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Serbian Retreat across Albania in 1915 by Alexandra Tomic

“No one knows what’s hard suffering, until they’ve crossed Albania walking.” (Serbian saying)

There are arguably two events that are considered crucial in Serbian history. One is the Kosovo battle of 1389 where the medieval Serbian state suffered an epic defeat against the Turks, which marked the beginning of the Ottoman domination across the lands populated by Serbs. The other event, much more recent, is the retreat of the Serbian Army and civilians across Albania in the winter of 1915/1916. “The Great Retreat”, “the Albanian Golgotha”, or simply “1915” are some of the terms used to describe this rather unique event in history which remains mostly unknown outside Serbia. What happened? In late November 1915, an entire country, government, army, parliamentary deputies, journalists, theatre actors, writers, and thousands of civilians who were ordinary people retreated and then left the country before the invading enemy. The fear of reprisals was such that thousands of young boys were also sent out of the country with the intention of creating a new Serbian Army that would go back to the country and liberate it from the enemy. Tragically, the Serbian retreat resulted in thousands of casualties and the liberation of the country would only come three years later… Background – 1914 In July 1914 Serbia had to face the warshe did not want. After the Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the complex system of alliances in Europe pitted not only Serbia against AustroHungarian Empire and Germany but the Entente Powers Britain, France and Russia against the Central Powers, Austria-Hungary and Germany. Still, at the end of July 1914 there were only 4.5 million Serbs facing the Austro-Hungarian Empire of over 50 million people. Serbia managed to mobilize an estimated 532,000 citizens, including 10,000 officers. By the autumn of 1915, with volunteers from other Yugoslav regions, that is, regions inhabited by south Slavs, including from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, there were 707,000 mobilized men although it is believed that only less than half of that number were combat ready. Despite all the expectations that the Austro-Hungarian Empire would overwhelm Serbia, the Serbian military consisted of experienced officers and soldiers who were greatly motivated. The Serbian soldiers were on home ground and once the war became inevitable, they were ready to defend their 2 homesteads. Against everyone’e expectations, except perhaps those of the Serbian General Staff, the Austro-Hungarian Army offensives of the summer and autumn of 1914 ended in defeat. Despite some early gains, the Austro-Hungarian Army led by Field Marshall Oskar Potiorek did not prove equal to the task. In fact, the Serbian Chief of Staff Field Marshall Radomir Putnik led his army to the first Allied victory in the war on 17 August 1914, the Battle of Mt Cer. The next offensive looked more promising for the Austro-Hungarian Empire and started on 6 November 1914. However, this offensive too ended in an embarrassing rout of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Kolubara river. Casualties were heavy on both sides: Potiorek’s losses were 28,000 dead, 120,000 wounded and 76,000 prisoners, while Serbs had 22,000 dead, 92,000 wounded and 19,000 taken prisoner. The advance of the Austro-Hungarian army in their offensives in 1914 had brought atrocities and diseases in its wake. The Austro-Hungarian troops perpetrated large scale and systematic killings and torture of civilian population. As Colonel Hunter of the British Medical Mission noted, “the campaign was stated to be not a war but an execution”. The atrocities perpetrated by invading enemy soldiers in 1914 described by Henry Barby, French journalist attached to the Serbian General Staff throughout the conflict, John Reed, American journalist who travelled to Serbia in 1915 and Rodolphe Archibald Reiss a German-Swiss forensic expert, among others, would have a decisive role in late 1915 when thousands of civilians would decide to follow the retreating Serbian army in fear of more atrocities. Serbia’s victories in 1914 were not decisive but made the Allies look more favourably to the Balkan front. These successes brought Serbia to the attention of Europe if not the world. “Gallant little Serbia” was lauded by Allied countries very much like “plucky little Belgium” was earlier in the war. Serbia’s victories became a double-edge sword: they made the Allies more willing to support Serbia and Serbian war aims. They also made it imperative for the Germans to take the lead in the subsequent offensive. The German General Staff prepared for war with Serbia in 1915 by using the the lessons of the defeats of Austro-Hungarian troops and intelligence reports. Serbian government tried to prepare against a renewed attack from the Central powers. Meanwhile, German agents in Serbia sent thorough reports on the diseases, morale and equipment of Serbian troops. The Serbian economy was devastated, with shortage of weapons and rising debts to the Entente, complicating the already difficult issue of potential territorial concessions to Bulgaria and Italy. The Typhus – 1915 In the first six months of the war Serbia was ravaged by war, and then disease followed. It was in December 1914 that illnesses began to spread after the Serbian army took up to 40,000 prisoners-of- 3 war. The illnesses spreading were relapsing fever and typhus exanthematicus, better known as spotted typhus. The epidemics spread in the most dramatic fashion mostly due to sanitary conditions in hospitals, lack of disinfecting and delousing facilities and lack of knowledge that infected lice were spreading the disease. Between January and March 1915 there were almost 500,000 cases of typhus and by the time the foreign medical missions arrived, the typhus mortality rate had risen to 40% in some hospitals. The lack of nursing staff prompted the Serbian government to request Red Cross help and the call was answered by the Scottish Women Hospitals with three missions, the Red Cross, Stobart Field Hospital, Lady Paget’s mission, and many others. The estimate is that around 3,000 doctors and other medicalstaff worked in Serbia from 1914, many of whom were women. This group included the first women doctors in Britain: Dr Elsie Inglis, Dr Alice Hutchinson, Dr Isabel Emslie, Dr Mary Philips, Dr Katherine Stuart MacPhail and numerous other nurses, orderlies and volunteers, some with minimal medical background. The extraordinary presence of so many women volunteers on or very close to the front was unprecedented. This phenomenon is partly explained by the pre-war evolving suffragette movement which had had to take a back seat to the Great War with many activists going to the Balkan front, demonstrating that they were able to stand up to the greatest challenge of their time alongside men. The epidemic was beaten largely due to the actions of the foreign medical missions, more specifically the British medical mission which made the Serbian military implement temporary stoppage of all railway passenger traffic, interdiction of army leave, disinfection, quarantine measures, improved sanitation and sewage management, immunisations against typhoid and against anticipated wave of cholera. In medical history the Serbian typhoid epidemic had the most sudden occurrence and the most rapid decline, having lasted six months with a peak of two months. It was an amazing victory over a “mysterious” enemy, typhus, and Serbia seemed to enjoy a brief respite from the war in the summer of 1915, while the enemy was reconsidering the operations in Serbia from a strategic point of view. The Triple Offensive – 1915 In 1915, as the war was not going their way, the Allies were keen to attract Bulgaria to the Entente camp through negotiating territorial gains and losses from the Balkan wars. However, Bulgariaa deal with the Central Powers and shrewdly made their accession conditional on the Germans having the command in the 1915 attack on Serbia. The secret agreement between the Central Powers and Bulgaria was signed on 6 September 1915 with Turkey joining it a few days later. 4 Serbia was attacked on 6 October 1915 by 800,000 troops of the Central Powers, led by Field Marshall August von Mackensen., with at their disposal 373,000 guns, 1,700 cannon and 10 air squadrons as well as a fleet of river boats on the Sava and the Danube. The Serbian Army was significantly weaker in manpower, with many unexperienced recruits and lesser equipment, armed with 232,000 guns and 685 cannon. 1915 would not be the repeat of 1914: the forces pitched against the Serbian army were led by competent commanders of the Central Powers: – General Koevess, General Gallwitz, General Bojadjeff and General Todorov. The Serbian Army had excellent commanders but the offensives of 1914 and the typhus epidemic of 1915 had taken their toll. The total strength of the Serbian Army was 288,5 battalions, 40 squadrons and 678 cannon. The Serbian Army’s commander-in-chief was Prince Regent Alexander with Field Marshall Radomir Putnik as chief of staff. The Montenegrin Army with a total strength of less than 50,000 troops was the only Ally of the Serbian Army that could provide effective support. The total strength of the Serbian Army at this point is disputed by historians with figures varying between 200,000 and 420,000. The attack began with heavy bombardment of Belgrade on 6 and 7 October with 50,000 shells fired at Belgrade in the first two days, with 30,000 falling on Belgrade on the first day. Combined Central Powers armies entered Belgrade on 9 October following desperate fighting of the Defence of Belgrade troops. The strong resistance impressed Field Marshall Mackensen to such an extent that he subsequently ordered the erection of a monument in Kosutnjak with the inscription in German and Serbian: “Serbian heroes rest here”. There was strong resistance on all the fronts and the invading troops advanced more slowly than planned incurring heavy losses. Still, the advance was relentless. On 20 October the town of Kumanovo in Macedonia fell and on 22 October so did Skoplje. With the Serbian temporary capital of Niš threatened, the government has to evacuate together with the foreign diplomats to the new temporary capital of Kraljevo on 20 October. This turns out to be just a short stop where more refugees create chaos. Foreign envoys retreating with the Serbian government have to destroy their legations’ archives and throw seals and stamps into the Morava River before leaving for Mitrovica to the plain of Kosovo. As the Serbian Army retreats, the civilians join in the retreat with the mass of refugees moving south. The atrocities of the 1914 invasions by Austro-Hungarian troops were the main cause for the panic of the large numbers of civilians, including women and children, withdrawing in the direction of Kosovo. Although Defence Minister Colonel Bojović issued the instructions to the General Staff on 29 September not to order the evacuation of civilians unless it was necessary for military reasons, the army was not able to stop 5 large-scale evacuations. Field Marshal Mackensen was focused on the encirclement of the Serbian troops. With this in mind, the movements of the German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian troops paralleled this concept. Mackensen thought that at some point the Serbs would defend a town of special logistical relevance – Kragujevac with its arsenal, or symbolic significance -Raška as the old Serbian capital, which would allow his troops to carry out the encirclement. However, this did not happen as the Serbian troops kept retreating – and the enemy kept following. Serbian troops arrived in Kosovo in mid-November 1915. There was somber symbolism in thousands ofsoldiers and civilians finding themselves in Kosovo at that point, the place ofsupreme significance for the Serbs. On 28 June 1389, the medieval Serbian kingdom was defeated in a myth-laden battle at the field of Kosovo by the greatly superior Ottoman enemy. Kosovo was regained in the Second Balkan War in 1913 as part of the gains of the ‘Old Serbia’ region. Less than two years since Kosovo returned to Serbia, it seemed that Serbia was losing herself as well as Kosovo. Many foreign medical missions, field hospitals and dispensaries had to choose whether to stay and hope that the occupying authorities would allow them to continue to operate, or evacuate and leave the area. The Retreat On 18 November 1915 Serbs were isolated on the Kosovo plain, where they had arrived through a series of tactical retreats increasingly pushed by enemy forces in preparation for the inevitable. The only question was what that inevitable would be. There were three possibilities: capitulation and separate peace, final honourable but desperate battle to annihilation, or further retreat. Nevertheless, only two options, retreat and counter-attack were seriously considered, while the third one, capitulation, was not an option on the table, neither for the army or for the government. The general situation of the Serbian Army at this point was dire with the manpower per unit reduced to about one quarter of the normal strength, and even less in some cases. The constant retreating, the loss of territory and lack of food – all this had a major demoralising effect on the troops. Moreover, the final realisation that the Allies would not be coming to help was the ultimate disillusionment. There was little ammunition, while the uniforms and footwear of most soldiers were in tatters. The High Command made the decision on the retreat through Montenegro and Albania on 23 November 6 with the actual order reflecting the decision issued two days later. The order of the High Command to the commanders of all armies on 25 November 1915 gave the instructions for the retreat through Montenegro and northern Albania to the Adriatic Sea and gave the commanders of different units specific itineraries. In view of the unusual nature of the order, that the army would be retreating beyond the country’s borders, the High Command issued a special explanatory directive on the same day expanding on the objective – reaching the Adriatic coast: “There, our army will reorganise, get food supplies, weapons and ammunition, clothing and everything else the Allies are sending to us. We will again become a factor to be reckoned with. The state has not lost its being, the state still exists, although on foreign soil, as long as we have our ruler, our government and our army, regardless of its strength. The readiness of our Allies to help us to the end and their limitless strength will break our common enemy in the end. Our Fatherland will again be free and greater. Convince all that this retreat is a state necessity, salvation for the state and that in these dark days our salvation is in resolution, patience and ultimate sacrifice of all of us, with the faith in the final triumph of our Allies which is why we have to persevere to the end.” By this time, Field Marshall Putnik was severely ill with asthma and had to be carried by his soldiers in a sedan chair made from a car. The fighting and retreating of some units would end up lasting 67 days. The army was not alone in leaving, in fact the evacuation was to be complete: the government, the deputies, government officials, the archives, the treasury, and the casket of the first Serbian monarch, Stefan the First-Crowned Nemanjic, was saluted by soldiers along the route. Serbia’s gold reserves were sent to Greece escaping before the Second Bulgarian Army. As the situation became more critical, between mid-November and end of November 1915, there were refugees everywhere, with seemingly everyone trying to leave. Men, women, children, diplomats, all social classes, members of political parties, foreign journalists, actors, singers, university professors, AustroHungarian prisoners, and even criminals as jails and asylums were opened. Many thousands of Austro-Hungarian prisoners also retreated with their enemies after their repatriations were refused by Vienna. The High Command’s order, despite the explanatory directive that followed, caused much confusion among the common soldiers. Some ninety percent of the Serbian Army were old-fashioned peasants whose main motivation and fighting spirit came from fighting for their homestead, for the land they lived off for generations, who were used to fully understanding what they were fighting for – whose 7 patriotism, rather than an abstract concept, was a pragmatic attribute, linked to their farmhouses and their lands, their very livelihood. They found it difficult to understand the existence of the state outside state borders. An army without a country was an absurd notion that they could not comprehend. There were many who decided to turn back but a greater number remained with their units. The decision of the High Command went against everything that ordinary soldiers knew about the world. One overheard conversation between two officers went like this:: “Hey, we’ll end up like Napoleon in Russia”, and the other retorting: “Worse, he was taking his army home, God knows where we’re going”. Heavy weapons, artillery pieces and cannon that could not be taken or buried had to be destroyed and thrown into the river. These emotional scenes were described in a number of memoirs of the retreat: artillery crews were kissing and hugging their cannon before destroying them and pushing them into the river, some having hauled them down the length of Serbia, after using them in celebrated victories of 1914. Following the retreat of the Serbian Army and their de facto escape from the enemy encirclement, German messages from the front to their Command stated that “Serbian Army no longer existed”. There are numerous sources documenting the retreat, many eyewitnesses wrote memoirs, veterans’ stories ofsurvival recorded, photographs and official registers have been preserved. Yet, the suffering of the Serbian troops and refugees is not easy to describe adequately. The retreat of the Serbian Army began with approximately 220,000 troops crossing the border into Albania and Montenegro. Exact numbers of civilians are unknown but the estimates are that there were approximately 200,000 refugees. The roads were becoming impassable with so many people as the bad weather turned roads to mud with carts and any vehicles getting stuck. The military units had difficulty remaining together. Eyewitnesses describe scenes of Biblical proportions with masses of people moving towards the mountains, as the weather got colder and skies darker. Food was quickly becoming scarce, the prices going up as desperate refugees started exchanging whatever they had taken with them for food. Many soldiers exchanged their weapons for a piece of bread. The desperation was stronger than the knowledge that the territory that they were moving towards was not friendly. Essad Pasha Toptani, an Albanian leader who was a Serb ally, provided protection where this was possible. Where he was in control, his gendarmes gave support to retreating Serbian troops, but in more isolated place and as the columns moved to Catholic territories in the north, where Essad Pasha’s authority did not hold sway, attacks by Albanian irregulars became commonplace. The 8 previous two Serbian Army invasions into Albania, one in 1913 and the second in May 1915, made many of the locals ready to take their revenge. Montenegro as Serbia’s war ally, and still only partly occupied by Austro-Hungary in December 1915, was a more friendly territory for the retreating troops and civilians. Nevertheless, the isolated houses where families felt threatened by the approaching mass of refugees did not necessarily offer succour to thousands of people passing through their lands. Although the High Command order had given a list of mustering stations, most of them were empty. The time was too short after the decision was made and even if the eventuality of the retreat through Montenegro and Albania had been more seriously considered two months previously, the practical preparations were simply not made. The weather was cold, communications’ network poor, terrain inhospitable, and the local population predominantly hostile. Moreover, many units not only fought Albanian irregulars when advancing but also Bulgarians while retreating. As the weather turned from cold to icy cold, shelters were difficult to find and hamlets across the mountains did not offer much refuge. Walking was hard, with intermittent snow, ice, or mud if there was a thaw. Falling asleep in the snow meant certain death. The exceptions were groups that travelled with ox-carts and equipment that would allow them overnighting around fires. Most of the women with the medical missions whose journey was organised and supported by the Army survived the retreat despite many of them having to sleep outdoors at night. The foreign missions in Serbia were numerous in 1915 – Russian, English, French, Danish, Dutch, Scottish, Greek, and American, and they all had to start retreating with the Army and the civilians, and were supported by the Serbian Army. Subsequently some of them stayed to look after their patients or the medical equipment. 200 foreign medical missions’ staff stayed, and were made prisoners of war by the invading troops, then eventually repatriated. The foreign missions that retreated were mostly evacuated through St Giovanni-di-Medua on the Albanian coast and then taken to Bari from where they rejoined their countries. One of the Scottish Women Hospitals staff, William Smith, a painter from Aberdeen, who was working as a clerk and then as a transport orderly with Scottish Women Hospitals, managed 9 to leave and described the departure: “The road was a moving mass of transport of all kinds – motorwagons, bullock wagons, horse-wagons, men, women and children, all intent on escape… This procession had been passing continuously for days, stretching from one end of Serbia to the other, and one realised that this was something more than an army in retreat; it was passing of a whole nation into exile, a people leaving a lost country”. Major Louis-L. Thomson, doctor with the French medical mission describes scenes from hell he witnessed during the retreat where men desperate with hunger tore flesh from dead horses lying by the roadside. The hunger was “stronger than disgust”. Many died from having eaten raw horse meat. Throughout the journey across Montenegro and Albania tens of thousands of people died, soldiers and civilians. According to the official statistics from 1919, 77,455 soldiers died while 77,278 soldiers went missing. The worst fate befell approximately 43,000 young boys that would have become conscripts in March 1916, who had been taken by the Army to join the retreat so that the enemy would not take them, kill or imprison them. The plan was to make a new Serbian army with these young men, born in 1896, 1897 and 1898. Within a month of them leaving, there are indications that approximately 36,000 young men died during the retreat. The official statistics state that only 7,192 young men landed in Bizerte on 26 May 1916, after passing through Tirana and having to additionally march down the Albanian coast to Durazzo and Valona. There is an estimate of 220,000 civilian refugees who had set off for the Adriatic coast from Kosovo and only about 60,000 survived. Arrival in Corfu Despite German and Austro-Hungarian messages and propaganda that Serbian Army no longer existed, the number of troops of the Serbian Army on 31 December 1915 position along the Albanian coast between the Skadar Lake and Durazzo was 139,750 men. There were several more thousands that arrived over the following days and weeks, and were also joined by Montenegro troops that had avoided capture and wanted to join the Serbian Army. The plan of the Serbian Government, even before their arrival on the Albanian coast, was to reorganise and reform the Army with the help and support from the Allies. The original plan was to use the Albanian coast as the area for the recuperation. Because of the advance of the Austro-Hungarian troops in Montenegro and the 10 capitulation of the Kingdom of Montenegro in mid-January 1916, Albania itself was threatened, not least by the proximity of the Austro-Hungarian Navy at Cattaro/Kotor. Although the Allies had sent food supplies, these were delayed due to logistical and diplomatic difficulties involving the Italian Navy. The Serbian Army was positioned in two groups, one in the north around Skadar, and the second in the area around Tirana, Elbassan in the centre of Albania where they had the last skirmishes with the Bulgarians. The transports of food started arriving in ports of Durazzo and Valona, 100-200km of the positions where the Serbian refugees had arrived with the French and British recommendations that the Serbian Army should march to those ports because of the Austro-Hungarian threat, while the Italians perceived arrival of so many Serbs as a threat and forbade them from continuing south. The stand off between different sides went on for some weeks resulted in further loss of life, possibly of as many as 10,000 exhausted Serbian soldiers. The Serbian troops were eventually allowed to continue south to be evacuated. Apart from the soldiers, there were thousands of civilians waiting to be evacuated, without food or shelter. Every morning, after waiting to be evacuated throughout the night, several dead bodies of desperate refugees could be found in the Meduan port. Finally, two food ships evacuated “hundreds of soldiers, women, children, the treasure, the archives and the baggage of the officials” just before the Austro-Hungarians arrived. Although the evacuation preparations started already on 29 December 1915, the decision on the destination of evacuation was not made until 8 January 1916. The French and the British decided to ship the Serbs to Corfu without seeking permission from the Greek government or the Green King Constantine. The French troops landed in Corfu on 11 January. The evacuation transports that were established between Durazzo and Corfu and between Valona and Corfu lasted for several weeks. 12,000 people were evacuated from Medua, 95,000 from Durazzo, 51,564 from Valona. Among them were 3,500 government officials and 5,000 civilian refugees. The last troops to board ships were the cavalry units and the last group of Serbian Army to leave Valona and the Albanian soil did so on 5 April 1916. 140,000 soldiers were evacuated to Corfu, 10,000 to Bizerte in Tunisia, 1,200 to France and 4,500 to Salonika. In total there were 1,159 voyages. The first landings and sheltering of people is completely improvised, also not helped by the rainy weather. The mandate of the British and French military missions is to reform the Serbian Army after ensuring their complete recovery. The Serbian troops are very weak and even those who are well are unable to do much. Many soldiers are sick with typhoid and have to be quarantined on the small 11 island of Vido across from Corfu towards the Albanian coast. Around 5,400 people died in Vido. The Serbs named the island of Vido ‘the island of death’. The dead could not be buried as there was no space so most were given burial at sea. The sea around Vido and Corfu became known in Serbian history as the ‘Blue Tomb’. A total of 11,000 soldiers died with 7,000 of them buried at sea. Field hospitals were urgently organised in Vido and in Corfu, with medical services given by the French, English and Greek medical missions. The sick were also shipped to hospitals in France, Greece, Switzerland, Italy and Britain, and some to Russia. Although Serbia had lost approximately 400,000 men from the start of the war, there was still an army of 150,000 that was ready to recover and reform. There were also 20,000 civilian refugees in Corfu, and as the people recovered, Corfu developed to become a temporary Serbian political centre also thanks to the fact that its political leadership was practically intact. King Peter, Regent Alexander, most of the Serbian Parliament deputies, most of the political leaders, and army commanders were in Corfu. Social and political life flourished. Newspaper and magazines in Serbian were published, parliamentary sessions organised, plays and concerts were held for the Serbs on Corfu. The French and the British work together to make sure the soldiers recover fully. The Serbian troops receive new pale blue uniforms and the French are in charge of training them to back to being active soldiers again. French rifles are delivered to them in Corfu while heavy weapons are sent directly to Salonika. The French envoy can reassuringly message Paris that the Serbian soldiers are much better as “the women of Corfu are noticing”. After about four months of recovery, the Serbs are ready to join l’Armée d’Orient. Regent Alexander and the High Command see the risk of Serbs meshing with the French and the British to the point of no return and not having a separate army. Regent Alexander requests an independent Serbian Army and Mondésir seconds the request which Joffre eventually accepts. The Aftermath of the Retreat The Serbian troops in Corfu, restored and reformed, began their transfer to Salonika on 12 April. The last transport was on 30 May. The arrival in Salonika of the total of 125,000 troops embodied the resurrection of the Serbian army. In speaking to his troops on the occasion of Easter 1916 in Corfu Regent Alexander makes the Christian connection between the Golgotha of Albania and the Resurrection at Corfu a lasting one: “Christ has risen: my Army is thus standing on its feet again and after so much suffering the Army is resurrected in all its strength, ready for the new feats and new triumphs”. The images of suffering and resurrection in fact perfectly parallel the experience of the Serbian Army in 1915 and 1916 drawing on role of the Serbian-Orthodox faith entwining with Serbian patriotism. 12 The reformed Serbian Army in their new uniforms joined the British, French, and Russian troops in Salonika in preparation for the great breakthrough of the Salonika front. They would also be joined by the Greek troops with Greece entering war on the side of the Entente in June 1917. The impatience of the Serbian troops to continue north was palpable and was a prelude to the first victory of the Serbian Army on its soil at the battle of Kajmakčalan on 20 September 1916. The front stabilised after the German and Bulgarian troops checked the advance of the Allies north of Bitola, when the trench warfare set in and continued for nearly another two years, leading Georges Clemenceau to unjustly name l’Armee d’Orient “les jardiniers de Salonique”. The Salonika front was eventually broken on 15 September 1918, proving decisive for the victory of the Entente over the Central Powers after the withdrawal of Russia from the war. Belgrade was liberated on 1 November 1918. The Ottoman Empire capitulated on 30 October 1918. Austro-Hungarian Empire capitulated on 31 October 1918. Germany agreed to the formal cessation of hostilities on 11 November. The Versailles Treaty was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the Sarajevo assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Selected sources: 1. Adams, John Clinton. Flight in Winter. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1942. 2. Barby, Henry. Avec l’armée serbe: De l’ultimatum a l’ invasion de la Serbie. Paris: Albin Michel. 1915. 3. Barby, Henry. L’ Epopée Serbe: L’agonie d’ un peuple. Paris: Librairie Militaire BergerLevrault. 1916. 4. Bataković, Dušan T. “Serbian Government and Essad Pasha Toptani”. 1992. Kosovo Chronicles. (accessed March 21, 2015) 5. Bérard, Victor. Heroic Serbia. London: Women’s Printing Society. 1916. 6. Boppe, Auguste. A la suite du gouvernment serbe. De Nich à Corfou: 20 octobre 1915-19 janvier 1916. Paris: Bossard. 1917. 7. Fortier Jones, Paul. With Serbia into Exile: An American’s Adventures with the Army That Cannot Die. New York: Grosset and Dunlap Publishers. 1916. 8. Hastings, Max. Catastrophe: Europe Goes to War 1914. London: William Collins. 2013. 13 9. Hunter, William, C.B. Colonel. “The Serbian Epidemics of Typhus and Relapsing Fever in 1915: Their Origin, Course, and Preventive Measures employed for their Arrest”. Section of Epidemiology and State Medicine. London. 1919. 10. Jordan, David. The Balkans, Italy and Africa 1914-1918. London: Amber Books. 2012. 11. Judah, Tim. The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. 1997. 12. Krippner, Monica. The quality of mercy: women at war, Serbia 1915-1918. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. 1980. 13. Le Moal, Frederique. La Serbie: Du martyre à la victoire 1914-1918. Soteca 14-18. 2008. 14. Mitrović, Andrej. Serbia’s Great War, 1914-1918. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. 2007. 15. Palmer, Alan. The Gardeners of Salonika, The Macedonian Campaign 1915-1918. London: faber and faber. First published in 1965. Faber finds. 2009. 16. Pavlowitch, Stevan K. Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. 2002. 17. Powell, Anne. Women in the War Zone. Hospital Service in the First World War. London: The History Press. 2013. 18. Reed, John. The War in Eastern Europe. Published by Forgotten Books 2012. Originally published in 1919. 19. Reiss, Rodolphe Archibald. Infringements of the Rules and Laws of war committed by the Austro-Bulgaro-Germans; Letters of a Criminologist on the Serbian Macedonian Front. Published by Forgotten Books 2012. Originally published in 1919. 20. Thomson, Louis-L. La Retraite de Serbie (octobre-decembre 1915). Preface de M. E. Denis. Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie. 1916.

For the love of Serbia

It was an absolute privilege to be invited to the  international conference titled “Suffering and Humanism, an event held in Valjevo, Serbia. After a flight to Belgrade via Amsterdam, I was joined by my great friend Vladimir Jovanovic, where after a night of over eating and drinking we headed down to Valjevo.  The Archives of Serbia and The Inter-Municipal Archives of Valjevo, under the auspices of Mr. Tomislav Nikolić, the President of the Republic of Serbia were the prime organisers of the exhibition and conference. The opening was attended by Serbian President G. Tomislav Nikolic, representatives of many embassies, including the ambassadors of the United States, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Palestine, Qatar, Morocco, Ukraine and Tunisia, President of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences academician Vladimir Kostic, Serbian Army Chief of Staff General Ljubisa Diković, representatives of the City of Vienna and Budapest and other public figures.

I was warmly welcomed by Velibor Vidic who is curator  of the exhibition. I first met Velibor in 2014 while filming ” The Women That Went To War”. Serbian hospitality is quite honestly breathtaking and at Valjevo there was no shortage of great company, fantastic food and vast amounts of beers and Rakija!!  The exhibition is being held in The Valjevo Hospital,  a place where during WW1 hundreds of typhus victims were rushed to. The exhibition is dedicated to many of the hospital units that came to Valjevo in the winter of 1915 where thousands of soldiers and civilians perished. I was extremely proud that Velibor and staff have made excellent use of the many documents and stories I had sent over and a room is being used for the role of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals in Valjevo, along with our film “For the love of Serbia”. Graeme Keith and I made this film which has a focus on Valjevo both in English and Serbian. The exhibition with the film will run until 2018. The way Serbia has chosen to remember this story is a lesson to us all.

The conference involved a large number of scientists from abroad, including the well-known specialist in the history of the First World War, Dr. Oleg Ajrapetov, professor of the Moscow State University Lomonosov, Dr. Svetozar Rajak, a professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Dr. Vassili Kashirin, expert of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies. From local experts papers were presented by: Dr. Mile Bjelajac, director of the Institute for Recent History of Serbia, prof. Dr. Alexander Nedok, prof. Jelica Novakovic Lopušina, professor of the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade, Ljubodrag P. Ristic, a senior research fellow Institute for Balkan Studies and a number of historians of medicine. Introductory speeches were presented by: Dr. Mile Bjelajac, Miroslav Perisic and Dr. Svetozar Rajak.

For my part I was invited to talk on the role of Scottish Women’s Hospital in Serbia between 1914-1915. I also submitted a paper on the SWH from 1916-1916. On the Saturday evening I presented the film “For the love of Serbia”.  Such was the reaction of the audience that plans for more events and closer ties with Serbia are being explored.  It was very well received and that in part was down to how welcomed I had been by all.

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Opening the international conference “The suffering and humanism. Valjevo Hospital 1914-1915 “

The central event of the Jubilee is a two-day international scientific conference “The suffering and humanism. Valjevo Hospital 1914-1915 ‘, which is open at the Cultural Centre Valjevo, in 18 hours, were addressed by Mr. Tomislav Nikolic, President of the Republic of Serbia.

President Nikolic pointed out that, at a time when there was no developed means of mass communication, in Valjevo arrived medical-medical missions in 12 countries in Europe and America and that never the humanity and goodness of the world is not so clearly seen as in this case. “Serbia will always be grateful epidemiologists and medical staff from England, Scotland, Belgium, the US, Russia, the Netherlands, France, who were invited by the Serbian government, published in” The Times “, came from Valjevo to fight a battle with the greatest plagues and epidemics. Among them were women, brave, courageous, those who are remembered as unselfishness and sacrifice what distinguishes only mothers, sisters, daughters “- said President Nikolic.
At the opening of the conference also spoke academician Vladimir Kostic, President of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences Dr. Miroslav Perisic, Director of the Archives of Serbia.

Academician Vladimir Kostic, President of the Serbian Academy of Arts and SciencesAcademician Vladimir Kostic pointed out that the Valjevo Hospital symbol of suffering and death of a nation and that there is a historical and civilizational gap of a tragic and bled generation that simultaneously suffer from diseases of the medieval arsenal of new and no less lethal technology of modern times. Academician Kostic said that he died of typhus almost half of Serbian doctors and medical staff, and that according to incomplete data in Serbia were then about 2,000 members of the medical mission and that the world is thus fulfilled a moral debt and supported the Serbian government and the military.

Dr Miroslav Perisic in his address stated: “Valjevo Hospital is another and a different history, there was never any before it, and even after it, in the First and later the Second World War. Therefore, it is different, because it is important for all countries and peoples, not only for the history of Serbia. On the one hand, it gives an accurate picture of what Serbia was in 1914 – Serbian doctors, together with Austro-Hungarian prisoners doctors treat both Serbian and Austro-Hungarian soldiers. On the other hand, Valjevo Hospital has an international dimension is significant as a unique example that carries a universal historical message – volunteered to help another unknown man to save his life. “

Dr Miroslav Perisic said that the idea of creating a memorial center in the area of today’s Historical Archives of Valjevo, a former district hospital, to have their full mission only if this is done together with other countries whose voluntary medical missions were part of Valjevo hospital.Dr Miroslav Perisic, Director of the Archives of SerbiaDr Perisic said that with the director of the Austrian State Archives Dr. Wolfgang Madertanerom agreed on commencement of thorough research on the topic of Valjevo hospital, and plans to work with archives in other countries working on joint research, gathering documents from the archives and collections of family descendants volunteer medical missions.
After addressing a theater play performed dramatist Branislav Nedic “Valjevo Hospital” according to the third book of the novel “Time of death” Dobrica Cosic.
The opening of the conference was attended by His Holiness Serbian PatriarchIrinej, representatives of many embassies, including the ambassadors of the United States, Canada, France, the Netherlands, Palestine, Qatar, Morocco, Ukraine and Tunisia, Serbian Army Chief of Staff General Ljubisa Diković, representatives of the cities of Vienna and Budapest, Mayor of Valjevo, Stanko Terzic and other public figures .

Starvation and humanism.  Valjevo Hospital 1914-1915

On Saturday, 31 October, in the Conference Hall of Valjevo high school foreign and domestic scientists and researchers have presented more than 20 papers relating to the First World War, the role that it had Valjevo Hospital, as well as its importance in the history of Serbian Medical Corps . Special attention was paid to foreign medical missions and the doctors and nurses who worked at the hospital. The conference involved a large number of scientists from abroad, including the well-known specialist in the history of the First World War, Dr. Oleg Ajrapetov, professor of the Moscow State University Lomonosov, Dr. Svetozar Rajak, a professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and Dr. Vassili Kashirin, expert of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies. From local experts presented papers were presented by: Dr. Mile Bjelajac, director of the Institute for Recent History of Serbia, prof. Dr. Alexander Nedok, prof. Jelica Novakovic Lopušina, professor of the Faculty of Philology in Belgrade, Ljubodrag P. Ristic, a senior research fellow Institute for Balkan Studies and a number of historians of medicine. Introductory speeches were presented by: Dr. Mile Bjelajac, Miroslav Perisic and Dr. Svetozar Rajak.
At the Conference, a documentary by Alan Cumming on the Scottish Women’s Hospital in Valjevo will also present and talk on “the work of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals in Serbia 1914-1915 with a focus on Valjevo”.  A documentary video display by Slobodan Rakovića “Valjevo Hospital 1914-1915”.
The project was implemented on the initiative Dr. Miroslav Perisic, Dr. Svetozar Rajak, Dr. Zoran Jokic, Zeljko Jez and Dr. Elias Tripkovića.
The realization of the project enabled the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia and the City of Valjevo.

The conference program

A story in English on the Valjevo Hospital

An excellent site from Valjevo’s National Museum.  Glad the Scottish Women;s Hospitals document and Photos we took over a year ago have gone to good use.  I recently met with Dr Vladimir Krivosejev who is doing so much to tell the story in Serbia.


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Scout Music Design lab

Introducing The Scout Music Design Lab

Scout Music has been fortunate to make music for ads, tv shows and film since 2005. We’ve created and licensed music for brands such as Levi’s, Old Spice, BMW, McDonald’s, Google, Nike, Nintendo & Renault, and TV shows like The Big Bang Theory, Shameless, Californication, Cold Case, and The Mentalist.

Working with emerging talent is the best part of the job. Their fresh perspective adds realness to projects that isn’t possible working solely with the old pros. Producing music successfully is equal parts raw inspiration, talent and strategy. You gotta mix it up.

“There is a lot of talent out there there,” says Scout Music founder Joey Prather. “But creating music for paying clients requires a unique skillset and mindset. Accessing the opportunity to learn the skills is tough.”

Scout Music is excited to announce the Scout Music Design Lab, a modern apprentice and mentoring model for music producers and musicians to succeed in sync licensing. “We’d already been developing music in this way, and our clients loved the results. We realized that by structuring the Design Lab as a series of Song Challenges, we can help clients with more of the styles they need while helping more producers and writers as they come up,” said Prather.

SCOUT-MUSIC-DESIGN-LAB-MEDIA-KIT-300x225 Introducing The Scout Music Design Lab

Based on emerging and classic music trends, participants collaborate and create original tracks with guidance from Scout.

By creating a direct pathway to skills, experience and access to real opportunities, the Music Design Lab ushers in the next generation of working producers while creating hard-to-find and in-demand styles and songs for our clients.

“Our clients are always looking for those songs that jump out. They are hard to find unless the client has the resources to license a known hit,” says Prather. “The Design Lab helps out our clients get the songs they need, and get involved in the process while ushering in the next generation of talented producers and writers.”

SCOUT-MUSIC-DESIGN-LAB-MEDIA-KIT-2-300x225 Introducing The Scout Music Design Lab

Want to participate? Want the Lab to work on music for your project?

Contact Joey Prather, Executive Producer

The first two challenges are now posted:

CHALLENGE #1 – Submissions Open

Music Design Lab Challenge #1: Sung Hip Hop

CHALLENGE #2 – Submissions Open

Music Design Lab Challenge #2: Classic Jukebox Song

Spread the love

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Scout Music Design lab

Music Design Lab Challenge #1: Sung Hip Hop

Thanks for your interest in the Scout Music Design Lab

Challenge #1:

Create a fun, modern hip hop / pop crossover banger with a sung hook.

Creative Brief:

Modern, simple mainstream hip hop pop with sung hooks are always in demand for ad, tv and movie projects, as well as radio and streaming. The challenge is not to lose the realness or let it get cheesy.

Reference tracks:

1 DRAM & Lil Yachty “Broccoli” – So easy and dumb and fun.

2 Flo Rida “My House” – A monster hit with a lot of uses in film/tv. Half a billion Spotify plays.

3 DJ Khaled & Justin Bieber “I’m the One” – Totally addictive track. 750mm plays.

4 Kid Cudi / Pharrell “Surfin'” – Feel good flow.

Post Malone / Ty Dolla $ign – “Psycho” – Real, chill, modern. Hypnotic.

Big Boi – “All Night” – A total banger. Unexpected piano riff, half time drums bring the groove.

7 Nappy Roots “Good Day” – Classic sunny hip hop.

8 Snoop & Bruno Mars “Young, Wild & Free” – So catchy

Potential lyric themes:

Having fun / Good times / Doing your thing / Enjoying someone

Be creative with it – paint a picture, set up a situation or setting. Show don’t tell. Snoop does a great job at this. “My House” and “Surfin'” do this really well too.

Keys to success for the track:

Lyrics: Study the lyrics of the referenced songs. Simple, universal themes. Surprise elements. Conversational. Set a specific place/mood. Or be silly and loose.

Melody: Really hooky, memorable, simple.

Instrumentation: Big kick and beats. Fun keyboard sounds and samples. No heavy minor key sounds. Modern/unexpected bass sounds.

Vocals: I love the sung chorus on “Broccoli.” So rough and raw and fun. Maybe all sung like “My House?” Sung chorus with rap verse? 2 vocalists?

Production/Vibe: Groove. Use for loops and fx that feel right for this. Combination of big sounds and unexpected/broken/geeky sounds.

Submissions: Open

Send demos, full tracks, full or partial lyrics, grooves, chord progressions, melodies…

How to submit:

1 Send email to with Full Name and Phone #.

2 I’ll invite you to a folder where you can upload demos, lyrics, etc.

3 By submitting music to the folder, you agree to the Splits / Track Ownership below.

Splits / Track Ownership:

By submitting music for this challenge, you agree to the following:

1 (Composition) All writers will divide the 100% writer share of the song(s). Each writer’s share will be based on their contribution to the finished composition(s) as determined by Scout. Scout will control 100% of the publishing to account for the direction, strategy, coordination and improvement of the composition(s), as well as the licensing, registration and collection.

2 (Master) Performers will divide 50% ownership of the master recording(s), based on their contribution to the finished recording(s) as determined by Scout. Scout will control 50% of the master recording(s) to account for the direction, strategy, coordination, improvement, mixing and mastering of the master(s), as well as the licensing and collection.

3 Each writer and performer will be given a full split sheet with all parties’ ownership.

4 Scout will have the exclusive right to promote, license and negotiate deals on behalf of the composition(s) and song(s), to bring exposure to our work on the song(s) and to help us all earn money based on our joint efforts.

5 This deal does not apply to music you produce outside of this challenge, and you are free to enter into other deals on any other compositions and songs you write or perform.

Scout Music Design Lab overview:

The Scout Music Design Lab is part of Scout Music, an Oakland music production and publishing company started in 2005.

The purpose of MDL is three-fold:

1 to assist up-and-coming musicians to learn techniques and strategies to create music on a world-class level.

2 to create truly outstanding and in-demand music styles for tv, movie, advertising placement and label opportunities that will generate significant revenue for all involved.

3 to give in-depth mentorship and exposure to participants in MDL.

More info on the Scout Music Design Lab.

Spread the love


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You are on page 1of 1

Schedule your ads to reach the

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• Tailor their creative and targeting to create more timely, relevant ads for their customers
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We’re not a considered purchase—people think about fast food 15–60 mins before making the decision—so
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— Brandon Rhoten
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You are on page 1of 11

Reed’s Law and how multiple identities make the

long tail just that little bit longer…
David Cushman, August 2007

Reed’s Law or Group Forming Network Theory as Dr David P Reed* originally
and rather modestly called it, is the mathematical explanation for the power of the

As with all great ideas it’s breathtakingly simple, easy to understand and
enormously enlightening. This paper sets out to explain what Reed’s Law
describes and includes more recent understandings of the collaborative power of
networks which I hope helps make sense of and gives context to the exponential.

It also suggests that the multiple complex identities we are adopting in multiple
communities are not necessarily a ‘Bad Thing’. My contention is that the different
modes of thought these actively encourage are to be welcomed when viewed in
the context of unleashing the power of self-forming collaborative communities of
interest and purpose.

In the beginning
In the beginning we had Sarnoff’s Law – a mathematical description from a
broadcast, mass media age.

It was first applied to cinema screens – and latterly to TV. Sarnoff’s law states
that the value of a network grows in proportion to the number of viewers.

It’s a straight line. The more viewers, the more value the network has. Most
audience measurement techniques have simply followed this ever since. Some
(such as unique users/visitor counts) have, inappropriately, continued to apply it
to websites and social networks. It’s a serious underestimation when you move
out of broadcast models.

Metcalfe’s Law offers a better fit. It offers a better way of measuring the relentless
growth of the power of the internet.

This law states that the value of the network grows in proportion to the number of
nodes on the network.

For example: One fax machine is useless (1 squared = 0). Two (2 squared = 4),
has more utility. And each one that’s added to the network increases the value of
all nodes on it (3 squared = 9 etc).
So if your website is getting 10,000 more unique users a month more than a rival
– the gap between you and them in terms of potential value created is 10,000
squared (100m!). 10,000 more nodes on a network – even linking from one to
one - is way more valuable than 10,000 passive viewers of a broadcast
(assuming you’ve gone to the trouble of doing more digitally than simply
replicating the broadcast model…).

Metcalfe’s N squared value is why the growth of networks used for one-to-one
communication (eg phone services, email, IM) follows the pattern it does. Simply,
new users will almost always join the larger network because they will reason it
offers more value to them. Frankly – it usually does. A tipping point is reached.
Floodgates open.

If/when Skype (or one of its many rivals) assumes dominance over our mobile
identities as defined by our ‘number’… god help the operators.

Metcalfe’s Law charts an impressive and rapid rate of growth of utility. But even
this - according to Reed – is a gross underestimation.

What Metcalfe’s Law fails to take account of is that each of the nodes on the
network can choose to form groups of their own, of what ever size or complexity
they choose, with near neighbours or distant, initially unrelated, nodes. They can
choose small groups, large groups, be part of multiple groups, uber and sub-
groups etc etc etc.

Wild growth
Add up all of the two-person, three-person, four-person etc groups and the utility
is 2 to the power of N. And this represents astonishing, wild growth potential.

Dr Reed quotes the example of the minister who was offered what ever he chose
as a reward from his king. He asked for two copper coins on the first square of a
chess board, four on the next, eight on the third and so on, following the
progression of 2 to the power of n.

The King thought he’d got off lightly… until when they reached the 13th square
the number of copper coins had reached 8192. And if he’d had a big enough
abacus he’d have discovered that by the 64th square he’d be handing over
somewhere in the region of 18 quintillion copper coins – a number rather higher
than there are grains of sand in the world.

He didn’t bother. He beheaded the smart arse instead. Not something we can do
with our rivals…

There are those who argue that Reed’s Law is counter-intuitive. Bob Briscoe,
Andrew Odlyzko, and Benjamin Tilly among them:
“Reed's Law says that every new person on a network doubles its value. Adding
10 people, by this reasoning, increases its value a thousandfold (210).
“But that does not even remotely fit our general expectations of network values—
a network with 50,010 people can't possibly be worth a thousand times as much
as a network with 50 000 people.”

They argue n Log (n) offers a more accurate interpretation of the growth of
That’s illustrated in the following diagram from their site. You’ll find their well-
reasoned argument at:

Do the Maths
Reed has refined his Law in the following mathematical terms.

The number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2 to the power of N
-N -1, where N is the number of participants.

So what Reed’s Law describes is the possible number of sub-groups – and this
reveals a potential, not an actual, value. That theoretical value gets closer to
being realised if the network is used in a particular way – in a way which I believe
is becoming more and more the norm as the digital native generation takes
Groups offer their greatest potential value when they work together to do much
more than chat.

In charting the possible number of sub-groups Reeds Law reveals the
collaborative potential of a network.

When collaboration happens new – often immense – value emerges.

What do we mean by collaboration? JP Rangaswami, on Confused of Calcultta,
offers: “collaboration is more than just “working together”… collaboration implies
that multiple people produce something that the individuals involved could not
have produced acting on their own…
“Technology advances have meant that some level of time-shifting and place-
shifting is now possible, reducing the simultaneity inherent in the original

Flow not focus
Stowe Boyd suggests the greatest value unleashed by networks comes when the
group is not only one which has self-formed with a collaborative purpose, but one
in which people are willing to drop everything to join in the flow as and when they
are required to by their connections – ie drop everything to act in real time.

Boyd believes that far from the pipe dream that some may regard this as, this is
the natural place our involvement in networks leads to. He asks us to think of
attention (ie demand on our time) as being more about flow than focus.

• “Don't listen to industrial era or information era (the last stage of industrial-
ism) nonsense about personal productivity. Don't listen to the Man.
• “The network is mostly connections. The connections matter, give it
value, not the nodes.
• “Time is a shared space -- your time is truly not your own
• “Productivity is second to Connection: network productivity trumps
personal productivity.”

This belief in the power of the network – and his willingness to subsume personal
focus to it is based on the simple notion that:

“I am made greater by the sum of my connections – so are my connections.”

Don’t just network for networking’s sake
When a network is for simple one-to-one communication there is little potential
for collaboration (other than between one and another). There is no potential for
unleashing the wisdom of crowds**, for tapping into the notion that none of us is
as clever as all of us.
Ross Mayfield, CEO of Socialtext, offered his own equation for the value created
by collaboration, writing in 2003,.

In his Ecosystem of Networks (diagram below from he argues that the growth and
potential value of a network is not only defined by its freedom to self-form into
groups – but crucially by what those groups do.

Network Layer Unit Size Distribution of Links Social Capital Weblog Mode

Political Network 1000s Power Law/Scale-free Sarnoff's Law (N) Publishing

Social Network 150 Random/Bell Curve Metcalfe's Law (N2) Communication

Creative Network 12 Even/Flat Reed's Law (2n) Collaboration

For example. If your blog (your place in the network) is simply about publishing
information its value to you and your readers follow’s Sarnoff’s law.

If you use Facebook to communicate with your friends, then the value derived
follows Metcalfe’s law.
If your node, your place in the network, is used to collaborate with others – to
share information, mash-up images… create new ideas, services and products…
THEN the value growth can follow Reeds Law.

In other words Reed’s Law reveals the potential value growth in collaborative
networks of shared interest and purpose.

And it is in this that the run-away value Reed’s Law describes is found.

It is this which answers Briscoe, Odlyzko and Tilly’s concern: How is a network
with 10 more people worth 1000 times more?

Imagine a collaborative network of 1000 scientists who have been seeking the
cure for cancer. If 10 more join there are now 1000 more potential subgroups. If
just one of the new juxtapositions/mergers/mashings of ideas results in that cure
for cancer few would argue that the network had delivered a value 1000-times
greater than the network’s previous state.

Of course, not every single potential group will form. Not every new idea will
deliver cancer-curing value. This much we know. It’s why simply enabling
collaborative networks will never deliver a 100% replica of the Reed’s Law value
curve. For each potential group that doesn’t form, a big chunk of subsequent
value is lost.

What we find harder to know, or even imagine, is the value emerging from those
collaborative groups which do form.

Self-forming collaborative communites of shared interest and purpose
It seems to me that the pursuit of that emerging value is the best indicator to
where our development and investment efforts should be focused if we wish to
create sustainable value.

Networks which allow self-forming collaborative communities of shared interest
and purpose WILL create value.

This is the reason networks of collaboration have real power, create value you
couldn’t predict and are fast becoming the model for a new way of socio-
economic life.

And as networks gain increasing influence on the macro economics of life, they
are also having greater and greater influence on our microlife – on the creation of
our own individual identities.
Multi-faced identities – we’re all getting a bit complicated
Our identities become increasingly complex. The more I collaborate in self-
forming groups – the more complex ‘I’ become. It’s all a question of psychological
self-determinism – or who the hell do I think I am?

Our identity – whether it carries the label of a name or a number – is a work in
progress. Ever-shifting, responding to communities it is part of, your identity is as
much (perhaps more) created by those around you as by yourself.

The desire and need for psychological self-determinism is working as a powerful
adjunct to the growing influence of global, digital networks.

When communities were fixed in location, your identity was created by your
relationships within that fixed community. Your identity was equally fixed.

In terms of Group Forming Network Theory you belonged to just one group. And
it was pretty much fixed in size.

In a socially-networked world, the creation of your identity becomes a process
which is contributed to by more people, more often, and from very varied

The community you exist in shapes your identity from its perspective and from
your own. Your identity varies from community to community.

If once you were the blacksmith's son and village blacksmith-in-waiting, now you
are a huge variety of identities - depending on the community you are interacting
with at any one time.

Our identities become increasingly multi-faceted.

Example - on my blog my identity is relatively serious, thoughtful. On facebook...
more playful. I'm displaying a different facet of a complex identity.

The community I feel I am part of when writing my blog joins in the construction
of my serious and thoughtful persona (by their comments and expectations).

The community I feel part of on facebook also joins in the construction of my
persona there - by the way it acts, by its response to what I do, by the tools it
offers me.

The push and pull of the forces forging my identity in all elements of my life are
communal. I interact with a community, therefore I am...

Each community creates a different facet of that identity - and in doing so makes
a contribution to subtly reshaping the core.
Simple example: Becoming a father changes your personality. You have a new
role to play and a new set of relationships - with your child, with your partner
(now a mother, too) with other fathers, other parents, grandparents etc etc. Each
interaction changes you in small but important ways.

And these result in changes at your core.

This may be an extreme and emotionally-loaded example, but I believe the co-
creation of facets of your personality have more than a superficial impact.

Perhaps this is why 'the edglings' that Stowe Boyd decribes, or Generation-C that
Alan Moore and Tomi Ahonen describe, have a different set of wants - and aren't
satisfied by the norms of mass production/media.

Through new mobile, fluid, co-creating communities they find themselves.
And they find they want to share in, to be part of, to engage with.

They are people for whom collaboration and participation is the norm – for whom
Reed’s Law is right.

Understanding which facets of personalities you seek to engage with,
understanding that you are dealing with personalities created from converged
facets... these are real challenges for those marketing and/or creating social
media in 2007.

Further, the notion that we want just one digital identity is challenged by the
emerging value multiple identities offer.

An adjustment to Reed’s Law?
Perhaps there is an adjustment required for Reed’s Law?

If each of us is a node on the network, each time one new node is added the
value of the network (assuming the caveats described above) doubles.

But If each node has multiple identities then the potential value must be
multiplied by x, where x= the number of identities per node.

This clearly can only add to the value in an uber network – one in which multiple
identities apply: The internet itself being the daddy of them all.

What is the value of X? The average number of social networks regularly used by
the average social networker is… well, let’s say it’s greater than one. I am a user
of five, but a regular user of three. Plenty of people who use them will use just
one. Those who use none are not part of any network and are therefore not part
of the Reeds Law value value curve creation of the internet.
X must equal a factor somewhat larger than 1. Some estimate the average at

This then goes some way to restoring some of the value lost to the Reed’s Law
calculation when potential groups do not form. This suggests that the actual ‘real’
curve may be somewhere between Metcalfe’s and Reed’s curves.

Of course, if the potential of every group were fulfilled AND we apply the multiple
ID factor – then the result must be an even steeper curve than even Reed

The number of possible sub-groups of network participants becomes 2 to the
power of N(x) - N -1, where N is the number of participants and (x) is the average
number of identities of each participating node.

The theoretical growth of value in participatory and collaborative networks of
multiple identity nodes is greater even than Reed predicts.

It seems reasonable to challenge this identity complication. Why shouldn’t N
simply be the value which encompasses the total of N(x)?

I feel it’s worth making the distinction because the N value doesn’t reflect the
diversity of thought the multiple identities of one individual node (person) can

The thoughts of my facebook identity may differ from those of my Blogger one.
And that’s because my modes of thought, my open-ness, my willingness to think
differently in different contexts/communities does vary.

Environment/community counts.

For example, Twitter thoughts may kick the whole long-winded reasoned
argument out of the window – resulting in a different set of problem solving
thinking, that short-cuts the logical and makes leaps using instinct.

A longer tail
Given the notion that the converged identities that make up the network are
collaborating to create, it is reasonable to suggest that the supply of what they
create should match the demand for what is created. If the network works
unfettered it should make only that which there is demand for.

So to discover the demand curve, all we need do is tip Reed’s Law on its side.

And – there’s that long tail (green = Reed, yellow = Metcalfe, red = Sarnoff).
What adding our identity multiple does to Reed’s equation is make the long tail
just that little bit longer still. The more identities, the longer the tail.

Further Reading/References:
1. That Sneaky Exponential: Dr David P Reed*
( )
2. Metcalfe’s Law is Wrong: Bob Briscoe, Andrew Odlyzko and Benjamin Tilly
( )
3. Stowe Boyd: Overload shmoverload:
4. Communities Dominate Brands: Alan Moore & Tomi Ahonen
( )
5. Ross Mayfield’s weblog:
( )
6. I am part of a community, therefore I am: David Cushman
therefore-i-am.html )
7. Confused of Calcutta: Maybe It’s because I’m a Calcuttan.
8. The Wisdom of Crowds **
9. The Long Tail: Chris Anderson (


text:
Before you buy

Carpet buying guide

Carpet buying guide

Stair carpet, striped carpet, berber carpet, underlay... there are a lot of factors to consider when deciding which new carpet is best for you.

From measuring your room correctly, to finding the right type of carpet for your lifestyle, it doesn’t need to be as difficult as it may seem. This is why our ScS carpet and flooring specialists are with you every step of the way, to help make the process as easy as possible.

Our easy-to-use carpet buying guide breaks down the world of carpets into four key steps. It covers the basics, from different types and styles of carpets and carpet underlay, through to what accessories you’ll need. It also explains the delivery process and everything you need to know about getting your new carpet fitted.

Step 1: Choosing your new carpet

What type of carpet is for you?

Before you think about what pattern or colour of carpet you’d like, one of your first considerations should be what type of carpet is best suited to your home.

If you have small children or pets, you need to think about the different carpet 'piles' or the way the carpet is constructed, as well as durability and resistance to stains, so that you can find the most suitable option for your household.

We don't recommend using regular carpet in your bathroom or kitchen. Instead, our Cosy Bathroom carpet has been specifically designed and manufactured for your bathroom, with an added waterproof gel backing in a choice of 16 shades!

Our four carpet categories make choosing your new purchase as straightforward as possible:

Now for style…

Once you’ve decided which type of carpet pile is best suited to your room, now comes the fun part of choosing a colour or pattern.

At ScS, we have a wide range of plain and patterned carpets to choose from, both in store and online, as well as famous brands like Wilton carpets and Axminster carpets.

So, whether you've already got a style in mind or you’re open to experimenting with something new, we’ve got you covered.

You can choose online or instore between plain, textured, striped or patterned carpet.

Just as you would do whilst choosing what type of carpet is the most suitable, you should consider your choice of room when thinking about what colour or pattern you’d like.

When choosing a patterned carpet, be sure to choose a design you know you’ll love for years to come, to avoid having to update it too often

Carpet samples delivered to your door

To let you get a look and feel for your choice of carpet before you buy, we offer free samples for many of our ranges online. Just select the 'Request this Sample' option next to the carpet of your choice, complete your details and we’ll send a sample direct to your door.

Alternatively, you can visit your local ScS store to view our full range of samples in store.

Step 2: Measuring up

Measuring your room ready for your new carpet might seem like the most difficult part of the process, but it's actually quite simple.

The golden rule is to measure the length and width of your room in metres, then add 10cm to both of these measurements to allow for cutting around doorways and any other fixtures and fittings. You can find a full guide on how to measure a carpet in our guide.

If you don't feel confident taking measurements yourself, call our dedicated carpet & flooring team on 0800 731 0048 for more advice, or go into your local ScS store for a free expert measurement consultation with our carpet & flooring specialists.

Step 3: Carpet underlay

Not to be overlooked, underlay is a hugely important addition to your purchase, providing you with extra comfort and insulation as well as helping to limit wear and tear on your carpet.

To get the best value out of your new carpet we’d always recommend buying new underlay alongside it. Our carpet specialists will be happy to help you determine which type of underlay is best, from the five ranges we offer:

  • Comfy Deluxe - 11mm thickness and 145 density
  • Comfy lux - 11mm thickness and 100 density
  • Comfy step - 8mm thickness and 90 density
  • Comfy lay - 7mm thickness and 80 density
  • Comfy supreme - 10.7mm thickness in rubber and 357 density

Step 4: Accessories and care

Now that you’ve chosen your carpet and underlay, you can turn your thoughts to accessories for that finishing touch.

Gripper rods

Gripper rods work to hold your carpet in place and must be used all around the room, except in doorways. If in doubt, call our dedicated carpet and flooring team on 0800 731 0048 and one of our specialists will be happy to discuss how much gripper rod will be needed for your room.

Door trims

Door trims are used to separate and hold your carpet in place, as well as finishing off the edge of your carpet within a doorway. Available in aluminium or brass and two different widths, our team can help you choose your best option, from cover strips, single edge, double edge or Z edge trims.

Carpet care

To keep your purchase looking brand new, the last step is carpet care.

Our SOS carpet Care Kit is your best friend in times of carpet need! A 3 in 1 professional cleaning kit for stains and carpets of all types, and easy to follow instructions in one handy box, for just £30.

Your most common questions, answered

  • How can I pay for my new carpet?

    At ScS, we accept all major credit and debit cards in-store and online, including Visa, Mastercard, Maestro and American Express, as well as PayPal. In-store, you can also pay with cash.

    Alternatively, take advantage of our 4 years' free credit offer, 0% APR representative offer, available on all sofa and flooring purchases over £250. Choose the 'Pay Monthly' option at the basket and one of our personal shopping advisors will then call you to walk you through the credit application and process your order.

  • When will my carpet be delivered and how much will it cost?

    As each order is tailor-made to your requirements, we’ll let you know when you should expect to receive your new carpet at the point of purchase. You can find out more information here.

    There is a £29 delivery cost for carpets, but this may increase if you live outside of a 30-mile radius of your nearest ScS store or within the London Congestion Charge Zone. Read more about delivery charges here.

  • Who will fit my new carpet?

    The fitting of your new carpet is not included in the carpet delivery cost, and we do not fit flooring ourselves. However, we can arrange for an independent fitter to fit your carpet for you. If you’re buying online call our dedicated carpet & flooring team on 0800 731 0048 after you’ve placed your order, and they’ll be able to help you arrange your fitting.

    Payment should be made to your carpet fitter on the day of installation and the contract for the work is between you and the fitter. The current fitting rates for carpets are:

    • £3.25 per square metre, with a £45 minimum charge for halls, stairs and landings, or £35 for all other rooms
    • £5.00 additional surcharge, per stair, for fitting carpet on open plan or wrap around stairs

    You can find out more about our carpet fitting charges here.

  • How long is my carpet guaranteed for?

    At ScS, we offer a 12-month guarantee on any parts and labour should anything go wrong when fitting your new carpet, but many of our carpets carry wear and stain guarantees of up to 20 years. Further information on guarantees can be found in the product information when you view any of our carpets online.

  • How can I care for my new carpet?

    Buying a new carpet is an investment and we understand that you want your carpet to look good for years to come to get the best value for money. That's why we would always recommend buying our SOS Carpet Care Kit to help remove any stains when they occur. You can buy this in store or online, at the checkout,

    New carpets can shed fibres and flatten after fitting, but with regular vacuuming to remove excess yarn and help to lift carpet fibres back up, your carpet will stay fresh and fluffy for longer. For more advice and tips to care for your carpet, please read our carpet care guide.


text:
Police Return Six Seized Computers

[Source: Malaysiakini.com]

Two days after the police raided the office of news website malaysiakini and confiscated 19 computers, six of the units were returned today.

The six computers were handed over to malaysiakini editor-in-chief Steven Gan at the Dang Wangi police station.

“This is a small victory for malaysiakini. Earlier, the police told us that it could be weeks or months before the computers are returned,” he said.

Gan said that the speedy return of the computers was due to the strong protest from civil groups, both in Malaysia and overseas.

Among those which have issued protest statements include the 10,000-strong Malaysian Bar, Aliran, Hakam, Suaram and international organisations — the New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists, Bangkok-based Southeast Asian Press Alliance and London-based Amnesty International.

“We would like to thank our supporters who have donated their computers to us over the past few days so that we can continue our operation. With the release the these six computers, we should be able to return some of these donated computers soon,” said Gan.

Forensic examination

He said that the police have told him that other computers will be released as soon as they have completed the forensic examination of the units.

“We urge the police to immediately return the other 13 computers,” said Gan.

At the handover of the seized computers, which was done at 6.30pm, investigation officer ASP Alfazny Ahmad signed the release order after Gan has verified the identity of the computers.

Both men also added their initials on the computers’ castings with a whiteboard marker. The computers were later loaded into a van belonging to a staff member of malaysiakini.

The seizure of the computers was in response to a report lodged by Umno Youth last week against a letter published by malaysiakini which the movement claimed was seditious.

The hardware — 15 computers and four servers — were confiscated when Gan refused to divulge the identity of the writer on the grounds of professional ethics.

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text:
Theory of Mashup: Remembering The Residents’ Hardy Fox (1945–2018)

by Michael Schell

The Residents in 1979.

Aim the searchlight of American Maverickism at the regions where prog rock, synthesizer music and multimedia intersect, and you’ll soon discover The Residents, the quirky San Francisco band known for eyeball masks, offbeat albums like Eskimo and The Third Reich ‘n Roll, and audio-visual projects such as the touring Mole Show and the interactive CD-ROM Freak Show. Active since 1971, the group labors anonymously, shrouding its members’ identities in layers of obfuscation and misdirection erected as a safeguard against vanity and commercialism—a concept they call theory of obscurity.

Hardy Fox in 2015 film Theory of Obscurity.

Anonymity can be hard to maintain in an era of Internet searches, fan forums and digital voice/image analysis. And for several years the suspicions of Residents fans have been focused on two former Louisiana Tech roommates listed as employees of the band’s management company. One is Homer Flynn, ostensibly the group’s art director, but despite repeated repudiations widely considered to also be its vocalist and lyricist. The other is Hardy Fox, who died of brain cancer on October 30, not long after admitting that despite his own decades of denial, he was indeed The Residents’ longtime keyboard player and principal composer.

Tributes to Fox have been flowing in print publications, social media and the web, most of them concentrating on The Residents’ most popular works—impious songs such as “Santa Dog” and “Hello Skinny”, or the more poignant recessional from the Mole Show. But in deference to the spirit behind theory of obscurity, now seems a good time to single out a lesser-known item lurking in the periphery of The Residents’ canon that might better represent pure, undiluted Fox.

The Thumb of Christ

Pollex Christi, supposedly written by a German composer named N. Senada (one of The Residents’ many sarcastic pseudonyms, this one punning a city in Baja California), appeared in 1997 on a limited edition CD. It’s a 20-minute synthesizer piece with occasional bits of drums and other conventional instruments mixed in—essentially a solo studio composition by Fox. It’s uncharacteristic of most Residents projects in being entirely instrumental and untexted, but it is characteristic in a different respect: it’s made up entirely of quoted material, mostly works by famous dead Germans.

The piece begins with the iconic four-note motto that launches Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Ives used the same motif throughout his Concord Sonata, calling it “an oracle—the Soul of humanity knocking at the door of the Divine mysteries.” But Fox’s hipster oracle would rather hit the weed than a hymnal, and Ives’ prudish transcendentalism has been exchanged for a more materialist kind of channel surfing. We quickly slide into a paraphrase of the opening of Orff’s Carmina Burana, followed by a short Valkyrie ride on synth and baritone sax. After a whiff of Bach’s Third Brandenburg Concerto, we return to Carmina Burana, which goes on to contribute several extended passages to the proceedings.

Since this is The Residents, and not Switched-On Bach, high German is obliged to share the stage with low American. Three times the masters’ descended wisdom pauses to allow the theme songs from Peter Gunn, Star Trek and Popeye the Sailor to pass. Wagner returns in the form of a passage from the Tristan prelude that’s presented basically intact, but his overture to Tannhäuser is bowdlerized into a four-beat disco groove. When Orff has the floor, the music is often shifted to the minor mode, giving it an oddly dark tone (the normally celebratory Meadow Dance, for example, assumes a particularly sinister character in Pollex Christi). And throughout the piece, the selection of intentionally cheesy synthesizer patches, often with exaggerated vibrato, keeps the tribute an impertinent one. Fox said “I love all the music I mess up. It is my amusement park.”

The Residents on Night Music (NBC, 1989).

Onward and Outward

Fox’s style of synth mashup reached its apogee in an even more obscure album called Codgers on the Moon (2012), where, using a new alias (“Charles Bobuck”), he appropriates Stravinsky as source material in an especially arcane way that owes something to Igor’s own appropriation of Tchaikovsky in The Fairy’s Kiss. Along with Pollex Christi, Codgers offers an insight back into the more familiar world of the Residents’ famous American Composers Series albums of the mid-1980s, which featured covers of Gershwin, Sousa, James Brown and Hank Williams. The latter’s “Kaw-Liga”, reinterpreted with a pop beat and a bass line cribbed from Michael Jacksons’s “Billie Jean”, is a particular favorite of Residents cognoscenti. The band’s newest release, I Am a Resident! (2018), may be the ultimate mashup, wherein the band remixes covers of its songs submitted by its own fans.

Homer Flynn and Hardy Fox at Johansson Projects, Oakland, in 2011. Behind them is Flynn’s artwork for The Third Reich ‘n Roll.

With Fox’s passing, The Ghost of Hope (2017) now enters the books as his final Residents album. It’s a collection of songs about train wrecks whose closing number, “Killed at a Crossing”, describes the death of a woman who had worked as an able typist, realtor and detective while living under several false identities. Committing suicide on the tracks, her body and effects are scattered by the impact of a locomotive, dispersing the artifacts of a life marked by an odd mix of integrity and duplicity:

p style=”padding-left: 60px;”>Leaving random relics
Like leaves after the wind
She called herself Mrs. Orwell
And Mrs. Burton Bain
And Arabella Campbell
And Mrs. Arthur Payne

It seems an apt epitaph for Fox and the band he co-founded half a century ago, whose diffuse influence can be found among ambient musicians like Brian Eno, New Wave groups like Devo and Talking Heads, video artists like John Sanborn, and even celebrity acts like Penn & Teller. The surviving members of The Residents continue to record and perform, attuned like Fox to the fulfillment of their own expectancies. It’s a loop that never quite closes, unsure whether it is on familiar ground or venturing somewhere quite new.


text:
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text:
Dedicated Support For Our Valued Tenants in Hanahan, SC

We invite prospective residents to contact us anytime to learn about our available apartment homes. Upon coming to visit our community, prospective residents can enjoy a walkthrough of the available apartments and assistance with filling out application materials. We complete the screening process as quickly as possible to allow prospective residents to move in right away.

We continue to offer our full support to residents who join our apartment community and our team promptly responds to our residents’ questions, concerns, and comments. We offer 24-hour emergency repair services for problems that may arise in the middle of the night or weekend.With our dedicated support, our valued tenants are thoroughly satisfied with their living experience!

Love Your Neighbor


text:
Selectmen’s Minutes, May 13, 2010

May 13, 2010

Selectmen present:  Nelson Grindal, Colby Pert, Victor Smith

Also present:  Treasurer Cindy Reilly, Assistant Barbara Grindle, 3 representatives from Premium Choice Broadband, Jeff Allen and Michael Rossney from Peninsula Chamber of Commerce.

1)                  Minutes of the last meeting read and accepted.

2)                  Signed the treasurer’s warrant for $58,160.55; $52,227.81 was for education.

3)                  Reviewed and signed the letter to be sent to Attorney Patterson regarding our stand on the Patten/4 Winds proposal for the cabins on Walker Pond.

4)                  Signed foreclosure notices.

5)                  Mr Varney from Premium Choice Broadband gave a presentation and answered questions about high speed internet in Sedgwick.  They have towers in several places in the area and can cover 90 plus percent of Sedgwick.

6)                  Jeff Allen and Michael Rossney made a presentation for the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce.  Selectmen will take membership into consideration.

7)                  The special town meeting regarding the closing of Pertville/Polka Valley road cannot be held the same time as the public hearing for it.  The public hearing will be held on May 27, the town meeting will be held later.

The meeting was adjourned at 7:45 pm.

                                    Victor Smith, 3rd Selectman