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Severin FR 2411 Single Black, Silver

The general trademark of a manufacturer by which the consumer knows its products. A manufacturer can have multiple brand names. Some manufacturers license their brand names to other producers.
Product name:
Product name is a brand's identification of a product, often a model name, but not totally unique as it can include some product variants. Product name is a key part of the Icecat product title on a product data-sheet.
FR 2411
Product code :
The brand's unique identifier for a product. Multiple product codes can be mapped to one mother product data-sheet if the specifications are identical. We map away wrong codes or sometimes logistic variants.
Electric device which is filled with cooking oil and used to deep-fry food e.g. french fries.
Icecat Product ID :
Data-sheet quality: created/standardized by Icecat
The quality of the product data-sheet can be on several levels:
only logistic data imported: we have only basic data imported from a supplier, a data-sheet is not yet created by an editor.
created by Severin: a data-sheet is imported from an official source from a manufacturer. But the data-sheet is not yet standardized by an Icecat editor.
created/standardized by Icecat: the data-sheet is created or standardized by an Icecat editor.
Product views: 8594
This statistic is based on the 97136 using ecommerce sites (eshops, distributors, comparison sites, ecommerce ASPs, purchase systems, etc) downloading this Icecat data-sheet since Only sponsoring brands are included in the free Open Icecat content distribution as used by 94642 free Open Icecat users.
Info modified on: 04 Apr 2019 05:09:29
The date of the most recent change of this product data-sheet in Icecat.
Short summary description Severin FR 2411 Single Black, Silver:
This short summary of the Severin FR 2411 Single Black, Silver data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.

Severin FR 2411, 2.5 L, Single, Black, Silver, Stainless steel, 1800 W

Long summary description Severin FR 2411 Single Black, Silver:
This is an auto-generated long summary of Severin FR 2411 Single Black, Silver based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.

Severin FR 2411. Oil content: 2.5 L. Construction type: Single, Product colour: Black, Silver, Material: Stainless steel. Power consumption (typical): 1800 W


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Wednesday, March 21, 2007

Desecrating scriptures

Accusations of desecrating physical copies of scriptures are becoming a stock feature of tit-for-tat inter-religious conflict. See the following:

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Bodegas LAN, `D-12` Rioja Crianza

The ‘D-12’ Crianza is a nod to the cheeky tradition of Rioja winemakers choosing the best wines to keep to drink themselves. In Bodegas LAN’s case, this was always the wine in the ‘D-12’ tank. Each vintage the most promising Tempranillo parcel is singled out and destined for ‘D-12’.

Intense cherry red in colour. On the nose aromas of ripe strawberries and raspberries are married with spicy notes of vanilla and toast. On the palate velvety tannins give a silky mouthfeel and a crisp acidity carries the flavours onto the spicy finish.

    Vegetarian, Sustainable, Vegan

      A few must haves

      Customer Reviews View on Amazon

        out of 5 stars

      5 star
      4 star
      3 star
      2 star
      1 star


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Free Icons Download Download Free Icons

Search thousands of free professional quality icons

More Icons from Picnic icon set

Related icons by tags: golf

You can add related tags or remove irrelevant tags from the following list.


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This one stopped me in my tracks. I would imagine that paint job has to be custom, right? I mean I can’t believe there is a market for hot pink jeeps, unless of course we are living in Barbieland. It really does look like her dream jeep, doesn’t it?

What confused me was the plate… F8S BOYZ? Fate’s Boys? Maybe in the West Village, but not in the Staples in Manhasset!

Floral peace sign on a hot pink jeep? I am dying to know the story behind this baby!

Filed under absurdities, carry a camera, license plates

4 responses to “F8S BOYZ

  1. I don’t understand it. Fate’s Boys? I had a jeep like that with my dreamhouse, just like that (without the peace sign or license plate!) I used to let Skipper drive it.

  2. Faith

    This is my CAR!!!!!!! How funny— My name is Faith …. the plate “Faithsboyz”…..I have 2 teen age boys. The car was custom painted by my boyfriend who is the auto body business….it was a birthday gift. Yes, it looks like Barbie’s jeep!

    • That is hysterical. Now it makes sense. Fate did not! How funny is it that you found this. Looks like we hang at the same Staples, Faith!

      Wait, your boyfriend’s name isn’t Ken, is it?

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Assessments for LGBT Couples

Before beginning couples counselling, lesbian & gay couples are invited to meet with Dean Richardson to discuss their needs from counselling. The process is called an assessment is is helpful to a couple in deciding if couple counselling is for them or not.

This article covers counselling assessments for LGBT couples. For individuals read Assessments for LGBT Individual’s Counselling.

STOP PRESS: Dedicated Website for Counselling for LGBT/QIA+ Couples.

What is an Assessment for LGBT Couple Counselling?

Before a couple  begins counselling, every ethical and professional therapist must perform an assessment with the couple beforehand (read about LGBT couple counselling).  This informs both the couple counsellor and the couple if entering a counselling relationship may a good idea or not.

Initially, the couple meet with Dean Richardson to go through a process called “a counselling assessment”.  The couple and Dean must first determine if therapy is an appropriate and helpful choice for the couple, and if it is then the couple and Dean must discover what is the therapy intended to address. The couple is assessing the therapist as well as assessing if they can work together in therapy.

It is not unusual for the couple to find the assessment process therapeutically valuable too as the assessing therapist asks questions of the relationship that, perhaps, the couple have never addressed before.  Some couples proceed into counselling, some couples find that the assessment does enough for them to go it alone.

The Counselling Assessment Process.

An assessment for LGBT couples counselling often takes four sessions and can take longer if helpful:-

  • Session 1: the couple and Dean meet to discuss an overview of what is needed from counselling.
  • Session 2: one partner meets with Dean on their own. This is to discuss their perspective on the couple relationship, and to discuss some personal history.
  • Session 3: the other partner meets with Dean separately as in session 2.
  • Session 4: the couple and Dean meet meet again to discuss what we have learned in the previous sessions, and to begin to set a focus about what the couple counselling should address.

Couples therapy cannot successfully proceed with different agendas (i.e. both partners wanting different things from counselling). If necessary, session 4 can be repeated for a a longer time to see if the couple can be helped in negotiating or compromising upon what should be the focus of therapy for their relationship.

There is no hurry – and each couple’s approach is different.

By the end of the LGBT Couple Counselling Assessment.

With an agreed focus for therapy, subsequent sessions are lead primarily by the couple themselves. The therapist offers support, listens to the couple’s discussions with occasionally offering observations and therapeutic hypotheses on the relationship intended to help both partners learn what might be going on in their relationship. With new information the couple can learn what is different, and difference is a relationship or a change in the relationship (Selvini et all, 1980) inviting the couple into making more informed choices, change patterns of behaviour and be less held “at ransom” by unhappy behaviour.

A main intention of couple counselling with gay & lesbian couples is primarily to help to disturb the relationship’s unhappy behaviour patterns. We do this by being curious and interested on the relationship’s systems (learning about those automatic behaviours that occur within the relationship), learning & finding new information and allowing inspiration to address what is being learned… plus being creative with solutions to alter some behaviours that lead to an unhappy relationship.

We’ll work to develop solutions – and the couple will gradually begin come up their own solutions themselves.  Counselling can begin to end at this stage.

The couple counselling process encourages space for thought and inspiration, allowing the couple’s relationship to become unstuck and leaving the couple no longer in need of further counselling intervention.

Every gay and lesbian couple relationship is distinct.  Every mixed-sexuality couple relationship is distinct. The assessment process – and couple counselling process – are a firm and reliable template upon which distinct couples can work through the relationship-problems which are unique to their own relationship.

What to do next.

If you and your partner believe that you would like to meet with Dean to discuss your needs for LGBT couple counselling, make contact to arrange an initial appointment today.

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Next Event: JULY 24 – 2021 IDFA NATURAL MUSCLE CHAMPIONSHIPS (Amateur & Pro) Online Natural Bodybuilding Championships

Get the MOST out of your Workouts

Get the MOST out of your Workouts

by IDFA Pro Duane De Jager and IDFA Athlete Helen Petras (both are Dynamis Athletes)

Use Incline to Build Your Chest

One of the number one pec builders is bench press at 30 degree incline. Using proper form and feeling the stretch in your chest as you slowly lower the weight is very effective at building muscle mass. Often, the bench press turns into a ego exercise because body builders sometimes care more about how much weight they can lift. Instead concentrate on the feeling in your chest and feeling the stretch. It is important you press the weight up using your chest strength, not your shoulders.

Perform Flye Movements With Moderate Weight

As with other chest exercises, body builders tend to use the heaviest weight possible on flyes. Yet this often recruits your shoulders into the movement. Try choosing a weight that allows you feel a deep stretch across your pecs. You can try reducing the weight by 10 pounds and slowing each rep, but do not increase the quantity.

Execute Squats with Proper Form

Far too many bodybuilders think the purpose of squatting is to put as much weight as possible across their backs. Instead, try to stimulate as much muscle growth as possible in your quads, hamstrings and glutes by using a weight that allows you to squat with proper form. Keep your back tight, holding its natural curvature throughout the movement. Descend in a slow controlled manner stretching your glutes and hamstrings then press back up through your heels.

In addition to excellent form through the entire squat movement it is important to use the services of a spotter. Due to the heavy load and the mechanics of the exercise, you should always have a spotter when performing “to the max” squats. This will help overload the muscle fiber but and you’ll be able to squeeze out one or two extra reps with added personal safety.

Utilize both Seated & Standing Calf Raises

Many bodybuilders torch their calves with five or more sets of either standing or seated calf raises. A much better strategy is to include 3-4 sets of each. Seated calf raises target the Soleus Brevious muscle while standing calf raises target the Gastrocnemious muscle. For complete calf development, you need to work both muscle groups.

Deadlifts and more Deadlifts

Far too often deadlifts are considered just a powerlifter’s exercise. This myth needs to be firmly put to rest. When performed correctly, deadlifts are an excellent bodybuilding exercise. This compound movement builds the entire body better than any other single exercise including squats. If you use a strict form deadlifts can help build a large variety of muscle groups, including your upper and lower back, abs, glutes and legs. They also increase your overall strength, making you stronger for other movements. Deadlifts can also become a ego exercise because bodybuilders sometimes care more about how much weight they can lift. Instead concentrate on a slow eccentric stretch (lowering of the weight) that is controlled. Also, utilize a variety of lifting strategies to shock the muscle into growth

Go Heavy on Barbell Rows

This exercise is a bulk builder for the back, but you must be able to handle as much weight as possible while maintaining strict form. Rely on the hypertrophy overload principle working 8-12 reps to shock the muscles into growth and add density and thickness to your back.

Use Supination Movement for Bicep Dumbbell Curls

During dumbbell bicep curls try turning your wrist outwards at the top of the curl. This movement is termed supination and it allows you to take your biceps through its full range of motion, helping to develop the muscle more fully. Supinate, then squeeze the bicep at the top of each rep.

– END –

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Lying Leg Curls

Lying Leg Curls

Target: Hamstrings

Lie face down on bench with knees just beyond edge of bench. Adjust the leg curl pad to just above your ankles. Grasp handles.

Curl your legs until the curl pad nearly touches your buttocks. Return to original position. Repeat.

Keep torso on bench to reduce hyperextension of the lower back. Most machines are angled at the users hip to position the hamstring in a more favorable mechanical position.

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Unwritten Law Bomber Likely To Spend 240 Days In Jail

By | November 22, 2002 at 12:00 AM

A man who planted a dry-ice bomb that injured Unwritten Law guitarist Steve Morris will likely receive 240 days in a county jail or a private lock-up, reports the San Diego Union Tribune.

Computer programmer Martel Duvigneaud, 22, pled guilty to felony assault and possession of an explosive. Those were plea bargained from more severe charges that could have had the man serving 16 years in prison.

San Diego Superior Court Judge Frederick Maguire said he plans on giving the man 240 days of detention. The judge postponed the actual sentencing to December 12 in order to give Duvigneaud a chance to find a job that would allow him to work during the day.

A dry-ice bomb planted by Duvigneaud exploded injuring Morris, his girlfriend, a sheriff’s deputy, and a security guard in Encinitas, California on August 29. The bombing was allegedly motivated over a dispute about apartment noise.

The guitarist suffered injuries to his arms and eardrums, and the band missed four dates due to the injuries.

“What I did was wrong,” said Duvigneaud. “I know that. I’m very sorry I did it. I feel horrible about it.”


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Ce rapport offre un résumé des débats ayant eu lieu lors de la CND de cette année, ainsi qu’une analyse des principales discussions, débats et nouvelles tendances.

Abonnez-vous à l'Alerte mensuelle de l'IDPC pour recevoir des informations relatives à la politique des drogues.

Reflections upon this year’s CND are mixed. On the one hand, some states went further than ever before in openly challenging the current regime on the grounds that, after a century, it needs modernising. That the government of Uruguay is currently considering a domestic policy on cannabis that would put it in breach of the Single Convention shows that, in one instance at least, we have moved beyond rhetoric and posturing. Moreover, while couched in terms of ‘containment’ and a confidence in the fundamentals of the treaty framework as it stands, Mr. Fedotov’s  pronouncement that human rights and public health considerations must be at the core of international responses to drug use and to HIV represents the continuation of a welcome shift away from a law enforcement approach, an approach too long privileged within the Commission.

On the other hand, it is difficult to ignore several issues of concern. Vienna remains out of step with many other parts of the UN system in its dealings with non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This was at its most startlingly obvious in the Committee of the Whole during discussions of possible civil society engagement in the high-level review next year. This, however, is surely the time when all expertise, inter-governmental and NGO alike, must be brought to bear upon the issue. Moreover, it is hard to be positive about the demeanour of the President of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) at this year’s meeting with NGOs. This remained hostile and confused, particularly relative to the INCB’s mandate. Indeed, while in the current atmosphere there is a temptation to become preoccupied with potentialities beyond the present treaty framework, the INCB’s overstepping of its remit regarding scheduling within the current regime has once again become a serious point of unease.

This report aims to provide a summary of what was discussed – and to highlight what was not – at this year’s meeting, including various side events, and offers some analysis of the key discussions, debates and emerging new trends, as well as the Commission’s re-engagement with some that are more familiar.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.


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Celebrating its 100% recycled bottle range, Deep RiverRock encourages greater recycling to achieve a closed loop for packaging

Deep RiverRock launches new sustainability campaign to celebrate its 100% Recycled Bottle*. Olympic medallists Gary and Paul O’Donovan, Leinster Rugby stars Jonathan Sexton, Josh Van Der Flier and Rhys Ruddock and TV personality Cassie Stokes all line out to support Deep RiverRocks’ 100% recycled bottle campaign - demonstrating how the bottle is made to make a difference. The activity builds on the hugely successful recycled bottled TV and outdoor campaign launched in the summer. The campaign was created by Edelman and shot by Taller Stories.

Deep RiverRock’s investment in recycled PET supports a circular economy, keeping resources in use for as long as possible. Recycled PET bottles are also one of the lowest carbon-dense packaging types to produce within the beverage sector.

When recycled correctly, plastic bottles can, and should, have a longer life span and Deep RiverRock is committed to encouraging consumers to recycle all bottles. In a bold statement, Deep RiverRock have also ‘recycled’ the logo on all bottles with an impactful ‘100% Recycled Bottle’ message front-of-pack. The move aims to inspire greater recycling among consumers. It is supported by recycling messages which have already been integrated on the bottle cap.

Made to make a difference’ is the latest wave of communication to consumers; highlighting the importance of creating a closed loop for packaging. It encourages everyone to play their part by making small changes; choosing a bottle made from recycled materials and then continuing the recycling journey.

The move by Deep RiverRock is part of parent company Coca‑Cola HBC’s commitment to create a ‘World Without Waste’. ‘World Without Waste’ is a global strategy that sets out a vision to design more sustainable packaging, to collect and recycle the equivalent of every can or bottle the company sells by 2030, and to partner with NGOs, customers and stakeholders to help clean up the planet.

Coca‑Cola HBC’s commitment to sustainability runs deep. The company has consistently reduced water, waste and energy within its supply chain since opening its all-island facility in Knockmore Hill, Lisburn in 2010. Explore more on this here.

Its sustainability achievements have been recognised at both a local and global level. The company most recently achieving Platinum Status in the Business in the Community (NI) Environmental Benchmarking Survey and, in 2019, the Coca‑Cola HBC Group ranked as the most sustainable beverage company in Europe by the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the sixth time in seven years.

*Applies to bottle. Excluding cap and label.


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Top 10 Ways to Improve your CV

Your CV portrays the first impression an employer will make of you and, on many occasions, it is what they will solely base their decision on regarding whether you will proceed to the next stage.

Portraying yourself in a manner that will catch a recruiter’s eye can be a daunting task. You want to illustrate your experience, skills and achievement while also giving them a sense of you as a person.

To help you depict yourself in the best way possible we have gathered our Top Ten Tips for writing your CV from one of our top recruiters.

cv-writing-skills-01 cv-writing-skills-01

1. Keep your CV up to date

Ensure your current contact details are noted within.  Make sure you have included your most recent roles and responsibilities. Start your CV with your most recent role to ensure it receives immediate attention. Recruiters will look to what you have most recently accomplished first to see if you are experienced enough for the role, so your current accomplishments are important.

cv-writing-skills-02 cv-writing-skills-02

2. Don’t leave any gaps in your employment

As a recruiter looking at a CV with date gaps will raise questions regarding what you were doing during that time. If you want to highlight some of your past roles over others, then do so by including information on your achievements and skills gained in those roles but still include the roles you had in-between; even if it’s just the position and dates.

cv-writing-skills-03 cv-writing-skills-03

3. Ensure all the dates are correct

The duration you worked in particular roles gives the recruiter an idea of your experience. At the hiring stage they will double check these dates with your references and your LinkedIn profile so make sure you have them right.

cv-writing-skills-04 cv-writing-skills-04

4. Always tailor your CV to the position and company you are applying for

Every position will be looking for different experience and skills. Ensure you read the job description thoroughly and apply what the recruiter is looking for to your CV being mindful that you meet the essential criteria required for the role. Highlight the experiences and achievements that stand out for this opportunity.

cv-writing-skills-05 cv-writing-skills-05

5. Keep your CV to 2-3 pages maximum

Recruiters work on several open positions at the same time and may only have a few minutes to read through your CV.  Keep it concise and to the point.

cv-writing-skills-06 cv-writing-skills-06

6. Give your CV a clear structure

The most common mistake is a badly laid out CV. If information is difficult for a recruiter to follow it’ll give a bad impression from the offset. Structure your CV so it flows well and don’t cram too much information onto one page. For Graduates place your degree before your work experience as this is what employers will look for first.

cv-writing-skills-07 cv-writing-skills-07

7. Avoid spelling mistakes

When a CV has spelling mistakes, it gives the impression that the application was rushed or that the applicant was not interested enough to take the time to read through the CV before sending it. Make sure to proofread the document more than once and even give it to a friend to check for you.

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8. Do not add your photo

Including a photo is going to create an immediate first impression on the recruiter that they won’t be able to ignore. Your CV should showcase your skills and achievements so put the focus on these instead.

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9. Do not use company logos

A company’s logo adds little to your CV. You have already stated the company’s name which is enough. A logo will take up room on the page that you could fill with more relevant information. It will also increase the file size of your CV which may cause issues for the recruiter when they try to view it.

cv-writing-skills-10 cv-writing-skills-10

10. Your date of birth is not needed on your CV

Your date of birth is not needed; the content of the CV, the structure, and the language used are far more important to the recruiter.

Print Print

This blog is brought to you by one of our top recruiters, Claire Hamill. Claire has worked in the field for over four years currently sitting in our Group Talent Acquisition team.


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How to Become An Actor in Bitlife

Become an actor in BitLife is one of the tricky Task in Bitlife game, all you need to apply for a Voiceover actor job and have experience. When you get enough experience, the company automatically promotes you to an actor.

Here are some tips and tricks, to Become an Actor and famous social media star in Bitlife game,!

Become An Actor in Bitlife

A guide to becoming a Bit Life celebrity, guides you with tips and tricks that how Bitizen finds a reputation that is difficult to achieve. To get the fame ribbon, you can easily get through this post.

The main factor in becoming famous actor you have to be in career, but you’ll want to start with at least a pretty high character in the appearance department. Keep resetting your character until you get at least 75–80% appearance percentage. If you are out of the infant stage, ask your parents for money.

When you become a teenager, you need to save some. Also, watching a movie or spending time with your parents can help you stay healthy to stay healthy! When the Mind & Body activity begins, I go to the gym every year. This will improve your appearance and help you continue and meditate.

How to Become An Actor in Bitlife

Go to the gym and keep meditating and if you have more money go to Salon & Spa for a manicure. During this period, I want to start a social media account and start posting a few times a year. To do this, you need to send a message to someone about BitLife, but you can always send a message to yourself so as not to bother anyone.

When you graduate from high school, it must be at least 90%. There is no need for higher education, but rumors say that going to Community College will help you open some of the fame categories you are looking for.

Find these types of Jobs

Disc Jockey

Voiceover Actor

Find a job that can become famous, including Disc Jockey, Voiceover Actor, Puppeteer, and everything related to porn. Some of the lower rated stuff will eventually promote you to a higher position. These jobs also help you to be an Actor.

Take a look, How to Become Lawyer in Bitlife

Bitlife social media

Social media star in Bitlife

Become the Social media star in BitLife

It seems random at how well it does in Bitlife Social Media, but as you become famous, your followers will start to get quite high! After securing thousands of followers, continue to apply for verification. This will help to elevate your reputation!

Keep your reputation in Bitlife

Ideally, you will go on the path of the actor and eventually become a leading actor in the role of actor after about 10 years. When you do this, you become a movie star and you will see a new percentage bar called “Fame“. This, like any other stat, shows a percentage, and the activity based on joining reputation (new activity appears under this tab) along with social media posts will help increase the percentage.

Keep going to the gym during this time and keep your 100% appearance score. As you age, you will start to lose more percentages, so you need to do everything you can to increase it. This includes all salon and spa activities! You can’t book a photo shoot or talk show until you get a reputation of 50% or more.

Advertising is the easiest way, and advertising makes you money. You should be a bit worried about how to receive, but hope not to get a low rating. At this time, you should write a book. If it goes well it will become your bestseller and greatly increase your reputation!

In additional to cover this Bitlife actor guide below we also discus about how can you Become a prominent actor in Bitlife game.

BitLife how to Become a prominent actor

To become a prominent actor, you need to follow a few steps. Initially, you need to apply for a Voiceover actor job and have years of experience. When you get enough experience, the company automatically promotes you to an actor, later to an actor. However, there are certain features that require attention to perform this position. And most importantly see!

The character’s appearance will be good (over 85). Intelligence, health and happiness are also important.

The educational background is not important, but I recommend specific jobs such as music, art, and dance. Upon graduation, you can receive higher education. No big difference

To get a Voiceover Actor position, you need good stats or a combination of smart and happy. The only problem is that the Voiceover Actor position is not always available. So check the job list every year. In the meantime, you can work as a dancer, for example.

However, it is most important to maintain shape statistics. So, if you are sick, visit the doctor every year, visit the gym, do not participate in fights, meditate, do not always work hard.

So this was a small guide about how can you Become an Actor in Bitlife game. Hopefully this guide helps you to get a famous Actor in Bitlife game.

You can also watch this video How can you Become An Actor in Bitlife

If you do not have bitlife you can download here:

BitLife - Life Simulator

For More Updates Checkout:- Articles, Cheats, Games, Sports, Our Facebook Page Games Vibe like us & follow on Twitter- @gamesvibenet


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Innovative projects and support for renewable energy as global temperatures rise

Innovative projects and support for renewable energy as global temperatures rise

Households and businesses on the Orkney Isles will soon be benefiting from discounted electricity thanks to a project by Hamsin Wind to install over 60 small scale turbines free of charge by the end of 2015.

The project will consist of both 6kW and 15kW turbines being installed with Hasmin Wind covering the planning and development costs and the home and business owners receiving discounted electricity for the life of the turbines. Hasmin will generate income via the Feed-in Tariff and a long term power purchase agreement which pays for power sales to the grid.

Approximately 95% of the electricity generated by the turbines will be consumed by the relative homeowner on site. Depending on the building’s heating system this energy could be used for heating and hot water.

The initial phase will begin shortly with the first twenty turbines due to be installed in the coming weeks. When the development phase is complete the project is expected to save at least 5000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions per year and over 100,000 tonnes for the full life of the project.

The turbines used come from Kingspan Wind and are less than 20m tall. They are built in Scotland have were selected due to their ability to withstand the high wind speeds the islands receive as well blending in well with the surrounding countryside.

Earlier in 2015 Scottish Equity Partners (SEP) confirmed they would invest up to £9 million in Hasmin Wind to oversea the instillation of as many as 200 small scale turbines at high wind speed locations in the Highlands and Island of Scotland.

Peter Bachmann, director at SEP, said the area has “vast renewable energy potential” and the project will “help remote communities”.

He added: “With the installation of a 6kw turbine the host is able to save up to £3,000 per annum in electricity costs. Orkney is already one of the world’s greenest islands in terms of renewable energy generation so it was a natural starting point.”

Projects like these are extremely beneficial to the landowners, the developer, the funder, and ultimately the environment. Even relatively small projects all add up to making a difference when it comes to reducing the environmental impact of energy generation.

According the UK Met Office climate change is expected to reach an unwanted milestone by the end of the year with warming since pre-industrial times set to go above 1 degree Celsius. In addition 2015 is also set to be hottest on record with temperatures so far eclipsing previous records comfortably.

The World Meteorological Organization then announced that due to the continued burning of fossil fuels 2016 would be the first year in which the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is over 400ppm on average.

This triple blow comes less than month before the Paris UN climate summit where countries will meet in the hope of agreeing a new deal for reducing their carbon emissions.

Data from January to September of this year shows average global temperatures to have risen by 1C. They state that rise is due to increasing carbon emissions combined with eh El Nino climate we are currently experiencing.

They claim that the full year temperature will remain above 1C for 2015. In 2014 this figure was below 0.9C showing a steep increase in relative climate terms.

Stephen Belcher, director of the Met Office’s Hadley Centre, said “This is the first time we’re set to reach the 1C marker and it’s clear that it is human influence driving our modern climate into uncharted territory, we have passed the halfway mark to the 2C target.”

This announcement is expected to increase pressure on negotiators to agree a robust deal on carbon emissions with the aim of preventing calamitous global warming.

Amber Rudd, the UK’s energy and climate change secretary, said: “Climate change is one of the most serious threats we face, not just to the environment, but to our economic prosperity, poverty eradication and global security. That’s why I want an agreement on a global deal in Paris. Pledges to reduce emissions made by countries [are] just the beginning. We need to ensure that as the costs of clean energy fall, countries can be more ambitious with their climate targets.”

Central England Temperature record, which dates back to 1772 clearly shows climate change. Ed Hawkins, a climate scientist at the University of Reading said “We can see the fingerprint of global warming in our own backyard. Central England has warmed 20% more than the global average [as land warms faster than oceans] and we expect that to continue.”

The UK’s Avoid project submitted further research last week which showed that compared to unrestrained global warming below 2C would reduce heat waves by 89%, flooding by 76%, crop land decline by 41% and water stress by 26%.

The report from the Met Office also states that we are two thirds of the way through our carbon budget. This is the maximum amount of additional carbon dioxide we can add to atmosphere to keep the temperature increase below 2C.

All off which seems to make the UK government’s policy changes regarding renewable energy all the stranger. To add to that a recent government survey shows that the UK population’s support for renewable energy is still high.

The quarterly survey of over 2,100 showed that support for renewable energy increased slightly to 76% with just 5% opposed to renewables and 1% strongly opposed.

Support for onshore wind rose by one percentage point to 66 per cent, while support for both offshore wind and marine energy remained at 73 per cent. Solar power remained the UK’s most popular energy source with 80 per cent of respondents saying they were in favour of its use.

Speaking of the results Leonie Greene, head of external affairs at the Solar Trade Association said “These very high levels of public support for solar show yet again that this sunshine technology is the nation’s favourite source of energy.

“This is also shown by the more than 55,000 responses to the Feed-in Tariff public consultation received by DECC – an unprecedented number showing the widespread outrage and these extreme cuts.”

“No other technology empowers consumers and communities to take charge of their energy bill and act on climate change like solar power. By cutting support for solar the government is taking power away from people, organisations and communities all over the UK – and they don’t like it one bit.”

Maf Smith deputy chief executive of RenewableUK agreed, “Ordinary people see renewables as a British success story and want to see us increasing their use further.

“We hope that ministers will look at these figures carefully and listen to what the thousands of voters who took part in this official government poll are telling them.

“The costs of onshore and offshore wind are falling rapidly. Onshore wind is one of the cheapest of all sources of electricity, so we need it kept in the energy mix to drive our fuel bills down. Support for offshore wind remains sky-high too, and backing for renewables overall is also increasing.”

With innovative community projects, strong public support, and a worrying global temperature rise there is much pointing us towards the positive contribution renewable energy can make on our environment and lives.

Also with costs coming down the level of support required for these technologies is not as much as it once was. However some support is still needed in order to improve the technology further and put us in the enviable position of renewable sources producing the majority of energy.

With that we would no longer be reliant on expensive imported energy sources while at the same protecting our environment. In this situation everybody wins, well maybe except the 1% that “strongly oppose.”

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Tag Archives: modular construction

MRL and Metso Outotec NextGen II crushing plant installation on track

Mineral Resources and Metso Outotec’s plans to deliver their NextGen II modular crushing plant to BHP’s Mt Whaleback mine remain on course, with the fabricated steelwork having arrived in Western Australia.

In January 2020, the joint venture awarded a fabrication contract to three separate companies in Turkey: Birikim and Mass Makina, in Ankara, and Bilim Makina, in Bursa, around 100 km south of Istanbul.

The contract was to procure, fabricate, trial assemble, surface treat, and deliver to the port about 1,400 t of fabricated steel work. This effort was led by Mineral Resources Technical Director, David De Haas, and Fabrication Manager, Michael Killeen.

Mineral Resources’ wholly-owned subsidiary, CSI Mining Services, has now received this infrastructure, with all NextGen II works to be assembled at CSI’s Kwinana workshop during a six-week period, working 24/7.

The assembly of the 12 Mt/y plant will be completed on site at BHP’s Mt Whaleback mine, replacing the existing CSI crushing plant at the iron ore operation. This contract was announced last month.

“The manufacture of NextGen II has been completed in very difficult times internationally as the coronavirus pandemic swept the world and the whole team is to be congratulated for their efforts,” Mineral Resources said.

“We look forward to the successful construction, installation and commissioning of the new plant at Mt Whaleback, and are confident this will be the first of many opportunities for this ground-breaking approach to deliver safe, reliable production for the hard-rock crushing industry.”

The company concluded: “CSI is already the world’s largest crushing contractor and NextGen II will help us maintain our position as the partners of choice for the mining industry.”

The first 12 Mt/y portable and modular NextGen crushing plant was installed in 2018 at the Pilgangoora lithium project, owned by Pilbara Minerals, in Western Australia.

Rio’s productivity and innovation capabilities on show at Amrun bauxite mine

Rio Tinto says it has completed commissioning of the $1.9 billion Amrun bauxite mine on the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland, Australia.

This follows the company completing the first shipment of bauxite back in December, six weeks ahead of schedule.

The mine and associated processing and port facilities will replace production from Rio Tinto’s depleting East Weipa mine, also in Queensland, and increase annual bauxite export capacity by around 10 Mt, the company said. This move comes at a time when higher-grade bauxite is becoming scarcer globally, Rio added.

Rio Tinto Chief Executive, J-S Jacques, said: “Amrun was completed early and under budget, demonstrating Rio Tinto’s productivity and innovation capabilities. By applying fresh thinking we also delivered safety, environmental, cost and timing benefits.”

Queensland Premier, Annastacia Palaszczuk (pictured right), said: “Weipa’s bauxite will be used to make aluminium for mobile phones, aeroplanes, vehicles and many other applications around the world. The Amrun project is one of the sector’s proudest achievements and I am delighted to be visiting this amazing mine and its workers once again.”

In an industry first, according to Rio, Amrun’s 1 km-long export facility was built in modules off-site and then brought to Amrun and connected. “This reduced over-water construction and painting in the culturally significant and environmentally sensitive region and reduced construction time by a year,” Rio said. It also increased safety by removing the need for 300,000 work hours that would have been spent at height and over water.

Rio Tinto Growth & Innovation group executive, Steve McIntosh, said: “Game-changing innovations and collaborations such as these are vital for advancing the future of the mining and metals industry globally in a safe, cost-effective and replicable manner.”

Amrun is about 40 km south of Rio’s existing East Weipa and Andoom mines. The mine, plant and export facility were approved in 2015, with a targeted start date of 2019.

At full production, Amrun will have capacity of 22.8 Mt/y, with options to expand.


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Freestyle Jam 2019

Image & Style Magazine

The Freestyle Jam performed live in front of a packed house at Golden 1 Center on April 12th. The Pacific Music Group brought together 10 incredible Freestyle artists from the past all under one roof for one amazing evening of music, dancing and memories.
Starting off the evening was Connie. She brought the crowd to party mode with her hit songs Funky Little Beat, and finally Rock Me.

With the partying crowd at warmed up they brought out Nu Shooz which sang their hits, I Can’t Wait and Point Of No Return to get everyone singing and dancing along too.
Debbie Deb came out and performed Look Out Weekend and When I Hear Music much to the crowds delight.
The trio known as The Original Cover Girls was lead by original founding members Angel Clivilles, Caroline Jackson and Sunshine Wright. Performing a well choreographed routine they sang Show Me, Because of You, My Heart Skips A Beat and ended with We Can’t Go Wrong.
Robert Ginyard, better known as Rob Base came out and performed his platinum hit It Takes Two. He was definitely a crowd pleaser.
Another big crowd pleaser was Sir-Mix A Lot who sang his double platinum hit Baby Got Back.
Sixty year old Shannon Brenda Greene, better known as just Shannon brought on the energy and excitement to keep the audience on their feet her entire performance. Singing and dancing to all her big hit such as Give Me Tonight and Let The Music Play brought smiles to all. Her two very fit backup dancers brought the sexiness and acrobatics! Shannon was looking fit herself and credit her fit look to drinking plenty of water.
Leslie Wunderman, better known as Expose came out looking fabulous in all black. They were definitely a crowd pleaser singing their hits Point of No Return, Come Go With Me and Seasons Change.
Dressed in a black corset with her hair pulled back in a pony tail, Lisa Lisa took to the stage with that unmistakable smile of hers. She sang hit after hit, including Can You Feel The Beat, Head To Toe, I Wonder If I Took You Home, All Cried Out and Lost In Emotion. Lisa Lisa didn’t dance as much as the other performers, but she certainly made up for it with her unmistakable singing voice.
Bringing it home was freestyle / Hi-NRG singer, song writer and music producer Stevie B. Stevie B is no stranger to the SF Bay Area, in fact he’s a favorite with the local crowd. He knew exactly what they wanted to hear when he performed Party Your Body, I Wanna Be The One, Spring Love and his ballad Because I Love You. Not only can he sing with power and emotion, he can also dance. He kept pace with his backup dancers step for step.
The Freestyle Jam concert was a 3+ hour trip back to the 80’s and 90’s to relive the past for just one evening. If you missed this show, you’ll get another chance at a blast from the past when The Pacific Music Group returns on July 13, 2019 for the Freestyle Explosion as SAP. See you there.


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BENEO appoints Stefanie De Roover as Sales Director EMEA

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BENEO appoints Stefanie De Roover as Sales Director EMEA

BENEO, a leading manufacturer of functional ingredients, has announced the appointment of Stefanie De Roover as Sales Director EMEA. In her new role, De Roover will lead the company’s sales in Europe, the Middle East and Africa from BENEO’s site in Tienen, Belgium.

Having progressed her career through various positions in the company since joining 12 years ago, De Roover will now be responsible for expanding and leading the BENEO business in EMEA. This will include BENEO’s ‘home markets’ of Germany and the BENELUX region, Northern and Southern Europe as well as the markets of the Middle East and Eastern Europe including Russia.

De Roover commented: “The great thing is that all these markets hold a fantastic opportunity for BENEO to support our customers and grow together. I look forward to taking on the new challenge and supporting our customers in EMEA, helping them to reach their goals by providing them with market inspiration, nutritional know-how and technical expertise.”

For De Roover, digitalisation plays a key role in remaining successful as a company in the future. She explained: From a customer point of view, we want to ensure that BENEO is an agile supplier to work with and our digital transformation will be key to this. In turn, we believe that digital convenience will be an important aspect in contributing to BENEO’s growth, allowing for more efficient communication with partners and customers, as well as delivering on-demand supply with greater room for collaboration.”

As one of the leading functional ingredients manufacturers, BENEO’s success in Europe looks set to continue under De Roover’s guidance by offering customised and localised solutions in a diversified market.

De Roover concluded: “During the past 12 years I have thoroughly enjoyed being part of BENEO’s journey. From its first beginnings, to becoming a strong, innovative company that works tirelessly with its customers all over the world to connect nutrition and health. With several innovative new ingredients in the pipeline, it is vital for us to be ready for the future and I am excited to have a part to play in making this happen.”

Image credit: BENEO
To stay up to date on the latest, trends, innovations, people news and company updates within the global bakery market please register to receive our newsletter here

Media contact

Kiran Grewal
Editor, International Bakery

Tel: +44 (0) 1622 823 922


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NB! Please verify that the mobility direction is correct before you apply.

Apply now! KA107 STAFF 2020/21
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Swastik Corporation

1 month ago · 2 min. reading time · visibility ~10 ·

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Top 10 Applications Of Aerial Work Platform Equipments

An Aerial Work Platform is Exclusively for taking workers to the difficult workspace, where we can not use other types of equipment to reach those heights vertically and horizontally. Sometimes it may demand work at maximum heights, narrow spaces, with the help of boom lift, scissor lift and other equipment, those will help workers can work safely and quickly.

This article describes the top 10 applications of aerial work platform equipments like boom lift and scissor lift.

Application of aerial lifts, applications of boom lifts, uses of boom lifts

boom lift or scissor lift are mainly used in the following industries

1. Construction

2. Maintenance

3. Oil & Gas

4. Mining

5. Inspection

6. Installation

7. Media Leisure

8. Power Industries

9. Cleaning

10. Painting

1. Construction:

The construction industry is the core of an Aerial work platform where we can use these equipments frequently to reach the workspace.

The image shows how a boom lift makes an easy and comfortable workspace even at the top edges. This saves the lives and the time of the projects. For any type of construction works like building construction, plant or water irrigation project.

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Aerial Lifts- Boom Lift Rental -Scissor Lift Rental

2. Maintenance

Aerial lifts are widely used for the maintenance of various industries.

Boom lifts are used in the steel industry for steel erection maintenance.

Port industry used boom lifts for ship maintenance

Boom lifts and scissor lifts are used for roofing and cladding of maintenance in the construction industry

3. Uses Of Aerial Lifts in the Oil & Gas Sector

In India Oil & Gas projects are increasing rapidly, and proportionally the need for aerial work platform equipment. The boom lifts, telehandlers, and scissor lifts are used in These can be used for drilling rig construction, positioning and moving pipelines, etc. Aerial lifts can handle the construction, productivity, and safe operations of drilling rigs and pipelines.

4. Aerial Lifts For Mining Industry

The aerial lifts are used for lifting and installation applications in mines of the low, medium, and large profile tunnels. The boom lifts and scissor lifts convert difficult job site conditions to an easy work environment.

5. Aerial Lifts For Building Inspection

Aerial equipment lifts are used for the building inspection to perform quality checks, roofing, plumbing, and mechanical checks. Due to this we can make 100% quality and can identify every minor mistake.

6. Aerial Lifts For Installation

In big buildings like factories, offices, or malls the installation of AC services, or lighting and other electrical work installation is very difficult. Aerial lifts like boom lifts or electrical scissor lifts made zero damage to the infrastructure of the building, fast in time, and 100% safety to the employee who is doing the installation.

7. Media Leisure

The Media industries film, television, and sports frequently use aerial lifts like boom lifts can be used to hang the lights from 30 to 120 ft heights, making sets in maximum heights and stadiums for lighting and maintenance.

8. Power & Energy

Aerial lifts play a vital role in the power and energy sector. Boom lifts are used for moving and fixing the pipelines for electricity also used in power distribution sectors for cabling and electric tower construction.

9. Cleaning Industry

Without aerial lifts, we cannot imagine the cleaning industry in this decade. That is how the aerial work platform and cleaning industry. among all boom lifts are widely used in exterior cleaning, window washing, statue cleaning, and roof cleaning as shown in the below images

10. Painting

As we discuss cleaning, the painting industry also the same. Aerial platform and paint industry are inseparable, both work together for the safe, and in-time completion.

Aerial Lifts Involved in Every Industry. If your job is at heights, there is no second option, hire any type of aerial lifts at Swastik Corporation A safe, ethical, and secure rental company in India.

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This article describes the top 10 applications of aerial work platform equipments like boom lift and scissor lift.


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‘Toolsidas Junior’: Sanjay Dutt To Star In Ashutosh Gowariker’s Next Sports Drama

‘Toolsidas Junior’: Sanjay Dutt To Star In Ashutosh Gowariker’s Next Sports Drama

After Lagaan, Ashutosh Gowariker is back with another sports drama and this time it revolves around the snooker table. The filmmaker is all set to produce Toolsidas Junior with Bhushan Kumar. Yes, Kumar's T-Series and Ashutosh Gowariker Productions (AGPPL) have decided to join hands to bring together a film that is being touted as an emotional human story. While Gowariker and Kumar had previously partnered for the music of Swades and others, this will be their first joint film production.

The film is written and is directed by Mridul of Missed Call fame. The best part is it will star Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt in a pivotal role. While details about his character remain under wraps, it is being reported that he will be seen essaying the role of a snooker coach to child actor Varun Buddhadev’s character who is the protagonist of the film. In fact, the makers have also dropped the first poster of the upcoming film and it is intriguing to the say the least. Sunita Gowariker, wife and co-producer, even took to social media to share the same and wrote, “New Association but 18 years of professionally associating on various projects !!! Welcome @tseriesfilms...hop on to the ride!!! Get your cue sticks ready! #ToolsidasJunior coming soon!”

I don’t know about but it’s the title that’s doing the trick for me. Will it be about a child prodigy, who knows? What we do is that veteran actor Rajiv Kapoor will be seen making a comeback as Buddhadev’s father in the film.

Meanwhile, Sanjay Dutt who recently took a break to fight cancer has resumed his shoots. He will next be seen in KGF: Chapter 2, Torbaaz, Bhuj: The Pride Of India and Prithviraj.

SEE ALSO: ‘A Call To Spy’ Review: Sarah Megan Thomas, Radhika Apte's Espionage Thriller Is Riveting Yet Heartfelt

Cover Image: Sunita Gowariker/Instagram


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Main Content

Share Data Between Code Generated from Simulink, Stateflow, and MATLAB

Stateflow and MATLAB Coder can fully define their data definitions, or they can inherit them from Simulink. Data definition capabilities include:

  • Inheriting input/output data types and sizes from Simulink.

  • Parameterized data types and sizes. That is, data type and size may be specified as a function of another data's type and size, e.g., type(y)=type(u) and size(y)=size(u).

  • Inferred output size and type from Simulink via signal attribute back propagation.

  • Parameter scoped data, which allows referencing Simulink parameters in Stateflow and MATLAB.

Open Example Model

Open the example model rtwdemo_dynamicio.

  1. Compile the model (on the Simulation tab, under Prepare, click Update Model) and note the displayed signal types and sizes.

  2. Change the data type and/or size of the Constant block and recompile the model. Note that the attributes of the signals automatically adapt to the Constant block specification.

  3. Generate and inspect code using the blue buttons in the model. Note that K is shared by the Gain and sfVerticalSum block.

  • The data type and size of Stateflow and MATLAB data is inherited from Simulink.

  • The Gain block and the Stateflow chart sfVerticalSum share the Simulink parameter K, which is defined in the MATLAB workspace as a Simulink.Parameter with Model default storage class (i.e., rtP.K in the generated code).


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One-Sheet Movie Posters

Introduced by Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company in 1909, the one-sheet has long been the standard movie poster in the United States.  The posters were always 27" x 41" until the mid-1980s when the size gradually shifted to 27" x 40".  The one one-sheet posters below are the United States and Canada (where noted).


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Kaamyaab: Journey of a side-actor from the background to the fore

·5-min read
sanjay mishra, kaamyaab, sanjay mishra kaamyaab, kaamyaab sanjay mishra, indian express, indian express news
sanjay mishra, kaamyaab, sanjay mishra kaamyaab, kaamyaab sanjay mishra, indian express, indian express news

Sanjay Mishra in Kaamyaab. (File Photo)

In Hardik Mehta’s Kaamyaab, Sudheer (Sanjay Mishra), a yesteryear actor, appears unaffected during an interview. He slouches, gives answers evading the camera, and acknowledges admiration with such detachment as if they are directed at someone else. Like some forgettable film, the plot of his life seemed more appealing on paper than the way it turned out to be. Things, however, change midway. His back stiffens and he eagerly looks at the person behind the camera to enquire if he is doing all right. The film is not over yet, it can still be salvaged. Sudheer’s waning interest is piqued when he is told of the films he had acted in. It is the number that arrests his attention: 499. By the end of the scene, the interview remains incomplete but he is infused with a purpose: to achieve the milestone of doing his 500th film.

A side actor, Sudheer’s awkward mugshot on a film poster — fated to be blotted by spit — faithfully relayed his presence in a film: on the fringes. In his long-spanning career, he was entrusted with the task of not taking the narrative forward but to sustain it. Flitting in and out of the film either as the evil rich father, the benevolent doctor or the loyal side-man to the goon, he supported even the supporting actors. His career did not end as much as it dwindled. Having missed the train to transition from a sidekick to character artists, his oeuvre has been reduced to the commonality of his face; the number of films he has acted in truncated to a trivia. A stray line uttered by him — “bas enjoying life, aur option kya hai” — had more longevity than his roles, acting as his reference point as well as his identity. The prospect of doing 500 films then provides him with the opportunity to not revive but elevate his career, to see himself placed respectably next to his kin: Lalita Pawar, Pran, Shakti Kapoor. It enables him to take reins of his vocation for once, even if it is for the last time.

For most of the film, Mehta traces Sudheer’s near-obsessive desire to reach this finishing line, tenderly documenting his little triumphs and failures: his renewed hope of doing something worthwhile after long and utter heartbreak when things fail to pan out accordingly. By choosing to tell a story about a person who evokes no remembrance but a sense of déjà vu and chronicling his dogged insistence to not retain his relevance but to be relevant, Sudheer’s story words a bittersweet commentary on the several nameless actors who were chosen by directors and not discovered by casting directors. They did not audition for roles but reprised characters. Indistinguishable in their ordinariness and riddled with similar crests and troughs, their lives played out as each other’s biographies. It is an affecting and necessary ode to all those artistes whose names rolled out in an empty theatre long after audiences left their seats; their craft appreciated but not recognised. These side actors, so indispensable to a film and yet treated with cruel indifference, have stuck around, year after year, film after film, owing to their enduring love for cinema long after the allure of stardom faded. If stars tested our obsession, our ability to recognise them quietly judged our loyalty. We never really went for them and yet they came back with us in the form of a cleverly uttered dialogue or a sleight of hand we spent days emulating.

Kaamyaab not just sheds light on actors who have been forever eluded by the blinding light of fame but digs deeper into their lives, presenting an intimate portrait of love and loss. It uses a professional to gently underline the personal and stresses on the irony of their fate: they might have had occupied small parts in films but films wholly occupied their lives. Staying in a quaint flat in Bombay, Sudheer is forgotten by the present time but he preserved the era he belonged to with the detail of an archivist and resistance of a sentimentalist. There is an old transistor of his late wife, his wig along with atypical flashy clothes placed in the cupboard away from the common gaze. His profession percolated in his personality until one could not be told from the other. Years of being a sidekick hindered him from becoming a ‘hero’ even in the story that is about him. Mehta hints at this by depicting the actor’s strained relationship with his daughter and presenting him as a father who was never there.

But the most spirited accomplishment of Kaamyaab remains in introducing a sense of awareness in Sudheer, in providing him with an understanding of his craft and ability to discern a better work from a lesser one, in presenting his talent as artistry. In a lovely scene, the actor confides his discomfort to his friend when he realises his entire body of work has been stored in the Internet for the world to see, “I wish I could remove some of them”. This curious sense of regret in Sudheer — telling in not how he failed to leave behind a legacy but that he had attempted to create one — elevates him at once from a character to an artiste, transforming his profession to passion, validating his struggle and hardships.

Success is often gauged in terms of ambition, understood in a currency that is inherently public. Mehta in Kaamyaab points to how the acknowledgement can be communal but the gratification is personal, that the world might decide the parameter of success but the satisfaction one derives from it is personal. In the concluding scene in the film, Sudheer performs for a room of people. He assumes different characters, mouthing dialogues not just his own but of others as well. He becomes the hero, the villain, the sidekick and the bemoaning mother. He is at the background and forefront, holding the rapt attention of the audience, entreating them to finally know and remember his name. As he performs a memorable swan song, attempting to bow out when in his peak like artistes do, Sudheer succeeds, becomes kaamyaab.

Our goal is to create a safe and engaging place for users to connect over interests and passions. In order to improve our community experience, we are temporarily suspending article commenting


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Biology homework help

To date, the effects of disaster events have been introduced through our course materials as well as the ways to interact with survivors of these disaster events. At particular risk for negative reaction in disaster situations, natural or man-made, are children and adolescents. Dependent upon the childs/adolescents stage of development, responses to disaster events can vary significantly. Our course materials provide excellent guidance for those charged with aiding children and adolescents in disaster events.After review of the course materials, share your understanding of assessing and providing appropriate disaster behavioral health care for children and adolescents.Outlining how the process differs from that of disaster behavioral health with typical adult populations, note any significant factors you feel contribute to or hinder the recovery process with children and adolescents. 350-400 words

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Film & TV

Jojo Rabbit: Hitler humour and a child's eye view of war

Film & TV

A Disney Hitler comedy by Taika Waititi – the Kiwi director of Hunt for the Wilderpeople and Thor: Ragnarok – tests the line between funny and Führer.

Print article

Jojo Rabbit is not Disney Studios’ first foray into Hitler parody. In 1943, it produced der Fuehrer’s Face – an anti-Nazi film inside Donald Duck’s nightmares.

Now, Disney is the Australian distributor of Jojo Rabbit, a story of a young boy whose imaginary friend (and buffoonish life coach) is Adolf Hitler.

In this dark satire, from the Polynesian-Jewish-New Zealand director Taika Waititi, who brought us Hunt for the Wilderpeople, Nazi Germany is in its waning days. The Germans have all but lost World War II but 10-year-old Johannes “Jojo” Betzel (Roman Griffin Davis) believes he, and he alone, will be the Aryan hero to turn the tide.

The boy’s imaginary friend, a hilariously incompetent Hitler (played by Waititi in blue contact lenses and the trademark moustache), cheers him on. When asked to kill a rabbit to get into the Hitler Youth, Jojo baulks, though he does almost manage to kill himself in a grenade stunt.

“You’re still the bestest, most loyal little Nazi I’ve ever met,” the fantasy Fuhrer enthuses.

Through children’s eyes

Themes and images of children have often been central in films exploring World War II. Steven Spielberg famously used “the girl in red coat” to create a powerfully moving symbol of innocence in Schindler’s List (1993).

Germany Year Zero (1948) focused on the life of children in Berlin.

Immediately after the war, a stream of films, including Roberto Rosselini’s Germany Year Zero (1948), Gerhard Lamprecht’s Somewhere in Berlin (1946), and Fred Zinnemann’s The Search (1948) looked at wartime trauma through injuries acquired by children.

Like Jojo’s grenade mishap, their wounds were permanent.

In war films, children’s perspectives don’t diminish the ghastliness of war. Quite the contrary. When war and its pervasive horror spills over from the battlefield and intrudes on their youth, viewers are appalled at its spread.

Containing that disease of war, curing it even, is where Waititi’s takedown of fascist group-think truly begins.

How will Jojo escape the brainwash army of Reichswehr propaganda parrots like Rebel Wilson’s Fräulein?

There are several steps. The first one for Jojo is finding out his mother has been hiding a Jewish girl in the attic.

Scarlett Johansson gives an enchanting performance as a single mum who tries to keep the embers of humanity and love in Jojo’s heart alive as he gets lost in Nazi doctrines of vile anti-Semitism.

Jojo starts falling for Elsa Korr (Thomasin McKenzie), the hideaway in his attic, as her humanity – and his pre-pubescent hormones – triumph over fascist indoctrination. Through Jojo’s eyes, we see Elsa turn from monster into human as he comes back from the brink of fanatic hatred.

Waititi hides that innocent, simple love story under slapstick and a ton of special effects. The latter don’t always work, and some of the jokes fall flat.

But what does work is the message that Jojo is both manipulated and self-manipulating. His Nazi hate is a cage of his own making, and Elsa is the key to unlocking it. She teaches him that empathy for those who we think are different from us is powerful.

Irreverent or irresponsible?

Hitler comedies have a long history. In 1940, Charlie Chaplin released The Great Dictator. Mel Brooks created The Producers in 1968.

German filmmakers Dani Levy (My Führer – The Really Truest Truth about Adolf Hitler, 2007) and David Wnendt (Look Who’s Back, 2015) strived to find the right balance between comedy and drama.

Like Waititi, those filmmakers experienced how mining sombre Holocaust themes and hateful iconography for the ridiculous splits public reactions along extreme lines. The critics bemoaned that Levy committed only halfheartedly to a funny Hitler, making the film the worst thing a comedy can be: too harmless.

Wnendt faced another issue. He intercut his film with hidden camera footage of Germans reacting to the lead actor dressed as Hitler. People thought this was too much realism.

Scarlett Johansson’s character tries to counter Nazi brainwashing. Photo: Twentieth Century Fox

Waititi says he didn’t look at these forerunners and didn’t do any research on Hitler. He looked to literature instead.

Jojo Rabbit uses the masterful dramatic novel Caging Skies by New Zealand-Belgian author Christine Leuens as source material. The book doesn’t have the same generous scoops of comedy and tragedy found in Ladislav Fuks’ Mr. Theodore Mundstock, or in The Nazi and the Barber by Edgar Hilsenrath.

It’s all the more reason to recognise what Waititi has tried to accomplish. He had to negotiate between a book adaptation, Holocaust memory, and Hollywood.

Commenting on his motivation for making the film, Watiti, whose mother is Jewish, said: “I just want people to be more tolerant and spread more love and less hate.”

Jojo Rabbit opens across Australia on Boxing Day, check listings for advance screenings.

Benjamin Nickl is a lecturer in International Comparative Literature and Translation Studies at the University of Sydney. This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons licence.

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Sistem Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Menggunakan Metode Asosiasi Algoritma Apriori Untuk Menentukan Rekomendasi Produk

Jurnal ICT : Information Communication & Technology

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Title Sistem Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Menggunakan Metode Asosiasi Algoritma Apriori Untuk Menentukan Rekomendasi Produk
Creator Ramadina, Risma Restu
Pudjiantoro, Tacbir Hendro
Santikarama, Irma
Subject CRM; Rekomendasi; Transaksi
Description There are companies in the fashion sector that sell clothing for both women and men at affordable prices and quality. Currently, there are many competitors everywhere, especially in the Cimahi City area. The current SR Fashion Store boutique has a target of increasing the number of customers and retaining existing customers. However, because this fashion company has problems, namely delivery and determining recommendations that are directly in place, resulting in inconvenience for customers who make recommendations that are not in accordance with the tastes of these customers, because the services provided by the boutique have not been maximized causing customer loyalty to decline. Solutions to overcome these problems must be made a Customer Relationship Management System (CRM) that can be managed by a fashion company besides that the system to be built can also be accessed by customers. The system built will provide recommendations based on the customer's transaction history. To provide recommendations in a system by applying the association method using a priori algorithm, these recommendations are received by member subscribers via email messages. By looking at the transaction history of a customer who has made transactions more than five times, the recommendation will automatically be sent to the customer. The application of the association method using this a priori algorithm shows an attitude to determine product recommendations based on transaction history, by taking 5 product samples and 7 transaction histories in one member producing 2 recommendation rules with a support value of 42.8% and 75% trust.
Publisher STMIK IKMI Cirebon
Date 2020-09-09
Type info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Peer-reviewed Article
Format application/pdf
Source Jurnal ICT : Information Communication & Technology; Vol 19, No 1 (2020): JICT-IKMI, Juli 2020; 50-59
Language eng
Rights Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal ICT : Information Communication & Technology

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MVD organises Medical, Health Checkup camp at Qazigund

Kulgam: As part of ongoing National Road Safety Month, a free Medical and Health Check up cum Awareness programme was held today for drivers of passenger vehicles at Qazigund in collaboration with Health and Medical Department Qazigund and Human welfare NGO.

The camp was inaugurated by Assistant Regional Transport Officer (ARTO) Kulgam, Dr Mohammad Zubair. He on the occasion said that the main purpose of organising such camps is to ensure physical and mental fitness of drivers for ensuring safe driving on roads.

He impressed upon the Transporters/Drivers to ensure implementation of Motor Vehicles Act/Rules strictly so that road accidents may be minimised and precious human lives are saved. He also cautioned them to desist from over-speeding and promote usage of seat belts while driving.

The Health Department during the camp conducted the health check up of drivers including Blood pressure check, sugar tests and eye check up etc.

Among others, Block Medical Officer, Dy SP Traffic Tariq Ah, SHO Qazigund and volunteers of NGO besides other officials of the health and MVD department were present during the programme.

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Check Out This Modified Ford Endeavour With 20-Inch Wheels and Off-Road Bodykit

by Kshitij Rawat | 16/06/2020
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Check out this buffed-up Ford Endeavour that has been customised into an off-road-ready monster truck.

Ford Endeavour is one of the most capable SUVs in India, built to handle rough terrain like no other vehicle. Of course, a production vehicle can only go so far, and there are plenty of people who believe that this SUV is capable of much better performance if customised properly. Here, we have one such example of a modified Ford Endeavour (or Everest in some markets), dubbed the ‘Predator’!

modified Ford Endeavour front three quarter

The modified Ford Endeavour seen in the pictures here has been heavily modified. At the front, we see a custom bumper with integrated fog lamps, auxiliary LED lights integrated into the Ford-Raptor-style front-grille, and custom “EVEREST” badging under it. There are additional indicator lights on the bonnet near the A-pillars, and the car also gets an MCC Ranger Snorkel for improved water wading capability. The headlights now have custom projector lights, and there is an additional LED DRL under each headlight.

modified Ford Endeavour rear three quarter

The body kit on this Endeavour looks sharp, especially with the bulky wheel arches that house the massive 20-inch wheels with Goodrich MT tyres. You’ll also notice custom livery on the side profile on the otherwise blacked-out car. At the rear, there is a huge “EVEREST” badging on the tail hatch. The brake lights are custom LED, and there are additional LED brake lights in the rear bumper, replacing the reflectors. The entire car has been lifted 7-inches with the help of 12-way adjustable nitrogen (air) suspension system. Overall, we quite love this off-road-ready Ford Endeavour/Everest.

Next-gen Ford Endeavour Looks Dapper In This Rendering

This particular model is the previous iteration of the Endeavour and is powered by a 3.2-litre, inline-4, turbocharged diesel engine. This motor is capable of generating 198 PS and 470 Nm of maximum power and peak torque, respectively. It was also available with a four-wheel-drive system. Apart from that, there was a 2.2-litre turbo-diesel engine on offer, which could belt out 160 PS and 385 Nm. Now, in the BS6 era, Ford updated the Endeavour with a new 2.0-litre turbo-diesel engine. This new powerplant can produce a maximum power of 170 PS and a peak torque of 420 Nm.

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European hydrotoponymy (I): Old European substrate and its relative chronology

These first two posts on Old European hydro-toponymy contain excerpts mainly from Indoeuropeos, iberos, vascos y sus parientes, by Francisco Villar, Universidad de Salmanca (2014), but also from materials of Lenguas, genes y culturas en la Prehistoria de Europa y Asia suroccidental, by Villar et al. Universidad de Salamanca (2007). I can’t recommend both books hardly enough for anyone interested in the history of Pre-Roman peoples in Iberia and Western Europe.

NOTE. Both books also contain detailed information on hydrotoponymy of other regions, like Northern Europe, the Aegean and the Middle East, with some information about Asia, apart from (outdated) genetic data, but their main aim is obviously the Prehistory of Iberia and neighbouring regions like France, Italy, or Northern Africa.

Series of posts on European hydrotoponymy:

  1. Old European substrate and its relative chronology
  2. Basques and Iberians after Lusitanians and “Ligurians”
  3. From Old European to Palaeo-Germanic and the Nordwestblock
  4. Tug of war between Balto-Slavic and West Uralic
  5. Etruscans and Rhaetians after Italic peoples
  6. The British Isles and non-Indo-Europeans
  7. Celtic From the West or the East?
  8. Meshchera, a Permian wedge between Volga Finns?
  9. Proto-Hungarian Homeland: East and West of the Urals?

Here are only some excerpts (emphasis mine), translated from Spanish (see the original texts here), accompanied by images from both books.

Indoeuropeos, iberos, vascos y sus parientes (2014). Buy the ebook online (Or printed version, if available).

Alteuropäisch and Krahe

The investigation of “Old European” or Alteuropäisch, popularized by Krahe, began precisely with the study of some toponyms and personal names spread all over Europe, previously considered “Ligurian” (by H. d’Arbois de Jubainville and C. Jullian) or “Illyrian” (by J. Pokorny), with which those linguistic groups – in turn badly known – were given an excessive extension, based only on some lexical coincidences.

This is a comment made by the author about Krahe‘s data and his opinions, frequently used against his compiled data, which I find paradoxically applicable to Villar’s data and his tentative assignment of the relative linguistic chronology to an absolute one – including the expansion of a “Mesolithic” Indo-European vs. a “Neolithic” Basque / Iberian vs. a Bronze Age Celtic – when it is now clear that the sequence of events was much later than that:

It is very widespread today a derogatory and globally disqualifying attitude to everything that sounds like Alteuropäisch and Krahe, sometimes without the necessary discrimination between different hypotheses, or even between data and hypothesis. It is not fair that the version of H. Krahe and that of W. P. Schmid be disqualified in a single simplistic judgment as if they were the same thing. But it is a major mistake to reduce the value of the hydro-toponymic data of Europe by the mere fact that Krahe attributed an implausible historical explanation to them. The data are real and still need an adequate explanation within a real historical framework, despite the unfeasibility of Krahe’s explanation.

With that we reach a point that I want to highlight. Among those who are allergic to anything that involves deviating one iota of the Indo-European paradigm as a single event, an attitude gaining momentum considers that hydro-toponymy was introduced in the different regions of Europe and Southeast Asia by the same Indo-European languages that appear historically occupying their territory. H. Krahe had argued strongly against this possibility, so now I will save myself a deeper refutation and I will limit myself to pointing out some difficulties that position is forced to face.

Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Sala, Salaca/Salis, Salaceni,
Salacia, Salacia, Salaeni, Salam, Salandona, Salangi, Salangi , Salaniana, Sãlantas,
Salapa, Salapeni, Salaphitanum, Salapia / Salpia / Salapina palus / Salpe, Salar, Salara, Salarama,
Salarbima, Salariga, Salars, Salas, Salat, Salauris, Salcitani, Sale, Sale, Sale, Sale
stagnum, Salecon, Saleia, Salentina, Salentini, Salernum, Salerni, Sales, Sali, Salia, Salia,
Salica, Salica, Salice, Salii, Salija, Salinẽlis, Salìnis, Salìnis, Salìnis, Salìnis, Salinsae, Salionca,
Salius, Salō, Salō, Saloca, Salodurum, Salona, Salonae, Salonenica, Salonia, Saloniana,
Salonime, Salonium, Salontia, Saluca, Salum, Salum, Salunatasi, Saluntum / Salluntum,
Salùpis, Sãlupis, Salur, Salurnis, Selepitani, Sõlis.

The defenders of that alternative have to assume that the process of dialectalization, that before the migrations from the Urheimat was separating into the different Indo-European branches, affected each of them in the phonetic aspect in the general naming vocabulary, but left them unaltered in its phonetic predialectal state with regards to hydro-toponymy, as well as a good part of the naming lexicon related to the concepts of “river, water” and the different qualities of water currents. For example, according to those sharing that opinion, the Hispanic Palantia of the area of Vaccei would be in fact Celtic, but in that name the loss of the initial /p/ that characterizes Celtic would not have been applicable. Similarly, the hydro-toponymy in Germania is largely exempt from the Lautverschiebung, in Greece the loss of initial /s/, etc. These names not only fail to suffer the dialectal innovations corresponding to their zones, but sometimes they present innovations different from the features of the dialect involved. For example the word *mori “sea, standing water” is sometimes found in the hydro-toponymy of Gaul in the form *mari instead of *mori proper of Celtic (Marantium, Marisanga, Marsus), which in the framework of the paradigm has to be inevitably interpreted as a non-Celtic innovation.

Potential geographic relationship between a priori unrelated graphic-phonetic variants.

Names of this nature that appear in areas where a pre-Roman historical Indo-European language never existed remain unexplained, such as in North Africa, Arabia Felix or the Caucasus: Lake Pallantias in Libya; the Salat River in Mauritania Tingitana; Auso in Mauritania Caesariensis; the Alonta River in Georgia; the Abas River in Caucasian Albania; Salma and Salapeni in Arabia Felix; etc. Of course, for these cases it is always possible to deny any relationship of kinship between these forms and their European cognates, and attribute everything to the chance of random homophonies. Thus, once again, the annoying comparative data are sacrificed in the sacred altar of the paradigm, despite the fact that they are so numerous and consistent that if there were no blind faith in the current dogma, they would be sufficient to articulate a new paradigm over them.

The choice of each Indo-Europeanist between the non-Indo-European and the Indo-European interpretation to explain the prehistoric toponymy of Europe is not motivated by the fact that they manage partial sets of hydronyms that are more propitious alternatively for the one or the other option. On the contrary, frequently the same batch of materials is claimed by both trends as its own. An extreme example is that of Th. Vennemann, who considers simply as non-Indo-European (specifically Paleo-Basque) exactly the same material that H. Krahe used to support his Indo-European interpretation. Thus, the structure and linguistic characteristics of the studied material have little role in the choice of one or the other path, which is rather conditioned by convictions and adhesion to a varied range of personal beliefs, traditional dogmas and scientific paradigms.

Lenguas, genes y culturas en la Prehistoria de Europa y Asia suroccidental (2007). Buy the ebook online (or the printed version, if available).

The linguistic column

The sequence of languages that were successively spoken in any territory constitutes what by analogy [with the “geological column”] we could call its “ethno-linguistic column”.

Next I offer the list of the languages detected in the compositional (and to a lesser extent derivational) toponymic syntagms in which the appellatives ub-, up-, ab-, ap-, ur-, il-, igi, tuk, -ip – analyzed in this work – are involved.

From the interaction of the different strata in words and hybrid syntagms we can, therefore, establish the linguistic column in the Iberian Peninsula and its neighboring territories (Western Europe and Northern Africa) with the following sequence:

1. A first stratum of very old chronology, which in a previous publication I have proposed to call Palaeo-Indo-European [“arqueo-indoeuropeo”]. The toponymic elements belonging to this stratum dealt with throughout this text are abundant: kerso-, turso-, alawo-, lako-, mido-, silo-, tibo-, etc.

They always function as determinant toponyms of a place-name in any other language. It never uses the name “city” (or “river”) in hybrid syntagms. Their place names (determinants) are combined with names of the following languages:

   a) Iberian in Iberia or Southern France: kiŕś-iltiŕ, tuŕś-iltiŕ, alaun-iltiŕte, lakunm ∙ -iltiŕte.

   b) The language of the igi in southern Iberia and perhaps Northern Africa: Cantigi, Saltigi, Sagigi, Sicingi.

   c) The southern language of the postponed -il: Mid-ili, Sil-ili, Tib-ili.

   d) The language of the postponed -ip: Lac-ipo, Ost-ipo, Vent-ipo.

   e) Celtic in Gaul: kerso-ialos > Cersolius > Cerseuil; Ibili-duros > Ibliodurus.

Cariensi, Carantium, Carandonis, Carae, Caraca / Caracca, Carrinensis, Cariaca, Carneus, Carula, Carlae, Carieco, Cariocieco, Caricillum, Carona, Carnona, Caranta, Carantonus / Carantana, Caronte, Carantomum / Carantomium, Carronenses / Garronenses, Cares / Carus, Caranusca, Carona, Caro vicus, Carninia, Carus, Carnutes, Carnonis castrum, Carenses, Caralis / Carallis, Carni, Carnicum, Caraceni, Careia, Carici, Carant / Carrant, Carnonacae, Carontō, Cariolum, Caritani, Carinum, Carantani, Carnuntum, Cariniana Vallis, Cariones, Careotae, Caroia, Caria, Careum, Carnae, Caran, Carnasium, Carnus, Carneates, Carnium, Carenus, Karlasuwa, Carnias, Karahna, Karna, Cariuntis, Kariuna, Careotis, Karu, Caralitis, Carus, Carnasso, Cares, Carene, Caranum, Caria, Carina, Carura, Caralis, Coralis, Carana, Carnalis, Carinum, Carnus, Carium, Carnium, Carnus Carnuntus / Carnusii, Chariuntas, Carandra, Carna, Carana, Carine, Cariatae, Caralae, Carura, Carei, Carura, Caricum, Caranis, Caralia, Carustum, Carystus, Carastasei.

This first Palaeo-Indo-European layer also corresponds to:

Several Palaeo-Indo-European varieties that have ab-, ap-, ub-, up- as a name for «river». To them belong also numerous place names (balsa-, siko-, wol-, etc.) that act as first members composed in both monoglotic and hybrid syntagmas.

Palaeo-Indo-European varieties in which ur- is the name “river”.

2. The second stratum in decreasing order of antiquity is formed by the language of the place name igi “city”, although its presence is only verified with certainty in Iberia (especially in the south) and Northern Africa:

   a) It sets the igi name in compounds with Palaeo-Indo-European toponyms as in Salt-, Ast-, Olont-, Cant-, Aur- (Hispania) and Sagigi, Sicingi (Northern Africa).

   b) It works as the first place-name of the compound when the second is il: Igilium, Igilgili, Singili.

3. The third stratum is the language of the name il “city”:

   a) It puts the nickname il as determined in hybrid syntagms with Palaeo-Indo-European determinants: Mid-ili, Sil-ili, Tib-ili.

   b) It puts the nickname il as determined in hybrid syntagms with determinant toponyms igi: Igilium, Igilgili, Singili.

   c) It puts the place names (determinants) in front of the name (determined) of the language -ip (Il-ipa, Il-ipula and Il-ipla).

4. Fourth is the language of the name ip- “city”, which puts the name (determined) in syntagms with:

   a) Palaeo-Indo-European toponym (determinant): Lac-ipo, Ost-ipo, Vent-ipo.

   b) Toponym (determinant) il: Ilipa.

   c) Second generation hybrid toponym of Palaeo-Indo-European + il: Balsilippa.

   d) In the Balsilippa and Sicilippa conglomerates, the three strata appear in the expected sequence: Palaeo-Indo-European + il + ip.

5. In the fifth place of the sequence is the language of the tuk-:

   a) It puts the name tuk- in compounds in which the place-name is a Palaeo-Indo-European element: Acatucci (see Aduatuci in Germania).

   b) It puts the name tuk- “height, top” in compounds in which the place-name is an ip- fossilized as place-names: Iptuci, etc.

   c) On at least one occasion an ip-fossilized syntagm acts as a toponym opposite a Celtic name: Itucodon (<Iptuco-dunum).

NOTE. Even though Villar talks about this stratum -tuk in Germania (Aduatukus) and the British Isles (Itucodon), only one case is found in each territory.

6. The last place is occupied by Celtic:

   a) In Itucodon it puts the name (dunum) in front of a complex toponym of two previous strata, ip- + tuk-; and in Iliodurus it gives the name duro- in front of an equally complex Ibliodurus (<Ibili + duro).

   b) In bilbiliz it puts the casual morpheme in a fossilized bi-member toponym of a previous stratum, one of whose components is il-: Bilbil-iz.

[First column modified to include relative instead of absolute chronology]

A hard change of paradigm

More effort did it cost me to accept that ub- is a dialectal variant of a known Indo-European word for “water, river”, of which previously knew three others: ap-, ab-, up-. The obviousness of the phonetic correlation ap- / ab- // up- / ub- together with the semantic link with rivers, which can be verified above all outside of Spain, but is also present in our Peninsula, forced my resistance little by little. And with it fell the first trench of the dogma, unshakable until that moment, that everything in the Peninsula in the south was to be non-Indo-European.

Along with this serial component, many other isolated place names were revealed as very likely of Indo-European etymology, both in the “Iberian” East and in the “Tartessian” South. So the ubiquity of Indo-European throughout the Peninsula began to impose itself to me painfully. I say painfully because I lacked a paradigm in which to fit the new perspective that was making its way into my mind, which was therefore suspended in nothing, without any theoretical support, leaving me with a feeling that I was losing my footing. And for a time I was reluctant to accept the profound implications that all of this had entailed.

All il languages, in any of their locations, exhibit a compositional behavior in hybrid toponymic syntagms that place them all in an intermediate position between the clearly [first/second layer] strata, with place-names for their human settlements semantically derived from water realities (ur), and those clearly attributable to the [fifth layer] with appellations derived from settlements in heights (briga, dunum). But in that intermediate segment of the column there are three strata: 1) il, 2) ip-, 3) tuk-. In Andalusia there is an additional one: the igi stratum, of opaque semantics, which immediately precedes the il stratum.

Hydronyms in -or-, -ur-.

To postulate that any of the toponymic strata of our column imply a new linguistic stratum, certain additional requirements will be necessary. One of them is that, in addition to the name in question, the languages involved should share other features that could not have been lent, such as the very precise order of elements in the compounds Toponym + Name coexisting with Name + Adjective. Or the sharing of additional lexical elements that are not usually subject to loans, such as the semantically basic adjectives beri «new» and bels «black».

Unfortunately, the toponymic method, like the Comparative Method itself, does not have the capacity to establish precise absolute chronologies. (…)

Linguistic chronology

Old European hydrotoponymy. Baltic data compensated. Statistical method Kriging.

In Europe (Hispania, South of France, Germania, British Isles, Baltic) the oldest stratum that can be identified is an indeterminable number of palaeo-varieties of the Indo-European macro-family, which do not have a direct local relationship with historical Indo-European languages, to the extent that we can verify. In fact, we have seen that stratigraphic signs lead us to consider the main Indo-European pre-Roman language of Hispania, the Celtic language, as a stratum after the il language, which in turn is later than the peninsular Indo-European palaeo-varieties.

In North Africa there is also a Palaeo-Indo-European stratum present. But there is also a very old non-Indo-European stratum whose identity I can not define through the material used. Nor has it been possible for me to establish relative antiquity of one and the other on African soil.

Another of the languages involved, which has il- as an appellation for “city” in the Southwest of Hispania and North Africa, could have some kind of kinship relationship with Basque on the one hand and the Iberian language on the other, but the same indirect form that I have just pointed out for the Indo-European palaeo-varieties with respect to the historical Indo-European languages. Or in other words: the language(s) of the place-names referred to in this work would be palaeo-varieties of a linguistic family to which two known historical languages, Iberian and Basque, may have belonged, although we can’t establish a relation of direct affiliation neither between those two historical languages among themselves, nor between any of them and the palaeo-varieties of the prehistoric toponymy.

[First column modified to include relative instead of absolute chronology]

In general, Celtic does not have in its historical territories the onomastic behavior of an ancestral language, but that of an intrusive language, whose presence there is not only more recent than other Indo-European varieties, but also after that of various non-Indo-European strata, which are themselves ranked between the oldest detected (Palaeo-Indo-European) and the last of Pre-Romans, which is Celtic itself. If we only detected two strata, the Indo-European and the Celtic ones, we could discuss if it is possible that both are one and the same, so that what we define as “Celtic” is nothing other than the modern in situ evolution of Palaeo-Indo-European. But examples like those of kiŕśiltiŕ, kerso-ialos, Cirsa or Itucodon, among many others analyzed throughout this book, make it unlikely. And, in addition, the mediation of several strata in the column between the Palaeo-Indo-European language of Cirsa, as well as the greater antiquity of the ip- and tuk- languages in Spanish, Gallic and British territory, defines the latter as a new and more recent layer than the aforementioned, which burst into its historical sites during the Iron Age.

Because Archaeology continues to deny the existence of population movements of a size worthy of consideration in the Iron Age, it is necessary to accept that the Indo-European Problem remains intact. It is understandable that before this aporia, many minds who are uncomfortable living with doubts, prefer to adopt a creed (the traditional, the Neolithic or the continuist) and expose it as a certainty to their students in the classrooms or their colleagues in conferences and publications. It’s not my case. For me, with Voltaire, “le doute est désagréable, mais la certitude est ridicule”. Or with Manzoni: “E men male l’agitarsi nel dubbio, che riposar nell’errore”.

Continue reading on European hydrotoponymy (II): Basques, Iberians, and Etruscans after Old Europeans.

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