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This page is move protected This article has been featured on the main page. Click for more featured articles The subject of this article is involved with the Once Upon a Time The subject of this article is involved with Once Upon a Time in Wonderland The subject of this article is involved with a Once Upon a Time related Book The subject of this article is or relates to a world The subject of this article is involved with Wonderland The subject of this article is magical or capable of using magic The subject of this article is featured in Season One of Once Upon a Time The subject of this article is featured in Season Two of Once Upon a Time The subject of this article is featured in Season Five of Once Upon a Time The subject of this article is featured in Season Six of Once Upon a Time
This article focuses on the first iteration of Wonderland.
For the second iteration see New Wonderland.
For the television show, see Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.

Many people have come and gone from Wonderland. But only the most special ones ever discover what it’s truly about. [...] Finding yourself.

—The White Rabbit at Alice's wedding src

Wonderland is a world featured on ABC's Once Upon a Time and Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. It first appears in the seventeenth episode of the first season of Once Upon a Time.

Wonderland is based on the location of the same name from the novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, and the Disney film Alice in Wonderland; and also on the Looking-Glass Land from the novel Through the Looking-Glass.

Before First Curse

In the Enchanted Forest, Regina is forced, on her mother Cora's wishes, to marry a man she does not love. In retaliation to gain freedom, she banishes her mother through a looking glass. Cora, arriving to Wonderland, then assumes power as the Queen of Hearts. She gains disapproval from the Red King for her use of magic, which he believes separates royals from their subjects. ("We Are Both", "Hat Trick", "Heart of the Matter")

Despite coming to Wonderland to start a life together, Anastasia and Will remain poor, eventually forging invitations into a royal ball so they can steal food. There, Anastasia makes a strong impression on the Red King, before she and Will are discovered and thrown out. When the couple reach another pitfall, they make a plan to steal jewels from the castle and return to the Enchanted Forest to sell them. In the midst of Anastasia's pilfering, the Red King suggests she marry him instead and gain the wealth she desires since love will never get her very far. She agrees, as he introduces her to the public as their new Queen, while a heartbroken Will watches. The night before the wedding, Will attempts to persuade her to not give up on their love, asking her to run away with him. Cora, overhearing the conversation, later misleads Anastasia and Will into believing they have both been stood up by the other. Lulled by Cora's maternal figure, Anastasia channels all her insecurities into gaining power by learning magic. Will, unable to cope with losing the love of his life, allows Cora to take out his heart. ("Heart of Stone", "Heart of the Matter")

At some point before or after this, Cora "borrows" the White Rabbit so she can return to Regina. The reunion doesn't go well, and Cora eventually leaves the Enchanted Forest again. ("Mother")

Upon kidnapping her husband, Henry, Cora shrinks and imprisons him in her Wonderland vault. With Jefferson's help to cross realms, Regina rescues her father and returns him to normal size with a mushroom. She then paralyzes Jefferson, leaving him in Wonderland, while she and Henry return home. Brought before the Queen of Hearts, Jefferson is interrogated about his portal hat, which he and Regina used to cross realms. He, as decreed by the Queen of Hearts, must make another hat, but after making thousands of hats, he goes mad from his obsession. ("Hat Trick")

During an unclear time period, a genie named Cyrus is transported to Wonderland due to the third and last wish of his previous master, who desires to send him to a faraway land. ("Trust Me")

Following the White Rabbit to Wonderland, Alice spends some time in this realm before going home, where her father Edwin believes she is delusional. After some years, she returns to Wonderland, seeking proof of Wonderland for her father. The Queen of Hearts, upset when Alice attempts to steal a weeping willow from her garden, brands her a dangerous murderess. Will, with his heart in the Queen's possession, is forced to become her Knave and hunt down Alice. Learning about Will's heart, Alice retrieves it from the Queen's vault and returns it to him, although she initially had plans of using him to find proof of Wonderland. As thanks, Will procures the White Rabbit for her, and as he distracts the Queen's soldiers, she flees. ("Down the Rabbit Hole", "To Catch a Thief")

Shrinking herself with a mushroom, Alice evades the guards and seeks shelter inside Cyrus' bottle. He promises her three wishes, but she later falls in love with him as does he with her. Deciding to be together, they bury the genie bottle in Mimsy Meadows, which the White Rabbit secretly witnesses. ("Down the Rabbit Hole", "Trust Me")

As the couple camp for the evening, they are attacked by bandits, with Alice sustaining a wound. While she is being healed by Mrs. Rabbit, the White Rabbit warns Cyrus not to continue allowing Alice to live such a dangerous life. To keep her safe, Cyrus trades his Lost and Found to the Caterpillar and gains a hideout in the Outlands. After Alice is well again, he takes her to the hideout, which they'll use as a temporary home after they finish their travels. ("Home")

In some manner, a sorcerer named Jafar tracks Cyrus to Wonderland and teams up with the Red Queen to separate the genie from Alice. Jafar intends to change the laws of magic, and to do so, he needs the genie bottle Cyrus is housed in. The Red Queen agrees to help as she, too, also desires to regain something only that is possible by changing the laws of magic. ("Bad Blood", "Home")

While sightseeing at the Boiling Sea, Cyrus proposes to Alice, who says yes even before he finishes his speech. Their happiness is short-lived, however, when the Red Queen throws Cyrus from the cliff, as a devastated Alice watches her lover fall past the sea's smoke to his death. In actuality, Cyrus is saved by Jafar's magic carpet and imprisoned in a lair. With nothing left for her in Wonderland, Alice returns home alone. ("Down the Rabbit Hole", "Who's Alice")

A female warrior, Jack, travels to Wonderland and saves villagers by slaying a Jabberwock. As a reward for her efforts, she is given a magic mushroom by a "wise woman".[2] ("Tiny")

When Regina promises Hook revenge against Rumplestiltskin once she casts a curse, he agrees to kill Cora at her behest. Upon gaining a private audience with the Queen of Hearts, Hook attempts to stab her with his hook, which Regina enchanted so he can remove a heart. Having taken out her own heart a long time ago, she bests the pirate, forcing Hook to admit Regina sent him. Learning the reason behind his alliance with her daughter, she reveals Regina's deception about the curse, which will erase his current memories and make him forget his revenge. Cora agrees to keep his memories intact if he helps her feign death so she can kill Regina first. Once he consents to the deal, the pair leave for the Enchanted Forest together. ("Queen of Hearts")

On the day Regina casts her curse, she chooses who to take along with her to a new land, even those not present in the Enchanted Forest. Jefferson, still trapped in Wonderland, is taken by the curse, while it is also presumed Will is as well. ("Pilot", "In the Name of the Brother")

After First Curse

Twenty-eight years later, after the curse is broken, the Red Queen coerces the White Rabbit into helping her trick Alice into returning to Wonderland. Since Alice never made her three wishes, she must so either the Red Queen or Jafar can gain ownership of Cyrus' bottle. Gaining Will's assistance, he convinces Alice to come back after claiming Cyrus is alive and in the Mad Hatter's old house. Instead, Alice finds Cyrus' pendant and believes its glow is proof he's alive somewhere. ("Down the Rabbit Hole", "Home")

With plans of searching for Cyrus' bottle, Alice falsely announces that it's buried at the Tumtum tree, hoping to mislead whoever else is also looking for it. Having already seen her and Cyrus bury the bottle somewhere else in the past, the White Rabbit digs it up for the Red Queen, who gives Jafar the fake bottle location. By the time Alice and Will reach the real burial site for the bottle, they find it gone. This causes Alice to lose faith in Cyrus' love for her until she receives a message from him, in which he asks her to leave Wonderland for her own safety, but she resolves to save him. ("Trust Me")

Needing knowledge about who took the bottle, Alice and Will search for a forget me knot, an item previously owned by the Caterpillar. In order to clear Will's debts to the Caterpillar, he and Alice agree to fetch the item from Grendel and return it to him. The two end up held hostage by Grendel after falling into one of his traps, and while they almost manage to escape, they are forced to battle a Bandersnatch sent by Jafar and the Red Queen. Instead of using a wish to get rid of the Bandersnatch, as Alice's enemies hoped she would, she uses the forget me knot to ensnare the creature. Once Will kills the beast, Grendel thanks them for saving his life by relinquishing the knot. After the pair are gone, Jafar coerces information from Grendel about Alice and Will and then kills him. Alice discovers the White Rabbit gave the bottle to the Red Queen, but before she can return the knot to the Caterpillar, Will burns it. ("Forget Me Not")

Will finds himself pursued by the Caterpillar's henchmen after not returning the knot, but he is instead abducted and imprisoned by the Red Queen after Jafar orders her to execute him for helping Alice. At first, the Red Queen wants to help him escape, but when Will dares her to try and kill him, she sets up his execution. With help from Will's old friend, Lizard, Alice saves him from death, but Jafar corners them before they can get away. When the sorcerer endangers Will's life, Alice finally uses her first wish, asking for her own death, if her friend dies. Jafar then physically tortures Alice to make her use another wish, but she stubbornly refuses. As a consequence, he turns Will into a stone statue. Meanwhile, Cyrus uses a wishbone to free himself from a cage in Jafar's lair. ("The Serpent")

In exchange for revealing Cyrus' location, the Red Queen wants Alice to retrieve magic dust from a ravine for her as a means of protection against Jafar. After solving the ravine's riddle, "the pure of heart shall make the leap", Alice falls into a cave, where a sinister version of her younger self pushes her to get revenge against the Red Queen for deceiving her about Cyrus' death. Although tempted, Alice refuses, believing the Red Queen does deserve punishment, but it won't be from her hands. The younger version of Alice then congratulates her for passing the test and dissolves into magic dust. Requiring a way to force Alice to use up her two other wishes, Jafar learns from the White Rabbit that her father is of great importance to her. When the sorcerer asks to be taken to Alice's father, the White Rabbit runs out, bumping into Cyrus in the hallway. Allowing the genie to escape, the White Rabbit then agrees to take Jafar to Victorian England. Not upholding her end of the deal, the Red Queen steals the dust from Alice and sprinkles it on Will. Before the stone completely melts away to free him, she leaves before he sees her. With only a handful of dust, Alice uses it to unveil Jafar's lair. ("Heart of Stone")

While Jafar is away in Victorian England, the Red Queen discovers Cyrus is missing and attempts to recapture him as her own prisoner. On her way to Jafar's lair, Alice treks through the Black Forest and falls under the spell of the Boro Grove’s perfumed flowers. Will shakes sense into Alice, reminding her of her mission to save Cyrus, before they both make it out. After fleeing Jafar’s lair and running into the woods, Cyrus realizes he's on a floating island with no escape except into the sea. The Red Queen corners him, but when Cyrus sees his shining pendant in the distance, his hopes of finding Alice are renewed and he dives into the ocean. ("Who's Alice")

Despite learning Alice and her father are not on good terms, Jafar disguises himself as Edwin and attempts a reconciliation with her. Still hurt over the past, Alice treats him coldly, but Will suggests he can make it up to her by helping to rescue Cyrus. As the trio make a basket out of birdbark branches to float their way to Jafar’s lair, the fake Edwin summons a dragon. When Edwin is almost attacked by the winged beast, Alice saves her father and finally forgives him. Over dinner, Alice notices Edwin does not say grace as he usually does before a meal. Realizing he is not her father, she sneaks off with Will, citing that they are going to gather firewood, though they actually leave to figure out another way to get into Jafar’s lair. Jafar then drops his disguise, fetching the real Edwin, and threatens to kill him if Alice doesn’t make a wish. Alice believes it is yet another one of Jafar’s tricks until her father moves her to tears with an apology for his mistakes and even asks her not to save him. As Edwin plummets to his death, Alice makes a quick thinking wish to send him home, as a satisfied Jafar flies away on his magic carpet. ("Bad Blood")

After washing up on a shoreline, Cyrus heads to the Outlands’ hideout, but on the journey there, he is caught by a grapevine. In the Red Queen’s garden, Tweedledee hears him struggling through the plant’s speaker. On his way to notify the Queen, he witnesses Tweedledum give Cyrus’ bottle to Jafar. Tweedledee reveals this to the Queen, who is livid at the betrayal, though the bottle Tweedledum stole was a fake one she planted as a decoy. Picking up Cyrus, the Red Queen brings him with her to grab the real bottle. Jafar, angry about the fake bottle, makes a storm cloud to hunt down the Red Queen. Following Alice and Cyrus’ brief reunion, the Red Queen urges the White Rabbit to open a portal for everyone to escape before Jafar’s storm cloud arrives. However, when Alice insists on knowing why she wants to break the laws of magic, the Queen admits she desires to have Will’s love again. Using the bottle as a shield, the Queen causes a lightning bolt from the cloud to bounce onto Will. As he begins dying, so does Alice. To save her, Will uses the third wish, which Alice had promised him, to undo her suffering. Alice is healed of her physical pain, but since Cyrus’ status as a genie is also part of her suffering, he becomes human due to Will’s wish. Consequentially, Will takes his place as genie. ("Home")

Accidentally becoming Will’s new master, Lizard allows him to use the first wish after she discovers it’s not possible to make someone fall in love through magic. Desperate to get his attention, she uses the second wish to transform into his ideal woman. Lizard admit she loves him as Will apologizes since that emotion isn’t possible for him with his heart absent. With the words “I wish”, she unintentionally asks him to feel anything for her, causing her own death as a horrified Will is forced to return to his bottle. After Lizard’s death, the Red Queen gains the bottle and makes herself Will’s next master. Upon discovering there are two other bottles in Jafar’s possession, which are required for breaking the laws of magic, Cyrus realizes the genies must be his brothers. He decides to work towards saving them while the Red Queen agrees to help as atonement for her bad deeds. Hoping to procure Will’s bottle, Jafar allies himself with the Jabberwocky. ("Nothing to Fear")

Cyrus journeys with Alice to the Well of Wonders to speak with the well guardian Nyx about undoing the genie curse on himself and his brothers. Ashamed of his past, he refuses to tell Alice anything and even insists on entering the well alone to talk with Nyx. Nonetheless, she overhears Cyrus as he relates his regrets over convincing his brothers to steal Nyx’s water for healing their mother, which is why they were cursed. Nyx considers undoing the curse only if he returns the stolen water. Although Cyrus believes his mother is long dead, the well guardian senses she is still alive. Captured by the Jabberwocky, the Red Queen’s greatest fears are used against her as coercion to make her three wishes. With Will’s tie to her broken, Jafar takes the bottle to break the laws of magic, while the Red Queen sends Tweedledum to warn Alice and Cyrus to leave Wonderland. ("Dirty Little Secrets")

When Jafar's spell fails, he suspects something is wrong with Will, especially when the Jabberwocky cannot read his fears. To locate Amara, Alice and Cyrus start an altercation with the Caterpillar in order to steal the Lost and Found. After receiving Tweedledum’s message, the pair sneak into the castle dungeon, where the Jabberwocky learns from Alice’s mind that Will is without his heart. With the White Rabbit’s help, Alice and Cyrus retrieve Will’s heart from Storybrooke, but on their return to Wonderland, Jafar steals it from them. Jafar attempts to use his staff to hurt Cyrus, but its magic somehow deflects onto the sorcerer. The weapon is then picked up by Cyrus as Jafar is forced to flee. Only after seeing the Lost and Found point at the staff, they conclude Amara must be trapped inside. Will, regaining his heart from Jafar, shares a kiss with Anastasia. Forcing them apart, Jafar kills her in front of Will ("Heart of the Matter")

After killing Anastasia, Jafar offers Will a deal to bring Anastasia back if he helps him. Cyrus and Alice discuss getting his mother out of the staff as Will arrives, asking them to let Jafar win. Back at Wonderland Castle, the Jabberwocky realizes that Jafar will not give him the blade. Will knocks out Cyrus in order to steal the snake staff. Alice and Cyrus use the Lost-and-Found to track Will. Jafar releases Taj and Rafi to question them and to look at them. Will captures Alice and tells her to leave. He ends up saving her from the river. After regrouping with Cyrus, the Jabberwocky appears and asks for their help. Alice and Will break into Wonderland Castle while the Jabberwocky arrives inside with Cyrus. Will provides a distraction for the guards while Alice releases the Sultan. Just in time, Jafar returns Will to his bottle. As Jafar tortures Will, Amara appears behind him. Amara and Jafar fight as Cyrus tries to escape. Alice fights off Jafar's guards. Jafar kills Cyrus, convincing Amara that they need to change the laws of magic. ("To Catch a Thief")

Amara and Jafar finish the spell. Jafar uses his new power to force his father to love him and then kills him out of revenge. While he's distracted, Amara and Alice escape with Cyrus and revive him at the Rabbits' home. Jafar pins the Jabberwocky into the dungeon wall with the vorpal blade and then revives Anastasia and forces her to love him. Jafar revives an army of the dead to kill Cyrus, Amara, and Alice. Amara and Cyrus head to the Well of Wonders to return the water as Alice goes with the White Rabbit to gather an army. Amara defeats a portion of Jafar's army. Alice is captured by Jafar's men and brought to the castle. Jafar threatens to change Alice's past so that she never meets Cyrus if she doesn't say where Amara is. One of Jafar's soldiers tells him that Amara is near the Well of Wonders. Will kisses Anastasia which breaks Jafar's spell. Anastasia then lets Alice go. Amara surrenders herself to Nyx, but is killed by Jafar before she can give the water back. Alice and the White Rabbit arrives through a rabbit hole to help Cyrus. Cyrus tries to return the water, but Jafar stops him and steals it. In result, Nyx turns him into a genie and releases Will, Rafi, and Taj. Following Jafar's imprisonment, the laws of magic are undone and all is restored. Anastasia dies as a result, but Nyx gives Cyrus and Alice water to revive her. Sometime later, Cyrus and Alice returns to Victorian England for their wedding. ("And They Lived...")

Sometime after Jafar's defeat, the Jabberwocky is saved from her fate by an unknown person.[3]

After Third Curse
Sometime later, Will and Anastasia rule Wonderland together as the White King and Queen. ("And They Lived...")

^: Former inhabitants
†: Deceased inhabitants
~:Trapped Inhabitants
*: This inhabitant's status and/or current whereabout is unknown

For detailed location information, please see the Wonderland Locations category, or the list of minor Wonderland locations.

Ways to Access Wonderland

Wonderland can be accessed:

On-Screen Notes

  • Some of the food in Wonderland has the power to change the size of whomever consumes it. ("Tiny")
  • After the death of his wife in this world, the Mad Hatter began to despise Wonderland. Similarly, Rumplestiltskin has referred to Wonderland as an "annoying little world". ("Out of the Past", "Hat Trick", "We Are Both")
  • The Red Queen describes Wonderland as a "prison".[4] ("The Serpent")

Production Notes

Fairytales and Folklore

  • Some of the food in Wonderland having the power to change the size of whomever consumes it is a reference to the food in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where some of the food has the same property.

Note: "Archive" denotes archive footage.

  1. TwitterLogo.svg @AdamHorowitzLA (Adam Horowitz) on Twitter (May 24, 2018). "Yep!" (screenshot)
  2. 2.0 2.1 TwitterLogo.svg @KalindaVazquez (Kalinda Vazquez) on Twitter (April 18, 2013). "Not at all! When Jack says she slew a Jabberwocky, it meant she's been to wonderland, which is where she got the mushroom." (screenshot)
  3. TwitterLogo.svg @AdamHorowitzLA (Adam Horowitz) on Twitter (September 24, 2014). "yes. She survived" (screenshot)
  4. Red Queen: Don't you see, darling? You are in prison. What do you think Wonderland is?
    - "The Serpent", Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, ABC.
  5. File:117OffTheyGo.png
  6. File:622Wonderland2.png
  7. File:101Caterpillar.png
  8. File:117MadHatterStorybook.png
  9. File:202AliceInWonderland.png
  10. File:218MadHatter.png
  11. File:404AliceAndTheWhiteRabbit.png

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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Customer Relations Management

Sales Force Automation:

SFA is software within CRM that reduces the time and also the extra steps users take in order to overcome their tasks. However, if you’re setting up campaigns or creating leads, SFA gives you customization templates in addition to a web-ready database.

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Lead Management makes it easier to input possible leads in a customized database. In short, his function allows you to track and analyze all information for leads in one place. As a result, you can find information such as addresses and phone numbers with ease.

Geo-location Technology:

Using GT, you can create marketing campaigns based on certain locations to better suit your marketing needs. For instance, you can use focal clustering as a tool. This allows you to narrow your search while pinpointing the wants and needs of clients.

Zoho CRM

Microsoft Dynamics

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(319) 343-7066

One of the best ways to understand the technology we created is to download the app we created to demonstrate this technology, which we of course call “The Expert App.” Find it on iPhone and Android app stores by clicking the icons below.

Not only will you get to play with this app technology but we use this app as a place to educate and train our expert app owners on ways they use our technologies to the fullest. You can also access this same info on our AMP app, which links in with our live training events, AMPx.

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Recently hailed for her “tour-de-force performance” (Winnipeg Free Press) in the gripping title role of Manitoba Opera’s Susannah, Lara has established herself as a dynamic, intelligent, and moving singing actress. She is thrilled to return to the NAC’s stage with Opera on the Avalon, reprising the role of May. This season also saw her as Lauretta (Gianni Schicchi) and Suor Genovieffa (Suor Angelica) for Pacific Opera Victoria’s Il Trittico, as a soloist for the Victoria Symphony’s Messiah, make her Edmonton Opera debut as the Countess (Le nozze di Figaro), and as Beatrice (Three Decembers) for the Little Opera Company.

Further credits include: Jenůfa (Jenůfa); Tatyana (Eugene Onegin); Rosalinde (Die Fledermaus); Micaëla (Carmen); Cinderella (Into the Woods); Maria (The Sound of Music); Amelia (Simon Boccanegra); Liù (Turandot); Musetta (La Bohème); Nellie Forbush (South Pacific); Sylva (The Gypsy Princess); Fiordiligi (Così Fan Tutte); Alcina (Alcina); Pamina (Die Zauberflöte).


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The Repeater

Here’s an evolutionist’s dream: 10,000 planet Earths, starting from the same point at the same time, and left to their own devices for four and a half billion years. What would happen? Could you go on safari from one planet to the next seeing an endless procession of wildly different organisms? Or would many of the planets be home to life forms that are broadly similar?

The conventional answer to this question — the one championed by the late Stephen Jay Gould, for example — is that chance events, from mutations to asteroids, play such a large role in evolution that each of the planets would be totally different. And probably, after four and a half billion years, they would be. I wish we could do the experiment, though. It might hold some surprises.

Looking around the Earth, it’s striking how often similar traits evolve in similar environments. So: birds living on remote islands typically lose the power of flight. Males in species (be they chimpanzees or yellow dung flies) where females are promiscuous tend to evolve high sperm counts and large testes. Animals that live in caves lose their eyes and their color: whether they live in Rwanda or Romania, they’re a pallid, blind lot, the troglodytes. Mammals that specialize on eating leaves — be they cows or langurs (that’s a monkey) — have evolved foreguts where bacteria break down the leaves, as well as special enzymes to help with digestion. Amazingly, the same phenomena are also seen in the hoatzin, a leaf-eating bird from South America. In short, evolution has a remarkable tendency to repeat itself.

That this happens has been known for decades. But now we’re unpicking the genetic basis for the repetitions. And the startling thing is, evolution often repeats itself at the genetic level, too.

Alizarin Red stained sticklebacks. Credit: Pamela Colosimo and David Kingsley, Stanford University.

As an example, take three-spine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). These little fish usually live in the ocean, but like salmon, they come into rivers to spawn. As the glaciers retreated at the end of the last ice age — a process that went on between ten and twenty thousand years ago — a series of lakes began to form in the northern hemisphere, and the sticklebacks moved into them. Initially, the lakes would have been linked to the oceans by streams and rivers, but as the glaciers retreated, the land rose up (ice is heavy), and the exits to the lakes closed, leaving the sticklebacks in each lake marooned and isolated. And so the animals stuck there began evolving to live exclusively in freshwater.

Which is a real-life version of the evolutionist’s dream: each lake is an evolutionary experiment, a natural laboratory. Because there are so many lakes, the experiment has been repeated many times; and because we know the ages of the lakes, we know roughly how long each experiment has been going on. And sure enough, fish in different lakes have evolved a variety of similar features, repeatedly and independently.

Drawing of marine sticklebacks. Credit: David Kingsley, Stanford University (based on Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829).

Marine sticklebacks, for example, boast body armor: from head to tail, they are covered in rows of bony plates. Many freshwater sticklebacks have lost these. In marine sticklebacks, the pelvis is a complicated affair that comes complete with a pair of long spines. In some freshwater populations, individuals have a much reduced, lopsided pelvic structure. In others, they have just a remnant, a small, lopsided bone: the ghost of pelvis past.

Drawing of freshwater sticklebacks. Credit: David Kingsley, Stanford University (based on Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829).

Mutations to a gene called Ectodysplasin have been implicated as the major culprit in loss of armor; another gene, Pitx1, has been fingered as the main agent of pelvis reduction. Yet the means by which the two genes have effected their changes are different.

Take Ectodysplasin first. In this case, a rare version of the gene exists at a low frequency in marine sticklebacks. Two copies of the rare version (you inherit one from each of your parents), and you have no plates. Two copies of the regular version, and you have all the plates. But if you have one of each, the sort of armor you have can vary. Some individuals will have all their plates. Others will have a sort of half-armor.

What seems to have happened is that when sticklebacks invaded each lake, some of the invaders carried this rare version with them. In the ocean, being without body armor is deadly: it makes you vulnerable to predators. But lakes don’t have the same dangers as the ocean — and armor is heavy and makes you less agile. Thus, in these new environments, being without body armor conferred a significant advantage, and so in lake after lake, the rare variant of the gene swept through the population.

Let’s turn now to the ghostly pelvis. Pelvic loss is much less common than armor loss. But if you find sticklebacks that lack a pelvis, you can bet that they came from large, shallow lakes where the water is soft, there are no large fish that might act as predators, and the vegetation is dense. Soft water has little calcium, and you need calcium to make the pelvic spines. Shallow lakes that are thick with weeds are home to predators like dragonflies, which enjoy having a stickleback for breakfast. And whereas the spines are a defense against being eaten by other fish — trout, say, or pike — and can actually induce the predator to spit out the stickleback instead of trying to swallow it, insect predators catch sticklebacks by grabbing the spines.

The difference between having a spiky pelvis or not is influenced by the expression of several genes, but as I said earlier, the main agent seems to be a gene called Pitx1. In sticklebacks with a proper pelvis, this gene is turned on at several different places in the developing fish, including the head, the pituitary and the spots on the side of the body where the pelvis should form. In those without, Pitx1 is switched on everywhere except the pelvic region, and the pelvis doesn’t grow.

There are a couple of interesting things about this discovery. The first is that the molecular basis of the change from pelvis to no pelvis does not involve a mutation to the protein-coding region of the Pitx1 gene itself. In other words, the protein made from the gene hasn’t changed. What has changed is the way the gene is expressed. This is in contrast to the sorts of mutations one often reads about as being involved in evolution, which typically involve changes to the protein itself.

A second interesting feature of the stickleback pelvis is that — unlike the armor plates — the loss is probably due to mutations having occurred independently in the different populations. What’s more, changes to the use of Pitx1 are also implicated in pelvic loss in nine-spine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) — yet nine-spine and three-spine sticklebacks have been going their own evolutionary ways for at least 10 million years. Mice that have been genetically engineered to lack Pitx1 have a suite of abnormalities, including crushed faces and abnormal pituitaries, that cause them to die young. Intriguingly, they also have a reduced pelvis and hind limbs, and as with the sticklebacks, the reduction is lopsided and shows a greater loss on the right than on the left.

Which makes you wonder. Manatees — those charming marine mammals that cavort in the Florida keys and the West Indies — have also lost their hind legs. All that’s left of their pelvis is a lopsided bone, smaller on the right than on the left. Could Pitx1 have been involved here, too? So far, no one knows for sure. But I’d put money on it.

The idea that the same gene could be involved in mediating evolution of the same trait in creatures as distantly related as mammals and fish is exciting. And — to give one last example — while the relation between Pitx1 and the manatee’s missing hind legs is speculative rather than proven, there is much stronger evidence that a gene called Kit ligand is involved in mediating the evolution of light skin color in both sticklebacks and people.

This gene is by no means the only one that affects human skin color; nonetheless, genetic differences in the regulatory regions of this gene have a significant effect on how light or dark your skin will be, or whether you have blond hair. In sticklebacks, meanwhile, pale skin often evolves in freshwater — perhaps as a disguise — and the change again maps to Kit ligand, and involves alterations in the way Kit ligand is expressed in particular tissues.

Here, I’ve focused on one particular version of the evolutionist’s dream. But there are many others. In northeastern Mexico, for instance, a small fish known as Astyanax has, on a number of occasions, taken up residence in caves: populations of the fish have been found in more than 25 caves, some of them hundreds of miles apart. This system, too, is giving us a glimpse of the genetics of repeated evolution.

And I haven’t even mentioned the hundreds of actual experiments — bacteria or yeasts evolving for generations in the laboratory. Yet all these systems show the same thing: at the genetic level, evolution is, to a remarkable extent, a repeater.

Gould discussed the role of contingency in evolution in a number of books and articles, but see especially Gould, S. J. 2000. “Wonderful Life.” Vintage.

Examples of similar traits appearing in similar environments are numerous, and can be found in any textbook on evolution; but for details of the hoatzin, see Kornegay, J. R., Schilling, J. W., and Wilson, A. C.. 1994. “Molecular adaptation of a leaf-eating bird: stomach lysozyme of the hoatzin.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 11: 921-928.

For an excellent overview of evolution repeating itself at the genetic level, see Wood, T. E., Burke, J. M., and Rieseberg, L. H. 2005. “Parallel genotypic adaptation: when evolution repeats itself.” Genetica 123: 157-170.

For the genetics of armor inheritance, see Colosimo, P. F., Peichel, C. L., Nereng, K., Blackman, B. K., Shapiro, M. D., Schluter, D., and Kingsley, D. M. 2004. “The genetic architecture of parallel armor plate reduction in threespine sticklebacks.” PloS Biology 2: 635-641. For selective sweeps on Ectodysplasin, see Colosimo, P. F., Hosemann, K. E., Balabhadra, S., Villareal Jr, G., Dickson, M., Grimwood, J., Schmutz, J., Myers, R. M., Schluter, D., Kingsley, D. M. 2005. “Widespread parallel evolution in sticklebacks by repeated fixation of Ectodysplasin alleles.” Science 307: 1928-1933.

The forces that lead to loss of the pelvis in sticklebacks were described to me by Dr David Kingsley, of Stanford University, in a telephone conversation. For the role of Pitx1 in pelvic loss, see Shapiro, M. D., Marks, M. E., Peichel, C. L., Blackman, B. K., Nereng, K. S., Jonsson, B., Schulter, D., and Kingsley, D. M. 2004. “Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks.” Nature 428: 717-723. For the comparison between three-spine and nine-spine sticklebacks and the manatee, see Shapiro, J. D., Bell, M. A., and Kingsley, D. M. 2006. “Parallel genetic origins of pelvic reduction in vertebrates.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103: 13753-13758.

For the evolution of pigmentation in sticklebacks and humans, see Miller, C. T., Beleza, S., Pollen, A. A., Schluter, D., Kittles, R. A., Shriver, M. D., and Kingsley, D. M. 2007. “cis-Regulatory changes in Kit ligand expression and parallel evolution of pigmentation in sticklebacks and humans.” Cell 131: 1179-1189.

For more about the Mexican cave fish Astyanax, see Protas, M. E., Hersey, C., Kochanek, D., Zhou, Y., Wilkens, H., Jeffery, W. R., Zon, L. I., Borowsky, R., and Tabin, C. J. 2006. “Genetic analysis of cavefish reveals molecular convergence in the evolution of albinism.” Nature Genetics 38: 107-111.

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the ghost of pelvis past

Pelvis has left the building.

The experiment of letting 10,000 primeval Earths each evolve for 4.5 billion years to find out to what extent their life forms are similar and different — what a FASCINATING idea!!!

Computer simulations of a vastly simplified version of this idea are actually feasible and could potentially shed light on the real thing. I would love to be involved in such a project.

Because we evolved from a single ancestor a gene can be propagated from one origin in the evolutionary tree. An example is the Hox gene cluster involved in body plan organization from flies to mammals. Therefore it is reasonable to bet that manatees (mammals) have a Pixt1 gene homologous to Pixt1 in Stickleback fish. When evolution acts on homologs genetic convergence is likelier.

Prediction: Planets with multiple origins of life will have more than one evolutionary tree and each tree will have different suites of genetic units (a generalization of DNA based genes). Therefore there will be less genetic convergence overall.

I enjoy your articles very much.

Sean Carroll has discussions of several of these and more in “The Making of the Fittest,” where he elaborates the same theme as this column: the repeatability of evolution. Simon Conway Morris draws theological inferences from the same sorts of convergences.

This retired biology teacher enjoyed this writing very much. I clicked on your article first in preference to all others on the opinion page.

I can’t say that all of it was easy for me to follow. But your writings help comfort us Isaac Asimov fans, who so miss his non-fiction essays.

“But lakes don’t have the same dangers as the ocean — and armor is heavy and makes you less agile. Thus, in these new environments, being without body armor conferred a significant advantage, and so in lake after lake, the rare variant of the gene swept through the population.”

I find this theory unconvincing.

I think this whole fish-stripped-of-armor thing is not evolution but degeneration.

The fact that the “rare” version of Ectodysplasin exists at all despite its unfitness to the dangers of the ocean indicates that it exists before mutation gives sticklebacks the “armor” version of Ectodysplasin and the selection process had not yet completely rooted the carriers of this “rare” version out.

Once the dangers of the ocean were removed, the selection process of the armored sticklebacks was halted. So the carriers of the “armor-less” version of Ectodysplasin could mate just as the armored ones, which means that the proliferation of the genes that would stripped the fish of its armor was no longer checked by the environment. Thus, the armor-less sticklebacks also could have posterity, spread the “armor-less” version of Ectodysplasin, and make it less “rare” and more “common”.

I suspect that the same holds true in the pelvis situation.

The multi-lake situation is a poor analogy for the multi-planet situation. The multi-lake situation, rather than serving as comparable groups that testified the repeatedness of the nature of evolution, only provides similar environments that allow the species to degenerate into its previous status before the hostilities of the ocean forced the sticklebacks to respond to the new challenges posed by the environment through evolution.

It’s not an “evolutinist dream”, but a “darwinist”
dream. These oscillating penumbras refuse
to go away, and lead the unsuspecting down “the
yellow brick road.”
By the way, wasn’t it Gould who, in Chicago, 1980,
admitted the “dearth” of fossil evidence?

I found the whole article fancinating, I never thought I would spend twenty minutes reading about the evolution of fish. But I would like to no more about the gene Kit ligand and its effect on other species besides the sticklebacks and people.

Stuff like this is so exciting to contemplate I really want to print it and save it. Yes, yes, I know I can always do a search for it (if I can remember it and if I’m online), but this old codger wants a clean copy to hold and to save. Please make the blogs (including Stanley Fish’s) available in a “printer friendly format”.

In the case of those sticklebacks from different lakes that evolved a variety of similar features, repeatedly and independently, it´s because they started from the same point and where exposed to similar conditions. Even more, the time measured in terms of evolution was small to make those conclusions. Evolution is a metaphora in witch many people believe like an stairway. From bottom to top. But it is only the result of mutations and surviving of those adapted to the changes.

It’s so much easier and sensible to understand all these things by knowing that there is a God that created this world and all the things in it. God gave each creature the tools it needed to survive. Random mutations that take millions of years to occur would be a little slow in providing an organism with the necessary tools to survive.

That’s quite a fish story!

Thanks for this article, and for not wasting any time on creationism. Knowledge itself is the best defense against “intelligent design” and the like. No I’m going to look for your book.

Hey! Welcome back. Didn’t notice this blog was back and that it’s now a weekly installment. It’s one of the more interesting biology related blogs around.

John #11 is missing the point, alot of those creatures did not survive, we’re only seeing the ones who HAVE adapted over eons. It’s not about the individual, it’s about the species.

These phenomena speak to another of Gould’s favorite themes, that mechanisms of development impose some constraints on evolution.

The phenomenon of a limited range of adaptations to a limited range of environmental conditions makes sense if one assumes that evolution is not ultimately creative but conservative. That is, evolution serves to use the fewest number of adaptations to keep a species within its environment. Provocative fossil evidence that points to avian or mammalian features in the age of dinosaurs suggests that the basic classes of plants and animals may have co-existed well back into the time when land first became habitable. What it all seems to suggest is that there has not been a progress of diversification of classes of organisms generated from others. Rather, it seems that the percentage of classes of creatures has changed broadly over time and that evolution has widely conserved species with relatively trivial (on a genetic level)morphological changes to environmental changes, not unlike the wildly “diverse” changes in dogs seen over a geologically short period of time. The narrative of the autocthonous (not to mention, creative) universe that Darwin, Gould and Sagan have imagined really doesn’t jibe well on a philosophical level with the well-ordered universe we’re coming to empirically.

I like the article. I suspect that it we have thousands of planets all evolving independently, there may be a vast verity of life. Still, only a few would have complex forms. Most may just be mats of one celled life,

Only a few would have complex forms. I think they would tend to have similar adaptations like harnessing oxygen, gut, and circulation structures and means of reproduction. All of this most lead to body plans like what we have here.

I may not be able to exist comfortable or at all in their atmosphere. We may not be able to eat one of them since the proteins and mix of nutrient issues.

Still the laws of physics will call for a range of sizes and shapes and styles that occurred or had occurred here. No land dwelling 100 armed 2 ton mollusk-like creature has or could evolved anywhere for example.

I think there is an important broad-brushed conceptual lesson here. One which harks back to D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson’s classic book “Growth and Form”. That is that evolution is about adaptation to the environment; it is dialogue between a species and the world it lives in. We are becoming used to the idea of dialogue between inter-connected parts of the “eco-system”, perhaps it would be useful to think of genetic change in the same way. D’Arcy Thompson was fascinated by the re-occurrence of structures in un-related life-forms, such as, for instance, the branches of trees and brain-stems and the various occurrences of spirals. This led him to make a set of remarkable observations and connections which might otherwise have gone unremarked upon. I think there is a tendency to think about genetics in simplistic terms as a code with one to one correspondence between code and expression, but we should remain open minded about the complexity of the genetic code, which appears indeed to have much of the flexibility we associate with language. Hence the parallel adaptations of stickleback fish. Hence the probability of convergence, pace Gould, where species find various routes to remarkably similar adaptive solutions.

The one thing that would keep me from agreeing that this is proof that evolution or repeats generally is that in these experiments the fish were subject to similar conditions. It seems from these examples that evolution repeats under similar conditions. The previous claim is still an interesting one albeit weaker than the original) and more consistent with the facts given.

I think the point of saying evolution diverges is to say that there would not be similar conditions and thus not be similar evolutionary responses.

Didn’t Eddie Murphy play Kit Legand in a Steve Martin movie?
Loved the article by the way.

A nice piece. (If you didn’t make this all up. It’s unlikely that readers will go out in midwinter to look for sticklebacks to take home and examine.)

John, 11: You think a peacock needs a yard of multicolour drawing-room decorations tied to its backside to -survive-? How does that help it? Shouldn’t you say that peacocks were put on this world so that we can furnish our homes prettily with their body parts, and our hats as well? Thank the feminine aspect of God, I think.

7: Gould believed very strongly that evolution happens in quick spurts. Other folks are still arguing about it. Some fossil critters do seem to have been happy exactly as they were for a very long time – judging by the parts left, which isn’t much. But, whatever Gould may or may not have said, he never saw the Tiktaalik.

6 and 10: “degeneration” is also evolution. Our ancestors had tails, they didn’t need them, we lost ’em. Snakes and whales have quadruped genes that produce a pelvis and, occasionally, atavistic legs. That’s hardly an intelligent design – and we shouldn’t give undue succour to creationists who claim that mutation only destroys “information”, whatever -information- is – but sometimes phenotypical downsizing is the “smart” move (okay, that -would- be intelligent). You hold a genetic yard sale.

Which brings me to 3. Our very early ancestors may have been like those microbes today that exchange little gifts of DNA when they meet. This makes it pretty difficult to point to one cell that we all descended from, although the fact that all life has -nearly- an identical abstract “code” from DNA into proteins points that way, and the fact that the code is not -totally- identical – for instance in our own mitochondria (and eukaryote cells may be descendants of one or more ancient symbiotic chimera, in the sense of different critter parts fixed together) – that really looks like it should tell us something. Mostly it just rules out some possible wrong ideas, I think, such as that only one unique DNA system can actually work in the universe (so Mr Spock can be half Earthman and half Vulcan): we have two distinct systems -ourselves-.

If you alter the code then you break -everything-, so it seems this must have been set up at a -very- early, simple stage in evolution.

Setting aside this mysterious detail, if there was more than one origin of life on earth, all examples of any other ones are gone, probably because our kind of life ate all of the others, and the evidence as well.

As individuals or as species, we may never live to learn of life existing on other planets, if it does. that would answer the question nicely. Fred Hoyle believed as material fact that living spores pass from planet to planet, but he also believed that the universe lasts forever much as it is now, which is now doubtful. And rocks and stuff that do pass between planets and stars are fried, frozen, and irradiated along the way. Nevertheless, the experiment – looking for life on other worlds with a family relationship with Earth – will be fascinating. Only, most of the ones close to here do not look very good.

And for five-sixths of the existence of the earth, if I have the story straight, there was nothing living here that wasn’t a single-cell microbe. And if international relations take another turn for the worse, it could be that way again very soon. So on other worlds it may be the same – aeons of nothing but swamps of stinky soup, a brief exciting spell of multicellular life, a flash of light and a metallic taste in the mouth and it’s back to the soup again. And so you’d have to arrive at any one world at just the right time for the interesting part. Although I suppose the soup is interesting, too, academically.

Charming story, Elvis’s Pelvis talent’s would have eroded before he reached 60.

The bootlenecks, when the comets hit, and which creatures, which few indidivuals (like “Eve” whose dna all humans share) happened to survive each bottleneck explains quite nicely how and why many common traits are shared in this planet’s gene pool.

Were there other planets with other bottlenecks at different points in evolutionary time then there would be great differences between the various planets’ life, but ones that are likely to repeat on those different plants, too.

Very good summary on convergence.
Sticklebacks, along with other non-mammalian vertebrates, tend to greater variation because of Sexual Selection.
As with Darwin’s island-isolated finches, female choice acts to put evolutionary change into ( relatively) high gear.
Placental mammals have a built-in leveling mechanism in estrus (“heat”). A female in heat mates with any proximate male. This is seen in the N.American cottontail rabbit whose appearance in Sonora is almost identical to the appearance in Maine.
Ms Stickleback is free of this compulsion and so can select those traits in a male which she finds desirable.
Isolation plus female choice equals diversity in traits.


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Analysis of the LG LMX525 Q60 64 Go.

A lot of cell phones come out every month, and you get overwhelmed pretty quickly.
For heavy or occasional use, the models to be chosen will not be the same.The LMX525 Q60 64 Go detailed in this article uses an Android operating system, with all that that implies.
If this first characteristic is not blocking for you, let’s go to the tests to find out if it is adapted to your uses.

This LMX525 Q60 64 Go makes almost any use possible without difficulty.
He’s on the average phone right now.With a well-placed price, it’s a wise choice.

This phone is comfortable for
Making photos and videos
Avoid choosing this phone for
Surfing the internet, anywhere

The LMX525 Q60 64 Go, the right choice for surfing the internet?

The issue of mobility is important when it comes to a smartphone.Mobility for surfing the internet, even on holiday.
As far as space is concerned, this LMX525 Q60 64 Go is not necessarily the best choice.It doesn’t matter, probably if during your various activities, with its 6.26 -inch size, your smartphone will stay in your bag.A disadvantage that turns into an advantage for surfing the net.An interesting feature when it comes to reading text.The image restitution is efficient.All right. All right.
In addition, it natively offers Wifi technology.Convenient if you have cut off portability (abroad) and want to stay in touch with your loved ones. This phone is equipped with a GPS chip.You know where you stand.Unless you’re in the middle of the desert.
It is sometimes convenient to have several phones in one. And this model can handle multiple Sims.This means that it is possible to have several active subscriptions in the device.This will even be possible with competing operators.This feature will be useful for travellers among you, who will be able to integrate a prepaid SIM card of the country they are in, without having to remove the main card.
No protection on the screen of this LMX525 Q60 64 Go.In other words, the scratches or the shocks that happen to us all, will inevitably appear.If you decide on this model, remember to use a transparent tempered glass film, adapted to the shape of the screen.
As far as autonomy is concerned, with its 3500 mAh, it is comparable to other competing models.Perfect for a day between calls and games.
And since LG did not consider it useful to put a fast charge on this model, we will have to wait.Too bad, it’s a very interesting feature today.

A device for watching movies and listening to music?

More and more of us watch our phones at the expense of our TVs every day.It’s become a handy tool.It even replaces the radio, or to listen to music.Because of the power of smartphones and their connectivity, you can watch whatever you want.However, not all smartphones will do the trick.

In use, the LMX525 Q60 64 Go is convincing on the multimedia part.It’s comparable to competing products.A screen that allows you to view videos without too much difficulty.Perfectly suited for viewing videos on the internet.And with a resolution of 720 x 1520 the image will be sharp.
The screen of this model has been switched to LCD IPS (In-Plane Switching).The result is less light scattering, resulting in a wider viewing angle and deeper tones.
For the audio part, LG wanted to do well.A 3.5mm input to connect your headphones or speakers.
Bluetooth technology will allow you to listen to music with connected devices.The sound result is of a good level.
And, on the nice but missing functionality side, we have the stereo speakers; the mono sound is shallower.

LG’s smartphone: a good choice for making video calls?

Games are performance consuming.Games, but also applications require batteries.On 3D games, the right processor and quality graphics chip ensure smooth rendering.In short, technology and the latest generation of components provide better playability.

In the end, we found that the power of this LMX525 Q60 64 Go is below its competitors.The components are starting to date (Mediatek MT6762 Helio P22 (12 nm) processor), and the quality is less good.The visual result is below other smartphones in this category.
In terms of storage, we are now entitled to expect more.And this smartphone is the perfect answer to the need with 64 GB.But some of you will need more; that’s why LG has left a free slot for a memory card.
Normal use of this smartphone is adapted to its level of autonomy.This model is in the middle of the category.The 3500 mAH power will not require recharging during the day.
Most of the applications we download today require performance.Reading comfort comes at this price.Due to its design and the size of its 6.26 -inch screen, the result is of a good level.All documents are thus displayed clearly.
And to finish on the functionality part, we note the presence of the NFC.A way that will allow you to pay with this smartphone.

The tool to make photos, movies?

The quality of smartphones allows you to take pictures as well as many cameras.The reason being related to the millions of pixels they are equipped with.However, this is not the only criterion to be taken into account.Being able to share photos taken with one click is also important.LG has long been designing smartphones with top quality photo sensors.

The latter has perfectly integrated the camera lens and the functionalities adapted to this Android smartphone.Thus, this model has 3 objectives.
With a screen resolution of 720 x 1520, the LMX525 Q60 64 Go is the versatile phone among the best smartphones of the moment.As soon as it comes to making a movie, it will be able to capture your best moments on the spot, and will be able to capture all the colors and all the light.And last point about the image options, there is no HDR in this model.
As for the selfies photos, the same is true.The resolution for selfies or landscapes is really amazing.It is even possible to retouch images via the software options.The smartphone’s sensor allows you to capture every pixel of the image and add appropriate filters.
This smartphone has 64 GB of internal memory, part of which is used by the operating system and all pre-installed applications.This is one of the largest amounts of storage you can have on standard phones.
You’ll be able to save everything without thinking about it.But also for films and photos.And thanks to this large amount of storage, you won’t have enough of your vacation to completely fill the memory.

What about the LMX525 Q60 64 Go?

Our tests have shown that this LMX525 Q60 64 Go is sufficient for the majority of cases.Performing well, it almost reaches the level of the best.All in all, a good price/quality ratio.

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YouLead Feature Email: Invested Leader

Orange Leaders
Orange Leaders Thursday November 15, 2012
<? echo $type; ?> YouLead Feature Email: Invested Leader

YouLead provides leaders with email copy that can be used to inform, invest, encourage, and praise volunteers and staff. Following is an example of these emails. We encourage you to send out a communication to volunteers and staff on a weekly basis.

Here’s an interesting statistic relating to replacing yourself as a leader:

66% of business leaders say they’re more aggressively educating employees on their role in the company. (Grant Thornton, LLP)

Why would business leaders be more aggressive these days in training, educating, and caring for their employees? We could look at the economic climate or the rate of turnover in those businesses. We could also look at the importance of continued education. But maybe it simply comes down to teaching leadership values; the more that companies educate about what it takes to be a leader in their company, the more return they’ll get from their employees.

Too often we don’t educate others about what we do because we feel like we could potentially be replaced by the person that we teach. This fear is crippling and it’s even arrogant to think that we’re the only ones that could do our job well. We should be open, strategic, and even aggressive in teaching others what we do. The strategy is to someday replace yourself with someone who doesn’t have to try to figure it all out on their own.

All of this is true when you volunteer as well. God has given each of us gifts and talents to serve each other in incredible ways. When we see others who may have the same gifts that we have, we should model how they can utilize their talents and encourage them to get involved. This will only increase the level of service toward one another. Be like the 66 percent of business leaders who are aggressively educating others in their role by doing the same in your area of ministry.

At Orange Leaders, we influence those who influence the next generation. We do that by creating resources and products that help leaders like you do ministry better.


text:
Dr. Kevin Parvaresh, M.D.

Sports Medicine

Orthopaedic Surgeon

Dr. Kevin Parvaresh M.D.

Dr. Parvaresh is an orthopaedic surgeon who is subspecialty trained in sports medicine with an emphasis on hip arthroscopy. His clinical expertise includes shoulder injuries and arthritis, hip injury, and complex knee pathology along with general trauma and fracture care. As a native of Southern California, Dr. Parvaresh recognizes the unique lifestyle and functional demands of the community. Attending medical school at Georgetown on the East Coast, residency at U.C. San Diego on the West Coast, and fellowship at Rush in the Midwest, he brings a diversity of training experience to the practice.

As a sports medicine physician, Dr. Parvaresh provides community sports coverage to local and regional teams. He is the team doctor for Orange Lutheran High School, treating a variety of sports injuries and coordinating sports rehabilitation. His fellowship training included professional coverage for the Chicago Bulls, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Fire, and Chicago Steele teams. He is passionate about maintaining youth participation in sport, being the founder and president of the Washington, D.C. Youth Engagement in Sport organization during his medical school years.

Spending an additional year for a research fellowship, he has learned to critically evaluate the literature to optimize patient outcomes. His research goals focus on optimizing patient outcomes for sports pathologies, with a special interest in shoulder and hip instability. He has authored numerous publications and presented at local, regional, and national conferences.

Dr. Parvaresh is an active member of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopic Association of North America. He participates in multiple meetings on an annual basis and is engaged in current technological and surgical advances in the field of orthopaedics. He is also a faculty member for the Hoag Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Fellowship, actively training future surgeons for a career in sports medicine.

Outside of the office, he enjoys spending time with his family - his wife Kari, his son Owen, and his dog Poa. He enjoys all that Southern California has to offer including going to the beach for surfing and paddle boarding, hiking the trails, and driving to the mountains for snowboarding. He also enjoys international travel and exploring other cultures.


text:
Dynamic modelling of processes in rivers affected by precipitation runoff

Judith L. Jacobsen

    Research output: Book/ReportPh.D. thesisResearch

    59 Downloads (Pure)

    In this thesis, models for the dynamics of oxygen and organic matter in receiving waters (such as rivers and creeks), which are affected by rain, are developed. A time series analysis framework is used, but presented with special emphasis on continuous time state space models. Also, the concept of model identifiability is attended. For estimation of the parameters in the models the maximum likelihood method is used and the Kalman filter employed to evaluate the likelihood function. In the case of non-linear models, the extended Kalman filter is used. To evaluate the models, various residual analysis methods and model validation tools are employed. To develop the water quality model, including hydraulic relations and the states of oxygen and organic matter, the qualitative concepts of the physical, biological and chemical models are introduced. The model types used in this thesis are one-dimensional stochastic models. Most of the models are based on measurements from one measuring station, though models based on the linear reservoir description applied to measurements from two measuring stations are also considered. Both time varying and time invariant models are employed. In the models, the oxygen dynamic complex includes reaeration, photosynthesis, respiration and degradation of organic matter. The effect of pre-filtering data is investigated, as is various functions for photosynthesis as a function of solar radiation. For the degradation of organic matter delayed reactions have been studied. In most models, precipitation in the form of rain have been included to study the impact from this. Finally, the future and industrial perspectives are presented, along with a list of suggestions for future research related to the subjects considered in this thesis.
    Original languageEnglish
    Place of PublicationKgs. Lyngby
    PublisherTechnical University of Denmark
    Publication statusPublished - 1997

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text:
Realisation of Gas Electron Holography

Research output: Book/ReportPh.D. thesisResearch

3 Downloads (Pure)

Magnetic nanoparticles is an important part of today’s technology. They are used to make fertilizers and used for water puriﬁcation and in medicine. Improving the understanding of how these nanoparticles work is an important ﬁeld of science.
This project aims precisely at learning how magnetic nanoparticles behave when they are ex-posed to certain gasses such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. To gain this knowledge, we need to image the nanoparticles in a controlled gas environment. In order to do this a new technique was realized by combining environmental TEM, a special TEM allows the presence of gasses and oﬀ-axis electron holography. The result of this synergy is a new, powerful magnetic imaging technique that we named ”gas electron holography”.
Electron holography provides add an extra layer of information on top of what we can see with electron microscopy: the electric and magnetic ﬁelds produced by the object under observation. To enable oﬀ-axis electron holography the microscope needs to be equipped with a device called ”electron biprism”. In a microscope that has gas inside there is a risk corroding the electron biprism, and since the electron biprism is very expensive, a part of this project has been to design and fabricate one that is hard to damage and yet cheap to replace. The electron biprism was designed by using physics models and computer simulations, and then realized using MEMS fabrication technology.
With the electron biprism added to the microscope, gas electron holography was used to study how the presence of gas changes the coherency of the electron beam. In the end gas electron holography was used to study magnetic nanoparticles in order to gain a deeper understanding of how their magnetic properties change when heated up in various gasses.
Original languageEnglish
PublisherDTU Nanolab
Number of pages145
Publication statusPublished - 2020

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text:
Survey of options on legalizing bicycling (VB)

Jurg Zwahlen, Sharon Sulewski, Stephen Sacovitch, Michael Søgaard Jørgensen

    Research output: Book/ReportReportResearchpeer-review

    The Dansk Cyklist Forbund (DCF) wanted to carry out an analysis of the use of an approximately two-kilometer section of walking path surrounding the Pebling and Sortedams lakes in the Nørrebro and Østerbro districts of Copenhagen, Denmark. The area of interest was located along the streets of Peblinge Dosseringen and Sortesø Dosseringen.In February of 1998 a proposal of legalizing bycycling along the lakes was turned down and the DCF wanted to determine who the objections came from, how the area’s residents, pedestrians and bicyclists viewed the situation, and how strong and well organized the opposition against the proposal was.The goal of this project was to identify categories of users that were opposed to bicycling on the Dosseringen of the Østerbro and Nørrebro District lakes in Copenhagen. The identification of the opposition and its strength, rationale and organization was in terms of age, gender, residency, frequency of use and their utilization of the area (i.e. walking, jogging, bicycling) as compared to the support for bicycling in the area. This was an Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP), that was designed to merge technical and scientific knowledge with society, and stresses the importance of this interaction.
    Original languageEnglish
    Number of pages122
    Publication statusPublished - 1999

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text:
Product News

World premiere: Intelligent welding power supply ORBIMAT 180 SW

By June 6, 2020No Comments
ORBIMAT 180 SW with intuitive touch operation and online process communication

SINGEN – The new ORBIMAT 180 SW, with its Industry 4.0 technology, promises more quality, safety and flexibility for orbital welding. This intelligent power supply is the first to allow digital networking of man and machine. The orbital welding process thus connects with state-of-the-art information and communication technology, and makes for the best welding results, high efficiency and sustainable quality management.

With the ORBIMAT 180 SW, ORBITALUM TOOLS – the specialist in highly efficient and reliable orbital welding systems – is launching an innovative welding power supply which sets new standards in welding results, operability and communication. The unbroken capture and back-up of data on the customer’s LAN provides the high level of transparency which Industry 4.0 demands.

Online access to projects and parameters
Thanks to the integrated LAN and WLAN interface, the ORBIMAT 180 SW can be integrated into the customer’s network: Users, planning engineers and quality assurance employees with different user levels have access to projects and data at all times, making it possible to keep track of the entire welding process. All welding data and programs for each individual welding process can be called up and documented in full, analyzed, used and optimized for future welding processes. This way, production sequences can be planned better and are also safer and less time-consuming. The ORBIMAT 180 SW is therefore an important element for establishing more sustainable quality management. 4 USB ports open up forward-looking connectivity.

Intuitive operation and a multilingual menu interface
The ORBIMAT 180 SW is operated using the 12.4″ color touch display screen, or alternatively with the multifunctional control dial, as is familiar from premium automobiles and the ORBIMAT CA series. The multilingual menu interface with graphic support makes operation and parametrization of the welding power supply simple and intuitive. Soft keys provide direct access to important commands. The new ORBIMAT runs with an operating system which reboots smoothly and without data loss, even after the types of abrupt system shut-downs and power failures which can occur on construction sites.

More quality and safety
The ORBIMAT 180 SW achieves more quality thanks to digital and precise welding gas control. It makes it possible to perform welding processes with the highest level of purity and a low gas requirement, reducing the costs for each welding process. The gas quantity values saved with the welding program therefore make easily reproducible welding results.

The automatic rotor stop function provides improved safety. The ORBIMAT 180 SW also features motor torque control: If the welding head rotor is prevented from rotating by sluggishness or an obstruction during automatic rotation, the power supply stops the rotor movement of the welding head immediately. Man and machine are provided with better protection, and costly production downtimes, caused by rejected goods and repairs, are prevented. At the same time, the service life of the welding head is extended.

Shorter welding cycles and more productivity
In order to minimize the gas pre-flow and post-flow times, ORBITALUM has incorporated the unique Flow-Force function. It shortens the welding process considerably when using closed welding heads: The digital gas control supplies safety gas at a very high volumetric flow rate directly from the pressure regulator to the welding head – the unwanted residual oxygen is flushed out abruptly in the process. The resultant reduced pre-flow and post-flow times make for much shorter processing times and thus a higher level of productivity and an increased duty cycle. The high volumetric flow rate in the post-flow time and the optionally activatable cooling circuit delay reduce the temperature of the welding head – ideal for a high duty cycle. The benefits include a longer service life for the welding electrode. The optionally activatable permanent gas function prevents the penetration of oxygen in the welding head, even during secondary processing times. As a result, the ORBIMAT system achieves almost completely oxidation-free seams with simultaneously short processing times.

Elegant housing for good handling
The ORBIMAT 180 SW features an elegant and practical housing with carrier handles integrated at the side. The ports on the front of the device are set back for protection from mechanical damage. The hinged lid with display screen, when closed, protects the operating controls, the system printer and the control dial if the device is offline or is being transported.

The ORBIMAT 180 SW operates with a wide input voltage range of 110 V to 230 V AC 50/60 Hz, and offsets mains fluctuations of 90 V to 260 V AC. Voltage peaks of up to 500 V AC are offset. At 180 A, the output welding current is suitable for most applications. The ORBIMAT power supply automatically detects and includes the connected system components. The integrated liquid cooling system keeps connected welding heads constantly at the right temperature.

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text:
A Favela challenges stereotypes where otherness is at stake

Guys, what do you think, shall editrix Orcsi send out her sailing correspondent Lucy to this little Favela in SL? Why Lucy you ask? That hottie is a Brazilian born and bred and lives there to this day. Well, notwithstanding president Bolsonaro, I guess everything is better than the US right now. Anyway, like Ricco, Lucy is in a capacity to report about A Favela, much better than white bitch from the north Orca.

You hear that, Lu? Grab your notepad and camera and go reporting!

Second Sighting

Cats in a Brazilian slum in Second Life, with a Kobra mural reproduced on a wall (left)

When I first visited A Favela, a parcel in Second Life decorated by Lotus Mastroianni and Fred Hamilton in a way that represents a typical Brazilian slum (actually, a typical slum in Rio de Janeiro), I thought it looked accurate enough to go beyond a simple display of stereotypes. Indeed, it offered me an opportunity to reflect on a series of subjects concerning what one could call otherness: how to balance the temptation of treating different societies (or cultures) as exotic; how powerful can SL be as a tool to avoid that risk; and how it feels to be the other in a world of so many possibilities.

At the arrival point, a Kobra mural and some ads

A Favela is really well put together (apart from minor physics problems in…

View original post 1,309 more words

  1. “Well, notwithstanding president Bolsonaro, I guess everything is better than the US right now.” Hum, I don’t know… I think we are, in both countries, living our tragedies right now. They are different, but I wouldn’t know how to measure which one could be more damaging for each country. Well, it’s not a competition either. I’m just saying that, in Brazil, even if things may look a bit calmer, there’s something growing inside the country’s “body”, like in that Alien scene (I mean the original movie, the very 1st one), something that may come out at any time in a malignant outbreak.

    About A Favela, I would love to see another Brazilian SL resident reporting on it: what would they say?

    Liked by 1 person

    • Hi Ricco, what an honour to have such a famous SL resident visiting my humble bloggo.

      As an outsiderI can’t say much about either country, other than the US is the most dangerous rogue nation on the planet right now. And Brazil at least has sunshine and music and sunny-minded people.

      Yes, I’d love to see another Brazilian resident report on A Favela as well. That’s why I asked my co-blogger Lucy to visit the sim and write a little report. Lucy is Brasileira.
      Full name: LucyInTheSky Afarensis if you wanna talk to her or invite her over. 😉

      Liked by 1 person

      • Actually, it was an honor to have my post reblogged here. I didn’t even know I was famous, lol, don’t do that to me or I’ll get shy.

        It’s not gonna be easy, but we have to resist, to stand and to survive these crazy times, for when this craziness is over, we’ll have a difficult task ahead: that of repairing what was damaged and trying to guarantee that the results are even better. In other words, it’s not to go back to what we had before, but to rebuild the world making it better, if that makes sense.

        I am curious to see what Lucy will say about A Favela. Thank you for sharing her full name. It will be great to see what she thinks of the place.

        Liked by 1 person

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