text:
You are currently browsing the tag archive for the ‘winter camps’ tag.

Our thoughts turn to snow today, as snow camp brochures can be seen at libraries and local public schools. One highly recommended annual camp in Japan is called the Snow Camp in Shinshu.

If you’re looking out for a snow ski resort for the family then you might like to know that the ‘top powder snow ski resorts (2007 figures) in the country were considered to be:

Nakayamatoge Kogen Hotel 340 cm / Kiroro Snow World 310 cm / Niseko Grand Hirafu 280 cm / Hakkoda 275 cm /Niseko Higashiyama 250 cm / Niseko Annupuri Kokusai 220 cm

My kids don’t go to snow camps since their father happened to grow up on a mountain in Hokkaido that is the oldest snow ski resort, there’s really no excuse for them to be not to be there visiting their grandparents for the New Year holidays, and of course, for the skiing. With the impending holiday season, my kids’ holiday thoughts these days are occupied with not much other than visions of powder snow and snow monsters and “let it snow, let it snow, let it snow”…

Living in Japan, you’d have heard time and again about powder snow…but just in case you don’t, the definition of powder snow is simply “freshly fallen, uncompacted snow.” The density and moisture content of powder snow can vary widely. Snowfall in coastal regions and areas with higher humidity is usually heavier than a similar depth of snowfall in an arid or continental region. Light, dry (of a low moisture content) powder snow of the kind found in Niseko, Hakkoda and many other alpine slopes in Japan is highly prized by skiers and snowboarders. It is often found in the Rocky Mountains of North America as well.

I thought to post some information for others who ARE interested in trying out some snow camp facilities for their kids. Here’s a lineup:

School Centre & Cafe in Hakuba offers many exciting snow programs for kids such as 4-day ski-wees lessons (5-14 yr olds), snow rafting, freestyle ski school program called the Weekend Free Ride Camp, snowshoe trekking, snowmobiling. Younger siblings who don’t or aren’t ready to ski can make use of the nursery or kids room. Parents who can already ski can spend their time cruising or skiing the mountain slopes with a guide. Private lessons go for between 5,000 to 6,000 people depending on the numbers. International atmosphere.

As for the Snow Camp in Shinshu, website actually features many campsites and programmes in Nagano prefecture. But the one most well popular and well known ones are probably the three-day kids-only camps in the Shirouma area. The camps are website is Japanese only, and so are only for families who would like their kids to have more Japanese language exposure or whose kids already speak fluent Japanese. The camps are considerably cheaper than the ones run for international families, and offer a variety of snow-related hands on activities, not just skiing. There is usually transportation from a central location. (The website also features many great nature camps for other seasons.)

Northstar Outdoor Adventures has winter camps that are highly recommended by our members. Winter camps have featured snowboarding at Northstar in Nagano Prefecture in the past. Busing from Tokyo is provided. Says an e-community member: “My daughter has been to the camp several times before (for skiing and snowboarding in the winter, and for hiking in the Alps during the summer), and she has had a great time. She has met other homeschoolers there, as well. The staff includes both Japanese and North American counselors. The cost is 29,800 yen including transportation from Shinjuku; the cost is less for people who get there on their own (about 22,800 yen). Incidentally, at other times Northstar is operated as a lodge. So if the camp doesn’t work out, you could always go as a family, rent a room at the lodge choosing from one of their programs, and go skiing/snowboarding/snowshoeing, etc.” For more details, take a look at the North Star website.

English Adventure offers its Annual Winter Ski Camp and ski programs with pro instructors and the English Adventure staff. Learn about nature with a winter walk and nature games. All in English. See here for more details and information about the activities.

If camps are not your idea of fun, and you are ready for independent family travel, try the JTNO’s webpage and their Skiing in Japan guide or their skiing in Hokkaido guide for winter ideas. Other great websites for info are Snow Japan, Hakuba47, and Ski Japan. You will also find useful the snow reports at Ski Specialists’ site. You might also like to try booking accommodation at Keep’s Seisen Ryo. KEEP is an unusual Christian and environmental initiative. It operates Seisen Ryo as the centerpiece of KEEP. Opened in 1938 as a lodge and campground for youth empowerment in Kiyosato, Seisen Ryo serves as a conference and retreat center for individuals and groups. Seisen Ryo is centrally located within a short walk of any of the six hiking trails around the area. Just across the road from Seisen Ryo, the Yatsugatake Nature Center offers interactive exhibits about the flora and fauna of the Yatsugatake Highlands, the local culture and history of the Kiyosato area, and information about the hiking trails in the area. Mountains surround the area, with the Yatsugatake Kogen Prefectural Park to the north, Mt. Fuji and the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park to the south, the Southern Alps National Park to the west and the Chichibu Tama Kai National Park to the west. Campers and visitors alike can spend time in Seisen Ryo’s coffee shop and restaurant. Seasonal overnight packages are offered with workshop themes such as country furniture building, nature photography, owl watching, or skiing packages with nearby Sun Meadows Ski Resort. Seisen Ryo also hosts public music concerts and other special events throughout the year. See a photo of Keep’s lodgings here.

3545 Kiyosato, Takane-cho
Hokuto-shi, Yamanashi-ken
407-0311 Japan
Tel:  055…
Fax: 0551-48-3575

If Hokkaido is known at all overseas, it would be as a popular destination for skiers looking for some of the world’s best powder snow. Beware…you can’ t make good snowmen with powder snow. The microclimate on the island of Hokkaido, which has less rain and heat than the rest of Japan, ensures optimal snow coverage for intense skiing. Try Rusutsu Resort ‘s many snow activities or Kid’s Adventures program or Club Med’s famous focus on kids extends to its action packed ski holidays with comprehensive Kids Clubs for children of all ages. With the Petit Club for ages 2-3 , Mini Club for ages 4 -11 and Junior Club for guests aged 12-17, Club Med Sahoro entertains the whole family and guarantees a great time for kids every day thanks to a variety of fun activities on offer and created especially for them. Club Med package includes superior twin-share accommodation, three meals a day, unlimited wine and soft drinks at lunch and dinner, an all day snacking and bar service, live evening entertainment, a daily ski pass, daily ski school and lessons, kids clubs with ski school. Seven-night all-inclusive packages (per person) start from $1,785 (land only). For further information, please contact Club Med on 1300 855 052, or visit Club Med online.

Apart from the camps listed above, there are hundreds of camps conducted in Japanese. A month or so before, the summer school holidays, check your local public library which will have available many brochures or pamphets for the public that list the upcoming nature camps, academic camps and workshops of all kinds. The following are just some of the camp-organizers of many exciting camp with activities ranging from tree-climbing, forest-treks to hot-air ballooning and alpine hiking:Alps-kodomokai, Chiba Shizen Gakko; Tokyo YMCA Wellness (usually offers ski camps (as well as summer camps ) during winter to spring. Their homepage’s winter activities don’t seem to be up yet, so watch their space for future activities. 7 Kanda Midoshirocho, Chiyoda-ku. Phone:  03-3293-7015

For those keen to see snow monsters, if you are traveling on your own, for skilled skiers and snowboarders, you can contact Simon for one of his English ski/snowboarding snow tours of Hakkoda. Tour Hours: 9am ・3pm His fees run: Half day 2500円　or all day 4000 Email:

Announcement: One of the most press-touted camps for families seems to be undergoing restructuring: Arai Mountain & Spa Myoko in Niigata that featured a huge range of lodgings from basic cabins to a gorgeous hotel with many kinds of themed activities held on an entire mountain top.

For first-timers in Japan, though these aren’t ski activities, you might be interested in the homestay and J-conversation winter programs offered by Geos.

If you’d like to do detailed homework and can read Japanese, then try these family-friendly publications:

家族でスキー―Ski plus
親子で遊び隊 (Vol.6)
親子で遊び隊 (Vol.9)

If you need tips on planning a snow vacation in Japan, read this article Cyberia: We Ski Web Ski, it’s old but still has good tips.

Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.

Join 922 other followers

%d bloggers like this:


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Type: response

text:
Global DKIM Deployment

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
199 with DKIM

500 sites tested
2 DNS errors
76 with DKIM

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
170 with DKIM

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
171 with DKIM

500 sites tested
1 DNS error
170 with DKIM

3083 sites tested
284 DNS errors
548 with DKIM

South Korea

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
110 with DKIM

United Kingdom

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
206 with DKIM

United States

500 sites tested
0 DNS errors
258 with DKIM

What do these numbers mean?

This experiment attempts to answer the following question: If an average user had a working installation of DKIM on their machine, how useful would it be to them? What percentage of the services and sites the average user regularly accesses are DKIM-enabled? In other words, the experiment attempts to quantify the usefulness of DKIM to the average end user, given the current deployment of DKIM in the Internet.

The experiment does not track how many users or hosts use DKIM in the current Internet. It also does not track how many sites have configurations of DKIM that are not accessible by average users from the Internet.

DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) is an email authentication system designed to verify the DNS domain of an email sender and the message integrity. Note that these statistics will also include deployments of the historic DomainKeys system.

The IETF statistics are based on a list of domain names that are derived from the email addresses of currently-active document authors of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) documents. This data set was included to investigate if the organizations that IETF authors come from are more progressive in deploying DKIM, compared to the rest of the Internet.

How are these numbers generated?

The scripts that update this page retrieve the names of the web sites that are most popular across the globe, as well as in select countries, from in regular intervals. They then check whether the DNS entry for each site name reflects that it uses DKIM. The numbers above show the percentage of these top sites that are DKIM-enabled, as well as the absolute numbers.

Note that although the DNS entry for a site may indicate that DKIM is available, this does not necessarily mean that actually using DKIM with the site will succeed. I’ll eventually add code to verify that DKIM can be used with sites that claim to enable it.

How representative are these numbers?

They’re reasonably representative, but not perfect. One issue is that the sample sets are very small; typically offers lists of 100 to 500 top sites for free, depending on the country. More importantly, though, the sample sets are derived from web site names, because that’s all offers. It is not clear that checking DKIM deployment based on a set of web site names is resulting in numbers that represent deployment of DKIM in the broader Internet.

Attention, operators: I’m interested in basing these statistics on a more meaningful data set. If you can provide me with a regularly-updated list of most-frequently-looked-up DNS names – or, for SPF or DKIM, a list of the domains that generate the most inbound email – please contact me at please enable javascript to view . The larger your network and the longer the list, the better.

How have these numbers been changing over time?

Funny you should ask. The graphs below (click on each image to get a PDF that lets you zoom in) illustrate the weekly changes of DKIM deployment in the various sample sets since these measurements started in October 2007:

DKIM deployment trends - click to zoom in (PDF)

This graph shows the same data as the one above, but zooms in on the interesting area:

DKIM deployment trends (magnified) - click to zoom in (PDF)

Significant jumps in the historic data (e.g., fall 2008 or spring 2009) are usually due to changing what data they make available, or on tracking bugs having been fixed. The latter fixes are often based on suggestions of visitors to this page. See the acknowledgements below.

Download deployment trends as text: global cn de fi in jp kr uk us ietf

Acknowledgements and Changes

warcinfo:
robots: classic
hostname: ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal
software: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-36
operator: CommonCrawl Admin
description: Wide crawl of the web for August 2016
publisher: CommonCrawl
format: WARC File Format 1.0
conformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf


WARC-Truncated: length

text:
Translating Communities

Paul St-Pierre

This article will focus on communities which translate and communities which are translated, with an emphasis on the often unintended, unexpected, and unwanted effects of translation.

Beginning with the scepticism – ‘hostility’ would perhaps be a better word – shown by Augustine towards Jerome’s undertaking to produce a new Latin translation of the Old Testament based on the Hebrew text rather than the Greek version of the Septuagint, and from there moving on to Mark Fettes’s discussion (in In Translation) of the reception of the translation into English of Haida myths by the Canadian poet Robert Bringhurst, as well as to the translation, also into English, of literary texts in Oriya, one of the national languages of India, I will draw attention to what, in these cases at least, has been perceived by some – usually those left out of the process of translation – as the danger or violence of translation.

Given such a negative perception of translation, generalized in the Italian adage traduttore traditore, the question arises as to how this translation effect can at the very least be reduced, if not eliminated entirely, and how the “community with foreign cultures” that Lawrence Venuti writes of in “Translation, Community, Utopia” can come into being. A collaborative approach to translation involving participants from both source and target, foreign and domestic cultures – a new community of translators – will be put forward as a possible solution

Translation; community; Oriya

Full Text:

ISSN 1920-0323


text:
Reasons for (Korean) English Teachers to Join Twitter

Even though I am in the middle of a crazy two weeks of teacher training I was able to find some time to have a drink and a chat with some former course participants (and one more friend) last night because of today’s national holiday in Korea. It was great to see them and I thoroughly enjoyed it. They are all experienced Korean English teachers and it was great to talk to them and to catch up on what is going on with them and  English education in Korea.

One of the teachers is on Twitter (partially due to my recommendation it seems) so the topic of Twitter naturally came up. I am generally a bit leery about putting on the hard sell about Twitter even though I am a believer. Mostly I just don’t want to pressure people that are already busy enough to do something that might not work for them. Hmm, maybe this is a bit of foreshadowing for a future blog post. So, anyway, we were talking about Twitter and discussing how it works and how it is different than Facebook and a few other related topics. Somehow the idea to do a little experiment came up and I tweeted the following:

Why should Korean english teachers join twitter ? They are here with me now lets see what people say

About a minute later I added:

please somebody respond quickly they are demanding evidence
(they were/are a very tough crowd)

Then the responses started flowing in. We were all very impressed with the quality of the responses. The variety of responses and locations people were tweeting from were noteworthy too.  I also thought it was wonderful and amazing that people who I have never met (OK I’ve met one of them face-to-face) took the time to respond in order for complete strangers to see the power of Twitter. #Gratitude

What exactly did people say?

  • I’ve found many good resources through Twitter, and it was really a lifesaver last year.
  • Because it’s the best way to expand their PLN & learn about the latest developments in the world of TEFL!! …..& it’s fun!
  • isnt it more “who shouldn’t be on twitter?” at this point?
  • because you can connect to fellow teaching professionals throughout the world. A treasure trove of advice is there!
  • Because we get to meet and learn from cool people like @michaelegriffin here!😉
    (At this point giggled a bit and my friends made some “wow” like sounds)
  • how about some of this?:
  • You can meet other people an practice your English! You can ask other ppl q’s and share your ideas too.
  • if slang / idioms used to be a focus of “real english” isn’t microblogging now an awesome way to see how young folk “talk”?
    (At this point I added how lots of Korean stars/athletes tweet in English and this is a great model and quite interesting for Ss to see)
  • 18 months ago I would have agreed with them. How I have been proven wrong. Best decision I ever made was to join twitter. (When I demanded more details this same kind soul added what follows) I’ve discovered endless resources on PD, RP, Dogme, lexicology, Also #KELTChat :-) I’m part of a fantastic, supportive PLN. plus twitter is worth it simply for the links I see for access to free webinars with wonderful teachers eg #iTDi
    (And someone else added)
    not to mention the opportunity to create their own community of teachers and learners.
  • Twitter removes the barriers between people so we can learn together. Hello from Calgary, Canada!

After a few responses my friends seemed very impressed and two of them expressed real interest in joining up. The most skeptical commented that asking for responses like that was a very successful experiment. Thanks so much for the ideas and help. I really appreciate it.

I wonder what other thoughts/links/whatevers you might add?
Please feel free to include them in the comments.

PLN=Personal Learning Network. (Nice explanation here)
(Also explained as  Personal/Passionate/Professional/Public learning network)

PD= Professional Development

RP = Reflective Practice

#KELTchat = Korea ELT Chat (Click here for “About #KELTchat)

iTDi= International Teacher Development Institute
(The iTDi blog is worth a look as well..and this post in particular might interest my former participants.

Special thanks to:

(I’d also recommend following these folks when/if you join twitter!)

I have decided to add related links as they fly by my screen.

I  rediscovered this post about Twitter for professional development by @sandymillin. I’d say it is well worth a look for those interested in Twitter.

Another new discovery is this post and I think it is helpful for those considering getting involved with Twitter.

For another perspective and reasons to join, read how joining Twitter is like suddenly discovering an extra room in your house.

The ever prolific, insightful and readable Larry Ferlazzo on The best ways ESL/EFL/ELL Teachers Can Develop Personal Learning Networks.

Barry Jameson writes passionately and eloquently about Community and the impact of joining Twitter.

Tom Whitby on  Building a professional learning network on Twitter.

Ava Fruin writes about why she loves Twitter.

  1. Pingback: The Wire, Twitter, and Reflective Practice « ELT Rants, Reviews, and Reflections
  2. Pingback: Pet peeves and new #ELT blogs | ELT Rants, Reviews, and Reflections

Leave a Reply

Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Logo

You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )

Twitter picture

You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )

Facebook photo

You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )

Google+ photo

You are commenting using your Google+ account. Log Out / Change )

Connecting to %s


text:
About EMS Lancaster

Eastern Mennonite Seminary (EMS) in Lancaster is an accredited extension of Eastern Mennonite Seminary main campus in Harrisonburg, Virginia. EMS Lancaster offers a flexible array of non-traditional learning opportunities. Currently there are about:

  • 43 students in the STEP Program
  • 30 students in graduate degree or certificate programs

Seminary students can also take course online or at one of several collaborating seminaries in the region.

Location and facilities

EMS Lancaster is located in Lancaster, Pa. However classes are held at several locations across southeast Pennsylvania, including Philadelphia, Hatfield and Morgantown.

Mission, faith and values

EMS Lancaster shares the same mission statement as our main campus seminary: “EMS prepares men and women to serve and lead in a global context.” As part of Mennonite Church USA we adhere to the Confession of Faith in a Mennonite Perspective. To learn more about the history, beliefs and practices of the Mennonites view this video.

Our theological framework guides our thinking about identity and vocation. Even though we are a seminary linked with Mennonite Church USA, we welcome various faith traditions and denominations in our classes.

Eastern Mennonite Seminary Lancaster is accredited by:

Faculty spotlight

Latest News


text:
Alexander Mosolov

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alexander Mosolov in the 1950s

Alexander Vasilyevich Mosolov[n 1] (Russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Мосо́лов, tr. Aleksandr Vasil'evič Mosolov; 11 August [O.S. 29 July] 1900 – 11 July 1973) was a significant Russian composer of the early Soviet era, known best for his early futurist piano sonatas, orchestral episodes, and vocal music.

Mosolov studied at the Moscow Conservatory and achieved his greatest fame in the Soviet Union and around the world for his 1926 composition, Iron Foundry. Later conflicts with Soviet authorities led to his expulsion from the Composers' Union in 1936 and imprisonment in the Gulag in 1937. Following an early release, which had been argued for by his Conservatory teachers, Mosolov turned his attention to setting Turkmen and Kyrgyz folk tunes for orchestra. His later music conformed to the Soviet aesthetic to a much greater degree, but he never regained the success of his early career.

Mosolov's works include five piano sonatas (only four of which are extant), two piano concerti (only one movement exists of the second piano concerto), two cello concerti, a harp concerto, four string quartets, twelve orchestral suites, eight symphonies, and a substantial number of choral and voice pieces.

Mosolov was born to an upper-middle-class family in Kiev, in the Russian Empire. His mother, Nina Alexandrovna, was a professional singer at the Bolshoi Theater and a graduate of the Kiev school of music, and she gave Mosolov his first musical lessons. The family moved to Moscow in 1904. Mosolov's father, Vasiliy Alexandrovich, died a year later when Mosolov was five years old. After his father's death, Mosolov's mother married a successful painter and teacher, Mikhail Leblan.[1] Young Mosolov was greatly impacted by the cosmopolitan lifestyle into which he was raised; both German and French were spoken in the home and the family took trips to Berlin, Paris, and London.

Mosolov attended high school until 1916, and in 1917 worked in the office of the People's Commissioner for State Control. Through this, he personally delivered mail to Vladimir Lenin three times, which had a profound impact on the young Mosolov.[2] At the start of the Bolshevik Revolution, Mosolov volunteered in the Red Army's First Cavalry Regiment and fought on the Polish and Ukrainian fronts. He received the Order of the Red Banner on two occasions.[3] He suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder due to the war and was medically discharged in July 1921.[4] Mosolov entered the Moscow Conservatory, where he studied under Reinhold Glière until 1925; in that year he began composition studies under Nikolai Myaskovsky.[5] He also studied piano under Grigoriy Prokofiev and Konstantin Igmunov.[3] He graduated from the Conservatory in 1925 after presenting his graduation piece, the cantata Sphynx, based on the Oscar Wilde poem of the same name. That same year, he was granted membership in the Association for Contemporary Music (ACM).

Mosolov in 1927

Despite forays into composition, Mosolov's primary emphasis at this time was with performance, as he was an accomplished pianist. After the performance of his First String Quartet at the Frankfurt Festival of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) on 30 June 1927 was met with critical acclaim, Mosolov shifted his focus to composition.[6] He was appointed secretary of the Russian section of the ISCM in 1927 and 1928. In 1928 and 1929, Mosolov was commissioned by the Bolshoi Theater to compose a futurist imagination of what Moscow would be like in 2117 for a speculative ballet called The Four Moscows. Leonid Polovinkin, Anatoly Alexandrov, and Dmitri Shostakovich were also involved, each to compose Moscow in 1568, 1818, and 1918 respectively, but nothing ever came of the project.[6]

After the onset of socialist realism as the official aesthetic of the Soviet Union in 1932, Mosolov traveled to Central Asia, where he researched and collected samples of Turkmen, Tajik, Armenian, and Kyrgyz songs. Mosolov became the first composer to create a symphonic suite on a Turkmen folk song.[7] His settings of folk songs were met with criticism from Soviet arbiters. Rather than simply set the melodies in an orchestral setting, Mosolov used dense textures and polytonality that disregarded the style of socialist realism.[8] In 1932 and in desperation, he wrote a letter to Joseph Stalin pleading for Stalin's influence.[9][10] In his letter, Mosolov wrote, "Since 1926, I am an object of permanent badgering. Now, this has become insufferable. I must compose, and my works must be performed! I must test my works against the masses; if I come to grief, I'll know where I must go." He went further to ask for Stalin to "influence the proletarian musicians and their myrmidons, who have badgered me during the whole last year, and to allow me to work in the USSR" or "authorize my departure abroad, where I, with my music, could be more useful for the USSR than here, where I am harassed and badgered, where I'm not allowed to display my forces, to test myself."[11][12][n 2]

On February 4, 1936, Mosolov was expelled from the Composers' Union for treating waiters poorly and taking part in a drunken brawl in Press House, a local restaurant.[13] After this, Mosolov traveled voluntarily to the Turkmen and Uzbek republics to collect folk songs as a form of rehabilitation. His attempts were unsuccessful, and he was arrested on November 4, 1937 for alleged counter-revolutionary activities under Article 58, Paragraph 10 of the Soviet criminal code and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag.[9][14] He served in the prison from December 23, 1937 until August 25, 1938. Glière and Myaskovsky had sent a letter to Mikhail Kalinin, the chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, arguing for Mosolov's release citing his turn towards realism, his "outstanding creative ability," and the fact that neither teacher had seen in Mosolov any anti-Soviet disposition. On July 15, 1938, Mosolov's sentence was commuted to a five-year exile—he could not live in Moscow, Leningrad, or Kiev until 1942.[15] His quick release, having only served eight months of his eight-year sentence, was possible because he had been imprisoned not on political charges but on an overblown accusation of "hooliganism" brought by Mosolov's enemies in the Composers' Union.[16]

When World War II broke out, Mosolov composed Signal, an opera which dealt with the war. However, the compositions of Mosolov's later life were so uncharacteristic of his earlier style that one scholar noted that it was "impossible to discern the former avant-gardist in the works written from the late thirties onward".[17] Mosolov lived in Moscow and continued to compose until his death in 1973.

Musical style[edit]

Mosolov's earliest music implies that Mosolov was influenced by German romanticism,[15] but this influence waned as he began studying under Myaskovsky and Glière. In an early piece, "Four Songs," Op. 1, Mosolov explored the use of ostinato. Widespread use of ostinato became the defining signature of Mosolov's music:[18] Iron Foundry is built of many ostinati working in tandem to create the sound of a factory, it is used in the Second and Fifth Piano Sonatas, etc.

Dissonance "in the extreme"[19] and chromaticism are also Mosolov's signatures, though he stops short of the structured twelve-tone technique of Schoenberg. Instead of tone rows, Mosolov uses thickly-clustered, heavily chromatic chords to make his point. Folk music also saw use by Mosolov. As the first composer of a symphonic suite on a Turkmen folk song, Mosolov adopted the use of folk music before it was mandated under Socialist realism. His Second Piano Sonata incorporated Kyrgyz melodies, and his "Three Children's Scenes" utilized a city street song. However, instead of carefully setting the music for orchestra, Mosolov handled the music "like thematic grist for his compositional mill."[18] This use of folk tunes continued after his Stalinist "rehabilitation." However, Mosolov's early works were marked by dense textures and polytonality that was lost after his expulsion and persecution.

For a complete list, see List of compositions by Alexander Mosolov.

Among Mosolov's more notable pieces are his Four Newspaper Advertisements and Three Children's Scenes, written in 1926. In Four Newspaper Advertisements, Mosolov set four brief announcements in the newspaper Izvestiya to music. The topics of the four short pieces range from a lost dog to the announcement of a name change.[20] In contrast, the text to Three Children's Scenes was written by Mosolov himself, and is much darker. The first, called "Mama, give me a needle, please!" is a short song in which the protagonist tortures a cat; the singer even mimics the screams of the cat, and the song ends with a sung shout of "A wicked creature!"[12]

Mosolov's most famous composition, Iron Foundry, was originally the final movement of a ballet suite titled, Steel. The work premiered in Moscow on December 4, 1927, in a concert held by the ACM to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the Revolution. Its Western debut was at the ISCM festival in Liège on September 6, 1930, and it came to America two months later when the Cleveland Symphony Orchestra held a performance.[21] Although it was originally praised as "a mighty hymn to machine work" and as a piece that glorified industrialization and "the worker", as the years passed the piece began to receive criticism from increasingly conservative Soviet authorities. Some critics argued that the workers, ironically enough, didn't enjoy such music,[22] while others argued that the workers, "for whom machine oil is mother's milk," were roused and inspired by music of their time.[23] One critic found in the music "no organized will to victory, in fact very little besides the petty-bourgeois anarchy", while conceding that it was "striving to find an individual idiom";[24] another called it a "grossly formalistic perversion of a contemporary topic".[25] Today, only Iron Foundry remains from Steel: the manuscripts were lost in 1929, the same year that Mosolov came under increased fire from Soviet authorities.

  1. ^ Mosolov's name is transliterated variously and inconsistently between sources. Alternative spellings of Alexander include Alexandr, Aleksandr, Aleksander, and Alexandre; variations on Mosolov include Mossolov and Mossolow (as in German).
  2. ^ "Я терплю травлю с 1926 года. Сейчас я больше ждать не хочу. Я должен сочинять и исполняться! Я должен проверять свои сочинения на массе; пусть это будут провалы, но я увижу, куда мне идти и как мне перестраиваться."
    (Since 1926, I am an object of permanent badgering. Now, this has become insufferable. I must compose, and my works must be performed! I must test my works against the masses; if I come to grief, I'll know where I must go.)
    "1. Либо воздействовать на ВАПМ и подвапмовцев в смысле прекращения моей травли, тянущейся уже целый год, и дать мне возможность работать в СССР. 2. Либо дать мне возможность уехать за границу, где я своей музыкой принесу гораздо больше пользы СССР. Чем здесь у нас, где меня гонят, травят, не дают возможность выявлять свои силы и проверять себя."
    (Either influence the proletarian musicians and their myrmidons, who have badgered me during the whole last year, and to allow me to work in the USSR or authorize my departure abroad, where I, with my music, could be more useful for the USSR than here, where I am harassed and badgered, where I'm not allowed to display my forces, to test myself.)

  1. ^ Rimsky, "Biograficheskiy ocherk," p. 9.
  2. ^ Henck, "Piano works," n.p.
  3. ^ a b Sitsky, "Man of Steel," p. 60.
  4. ^ Rimsky, "Biograficheskiy ocherk," p. 10.
  5. ^ Ewen, "Alexander Mossolov, 1900–," p. 178.
  6. ^ a b Sitsky, "Man of Steel," p. 62.
  7. ^ Edmunds, "Ambiguous Origins," n.p.
  8. ^ Sitsky, "Man of Steel," p. 63.
  9. ^ a b Hakobian, Music of the Soviet Age, p. 55n
  10. ^ Yakub, "Interview with Edisson Denisov."
  11. ^ Mosolov to Stalin, n.p.
  12. ^ a b Kadlets, album notes, n.p.
  13. ^ Mikkonen, State Composers, p. 253.
  14. ^ Brooke, "Soviet Musicians," p. 409.
  15. ^ a b Sitsky, "Man of Steel," p. 64.
  16. ^ Taruskin, Defining Russia Musically, p. 92n19.
  17. ^ Frolova-Walker, "National in Form," p. 336n8.
  18. ^ a b Sitsky, "Man of Steel," p. 69.
  19. ^ Lewis, "Alexander Vasil'yevich Mosolov," p. 882.
  20. ^ Hakobian, Music of the Soviet Age, p. 51.
  21. ^ O'Connell, "Alexander Mossolov," p. 337.
  22. ^ Roberts, "Aleksandr Vasil'yevich Mosolov," p. 315.
  23. ^ Leningrad Association of Contemporary Music, October and the New Music (1927). Quoted in Slonimsky, "Soviet Music and Musicians", p. 3.
  24. ^ Ewen, "Alexander Mossolov, 1900–," n.p.
  25. ^ Schwarz, "Opera, Ballet and Orchestral Music" n.p.

  • Brooke, Caroline (2002). Clarke, Roger, ed. "Soviet Musicians and the Great Terror". Europe-Asia Studies. 54 (3: May): 397–413. doi:10.1080/09668130220129533. ISSN 0966-8136. JSTOR 826483. OCLC 483537911.
  • Edmunds, Neil (2004). "The Ambiguous Origins of Socialist Realism and Musical Life in the Soviet Union". In Mikuláš Bek, Geoffrey Chew and Petr Macek. Socialist Realism and Music. Colloquia Musicologica Brunensia. Prague: KLP. pp. 115–130. ISBN 80-86791-18-1. OCLC 442697779.
  • Ewen, David (1934). "Alexander Mossolov, 1900–". Composers of Today: A Comprehensive Biographical and Critical Guide to Modern Composers of All Nations. New York: H. W. Wilson Company. pp. 178–179. OCLC 2385387.
  • Frolova-Walker, Marina (1998). Higgins, Paula, ed. "'National in Form, Socialist in Content': Musical Nation-Building in the Soviet Republics". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 51 (2): 331–371. doi:10.1525/jams.1998.51.2.03a00040. ISSN 0003-0139. JSTOR 831980. OCLC 477569929.
  • Hakobian, Levon (1998). Music of the Soviet Age: 1917–1987. Stockholm: Melos Music Literature. ISBN 978-91-972133-4-9. OCLC 2385387.
  • Henck, Herbert (1996). "Piano works by Alexandr Mosolov". Alexandr Mosolov (booklet). Michael Robinson (trans.). Frankfurt am Main, Germany: ECM Records. 1569.
  • Kadlets, Muza (1996). Mosolov: String Quartet No. 2, Violin Concerto, Other Works (booklet). Moscow Contemporary Music Ensemble. Japan: Triton. DMCC-26006 and 17004.
  • Leningrad Association of Contemporary Music, October and the New Music (1927). Quoted in Slonimsky, Nicolas (December 1944). "Soviet Music and Musicians". Slavonic and East European Review. 22 (4): 1–18. ISSN 0037-6795. JSTOR 3020186. OCLC 479303053.
  • Lewis, Dave; Tyranny, Gene (2005). "Alexander Vasil'yevich Mosolov". In Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen; Woodstra, Chris. All Music Guide to Classical Music. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. pp. 881–882. ISBN 978-0-87930-865-0. OCLC 456002195.
  • Mikkonen, Simo (2007). State Composers and the Red Courtiers: Music, Ideology, and Politics in the Soviet 1930s (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Jyväskylä. ISBN 978-951-39-3015-8. OCLC 231196953.
  • Mosolov, Alexander (2004). "Alexander Mosolov to Joseph Stalin, May 1932". In Russkiy avangard i tvorchestvo Aleksandra Mosolova 1920–1930-kh godov, by Igor Vorobev.[page needed] St. Petersburg: Kompozitor.
  • O'Connell, Charles (1941). "Alexander Mossolov". The Victor Book of the Symphony. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 337. OCLC 563596721.
  • Rimsky, L. (1986). "A. V. Mosolov: biograficheskiy ocherk" [A. V. Mosolov: Biographical Sketch]. A. V. Mosolov: Stati i vospominaniya [A. V. Mosolov: Articles and Reminiscences] (in Russian). comp. N. K. Meshko. Moscow: Sovetskii Kompozitor. pp. 8–43. OCLC 230838593.
  • Roberts, Peter Deane (2002). "Aleksandr Vasil'yevich Mosolov (1900–1973)". In Sitsky, Larry. Music of the Twentieth-Century Avant-Garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 314–319. ISBN 978-0-313-29689-5. OCLC 49226425.
  • Schwarz, Boris (1983). "Opera, Ballet and Orchestral Music of the 1920s". Music and Musical Life in Soviet Russia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 61–87. ISBN 0-253-33956-1. OCLC 8826499.
  • Sitsky, Larry (1994). "Aleksandr V. Mosolov: The Man of Steel". Music of the Repressed Russian Avant-Garde, 1900–1929. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 60–87. ISBN 978-0-313-26709-3. OCLC 28962473.
  • Taruskin, Richard (2001). Defining Russia Musically: Historical and Hermeneutical Essays. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07065-0. OCLC 51313436.
  • Vorobev, Igor (2006). Russkiy avangard i tvorchestvo Aleksandra Mosolova 1920–1930-kh godov [Russian avant-garde and the creativity of Alexander Mosolov in the 1920s-1930s]. St. Petersburg: Kompozitor. ISBN 978-5-7379-0310-7. OCLC 165065749.
  • Yakub, Roman (2001). "Interview with Edisson Denisov". Ex Tempore. Retrieved April 28, 2010.

External links[edit]


text:
Birds Without Wings

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Birds Without Wings (novel))
Jump to: navigation, search
For the song by David Gray, see Birds Without Wings (song).
Birds Without Wings
First edition
Author Louis de Bernières
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Genre Historical, Romance, War
Publisher Secker and Warburg
Publication date
Media type Print
ISBN 1400079322

Birds Without Wings is a novel by Louis de Bernières, written in 2004. Narrated by various characters, it tells the tragic love story of Philothei and Ibrahim. It also chronicles the rise of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the 'Father of the Turkish Nation'. The overarching theme of the story covers the impact of religious intolerance, over-zealous nationalism, and the war that often results. The characters are unwittingly caught up in historical tides outside of their control.

The book's title is taken from a saying by one of the characters, Iskander the Potter, "Man is a bird without wings, and a bird is a man without sorrows." The book includes a vivid and detailed description of the horrors of life in the trenches during World War I. Some of the characters are also present in the author's earlier novel Captain Corelli's Mandolin.

Plot summary[edit]

The story is set in Eskibahçe, a small fictional village in southwestern coastal Anatolia during the 1900s, spanning World War I and the era of Turkish nationalism. The Battle of Gallipoli takes place halfway through the novel.

  • Philothei — Most beautiful girl of Eskibahçe
  • Ibrahim the Goatherd — Philothei's long standing admirer and betrothed, who becomes crazy upon his return from the war
  • Abdulhamid Hodja — The local imam.
  • Ayse — Abdulhamid Hodja's wife.
  • Charitos — Father of Philothei and Mehmetçik.
  • Drosoula — Philothei's best friend. Married to Gerasimos the fisherman.
  • Iskander the Potter — Father of Karatavuk and maker of proverbs.
  • Karatavuk (Turkish for 'Blackbird') — His real name is Abdul. He is also the youngest son of Iskander the Potter. He fights for the Ottoman Empire in World War I and against the Greeks during the subsequent invasion of Anatolia. After returning home, he loses his right arm when his father (unknowingly) shoots him. As a result, he cannot carry on his father's vocation as potter, and so becomes Karatavuk the Letter-Writer, acting as town scribe.
  • Leyla — Rustem Bey's Circassian mistress, who is in fact Greek.
  • Mehmetçik (Turkish for 'Red Robin') — Philothei's younger brother and Karatavuk's best friend. His real name is Nicos.
  • Mustafa Kemal — Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
  • Polyxeni — Mother of Philothei and Mehmetçik. Wife of Charitos. Good friends with Ayse.
  • Rustem Bey — the town's wealthy agha.

Further information[edit]

The book was shortlisted for the 2004 Whitbread Novel Award and the 2005 Commonwealth Writers Prize (Eurasia Region, Best Book).

Main article: Kayaköy
Kayaköyü, the fictional Eskibahçe

Although fiction, the setting of Eskibahçe is based upon Kayaköy (Greek: Levissi Λεβισσι) village near Fethiye (coordinates: 36.574128, 29.088058), the ruins of which still exist today. Once a thriving Greek village, this town of over one thousand houses, two churches, fourteen chapels, and two schools, was completely deserted in 1923 when the Greek inhabitants living there, along with a vast number of Greeks living throughout Turkey were deported to Greece through a massive government mandated population exchange between the two countries following the Turkish war of independence. Historically, Turks and Greeks had lived together in this region for centuries, the Turks as farmers in the Kaya valley and the Greeks living on the hillside dealing in crafts and trades. A Greek presence in this region goes back for centuries. Since then, the village of Kayakoy, as it is called in Turkish, or Karmylassos, as it was called in Greek, which had been continually inhabited since at least the 13th century, has stood empty and crumbling, with only the breeze from the mountains and mist from the sea blowing through its empty houses and streets. Attempts by the Turkish government to get Turks deported from Greece to inhabit the village failed, and eventually, in the 1950s, the roofs of all the houses were removed.


text:
Cardigan (sweater)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cardigan in fashion photo from 1947.
A woman wearing a cardigan

A cardigan is a type of knitted garment that has an open front. Commonly cardigans have buttons: a garment that is tied is instead considered a robe. A more modern version of the garment has no buttons and hangs open by design. By contrast, a pullover does not open in front but must be "pulled over" the head to be worn. It may be machine- or hand-knitted.

The cardigan was named after James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan, a British Army Major General who led the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. It is modelled after the knitted wool waistcoat that British officers supposedly wore during the war. The legend of the event and the fame that Lord Cardigan achieved after the war led to the rise of the garment's popularity.[1][2] The term originally referred only to a knitted sleeveless vest, but expanded to other types of garment over time. Coco Chanel is credited with popularizing cardigans for women because "she hated how tight-necked men’s sweaters messed up her hair when she pulled them over her head."[3] The sweater is mostly associated with the college culture of the Roaring Twenties and early 1930s, being also popular throughout the 1950s, the 1970s and the 1990s. Cardigans have also regained popularity during the present decade.

Plain cardigans are often worn over shirts and inside suit jackets as a less formal version of the waistcoat or vest that restrains the necktie when the jacket has been removed. Its versatility means it can be worn in casual or formal settings and in any season, but it is most popular during cool weather.

Monochromatic cardigans, in sleeved or vest form, may be viewed as a conservative fashion staple. As an item of formal clothing for any gender, it is worn over a button-down dress shirt. A less formal style is a T-shirt underneath.

In popular culture[edit]

  • Singer Perry Como wore cardigans on his TV musical-variety show, The Perry Como Show, which ran from 1955-59 on the NBC-TV network. The sweaters complemented his easy-going style of singing, and became a trademark.[4][5][6]
  • Fred Rogers, star of the long-running children's television program Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1963-2001), would, at the beginning of each episode, come in through the front door, remove his jacket and hang it up in a closet, take out a cardigan and put it on. The sweater became a trademark for him as well.
  • Paul Michael Glaser often wore a cardigan sweater as "David Michael Starsky", one half of Starsky & Hutch in the 1975-79 TV series.
  • Kurt Cobain, the singer, guitar player, and primary song writer for the grunge rock band Nirvana, was known to wear vintage "grandpa style" cardigans. The cardigan he wore during MTV's 1993 Nirvana Unplugged concert sold at auction in Los Angeles for $137,500 in November, 2015. The sweater was reported to have a burn hole, a button missing, and discoloration around the pockets.[7][8]
  • Grandpa's Cardigan is a 1993 children's book by Joy Watson.[9]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ The Cardigan Sweater website, accessed 10 March 2010
  2. ^ David, Saul (1997) The Homicidal Earl: The Life of Lord Cardigan. London: Little, Brown. pp. 431-436. ISBN 0316641650
  3. ^ Geller, Allison (24 June 2016). "The Military Origins of the Cardigan". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  4. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F., eds. (1987), The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, Ballantine Books, pp. 1071–1072, ISBN 0-345-49773-2, retrieved 14 April 2010
  5. ^ Denisova, Maria. "Como, Perry". Pennsylvania Center for the Book, Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  6. ^ Philbin, Regis (October 18, 1991). "DVD: The Best of Perry Como: Volume One (review)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  7. ^ Grossman, Samantha (November 5, 2015) "Kurt Cobain';s Unplugged Sweater Sells for $137,500" Time
  8. ^ Garcia, Patricia (November 9, 2015) "Kurt Cobain’s MTV Unplugged Cardigan Sold for $137,500" Vogue
  9. ^ Watson, Joy - bookcouncil

External links[edit]


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The term conjunto (Spanish pronunciation: [koŋˈxunto], literally group, ensemble) refers to several types of small musical ensembles present in different Latin American musical traditions, mainly in Mexico and Cuba. While Mexican conjuntos play styles such as norteño and tejano, Cuban conjuntos specialize in the son, as well as its derivations such as salsa.

Mexican conjunto[edit]

Mexican conjunto music, also known as conjunto tejano, was born in south Texas at the end of the 19th century, after German settlers introduced the button accordion. The bajo sexto has come to accompany the button accordion and is integral to the conjunto sound. Many conjuntos are concentrated in the Southwestern portion of the United States, primarily in Texas and California. In Mexico the term conjunto is associated with norteño and tejano music. Since tejano was bred out of norteño music originally this association is not entirely false. However, due to various cultural and socioeconomic developments in the 1900s, norteño musicians began trailblazing the tejano genre as a tangent to conjunto.[1]

In the United States and Mexico, a conjunto band is composed of four main instruments: the button accordion, the bajo sexto, an electric bass, and a drum kit. They are popular in northern Mexico and southern Texas. German and East European settlers brought their accordions, waltzes and polkas to the region, which were adapted by the local population.[2] Texas accordion player Flaco Jiménez is probably the best-known conjunto musician in the United States, with a career spanning sixty years and earning him six Grammy awards. Chulas Fronteras is a documentary film from the 1970s which illustrates how the music meshed into the lives of families in south Texas and northern Mexico.

Other types of Mexican conjunto[edit]

A conjunto jarocho is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of requinto, arpa jarocha, jarana and leona, but can also have violin, pandero octagonal, quijada, marimbol or güiro. Its repertory covers sones jarochos in 3/4, 6/8 and 4/4.

A conjunto huasteco is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of guitarra huapanguera, jarana huasteca and violin, but can also have other violins and guitars. Its repertory covers sones huastecos in 3/4 and 6/8, and rancheras.

Arpa grande[edit]

A conjunto de arpa grande is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of diatonic harp, Mexican vihuela, guitar and two violins. Its repertory covers planeco music: sones planecos in 3/4 and 6/8, and rancheras.

A conjunto calentano is a type of Mexican folk ensemble. Often it consists of violin, guitar and tamborita, but can also have other violin, guitarra panzona, guitarra sexta and harp. Its repertory covers calentano music: sones calentanos and gustos, and other musical forms as indias, malagueñas, peteneras, valses, polkas, pasos dobles, chilenas, minuets, corridos, cantos de arrullo o de cuna, música para entierros de personas mayores y para angelitos.

Cuban conjunto[edit]

Conjunto de Arsenio Rodríguez ca. 1949.

Cuban conjunto music was developed in the 1940s by famous tres player Arsenio Rodríguez by adding several instruments (a double bass, a bongó, a tumbadora, two to four trumpets and a guitar) to the typical son cubano ensemble. Even though the origins of the conjunto cubano can be traced to several sextetos and septetos of the 1920s, it wasn't until the 1940s when Arsenio Rodríguez expanded the Sexteto Bellamar that the conjunto was established. However, some authors argue that the Conjunto Kubavana, conducted by Alberto Ruiz, was the very first Cuban conjunto, founded around 1937.[3] The conjunto contrasted with ballroom orchestras, the charangas, orquestas and danzoneras that were made popular by bandleaders such as Antonio Arcaño.[2]

Conjunto music was crucial in the early development of salsa. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Puerto Rican music scene in New York City revolved around charangas such as Charlie Palmieri's Duboney Orchestra. Their music was largely based on Cuban styles such as mambo, chachachá and, most importantly, pachanga. Key charanga flautist, bandleader and entrepreneur Johnny Pacheco switched from the charanga configuration to the conjunto in 1964. However, the first New York-based conjunto was Eddie Palmieri's "La Perfecta", which had its debut in 1962. These conjuntos would be crucial in the early development of the most successful Latin American music genre to date, salsa. Notably, the introduction of Puerto Rican music styles such as bomba and plena within the conjunto and Cuban music in general resulted in what is known today as salsa.[2]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Ragland, Cathy (2009). Música Norteña: Mexican Migrants Creating a Nation between Nations. Philadelphia: Temple Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-746-6.
  2. ^ a b c Torres, George. Encyclopedia of Latin American Popular Music. 2013.
  3. ^ Ordoqui García, Joaquín. "Conjunto Kubavana: Primer Conjunto Sonero de Cuba". Herencia Latina.

Further reading[edit]

  • Juan Guillermo Contreras Arias (INAH) (1988). Atlas Cultural de México: Música. México: Grupo Editorial Planeta. ISBN 968-406-121-8.

External links[edit]


text:
Daniel Patrick Moynihan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the United States Senator from New York. For the U.S. Representative from Illinois, see P. H. Moynihan.
Pat Moynihan
Chairperson of the Senate Finance Committee
In office
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by Lloyd Bentsen
Succeeded by Bob Packwood
Chairperson of the Senate Environment Committee
In office
September 8, 1992 – January 3, 1993
Preceded by Quentin Burdick
Succeeded by Max Baucus
United States Senator
from New York
In office
January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2001
Preceded by James Buckley
Succeeded by Hillary Clinton
12th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
June 30, 1975 – February 2, 1976
President Gerald Ford
Preceded by John Scali
Succeeded by Bill Scranton
10th United States Ambassador to India
In office
February 28, 1973 – January 7, 1975
President Richard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded by Kenneth Keating
Succeeded by Bill Saxbe
Counselor to the President
In office
August 1969 – December 27, 1970
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Arthur Burns
Succeeded by Donald Rumsfeld
White House Urban Affairs Advisor
In office
January 23, 1969 – November 4, 1969
President Richard Nixon
Preceded by Position established
Succeeded by John Ehrlichman (Domestic Affairs)
Personal details
Born (1927-03-16)March 16, 1927
Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
Died March 26, 2003(2003-03-26) (aged 76)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Liz Brennan
Alma mater City University of New York, City College
Tufts University
London School of Economics
Syracuse University
Religion Roman Catholicism[1][2][3][4][5]
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch  United States Navy
Years of service 1944–1947

Daniel Patrick "Pat" Moynihan (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was an American politician and sociologist. A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to the United States Senate for New York in 1976, and was re-elected three times (in 1982, 1988, and 1994). He declined to run for re-election in 2000. Prior to his years in the Senate, Moynihan was the United States' Ambassador to the United Nations and to India, and was a member of four successive presidential administrations, beginning with the administration of John F. Kennedy, and continuing through that of Gerald Ford.

Early life and education[edit]

Moynihan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of Margaret Ann (née Phipps), a homemaker, and John Henry Moynihan, a reporter for a daily newspaper in Tulsa.[6][7] He moved at the age of six with his family to New York City. Brought up in a poor neighborhood, he shined shoes, attended various public, private, and parochial schools, and ultimately graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School in East Harlem. He was a parishioner of St. Raphael's Church, Hell's Kitchen, and also cast his first vote in that church.[8] He and his brother, Michael Willard Moynihan, spent most of their childhood summers at their grandfather's farm in Bluffton, Indiana. After high school, Moynihan worked as a longshoreman before entering City College of New York (CCNY), which at that time provided free higher education to city residents.

After a year at CCNY, Moynihan joined the United States Navy. He was accepted for V-12 officer training at Tufts University, where he graduated with a B.A. He was on active duty from 1944 to 1947, last serving as gunnery officer of the USS Quirinus. After leaving the Navy, he returned to Tufts where he earned an M.A. from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Moynihan then studied as a Fulbright fellow at the London School of Economics. He earned his PhD in international relations from Syracuse University in 1961[9]

Political career[edit]

Moynihan's political career started in the 1950s when he served as a member of New York governor Averell Harriman's staff, a stint which ended following Harriman's loss to Nelson Rockefeller in the 1958 general election. Two years later, Moynihan was a delegate to the 1960 Democratic National Convention as part of John F. Kennedy's delegate pool.

Assistant Secretary of Labor; controversy over the War on Poverty[edit]

Moynihan was an Assistant Secretary of Labor for policy in the Kennedy Administration and in the early part of the Lyndon Johnson Administration. In that capacity, he did not have operational responsibilities, allowing him to devote all of his time to trying to formulate national policy for what would become the War on Poverty. He had a small staff including Paul Barton, Ellen Broderick, and Ralph Nader.

They took inspiration from the book Slavery written by Stanley Elkins. Elkins essentially contended that slavery had made black Americans dependent on the dominant society, and that that dependence still existed a century later. This supported the concept that government must go beyond simply ensuring that members of minority groups have the same rights as the majority but must also "act affirmatively" in order to counter the problem.

Moynihan's research of Labor Department data demonstrated that even as fewer people were unemployed, more people were joining the welfare rolls. These recipients were families with children but only one parent (almost invariably the mother). The laws at that time permitted such families to receive welfare payments in certain parts of the United States.

Moynihan issued his research under the title The Negro Family: The Case For National Action, now commonly known as The Moynihan Report. Moynihan's report[10] fueled a debate over the proper course for government to take with regard to the economic underclass, especially blacks. Critics on the left attacked it as "blaming the victim",[11] a slogan coined by psychologist William Ryan.[12] Some suggested that Moynihan was propagating the views of racists[13] because much of the press coverage of the report focused on the discussion of children being born out of wedlock. Despite Moynihan's warnings, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program included rules for payments only if the "Man [was] out of the house."[citation needed] Critics said that the nation was paying poor women to throw their husbands out of the house. Moynihan supported Richard Nixon's idea of a Guaranteed Annual Income (GAI). Daniel Patrick Moynihan had significant discussions concerning a Basic Income Guarantee with Russell B. Long and Louis O. Kelso.

After the 1994 Republican sweep of Congress, Moynihan agreed that correction was needed for a welfare system that possibly encouraged women to raise their children without fathers: "The Republicans are saying we have a helluva problem, and we do."[14]

Local New York City politics and academic career[edit]

By the 1964 election, Moynihan was politically supporting Robert F. Kennedy. For this reason he was not favored by then-President Johnson, and he left the Johnson Administration in 1965. He ran for office in the Democratic Party primary for the presidency of the New York City Council, a position now known as the New York City Public Advocate. However, he was defeated by Queens District Attorney Frank D. O'Connor. He then became Director of the Harvard–MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies. With turmoil and riots in the United States, Moynihan, "a national board member of ADA incensed at the radicalism of the current anti-war and Black Power movements", decided to "call for a formal alliance between liberals and conservatives,"[15] and wrote that the next administration would have to be able to unite the nation again.

Nixon Administration[edit]

Connecting with President-elect Richard Nixon in 1968, Moynihan joined Nixon's White House Staff as Counselor to the President for Urban Affairs. He was very influential at that time, and was one of the few people in Nixon's inner circle who had done academic research related to social policies.

In 1969, on Nixon's initiative, NATO tried to establish a third civil column, establishing a hub of research and initiatives in the civil area, dealing as well with environmental topics.[16] Moynihan[16] named Acid Rain and the Greenhouse effect as suitable international challenges to be dealt by NATO. NATO was chosen, since the organization had suitable expertise in the field, as well as experience with international research coordination. The German government was skeptical and saw the initiative as an attempt by the US to regain international terrain after the lost Vietnam War. The topics gained momentum in civil conferences and institutions.[16]

In 1970, Moynihan wrote a memo to President Nixon saying, "The time may have come when the issue of race could benefit from a period of 'benign neglect'. The subject has been too much talked about. The forum has been too much taken over to hysterics, paranoids, and boodlers on all sides. We need a period in which Negro progress continues and racial rhetoric fades."[17] Moynihan regretted that critics misinterpreted his memo as advocating that the government should neglect minorities.[18]

US Ambassador[edit]

Nixon appointed Moynihan as United States Ambassador to India, where he served from 1973 to 1975. The relationship between the two countries was at a low point. Ambassador Moynihan was alarmed that two great democracies were cast as antagonists, and set out to fix things. He proposed that part of the burdensome debt be written off, part used to pay for US embassy expenses in India, and the remaining converted into Indian rupees to fund an Indo-US cultural and educational exchange program that lasted for a quarter century. On February 18, 1974, he presented to the Government of India a check for 16,640,000,000 rupees, which is equivalent to $2,046,700,000, which was the greatest amount paid by a single check in the history of banking.[19] The "Rupee Deal" is logged in the Guinness Book of World Records for the world's largest check, written by Ambassador Moynihan to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[20]

President Gerald Ford appointed him as the United States Ambassador to United Nations (UN), a position he would hold from June 1975 until February 1976, including a rotation as President of the United Nations Security Council. As ambassador, Moynihan took a hardline anti-communist stance, in line with the agenda of the White House at the time. He was also a strong supporter of Israel,[21] condemning UN Resolution 3379, which declared Zionism to be a form of racism.[22] In response, Permanent PLO Observer to the UN Zehdi Terzi threatened his life.[23] But the American public responded enthusiastically to his moral outrage over the resolution; his condemnation of the "Zionism is Racism" Resolution brought him celebrity status and helped him win a US Senate seat a year later.[24] In his book, Moynihan's Moment, Gil Troy posits that Moynihan's 1975 UN speech opposing the "Zionism is Racism" Resolution was the key moment of his political career.[25]

Perhaps the most controversial action of Moynihan's career was his response, as Ambassador to the UN, to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. Gerald Ford considered Indonesia, then under a military dictatorship, a key ally against Communism, which was influential in East Timor. Moynihan ensured that the UN Security Council took no action against the larger nation's annexation of a small country. The Indonesian invasion caused the deaths of 100,000–200,000 Timorese through violence, illness, and hunger.[26][27] In his memoir, Moynihan wrote:

The United States wished things to turn out as they did, and worked to bring this about. The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success.[28]

Later, he said he had defended a "shameless" Cold War policy toward East Timor.[29]

Moynihan's thinking began to change during his tenure at the UN. In his 1993 book on nationalism, Pandaemonium, he wrote that as time progressed, he began to view the Soviet Union in less ideological terms. He regarded it less as an expansionist, imperialist Marxist state, and more as a weak realist state in decline. He believed it was most motivated by self-preservation. This view would influence his thinking in subsequent years, when he became an outspoken proponent of the then-unpopular view that the Soviet Union was a failed state headed for implosion.

Nevertheless, Moynihan's tenure at the UN marked the beginnings of a more confrontational American foreign policy that turned away from Henry Kissinger's détente-driven approach.[30] In Pandaemonium, Moynihan described himself in his UN capacity as "something of an embarrassment to my own government, and fairly soon left before I was fired".

Career in the Senate[edit]

In 1976, Moynihan was elected to the U.S. Senate from the State of New York, defeating U.S. Representative Bella Abzug, Ramsey Clark, Paul O'Dwyer and Abraham Hirschfeld in the Democratic primary, and Conservative Party incumbent James L. Buckley in the general election. Shortly after election, Moynihan analyzed the State of New York's budget to determine whether it was paying out more in federal taxes than it received in spending. Finding that it was, he produced a yearly report known as the Fisc (from the French[31]). Moynihan's strong support for Israel while UN Ambassador inspired support for him among the state's large Jewish population.[32]

Moynihan's strong advocacy for New York's interests in the Senate, buttressed by the Fisc reports and recalling his strong advocacy for US positions in the UN, did at least on one occasion allow his advocacy to escalate into a physical attack. Senator Kit Bond, nearing retirement in 2010, recalled with some embarrassment in a conversation on civility in political discourse that Moynihan had once "slugged [Bond] on the Senate floor after Bond denounced an earmark Moynihan had slipped into a highway appropriations bill. Some months later Moynihan apologized, and the two occasionally would relax in Moynihan’s office after a long day to discuss their shared interest in urban renewal over a glass of port."[33]

Moynihan continued to be interested in foreign policy as a Senator, sitting on the Select Committee on Intelligence. His strongly anti-Soviet views became far more moderate, as he emerged as a critic of the Ronald Reagan Administration's hawkish Cold War policies, such as support for the Contras in Nicaragua. Moynihan argued there was no active Soviet-backed conspiracy in Latin America, or anywhere. He suggested the U.S.S.R. was suffering from massive internal problems, such as rising ethnic nationalism and a collapsing economy. In a December 21, 1986, editorial in the New York Times, Moynihan predicted the replacement on the world stage of Communist expansion with ethnic conflicts. He criticized the Reagan Administration's "consuming obsession with the expansion of Communism – which is not in fact going on." In a September 8, 1990, letter to Erwin Griswold, Moynihan wrote: "I have one purpose left in life; or at least in the Senate. It is to try to sort out what would be involved in reconstituting the American government in the aftermath of the cold war. Huge changes took place, some of which we hardly notice.”[34] In 1981 he and fellow Irish-American politicians Senator Ted Kennedy and Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill co-founded the Friends of Ireland, an bi-partisan organization of Senators and Representatives who opposed the ongoing sectarian violence and aimed to promote peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland.

Moynihan introduced Section 1706 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which cost certain professionals (like computer programmers, engineers, draftspersons, and designers) who depended on intermediary agencies (consulting firms) a self-employed tax status option, but other professionals (like accountants and lawyers) continued to enjoy Section 530 exemptions from payroll taxes. This change in the tax code was expected to offset the tax revenue losses of other legislation that Moynihan proposed to change the law of foreign taxes of Americans working abroad.[35] Joseph Stack, who flew his airplane into a building housing IRS offices on February 18, 2010, posted a suicide note that, among many factors, mentioned the Section 1706 change to the Internal Revenue Code.[36][37]

In the mid-1990s, Moynihan was one of the Democrats to support the ban on the procedure known as partial-birth abortion. He said of the procedure: "I think this is just too close to infanticide. A child has been born and it has exited the uterus. What on Earth is this procedure?" Earlier in his career in the Senate, Moynihan had expressed his annoyance with the adamantly pro-choice interest groups petitioning him and others on the issue. He challenged them saying, "you women are ruining the Democratic Party with your insistence on abortion."[38][39]

Moynihan broke with orthodox liberal positions of his party on numerous occasions. As chairman of the Senate Finance Committee in the 1990s, he strongly opposed President Bill Clinton's proposal to expand health care coverage to all Americans. Seeking to focus the debate over health insurance on the financing of health care, Moynihan garnered controversy by stating that "there is no health care crisis in this country."

He voted against the death penalty; the flag desecration amendment;[40] the balanced budget amendment, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act; the Defense of Marriage Act; the Communications Decency Act; and the North American Free Trade Agreement. He was critical of proposals to replace the progressive income tax with a flat tax. Moynihan surprised many in 1991 when he voted against authorization of the Gulf War. Despite his earlier writings on the negative effects of the welfare state, he surprised many people again by voting against welfare reform in 1996. He was sharply critical of the bill and certain Democrats who crossed party lines to support it.

Public speaker[edit]

Moynihan was a popular public speaker with a distinctly patrician style. He had some peculiar mannerisms of speech, in the form of slight stuttering and drawn-out vowels for emphasis. Linguist Geoffrey Nunberg compared his speaking style to that of William F. Buckley, Jr.[41]

Commission on Government Secrecy[edit]

In the post-Cold War era, the 103rd Congress enacted legislation directing an inquiry into the uses of government secrecy. Moynihan chaired the Commission, which studied and made recommendations on the "culture of secrecy" that pervaded the United States government and its intelligence community for 80 years, beginning with the Espionage Act of 1917, and made recommendations on the statutory regulation of classified information.

The Commission's findings and recommendations were presented to the President in 1997. As part of the effort, Moynihan secured release from the Federal Bureau of Investigation of its classified Venona file. This file documents the FBI's joint counterintelligence investigation, with the United States Signals Intelligence Service, into Soviet espionage within the United States. Much of the information had been collected and classified as secret information for over 50 years.

After release of the information, Moynihan authored Secrecy: The American Experience[42] where he discussed the impact government secrecy has had on the domestic politics of America for the past half century, and how myths and suspicion created an unnecessary partisan chasm.

Career as scholar[edit]

In addition to his career as a politician and a diplomat, Moynihan worked as a sociologist. He was Director of the Joint Center for Urban Studies at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as a Fellow on the faculty in the Center for Advanced Studies at Wesleyan University from 1964 to 1967. In magazines such as Commentary and The Public Interest, he published articles on urban ethnic politics and on the problems of the poor in cities of the Northeast.

Moynihan coined the term "professionalization of reform," by which the government bureaucracy thinks up problems for government to solve rather than simply responding to problems identified elsewhere.[43]

Soon after his 1971 return to Harvard, having served two years in the Nixon White House as Counselor to the President, Moynihan became a professor in the Department of Government. In 1983 he was awarded the Hubert H. Humphrey Award given by the American Political Science Association "in recognition of notable public service by a political scientist."[citation needed] He wrote 19 books, leading his personal friend, columnist and former professor George F. Will, to remark that Dr. Moynihan "wrote more books than most senators have read." After retiring from the Senate, he joined the public administration faculty of the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.

Moynihan's scholarly accomplishments led Michael Barone, writing in The Almanac of American Politics to describe the senator as "the nation's best thinker among politicians since Lincoln and its best politician among thinkers since Jefferson."[44] Moynihan's 1993 article, "Defining Deviancy Down",[45] was notably controversial.[46][47]

Selected books[edit]

Awards and honors[edit]

Death and posthumous honors[edit]

In 2003, Moynihan died at the age of 76 after complications (infection) suffered from an emergency appendectomy about a month earlier. He was survived by his wife of 39 years, Elizabeth Brennan Moynihan, three grown children: Timothy Patrick Moynihan, Maura Russell Moynihan, and John McCloskey Moynihan; and two grandchildren, Michael Patrick and Zora Olea.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]

Moynihan was honored posthumously:

  • "I don't think there's any point in being Irish if you don't know that the world is going to break your heart eventually. I guess that we thought we had a little more time."
    – Reacting to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, November 1963
  • "No one is innocent after the experience of governing. But not everyone is guilty."
    The Politics of a Guaranteed Income, 1973
  • "Secrecy is for losers. For people who do not know how important the information really is."
    Secrecy: The American Experience, 1998
  • "The issue of race could benefit from a period of benign neglect."
    – Memo to President Richard Nixon
  • "Everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts."
    – quoted in Robert Sobel's review of Past Imperfect: History According to the Movies, edited by Mark C. Carnes
  • (In response to the question: "Why should I work if I am going to just end up emptying slop jars?") "That's a complaint you hear mostly from people who don't empty slop jars. This country has a lot of people who do exactly that for a living. And they do it well. It's not pleasant work, but it's a living. And it has to be done. Somebody has to go around and empty all those bed pans. And it's perfectly honorable work. There's nothing the matter with doing it. Indeed, there is a lot that is right about doing it, as any hospital patient will tell you."[60]
  • "Food growing is the first thing you do when you come down out of the trees. The question is, how come the United States can grow food and you can't?"
    – speaking to Third World countries about global famine[61]
  • "The central conservative truth is that it is culture, not politics, that determines the success of a society. The central liberal truth is that politics can change a culture and save it from itself."
  • "Truman left the Presidency thinking that Whittaker Chambers, Elizabeth Bentley were nuts, crackpots, scoundrels, and I think you could say that a fissure began in American political life that’s never really closed. It reverberates, and I can say more about it. But in the main, American liberalism — Arthur Schlesinger, one of the conspicuous examples — got it wrong. We were on the side of the people who denied this, and a president who could have changed his rhetoric, explained it, told the American people, didn't know the facts, they were secret, and they were kept from him."
    Secrecy: The American Experience, October 1998[62]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2015/10/14-popes-visit-highlights-cities-moment-katz
  2. ^ http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ruling-class-hero-19760812
  3. ^ http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/25/politics-and-prose
  4. ^ http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2010/10/pat-moynihan-the-great-catholic-ldquowhat-if
  5. ^ http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/monsignor-peter-j-vaghi-holds-his-arms-up-as-he-says-a-news-photo/1887022
  6. ^ [1]
  7. ^ [2]
  8. ^ NYC Organ History Website (Accessed 24 Jan 2011)
  9. ^ http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/textual/central/smof/moynihan.php?print=yes
  10. ^ Moynihan's War on Poverty report
  11. ^ The National Review; March 27, 2003
  12. ^ See William Ryan, Blaming the Victim, Random House, 1971
  13. ^ Graebner, William. "The End of Liberalism: Narrating Welfare's Decline, from the Moynihan Report (1965) to the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (1996)", Journal of Policy History, Vol. 14, Number 2, 2002, pp. 170–190
  14. ^ Lacayo, Richard (December 19, 1994). "Down on the Downtrodden". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  15. ^ Rothbard, Murray N.. Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal, Ludwig von Mises Institute
  16. ^ a b c Die Frühgeschichte der globalen Umweltkrise und die Formierung der deutschen Umweltpolitik(1950–1973) (Early history of the environmental crisis and the setup of German environmental policy 1950–1973), Kai F. Hünemörder, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004 ISBN 3-515-08188-7
  17. ^ "1579: Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1927–2003)". Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. Bartleby. 1989.
  18. ^ Traub, James (September 16, 1990). "Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Liberal? Conservative? Or Just Pat?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  19. ^ An American Original, Vanity Fair, October 2010
  20. ^ America can learn from India, India Today, November 6, 2010
  21. ^ Daniel Moynihan, WRMEA.
  22. ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 320. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  23. ^ Troy, Gil, Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism as Racism (2012), New York: Oxford University Press, page 55, ISBN 978-0-19-992030-3
  24. ^ Moynihan's Moment, page 6
  25. ^ With Words We Govern Men, Suzanne Garment, Jewish Review of Books, Winter 2013
  26. ^ Chega! The CAVR Report
  27. ^ Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974-1999 Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor
  28. ^ A Dangerous Place, Little Brown, 1980, p. 247
  29. ^ Pandaemonium: Ethnicity in International Politics, Oxford University Press 1993, page 153
  30. ^ Moynihan's Moment, p. 159
  31. ^ "The History of the Fisc", on the Fisc Report website. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  32. ^ Alan H. Levy (2013). The Political Life of Bella Abzug, 1920–1976: Political Passions, Women's Rights, and Congressional Battles. Lexington Books. p. 252.
  33. ^ "Uncivil society: Jim Leach ’64 leads an effort to restore respectful discourse to our national life, but it’s tough going", by Mark F. Bernstein, Princeton Alumni Weekly, June 2, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  34. ^ Kauffman, Bill. The Other Eisenhowers, The American Conservative
  35. ^ "New Tax Law threatens high-tech consultants" by Karla Jennings, The New York Times, February 22, 1987 (p. 11 in paper). Link retrieved 2010-06-17.
  36. ^ Newsday, February 22, 2010, p. A19; "Simmering for decades, engineer's grudge explodes" by Allen G. Breed, The Associated Press via Newsday, February 21, 2010. Subscription only access. Link retrieved 2010-06-17.
  37. ^ "Tax Law Was Cited in Software Engineer's Suicide Note" by David Kay Johnston, The New York Times, February 18, 2010. In this article, the Moynihan action is labeled "a favor to IBM", but that was not mentioned in the contemporaneous 2/22/87 Times article cited immediately above. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  38. ^ Human Life Review, Summer 2003, page 13.
  39. ^ Chapter4: Too close to infanticide GB link at Google Books
  40. ^ S.J.Res. 14, 106th Congress, 2nd Session, Record Vote Number: 48
  41. ^ Nunberg, Geoff. "William F. Buckley: A Man of Many Words". National Public Radio. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  42. ^ Secrecy: The American Experience
  43. ^ The Public Interest, volume 1, Issue 1 1965
  44. ^ Barone, Michael; Grant Ujifusa (1999). The Almanac of American Politics 2000. Washington D.C.: National Journal. pp. 1090–1091. ISBN 0-8129-3194-7. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the nation's best thinker among politicians since Lincoln and its best politician among thinkers since Jefferson, now approaches the end of a long career in public office.
  45. ^ The American Scholar, vol. 62, no. 1, winter 1993, pp. 17–3
  46. ^ Defining Deviancy
  47. ^ Defining Deviancy down
  48. ^ The Heinz Awards, Daniel Patrick Moynihan profile
  49. ^ Award: Daniel Patrick Moynihan, National Building Museum
  50. ^ http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national
  51. ^ Washington File – Transcript: Clinton Remarks at Medal of Freedom Awards
  52. ^ "Daniel Patrick Moynihan Is Dead; Senator From Academia Was 76" 2003-03-27
  53. ^ Lemann, Nicholas (2000) The Promised Land . Includes Bill Clinton's statements when awarding Moynihan the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2000, and statements by Senators on the occasion of his death in 2003.
  54. ^
  55. ^ AP obituary
  56. ^ MoynihanStation.org
  57. ^ Moynihan Commission Report
  58. ^ George Will Tribute Column
  59. ^ Moynihan Institute of Global Affairs
  60. ^ In Their Own Words. US News and World Report. May 26 – June 2, 2008.
  61. ^ Frances Moore Lappe and Joseph Collins. Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity Chapter 12: Why Can't People Feed Themselves?
  62. ^ Moynihan, Daniel (21 October 1998). "Secrecy: The American Experience". C-SPAN. City University of New York Graduate School. 44:34 to 45:40 minute mark. Retrieved 5 February 2014.

Further reading[edit]

  • Geary, Daniel. Beyond Civil Rights: The Moynihan Report and Its Legacy (University of Pennsylvania Press; 2015)
  • Hess, Stephen. The Professor and the President: Daniel Patrick Moynihan in the Nixon White House (2014) excerpt
  • Hodgson, Godfrey. The Gentleman From New York: Daniel Patrick Moynihan – A Biography (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2000) 480 pages
  • Weiner, Greg. American Burke: The Uncommon Liberalism of Daniel Patrick Moynihan (University Press of Kansas; 2015) 189 pages;

Primary sources[edit]

External links[edit]

Political offices
New office White House Urban Affairs Advisor
Succeeded by
John Ehrlichman
as White House Domestic Affairs Advisor
Preceded by
Arthur Burns
Counselor to the President
Succeeded by
Donald Rumsfeld
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Kenneth Keating
United States Ambassador to India
Succeeded by
Bill Saxbe
Preceded by
John Scali
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
Succeeded by
Bill Scranton
Party political offices
Preceded by
Richard Ottinger
Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from New York
(Class 1)

1976, 1982, 1988, 1994
Succeeded by
Hillary Clinton
United States Senate
Preceded by
James Buckley
U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New York
Served alongside: Jack Javits, Al D'Amato, Chuck Schumer
Succeeded by
Hillary Clinton
Preceded by
Quentin Burdick
Chairperson of the Senate Environment Committee
Succeeded by
Max Baucus
Preceded by
Lloyd Bentsen
Chairperson of the Senate Finance Committee
Succeeded by
Bob Packwood


text:
Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Danish Reformation)
Jump to: navigation, search

The Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein was the transition from Roman Catholicism to Lutheranism in the realms ruled by the Copenhagen-based House of Oldenburg in the first half of the sixteenth century. After the break-up of the Kalmar Union in 1521/1523, these realms included the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway and the Duchies of Schleswig (a Danish fief) and Holstein (a German fief), whereby Denmark extended over today's Denmark, Iceland, Greenland, Faroe islands, Skåneland and Gotland in Sweden, and Øsel (Saaremaa) in Estonia.

The Protestant Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther's 95 theses in 1517, and reached Holstein and Denmark in the 1520s. Lutheran figures like Hans Tausen gained considerable support in the population and from Christian II, and though the latter's successor Frederick I officially condemned the reformatory ideas, he tolerated their spread. His son Christian III officially introduced Lutheranism into his possessions in 1528, and on becoming king in 1536 after the Count's War, Lutheranism became official in all of Denmark-Norway. The Catholic bishops were removed and arrested, and the church was reorganized based on Lutheran church orders drawn under the aegis of Luther's friend Johannes Bugenhagen in 1537 (Denmark-Norway) and 1542 (Holstein).

The Lutheran order established during the Protestant reformation is the common root of the Church of Denmark, the Church of Norway, the Church of Iceland and the Church of the Faroe Islands. It also triggered Denmark's unsuccessful involvement in the Thirty Years' War under Christian IV, who led the defense of a Protestant coalition against the Catholic League's Counter-Reformation.

Spread of reformatory ideas[edit]

Further information: Protestant Reformation
Hans Tausen was one of the first Lutheran preachers and later bishops in Denmark.

Already in 1525, Hans Tausen, a monk from the monastery of Antvorskov, had begun preaching Lutheran doctrines in Viborg. In the years hereafter, the Lutheran movement began spreading throughout the country, and although King Frederick I had pledged in his håndfæstning ('charter') to fight against Lutheranism, he nevertheless issued an edict to the citizens of Viborg in 1526, obliging them to protect Hans Tausen.[1]

The Lutheran movement had its origins in Germany, where Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation when he published his 95 theses in 1517. The movement quickly gained great influence in Denmark, although humanists like Poul Helgesen long tried to maintain a reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church instead of abolishing it altogether as the Lutherans would.

During the first years of the 1530s, the king's passivity encouraged the people to attack monasteries and churches. Former King Christian II who had lived in exile since 1526 took advantage of the unrest and issued propaganda writings, agitating for himself and the new Lutheran doctrine. When Frederick I died in 1533, the Council of the Realm could not come to an agreement on who should be the new king. A Roman Catholic majority preferred Frederick's 12-year-old son Hans the Elder of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev while a minority supported Hans' half-brother Christian who as duke of Slesvig and Holsten had introduced Lutheranism there during the 1520s.

The election of a new king was postponed for a year due to the disagreement. In the mean time, the Council of the Realm governed the country, allowing the bishops to decide what could be preached in their respective dioceses. Moreover, Hans Tausen was accused of heresy and banished from Zealand but the bishop of Roskilde called him back after only one month. Discontent with the nobility taking over control of the country through the Council made citizens from Malmö and Copenhagen along with peasants, especially from northern Jutland, rally around exiled King Christian II.

The Council had furthermore decided to join a Netherlandic-Slesvigian-Holsatian alliance instead of Lübeck which by Mayor Jürgen Wullenwever had also been represented at the Council's meeting.

Election of Christian III and Count's Feud[edit]

The election of Christian III was decisive for the Reformation in Denmark.

In January 1534, the city government of Malmø led by Mayor Jørgen Kock refused to comply with an order from the bishop of Lund to expel the Lutheran preachers. Malmø had already for long been a centre of Evangelical activities and responded to the order by occupying Malmø Castle and arresting the overlord. In May, this rebellion was followed up by the German Count Christopher of Oldenburg attacking Holsten. He had been hired by Koch of Malmø and Wullenwever of Lübeck to conquer Denmark, officially in order to restore King Christian II. Count Christopher's participation in the following two years of civil war named it The Count's Feud. The Count's main objective was not Holsten but Zealand where he sailed and he quickly gained control of all Danish territory east of the Great Belt.

On 4 July 1534 representatives of Jutlandic nobility and councillors met in Rye in eastern Jutland. Here the lesser nobility forced the bishops to nominate the Lutheran Christian, Duke of Slesvig and Holsten to the kingship. When the nobility of Funen joined them, Christian agreed and homage was paid to him as King Christian III on 18 August that year in Horsens.

After both Funen and Jutland had rebelled and Sweden and Prussia had become involved in the war in Scania, Lübeck withdrew from the struggle in January 1536, and on 6 April, Malmø surrendered, though without losing either privileges or Evangelical doctrine. After the population had starved for months, Copenhagen gave up too and Mayor Ambrosius Bogbinder committed suicide. Like Malmø, Copenhagen did not lose its privileges either and the rebels were granted an amnesty.

The Reformation[edit]

Johannes Bugenhagen consecrated the first Lutheran bishops ('superintendents') in Denmark.

Christian III marched into Copenhagen on 6 August 1536 and six days later he carried out a coup. The three bishops who dwelt in Copenhagen were arrested and the rest were tracked down and likewise arrested. The official reason was their hesitation to elect Christian as king and other alleged criminal acts. The real reason was, however, that Christian wanted to kill two birds with one stone: carrying through a Lutheran Reformation and confiscating the bishops' properties, the profits from which was needed to cover the expenses of the recently ended civil war.

Before Christian III came to power in all Denmark-Norway after the Count's War, he had already implemented the Protestant Reformation in his realms Haderslev (Hadersleben) and Tørning (Tørninglen, Törninglehn),[2] two domains in southern Jutland which he had received in 1524.[3] A convinced Lutheran since his encounter with Luther at the Diet of Worms in 1521,[3] Christian III introduced a Lutheran church order in his domains in 1528, laid out in the twenty-two Haderslev articles.[4] In 1536, he wanted to implement a similar order for the whole kingdom.[2][4] The Haderslev articles had already introduced the office of a superintendent, and the arrest of the bishops – who had not supported his election and neither were willing to bear any of his war costs – made way to the assignment of Lutheran superintendents in all of Denmark-Norway.[4]

After the coup, Christian III had contacted Martin Luther and Johannes Bugenhagen, whom he had first met in 1529 – both congratulated the king.[4] His subsequent request to John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony to immediately deploy Melanchton or Bugenhagen to Denmark was denied, but the elector was willing to do so once a rough draft of a Danish Lutheran church order had been provided by Danish theologians.[4] Christian III could thereby rely on a pool of capable Danish Lutherans who all had studied at the University of Wittenberg, among them were Peder Palladius, Jørgen Sadolin, Hans Tausen and Frans Vormordsen.[2]

Peder Palladius

A synode was held in Odense where the draft was begun, and the work continued in Haderslev thereafter.[4] The first draft was based primarily on the Haderslev articles, also on the Saxon script Unterricht der Visitatoren ("Visitators' lessons"), on Bugenhagen's Van menigherleie christliken saken ("Of several Christian matters"), on the liturgical writings of Luther and Danish liturgical writings.[5] In April 1537, the draft was sent to Wittenberg for approval, whereupon the elector allowed Bugenhagen to depart for Denmark.[6]

After Bugenhagen had revised and amended the draft, it was translated from Latin to Danish and presented to the rigsrådet.[6] After a second revision by Bugenhagen, the church order was completed and signed by Christian III on 2 September 1537 as Ordinatio ecclesiastica regnorum Daniae et Norwegiae et ducatuum Slesvicencis, Holtsatiae etc. etc. ("Church order of the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein etc.").[6] In Denmark, seven superintendancies were established, replacing the former bishoprics.[2]

Danish superintendencies established in 1537
Area See Superintendent
Zealand[2] Roskilde[2] Peder Palladius[7]
Funen-Lolland-Falster[2] Odense[2] Georg Viburg[7]
Jutland (part) Vendelbo/Ålborg[2] Peder Thom[7]
Jutland (part)[2] Århus[2] Matthias Lang[7]
Jutland (part)[2] Ribe[2] Johann Vandal[7]
Jutland (part)[2] Viborg[2] Jacob Scaning[7]
Scania[2] Lund[2] Frans Vormordsen[7]

The superintendents were to meet with the king in synodes, the upper clergy with the superintendents in landemoders, and the lower with the upper clergy in kalenters, the king was to have no theological authority besides approving the superintendents, and the superintendents were not to hold fiefs or secular offices – a rule which would not be followed strictly.[8] Likewise, Christian III would often intervene in the church's affairs.[9]

The church order turned against the veneration of saints, fast days, celibacy and everything else that was considered Catholic foolery, and instead it decreed church services to be performed in Danish. Most monks and nuns by far were allowed to stay in their monasteries and convents (except the greyfriars) and the priests were allowed to keep their churches until they died. Only when the last monk or nun had died was the monastery added to the property of the Crown. Thus, in spite of more fierce procedures followed especially by bishop Peder Palladius on Zealand, the Reformation became a relatively bloodless affair in Denmark.

A Danish translation of the Latin Ordinatio ecclesiastica was approved by the rigsrådet as a law in 1539.[6] Bugenhagen left Denmark during the same year, but returned in 1542 to mediate negotiations with the gentry of Holstein, who had delayed the implementation of the church order there.[6] On 9 March 1542, the Schleswig-Holsteinische Kirchenordnung ("Church order of Schleswig-Holstein") was approved by the Landtag in Rendsburg after a revision by Bugenhagen.[6] Implementation of the church order in Norway proved more difficult, and even more so in Iceland, where it was implemented only in 1552 after the execution of bishop Jon Arason in 1550, and contested by the local population until the seventeenth century.[10]

In addition to working on the Danish church order, Bugenhagen also crowned Christian III and his wife Dorothea with a Lutheran ritual on 12 August 1537, the king's thirty-fourth birthday and the first anniversary of the arrest of the Catholic bishops.[2] The coronation as well as the inauguration of the superintendents, which was also performed by Bugenhagen, took place in Our Lady's Church in Copenhagen.[11] Also in 1537, the University of Copenhagen, closed since the Count's War, was modelled by Bugenhagen after Wittenberg[12] was re-opened as a Lutheran university.[11] In 1550, the "Christian III Bible" was first printed, a translation of Luther's Bible by Christiern Pederson on behalf of Christian III.[13] In 1556, Peder Palladius published the "Altar Book", a compendium of Lutheran liturgy, which however did not become binding in all of Denmark.[13]

  1. ^ Dreyer, RHC 2013, ' An Apologia for Luther: The myth of the Danish Luther: Danish reformer Hans Tausen and 'A short answer' (1528/29). '. i P Obitz (red.), The Myth of The Reformation, Refo500 Academic Studies vol. 9, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 211-232.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lockhart (2007), p. 64
  3. ^ a b Lorentzen (2008), p. 37
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lorentzen (2008), p. 38
  5. ^ Lorentzen (2008), pp. 38–39
  6. ^ a b c d e f Lorentzen (2008), p. 39
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Wylie (2002), p. 724
  8. ^ Lockhart (2007), p. 65
  9. ^ Grell (1995), p. 5
  10. ^ Lorentzen (2008), p. 40
  11. ^ a b Grell (1995), p. 32
  12. ^ Grell (1995), p. 38
  13. ^ a b Lockhart (2007), p. 66

  • Grell, Ole Peter (1995). The Scandinavian Reformation. From evangelical movement to institutionalisation of reform (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44162-5.
  • Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513–1660. The rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927121-6.
  • Lorentzen, Tim (2008). Johannes Bugenhagen als Reformator der öffentlichen Fürsorge. Studies in the Late Middle Ages, Humanism and the Reformation (in German). 44. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-149613-2.
  • Wylie, James A. (2002). The History of Protestantism. Hartland Publications. ISBN 0-923309-80-2.

External links[edit]