text:
ГлавнаяSupportACS installation

Installation and maintenance of ACS

Installation of ACS (access control systems) will not be superfluous, either in a small office or in a large enterprise or warehouse.

система скуд

This solution will allow:

If you care about the security of the facility and want to professionally install access control in Kiev at an affordable price, then our team is at your service. We offer the full range of services, including design, procurement and delivery of equipment. Our specialists will competently install the ACS and adjust the access parameters of the monitoring system, as well as train the personnel to work with the equipment. Upon completion of work, we provide a guarantee for all types of services. Also here you can order a comprehensive service support.

The process of installing control and access control systems

Maintenance of access control systems

For access control systems, there is no difference in whether a large enterprise or an organization with an average staff is large. They are equally functional. Malfunctions occur when the systems are operated incorrectly, the electronic boards and chips fail, the voltage in the electrical networks is reduced or increased, etc.

Option 1: Agreement on access control services

Having concluded a contract for maintenance, repair of scum, the client removes the entire burden of responsibility for their normal functioning. The service monthly lists a small amount of money. Its scope includes not only repair, but also system preventive maintenance of equipment, as it is always in operation. The practice of outsourcing proves that only in this way it is easy to achieve from electronic systems of high efficiency with zero failures in operation.

Cooperating with us, you get:

The cost of maintenance for each object is: from 300.00 UAH. per month with VAT.

Option 2: One-time on-call service

With a one-time visit to the application, the response to Kiev is 1 working day.

The report on the work done on the application consists of: indication of the cause of the malfunction, determination of the terms of elimination, volumes and cost of the performed work.

Departure specialist for the diagnosis without using official vehicles – 350.00 UAH.

Departure specialist with the use of official vehicles (tools, stepladder, replacement equipment) – 450.00 UAH.

Cooperating with us, you get:

Rates for ACS

The final price depends on the complexity of the installation and the number of units. The prices are given without taking into account the cost of materials, departure of a specialist and without VAT:

Type of work Name The cost, UAH.
Installation work Button installation "Exit" 42
Installation work Installation of electromechanical latch 420
Installation work Installation of the turnstile 490
Installation work Installing an electromagnetic lock 280
Installation work Mounting the Access Controller 70
Installation work Mounting of the panel 98
Installation work Doorphone installation 126
Installation work Fencing installation 420
Installation work Installing an adapter to connect to a door communication system 77
Installation work Door closer installation 140
Installation work Mounting the reader 56
Installation work Installation of an electromechanical lock 420
Setting up the equipment Adjusting the electromagnetic lock 56
Setting up the equipment Electromechanical lock regulation 56
Setting up the equipment Adjustment door closer 42
Hardware Programming Programming the network access key (card) 15,4
Hardware Programming Programming the access controller for network ACS 154
Hardware Programming Programming of an access key (card) of an autonomous ACS 6,3
Hardware Programming Programming an access controller for a standalone ACS 28

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Building peace in the minds of men and women

IFAD-UNESCO Global Seminar on “Learning knowledge and skills for agriculture and improving rural livelihoods”

When, local time:
Thursday, 27 February 2014 - 8:15am to Friday, 28 February 2014 - 5:00pm
France, Paris
Type of Event:
Category 7-Seminar and Workshop
Mari Yasunaga, Programme Specialist in ED/BHL/LNF - +33 (0)1 45 68 11 40,

The seminar is organized by UNESCO in collaboration with the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), within the framework of a joint-research project. With participation from countries and development partners - including young people, civil society, experts, donors, and multilateral organisations - this forum will inquire about an educational response to global concerns of agriculture and food security, youth unemployment, rural poverty, and sustainable rural development. It will also explore how to build on qualitative research conducted in Cambodia, Egypt and Ethiopia.

The seminar will also explore how to build on qualitative research conducted in Cambodia, Egypt and Ethiopia. Of focus is discussion of enhanced evidence regarding how knowledge and skills for agriculture and other livelihoods are acquired by youth, with particular focus on women.

The purpose of this Global Seminar is three-fold, to:
• disseminate key findings of research conducted in rural communities in Cambodia, Egypt and Ethiopia
• reflect upon key issues for future action with regard to learning of knowledge and skills for improving agriculture and rural livelihoods
• explore the way forward to build on this project and other existing initiatives, in terms of partnering and potential response programs.

Today’s generation of young people is the largest in history. Although many of this younger generation have abandoned the rural context and migrated elsewhere—intrastate or interstate—a major share of unemployed youth still live in agrarian societies and in rural areas. Accordingly, the focus of attention is increasingly shifting to young rural people and, in particular, the next generation of farmers.

For many countries, one of the main concerns is to provide sustainable employment opportunities in agriculture for youth. Understanding the way future farmers are acquiring knowledge and skills is critical in forming responses to rural poverty and food security. The neglect that agriculture has suffered in terms of national budgets, policies and investment is often reinforced through inadequate educational systems.

The potential pro-poor benefits of finding innovative ways to equip the new generation of rural youth with knowledge, skills and a means of introducing sustainable technology to their agricultural practices are enormous. Only by providing young rural women and men with access to education and training of good quality and relevance, as well as technology, will they be able to contribute with innovative ideas and practices to create a rural agricultural sector that is different from the one they have already seen from their parents and, more broadly, within the current rural development context.

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Bokn Rural Museum

5561 Bokn

52 75 25 00

Add Bokn Rural Museum to your Itinerary

Bokn Rural Museum

Map & Directions

What's Nearby

  1. Newly erected mill and renovated meeting place by Kvednabekken from Boknabergsvatnet to...

    2.27 km Away
  2. Just a stone's throw east of Bokn church stands a stone monument in honour of Asbjørn...

    2.27 km Away
  3. Bokn Church is the only church at Bokn. It`s a traditional wooden long church and it was...

    2.27 km Away
  1. When the ferry sails through the Boknasund strait, it follows what has been the coastal...

    2.27 km Away
  2. In Loden by Klepp there stands a German fortress from The Second World War. Here are the...

    5.71 km Away
  3. In Røydehamn one can see a collection of foundation walls, marking the sites of boat...

    5.89 km Away
  4. Hesthammar schoolhouse, built in 1863 is the oldest schoolhouse in Tysvær. It is situated...

    10.50 km Away
  5. Kopervik is Karmøy's 'capital' and most densely populated town. The charming combination...

    11.99 km Away
  6. The charming town Skudeneshavn is situated at the southernmost tip of the island Karmøy...

    12.73 km Away
  7. The museum is situated in the old, preserved wooden building in skudeneshavn. the museum...

    12.75 km Away
  8. The Coastal Museum is home to a large number of objects and photographs that depict...

    12.92 km Away
  9. Sandholmen, Syre. A brief jaunt from the yacht harbour at Syre. The path leads through a...

    14.21 km Away
  10. Sandy beach with adjacent car park and toilets.

    14.67 km Away
  11. Sandvesanden Beach is one of Karmøy’s finest attractions, which is located beside Sandve...

    15.06 km Away
  12. Sandy beach with adjacent car park and toilets. Good conditions for windsurfing.

    15.12 km Away
  13. Few other places in Norway have had as many commuters to America as the Ferkingstad area...

    15.73 km Away
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The local tourist offices can give you good and useful information.


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Ba'ath Brigades

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ba'ath Brigades
كتائب البعث
Participant in the Syrian Civil War
Baath Battalions SSI.svg
Ba'ath Brigades SSI and Insignia
Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg

Ba'ath Brigades Flag
ActiveSummer 2012 – present[1]
Secularism[citation needed]
FounderHilal Hilal
Area of operationsSyria
Size7,000 claimed (December 2013)[6]
Allies Syrian Armed Forces
National Defense Force
Opponent(s) Free Syrian Army
Islamic Front
al-Nusra Front
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Battles and war(s)Syrian Civil War

The Ba'ath Brigades (Arabic: كتائب البعث, translit. Katā'ib al-Baʿth), also known as the Ba'ath Battalions, are a volunteer militia made up of Syrian Ba'ath Party members, almost entirely of Sunni Muslims from Syria and many Arab countries, loyal to the Syrian Government of Bashar al-Assad.[7] It was set up in Aleppo under the command of Hilal Hilal, the current Assistant Regional Secretary, after rebels took most of the eastern half of Aleppo in summer 2012. Initially, the Ba'ath Brigades were used to guard government buildings and other key installations in the city, but their role has expanded as their strength has grown from 5,000 members in November 2012 to 7,000 in December 2013.[1][8] Units have since also formed in Latakia and Tartus. At the end of 2013, the Brigades began deploying in Damascus, tasked with manning checkpoints and conducting "light logistical operations".[6] They spearheaded the assault on the Old City of Aleppo in early 2014.[7]

The Ba'ath Battalions participated in lifting the three-year siege at Kuweires military airbase alongside the elite Cheetah Forces, and National Defence Forces.[9]

On 27 February 2017, Col. Salama Mohammed, a high-ranking Ba'ath Brigades commander and leader of the group's Tartus Governorate branch, was reportedly killed in action while fighting in the area around Hama. Some claimed, however, that Mohammed had instead died of a heart attack.[3]

The Ba'ath Legion of the Syrian Army's 5th Corps was formed from Ba'ath Brigades volunteers.[10]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b Aron Lund (13 January 2014). "The Baath Battalions Move Into Damascus". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  2. ^ "Veteran Baath members establish pro-Assad militia to fight opposition". ARA News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  3. ^ a b "Senior leader of al-Baath Party Killed in #Syria". El-Dorar Al-Shamia. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  4. ^ The New Druze Militia Factions of Suwayda Province
  5. ^ Kurdish police attack Syrian gov’t forces in Hasakah City
  6. ^ a b كتائب البعث» إلى شوارع دمشق» (in Arabic). Al Akhbar. 30 December 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  7. ^ a b Edward Dark (14 March 2014). "Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative". Al Monitor. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  8. ^ Edward Dark (20 November 2013). "Syrian Baath militia commander goes rags-to-riches". Al Monitor. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
  9. ^ Leith Fadel (10 November 2015). "Cheetah Forces Lift the Three Year Long Siege of the Kuweires Military Airbase". Al-Masdar News. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  10. ^ "Syrian regime forms militia mostly from the ruling party". Zaman Alwasl. 16 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Joachimstal)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Údolí Svatého Jáchyma
Coat of arms of Jáchymov
Coat of arms
Jáchymov is located in Czech Republic
Location in the Czech Republic
Coordinates: 50°21′58″N 12°55′24″E / 50.36611°N 12.92333°E / 50.36611; 12.92333Coordinates: 50°21′58″N 12°55′24″E / 50.36611°N 12.92333°E / 50.36611; 12.92333
CountryCzech Republic
RegionKarlovy Vary
DistrictKarlovy Vary
First mentioned1510
 • MayorVondráček
 • Total51.11 km2 (19.73 sq mi)
672 m (2,205 ft)
 • Total3,481
 • Density68/km2 (180/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
362 51 – 363 01

Jáchymov (Czech pronunciation: [ˈjaːxɪmof]), until 1945 known by its German name of Sankt Joachimsthal or Joachimsthal (meaning "Saint Joachim's Valley"; German: Thal, or Tal in modern orthography) is a spa town in the Karlovy Vary Region of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic. It is situated at an altitude of 733 m (2,405 ft) above sea level in the eponymous St. Joachim's valley in the Ore Mountains, close to the Czech border with Germany.

The town was mostly German-speaking until the end of the Second World War. In 1938, it was annexed by Germany as part of the Sudetenland. The German-speaking population was expelled in 1945 and replaced by Czech-speaking settlers.

The silver Joachimsthaler coins minted there since the 16th century became known in German as Thaler for short, which via the Dutch daalder or daler is the origin of the English word "dollar".[1]

History, mining and coinage[edit]

Silver mining in Joachimsthal (1548), (now Jáchymov)

At the beginning of the 16th century, silver was found in the area of Joachimsthal. The village of Joachimsthal was founded in 1516 in place of the former abandoned village of Konradsgrun in order to facilitate the exploitation of this valuable resource. The silver caused the population to grow rapidly, and made the Counts von Schlick, whose possessions included the town, one of the richest noble families in Bohemia. The Schlicks had coins minted, which were called Joachimsthalers. They gave their name to the Thaler and the dollar. The fame of Joachimsthal for its ore mining and smelting works attracted the scientific attention of the doctor Georg Bauer (better known by the Latin form of his name, Georgius Agricola) in the late 1520s, who based his pioneering metallurgical studies on his observations made here.

In 1523, the Protestant Reformation began. In the Schmalkaldic War (1546–47) Joachimsthal was occupied for a time by Saxon troops. When in 1621 the Counter-reformation and re-Catholicisation took effect in the town, many Protestant citizens and people from the mountains migrated to nearby Saxony.[2]

Until 1918, the town (named Joachimsthal before 1898) was in the Austrian part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, head of the district with the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia.[3]

In the 19th century the town was also the location of a Court, and of an administrative office responsible for mines and iron production. Mining was still significant in this period. It was run partly by state-owned and partly by privately owned firms. In addition to silver ore (of which in 1885 227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace.

On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down.

At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world.[4]

The first radon spa in the world was founded in Joachimsthal in 1906, joining the famous spas of the region, including Karlsbad, Franzensbad, and Marienbad.

In 1929, Dr Löwy of Prague established that "mysterious emanations" in the mine led to a form of cancer. Ventilation and watering measures were introduced, miners were given higher pay and longer vacations, but death rates remained high.[5]

In 1938, it was annexed by Germany as one of the municipalities in Sudetenland. The German-speaking population was expelled in 1945 (see the Beneš decrees) and replaced by Czech settlers.

Modern town[edit]

After the Communist party took control of Czechoslovakia in 1948, large prison camps were established in the town and around it. Opponents of the new regime were forced to mine uranium ore under very harsh conditions: the average life expectancy in Jáchymov at this period was 42 years.

Uranium mining ceased in 1964. The radioactive thermal springs which arise in the former uranium mine are used under the supervision of doctors for the treatment of patients with nervous and rheumatic disorders. They make use of the constantly produced radioactive gas radon (222Rn) dissolved in the water, see Radon therapy.

Nearby attractions[edit]

Not far from here, at the foot of the Plešivec, there once stood the Capuchin monastery Mariasorg (Mariánská); it was razed to the ground in the 1950s.

From the valley of the Veseřice a chairlift goes to the highest peak in the Ore Mountains, the 1244 m high Klínovec.

  • Georgius Agricola (1494–1555), town doctor and chemist, the "Father of Mineralogy"
  • Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565), from 1532 Rector of the Latin School and since 1542 "mine preacher" (Bergprediger)
  • Samuel Fischer (1547–1600), professor, clergyman and Superintendent

  1. ^ See also dollar at Wiktionary.
  2. ^ More about history of the town in the 16th and 17th centuries for example in the article of Lukáš M. Vytlačil: Příběh renesančního Jáchymova [The Story of renaissance Jáchymov.] Evagelicus 2017, Praha 2016. pp. 42-45. (on-line here)
  3. ^ Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967
  4. ^ Heinrich, E. Wm. (1958). Mineralogy and Geology of Radioactive Raw Materials. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 283.
  5. ^ Wiskemann, Elizabeth (1938). Czechs and Germans.

External links[edit]


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Popular Science Monthly/Volume 19/September 1881/Increase and Movement of the Colored Population I

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THE problem of races in the United States is one of growing interest and of great practical moment; that of the colored race, especially at the present time, is full of significance in its social and political aspects. It is proposed in a couple of articles to inquire briefly into the phenomena of increase and movement of the colored population in the light of the most recent observations and statistics which bear upon the subject. The first table we shall consult is that which gives the increase of the white and of the colored population for each decade from 1790 to 1880:

Year. White. Colored. White
per cent.
per cent.
1st census. 1790 3,172,006 757,208
2nd " 1800 4,306,446 1,002,037 35·8 32·3 1st decade.
3rd " 1810 5,862,073 1,377,808 36·0 37·5 2nd"
4th " 1820 7,862,166 1,771,656 34·1 28·6 3rd"
5th " 1830 10,537,378 2,328,642 34·0 31·5 4th"
6th " 1840 14,195,805 2,873,648 34·7 23·4 5th"
7th " 1850 19,553,068 3,638,808 37·7 26·6 6th"
8th " 1860 26,922,537 4,441,830 37·7 22·1 7th"
9th " 1870 33,589,377 4,880,009 24·8  9·9 8th"
10th " 1880 43,402,408 6,577,497 29·2 34·8 9th"

It will be seen that the ratio of increase in the colored population had fallen off somewhat before emancipation, although the proportion of fugitives was less from 1850 to 1860 than from 1840 to 1850. By the annexation of Texas, 59,000 colored were added to the census of 1850. Florida was first counted in 1830, with 16,000 colored. Louisiana was purchased in 1803, adding about 30,000 colored to the census of 1810. The slave-trade closed in 1808.

The ratio of increase in the white population was less disturbed by the acquisitions of territory and people. Immigration is the very large factor which here swells the ratio of increase, and this more in later decades than in the earlier ones. During the first decade (1790-1800) the number of immigrants was about 43,000; during the second, 60,000; during the third, 98,000; during the fourth, 150,000; during the fifth, 600,000; during the sixth, 1,700,000; during the seventh, 2,500,000; during the eighth, 2,400,000; and, during the ninth, 2,800,000. It should be kept in mind that, in 1870, there were over 10,000,000 whites in the United States whose mothers were of foreign birth, being 30 per cent, of the entire white population. The tide of immigration received a check during the war (1861-'65), and also during the period of commercial depression, 1874-'79. The war, by checking immigration, marriage, and the fruitfulness of marriage, and by the outright destruction of human life, greatly reduced the percentage of increase during the eighth decade. The check which the hard times gave to immigration reduced the percentage of increase for the ninth decade below the figure it would otherwise have reached. But, after making all allowances for the advantages which immigration gives to the white population, it is probable that from 1810 to 1860 the whites multiplied somewhat more rapidly than the colored people.

The ratio of increase of the colored population, though declining, was quite uniform till the decade 1860-'70. Two classes of influences were then vigorously at work to reduce the ratio—a war which largely concerned the colored people, and the transition from the servile to the free condition. The whole decade was an unsettled period, with every influence against the rapid multiplication of the freed race. The rate of increase for that decade was a little less than 10 per cent.—less than half what it had been the previous decade. The percentage of increase for the decade 1870-'80 is quite surprising. As it has taken place under freedom, it contravenes all the prejudices and upsets most of the philosophies. One would naturally have supposed, from the reputed bad treatment and destruction of freedmen in the South and the preordained tendency of an inferior people to decline in presence of a superior, that the colored race would be dying out, instead of increasing at the marvelous rate of 34 per cent, in ten years.

Previous to emancipation, it was a current opinion, not only among slaveholders but among others, that slavery was conservative of the colored race, owing to the interest of masters. It was expected that, with freedom, the colored people would begin to die out like the Indians. This was based on the general doctrine that, when a superior and inferior race occupy the same territory, in free competition, the inferior will go into a decline. That this was a total misconception of the subject, on theoretical principles, it would not now be difficult to show; and, that it was practically wide of the mark, the late census is abundantly sufficient to prove. Still, in the facts known previous to this census, there was much in favor of such a view. In the decades preceding emancipation, the ratio of increase of the free colored was only about half that of the slaves.

Mr. Kennedy, Superintendent of the Census of 1860, believed that freedom was unfavorable to the multiplication of the colored people. He says, "Leaving the issue of the present civil war for time to determine, it should be observed, if large numbers of slaves shall be hereafter emancipated, so many will be transferred from a faster to a slower rate of increase." He held that "the white race is no more favorable to the progress of the African race in its midst than it has been to the perpetuity of the Indians on its borders." He was of opinion that the "developments of the census, to a good degree, explain the slow progress of the free colored population in the Northern States, and indicate, with unerring certainty, the gradual extinction of that people the more rapidly as, whether free or slave, they become diffused among the dominant race."

If these were the views which appeared to be warranted by the showing of the eighth and previous censuses, they were certainly not contravened by anything in the ninth census (1870), but apparently more than confirmed; and there was much to encourage the prevailing notion that after emancipation the colored population would increase less rapidly than before. Up to the very taking of the last census this opinion had taken such hold as to enter as a factor into political calculations. It was expected by leaders of both the great parties that under the new census the South would lose relatively in Congressional representation.

Perhaps the writer may be permitted to state that, about the middle of the last decade (1875-'76), he made a leisurely trip through the South, one object of which was to study this subject. He found no physician in the South, whether native or Northern, but believed that the colored race was in a decline and slowly undergoing the process of extinction. It was believed no doubt the result of a dominating idea which preoccupied the mind that births were fewer and deaths more frequent than formerly under slavery. According to the census of 1870, the colored people died off more rapidly than the white, as well in the South as in the North. The report of deaths, though obviously imperfect, shows that this greater mortality of the colored takes place among the children. It was found that the cemetery records of sextons in the larger towns of the South confirmed this showing of the census. But, for all this, all through the South, there were such swarms of little colored people about the huts, that the writer was constrained to withhold his assent to the notion that the race was dying out, stating at the time that, "notwithstanding the showing of these statistics, we suspect that the greater number of births compensate for the greater number of deaths, and that the next census returns will show little if any diminution of the relative proportion of the negro to the native white population."

It must be mentioned, however, that the showing of the last two censuses is not altogether free from suspicion. It has been thought that either the census of last June made too many colored people, or that of 1870 made too few. Where most in doubt, the last census has been retaken with care, in parts of South Carolina three times in all, and the work first done thus verified as correct. The probability is, that the census of 1880 is as accurate as such work can well be done. The census of 1870 is not so well authenticated, but it was thought at the time to be correct. Whether it failed to enumerate all the colored is a matter of speculation only, which can never be satisfactorily determined. It is now believed in the Census-Office at Washington that all the colored were not enumerated in 1870. Possibly this is the case to a certain extent, but it is just possible that it may not be necessary to suppose error in either of the censuses to account for the great increase during the last decade. The census of 1870 shows that reproduction had been greatly checked in this as in other classes; and it shows this even if we allow a large margin for error. But this state of things rapidly changed, and the colored people of the South began life anew about the year 1870. They were no longer disturbed by the war, nor seriously molested by the lawless elements of the South. They had become comparatively well settled in their new status of freedom. They found something to do, and something that paid, as the successive great cotton-crops of the South show; and that hopefulness in life which followed the period of anxiety contributed an unusual stimulus to reproduction. With more settled habits came marriage and rapidly increasing families. The census of 1870 shows that the proportion of children under ten years of age was nearly one per cent, less among the colored than among the native whites. This is due, no doubt, to the American-born children of immigrants being counted as natives; but it is probable that the census report of 1880 will reverse this showing. Comparison can not be made in earlier reports because the native and foreign whites were not kept distinct.

The following is from an intelligent correspondent of Floyd County, Georgia, to the "Country Gentleman" of July 15, 1880—Mr. J. H. Dent: "So far as I have heard from the census enumerators, they report that the increase of negroes by birth is remarkable. The enumerator of this district told me that in three families he found thirty living children, which surpasses anything of the kind among the whites. I have three negro tenants on my farm, and among them they have fourteen children; and for health, flesh, and vigor, I would compare them with any children at the North or elsewhere." It is probable that the advantage of the colored, in the matter of numbers, comes, not from unusual conservation of the living, but from early marriages under ordinary circumstances, and the rapidity with which children are born in the same family, and also, as the census reports show, from the greater tenacity of life from middle age onward. For these reasons mortality might be absolutely greater among the colored, and they still far outstrip the whites in the multiplication of numbers. But there is nothing in the form of positive evidence to show that, in the rural districts of the South, mortality is any greater among colored than among white children.

The colored increase of the last decade, as shown by the census, does not so far transcend the increase of the early decades of the century as to render it at all incredible; and yet, such are the conditions under which this has taken place, that it is no doubt to a certain extent exceptional, and will not be repeated in the future. It is quite safe to predict that the next decade will not show so large a percentage of increase as the last. No doubt the forthcoming "Census Report" will show a greater proportion than usual of colored children in the South from one to ten or twelve years of age. Reproduction will cease in a considerable percentage of these families before the close of the current decade; and, of those born during the last decade, not a very large proportion will marry before the beginning of the next decade. If this view has truth in it, and there should be no disturbing conditions, the rate of increase among the colored in the South will be greater from 1890 to 1900 than from 1880 to 1890, but not so great as from 1870 to 1880 (theory of Reichenbach; "Report of the Eighth Census," Introduction, viii). But, however this may be, no amount of question concerning the last two censuses, the ninth and tenth, can so far invalidate them, but they show the high probability that both freedom and diffusion in peace are favorable, rather than otherwise, to the multiplication of the colored race. This is so, even allowing a good margin for error in the census of 1870. So far as the census of 1880 covers the ground, it does not afford merely the evidence of negation; it is positive, and not likely ever to be shaken.

The aggregate white population of the sixteen Southern States and the District of Columbia was 9,466,355 in 1870, and 12,577,215 in 1880, the percentage of increase during the decade being 32·9. The aggregate white population of the twenty-two Northern States in 1870 was 23,864,272, and in 1880, 30,257,557, the percentage of increase being 26·8. Then we have for the last decade, increase of whites in the North, 26'8; increase of whites in the South, 32·9; and increase of colored in the United States, 34·8 per cent. It should be observed that the colored people have not so far surpassed the whites of the South in ratio of gain as to give any considerable encouragement to the suspicion of incorrectness in the showing of the census reports. It is as true that the Southern white population has gained slightly from foreign immigration during the decade, but it is also true, as going partly to offset this, that the colored population of the United States has gained slightly from the intermarriage of white women with colored men.

The foreign population in the South is very small compared with that in the North. The foreign-born population in Missouri is (1880) but 1034 per cent, of the native population of the State; in Maryland, 934; in Texas, 734; in Louisiana, 6; while in Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, it is about three fourths of one per cent.; in Georgia, two thirds of one per cent., and in North Carolina but one fourth of one per cent. On the contrary, the foreign-born population bears a large proportion to the native in the Northern States. In Nevada it is 70 per cent.; in Minnesota, 52; in California, 51; in Wisconsin, 4412; in Rhode Island, 39; in Massachusetts, 33; in New York, 3114; in Michigan, 31; in Nebraska, 27; in Connecticut, 2613; in Colorado, 2512; in Illinois, 2312; and so on down to Indiana, the lowest, 734. The aggregate of foreign-born in the Northern States is 5,854,000, while in the Southern States it is only 658,000: that is, 1,011 foreigners out of 10,000 (or a little more than one out of ten) have up to the present time settled in the South. In a comparison of the white gain South and the white gain North during the last decade, the disadvantage which the former has in this element of immigration is without compensation, inasmuch as the migration from South to North is probably about equal to that from North to South, and is comparatively small at any rate. Yet the white gain South was 32·9 per cent., and North but 26·8 per cent. What, then, would be the figures after making proper allowance for the numerical effects of immigration on the population of the two sections? Only approximate results can be had.

The arrival of foreigners during the last decade is counted at 2,813,000. Deducting from this aggregate 60,000 Asiatics as non-prolific, and also other foreigners in the Territories about 65,000 more, there would remain 2,088,000 as the number belonging to the States. But these were not all counted in the census. They were here during an average of nearly five and a half years (the heaviest arrivals having taken place during the earlier years of the decade), and allowance must be made for deaths during this peried. Few children or old persons emigrate. Most are in the prime of life, and the proportion of deaths would probably be allowed for at 1212 per cent. Making this reduction, there would remain 2,352,000 immigrants which were added to the population of the States during the last decade and counted in the census.

But this result may be reached by a different route—by adding the actual gain in our foreign white population during the decade to the loss of the foreign white population which was here at the beginning of the decade. There were 979,000 more white foreigners in the States in 1880 than in 1870. According to the census of 1870, there were 5,438,000 white foreigners in the States. At 2514 per cent, for the mortality of this class in ten years, it lost 1,373,000 during the decade. Adding this to the actual gain of foreign white population, 979,000, we get the number of immigrants during the decade, which were still surviving and counted in the census of 1880. The result is 2,352,000—the same as by the other process. The error in this result must be comparatively inconsiderable.

Then, in order to ascertain the gain of Northern whites and of Southern whites respectively, the numerical disturbance of this foreign element must be got rid of by deducting it from the census figures of 1880; and, to this end, we must know what part of it belongs to the Northern and what to the Southern States. The South during the last decade did not receive its average quota of foreigners. In nine of the Southern States there was a falling off of foreign population amounting to 29,700. Missouri alone lost 11,000. In the other eight there was a gain of 66,000. Texas alone gained 50,000; so that, but for Texas, there would have been a loss of foreign population in the South during the decade. The foreign gain in the South, deducting Chinese, was 35,000; in the North, 944,000. Adding to the first of these numbers the foreign loss in the Southern States during the decade, 157,000, we have 192,000 foreign whites who settled in the South during the decade, and were counted in 1880. By a like process, we find the corresponding number for the Northern States to be 2,160,000. Being enabled thus to eliminate the immigration of the decade, we find the percentage of gain in the white population of the Southern States to be 30·8, and of the Northern States 17·7.

But this calculation does not bring out the relative increase of the native whites North and the native whites South. It includes all the children born of foreign parents who came to this country after the decade commenced; and this is a very considerable item. Of the foreign-born in this country, 23 per cent, are females between the ages of twenty and forty years. Of actual immigrants, it was formerly somewhat less, as it is now probably somewhat more than this. As the immigrants of the decade were here during an average of nearly five and a half years, it would be safe to reckon one living child to each immigrant female between the ages of twenty and forty, deduction having already been made for the mortality of immigrants during the decade. Making this further correction, the ratio of increase for the Northern whites would be 15·7, and for the Southern whites 30·4.

Still we have not reached the relative increase of the native whites North and South. Allowance should be made for the excess of prolificacy of foreign-born mothers who came previous to the beginning of the decade. The foreigners among us have larger families than the natives of the North generally. So large a proportion of immigrants come in the prime of life, that, though the males predominate, foreigners have a larger percentage of increase than natives, even if their families were not larger. While the proportion of foreign-born white females from twenty to forty years of age was (in 1870) 23 per cent, of the entire foreign-born population, the proportion of native white females of corresponding age was not quite 13·8 per cent, of the native white population; but, of course, this great disparity is due in part to the fact that the American-born children of foreigners are counted, not with the foreigners, but with the natives. It is a fact little thought of, that the number of foreign-born white females from twenty to forty years of age is nearly one fourth of all the white females of that age in the United States. In 1870 the number of native white females of this age in the whole country was 3,867,617, and of the foreign 1,260,965, the latter being 24·6 per cent, of the whole. How is it for the Northern States alone?

It is deducible, from the report of 1870, that the foreign-born females in the North, between the ages of twenty and forty years, numbered 1,119,000, while the native-born white females of like age in the same States numbered 2,532,000, the foreign being 30·6 per cent, of the whole. A similar calculation shows that in the South the proportion of foreign-born in the period of motherhood was but 9·6 per cent. Granted an excess of prolificacy in our foreign families over the native, the advantage thereof to the rate of increase accrues wholly to the North. It is not probable that foreigners in this country are any more prolific than, or, indeed, quite as prolific as, the native Southern whites.

On the admission of greater prolificacy in immigrants generally than in Northern natives, the points to be met are so numerous that any arithmetical statement of them would be rather complicated and tedious. We let that pass with the statement of an assured belief that, if proper allowance were made for this element of the problem, the ratio of increase in the native white population of the North would be shown to be very little, if any, above 12 per cent. But we omit this. The comparative rate of increase may then be recapitulated as follows: Native whites North, 15·7 per cent.; whites South, 30·4 per cent.; colored in the United States (allowing 1·5 per cent, for error in census of 1870), 33·3 per cent.

I am aware that the division-line assumed in this statement between the North and South is quite arbitrary, and that where the border States meet there is comparatively little divergence in the characteristics referred to; but some such line had to be assumed to bring out the lesson of this study, and that which has been used probably involves as little disturbance of results as any.

In a comparison of the white and colored increase, the side of color has no offset equivalent to the advantage of immigration for the other side. The only thing in the form of such offset is marrying across the color-line, already referred to. When a white woman marries a colored man, she virtually migrates as a wife and mother, and her children and descendants for ever after count on the colored side. This is taking place to a certain extent—to a very limited extent, it is true; but, as small a matter statistically as it appears to be, the census should put it on record for comparison hereafter. Native children of foreign parentage are designated, and colored children of white mothers should also be designated. The prejudice is at present very strong against such unions; but that prejudice may gradually weaken, and cases of the kind may multiply. This tendency is worthy of note for its significance on the future psychology of the American people. If to the rapid multiplication of the colored population is to be added an accession through white motherhood, the increase of the colored over the white must be accelerated, unless prevented by counteracting influences not at present in existence. And, when in this connection we contemplate the increasingly slow multiplication of the people of highest civilization in our country, the prospect for the future is not an optimistic one.

Very great subjects can only be touched upon, not treated, here. Why is it that the native whites of the North are multiplying so much more slowly, not only than the colored, but even than the Southern whites? Simply because of the possession of greater wealth and culture. It was different early in the century, when the descendants of the Puritans and Dutch stood on a "lower" grade in the struggle of life. Families were larger then. The possession of wealth and education is a surer check on population than the famous "positive checks" of Malthus—"wars, plagues, and famine." They are surer and greater, because they act without intermission. I do not shrink from stating the fact, unpleasant as it may be. I am aware that Knox, Clibborne, Schade, Kapp, and others, refer the slow increase of American natives they do not discriminate between Northern and Southern—to the effects on the European stock of an uncongenial climate. This is an a priori fancy which is entitled to no particular consideration, since it is as wholly without support as that other a priori fancy, that the descendants of Europeans in this country are gradually turning into a sort of red Indians.

There is, perhaps, no law of human history better assured than this: that, with high civilization and the long enjoyment of wealth, culture, and the luxury and dissipation which are sure to accompany them, population increases more slowly, in time to become stationary, and at last decline and succumb to younger and more vigorous peoples, who have been hardened in the conflicts of poverty and rough fare. Roscher, the German economist, states this profound truth: "As a rule, the influences which have accelerated a nation's progress and brought it to the apogee of its social existence end in precipitating its ruin by their further action. Every direction which humanity takes has almost always something of evil in it—is limited in its very nature, and can not stand its extreme consequences. All earthly existence bears in itself, from the first, the germs of its decay." It would not be difficult to point to the springs of human action which must render this necessary, except on the presumption of a revolution in human nature itself, an event not likely to occur.

It is not always the highest that prevail, especially in the conflicts of industry. It is the plodding, the hardy—those who have few wants and can do with little. This is well understood by the industrial classes who have come into conflict with the Chinese in this country and in Australia. And it is plain that a hardy race with moderate wants, which increases twice as fast as a higher race in the same territory, will contribute more and more to the psychological and social status of the whole people. There is nothing surer than that the high-toned Yankee is losing in his relative weight of numbers in this country, and it is equally sure that he will lose more and more, and eventually be absorbed. The German, the Celt, the Southerner, the colored, are all gaining upon him. Some patriotic people deplore the incoming and rapid multiplication of white foreigners in the North; and yet it is this very accession of Caucasian strength that affords the best ground of hope for the psychological elevation of the great American type or types which are yet to take definite form. If only Yankees were contending with the colored for supremacy, it would go far worse with the whites than it now does in the race of numbers. Allowing the increase of the colored to be 3313 per cent, in ten years, they would double four times in less than a century; that is, the census of 1980 would show their numbers to have increased from 6,577,000 to 117,000,000! Taking the increase of the Northern whites to be 15·7, as it is shown to be for the last decade, after eliminating the obvious augmentation due to immigration, their numbers would only double while the colored quadrupled; and the census of 1980 would show that the native whites of the North had increased from 24,403,000 to 105,000,000. That is, the colored race of the United States would then outnumber the descendants of the present native Northern whites by 12,000,000. It is, of course, not to be expected that these ratios of increase would be maintained for that period; both would fall, and both fall, perhaps, in about the same proportion; and this will probably take place, notwithstanding the accession of white mothers to the colored stock and the infusion of foreign blood into the veins of native whites. If these and the colored were the only contestants on American soil, the despised race would make comparatively short work of it, and come to be the prevailing people. As it is, however, with rapid increase of whites at the South, and white immigrants pouring into the country, the problem is a very different one. But it is still true that at last, at however remote a period, the industrious, hardy, plodding, persistent, breeding race is that which will push its way into predominance. What race will be our Macedonian, our barbarian, or our Turk, can not be divined. It may still be in embryo. The conflict of races is now less on the bloody fields of battle than on the peaceful fields of industry, and other than martial traits of character may hereafter determine who shall be the victors. Formerly the conquerors came from without; hereafter they may spring up within.

In the world's history peoples have risen, flourished, and declined. How or even where they came into existence is not always known; but this we do know, that they came into prominence only by complying with the conditions of ethnical consequence. They were hardy, aggressive, and prolific. And there is this paradox, that the greater they became the surer were they to perish. Greek and Roman belong to the irrevocable past; and many who helped supplant them have yielded in turn to others. The Vandals came like a vision into history and then disappeared. The Thracians, a numerous people in the Eastern Empire during the first century, have long since become extinct. The Vallacians, from small beginnings in the eleventh century, forced their way into history and in two or three centuries passed out of sight. The Ottoman Turks, a small nomadic tribe of Mesopotamia—temperate, hardy, warlike, pushing—rapidly grew into a great historical people, and made a place for themselves where Christians and Greeks once held sway; but they have long since entered on the period of their decline, and eventually some more vigorous people will take their place. If we could know the origin of the vast Teuton family, we should, no doubt, be astonished at its then small promise of future greatness. The Slav is pushing his way into consequence, and we can not appoint the limit of his capabilities. It sometimes takes an obscure race but a little while to rise. This we may study even in our own times. What we know as the Celtic Irish were, only two hundred years ago, less than one million strong; now they number many millions and are increasing with great rapidity. They are not afraid of hardships, and their vices are not of the effeminate kinds which undermine the constitution. They are finding homes in many lands, and who can forecast their destiny? We have a still more recent instance in the colored people of the United States. Eighty years ago they numbered only 1,002,000, but with all their drawbacks they are now 6,577,000. With a like increase for the next eighty years, they would be 43,000,000 strong. Even less do we know of what is in store for this race than for almost any other. The situation is unique, and there is little clear history to guide us; while it is far less likely than any of the white varieties to disappear in the universal blending of races on American soil.


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S. Korean Army to form weaponized drone unit next year

All Headlines 19:37 December 05, 2017

SEOUL, Dec. 5 (Yonhap) -- South Korea's Army will create a combat unit of weaponized drones next year to help counter North Korea's threats, an official said Tuesday.

The Army calls the envisioned defense asset a "dronebot," a combination of the words "drone" and "robot."

"The Army plans to set up a special organization to lead the development of dronebots, establish a standard platform and expand the dronebot program by function," the Army official said, requesting anonymity. "To begin with, we will launch a dronebot combat unit next year and use it as a 'game changer' in warfare."

The team will operate reconnaissance dronebots against such core North Korean targets as nuclear and missile sites. In case of a contingency, swarms of dronebots will be mobilized to launch attacks.

The Army is also considering imitating a similar military unit of Israel's, added the official.

South Korean troops use reconnaissance drones during training in this file photo provided by the Korea Army Academy at Yeong-Cheon. (Yonhap)

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Safetip #27: 7-Step Process for Chemical Substitution

May 4, 2016 By
This week’s Safetip is about the substitution of hazardous chemicals. In order to control risks, sometimes it may be necessary to eliminate certain hazardous chemicals, or processes that make use of hazardous chemicals. But when “elimination” is not feasible, “substitution” should be considered, which is the second most effective control in the hierarchy of controls.

To successfully substitute a hazardous chemical, you need to effectively investigate alternatives. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the U.K. has come up with a seven-step process when considering substitution. An adapted version of the process is outlined on the website of the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety:

1) Identify hazards and assess risks

Decide whether the current substance is a hazard (potential to harm human health or the environment). Is there a significant risk involved in storing, using or disposing of the substance?

2) Identify alternatives

Investigate a number of options. Compare all of the hazard assessment information. Compare the different states of the chemical (e.g. will a granular form create less dust than a powder form?). If you are a supplier, you may need to select options according to your customers’ needs and those of your own workers.

3) Think about what could happen if you use the alternatives

It is important to gather all the available information before this step so you can make a realistic assessment. You must also consider the way employees use the alternative chemical and how likely they are to be exposed to it. Choosing an alternative chemical may require changes in:

  • The way the work is done.
  • The kind of equipment or parts needed to be compatible with the substitute chemical.
  • The ventilation system that may be required.
  • The disposal methods.
  • Regulatory requirements that may apply.

4) Compare alternatives

Compare the alternatives with each other, and with the substance currently being used. For example, think about the following:

  • Is the substitute chemical going to explode or poison people?
  • Will it only affect people who work with it, or could it affect other people in the area?

Remember to consider how and where the alternative will be used.

5) Decide whether to substitute

This step is the most difficult, according to the HSE. Consult with the workers who will be handling the material directly for their input. It may be a good idea to introduce the substitute chemical as part of a trial, or in a small quantity to begin with.

6) Introduce the substitute

Plan the change in material or process carefully. Train and educate all the workers involved.

7) Assess the change

Check to see if the substitution has produced the intended results by:

  • Monitoring the health of workers.
  • Monitoring the level of contaminants in the air.
  • Determining if regulatory requirements associated to the new chemical, if applicable, have been fulfilled.

Finally, if eliminating or substituting the chemical is not feasible, keep in mind that you may be able to reduce the risks from chemical exposure hazards through other controls, such as engineering controls, administrative controls, or personal protective equipment (PPE). But even for these types of controls, a thorough assessment of feasibility, effectiveness and costs should be made.

Categories: EHS

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Media Coverage

ENCORE! Tampa Takes Big Strides Toward Sustainability

Signs of clean green progress are taking shape at ENCORE!®, downtown Tampa’s heralded 30-acre redevelopment project and one of the first master-planned developments in Florida to seek LEED® Neighborhood Development certification.

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Source: 83 Degrees Media… Read more

Pre-Leasing Underway for The Trio at ENCORE!®

The second multi-family residence at ENCORE! in Downtown Tampa is now pre-leasing for a March 2014 grand opening, according to community developers Banc of America Community Development Corporation (BACDC) and Tampa Housing Authority. The Trio at ENCORE!, 1101 Ray Charles Blvd., will offer one- to four-bedroom designer apartment homes with monthly market rate rents ranging from $850 to $1,310.

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Source: Tampa Bay Newswire… Read more

“Not Your Average Speakers” Share Urban Vision

Imagine a day in the not-too-distant future when downtown Tampa buzzes with people who call Encore!, the Channel District and Tampa’s Riverwalk home. A day when an upscale urban shopping market or food hub becomes a destination for residents as well as tourists.

A day when choosing among new apartments in the center of the city for $900 to $1,500 a month isn’t out of the question. A day when automobile drivers habitually slow for pedestrians and bicycles, when the Green Artery connects downtown neighborhoods with well-lighted paths and the Hillsborough River… Read more

Building pace picking up on Encore development in Tampa

The building pace is quickening at Encore, where one apartment complex is fully leased and three more are under construction or nearly ready to build.

The redevelopment on 28 acres just north of downtown Tampa, where public housing once stood, is expected to be completed in five to seven years. The enterprise is a $425-million planned community that will honor the segregation-era Central Avenue district of black-owned businesses, restaurants and nightclubs where entertainers such as Ella Fitzgerald, Cab Calloway, Ray Charles and James Brown performed.

Encore also could be one of Florida’s first master-planned communities… Read more

The Trio at ENCORE! Named Among Top 10 in Tampa Bay

Multifamily makes a comeback for new construction, but public infrastructure projects continue their prominence on the list of the 30 highest-value projects from Tampa to Naples.

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Source: Business Observer… Read more


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The Hillwood BS-4355 Synthesizer Bass is a bass pedal synthesizer with an on board synthesizer engine very comparable to the taurus pedals of the same era. The unit can be edited from it's front panel and allows the user to manipulate the sound with a built in controller pedal.

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The Glue Down Approach of Putting in Hardwood Flooring

The glue down approach of laying hardwood floors is one of the primary procedures of installing hardwood flooring. If you want to discover the essentials of how to install hardwood flooring employing the glue down method, you have appear to the correct spot. Amongst do it you hardwood floors, those finished with the glue down method can be the most steady and enduring. When you are setting up hardwood flooring applying the glue down approach, you can relaxation certain that you are employing a system that has been time-analyzed.

Applications Essential When Putting in Hardwood Flooring

Sq. Notched Trowel – This trowel really should have just one quarter inch sides for the application of the glue.

Broom and Dust Pan – You can expect to want to continuously be cleansing up any observed dust that could get trapped beneath your flooring panels or get caught in your connecting joints. The final matter you require is a lumpy hardwood floor when you are performed installing hardwood flooring.

Carpenter’s Crayon – This is what you use to mark where you will make your cuts on your panels. You’ll also use this to mark up the area the place you’ll be laying your panels. You’ll want to maintain this handy at all times mainly because it is specially critical with the glue down approach that anything be completed extremely exactly.

Round Observed – You will use your circular saw to cut up panels as essential. Also, you may use your circular saw to rating your substrate sheets every single eight inches. This is important for the avoidance of curling panels.

Glue – Many hardwood panel kits appear with their have glue. If you want to purchase glue for your hardwood panels, I really advocate Bostik’s Greatest Adhesive.

Lace Nails – You can expect to use these nails when connecting the panels to partitions and wall strips.

Plywood Substrate Sheets – These are positioned on leading of the concrete and go beneath your hardwood ground.

Soft Cloths – You are going to need these to clean up up excessive glue all through the approach of installing hardwood flooring. If the glue is permitted to established, it’s going to consider excess measure to take away it. In some conditions, it calls for specific chemical compounds and glue to remove glue when it has set. You can expect to also will need your tender cloths to thoroughly clean up right after you’ve got set up your hardwood flooring.

Rubber Gloves – It’s substantially greater to glue the fingers of your gloves alongside one another than your very own fingers jointly! In addition to, lots of folks you should not like acquiring dried glue on their fingers for months after they complete putting in hardwood flooring.

Last Preparation for Setting up Hardwood Flooring

When working with the glue down process for installing hardwood flooring, it is completely important that the surface area wherever you will be positioning your flooring panels is adequately geared up. You can expect to be attaching your flooring panels to this floor, so the floor should be clean, dry, and as cleanse as feasible to give your hardwood ground a strong support foundation. Be notably thorough to clean up up nearly anything that appears like it may perhaps be grease or oil, as your glue may perhaps not effectively bond.

It’s also extremely vital that your sub flooring be absolutely level and flat. If you detect any unevenness, get some patching cement from the components retail outlet to even the sub floor.

You also require to decide on concerning a person of the two techniques of laying hardwood panels down with the glue down method. Your selections for putting in hardwood flooring are the Stroll On strategy or the Moist Lay approach.

If you decide on the Moist Lay technique for setting up hardwood flooring, you’ll be placing glue throughout the substrate followed by placing the hardwood panel on top of the glue. Right after the glue begins to develop into tacky, you continue to the following panel. Even so, Cortinas roller often it is advisable for 1st time installers utilizing the glue down method to position the up coming panels ahead of the glue becomes tacky so that you can regulate your panels a couple of minutes later on if they are not lined up correctly.

The Stroll On process of installing hardwood flooring calls for specific panel laying. This method of putting in hardwood flooring waits until the glue is incredibly tacky and then lays the panel in the glue. This keeps you from having glue smudges all about your panels as you go. Knowledgeable hardwood installers ordinarily use the Wander On strategy because of the greater concluded results it can supply. Since you are studying guidance about how to set up hardwood floors, we’ll think you happen to be utilizing the Damp Lay process.

Recommendations for Setting up Hardwood Flooring

1. Area your substrate sheets, stretched throughout the foundation. Make certain that the area is degree, clean, and absolutely free of particles.

2. Get your glue warm. It need to be a little bit over room temperature or it will be pretty challenging to get the job done with. If it truly is underneath home temperature, you will find it unattainable to work with your glue.

3. Use your sq. notched trowel to set glue in the setting up corner of the place. Put enough to securely fasten the board, but ration your glue so that it will be capable to full the overall hardwood flooring approach. If you experienced any question about regardless of whether you have sufficient glue, it would have been a very good concept to acquire far more ahead of you started out gluing. You can typically find that it requires an excess day to do the flooring when you operate out of glue ahead of you’ve completed.

four. Consider to spot your initially wood panel straight down on the glue, secured into the corner. Given that you are doing the job with soaked glue, location the panel as greatest you can at first so that you are going to not be smearing the glue all around as you change the panel’s placement. If you experienced made use of the Walk On method, you would not be equipped to go the panel at all only a number of seconds after placement.

five. You can keep on on as in the previously mentioned techniques with incorporating far more panels until you access the past panel, which shouldn’t completely healthy. Use your crayon to mark in which to minimize the board and your saw to make the cut.

six. Get your initially row wedged in really limited so that it will supply a stable basis for your entire flooring.

7. Right before any of the glue dries, use a soft fabric to cleanse up any glue that may well be sitting on the floor of your initially row. The for a longer period you hold out to thoroughly clean up the glue, the a lot more hard it will get to clean up up the glue.

eight. Ideally you failed to mutilate the extra piece of panel you reduce off to stop the 1st row. That’s heading to be the panel you use to start out the upcoming row. This assists make sure your hardwood floor looks nice by acquiring all of the panels offset.

nine. If you happen to be seeing any bubbles, hills, or slopes on the panels you’ve been laying, put a heavy, flat object on top rated of these sections to keep them down until finally the glue attaches them to the substrate.

10. Clean up up once more. Get all of that sawdust and glue out of there. A gentle fabric with mineral spirits on it can be utilised to get glue you’ve got missed that may be hardening. Thoroughly clean the mineral spirits off quickly to prevent obtaining them damage the flooring. You need to have a awesome, new hardwood flooring.

Hindsight Suggestions for Setting up Hardwood Flooring

-For greatest benefits, use plywood sheets to type your substrate.

-The thicker your substrate sheets are, the simpler it is to compensate for leveling distinctions at the floor. But you should really nevertheless try out to get the floor as level as probable right before laying your substrate sheets.

-If you have more than enough flat, hefty objects, place them on just about every new panel as you spot the panel on the flooring to help it get the ideal attainable attachment to the substrate. Don’t use anything that can injury the floor of your panels. If you have absolutely nothing else, you can often lay on the panels. Be watchful not to get glue on major of them nevertheless.

2 thoughts on “The Glue Down Approach of Putting in Hardwood Flooring

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    almost…HaHa!) Great job. I really enjoyed what you had to
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Chelsea produced the perfect response to manager Maurizio Sarri’s weekend criticism to beat London rivals Tottenham Hotspur on penalties and set up a League Cup final against holders Manchester City on Thursday, Reuters reports.

Trailing 1-0 from the semi-final first leg, Chelsea turned the tie on its head with goals by N’Golo Kante and Eden Hazard in the first half but Fernando Llorente struck for Tottenham.

Chelsea had 20 shots on target to Tottenham’s five but the visitors held firm to set up a penalty shootout.

Christian Eriksen scored Tottenham’s first kick but team mate Eric Dier, hero of England’s World Cup shootout win over Colombia, fired over and then Lucas Moura’s kick was well-saved by Chelsea keeper Kepa Arrizabalaga.

Chelsea’s penalties were more clinical and David Luiz slotted past Paulo Gazzaniga to seal victory and send Chelsea into their 15th cup final in 17 years.

Tottenham, who were without Harry Kane, scorer of a penalty in the first leg, and Dele Alli, both because of injury, and Son Heung-min who is on international duty, battled hard but their wait for silverware goes on.

After the weekend’s 2-0 defeat at Arsenal on Saturday, Sarri accused his players of being difficult to motivate and demanded more his Belgian forward Hazard.

But a visit from rivals Tottenham, with a Wembley final at stake, provided the incentive for a far sharper display.

“I think that they reacted well tonight,” Sarri, who has never won a trophy during his long managerial career, told reporters.

“But I didn’t attack my players. I just said we had a problem. The reaction was very good but we need to have motivation with continuity now.”

Tottenham, who are four points above Chelsea in the Premier League, looked comfortable early on but fell behind in the 27th minute when Kante’s shot from the edge of the area went through the legs of two Spurs players and squirmed past Gazzaniga — in goal instead of Hugo Lloris.

Chelsea went ahead in the tie in 38th minute when a fluid passing move ended with Cesar Azpilicueta’s low cross being side-footed home by a stretching Hazard.

Tottenham, who last won silverware when beating Chelsea in the 2008 League Cup final, responded after the break and Kane’s replacement Llorente bundled in a header from Danny Rose’s cross to put them back on level terms overall in the 50th minute.

Llorente also wasted a great chance from Eriksen’s raking pass, but it was Chelsea who looked the more likely side to avoid the need for penalties.

Hazard twice went close and Tottenham needed some last-ditch tackles to keep Chelsea out.

It was all in vain for Mauricio Pochettino’s side though as they faltered with a domestic final in sight.

“We are disappointed but it’s a massive success to get to the semi-final with all the circumstances,” he said.

“We’re so disappointed to lose in that way, but it can happen. The players were brave and with all the circumstances I can only feel proud. It will make us stronger.”


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Muldoon, Paul

Plan B: Signed Limited Edition

Dimensions: 245 x 165mm
ISBN: 9781904634836
Pages: 64
Format: Signed Limited Edition, Cloth-bound

Plan B

De luxe edition consisting of 150 slipcased copies. Plan B was bound by The Fine Book Bindery in Dubletta rust-coloured cloth and housed in a slipcase. Paul Muldoon and Norman McBeath signed each numbered copy. Neither merely a poetry collection nor merely a photography book, this collection thereby crosses over genres.

‘Paul Muldoon, who has done so much to reimagine the poet’s task, has surpassed himself with his latest collection. Plan B is an exquisitely produced collaboration with Norman McBeath, the Scottish photographer.“ I sat one evening with the photographs and copies of the poems and, like the kind of party host we’ve all been encouraged to believe ourselves to be, allowed them to get into conversation with each other.” writes Muldoon of his collection, which, he says, was “curated by the poems and photographs themselves”. Typically, he’s given this new genre a distinctive new name: photoetry.’ – Observer

Special signed editions are too valuable to send out via regular postage channels. We therefore use a courier to send them to you. We hope that you can appreciate why there will be an appropriate shipping charge to accommodate this.

Plan B

More by Muldoon, Paul

Superior AloeswoodAdd to cart Muldoon, PaulSuperior Aloeswood £75
Songs and SonnetsAdd to cart Muldoon, PaulSongs & Sonnets Signed Limited Edition £75
Cover of Songs and SonnetsAdd to cart Muldoon, PaulSongs and Sonnets £9.99


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Thomas, Edward

The Ship of Swallows

Dimensions: 222 x 145mm
ISBN: 9781904634164
Pages: 80
Format: Hardback

Edward Thomas’s stories formed an important stage in his imaginative development, and constitute a significant achievement. His fiction includes stories reflecting his personal quest for spiritual and social values, which have considerable psychological interest; and versions of traditional Celtic and Norse tales and English proverbs. In both original and traditional tales Thomas explores the relation between the human world and the realm of nature. His stories were, as he said, written under a ‘real impulse’, and they represent his whole effort to shape imaginative responses to fundamental questions of life and death, the self, and reality. The Ship of Swallows is the first selection to have been made exclusively from Edward Thomas’s fiction, which it represents at its best.

More by Thomas, Edward

Add to cart Thomas, EdwardBranch-Lines £15


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Acrylic Aquarium

As with anything else, there are choices you’ll be faced with when picking out an aquarium. Do you want an acrylic aquarium or one made of glass? Each one of them have their advantages as well as their drawbacks.

The first thing you will notice is that an acrylic aquarium is more costly than a glass aquarium. This isn’t because the materials used are cheaper but stems from the packing materials and extra care required transporting an acrylic aquarium. While it is difficult to break or crack one of these tanks they scratch very easily and require special packing and handling in transit as well as loading and unloading.

How easy it is to scratch an acrylic aquarium?

About as easy as it is to pop a balloon! Someone bumping against the side can scratch it with a button on their clothing or accidentally scratch it if their jewelry brushes against it.

However, there are polishing kits available to remove or cover up scratches but because of their ingredients they can’t be used on the inside of the acrylic where your fish live.

Also, believe it or not, your watery residents can actually mar the inside of your acrylic aquarium by flicking gravel against it. If you have snails to help clean the sides, their shells can scratch it, as can claws or sharp fins! Glass tanks are difficult to scratch unless it is a purposeful effort.

On the other hand, glass is fairly easy to crack or break while acrylic is tougher. However, glass is very rigid and does a good job of holding water without having its integrity compromised.

Acrylic tends to bow from the weight of the water if there is not adequate support on both the top and bottom of the tank. Remember, water weighs 8 pounds per gallon and even in a 20 gallon tank you have 160 pounds of water pushing against the sides and bottom of the tank. And acrylic tank tends to bow or split seams without the proper support.

Acrylic has the advantage of offering more aesthetically pleasing shapes than glass. There are round, oval, square, rectangular and hexagonal tanks in acrylic. It’s difficult and expensive to shape glass into anything other than squares or rectangles.

On the other hand, you’ll enjoy your fish more in an acrylic aquarium because light is not distorted as it is with glass. Light has to pass through air, glass and water before it reflects off an object in the tank, heading back to be reflected again off the glass. This is why fish do not appear to be their true size or distance from the glass. An acrylic tank bends the light only once or twice, giving you a more realistic view of your pets.

The view is probably what is most important to you, however. Although distorted, you will get more clarity over time from a glass aquarium. Acrylic will gradually yellow over time, especially if in the path of direct sunlight for even a few minutes a day.


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Best Work Boots Under $100: Affordable Work Boots That Guarantee Max Safety

Which are the best work boots under $100? It’s a question we often get asked by our readers, and in our mission to give the best information to workers, we took the top rated work boots under $100. And we found the very best at safety and affordability.

The list below highlights top 7 quality and robust composite boots that have a friendly price tag (under $100) yet sturdy enough to keep your feet safe.

Best Work Boots Under 100 Dollars at a Glance:

Image Brand Special Features
Dickies Men's Trader 6" Leather Boot,Burgandy,8 M US
  • Padded collar and tongue.

  • Moisture-absorbing fabric lining.
Magnum Men's Precision III 6.0 Comp Toe Boot,Coffee,12 M US
  • A fully gusseted tongue.

  • An Oil-, and Slip-resistant outsole.
Skechers for Work Men's Clan Boot,Brown,11.5 M US
  • Uppers made of treated suede.

  • Composite toe profile.

AdTec Men's 6 Inch Composite Toe Boot Uniform, Black, 12 W US
  • Uppers made of plastic leather

  • Rubber outsole.

  • Ideal for for non-metallic environment.
King's by Honeywell KGEO02 Steel Toe Goodyear Welted Leather Work Boot, 6"/Size 10.5
  • Goodyear Welt.

  • Uppers made of full grain leather.

  • Impact protection
Skechers for Work Men's Soft Stride Galley Work Boot,Black,10 M US
  • The uppers are made of leather material

  • Removable PU insoles

  • OSHA compliant outsoles
Skechers for Work Men's Vostok Slip Resistant Work Boot,Black,12 M US
  • Rounded toe profile

  • Cushioned footbed

  • Shock absorbing midsole

1. Dickies Men’s Trader 6″ Leather Shoe

Though these work boots come with a friendly price tag, nothing is actually cheap in their build.

Dickies Men's Trader 6" Leather Shoe

First off, they are made of full grain leather that makes them sturdy and durable. Additionally, the tough leather enhances feet and ankle area protection meaning you can carry on with your job without worrying of injuries.

The body is complemented with a sweetly matching lace-up leather shaft that keeps your ankles supported as you grind through concrete all day.

The interiors of this work boot are made of  a moisture-wicking fabric which helps keep the foot dry and comfortable. This is further complemented by a foam insole cushions for a convenient landing of the feet.

The oil-resistant synthetic rubber sole improves traction of this work boot making it ideal for those who work in areas such as garages, construction sites and logging zones.

Features of Dickies Men’s Trader 6″ Leather Shoe:

  •  Exterior made of full grain leather.
  • Padded collar and tongue.
  •  Moisture absorbing inner lining.
  • Shock-absorbing PU insole included.
  • Sole made of Goodyear welt construction.
  • Round toe cap.

The sole is made of synthetic rubber which isn’t as durable as true rubber.

* The work boots aren’t waterproof.

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2. Magnum Men’s Work Boots

Work Boot Highlights
  • Full-grain leather exterior with i-shield technology
  • Fully gusseted tongue
  • Padded topline
  • EVA impact-absorbing footbed
  • Composite safety toe
  • Waterproof breathable membranes with moisture-absorbing linings
  • Slip-resistant rubber outsole with heel break zones and toe traction
  • ASTM approved for electrical hazard protection
  • Bonus pair of laces

When choosing a pair of inexpensive boots to wear for work, you need to ensure that it will perform the most important tasks of them all – take care of your feet at the job site. Magnum Men’s Precision Work Boot is one such work boot that’s been designed with your feet’s comfort and safety in mind.

One feature in the Magnum Precision that is sure to guarantee comfort is the leather and textile upper that has a sufficiently padded topline for added comfort. The full-grain leather uppers also feature i-shied technology that ensures your work boots are both durable and flexible while repelling chemicals, dirt, oil, and water.

Magnum Precision work boots also have a fully gusseted tongue that shields debris and moisture from finding their way to their feet. This work boot also comes with waterproof breathable membranes and moisture-absorbing linings that keep your feet cool and dry.

The integration of an EVA impact-absorbing footbed that absorbs impact also adds to this work boot’s ability to provide all-day comfort and support. Also integrated is a removable EVA insole that offers your feet with heavy-duty support in a lightweight design that won’t sap your Sketchers reserves.

As far as safety is concerned, the Magnum Precision III work boot features a slip-resistant, lugged rubber outsole with heel-brake zones, toe traction, ladder grips, and pivot points to ensure sure footing in different terrains. This work boot also features nonmetal anti-glare hardware conventional-lacing systems that are lightweight yet tough, scratch-resistant and airport safe.

  • The work boot is not completely waterproof
  • Not treated to prevent bacteria and bad odors

3. Sketchers for Work  Clan Work Boot

Work Boot Highlights
  • Waterproof and durable suede exterior
  • ASTM-tested composite toe
  • Cushioned removable comfort insole
  • Impact-absorbing midsole
  • Flexible lug traction outsole
  • Gel inserts for added comfort and support
  • Lightweight synthetic body
  • Sketchers Clan Work Boot is not fully waterproof
  • This boot also has a smaller than ideal shaft size

Style, comfort, durability, and serious protection are the things that you are guaranteed of when you slip into the Sketchers for Work Men’s composite toe boots. If your daily grind requires that you wear a safety toe shoe, then this cheap work boot will undoubtedly be an ideal choice.

The Sketchers Clan work boot features waterproof treated suede that is as stylish as it is durable. Its synthetic and fabric upper with stitching and overlay accents makes this work boot an awesome-looking shoe, while the padded collar and gusseted tongue make it a comfortable shoe to wear all day long

The integration of an ASTM-tested and approved composite toe is one that you will find valuable. This is because the feature enables the Sketchers Clan work boot to deliver serious performance and protection.

The Sketchers Clan work boot comes with a cushioned detachable comfort insole. It is paired with an impact-absorbing and supportive midsole, providing you with maximum comfort, support and protection against impact.

This work boot also comes with a flexible lug traction outsole that features a 11/2-inch built-in heel. Unlike most work boots, the Sketchers Clan work boot is lightweight, which means that walking all day will not be as hard on your legs.

Gel inserts are known to play a role in preventing joint pain and arthritis. This is why Sketchers has incorporated gel inserts that are sure to cushion your step while providing great arch support. This enables you to feel comfortable when standing or walking for long hours.

4. King’s By Honeywell KGEO02 Steel Toe Boot

Work Boot Highlights
  • Durable welt construction
  • Oiled, full-grain leather upper
  • Protective steel toe
  • Removable and replaceable dual density EVA midsole
  • Rugged PU outsole
  • Speed-lace system
  • This boot is NOT electric absorbent

Made for the toughest environments, the KGEO02 steel toe boot is as sturdy as they come. This is thanks to the durable welt construction that joins the upper, outsole, and midsole with heavy duty stitching. Its sturdiness is one of the features that make it one of the best cheap work boots available on the market.

The KGEO02 comes with oiled, full grain leather uppers, which are coated with blended oil that serves as a lubricant. This enables the leather to be water resistant, thus keeps your feet dry. The lubricant also prevents the leather from cracking when flexed or bent, thus helps keep the work boot looking as good as new for longer.

Another valuable feature in this work boot is its tough protective steel toe that safeguards your feet from heavy objects. The sleek and stylish steel toe meets ASTM F2413-11 M 1/75 C/75, thus great in offering impact protection.

The KGEO02 also has a detachable and replaceable dual density EVA cushion midsole that provides lightweight cushioning. It also gives you the choice of adding custom orthotics or gel liners. The fact that the midsole is detachable makes it easy for you to replace it with the type of midsole that works best for your feet.

Also featured is a rugged PU outsole, which offers superior traction on slippery surfaces. The slip and oil resistant outsole resists mineral and organic oils. It also provides better torsion control and improved stability while treading on uneven surfaces.

5. Sketchers for Work 76759 Work Boot

Work Boot Highlights
  • Synthetic leather uppers
  • Lace-up casual comfort work shoe design
  • Slip resistant outsole
  • OSHA compliant rubber outsole
  • Removable PU comfort insole
  • Synthetic leather isn’t as durable as real leather
  • Not fully waterproof
  • Comfortable for standing but not for long walks

Coming from a brand that is renowned for designing stylish, comfortable and protective shoes, the Sketchers 76759 work boot does not disappoint one bit. It is as stylish as it is comfy and durable, making it an ideal choice for trend-savvy men, as well as one of the best inexpensive work boots you can find on the market.

This black work boot is made with synthetic leather uppers and features a lace-up casual comfort work shoe design. This mid-top sneaker-inspired work boot also features ripstop upper panels with a tonal logo appliqué.

One of the aspects that most people look for when choosing the best work boots is the kind(s) of resistance offered by a work boot. Slip resistance, oil resistance, water resistance, and abrasion resistance are some of the things that people working in tough jobs look for. This work boot happens to meet most people’s expectations.

If you encounter slippery surfaces often, you will be happy to know that the Sketchers 76759 Work Boot is slip resistant. It comes with an OSHA compliant slip-resistant rubber outsole that gives you confidence when walking on slippery surfaces.

The Sketchers for Work Men’s 76759 work boot also comes with removable PU comfort insole. The biggest advantage with this is that you can remove the insole and replace it with the one that makes your feet feel comfortable. You can choose from the different types of insoles to suit your lifestyle.

6. Adtech Men’s Uniform Boot

Work Boot Highlights
  • Goodyear Welt Construction
  • Oil- and slip-resistant outsole
  • Non metallic shank
  • Plastic cap toe
  • Black matte waxed waterproof leather upper
  • Water resistant
  • Slip and oil resistant
  • Impact protective
  • Electric hazard protective
  • Heavy, thus cumbersome

Laying a foundation for your safety at work truly begins from the ground up, and the best foundations have the support from the best composite work boots. If you work in a non-metallic environment, the Adtech Men’s Uniform boot will certainly be a good pick.

Made using the Goodyear Welt Construction technique, the Adtech Men’s Uniform work boot provides superior stability and durability as the inner sole is stitched together with the welt. The outsole is also stitched through the welt. This kind of solid construction allows the work boot to be re-soled, thus prolonging the longevity of the boot.

Like other composite toe boots, the Adtech Men’s Uniform boot comes with a protective composite toe. The plastic cap toe helps protect your toes from falling objects, which makes the boot an ideal choice for you if you work in the construction or any other industry where there’s an increased risk of falling objects.

Another feature that is common in these types of boots is slip resistance, which is also offered by the Adtech Men’s Uniform work boot. It comes with a rubber outsole that is slip resistant, abrasion resistant, and shock resistant. This enables you to have sure footing on slippery surfaces, while providing you with protection against electrical hazards.

When choosing a work boot, comfort, stability, and safety are the three foremost aspects that most people look for. Adtech Men’s Uniform work boot is made to provide all three without sacrificing its good looks. This is a stylish work boot that you can wear anywhere and wherever.

7. Sketchers for Work  Vostok Work Boot

Work Boot Highlights
  • Waterproof
  • Slip-resistant
  • Comfortable and supportive
  • Durable
  • Fit well
  • Lightweight
  • Strong composite toe cap
  • Composite toe is narrow, thus not ideal for wide feet

Finding the ideal work boot is pretty much the same as putting together a sports team – research has to be made to identify key strengths in order to assemble the winning combination. When you look at the Vostok Work boot by Sketchers, you’ll find out that it has several key strengths that make it an ideal choice if comfort is of utmost importance to you.

The first key feature in the Sketchers Vostok Work Boot is the stylish waterproof leather upper. In addition to being fully waterproof, the leather upper is also scratch resistant. Sketchers opted for a traditional lace-up closure with metal hook eyelets to ensure that you get an adjustable and custom fit.

For additional comfort and support to your feet, Sketchers Vostok composite toe work boot comes with a padded tongue and collar. The inclusion of a soft man-made lining also adds to the overall comfort you obtain when wearing the work boot. Additionally, the boot has a cushioned footbed with heel pad, which offers superior support with every step you make.

Slips, trips, and falls account for some of the commonest workplace injuries. Wearing work boots that have slip resistance is a simple yet effective way to uphold your everyday safety. The good thing about the Sketchers for Work Men’s Vostok work boot is that it comes with a slip resistant rubber outsole.

The two key advantages of composite toe work boots compared to regular boots are that they provide better electrical resistance, and temperature regulation due to insulating properties. The Sketchers Vostok Work Boot has a composite toe that’s electrical hazard safe tested and approved. This means that it provides season-after-season protection against electric shock.

Features and Specifications:

Check Price on

Important Points to Note About Budget Work Boots

  • Work boots are not safety shoes. Most work boots are quite cheap, and they do not come with steel toes.
  • They provide an overall protection to the toes and ankles.
  • They are mostly waterproof and can be easily used throughout the year, irrespective of the season.
  • Since they don’t have to endure the same level of physical abuse as the steel toe boots, they tend to last much longer. One pair of top quality boots can last over a year, even if used extensively.
  • They provide much better comfort as well as support compared to their steel toe counterparts.
  • Compared to the features that are present in these work boots, their price is really low.

Composite-toe work boots do not only offer a wide selection of light, non-metallic toe boots but also protection from falling objects, slippery services and sharp objects. In this guide, let’s focus on budget friendly composite toe work boots on offer in the market today.

Also read about best composite toe work boots.


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DURHAM, North Carolina, September 20, 2015 (ENS) – The relationships among living things, as they diverged from one another from the beginning of life on Earth more than 3.5 billion years ago, are shown for the first time in a comprehensive Tree of Life.

Tens of thousands of smaller trees of life have been published over the years for select branches of the tree, some containing more than 100,000 species, but this is the first time those results have been combined into a single tree that attempts to encompass all forms of life.

Tree of Life

This circular family tree of Earth’s lifeforms is considered a first draft of the 3.5-billion-year history of how life evolved and diverged. (Image courtesy Duke University)

A collaborative effort among 11 institutions, the Tree of Life includes roughly 2.3 million named species of animals, plants, fungi and microbes – and it is far from complete, say the scientists who worked on the project.

The digital resource was published on Friday in the journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.” It is now available free online for anyone to use or edit, something like a Wikipedia for evolutionary trees.

“This is the first real attempt to connect the dots and put it all together,” said principal investigator Karen Cranston of Duke University in Durham. “Think of it as Version 1.0.”

University of Michigan evolutionary biologist Stephen Smith heads the group that pieced together all the existing branches, stems and twigs of life’s tree into a single diagram.

Cody Hinchliff, formerly a postdoctoral researcher in Smith’s lab who is now at the University of Idaho, shares first-author credits with Smith on the PNAS paper.

“Many participants on the project contributed hundreds of hours tracking down and cleaning up thousands of trees from the literature, then selecting 484 of them that were used to generate the draft tree of life,” Hinchliff said.

Combining the 484 trees was a painstaking process that took three years to complete, said Smith, an assistant professor in the U. Mich. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.

oak tree

The ancient Birnam Oak is a Sessile oak , Quercus petraea, at Birnam, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, May 2015 (Photo by Beth Moon)

Understanding how the millions of species on Earth are related to one another helps scientists discover new drugs, increase crop and livestock yields, and trace the origins and spread of infectious diseases such as HIV, Ebola and influenza.

“As important as showing what we do know about relationships, this first tree of life is also important in revealing what we don’t know,” said co-author Douglas Soltis of the University of Florida.

“Twenty five years ago, people said this goal of huge trees was impossible,” Soltis said. “The Open Tree of Life is an important starting point that other investigators can now refine and improve for decades to come.”

“This is just the beginning,” Smith said. “While the tree of life is interesting in its own right, our database of thousands of curated trees is an even more useful resource. We hope that this publication will encourage other researchers to contribute their own studies or to enter information from previously published sources.”

The current version of the tree – along with the underlying data and source code – is available to browse and download at: https://tree.opentreeoﬂife.org.

To help fill in the gaps, the team is developing software that will allow researchers to log on and update and revise the tree as new data come in for the millions of species still being named or discovered.

“It’s by no means finished,” Cranston said. “It’s critically important to share data for already-published and newly-published work if we want to improve the tree.”

“Twenty five years ago people said this goal of huge trees was impossible,” Soltis said. “The Open Tree of Life is an important starting point that other investigators can now refine and improve for decades to come.”

Rare king cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus, a top predator, at the Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia, May 2010 (Photo by Brad)

This research was supported by a three-year, $5.76 million grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation, including $900,000 to the University of Michigan.

Other study co-authors include: James Allman of Interrobang Corporation; Gordon Burleigh, Ruchi Chaudhary and Jiabin Deng of the University of Florida; Lyndon Coghill, Peter Midford and Richard Ree of the Field Museum of Natural History; Keith Crandall and Christopher Owen of George Washington University; Bryan Drew of the University of Nebraska-Kearney; Romina Gazis and David Hibbett of Clark University; Karl Gude of Michigan State University; Laura Katz and H. Dail Laughinghouse IV of Smith College; Emily Jane McTavish of the University of Kansas; Jonathan Rees of the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center and Tiffani Williams at Texas A&M University.

Copyright Environment News Service (ENS) 2015. All rights reserved.