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Getting to know: Suzanna Moye

Suzanna Moye
Suzanna Moye

By Mandy Corbin

BPC Marketing Associate

Student: Suzanna Moye

Major/Specialization: Christian Studies

BPC Center/location: Mount Vernon

Class year: 2014/Freshman

Age: 19

Hometown: Vidalia, Ga.

Family Info: “I am the daughter of Don and Glenda Moye. I am the baby of seven children. I have five brothers and one sister. I have four sister-in-laws, one brother-in-law, nine nephews, and four nieces. No husband and no children.”

School involvement/organizations: BCM and BPC Choir

Favorite restaurant/food: Olive Garden, Chick-Fil-A, Chinese, chocolate milk, and ice cream

Ideal or dream vacation: “Future honeymoon anywhere outside a 100-mile radius of Vidalia.”

Favorite music: “Oldies, jazz/pop, contemporary Christian, and R&B”

Employment: student

Favorite current TV show: “’Army Wives’, ‘Castle’, ‘The Mentalist’, ‘NCIS’, and ‘Criminal Minds’”

Current vehicle: “A white 1998 Toyota Sienna minivan”

Dream vehicle: “2006-2011 Toyota Avalon, midnight blue or white”

Favorite Book: “The Bible”

Favorite Movie: “’The Princess Bride’, ‘Beauty and the Beast’, and ‘The Little Mermaid’”

Goals after graduation: “Get my masters in Counseling (I don't know where), get married, have five children, write a book, speak at a women's conference, sing the national anthem at an event, and begin doing parenting counseling.”

Hidden talent:  “I’m too open to have hidden talents, but I am crafty.”

Favorite Part of Attending BPC: “Learning, meeting new people, making friends, and rooming with the three Chinese girls.”

Brewton-Parker College News & Information
Brewton-Parker College | Located on U.S. 280 at 201 David-Eliza Fountain Circle, P. O. Box 197, Mount Vernon, GA 30445
with a site in Newnan
912-583-2241, 1-800-342-1087
Get directions to the main campus.
Contact Technology Services if you have any comments, questions or issues.

The mission of Brewton-Parker College, a Georgia Baptist college, is to develop the whole student through the application of Biblically-centered truth to a liberal arts curriculum in a community of shared Christian values.
Brewton-Parker College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award associate and baccalaureate degrees. Contact the Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033-4097 or call 404-679-4500 for questions about the accreditation of Brewton-Parker College.
Updated on: April 6, 2011 9:20 AM

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text:
Buddhism in Daily Life

And Other Essays

M. O’ C. Walshe

Buddhist Publication Society
Kandy • Sri Lanka

Bodhi Leaves Publication No. 85

First published: 1980

BPS Online Edition © (2008) Digital Transcription Source: BPS and Access to Insight Transcription Project

For free distribution. This work may be republished, reformatted, reprinted and redistributed in any medium. However, any such republication and redistribution is to be made available to the public on a free and unrestricted basis, and translations and other derivative works are to be clearly marked as such.

Buddhism in Daily Life

We often hear people talk about Buddhism in Daily Life,” and sometimes they give lectures or even run classes under this title. That is fine, but one may be excused for wondering, occasionally what they mean by it. Obviously, if one’s “Buddhism” means anything at all, it must sometimes show in daily life: in the Christian phrase, “By their fruits ye shall know them.” I suggest that the true practice of Buddhism in daily life is simply the conscientious attempt to tread the Eightfold Path. If we care to brighten this up by means of a few “Zen” gimmicks, this may be all right provided there is some solid understanding present. But too often such things arise merely from a combination of ignorance, conceit and self-indulgence, perhaps under the quasi-hypnotic influence of a self-appointed “guru” whose real qualifications are in inverse proportion to his pretensions.

The eight steps of the Path fall into the three divisions of wisdom, morality (or ethics) and meditation (or mind-training). The “lower” wisdom is a prerequisite for the development of that true higherwisdom which is Enlightenment, and which can only come to be when the practice of morality and mind-training is complete.

It might be useful to look at this for a moment in connection with the so-called five faculties: faith, energy, mindfulness, concentration and wisdom. In a sense, these factors epitomise the Path: energy; mindfulness and concentration correspond to the three “meditative” steps of right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration, and the last factor, wisdom, coming after these factors have been developed. We could take ““faith” to represent here the lower or preliminary wisdom of the first two steps; the ethical steps being here either omitted or perhaps subsumed under “energy.” I am, of course, aware that there is another and more “orthodox” way of regarding these five factors, but this way too may be legitimate, The problem of “faith” in Buddhism is one that causes many people difficulty. Nevertheless, there is a sense in which we have to take some things on trust until such time as we can see them clearly for ourselves, and in that sense “faith” is surely an element of the preliminary stage of wisdom (a stage which few of us have actually passed, if we have ’indeed even fully reached and established it).

All the steps of the Path are, of course, interlinked. Let us just look at some of them separately to see their application in daily life. The terms used are different in translated books. In most cases the translation of the word sammā which precedes the name of each step is given as “right,” thus “right understanding” and so on. It is sometimes contended that the proper translation is “perfect,” and this meaning is of course found in phrases likeSammā-Sambuddha. But it also means “in the right direction,” and for us beginners that is what it does mean, at best. If I want to go from London to Edinburgh and head due south, my direction is not “right”’ orsammā. At its simplest, then, the first step implies facing in roughly the right direction. Then, and only then, can we start walking on with any hope of reaching the goal.

Right understanding, the first step, is more literally, and perhaps better, called right seeing. It may involve an element of faith in the sense of trust, and of what may without pretentiousness be called “intuition” (a dangerous word, but not entirely meaningless). At any rate it does mean that we see, for instance, some connection between craving and suffering. The trendy assumption that unbridled sex–indulgence and more acquisitiveness will bring us happiness is based on a lack of “right understanding.” There are many other factors involved, but this will do by way of example. The second step, right thought or right motive, implies the establishment of a state of mind favourable to the application of one’s “seeing”; for instance, seeing the peril of acquisitiveness (at least to some degree), one cultivates some measure of non-attachment, and so on. We could then say that the development of the preliminary wisdom involves seeing the right thing to do and getting into the right frame of mind for doing it. We shall soon enough discover that the spirit may be willing but the flesh is weak—nevertheless the great thing is to see and to try. This leads straight on to the stage of morality.

In one book, I have read something to the effect that “for reasons unconnected with enlightenment, Zen stresses strict morality.” I do not profess to know what the first part of this sentence means (if anything), but for those bitten with the Zen bug the latter part of the statement is important, and perhaps necessary. We can subsume morality either under the three steps of the Path, right speech, action and livelihood, or under the five precepts (or, better, rules of training). These precepts were not handed down by God or the Buddha on any equivalent of Mount Sinai. In other words, no being, divine or otherwise, has ordered us to keep them. We recite a formula which says: “I undertake the rule of training to refrain from taking life,” etc. A point I would make here is that some trendy philosophers have urged that we have no ’objective criteria for any rules of morality, once we have abandoned the traditional God-idea: Buddhism shows that this is nonsense. A detailed explanation of this would involve the law of kamma. But if we can’t see this at all, then to put it shortly, we are lacking in right understanding. We may have many weaknesses. We may fail, perhaps all too frequently, to live up to the ideal. But if we are trying to tread the Path, our daily life should show it.

About the third, or mind-training section of the Path, I shall say little here. Of course, some form of meditation should be part of our “daily life,” and for most readers of this essay that will mean vipassanā, in other words the practice of right mindfulness, the seventh step. But we should not neglect the four great efforts” of step 6 (to overcome and maintain wholesome states). This supports and is supported by step 2, right thought, and leads on to mindfulness. The interrelations of the steps are very close here. Finally, the eighth step, right concentration orsamādhi, is important and far ranging. It includes not only practices for the concentrating and calming of the mind, but also the practice of loving-kindness, compassion, and so on. For those practising vipassanā, the attainment of the jhānic absorptions is not necessary, and most people would anyway be better advised not to aim at such things, especially without a qualified teacher. But those who are agitated and restless may need to do a good deal of concentration practice to calm the mind.

To be a “Buddhist” without making any attempt to put the principles into practice is nonsensical. Buddhism is essentially something to do rather than something to believe. The attainment of the higher wisdom will, for most people at least, be a long task which may not be fully achieved in this lifetime. But those who are sincerely treading the path will stand out. They will have something about them which subtly marks them out. They will be mindful, compassionate, considerate to others. While they will not rush round offering good advice to all and sundry unasked, they may well be the kind of people whom those in need of advice and help will instinctively turn to. They will be good citizens of the world, for the very reason that they are not too much caught up in its meretricious attractions.

—(Sangha, No.3, 1973)

When I was younger, I used to be addicted to the reading of thrillers and tales of the “Saint” type. In these stories the hero regularly found himself at some point in some frightful predicament at the hands of his ruthless enemies, and it seemed that he was inevitably doomed to perish through their machinations. But he always had some unexpected trick up his sleeve, which enabled him to make good escape at the last minute. We are all, whether we know it or not, in a frightful predicament, trapped in the snares of saṃsāra. True, like the hero of those stories, we have ourselves walked into the trap. But if we have practised the Dhamma sufficiently, we have at our disposal some secret device which will enable us to make good our escape and turn the tables on the minions of Māra. Mindfulness can get us out of any predicament.

In one of the stories I read—in fact in several, I think, with different variations—the hero found himself bound hand and foot in some noxious cellar or dungeon which was slowly filling with water. Unless he could unloose his bonds he was certain to perish. It seemed that nothing could save him. He was tied down by both hands and both feet. But always, somehow or other, he managed to escape. In such a situation, the essential thing, of course, was to get one hand free. Perhaps with his teeth, or with the aid of some cunning implement which had eluded those who searched him, he managed in the nick of time to do this. Having got one hand free, our hero’s situation was, of course, transformed. He could then with comparative ease untie the other hand. With both hands free, he had even less difficulty in untying his feet. And after that he could always get out because his enemies had not bothered to lock the door.

Maybe we can escape from the toils of saṃsāra in a similar way. We are told that there are four stages on the path to Enlightenment. Once the first stage has been reached, eventual liberation, though it may still be quite a way off, is said to be assured. The decisive thing, then, is the so-called first path moment, or “entering the stream.” This is when we get one hand free.

The way to get “one hand free” is by mindfulness. The essential task of mindfulness is to enable us to come to an ever deeper realisation of the spurious nature of what we think of as “self” Eventually, this fact of “non-self” (anattā) is clearly perceived. This, of course, is not just an intellectual seeing but a direct perception of truth. But it effectually puts an end to even the cleverest intellectual speculations about “self” and “selves.” It also means that there is no further lurking doubt about the truth of the Dhamma. And similarly, any lurking belief in the necessity of any form of rites and rituals necessarily vanishes. Thus at the first path moment three of the ten fetters disappear: (1) personality-belief, (2) doubt, and (3) attachment to rites and rituals. For a person who has gained this stage, Enlightenment is certain, and the end of rebirth is in prospect, though it is said that he may still be reborn up to seven times more. The reason for rebirth, according to the Second Noble Truth, is attachment (taṇhā). The roots of desire and aversion lie so deep that even this profound experience does not immediately sever them. But it guarantees that they will be severed. He who has one hand free is already on the Ariyan Path. It is only a matter of time before he gets his second hand free.

The second path moment, whenever it comes, makes the Stream-Enterer into a Once-Returner. His attachment to this world is so reduced that he will be reborn in it at most once more. By this experience the roots of desire and aversion in this world are almost, but not quite, severed. This stage, then, marks not the total destruction, but the decisive weakening of fetters 4 and 5: sensuality and ill-will. Henceforth they will be purely in the mind and have no more than a certain nuisance-value.

With both hands free, our hero was able to release first one foot, then the other. The third path moment destroys sensuality and aversion completely. One who has attained this stage has no further desire or aversion for things of this world. He will therefore no longer be reborn in human form. He is a Non-Returner. But he is still not fully enlightened. The five lower fetters have gone, but five higher fetters still remain to be destroyed. These are: (6) desire for the world of form, (7) desire for the formless world, (8) conceit, (9) restlessness, (10) ignorance. Fetters 6 and 7 refer to the jhāna states which some people can enjoy in meditation (not insight meditation but concentration). They are more subtle, and more delightful than the joys of the world most people alone know. But they too must be transcended. That conceit should still persist at this advanced stage might surprise some, but even here there is doubtless some trace of that pride in “one’s own” achievement which so easily vitiates progress at lower levels. The “restlessness” at this stage is doubtless very subtle, and probably takes the form of a measure of impatience to “finish the job.” And since one is not fully enlightened, there are also necessarily some degrees of ignorance still present. Consciousness, though powerfully illumined, still has some faint shadows.

Final liberation comes at the fourth path moment. The Arahant, who has gained this, has nothing further to learn or do. The Deathless has been realised. There is no more to be said. These are the stages on the Path as stated in the scriptures. What they really mean can only be found out one way—by getting there. The first stage is considered to be not exactly easy, but quite possible for many to attain. Its attainment can be objectively tested. Various other lesser “experiences” of a psychic or a psychological nature can be come to by many people. They may be quite good in their way, provided conceit does not arise to destroy their benefits, but they are not the aim. Only mindfulness and clear awareness can lead to the true Path experience. It is worth striving for.

—(Sangha, Oct. 1970)

How to Meditate without Meditating

Meditation, we are told, should be easy. And so it is, for some people—in fact for most people, once they have really got into the habit. But let’s face it, quite a lot of people don’t find it easy in the beginning. I know I didn’t and sometimes I still don’t. In fact, if I may be considered an expert on any aspect of Buddhism, it is on the elementary hindrances. I’ve met them all: sensuality, ill will, sloth and torpor, worry and flurry, and doubt. There’s not much I couldn’t tell you about the arising of all of these!

The fourth and fifth often go together, and arise because one or other of the first three has come up and won’t go away. I get worried because I feel sensual or angry or sleepy, and then I doubt, if not the Dhamma itself, at least my ability to progress.

This is a common syndrome. So, what can we do about it? One answer is not to worry about worrying. If you’re worried, note the fact that you’re worried—or rather, that a state of worry is present. Look into it with at least a little bit of detachment. Then the situation is this, that with a part of your mind you are watching the rest of your mind worrying! You can break situation down still further into more impersonal terms at a slightly later stage, but that will do for a start. If you can do this at all, then in fact you are meditating! Apply this principle generally, to whatever arises in the mind. You can do it while ’officially’ meditating, and you can do it equally well at many other times during the day.

This brings us to the question of “what is mindfulness?” The simplest answer is—just noticing. Notice as much as possible, and as often as possible, what this funny collection of psycho-physical bits-and-pieces called you is actually up to right now! Just get the habit of doing that, and it will carry you very far. You’ll be surprised how far. Mostly we just dream along, and react with pretty automatic emotional responses to whatever happens. It’s not necessarily easy to stop doing this, but it’s not too difficult to start noticing that that is what ”you’ are doing.

It is often—and rightly said: “Don’t look for results.” You probably will though, and if you do, just notice that you are now looking for results! But one of the various reasons for this advice is that in fact you may be the last person to be aware of the results when they do come. Many years ago I started trying to meditate, following the instructions in a little book. I did this conscientiously for several weeks, and then I began to get fed up Nothing seemed to have happened;” I didn’t seem to be getting anywhere. I was on the point of giving the whole thing up, when two people who might be presumed to know me fairly well—one was my mother and the other was my wife—both said, apparently independently, that I seemed to be a bit easier to get on with: I didn’t fly off the handle quite so much. So something must have happened, but I was quite unaware of it.

So just practise noticing. Some people—especially those Jung calls the extravert sensorial type—are very good at noticing things outside of themselves. They observe closely other people’s actions, behaviour, dress and so on, and generally comment at length on the subject, given half a chance. Their comments are usually somewhat critical. If they observe something unfavourable, they usually say so in no uncertain terms; if what they see is favourable, they probably make remarks indicative of envy or jealousy. If you must observe others like this, try to be objective about it (“OK, he bites his fingernails, so what!”). If you find it hard to observe them without dislike, observe the arising of dislike in your own mind.

If you observe other people in this way, always at least observe your own reactions as well. Maybe that person really is rather dislikeable—but that’s not the point. The point is your reaction. Don’t try too hard to love every unwashed hippy you meet—it might be too much of a strain. Conversely, let’s face it, we are often attracted to people. Don’t be too holy and pretend (at least to yourself) that you are never sexually attracted by some person you meet, even though you may not have the slightest intention of doing anything about it. But if such thoughts and feelings do arise, notice them. These days, there is often plenty to notice out here. So just notice the fact that you are noticing with interest—positive or negative; it doesn’t matter.

We often hear people speaking about “Buddhism in Daily Life.” This is the most essential part of it. Whatever you see, hear, smell, taste, touch or think, notice what arises in your mind (and body) as a result. Don’t be discouraged—just notice. And if you still feel discouraged, just notice that feeling too!

This really is an easy practice. Let’s go a bit further. A good rule is: don’t make excuses to yourself. O.K., so I don’t want to meditate (or do the washing-up, or get up in the morning, or what-have-you). Notice the “I don’t want to” or, better, the “not-wanting-to.” Maybe you still won’t do the thing but you’ve noticed the fact. Maybe you still make excuses to yourself—notice that fact! And it is a fact that if you do this for a while, certain personality-changes, for the better, will occur in you. You may, however, not realise this, though others probably will, whether they tell you or not. And if you find yourself hoping that somebody will tell you how much nicer you have become lately, well—just notice that thought arising too. Really, it becomes quite an amusing game in the end!

There are lots of games you can play. Some people, when offered a drink or something, say, “I don’t mind if I do.” Why not try the “I don’t mind if I don’t” game? Suppose you are offered a drink. Being aware of the fifth precept, you feel that to be a “good Buddhist” you should refuse. So, what do you in fact do? I am assuming that you are the sort of person who, at any rate before “becoming a Buddhist,” was not totally averse to a little alcoholic refreshment occasionally. There are many such people, after all. Well, of course, you can be heroic and refuse anyway, even though you would have rather liked it. That, of course, is fine. Or you could let your Buddhism go hang for a bit (gone for a Burton, in fact!), and take it. I’m not recommending this course; I’m just saying it might happen. You might even utter the ritual words, “I don’t mind if I do,” which is one of those “typically British” examples of understatement we take a national pride in. You could, however, swiftly interrogate yourself mentally and say to yourself: “Do I mind if I don’t?” It is quite possible that you will find you can, after all, bear the thought of not having that drink, and so you refuse. If you find you do want it rather badly, well of course it’s up to you. But human nature being what it is, the odds are that in that case you will accept. If so, be aware of what is happening. This, of course, may spoil the pleasure a bit, and next time you may really not feel quite so keen on that drink. But anyway you will have learned something. And if you can, even occasionally, say to some preferred pleasure, “I don’t mind if I don’t,” and mean it, then you are getting on a bit. We all have plenty of craving (taṇhā)—otherwise we wouldn’t even be here. So it is quite a good game to see just what pleasures we do find easily resistible. After all, it ought not to be difficult to say no to something you don’t want very much. So use this method to cultivate a little sales resistance. In this commercialised world it’s very necessary.

Probably you can think up ’a few other similar games for yourself. They all help to make the basic practice of noticing more fun. You might as well enjoy your practice while you’re about it— always providing, of course, that you notice that you’re enjoying it.

—(Sangha, June 1970)

The axolotl is a peculiar kind of Mexican salamander, which has come to terms with an unfavourable environment in a unique way. Axolotl have learnt to breed in the tadpole stage, and accordingly most of them never develop to maturity at all, though our wonderful modern science has found a way of producing mature axolotl: by injecting them with hormones. The parallel with the human race is not, perhaps, very hard to find. We breed fairly freely, and yet most of us never actually grow up into really mature human beings. Tadpoles beget tadpoles which beget more tadpoles, and so it goes on. Unfortunately, however, the human tadpole is not always such a peace-loving creature as the axolotl appears to be. It may be nice and friendly and have many admirable qualities, but at other times it is inclined to display many of the less enchanting traits of the hyena combined with the appetites and table-manners of the shark.

From the social point of view this, then, is the human problem in a nutshell: the human animal rarely reaches maturity, but breeds freely in the immature state. This fact could well be taken as the starting-point for a Buddhist science of sociology, and from it, basically, all the troubles of human society stem.

Plato saw the problem and dreamed of philosopher kings. If the “philosophers” were really fully-enlightened beings, and if they were able to establish and maintain themselves as kings, no doubt that would be fine. But so far in recorded history this has never happened, though plenty of dictators, of whom Hitler and Stalin are merely two recent and horrifying examples, have tried to set themselves up as something equivalent to such “enlightened beings”—with results we know only too well. There have, occasionally, also been some genuinely benevolent despots who have some-times succeeded, at least locally and temporarily, in doing much good. It has been tried too with religious leaders: Popes, High Priests and so on. Jesus of Nazareth refused to play this game though pressed to do so, and we are told that he who became the Buddha could instead have become a “Wheel-turning Monarch,” but as we know he chose a different path.

Social problems are not irrelevant to the Buddhist and certainly Buddhism can contribute much to their solution; nevertheless Buddhism always starts with, and comes back to, the individual. For we can only become enlightened individually, not collectively. Each individual human axolotl has to mature by training and developing his own mind. The only fully mature human being is an enlightened one, and Buddhism is simply a method of producing enlightened beings (Arahants). The Arahant is one who, having broken the ten fetters which bind a man to the things of the world, has overcome all craving and ignorance and will therefore not again be subject to birth. The task may seem daunting, but it is not an impossible one and herein lies Buddhism’s message of hope. Man is so constituted that he can gain Enlightenment, just as the axolotl can mature. But for man no course of injection of hormones—or drugs of any kind whatsoever—will do the trick. Instead, a course of training has been laid down by the Buddha for the attainment of Enlightenment: the Noble Eightfold Path. This Path is called Noble because it produces ariyas—aristocrats, not of birth and race, but of the spirit.

The human axolotl, the ordinary immature human being, like most of us, is called in Pali puthujjana—“worldling”. By treading the Path he becomes ariya, “a noble one.” That is to say, that by developing insight he has broken the first fetter of belief in and attachment to the figment of “self“ and realised the inward meaning of anatta—the impersonality of all things including his own nature. This is not, by the way, a realisation of some kind of “higher self” but the perception of the falsity of any kind of self-concept. It is not attained by intellectual speculation, however brilliant and however subtle. A purely theoretical “realisation” of anatta is not enough, though some intellectual types (they call themselves “intuitive”) are hard to convince of this fact. Nor is it attained by means of the many wonderful and often, but by no means always, delightful experiences that can be had, even when they are not drug-induced. A wholly different insight-experience is necessary to achieve this, and it can only be gained by hard work, self-discipline and awareness. The vital factor here is the development of right mindfulness, but this too cannot be gained independently of the other steps of the Path.

When the experience of anattā has been properly and truly gained and the fiction of “self” has been seen for what it is, two other fetters are simultaneously broken: sceptical doubt and reliance on rites and rituals. This is not the end of the Path but its true beginning. Further profound moments of insight are needed, first to weaken, then to overcome, the remaining “lower fetters” of craving and aversion for things of this world.

Even then the task is far from done. But such a being is now a “Non-Returner”: i.e. one who will not again be born in human form, or in any of the “states of woe.” The final breaking of the subtle “higher fetters” is the ultimate maturing, the coming-to-be of the Arahant or Man Perfected—his mind perfectly pure and free from desire and aversion—who has realised Nibbāna in this very life.

It is sometimes said that the Arahant ideal is a selfish one. This argument is specious, for where the very idea of “self” is absent, selfishness is impossible. The Arahant is by definition totally free of any temptation to act in the supposed interests of a fictitious “’self” which he knows to be non-existent, and which has no further interest for him. The path to Arahantship is open to all—men and women, monks and layfolk. The monk is—or should be—simply a whole-time specialist who is getting on with the job as quickly and thoroughly as possible. He is therefore in a position to guide and help lay people who have other preoccupations and who therefore must almost inevitably proceed at a slower rate. He is not really like a Christian priest. He administers no sacraments, but if he is a meditation-master he may act as “midwife” helping layfolk to bring their nascent insight to birth.

The Path is straight but steep. The temptation to rest instead of pressing on is great, and there are all sorts of entrancing side-tracks to tempt us Without help from experienced guides it is fatally easy to get lost. That is why we need a Sangha. The Arahant Mahinda told the King of Ceylon that the Dhamma would never be truly established in any country until a native-born Sangha existed there. The establishment of such a Sangha is not easy. But that is the task we have set ourselves. For it we must all rally round. Axolotls of the world-fetters unite—you have nothing to lose but your fetters.

—(The Buddhist Path, Aug. 1967)

About the Author

Maurice O’Connell Walshe (1911–1998) was born in London and studied German at the universities of London, Berlin, Vienna, and Freiburg, eventually becoming Deputy Director at the Institute of Germanic Studies, London. An active Buddhist since 1951, he was Vice-President of the English Sangha Trust, as well as author of numerous articles on Buddhism. His published works include a three volume set of essays of the 13th century mystic, Meister Eckhart and, in 1987, Thus Have I Heard, a new translation of the Dīgha Nikāya. A few months before he died, he completed a Buddhist Pali dictionary. (Source: ATI)


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By John Gideon on 2/26/2008, 8:00pm PT

Guest Blogged by John Gideon of

Colorado Secretary of State Coffman has done it again. Every time he makes a decision; it ends up being the wrong decision. Can’t this guy get anything right? Now Coffman has certified a host of DRE voting machines that have been sitting in limbo for many months awaiting a decision. However, he has made no decision on any of the optical-scan systems that had been decertified. The problem with all of this is that the Governor and Legislative leaders filed legislation today that will require that paper must be an option in the November general election. Vote by mail will also be an option for all voters.

At least half of the estimated 49,500 uncounted nonpartisan ballots from the Feb. 5 presidential primary election will be tallied after all, acting Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder Dean Logan told county supervisors today. ...

**"Daily Voting News" is meant as a comprehensive listing of reports each day concerning issues related to election and voting news around the country regardless of quality or political slant. Therefore, items listed in "Daily Voting News" may not reflect the opinions of VotersUnite.Org or BradBlog.Com**


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Breaking News Blog

May 3, 2014 9:09 AM

Car crashes into Bradenton building in hit and run

Authorities are looking for a driver who collided with another car, forcing it to crash into a building, and fleeing the scene.

Breaking News Blog

Local breaking news from Bradenton and Manatee County

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For Mother

Gifts for Mother's Day - Find Them Here for Every Mom

She may be a wife, sister, niece, daughter and more to the special people in her life, but for one spring day every year, she really gets to shine as the wonderful mother she is! The Bradford Exchange Online offers truly special gifts for Mother's Day, each beautifully celebrating the unique bond a mother shares with her family. If you're here looking for a Mother's Day gift for your own mother, or perhaps searching for some "hints" of what you'd like from your family this Mother's Day, you've come to the right place!

Including beautiful pendant necklaces, dazzling rings, along with other fine jewelry designs for Mom, the handcrafted treasures offered here keep her family's love close to her heart whenever she wears it. What's more, many of these sparkling expressions of love can be personalized with the names and birthstones of loved ones to make a one-of-a-kind tribute to the family she cherishes. To ensure you receive exactly what Mom would love, many of the personalized jewelry items from The Bradford Exchange Online allow you to preview how beautiful they will look with names and birthstones you provide before you buy, so the only surprised one will be Mom on Mother's Day! Imagine her delight as she opens a gift from you and realizes that it was made especially for her.

Not only do we offer lovely jewelry gifts for Mom, you can also find fine porcelain figurines, music boxes and other handcrafted keepsakes that reflect her interests in a memorable way. Whether she loves the charm and innocence of Precious Moments®, or the inspirational visions of Thomas Kinkade, you're sure to find something special here that will let her know how much she's loved. Don't wait to find the perfect Mother's Day gift right here, at The Bradford Exchange Online. Shop Now!

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Se Habla Español

Cranial Nerve Injury

The cranial nerves are nerves that run from the base of the brain into different parts of the head. They can commonly be involved in traumatic injury which also includes injury to the brain itself. Unlike injuries to nerves and other parts of the body, injuries to the cranial nerves can also involve alteration or destruction of some of our senses themselves. Treating physicians also refer to cranial nerves by there number. There are twelve below which are described and represented by roman numerals.

I. Olfactory

Special Sensory - Sensation of smell

II. Optic

Special Sensory - Sensation of vision

III. Oculomotor

Somatic Motor - Movement of the eyes and eyelids
Visceral Motor - Parasympathetic control of pupil size

IV. Trochlear

Somatic Motor - Movement of eyes

V. Trigeminal

Somatic Sensory - Sensation of touch to the face
Somatic Motor - Movement of muscles of mastication (chewing)

VI. Abducens

Somatic Motor - Movements of the eye

VII. Facial

Somatic Sensory - Movement of muscles of facial expression
Special Sensory - Sensation of taste in anterior two-thirds of the tongue

VIII. Auditory- vestibular

Special Sensory - Sensation of hearing and balance

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Somatic Motor - Movement of muscles in the throat (oropharynx)
Visceral Motor - Parasympathetic control of the salivary glands
Special Sensory - Sensation of taste in posterior one-third of the tongue
Visceral Sensory - Detection of blood pressure changes in the aorta

X. Vagus

Visceral motor - Parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs

XI. Spinal accessory

Somatic motor - Movement of muscles in the throat and neck

XII. Hypoglossal

Somatic motor - Movement of the tongue

One of the most commonly injured cranial nerves is cranial nerve I the olfactory nerve, which controls the sense of smell. Because our sense of taste depends primarily on smell, our sense of taste might be altered as well. Terms used to describe problems in this include:

Dysnosmia - impaired sense of smell
Ansomia - Complete lost of smell
Prosmia - Sensation of smell without cause
Cosmia - Smelling an offensive odor that does not exist

Generally cranial nerves are not injured in cases of mild tbi. However, it is well document that cranial nerve 1 can be disrupted in the context of a mild tbi.

The optic (cranial nerve II) plays a critical role in human sight. Approximately 5 % of patients with tbi receive optic nerve injury. Injury to the optic nerve can cause the pupil to loose its reactivity to light, visual acuity, or visual fields can be affected. Examination must be done to differentiate between effects of optic nerve damage versus damage to non-nerve related areas to the visual system.

It should be remembered that, like the brain, cranial nerve can recover from a traumatic injury. The cranial nerve is stretched or bruised. Function can recover for up to a year. Post trauma. During that time there may be tingling or sporadic enervation, both of which are uncomfortable, but also show signs of recovery of that nerve.


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When the Internet really first started to hit, people felt this would be the death blow: after suburbs and long commutes and television and the death of the family dinner, this would be the last straw that would totally break society.

Alex Steffen

Author Profession: Writer
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: 1968

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Attitude determines the altitude of life.

Edwin Louis Cole

Author Profession: Author
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: 1922
Died: 2002

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When I grew up in the '60s, we were actually dominated by this, you know, sort of conforming '50s culture, even though we were like trying to express our own culture, like, the dominant culture was the thing that was forming us. And I think that that's true today.

Gus Van Sant

Author Profession: Director
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: July 24, 1952

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Our leaders increasingly see fit to lecture the ethnic minorities on the need to integrate, including of course the need to speak English. What about the need, though, for Britain to integrate with the rest of the world?

Martin Jacques

Author Profession: Journalist
Nationality: British Quotes
Born: 1945

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Dad really had little to do with the songs, except to perform them.

Nancy Sinatra

Author Profession: Musician
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: June 8, 1940

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I learnt a whole lot from my mother. About music, relationships, being a good person, loving people, the whole of life. I learnt about everything from her. Every single day I think about her. All through the day.

R. Kelly

Author Profession: Musician
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: January 8, 1969

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It's amazing when you see something on T.V. for years and then you go and see it in person. It's perspective is all different.

Rush Limbaugh

Author Profession: Entertainer
Nationality: American Quotes
Born: January 12, 1951

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Cite this Page: Citation
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Every production of an artist should be the expression of an adventure of his soul.

W. Somerset Maugham

Author Profession: Playwright
Nationality: British Quotes
Born: January 25, 1874
Died: December 16, 1965

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Call us today! (440) 224-1031

Custom ceramics for everyone on your list in Ashtabula, OH

Personalized custom ceramics
At Branch's Ceramic & Trophy Shop we know that custom ceramics should be special. That's one of the reasons we have such a large inventory of unique items in our Ashtabula, OH store. It doesn't matter who you are shopping for--one of our items is sure to catch your eye. Branch's Ceramic & Trophy Shop has been in business since 1972, and has built the reputation as Ohio's most unique arts and crafts shop. We've got something here for everyone. So whether you have a specific gift idea for that special someone, or are completely at a loss and don't know what to get, you will find the perfect present in our store.

We have a great selection of custom ceramics and trophies that can be personalized. We only carry high-quality products, so you know that anything you purchase will last for years to come. What's more, our prices are competitive. When you need that special gift, visit us in Ashtabula. You will not be disappointed.
Send us a message

Our services

Branch Ceramic & Trophy Shop offers solutions to personalize products. Through our services, we offer an excellent way to communicate a message about your company or organization. We proudly offer the following products and services:
  • Ceramics & trophies
  • Award plaques
  • Ceramic classes
Call us today and let one of our trained, friendly and helpful representatives answer your questions or take your order.
A store selling custom ceramics in Kingsville, OH

Gifts and more!

We've got everything you need for every occasion. Whether you are looking for serious and practical gifts, something whimsical or custom ceramics, we can help. We carry gifts for all special occasions including:
  • Christmas
  • Birthdays
  • Weddings & Anniversaries
We have over 6,000 pieces of Greenware, as well as personalized ceramics perfect for wedding and plates, figurines, goblets, and coffee mugs. Give a unique personalized gift with your pictures, logos or favorite sayings. Come take a look at the wonderful, one-of-a-kind gifts in Ashtabula. You're sure to find exactly what you need.

Our team

We've been in the gift business for years, so we have some great ideas for special gifts that will be quite a treat. Come in and chat with one of our customer service representatives to hear some great ideas and find out more information about our specials and deals. Our Ashtabula-based staff is here to serve you. Our items are all competitively priced, so when you buy a Branch's Ceramic & Gift Shoppe gift, you can be assured that you're getting a high-quality, well-priced gift that really means something. What's more, we only stock the highest quality items so that you can give gifts that will last.
Let Us Fire Your Imagination through Ceramic Classes
in Ashtabula!
44 Years of Experience  Ceramics and Trophies Personalized Items - T-shirts and more
Creative Ceramic Classes Available Call (440)224-1031
   Ask Us About Our Specials and Discounts!
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'Human Centipede 2" Trailer Is ATM Goodness!

Posted by BreakStaff on Sep. 07, 2011

The story of a man who becomes sexually obsessed with a DVD recording of the first film in the series, The Human Centipede. He decides to create a 'human centipede' of his own, this time comprised of twelve victims as opposed to the first film's three.

Channel Trailers & Clips

Categories Movies

Tags atm, human centipede 2, full sequence

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Thursday, May 5, 2011

Thankful on a Thursday: a weird one.

This has been quite an interesting week, thankfully it is going by quickly! Our evenings have been full, but with good things for the most part.

On Tuesday we were able to sell some of our stuff that we no longer needed to a couple that is getting married later this month, win-win! This money of course goes straight into Kai's surgery fund. Just before they came to pick things up I was getting dinner dished up and went to put something away in the pantry when an entire glass canister of spaghetti noodles fell at my feet. We were so lucky nobody got hurt. I acted fast enough to jump backwards and Ben grabbed Kai. Since we have some particularly unforgiving tile in the kitchen and dining room there were shards and slivers of class everywhere. Malakai and I played in his room while dinner got cold and daddy cleaned up the mess. Such a wonderful husband I have! It took him almost 30 minutes to get it all up! So we nuked and scarfed down our dinner. I LOATHE that tile and replacing it was going to be our first priority to updating this house when we got enough money, but with everything going to Kai's surgery it won't be happening anytime soon.

Yesterday Ben's parents treated us to Red Lobster as a belated celebration of the new baby. I'm at the point where I'm not bothered by foods anymore and we figured we should go before we were busy with Malakai's recovery. Unfortunately Malakai happened to only have a 10 minute nap that day as well. He did throw a couple fits over wanting to tip his cup even though it had a straw (milk mess), and sticking his whole hand in ketchup so he could lick it off. Other than that, I'd say he did pretty well.

I had never been to Red Lobster. There was one in our area when I was young, then it was replaced by Olive Garden, and now a new one just opened! I didn't get the lobster (it's $29 w/o any sides!), but I did get parmesan encrusted talapia and it was awesome! I also got to try everyone's different kinds of shrimp. I had coconut shrimp with pina colada sauce (it was like a dessert!), scampi, potato breaded, and barbecue. Yummy! I really want to try the lobster bisque if I ever go again. I think I found a new favorite restaurant, too bad it's so spendy!

Today I went into the office at church to finalize some things for a team meeting I'm putting together. It'll be the first one since I took on the Nursery position and I'm really excited to fellowship with all the wonderful volunteers all at once! Then my mom and I met my sister and our cousin for lunch on campus. Today was my sister's last day of her sophomore year of college so she is moved back home now. Malakai was so sleepy on the way there (because he woke up at 6:30am, stinker) that my mom was having to poke him and make noises to keep him awake so he wouldn't mess up his nap.

When we got to campus I got the stroller out of the trunk and it wouldn't close. So Ben had to meet us and help mom fix it, which he did (yay again for an awesome husband!). Malakai was cranky and whiney pretty much the whole time because he was tired. When we're home he hasn't been napping until  1 or 1:30pm but when we're out as early as 11am he acts like he's sleep deprived. I swear everyone on that campus must think I have the worst behaved toddler since he's been cranky the last two times, but really he's just overtired.

He finally fell asleep a little bit after 2pm once we got settled in back home and he got over the trauma of having to say goodbye to Mima and Aunt Nanner. So here I am, ready for a nap of my own, but quickly I'll punch out my thankful list, because even though we've had a strange and trying week I still have so many things to be thankful for (other than my new favorite restaurant).

621. This sweet smile and those big green eyes.

622. staying organized at home and for work despite an increasingly terrible case of "pregnancy brain"

623. family babysitters = life savers!

624. the peace that I feel about Kai's upcoming surgery.

625. a wonderful group of sponsors for an upcoming fundraiser!

626. the twitterpated squirrels that entertain my son

627. friends + family loaning me maternity clothes.

628. online inspiration to save money and make mother's day cards this year.

629. a toddler who still naps (most of the time!)

630. my husband who works all day, comes home to mow the lawn, clean up broken glass, change diapers, take out the trash, and still has energy to spend quality time with his family.

What are you thankful for this week?

Here's to hoping the rest of our week and this weekend (Mother's Day!) is less chaotic and strange and more normal and relaxing.

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The Universe Inside You
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Built from the debris of exploding stars that floated through space for billions of years, home to a zoo of tiny aliens, and controlled by a brain with more possible connections than there are atoms in the universe, the human body is the most incredible thing in existence.

In the sequel to his bestselling Inflight Science, Brian explores mitochondria, in-cell powerhouses which are thought to have once been separate creatures; how your eyes are quantum traps, consuming photons of light from the night sky that have travelled for millions of years; your many senses, which include the ability to detect warps in space and time, and why meeting an attractive person can turn you into a gibbering idiot.
Find out more at the book’s website.

Bursting with eye-popping facts and the latest mind-bending theories, the book takes you on journey through the mind-boggling science of the human body:
Every atom in your body was either produced in the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago or made in a star between seven and twelve billion years ago
Your body contains around 10 times as many bacterial cells as it does human cells
When you make a decision to do something your brain fires up about 1/3 of a second before you are consciously aware of making the decision.

Hear Brian discussing The Universe Inside You on the BBC World Service.
Enter the name for this tabbed section: Buy a copy

Apple UK
Apple US

To keep up to date with The Universe Inside You via Facebook, click Like below.

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Signed Copy
If you’d like a signed copy - it makes a great gift - purchase direct below. If you want a personalised inscription, just drop Brian an email at at the same time with the details.
Trade Paperback (larger format)
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Universe Inside You optical illusions video

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The Universe Inside You: Optical Illusions

From page 95:

The artificial nature of sight is why optical illusions work. Your brain is always constructing images of the way it thinks things should be, rather than the way they are optically. The picture projected on your retina, for example, is upside down – the brain turns it over. This trickery by the brain can be graphically demonstrated by wearing special glasses that flip your vision upside down. After a few hours the brain has had enough of being messed about and turns the image the right way up. Someone wearing these inverting glasses starts seeing things properly again.
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The perfect gift for people who want to explore science without being bored by academic jargon. The Citizen - South Africa (Amanda Patterson)

I'm in awe of the universe. It's all thanks to science writer Brian Clegg's new book The Universe Inside You, which explains the inner workings of your body in order to explore the outermost workings of the universe. I'm completely gripped. Top Santé (Jessica Powell)

If you like QI you will love this book. Like the TV show, it takes a basic theme and then delights in finding all the strange and wonderful reality that can be discovered from that concept... Without over-simplifying, this all comes across at a level that would work for secondary school students as well as the general adult reader... I very much liked the linked website which includes a number of experiments you can try online, whether watching a video, trying an optical illusion or interacting with an artificial analyst. This is an Alice in Wonderland trip through science. But where Alice encounters absurdity, on our trip through the looking glass, we discover and enjoy the wonders of science. Brilliant stuff. ***** (Jo Reed)

By exposing the extreme science found in the human body, Clegg eloquently passes through the basics of physics, biology and chemistry. He sporadically inserts intriguing facts - from dogs that can work cash machines to why humans can't walk on water but can on custard... if you are ever plagued with thoughts about the size of a human egg - roughly the size of the full stop at the end of this sentence - or why our bodies contain atoms from the beginning of life itself, you will find it is worth a dip. New Scientist (Helen Thomson)

I thought that I knew a fair bit about the human body and how it works: it seems that I’m wrong... Clegg includes a number of experiments that you can do to demonstrate his points (some on the Internet and some in the home) and these add significant value and work well in ensuring you understand the subject. To satisfy your own simple curiosity or answer the questions from a bored eight year old child on a rainy Sunday (I speak from experience), I would recommend this book. Not being a science type myself, I did not think that I would enjoy reviewing this book but I was wrong, as the author has a talent for rendering potentially complex subjects much simpler and uses good examples to ensure that it is understood. It is an excellent read which I enjoyed very much. British Army Rumour Service (

It's fantastic… it hurts to set it down. (Hamish Muiry, radio presenter)

When you update yourself with latest scientific developments, you get a jaw-dropping revelations which slide you into more astonishment…The book "The Universe inside you' by Brian Clegg is such a minefield of scientific information that would surge your scientific temper. Irrespective of stream you studied in your academics , it is a book that must be read to know more about human body and functioning of brain. Here there should not be an argument that my genre is fiction or something other etc. Some books that provide you basic information should be swallowed like hot peanuts. Delhi Book Club (V. Srinivasa Rao)
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You have stumbled upon the OLD 2008-2013 BTG website.

PLEASE CLICK HERE to get back to the latest website.

What does Bridge To Gantry mean?

 It's not the most obvious name for a Nürburgring Nordschleife orientated website, I'll admit. But here I'm going to explain what Bridge To Gantry or BTG really means...

  • The BTG timing method.

Touristenfahrten is the german word for tourist driving, or what you might have heard as 'public driving'. These tourist laps start and stop from the 'Nordschleife zufahrt' on Döttinger Höhe straight, the other side of Nürburg village from the GP track.

B=Bridge, C=Nordschleife Zufahrt (the carpark at the Nordschleife entrance), A=Gantry

View Larger Map

 On a tourist lap it's impossible to complete a whole lap without stopping to queue for the gates at 'C'. So the BTG method is to time your laps in a point-to-point style from the bridge to the gantry. On a trackday this is also useful, as you don't have to complete 3 whole laps (63km) to get one lap time. To recap: after exiting the carpark at 'C' on the map above, drive under the Bridge (Antoniusbuche) at 'B'. From here it's 19.1km to the Gantry (currently carrying Audi sponsorship) at point 'A'. Easy!

Some interesting facts about BTG:

  • The distance between the gantry and the bridge is almost exactly 1 mile, 1660mtrs.
  • It takes a top-end sportscar less than 25 seconds to cover this distance. Most normal cars with a 120mph top speed over 30 seconds.
  • A BTG lap isn't just 25 or 30 seconds shorter, as the standing start from point 'C' adds another 5-6 seconds back on the time for most cars.
  • The straight is very bumpy, and is uphill all the way to the bridge.
  • Top speed is attained into the dip AFTER the bridge on a flying lap
  • On a BTG lap top speed is attained before Schwedenkreuz or in the Foxhole (for lower power cars)

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Smile Projects

The Smiles for Everyone Foundation is a not-for-profit foundation that began in 2004 with a vision to improve the lives of people in the communities served by affiliated offices, as well as to aid victims of natural disasters.

Through the generosity of employees, affiliated dental professionals, and company matching funds, the Smiles for Everyone Foundation has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars to aid the victims of the Haiti Earthquake, Asian tsunami disaster and Hurricane Katrina.

But the financial support reaches beyond such large scale and notable causes; it also touches individuals in the local communities. In 2005, the American Red Cross recognized the Smiles for Everyone Foundation for its far-reaching humanitarian efforts, bestowing upon the Foundation the prestigious Circle of Humanitarians Award.

Corporate Outreach: Mission Trip to Paraguay

Bright Now! Dental Commits to Bringing Smiles to the World. A team of doctors from Bright Now Dental’s parent company, Smile Brands Inc., recently returned from a mission trip to Asunción, Paraguay in December, 2011. Led by President and CEO Steve Bilt, the executives and dentists spent 8 days visiting orphanages and nutrition centers, bringing critical dental care to residents who otherwise have no access to basic health services.

Nicknamed SEAL Team One (Service Expedition Accelerating Leaders), the group performed over one thousand extractions and restorations, ultimately helping over 300 Paraguayan children in desperate need of care. Smile Brands Inc. and the Smiles for Everyone Foundation are planning two additional mission trips in 2012, to be announced in the coming months.

We invite you to view the video below to get a sense of the life-changing experience of the Paraguay mission.

Call 844-400-7645
Walk-in and emergency appointments are welcome.
+ © 2016 Smile Brands Inc. All rights reserved. Bright Now! Dental ®, Castle Dental ® and Monarch Dental ® are Registered Servicemarks of Smile Brands Inc. The Bright Now!, Castle and Monarch names and logos may not be reproduced by any means or in any form whatsoever without express written permission from Smile Brands Inc.

The material contained on this website is offered as information only and not as professional advice. Users should consult their own dental professionals for such advice.

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British Listed Buildings

History in Structure

If you log in, you can comment on buildings, submit new photos or update photos that you've already submitted.

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Rosoman Monument in Churchyard of Jesus Chapel, Southampton

Description: Rosoman Monument in Churchyard of Jesus Chapel

Grade: II
Date Listed: 8 October 1981
English Heritage Building ID: 135881

OS Grid Reference: SU4408611832
OS Grid Coordinates: 444086, 111832
Latitude/Longitude: 50.9043, -1.3744

Location: Peartree Avenue, Southampton SO19 7GU

Locality: Southampton
County: Southampton
Country: England
Postcode: SO19 7GU

Incorrect location/postcode? Submit a correction!

Listing Text

5239 Peartree Green

Rosoman Monument in
Churchyard of
Jesus Chapel
SU 41 SW 10/189

Circa 1862. Stone hexagonal monument about 15 feet high in the shape of a
church steeple. Gables on each face with minature granite columns, crockets
and finials.

Listing NGR: SU4389011604

This text is a legacy record and has not been updated since the building was originally listed. Details of the building may have changed in the intervening time. You should not rely on this listing as an accurate description of the building.

Source: English Heritage

Listed building text is © Crown Copyright. Reproduced under licence.


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Paper money of England and Wales

Edited by Catherine Eagleton and Artemis Manolopoulou

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An introduction to English banking history

Page two

Provincial private banks

The spread of private banks into provincial towns generally came later than the London experience. Prior to 1750 there were only a handful of provincial private banks, as shown in Table one.

Year Town Name Modern link
1650s Nottingham Thomas Smith Royal Bank of Scotland
c.1685 Derby Crompton, Newton & Co. Royal Bank of Scotland
1716 Gloucester James Wood Lloyds
1737 Stafford John Stevenson Lloyds
c.1743 Dover Fector & Minet Royal Bank of Scotland

Table two: Early provincial banks

This table tells a quite remarkable story, in that none of these five early banks failed. They all subsequently became part of the joint stock movement in the latter half of the 19th century and thereby established themselves within the modern banking institutions of today.

After 1750 the growth in provincial private banks was quite substantial, with 230 provincial banks operating in 1797, a number that had increased to 721 by 1810. By the1820s, every town of substance had its own local bank with its own local banknote issues. With this expansion in the number of provincial private banks came an increase in the number of banking failures.

The £1 note of the Bristol Bullion Bank of Browne, Cavenagh, Browne & Bailey, issued in 1824, is a typical banknote issue of the period. This bank failed in 1825 and the holder of this note would have lost most of their money, although the hand stamps on this note indicate that two ‘dividends’ were paid, so some money was recovered. For a local bank to fail was an absolute calamity for all concerned and many people suffered financial ruin as a consequence. Private banks were restricted to just six partners and they often did not have the resources to survive a financial crisis. The solution was to enable the banks to increase their size and resources by allowing the creation of joint stock banks.

Joint stock banks

In 1826 new legislation allowed the creation of joint stock banks, which meant that people could combine as shareholders (then called proprietors) to establish larger banks. The illustration here (thumbnail + link: 1980,1130.258) shows the 1830s issue of the £5 note from the Norfolk & Norwich Joint Stock Banking Company. This bank eventually became a part of Barclays Bank; all its banknote issues would have been honoured and fully paid upon demand.

Table two gives a list by date of the first joint stock banks to be established, (excepting the Bank of England).

Year Bank Modern link
1826 Stuckey’s Bank, Somerset NatWest
1826 Lancaster Banking Co. NatWest
1826 Norfolk & Norwich Banking Co. Barclays
1827 Huddersfield Banking Co. HSBC
1827 Bradford Banking Co. HSBC
1829 Cumberland Union Banking Co. HSBC

Table two: The first joint stock banks


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