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William O. McCagg Jr

The Great Bourgeois Experiment, 1800-1850
Bohemian Breakthrough

Let us turn to the main subject of this chapter : the extent to which Jewry participated in the industrial revolution in the Bohemian Crownlands, and the extent to which it affected them. What of the earliest period ?

Bohemia and Moravia had even in the eighteenth century been the industrial heartland of the Habsburg realm, this in part because of the natural wealth of these provinces, in part because of their favorable position vis à vis the West19 And a single statistic suggests clearly why they became even more so in the early nineteenth century as the Theresian and Josephian reforms loosened the feudal regime : in these lands about 1800, there was only one noble for every 832 commoners, an exceedingly low ratio for eastern Europe.
In Austria’s Alpine lands, in contrast, the ratio was one noble to every 320 commoners ; in Galicia it was 1:68, and in Hungary, the gentry paradise, it was 1:2020.
Because of the eviction of the Protestant nobility from Bohemia in the 1620s, there was late in the eighteenth century no gentry class in these crownlands, as there was to the east - and this had a practical consequence.
It meant that there was no one to fight tooth and claw for every inch of land, for every ancient privilege, no one to insist that the peasantry remain enserfed and illiterate on the land.
Feudalism in Bohemia had lain for two centuries with German-speaking magnates and the Counter-Reformational Church.
The new enlightened state proved its ability to handle these powers even in Maria Theresia's time, and under Joseph II it limited serfdom here far more effectively than anywhere in the East. From 1790 on, as a result, there existed a part-free labor force in these lands, and the gates for industrial development were open.

For Jews it was nonetheless inordinately difficult to participate in industrial enterprise.
The case history of Samuel Kolin of Prossnitz [Postejov] in Moravia tells clearly enough why21.
Kolin was a cloth-trader who came to that small-town Jewish settlement from Bohemia in 1752 in order to marry.
Moravia was the textile manufacturing center of the Habsburg realm.
Though Jews were barred from the larger cities, much of the retail trade in textiles was in their hands ; yet Kolin found the industry almost impenetrable.
Manufacturing and sales alike were tightly controlled and regulated by the Christian townsmen and their guilds.
Guild regulation, the expense of new machinery, and the weakness of the domestic market had proved and would prove over and again insuperable obstacles even for Christian entrepreneurs, not to speak of Jews despite much encouragement from the government.
Kolin tried to make his living by buying woolen cloth from wealthy importers, and then selling it by the piece to peddlers who would evade the sales monopoly of Christian shopkeepers by hawking the goods in the countryside from door to door.
But in 1758 Maria Theresia sought to help domestic textile manufacturers by forbidding Jews to peddle imports ; and in 1764 she placed a ban on textile imports.
By the time she relaxed the bans in 1774, the whole class of Jews who had lived on the woolens import trade was close to ruin, saved only by smuggling, which was made profitable by the paucity and poor quality of the domestic products.
Kolin himself went bankrupt a first time in 1779, and a second time in 1789 after Joseph II reimposed the ban on foreign products and placed dozens of other regulations on his trade.

Such was the fate in the eighteenth century of the lesser Jews of Bohemia and Moravia.
In general they were condemned to eke out a living by trading goods or dealing in money, forced by the residence restrictions to spend much of their lives traveling.
Even after Joseph commanded that they go into manufacturing, they were far too exposed both to every whim of a regulationist government and to the mean-minded complaints of Christian neighbors to do so.
Those among them who managed to escape the general misery were rare.
An astonishing continuity characterizes the professional profile of Bohemian and Moravian Jewry throughout the nineteenth century.
Commerce remained overwhelmingly dominant (though much less so than in Germany, where Jews were not permitted to engage in Handwerk22.
Important changes took place in the organization of Jewish commerce about 1800, especially in tobacco trading.
The establishment under a Jew, Israel Hönig, of the State Tobacco Monopoly in 1788 led to a notable bureaucratization of trade relationships among Bohemian Land village Jews23.
Yet it seems notable that Simon Laemmel, the greatest banker among the Bohemian Jews in the first half of the nineteenth century, was a figure not much changed from the Joachim Poppers of the late eighteenth24.
Under Joseph II and after, when modern manufacturing actually began in Austria, some Jews in the Bohemian Crownlands began to get involved.
One was the son of Samuel Kolin, who bore the German name Veith Ehrenstamm.
In the middle 1780s this son responded to the disaster of his father's ruin by shifting from the Schnittwarenhandel (piece-ware trade) of his forebears into contracting with the army for provisions needed in Joseph II's second Turkish war.
It is not clear from the record why he did especially well, for he differed from the great military provisioners of the past in that he did not inherit his credit relationships.
He was a self-made man.
But as the Napoleonic wars drew on, he worked his way up from the bottom to become one of the most important Austrian contractors.
He seems to have dealt eventually in most anything the treasury could ask : in salt and tobacco, wine, grain, horses and carts for transport, food for the soldiers, liqueurs and shiny brasses for the officers.
But his specialty was uniforms.
By 1805-06 he was in some sort of partnership with Simon Laemmel, the leading Jewish banker of Prague mentioned above, and evidently enjoyed a near monopoly on providing uniforms for the army.
It was preparatory for this that in 1801 Ehrenstamm took the very modern step of purchasing a woolen cloth factory at Prossnitz from a Christian manufacturer.
Thenceforth he was involved not only in the purchasing of cloth but also in its production and in the sewing together of the uniforms themselves.
By the end of the wars he was immensely rich.
He owned a whole collection of industrial establishments and was able to entertain the neighborhood nobility in flamboyant style at his Prossnitz house.
His business even managed to survive (though not for long) the postwar depression which ruined many other Moravia manufacturers.

Though Ehrenstamm's case proves Moravian Jews could get into industry, there were few in that crownland who followed his example.
The Tolerance Patent of 1781 had explicitly opened manufacturing to the Jews.
Despite all the regulation, despite even the need for considerable capital and the perils of the trade, opportunities were available.
Even the Judeo-phobic literature of the time sometimes advised Jews to go into industry on the ground that only they had the zeal, the cleverness, the persistence, and the money sense needed for success25.
Yet as one student of the problem has observed, the Jews in Moravia just did not seem interested in industry26.
There were even wealthy Jewish businessmen of Moravia who won wealth and influence enough during the Napoleonic period to buy permission to live in Brno, the center of the woolens industry ; the Gomperzes and Auspitzes come to mind in this connection.
Yet until the 1840's they remained aloof from industry.

One reason for this was assuredly the fanatical opposition of the Christian guildsmen of the region, who controlled manufacturing.
And it seems well also to recall the distinctive cultural situation of the Moravian Jews.
Here, as noted elsewhere, the Jews were not spread out in villages as in Bohemia, nor were they concentrated in one huge city as in Prague.
Even in the early nineteenth century only one or two exceptionally rich families were allowed to live in Brno, Moravia's only significant city, where, as we have seen, they could encounter the likes of Jakob Frank.
Most were forced to live in tight small-town communities, and were consequently singularly exposed to the conformity normal in such places.
In addition the province had the unusually strong autonomous Jewish self-government system mentioned earlier.
The powers of the Moravian Landesoberrabbiner had been consolidated far more over the centuries than had those of the Prague chief rabbi.
They were formidable even after the Josephian legislation abolished the force of Jewish civic law.
In Veith Ehrenstamm's time, moreover, from 1789 until 1829 the Moravian Oberrabbiner was Mordekai Ben Abraham Banet, one of the foremost neo-conservative defenders of Jewish-tradition in central Europe, a famous Talmudist Banet high-handedly kept his flock in order.
He fulminated against those who fled to Vienna, growled even at those who spent too much time studying Christian learning.
Moravian Jewry's failure to change profession and to go into manufacturing may attest to the strength of such cultural factors as well as the economic factors and hostility of the entrenched Christian bourgeois world to Jews27.

In Bohemia there was a much greater Jewish response to Joseph II's pressure to go into manufacturing.
Here the start of industrialization centered not on woolens production, as in Moravia, but on cotton28.
For decades before 1800 Christian businessmen had been observing the miracles of the cotton industry in England.
In the 1770's the Austrian Government had made cotton-manufacturing a free trade, exempt from the guild regulations that continued to dominate the older woolens industry.
Christian manufacturers, most notably the former serf Johann Josef Leitenberger (1730-1803) and his son Franz (17??-1825), had in 1799 imported the first English Watter-frames and mule-jennies to Austria ; and in the Napoleonic period (especially after 1806 when British manufactures were on the whole cut out from the continent), these Austrian entrepreneurs drew on Balkan cotton to make the production of cotton cloth one of the Empire's leading industries.

The Christian cotton industrialists, however, operated primarily in the towns of northern Bohemia, near the Saxon frontier.
In Prague it was above all Jews who made this new industry grow.
Another case history will illustrate the phenomenon. Moses Porges was born in 1781 into a humble Jewish family that produced rosewater in the Prague ghetto ; his brother Juda (later called Leopold) was born in 178429.
When they first went into business shortly before 1800, Moses dealt in linen goods, Juda spirits, and they wholly lacked capital.
Yet by 1808 they had opened a small calico and chintz printing shop in a dark cellar in the unsanitary old center of Prague.
Textile-printing was more important than it now sounds.
Until the decisive spread of mechanical spinning in the 1830’s and 1840’s, most of the actual spinning and weaving of textiles took place on a piecework basis in cottages.
The dyeing and printing were the parts of textile production most suited to the factory, and they became the locus of modern innovations in the industry as a whole.
The Porgeses were innovators.
By 1819 their establishment was quite large.
In 1830 they opened the first great mechanical cotton printery at the Prague industrial suburb, Smichow, a plant so splendid that the Kaiser visited it in 1833.
By 1835 they were employing 569 workers ; by 1843, 700.
Their factory was then the third largest in Bohemia and they had other plants as well.

The first known Jewish cotton printing plant at Prague was established in the Karlin [Karolinenthal] suburb in the 1790’s by a Koppelmann Porges.
Whether he was related to Moses and Juda is unknown, but by 1820 his plant also was among the largest in the crownland.
Meanwhile in 1802 Aaron Beer Pribrarn and Moses Jerusalem, wealthy Grosshändler, had entered the industry, as had Meir Dormitzer, the wealthy descendent of a famous early-eighteenth-century Jewish scholar ; so also members of the Epstein and Mauthner families, and of the Taussig, Bunzl, Brandeis, Wehle, Lederer, Lippmann and Schick families, all of them eminent in Prague.
A convenient statistic reveals that by 1807 Bohemia had 58 linen, cotton, and calico "factories" of which 15 (all recently established and near Prague) were Jewish owned3o.

It seems legitimate to attribute this vigorous expression of Jewish modernism at Prague, along with the others mentioned earlier, in part to the city's latitudinarian rabbinical leadership.
But it is useful to reflect also on the record of Frankism, for late in the eighteenth century the members of the sect in another city, Warsaw, did similar things.
They turned from their "earlier aspiration for ennoblement and became leaders of the economic modernization of the city-and of Poland31.
So pronounced was their group coherence (maintained by significant endogamy) and their dominance in the "bourgeois" professions of the city (that is, law, education, and manufacturing) that they can be held up as a fine example of how a "religious ethic" leads to modern capitalism.
Given the strength of Frankism in Prague about 1800, this record is more than suggestive, especially since it is known that Moses and Juda Porges were the sons of a Frankist, and that they themselves visited the Frankist court at Offenbach in the final years of the eighteenth century just when another Porges was establishing the first Jewish cotton-printing establishment in Prague.

The Prague Frankists did not follow exactly the same path as those of Warsaw.
These people had not converted out of Judaism as had the Warsaw Frankists.
After the fiasco of 1800 they did nurture a memory of their earlier religious deviation, and may have for a time practiced endogamy, but in general they could and did reabsorb into the mainstream of Prague Jewry.
By the end of the nineteenth century their descendants were so averse to the group's tradition that they tried to destroy whatever documents remained of what had happened, to root out Frankism even as a memory.32
Nonetheless circumstance indicates that at the beginnings of the Jewish involvement in Prague's industrial growth, Frankism, with its loosening attitude towards Jewish Tradition, played a role.

The entry of Jews into industry in the Bohemian lands, and especially their entry into the Prague cotton industry, is important to any assessment of their record here under Metternich, for it had social consequences.
The Prague cotton industry was the "take-off sector" of sorts of the industrial revolution in Bohemia during the Vormärz.
By 1835 there were 117 cotton-processing establishments in the crownland, of which 15 of the largest were in Prague and owned by Jews.
The industry by now produced annually 1,400,000 pieces of cloth (at lengths of 30-50 ells), of which 800,000 lengths were produced in Prague33.
Not unnaturally, therefore, here as in Vienna, the leaders of this industry were able to enter the ranks of the imperial bourgeoisie and to win a considerable acceptance34.
By the 1840’s the Porges brothers and their partner Moses Jerusalem had been ennobled by the Kaiser and were among the leaders of Prague's new bourgeois society.
No less socially prominent were the Donnitzers, Epsteins, Mauthners, and Wehles.
Some rich Jews, for example Moritz Zdekauer, had felt it requisite to leave Judaism in order to attain their new social position ; but this was patently not demanded of them by the Prague upper bourgeoisie (or by people like Schoeller elsewhere in the Bohemian Lands), for the very leader of Prague's industrial bourgeoisie through forty years was Leopold von Laemmel, the son of the great Napoleonic era banker, Simon Laemmel, who had been ennobled in 1821.
The Laemmels did not convert.35
Even in Brno, it may be mentioned, the Jewish banker, Philip Gomperz, won a considerable acceptance in upper bourgeois circles during the Franciscan period, though most of his co-religionaries were barred by law from residence in the city.36
In this period, moreover, there occurred a massive shift in relationships between Vienna and Prague that contributed to the acceptance of Jews in bourgeois society.
Above all there was a demographic change.
In 1790, Prague, with 73,000 civilian inhabitants, was still a considerable town even against Vienna's 200,000.
But whereas by 1850 Vienna had doubled to 400,000, Prague in 1820 had only 81,000 inhabitants, and in 1850, 115,59937.
This demographic lag was compounded by the increase in political centralism, characteristic of the regime, and by an expansion of Vienna's financial power.
In effect, the more the industrial revolution intruded into the Empire, the more the Vienna bankers -the capitalists- gained leverage in provincial affairs.
The decline of Prague relative to the capital did not become final until after 1848 ; but for practical purposes even in the Vormärz Bohemia's capital was in international perspective no more than a provincial Austrian town.
On the level of the new upper bourgeoisie one may see the new relationship especially clearly.
Starting with Simon Laemmel and Philip Gomperz in Napoleon's time, virtually all the great Bohemian trading and banking firms opened offices in Vienna.
In the 1840’s the Prague manufacturers followed suit, first opening factory outlets, then building new factories in the capital suburbs.
Few of them moved finally away from Prague ; but in general sufficient duality of foothold developed so as to ensure that the new social values of upper bourgeois Vienna prevailed also in upper bourgeois Prague38.

The bourgeois successes of the Prague Jewish industrialists had noxious effects for the whole of Bohemian Jewry, because they awoke jealousies, and above all those of the city's workers.
In Bohemia, as further west in Europe, the industrial revolution produced a whole new stratum of workers within the social system.39
There is small mystery why by the early 1840’s this stratum was showing its discontents.
All over Europe during the early industrial revolution, working conditions were awful, and the Bohemian lands were no exception.
Wages were pathetically low.
Fifteen and fourteen-hour workdays were the norm ; the work-week comprised six or more days.
Worker health and relaxation were of little matter to the factory-owners, whose prime concern was maximal profit, whose rule was exploitation.
With the advent of mechanization in the thirties, moreover, employers began to oust adult workers in favor of children, who were cheaper, and as a result unemployment developed40.
In the forties such new machines as the perrotin in the cotton-printing industry put whole classes of workers out of jobs. The year 1843 witnessed a large-scale strike at Brno.

The following year, 1844, was one of labor unrest all over Germany, and saw major troubles affect Bohemia.
The spark, so far as one can determine from the surviving records, was a worker uprising in Prussian Silesia in early June -the uprising that inspired Gerhard Hauptmann's "Die Weber".
In mid-June, despite the sealed frontier, labor trouble erupted in Prague.
Later in the month and in July it spread to the northern textile regions.
Everywhere, as in Silesia, the workers seemed interested above all in destroying machines.
In Prague, the workers expressed a hatred not just of machines, but also of Jews.

In 1844 the authorities called out troops in defense of property.
The strikes were all suppressed.
But the Judeophobia lasted on. In the late forties, as bad harvest followed bad harvest all over Europe, strikes and attacks on Jewish grain-dealers ceased to be unusual at all in central Bohemia.
There was an "objective" explanation : there was near famine in the land, and the grain commerce was in Jewish hands.
When the burgher revolution broke out in March 1848, the danger of renewed labor trouble was immediately in everyone's mind.
One of the explicit purposes of the new "national guard" in the capital was to exert control over the "proletariat", and indeed the workers soon began to demonstrate.
In the first days of May, urged on by a flood of anti-Jewish pamphlet literature, large-scale Judeophobic riots affected Prague starting with attacks on the Jewish-owned factories.
Later on, especially in June when the Prague workers formed the backbone of the so-called "Whitsun" uprising occasioned by the Slavic Congress, the Judeophobic motif abated.
Periodically during the summer and fall, however, as the imperial army took command first in Bohemia and then in other lands, new anti-Jewish disturbances occurred41.

A main reason for the Prague worker Judeophobia of this period was a singularly direct relation between bad work conditions and Jews.
In Prague the strikes began in 1844, because the Porges brothers introduced the perrotin at their factory in Smichow, and then arbitrarily lowered wages.
And the disturbances affected primarily the city's Jewish-dominated cotton-printing industry.
There was also an ideological motif, however.

Let us pose the matter as follows.
Although by then a worker class of sorts was clearly in formation in Bohemia, socialism as a modern ideological movement borne by the worker class was equally clearly not present.
Even the proletariat in western Europe, far more developed and experienced than in Bohemia, conspicuously lacked what Marxists call "consciousness".
Particularly in 1844, workers all over central Europe almost simultaneously went on strike or destroyed machines.
The governing classes immediately deduced that there was an international organized conspiracy of some sort or "Communism" behind it all ; yet in fact neither the courts of the time nor a century of diligent historical research has brought any such conspiratorial organization to light.
It was the impact of hard times on a community of wretchedness created by similar industrialist exploitation that produced the common types of worker protest simultaneously in so many different places.
"Communism" didn't yet exist, although the strike waves demonstrated that the workers needed something like it42.

May one not guess that this need for "Communism", that is, for ideology and organization, explains in some part the Judeophobia of the Bohemian workers in the 1840’s?
The people knew very well they wanted something, yet had no name for it ; they knew perfectly that the machine was their enemy, but had no general explanation why.
Because of the Austrian police regime, they had no contact with the early socialists of the west.
In the resultant ideological void it was entirely natural that these workers should have grasped hold of the exceptional feature of the Prague industrial complex - its Jewishness - and given voice to their bitterness in traditional religious terms. Their Jew-hatred was the ideological "pre-socialism" of the nascent and naive Prague working class.

19. Arnost Klima, Manufakturni Obdobi v Cechach, esp. pp. 71ff. ; and his articles "Industrial Development in the Bohemian Lands, 1648-1781," in PP XI (1957):.87- 99 ; and "Über die grösste Manufakturen des 18. Jahrhunderts in Böhmen," MÖSA XII (1959): 143-61.

20. Siegfried Becher, Statistische Übersicht der Bevölkerung der osterreichischen Monarchie nach den Ergebnissen der Jahre 1834 bis 1840 (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1841), pp. 358-59.

21. For the following, see Bernhard Heilig, "Aufstieg und Verfall des Hauses Ehrenstamm," in BLBI X (1960): 104ff. ; Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte, part III ; and Kristianpoler, "Die wirtschaftliche Lage der Juden in Österreich in der 2. Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts," pp. 50ff., 105ff. ; Slokar, Geschichte, ch. XVI ; and Hermann Freudenberger's case history of a single factory, The Industrialization of a Central European City: Brno and the Fine Woolen Industry in the 18th Century (Edington, Wilts.: Pasold Research Fund, 1977).

22. Stölzl, "Zur Geschichte der böhmischen Juden," pt. I, p. 191, n. 60 ; R. Rürüp, Emanzipation und Antisemitismus (Göttingen: Vanderhoeck und Ruprecht, 1975), p. 26 ; and Jakob Toury, "Der Entritt der Juden ins deutsche Bürgertum" in H. Liebeschütz ahd A. Paucker (eds.), Das Judentum in der deutschen Umwelt, 1800- 1850 (Tübingen: Mohr, 1977), pp. 200ff.

23. Leopold Kompert in Jahrbuch für Israeliten, 1847-1848, pp. 120-144 ; and the classic works on the tobacco industry, Joseph von Retzer, Tabakpachtung in den österreichischen Ländern von 1670-1783 (Vienna: Sonnleither, 1784) ; and Jerome E. Brooks (ed.), Tobacco: Its History Illustrated by Books, Manuscripts and Engravings in the Library of George Arents Jr. (5 vols., New York: Rosenback, 1937-1943), vol. III as indexed. For examples of the importance of tobacco contracts to the principal Jewish trading firms of central Europe, see the Presidial Index of the Finance Ministry at the Finanz Archiv in Vienna for 1830 and 1831.

24. Milan Svankmajer, "Simon Lämmel" in DS III (1961): 31ff. ; Valentin Urfus, "Peneznici predreznové Prahy" in PHS VII (1972): II1ff. ; and Wurzbach, BL XIII, pp. 475ff.

25. I. Klingler, Über die Unnütz und Schädlichkeit der Juden im Königreiche Böhmens, Mähren, und Österreich (Prague: 1782), as quoted by Kestenberg-Gladstein, p. 98 ; Josef Rohrer, Versuch über die jüdischen Bewohner der österreichischen Monarchie (Vienna : Kunst und Industrie Comptoir, 1804), pp. 83-84.

26. Freudenberger, Industrialization, p. 132. It is clear that Jews played a vital role in the provisioning of the early Moravian textile factories with raw material, in financing them, and in marketing the finished cloth: see B. Heilig, "Die Vorlaüfer der mährischen Konfektionsindustrie," in JGGJT III (1931): 307-448. Only in the late 1840s, however, did Moravian Jews begin to emerge as textile industrialists in any numbers: Kestenberg-Gladstein, p. 106 ; and Gustav Otruba, "Der Anteil der Juden am Wirtschaftsleben" in Ferdinand Seibt (ed.), Die Juden in den böhmischen Ländern, esp. pp. 246-49.

27. Theodor Haas, Die Juden in Mähren (Brünn: Jüdischer Buch und Kunstverlag, 1908) ; and Alfred Willmann, "Die mährischen Landesrabbiner" in Gold, Mähren, pp. 45ff. ; and Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte pp. 359-61.

28. For the following, see Hoch, Cechy na prahu, pp. 117ff. ; Jaroslav Purs, "The Industrial Revolution in the Czech Lands" in Historica, vol. II, pp. 183-272 ; Slokar, Geschichte der österreichischen Industrie ; Herbert Hassinger, "Die Anfänge der Industrialisierung in den böhmischen Ländern" in BJCC Il (1961): 164-81 ; and F. W. Carter, "The Industrial Development of Prague, 1800-1850," SEER LI (1973): 231ff.

29. V A Adelsakten Porges 1841 ; Wurzbach, BL, vol. XXIII, pp. 123-25 ; Putz, "Wirtschaftsaristokratie," vol. Il, pp. 442-43 ; Moses Porges' obituary in NZ, 3 June 1870, p. 249.

30. Otruba, "Der Anteil," pp. 246-47 ; Kestenberg-Gladstein, Neuere Geschichte, p.101.

31. Dukier, "Polish Frankism's Survival" ; and his "Frankism as a Movement of Polish-Jewish Synthesis," in Bela Kiraly (ed. ), Tolerance and Movements of Religious Dissent in Eastern Europe (Boulder: East European Quarterly, 1975), pp. 133-64.

32. Fritz Mauthner, Erinnerungen, Prager Jugendjahre (Munich: G. Müller, 1918), pp. 111-12 ; and Scholem, "A Sabbatian Will," p. 170.

33. Zdenek Solle, "K pocatkum delnického hnuti v Praze" in CSCH, vol. V, pp. 662ff. ; and Marx, Wirtschaftliche Ursachen der Revolution, pp. 13-15.

34. Cohen, The Politics of Ethnic Survival, pp. 76ff

35. V A, Adelsakten Laemmel, 1856 ; Christoph Stölzl, Die Ära Bach in Böhmen (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1971), pp. 72, 80ff. ; and Putz, "Wirtschaftsaristokratie," pp. 83ff.

36. Iulius Von Gomperz, Jugenderinnerungen (Brünn: Rohrer, 1902), chs. 1, 2.

37. Karnikovâ, Vyvoj obyvatelstva, pp. 59, 105.

38. The migration pattern appears clearly in the finallist of "toleree" Jews in Vienna, as well as in the contemporary Viennese address books: see Pribram, Urkunden und Akten, vol. II, p. 268.

39. For the following, see I. Radimsky, "Delnické boure v Brne roku 1843" in Cesky Lid XXXVI (1949): 9-13 ; Friedrich Walter, "Die böhmischen Arbeiterunruhen des Jahres 1844" in MIÖG XI, Ergänzungsband (1929): 717-34 ; Wolfgramm, "Der böhmische Vormärz" ; Marx, Wirtschaftliche Ursachen, pp. 57ff. ; and Theodore S. Hamerow, Restoration, Revolution, and Reaction: Economics and Politics in German, 1815-1871 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958), pt. 1.

40. Walter, "Böhmische Arbeiterunruhen," pp. 728-29 ; and Ludwig von Mises, "Zur Geschichte der österreichischen Fabriksgesetzgebung" in ZVSV XIV (1905): 256ff.

41. Stanley Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848 (Durham, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1969), ch. 12.

42. Walter, "Böhmische Arbeiterunruhen," p. 721 ; Wolfgramm, "Böhmischer Vormärz," pp. 180ff. ; comp. George Rudé, Ideology and Popular Protest (New York: Pantheon, 1980).

© 1989 William O. McCagg Jr., Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis


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BOCHUM PDF Print E-mail

    Official name: Verein für Leibesübungen Bochum

    1848 Fußballgemeinschaft e.V.

    City: Bochum, Germany

    Best League Performance: 5th place
    (most recent - 2003/04)
    Best Cup Performance: Runners-up twice
    (Most recent - 1987/88)

Bochum's Portuguese players

Daniel Fernandes

Daniel Fernandes

Canadian-born goalkeeper Daniel Fernandes is one of a number of emerging Portuguese players to have forged his career largely outside the country. Porto signed the giant goalkeeper to their youth academy in 2000, but after failing to make the grade with the Portuguese giants, Fernandes spent time in Spain and Germany before making his way to PAOK Saloniki in Greece.

It was while with PAOK that Fernandes finally began to flourish, spending five years at the club and impressing enough to earn his first international cap in 2007. A move to VFL Bochum came in the summer of 2008, with the switch to the Bundesliga coming just before Fernandes 25th birthday, giving him the platform to progress and establish himself as one of the leading candidates for the Portugal no.1 shirt.

Name: Ruhrstadion

Capacity: 31,328

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Monday, 31 January 2011

The image of Emperor Penguins that stays with me from wildlife films is of them standing on the ice of Antarctica in temperatures well below freezing while the wind howls round them. A group of perhaps a thousand huddled together, protectting their young, still in their fluffy plumage.  What hardy and wonderful creatures.

The Emperor is the tallest and heaviest of the penguins and breeds during the Arctic winter, travelling from 30 to 75 miles to the breeding colonies.  I rather like this map of their year from Wikipedia
The card came with one of the pretty German flower definitives
this one is Ballonblume or Balloon Flower (Platycodon grandiflorus).

Günter in Bavaria hopes I like this extra large card he sent me. I certainly do. Thank you Günter.

Sunday, 30 January 2011

White Rabbit

Today in anticipation of the Lunar New Year on on the 3rd when we enter the year of the Rabbit, here is a Chinese Folk-tale concerning a white rabbit.  This is a set of stamps issued in June 1980 both as a sheets, and the ones that I have, in a booklet, with its themed cover.

Here is the the story,  "Gu Dong is Coming" in stamps (designed by Wan Weisheng):
White rabbit nibbled grass by the pond where the papaya tree grew.  A breeze came through the trees and he heard the sound, Gu Dong. He jumped, such a loud sound must come from a monster.  He ran and hopped away as fast as he could run shouting, "a monster is coming".  He ran into monkey and fox, "what is your hurry". "A big and scary monster is coming.  I am sure he has three big red eyes". "One will be in the middle of his forehead" said monkey. "If we stay together we will be safe from the Gu Dong".
They ran into more animals and warned them too, panic grew. Lion walked slowly through the deep grass and said "Who is Gu Dong"?  "He is a monster that will eat us all". "He likes deer best" squeaked deer. "He can find us anywhere" said fox. "Who has seen Gu Dong" said the lion. "I heard him by the pond" replied white rabbit. "Lets find who this Gu Dong is" said the lion and they followed him back to the pond. No one was there.  Only a ripe papaya floated on the water. "I know I heard him here" cried the white rabbit. Just then another papaya fell into the water. Splash, Gu Dong!  Rabbit screamed, and then laughed, "Its only a papaya".  Everyone laughed and Lion picked up the papaya, broke it open and they all enjoyed sharing it by the side of the pond.
 So, don't panic when you hear of monsters and always seek the truth behind rumours.  China is a land of many stories, which often appear on their stamps.

Sunday Stamps is hosted by Viridian Postcards

Saturday, 29 January 2011

 Rye -Top of West Street

An unused Deacon's Series Rye postcard from the early 20th century. You could still look at this street now and nothing will have changed, the trees by the church have grown, some of the houses wooden slats have been painted white but the cobbled street and all the houses are still there.  The old town sits on sandstone heights so these streets have quite a slope.

This place is the setting for E.F. Benson's  amusing Mapp and Lucia novels which he renamed Tilling. When I visited I was amazed, the description of the town had been so accurate I could almost imaging scenes from it actually happening.  I have since been told, by someone who lives nearby, that the character(s) of the town he describes could almost be how it is today.  Rye lies near the edge of Romney Marsh and Benson also wrote ghost stories set around the area which are deliciously spooky. This locality must provide much material for writers for Henry James lived here for the last 18 years of his life.

Rye in East Sussex was one of the Cinque Ports protecting the south coast from invasion from the channel but now this is only a ceremonial designation.   Today the town it is a popular tourist destination both for people arriving by road or yacht.

Friday, 28 January 2011

Lucky Cats

 Here's a spot of good luck - A double dose for you!

It seems to vary across the world whether black cats are considered lucky. As can be seen we believe they are very lucky, especially if they cross your path. Stroking them three times can bring even more luck so no wonder this little girl is looking happy.  One D Tempest's drawings for Bamforth's Kiddy series.  The card was sent to a grandaughter
"Dear Alison, I hope you like this PC, Joyce brought it from Blackpool yesterday. I hope you are getting on alright. I do not think I shall be long before I see you, I will write to your mother this week. With Love from Grandma".  The postcard was sent from Bury, Lancashire in 1934.  The seaside town of Blackpool (about 45 miles from Bury) would have had racks of Bamford cards, whereas the then cotton mill town of Bury, not so many.

Beth of The Best Hearts Are Crunchy is the hostess of Postcard Friendship Friday

Monday, 24 January 2011

Eckley, Pennsylvania

Eckley Miners Village, Pennsylvania

The reverse caption says "A restored mining community consisting of over 50 houses, a church, a company store, a coal breaker, and many artefacts of the era.  The village now maintained by the PA Historical and Museum Commission, was used in the filming of the motion picture The Molly Maguires.

Eckley was an anthracite mine in north east Pennsylvania.  In 1853 a saw mill was constructed to provide lumber for stables, mine and buildings to house the colliery workers who would move into the town. Looking at the photo it seems as though the town is surrounded by forests. Mining began in 1854 and was employment for waves of immigrants, starting with the English, Welsh and Germans in the mid 19th century. At its peak this town would have a population of 1000 but by the end of mining a mere 20. Today most of the properties are privately owned but a number are open to the public. There is a historic walk around the town which must give a feel of what it was like to live and work there in this past times.

My sender says Eckley is on here 'to do' list but there are other living museums of 19th Century life in the USA that are also worth a visit such as logging towns in West Virginia and Tenement museum in New York.

The card came with, amongst others, a Julia De Burgos stamp

the Puerto Rican poet and independence/civil right activist. She died at the age of 39 on the streets of East Harlem with no ID and was buried in a nameless grave. How sad to die alone and nameless, she now has a named grave and a cultural centre named after her. Sometimes poets predict their life in verse for the beginning lines of her poem 'Intimate' begining

Life straightened up to watch me past
I began getting lost atom by atom of my flesh
And slipping little by little to the soul

The blue water in the background of the stamp represents the Rio Grande de Loiza, the theme of her most famous poem, an ode to the river where she was raised.  For that and her history see this page

Thank you Bonnie Jeanne, a fascinating card

Sunday, 23 January 2011

Robert Burns

 Robert Burns 1759-1796
As it is Burns night on Tuesday what other stamp could I show for Sunday Stamps than two commemoratives issued on the 25th January 1966.

Designed by the Scottish artist Gordon Huntley the One Shilling and Threepenny stamp shows the Nasmyth portrait against a background design that contains symbols of Burns' life (they take a lot of squinting to see) - the plough, a scroll and a quill, the rose, a stook of barley, the thistle and the gable end of his home Mossgeil Farmhouse. The script lettering is based on calligraphic forms in Burns' signature on letters.  The 4d stamp is a more simple design Burns' portrait with the cross of St Andrew - the national flag of Scotland, in the background.

Burns night is on the poets birthday, 25th January, and  is a celebration of his short but full life. The supper starts with the Selkirk grace:
Some hae meat and canna eat,
And some wad eat that want it;
But we hae meat, and we can eat,
And sae let the Lord be thank it.
but the high points of the evening is the entrance of the haggis which will be proceeded by a piper playing some of Burns' songs on a bagpipes. The haggis which will be laid on the top table where a chosen person will recite the eight verses of 'To A Haggis' which starts:

Fair fa' your honest, sonsie face,    (sonsie=good natured, comely)
Great Chieften o' the Puddin-race!
Aboon them a' ye tak your place,  (aboon=above)
Paich, tripe or thairm;                    (paich=paunch or stomach) (thairm=intestine)
Weel are ye wordy of a grace        (wordy=worthy)
As lang's my arm.

The haggis will then be cut (with a toast proposed in whisky) and eaten with mashed tatties (potatoes) and neeps (turnip). After the meal and various toasts, and poems the evening will end, with of course, a singing of  Auld Lang Syne, the poem written by Burns and set to the tune of an old folk song, still sung all over the world at New Year.
The Sunday Stamps meme is created and hosted at Viridian Postcard

Friday, 21 January 2011

Wedding Party

I've shown the first love, the arguments and now things are running smoothly with a marriage.  The picture is of a wedding in Brittany near the coastal town of Auray. The wedding couple, their maids of honour and grooms-men gazing into the camera as we gaze back across time to the turn of the 20th Century.  I like the man with the jauntily angled hat and the variety of expressions of the wedding party.

This is not a card I own but a publicity leaflet in the form of a card which I picked up last year in France. It was advertising an exhibition that had taken place in 2009 on the theme of marriage (seems not many people had picked up this card!).  I then discovered there was a museum of postcards in the town of Baud, yippee, but I was due to go back to England and would not have time to visit, groan.  But on the back of the card,
apart from saying that they have 60,000 regional cards, it also gives the address of their website, happy days, they are running a weekly theme at the moment (if your French is a bit iffy, I may mean mine there) put the name Cartopole in a search and let Google translate). The collection consists of mainly postcards of life in Brittany before the 1920s, but they are also involved in putting cards not owned by the museum on the web.  It is still not quite the same as seeing them for in the museum for they also are interested in correspondence, the other side of the card. This year's special exhibition is 'Farming' and the life of local people in Brittany at the turn of the 20th Century.  But after brief thought of going to northern Spain for our holidays we are returning to France this year and may not be too far from the town of Baud and Cartopole with, as my new guide book puts it, their 'petits trésors' (small treasures). I can think of no better description of postcards that that term.

Beth of The Best Hearts Are Crunchy is the hostess of Postcard Friendship Friday

Wednesday, 19 January 2011

Sharp Edge

Sharp Edge, Saddleback

The classic Lake District ridge walk is up Sharp Edge on to the mountain of Saddleback. It is indeed a sharp edge which people fall off on a regular basis, but the majority live to enjoy the challenge.  This is one of Mayson's Keswick Series of Real Photo cards, unused. Even if I did not know it was an old card the name Saddleback would have given me a clue for this is the descriptive English name.  Its local, and original name, and the one that it has now reverted to, is Blencathra.  Probably from blaen (a bare hill top) and cathrach (a chair) which put together is a bare hill shaped like a chair.

The lone walker stands looking at Scales Tarn in the hollow. On a clear day it stands out an intense blue surrounded by grey rocks.  I thought I had posted a picture of this on my other blog but I had been on the theme of 'edge' so no tarn here only blue skies.
As you see modern maps use both the mountains name, I wonder if like a cat it has a third name, no human will discover. (TS Eliots The Naming of Cats here)

Sunday, 16 January 2011

Fairies from Finland

Glitter and fairies who could resist that combination. Unfortunately the glitter does not show up very well on the scan but it sparkles nicely on the postcard that Leena sent me in March 2010.  This is the Star Fairy.  A set of five was issued in January in time for Valentine's Day.  Imagine my delight at the end of 2010 when I received
another fairy which Jassica had surprised me with, along with other pretty stamps. Finland have an attractive and imaginative stamp programme which often finds me thinking it would be a wonderful country to specialise in, but I have never got any further than the thought.  If I was specialising then the full miniature sheet of stamps would be a must.
I might frame this rather than putting it in an album. The fairies are the work the young illustrator Minni Havas from Helsinki who works with coloured pencils, usually in fashion design.

The concept of Sunday Stamps, which started last week, is Viridian's Postcards who is hosting here and this week a badge as well....

Friday, 14 January 2011

The Lovers Quarrel

My Postcard Friendship Friday last week was about first love, but as the saying goes, true love never runs smooth so here is "The Lover's Quarrel". Is that single apostrophe S significant.  He just looks fed up, she is sobbing.  Perhaps he took her to the wrong place, such as a hillside full of bracken. This postcard must have been sent in an envelope early in the 20th century, perhaps emotion was too raw for the Postie to read.
"Sorry this has happened but hope you will forgive and forget will try and get up as far before Sunday. If not there Gt. A".  The Gt A refers the the small village of Great Asby which is close by the even smaller village of Low Asby where this card's recipient lived. There are still quite a few Jacksons, possibly her descendants, still living in the village. Possibly not the card senders descendants though for there is a line drawn under the message and,  in another hand (or is it my imagination) , says "never again, busy at present".  Can't beat that for a put down.

Beth of The Best Hearts Are Crunchy is the hostess of Postcard Friendship Friday.

Monday, 10 January 2011

St Ives, Cornwall

Buying Fish at the Quayside, 1904

For centuries fishing was the main industry in St Ives and the  principal fishing port of the north coast of Cornwall. At the time of the photograph the quayside would be busy with people buying and selling fish fresh from the sea.  (I always try to spot if there is anyone not wearing a hat in old photograph but as can be seen, as usual, everyone is wearing one). There is still a small fleet of fishing boats here but now its main industry is tourism. The narrow streets, quaint alleyways, galleries and restaurants are busy all summer long.

The card is one of the Nostalgia Postcards series published in 1992 which was exactly a year before the Tate Gallery opening its branch gallery here.  St Ives is a popular retreat for artists, the most famous in the past being Ben Nicholson and Barbara Hepworth. The Tate also now also owns Hepworth's house and sculpture garden. The garden is said to hold her favourite pieces.

Sunday, 9 January 2011

Liverpool & Manchester Railway

Viridian's Postcards blog is hosting a celebration of stamps the "small works of art" by the start of a new Sunday stamps meme.  To share that love go here.

I thought I would start with one of my favourite GB sets of stamps issued in 1980 as a 5 se-tenant set, to celebrate the anniversary of the opening of  the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830.  To appreciate the wonderful detail click on the stamps to enlarge. The artist was David Gentleman, who has had a huge influence on British stamp design over the years, and created 103 different issues from 1962-2000.

The stamps take us on a journey and passes various points of interest. The railway is pulled by
  • Stephenson's Rocket approaching the Moorish Arch in Liverpool. (In 1829 the Stephensons had run this at the famous Rainhill Trials competition to choose the best design of locomotive for the railway company).
  • The 1st and 2nd class carriages pass through the Olive Mount Cutting (one of the major problems that George Stephenson had to overcome on the line, rock had to be blasted out along a 2 mile cutting)
  • 3rd Class carriage lives up to the nickname of 'cattle trucks' and is followed by a sheep truck crossing Chat Moss (a peat bog that almost threatened the completion of the railway until Stephenson 'floated' the line across on wood and stone foundations)
  • Horsebox and Carriage Truck near the Bridgewater Canal. (Two things the railway would replace as a mode of transport for goods and people)
  • Goods Truck and Mail Coach at Manchester (the chimneys of the industrial revolution in the background)
Royal Mail has continued to celebrate the railway and this year will be no different when they will be issuing classic locomotives stamps next month.

Friday, 7 January 2011

Under The Lilacs

In the garden of love under the lilacs, our maiden is being swept of her feet by a handsome suitor. In the language of flowers the purple lilac means the 'first emotions of love'. If the card had portrayed white lilac that would have had a different meaning of youthful innocence.  I think the card may have been sent in the first flush of love on 10th September 1908, not only has it lots of kisses at the end
 it has the angled stamp over the surname.  The message reads
"My dear Ein, Thank you so much for the pretty card. Its just the sort I am very fond of. What I can see of it you insist upon sending me more cards so that I shall have to have another album beside the two I have already. Don't forget 9 O'clock tonight. Bring your ½d with you. With best love. Yours affectionately, Edie"

I wonder how many albums she eventually filled?  Philco Publishing, based in London,  issued view and artist cards from 1906-1934 so plenty of opportunity for more pretty cards.

Beth at The Best Hearts Are Crunchy is the hostess of Postcard Friendship Friday

Wednesday, 5 January 2011

"Childhood on Loess Plateau"

In China by the upper and middle Yellow River, a place once passed through by the ancient northern Silk Road, is an area called the Loess Plateau.  Loess takes its the name from the yellowish silty sediment that covers the area.  Or perhaps it is the other way round.  One theory by scientists about this soil is that over hundreds of thousand of years it was blown over by north winds from Mongolia.  In past times the area was very fertile, unfortunately this silty soil is susceptible to erosion and the impact of rain and deforestation has led to a degraded environment. In the 1990s a project to reverse the effect of erosion by planting trees, grass and reducing grazing was started to help soil retention.

Xu, who sent me the card, says that the people that live in the Loess Plateau have a hard life because of the poor transport, bad environment and bad weather. The children who live there get up early and walk long distances to school. After school and homework, children like this little boy, help with chores and the sheep.  She hopes as China develops and with government help the people on the Plateau will have a better life in the future.

The little boy does not look as though he is too keen on having his photograph taken by a stranger, or maybe he is puzzled by the attention or is a little shy.

Monday, 3 January 2011

Snow Fortress, Siberia

The Taking of A Snow Fortress painted by Vasily Surikov (1891)

Vasily Surikov (1848-1916) is famous for his historical paintings and portraits of ordinary Russian people. Always fascinating. This particular painting came after a sad period of his life. In 1887 his wife Elizabeth died and caused him to descend into a deep depression, he stopped painting, writing,
"the meaning of life has been destroyed; I am struggling with the present and do not doubt with the future also".
He left Moscow with his children for his home town Krasnoyarsk in Siberia.  This place of childhood memories and his caring friends eventually rescued him from his debilitating depression.  In 1891 he decided to paint the Siberian Cossack game in which a horseman must jump over a snow wall, defended by young people with twigs, brooms, whips and rattles.  This cheerful painting is an exception to his usual oeuvre, possibly he saw the lifting of a dark cloud, which he thought would never end, and the beginning of life again.

The scene portrayed is centred around the annual week long pancake festival in February. A small town is constructed of ice and snow with many figures and buildings and the fortress of that town is attacked. Surikov's scene was not part of an actual festival but one constructed specially for him to paint by the residents of Krasnoyarsk. They built the fortress of ice and snow with towers and spires. He populated the painting with his friends, fortress builders and relations. The sleigh covered by a Tyumen carpet depicts his brother Alexander in a musquash cap.

The card came with fortresses of a more sturdy kind
the definitives 10 Moscow Kremlin and 1.00 Astrakhan Kremlin together with the 2010 definitive of a hare. The stamp in the corners is the emblem of the Population Census issued on 14 October 2010, the day that the census started in Russia. There were 616,000 census takers employed across all of Russia.  Our census will take place on the 27 March this year, but as the UK could probably fit into a tiny corner of Russia there will only be 35,000 census takers needed.

Thank you Tatyana for this wonderful card.


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Turtle Mountain 2013-03-23

We had received snow/rain, depending on elevation, all week… the skies cleared on Friday afternoon and the sun was forecasted to shine all weekend. The calls went out to our riding friends and before long we had a group ready to tear up some fresh Powder on Saturday in Turtle.

As forecasted, the skies were clear on Saturday morning with the air crisp and cool. The group consisted of Rozzy, Randy, Riley, Duke, Kevin, Brian, Laird and myself. We had just completed an engine overhaul on Rozzy’s #2 sled, as such I opted to drive it for the day to break it in and ensure all was in correct working order, and incidentally, the sled performed flawlessly and didn’t require a wrench to be put to it. Most of the group were on boosted Yammies, with the exception of two Polaris Pros. We staged at Boulder Parking Lot which was in great spring condition, the lot was dry gravel, but the trail was snow covered and groomed right up to the Trail Pass Booth.

The trail was frozen from the cold overnight temperatures with no snow for track lubrication until nearly 6 km, and then only marginal,… scratchers down and drag the feet when you could seemed to keep the sleds cool. The non-groomed trail up towards Turtle was pounded and moguled the entire way to the cutblock. We sat back and waited for the large group in front of us to hopefully get clear of the hazards in the cutblock, they mostly did, just a few random stuck sleds to work around on our rip up thru the trees. Someone had shoveled and cut a sweet sidehill trail across the “ditch”, …never seen that before, must have taken an hour or more!!

We opted to drop into a deep little canyon on our way in, most riders pass it by so we knew it would be untracked, as it was. This provided me my first photo ops for the day, while the group spread out and used up the powder, I captured some great pics while the riders captured some great freshies in the face!!

On back to Clint’s Bowl, where Rozzy found a new treeline climb, which he blasted up and made look way too easy. The group climbed all the usual runs and soon we were off again. As we crossed over the range, Duke wanted to take a poke at the Mustang Chute, one practice approach run and then he blasted to the top with his mighty side-piped Apex Turbo. Next stop, Porcupine Creek where Laird had been mining gold from the creek a month previous, haha. Some more playing and ripping through the treed meadows and small climbs. The snow was awesome, about a foot and a half deep, nice dry powder, just great for playing and carving in, …the sun was brilliant, the snow was glistening and the glare was enough to hurt your eyes at times. After using up the meadows, we climbed the North ridge along side of the Lakes and had lunch up on the ridge in a position which provided us with a tremendous view of the valley below as well as the majestic peaks around us. After lunch we played our way west and dropped down onto Pebble Beach. the usual large groups were collected on Pebble Beach, visiting and enjoying/basking in the sun.

The Sister’s were calling and before long Randy and Rozzy answered the call. I took pictures from below as they slayed all of the chutes, taking turns and making them all in good fashion. A couple of two stroke Turbo’s came over to make some pulls but were all out of steam by the time they got to the chutes and had to turn out. The Big Yammies were making it look easy, but both the Boosted XM Doo and the Boosted Polaris Pro were closer to the bottom than they were to the top!!

From there we crossed over the next range and dropped down into “Chain Breaker Bowl” which again was completely untouched. The snow was magnificent down in this little bowl, it usually always is, haha. The spring afternoon sun tends to focus in this little bowl and radiates it’s warmth in all directions. The snow was good on all but the South faces which had setup pretty firm. A few weeks back we had been in there and made some new climbs that had never been pulled before, Rozzy had made a wicked climb up a very near vertical face that gives one the creeps when looking down it. On that occasion he made it look easy, he opted to run it again, however, this time around the snow was set in a wild wind lip at the top, which sent him off course, curving to the right with gravity adding its force, he was in trouble!! His right ski caught a tree just the apex of his loop, which stopped his sled instantly, Rozzy was ejected over the bars and sent somersaulting, flying, rolling, flipping and sliding down this near vertical face. Some snow dislodged and started to accumulate with him in his rapid decent, as such he deployed his avy bag just to be safe. In the end it wasn’t required, but it helped us keep track of him. He slammed into some trees with his body on  the way down, he was cruising fast and was lucky to not have suffered any broken bones or serious injuries. He tumbled, slid and flew well over 200 metres in his rapid decent. As it was he had a sore ass and some general aches. Poor “Wayne”, his intrepid mighty steed was still hanging up on the edge waiting for a rescue.

We drove our sleds around to the top and hiked down to Wayne, the face was indeed very steep and treacherous. With four or five guys shovelling, it took and hour to build a level pad to pull Wayne into, and then off the tree. After much debate, we opted to send Wayne down Ghost Rider style and hoped he would pick a path away from the trees below. No such luck, his path curved with the obvious lay of the snow and tore into a large group of spruce with a thunderous crash. He had a full head of steam when he hit the trees, the impact broke/tore the left front shock clear out of the front suspension, never to be found!! Some collateral damage to plastic body panels and the fiberglass hood, “Wayne” was not looking quite as proper as he had before. Oh well, at least Rozzy was fine and Wayne is fixable!

We whittled a piece of Spruce branch to fit into the space of the missing front shock and secured it in place with some rope lashings, …all was in order and ready for a stiff ride out. Unfortunately, Wayne had also broke his break lever off when he launched himself into the large trees, as such, Rozzy had to ride him all the way out and down with no brakes, …which is no small feat in itself considering the route out and the size of the hills!

The days are getting much longer now, so it is a challenge to come out in the darkness as is our preference for most of the season. We did still manage to use up most of the day and our fuel, and once again met the groomer around 3 km so we had a nice smooth trail out for the last bit.

Another spectacular day and a great ride with good friends!!!

Cheers!  Cpt. Ron

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Worker health and safety - what will it take for business leaders to

So now we have BP’s deep water disaster to add to the 29 fatalities at Upper Big Branch in 2010.  The thousands of news unworthy events continue behind the scenes.  Behind every one of those incidents we know that there are 200 – 300 “close calls.”

But as I consider the recent tragedies, I hold faith that you are out there somewhere.  A successful business executive leading a profitable company who routinely thinks about worker health and safety.  You somehow ”get it” and do so within the context of you and your board’s shareholder pressured focus on short-term earnings statements.   But are you thinking about worker health and safety out of a fear of regulatory citation?  Not likely - unless you’re suffering some amount of delusional paranoia.

OSHA chief Dr. David Michaels, Ph.D., MPH, claims recently that promulgating a final rule requiring employers to have Injury and Illness Prevention Programs (I2P2) is his current top priority. Great.  And if a tree falls in the woods and no one is there to hear it, does it make a sound?  Michaels has said he hopes such a rule will transform the safety cultures of companies around the country but in my 25 years in the industry, fear of an enforcement visit was never all too real.  Sure we (EH&S professionals) used it as best we could to get senior management to invest in EH&S, but I always came away feeling a bit like a snake-oil salesman.   Another rule with no enforcement will do nothing.

Until business schools start including a much healthier dose of loss control subject matter in their programs, fear of enforcement will be the only motivator for health and safety.  As long as the odds of an OSHA visit are below 1 in 100 for most industry sectors, enforcement will remain a poor motivator for the one’s who don’t “get it.”

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Archive | Success Stories

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“Colorado Springs resident Gloria lost 90 pounds…”

19 September
Colorado Springs Fitness
Gloria before
Colorado Springs Fitness
Gloria 90 pounds late

Colorado Springs resident, Gloria, lost 90 pounds with Personal Trainer Edward Scaduto. This is her story.

Whenever I saw a heavy person, I would ask my friends and family, ” Am I that big?” Even though I knew the answer to the question, I still didn’t take control of my weight.My staple diet consisted of junk food, lots of carbs, and other unhealthy foods. Then two events happened that made me realize that I had to make some changes in my weight and in my life. At a doctor appointment, my doctor informed me that I had borderline high blood pressure. She informed me that I had to lose weight – I was putting unnecessary stress on my body. This made me painfully aware of how much I actually weighed. Not too long afterward, I took a trip to California and when sitting in my seat on the airplane took up more space than one seat. I didn’t want to wait around for any more wake-up calls.

Now, I am working on staying committed, as well as keeping the momentum. I am working on losing the last of my weight. Ed has been great at encouraging me with this goal. I am also very happy with my current eating plan. I feel great! I feel that continual accountability is and will be an important step to maintaining my success. Looking back I realize that I couldn’t have achieved this success on my own; Ed has been an instrumental part of the weight loss success I have achieved. He helped me in setting goals, keeping me motivated and accountable, checking my food log and creating menu plans that would incorporate foods that I enjoyed eating.

“I have lost 15 pounds and now my Cholesterol is 178…”

09 June

I am a 56-year-old woman who weighed 197 lbs when I started working with Ed Scaduto. My cholesterol was 245. I was not in any kind of shape but round!

I had come into a little money and had to decide what to do with it. My first thought was to put it away for retirement. But with exertion asthma, fatigue, and other health issues, I decided to use it to make sure I make it to retirement.

Ed brought me along slowly after evaluating my capabilities. Even the basics were a challenge at first. But soon, I was pumping iron, engaging in cardio, and looking for more challenges. Ed advised me on my dietary intake and coached me constantly. He took the time to discuss health issues and the latest research findings and how they apply to me. He is a very patient trainer!

Now, I’ve lost over 15 pounds and my cholesterol is 178! I am in great shape now and my stamina is awesome! I look forward to working out with Ed – he keeps me motivated and moving!

“Colorado Springs Sisters Both Lose 30 pounds Each…”

10 May

Sofie and Monica before

We are sisters and the very best of friends. We do everything together. We even each have 2 kids the same ages in pairs, 1 boy and 1 girl each.

We used food as a social thing. Always thinking of what “fun” thing we could eat while watching movies or soaps. We were members of another gym and went at least 4 times a week with no results. I guess we were just going through the motions.

That all changed when we decided to work with a personal trainer and started working out with Ed Scaduto (Precision Fitness).

Monica and Sofie after

We both have so much more energy and we have both lost 30 lbs each so far and feel great. Now instead of rewarding ourselves with food, we go out and buy a cute outfit several sizes smaller than before. This is a total lifestyle change for us. We will never go back to the way we used to be.

Thank You Ed!

Sofie & Monica

I have dropped sizes in my clothing…

09 May

Molly April 2008

I joined the gym after realizing that stress was taking a toll on me mentally and physically.  I knew from previous experience that I needed a trainer to help me get the motivation to make this a lifestyle change as well as learn how to become stronger so I wasn’t prone to injuries.

When I began working with Ed, my goal was to increase my activity and reduce my percentage of body fat.  I have learned so much information, not to mention a plethora of strength training routines from having a trainer. Any previous trainers I had in the past would just take you through the routine and that was it. I was pleasantly surprised when I started working with Ed and it wasn’t just about what I was doing in the gym; that was only part it.

The other piece was I had to change my diet/nutrition; otherwise the exercise would only do so much. For me its been so helpful to have a trainer who took the time to find out my goals, challenge me and has been great about working with me on whatever ailments I might be dealing with.

Molly July 2008

Previously, anytime I wouldn’t feel matter how minor it was, I would stop working out. But I have learned how to adjust routines etc so that I continue w/ my training despite what is going on. Its’ definitely helped me get towards my goal of more activity and reduction of body fat percentage.

After losing 20 or so pounds I feel like I have a way to reduce my stress. I have better confidence about utilizing equipment and I have dropped sizes in clothing.  I still have a ways to go, but knowing I have the tools and resources like Ed to help me when I need it is half the battle. I’ve been working with Ed on and off for over 2 years now and well worth every penny spent. I’ve recommended him to friends whom also enjoyed Eds’ training style, if you are in the market for a trainer, hire Ed!

“I feel like I have a partner in this process of improved health and fitness…”

28 April

Colorado Springs Personal TrainingI have benefited in so many ways from my training.  Ed takes his role seriously as demonstrated by the time he took to truly listen to my goals and create a plan tailored for me.  In trying to improve my triathlon performance and shed some pounds in the process, he created a nutritional and workout routine to help me get there.

I know that Ed sincerely cares for his clients–he comes prepared for our workouts with exercises targeted to improving my performance as well as closely watching my movements to ensure I am doing the exercise with correct form in order to get the full benefit of the exercise without injury.  He also does not hesitate to remind me of my goals and hold me accountable when I wonder from the plan!

Working with Ed has not only been challenging but a great deal of fun, and more than having a trainer, I feel like I have a partner in this process of achieving improved fitness and health.

“Made a huge difference in my exercise success…”

22 April
Colorado Springs Personal Training

Dan Oldfield atop Pikes Peak

Super Trainer! Professional. Mature. Conscientious. The go to guy to make a real difference in training.

I trained with Ed for 18 months. The best trainer I’ve ever had. Made a huge difference in my exercise success. He showed me the right way both anatomically as well as strength wise.

Ed motivated me to train consistently, correctly, and with clear goals. He is the consummate professional who learns about his clients particular strengths as well as struggles, then builds a training plan to improve the whole. Great guy to train with!

“I thought I would never lose the weight…”

21 April
Carol before

Carole before

Carol after

Carol after

What do I see when I look at the pictures?

I see someone who accomplished their goal.  I see someone who pushed beyond her limits and now is happy in her new body.  I used to think that I would never be able to lose the fat and was pretty unhappy about how I looked.  But once the process started and because of the direction and encouragement you provided I grew more confident.  It really did feel like it was impossible to change.  But I believed and it happened.  Along with the weight loss I had to deal with the issues that caused me to overeat.  Those issues are melting away as well.

I feel absolutely wonderful about where I am at now.  I know I could still lose a few pounds.  But I can find clothes that fit and I have been getting tons of compliments.  I really don’t like that much attention but it is good to have some validation.

Now I feel like the person I was always meant to be (physically).   I also walk around with my badge of success (lower weight).  It speaks volumes about my fortitude.

But I know my journey is not over yet.  I am in it for the rest of my life.

Thanks so much for your direction, support and caring.


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2014 Wheeler and Hamilton School Summer Reading List

Wheeler ENTERING 2nd GRADE Summer Reading 2014

1. Read The Magic Tree House: Pilgrims by Mary Pope Osborne.

All second grade students are required to read chapters 1 – 3 from Pilgrims, by Mary Pope Osborne and Natalie Pope Boyce. They can read the chapters by  themselves, or as a read-aloud with an adult. This book lays the foundation for our fall social studies unit and will give students a chance to become familiar with the Pilgrims’ journey to the New World. Students will be required to bring this book to school in September.

2. Read any two (2) books:


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About Us

Prestige Wedding Entertainment

Prestige Wedding Entertainment are your Wedding experts with plenty of experience. Our only focus is on our Weddings and giving our brides and grooms a high standard of service. We will not double book an event. Your Wedding DJ or MC will be dedicated to your Wedding to ensure your special day will be remembered for all the right reasons leaving your guests with a positive experience. We have been in the Wedding industry over the last 20 years and all our DJs have a minimum of 5 years of experience in Weddings with MCs having upwards of 10 years in experience.

Weddings are the first step towards a richer, fuller life. It marks the start of a significant but happy change. Naturally, you want to celebrate that occasion and make it memorable. Most couples want all elements of their wedding to be perfect, including the entertainment. For that, you need good quality contractors and DJs. At Prestige Wedding Entertainment, we’ve often observed that the life and environment of the wedding is affected if the music isn’t right. If the entertainment is dull and unimaginative, a wedding can often become boring and forgettable. That’s why you need to choose us. Our wedding DJs know how to keep the guests engaged and interested by creating the right environment with their music.

Specialising in Weddings

There are several DJ companies that offer wedding DJ services but they don’t really specialise in this field. In fact, some of the DJs might not even have played at a wedding until you hired them. This can have an impact on the quality of the music played at your event. By choosing a DJ company that specialises in wedding entertainment, you ensure that your music is great. You get a person who can handle wedding crowds easily and keep up with any music demands.

We’ve been a part of this industry for over 20 years. Needless to say, we’re familiar with weddings. We understand that different couples prefer different kinds of weddings. Some people might want a simple, classical wedding while others might prefer a quirky and fun event. We always take our client’s requirements and preferences into consideration.

All our wedding DJs have at least 5 years of experience in playing at weddings. This has a significant impact on the quality of their work and gives them the ability to read the audience well. Our wedding DJs won’t get bored, won’t take your special day for granted, and they dedicate considerable time and effort to creating the perfect playlist for your event. They focus on making your wedding memorable and special and choose songs that would connect with you and your guests.

Knowledge of Music

Thorough and comprehensive knowledge of music is absolutely essential to succeed in this industry. There are some DJs that specialise in certain genres of music and will play them well. However, wedding DJs need to be versatile. As we mentioned before, different couples will have different preferences. A DJ needs to have significant amount of knowledge about music. They need to have a good repertoire and should understand the latest trends of the industry.

Our DJs love music and dedicate much of their time to it. They’re constantly on the hunt of new and interesting tunes. They also make it a point to understand and become familiar with different genres of music. They are prompt, professional, and very skilled and will bring life to your wedding and ensure that it’s a memorable and entertaining event.

If you have any more questions about wedding DJs and entertainment, don’t hesitate to contact us at Prestige Wedding Entertainment. You can give us a call or email us at [email protected].


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The Easter school holiday is on it’s last day. Tomorrow the traffic will be back in full swing in our part of Pretoria.

Some are looking forward to going back and others will be sad, either way, it’s only a few day till the schools take a little break again.

Here is a link to a website with all the Gauteng School Terms for 2015, it’s got all the dates we wonder about. You’ll be able to see all the school terms for 2015 and can start planning your December break having the dates.

Then with the going back to school theme for this post, there is something very important we should also cover, something slightly off topic, but something that really needs to be brought up. Bullying! We have all seen children that are scared to go to school because of bullies, it can be very traumatic for children and we should try and help as soon as we notice something is not right. It’s important to act soon and help avoid it in future.

What is the best way to handle bullies? Well, here is a link to and the articles topic is 5 Ways to Bully-Proof your Kid. It gives you options and what to do in cases where your child is being bullied. Read the article and look for the signs, our children need our help.

If you’re one of the lucky ones with children that don’t get bullied at school, teach them that bullying is wrong and when they see it happening that they should try and help if they can. The attitude of “it’s not my problem isn’t going to help in this matter. If we want to clamp down on bullying we must get involved and get our children to help fight the problem. I doubt if bullying a bully will help, but when the same person is being reported for bullying the whole time, that person will eventually get called into the office and possible with his or her parents, that could possible help eliminate one bully at a time and make a positive change in a few childrens lives.

Let your children help fight the fight against bullies, in most cases it can be sorted out with just a few words from a senior scholar to say that it is wrong and if it happens again further steps will be taken to make sure the relevant teachers are informed and that disciplinary steps will be taken.

Thanks for reading this post. Please help our children fight the good fight against all bullies, whether your child is being bullied or not.

Leave a comment with your suggestions in this regard.

Pretoria East Team.

We here in Pretoria East have a variety of good schools, in fact we could argue that we have some of the best in the country. Without going into too much detail about which ones are the best, let’s just keep it at we have excellent schools in Pretoria East.

Again this list if far from exhaustive, but we will work towards listing all of them. If we missed you school, please let us know and we’ll include it. More »


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Applejack 12 is a changeling in the hapless position of trying to find a job in Canterlot, one of the most stuck-up and racist cities in Equestria (not without reason, with the whole invasion thing still fresh in their minds).  His adventures revolve around finding and subsequently keeping increasingly degrading jobs.

[Thread 257]

[1] He's playing Uno with 8-bit, Gaffer, and Screwloose after some discussion about 12 fighting Jetset. 8-bit tells 12 that he doesn't have a chance of actually beating Jetset, topping it off by calling him "Ling-Ling". In response, 12 calls him a racist and makes him skip his turn, an act Screwloose compliments. Gaffer tells 12 not to listen to 8-bit and "if you think you can beat Jetset then Faust be with ya’" before telling Screwloose to draw a four, setting her back and prompting her to call him "the worst kind of soul". He points out that, because she won the last two games, he considers her a threat, to which she responds that she's a bigger threat if she loses. Continuing with that point, she tells 12 that if he does manage to beat Jetset, he's just going to keep coming back for a rematch like he does with changeling 007. Then she tells him to draw a two card, ruining his Uno chance. When 8-bit compliments her no-mercy attitude, she says it's a free-for-all and she's here to win like she always does. Except, as 8-bit points out, when it comes to fighting skyscraper-tall changelings. Which prompts 12 to make him skip his turn again. 8-bit complains, saying Screwloose said she takes no prisoners and it's a free-for-all, but she points out that 12 never took that 'oath'. He calls this out as being "unhealthy" and 12 makes a jab about the amount of cards in his hooves being unhealthy, which amuses Screwloose and sets 8-bit off. [2] He's mentioned by Gaffer as having to take 8-bit to the infirmary. He also mentions that Twelve was injured by stepping on glass. Screwloose gets upset at hearing that, but Gaffer mentions that Twelve went up to Screwloose "put his head on your shoulder for a couple minutes, and walked away completely healed." She didn't notice the healing/love taking part, meaning there's some unconditional love there on her part at least.

Write the second section of your page here.


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News for Greens

‘Where did you go, Ivanka?’ How the first daughter’s family leave plan fizzled

Posted by in News, politics, rights By Sabrina Siddiqui in Washington|Dec. 5th, 2017 “As a mother myself, of three young children, I know how hard it is to work while raising a family. And I also know that I’m far more fortunate than most.” Those were the words of Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican national convention, moments before her father took the stage to accept his party’s nomination for president. Standing at the podium before a crowd of thousands in Cleveland, with millions more watching across America, Ivanka touted Donald Trump as a champion of working women…read more

Mea Culpa. Kinda Sorta.

Posted by in rights

By THE NEW YORK TIMES DEC. 1, 2017 New York Times journalists analyze the apologies — and non-apologies — issued by high-profile men accused of sexual misconduct.  On Thursday it was Matt Lauer, the longtime host of the “Today” show, expressing “sorrow and regret for the pain I have caused,” the day after NBC News fired him over allegations of sexual misconduct. Three days earlier Al Franken, a Minnesota Democrat, issued his third apology since a radio broadcaster accused him of forcibly kissing her and groping her breasts. Before that…read more


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Professor Murmann's Blog: Marrying History and Social Science in Strategy Research

Marrying History and Social Science in Strategy Research

Strategy research at its core tries to explain sustained performance differences among firms. This article argues that one, out of the many, ways to create a productive marriage between strategy research and historical scholarship is to carry out historically informed comparative studies of how firms and industries gain and lose their competitive position. While much of current strategy research adopts a large N hypothesis testing mode with the implicit assumption that one discovers generalization just like a Newtonian law such as F=m*a that applies across all space and time, an historically grounded methodology starts from the opposite direction. It assumes that a process or event may be idiosyncratic and therefore seeks to establish with detailed evidence that a 2nd (and later 3rd, 4th, ...nth) process or event is indeed similar before generalizing across observations. The article argues that the field of strategy would benefit from allocating more effort on building causal generalizations inductively from well-researched case studies, seeking to establish their boundary conditions. It articulates a comparative research program that outlines such an approach for the arena of industry and firm evolution studies.  Download Article.


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