon State 166

9. USC 163

10. Washington State 111

11. Arizona State 107

12. Utah 78

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Saturday, January 10, 2009

We bought SR a balaklava in Washing DC at LL Bean. He wore it to school the other day, and when I picked him up, he did not have it.

The teacher and I went in to find it, and it is gone.

darn it.

Also everyone at work has been ill. And now I think I am sick too.

Crap, I was lysoling EVERYTHING.

Margaret said...

Maybe the teacher could send home a note with the other students. I've done that before when something has gone missing, and it has been returned.

Guard Wife said...

When I read this, I read "baklava" instead of the other...I thought, "Why in the heck is SR 'wearing' baklava?"

I must be hungry!

Definitely have teacher send a note home with the kids. It sometimes works. :)

joyce said...

I love baklava, too. I can't imagine wearing it except on my shirt if I missed my mouth. What is a baklava? Is it an item of clothing you can print their name on?

Amritas said...

I too was wondering how SR could "wear" baklava! Not that I knew exactly what sort of food that was. I don't think many people in Hawaii eat baklava, or wear bacalava. But we've sure got a lot of lava ...

I hate losing stuff. I still miss the black jacket I left at a lecture in the school auditorium around 1987. And the glove I left behind at the WTC in 1995.

And now I think I am sick too.

Feeling better now?


text:
Opposable Thumbs —

Play the Halo: Reach beta early? We have your hookup

Interested in playing the beta for Halo: Reach five days before everyone else …

If you read our hands-on preview of the upcoming multiplayer beta for Halo: Reach, you know just how good we think the game is going to be. The beta goes live on May 3, but what do you say we sneak you in the back door?

We have 20 codes that will get you into the "Friends and Family" portion of the Reach beta, which means you'll be able to start playing on April 29. That means you'll be online with the full beta five days before everyone else. You'll be playing with people who were also given early access to the beta, alongside the gaming press and Bungie employees. It will be a glorious thing.

You'll need to be an Xbox Live Gold subscriber to access the beta, but with these codes you won't need a copy of Halo: ODST in your 360 to play. Simply plug in the code, download the beta, and jump into a game. To enter, simply e-mail giveaways@arstechnica.com with the subject line, "Halo, is there anybody out there?"

I'll also be giving away another five codes via Twitter, so be sure to follow @BenKuchera for your chance to pick one up.

We'll be accepting entries until 12 pm EST April 28, and will send the codes out on the 29th. I think that would be a wonderful time for some Ars Technica games on Xbox Live as well.

Good luck!

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text:
Welsh, Oakland Mills sneak by Bo Manor in quarterfinal, 15-0 No. 13 Scorpions are one victory away from 1st state final since 1982

Class 1A football

November 15, 1998|By Rick Belz | Rick Belz,SUN STAFF

At first it appeared Oakland Mills would come up six inches short on offense all afternoon.

The No. 13 Scorpions, making their ninth state playoff appearance, but first since 1995, finally scored on two six-inch quarterback sneaks by T. J. Welsh and defeated Cecil County's Bohemia Manor in the Class 1A state quarterfinal yesterday in Columbia, 15-0.

It was their first shutout.

The Scorpions (10-1) will play host to Cambridge at 1 p.m. Saturday in the semifinals. Oakland Mills' only trip to the finals was in 1982.

Joey Ellis was yesterday's dominant player. He rushed 15 times for 95 yards, caught three passes for 43 yards and made nine tackles from his strong safety position.

"He [Ellis] was blitzing a lot and gave us no time to get rid of it, so we had to go to mostly roll-outs," said Bohemia Manor coach Todd Shives, whose Eagles passed 49 times.

Scorpions wide receiver Tom Browne had yet another big game for the Scorpions, catching four passes for 86 yards, including catches of 43 and 12 yards that set up both touchdowns at the six-inch line. He appeared to score on both catches.

Welsh, who injured his shoulder on his team's third offensive play, was able to return on the next series and completed nine of 19 passes for 136 yards against a strong Bohemia Manor defense.

"When T. J. came back in it fired everyone up," Ellis said. "Our defense won the game today. It scored a safety. Nick Fambro's interception set up a touchdown. Our defensive line and linebackers did a great job. We let them have the short passes, but didn't want to get beat deep."

Oakland Mills coach Ken Hovet said he thought Welsh popped his shoulder out of place and that it popped back on its own. "He was in a lot of pain at first. I thought it was separated. And it would have been a big deal had we lost him."

Oakland Mills scored first on a safety. It was set up by Robert Scott's fumble recovery at the Eagles' 4-yard line. The Scorpions failed to score on four runs -- the last one by Vinnie Rubbo came up six inches short.

But on second down, Michael Ellis tackled the Eagles' Bradon Wright in the end zone for a safety. It was the last play of the first quarter.

Oakland Mills then drove 33 yards to Bo Manor's 20, but again came up six inches short on fourth down.

On their next possession, the Scorpions drove 56 yards on five plays to score with 6: 53 left in the half. Ellis had a 21-yard run and Browne a 43-yard catch.

Late in the half, Bo Manor (8-3) drove to Oakland Mills' 15-yard line. Brian Holly's resounding tackle of Wright for a 4-yard loss helped the Scorpions stop the Eagles.

Fambro intercepted a pass at Bo Manor's 23-yard line early in the third quarter. A roughing the passer penalty and a 12-yard pass to Browne set up the touchdown.

Bo Manor had two more scoring chances. A 41-yard drive to Oakland Mills' 25 ended early in the fourth quarter on a dropped pass. A 73-yard drive later in the fourth period to the Oakland Mills' 13 ended on Julian Barfield's interception in the end zone.

Bo Manor quarterback Jeremy Poore completed 15 of 49 passes for 205 yards and threw two interceptions. Bo Manor had only 22 yards rushing against a five-man defensive front.

"We haven't used a five-man front all season," Hovet said.

Pub Date: 11/15/98

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Cecil County man killed in Fallston motorcycle crash

Driver, 29, was struck by a Honda Civic after losing control of his motorcycle

November 27, 2011|Childs Walker, The Baltimore Sun

A Cecil County man was killed Sunday morning in Fallston when he lost control of his motorcycle and was struck by an oncoming car, the Harford County Sheriff's Office said.

Adam Charles Wyatt, a 29-year-old resident of Rising Sun, was pronounced dead at the scene. The sheriff's office said Wyatt was coming around a curve in the 1700 block of northbound Carrs Mills Road when he lost control of his 2005 Kawasaki motorcycle and was ejected. He was struck in the southbound lane by an oncoming 2004 Honda Civic.

The sheriff's department responded to the scene at 10:55 a.m. Sunday, and a preliminary investigation found Wyatt at fault in the accident.

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text:
`Town Meeting` To Discuss Freedoms

March 06, 1988

A ``town hall meeting`` for the public to discuss the freedoms of speech, religion, press and assembly guaranteed by the 1st Amendment will be held Monday from noon to 1:30 p.m. at Campbell Hall in Tribune Tower, 435 N. Michigan Ave. The meeting is sponsored by the Chicago Headline Club, the local chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists/SPJ-SDX.


text:
Bali bomb suspect boasts about deed

November 14, 2002|By Items compiled from Tribune news services.

DENPASAR, INDONESIA — Confessed Bali bomber Amrozi, laughing and joking during an interrogation about his role in the Oct. 12 attack, said Wednesday he was "delighted" with the results of the blast.

Reporters were invited to watch through the windows of a room as Indonesian Police Chief Dai Bachtiar conducted the questioning. Amrozi, who like many of his countrymen goes by one name, waved and smiled for the cameras.

The event was apparently conducted to allay skeptical Indonesians, who doubted Amrozi had been acting under his own free will in confessing that he took part in the bombing to further the agenda of extremist Muslims. The blast killed 191 people, many of them foreign tourists.

The 35-year-old auto mechanic was arrested last week after police traced the ownership of the van used in the bombing, which has been linked to a terrorist network connected to Al Qaeda.