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Bruce Donald

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Bruce Randall Donald (born 1958) is an American computer scientist and computational biologist. He is the James B. Duke Professor of Computer Science and Biochemistry at Duke University. He has made numerous contributions to several fields in Computer Science such as robotics, Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS), Geometric & physical algorithms and computational geometry; as well as in areas of Structural Molecular Biology & Biochemistry such as Protein design, Protein Structure Determination and Computational Chemistry.

Donald received a B.A. summa cum laude in Russian Language from Yale University in 1980. After working at the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis in the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, he then attended MIT EECS, where he received his S.M. in EECS (1984) and Ph.D. in Computer Science (1987) under the supervision of professor Tomás Lozano-Pérez in the MIT AI Lab (Artificial Intelligence Laboratory).[1] He joined the Cornell University Department of Computer Science as an assistant professor in 1987.

At Cornell, he received tenure in 1993, and served as associate professor of computer science at Cornell University until 1998. After moving to Dartmouth, Donald was the Joan P. and Edward J. Foley Jr 1933 Professor of Computer Science, Dartmouth College until 2006 when he moved to Duke University. Currently Donald is the James B. Duke Professor of Computer Science and Biochemistry, in the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences at Duke University and in the School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center. Donald was appointed William and Sue Gross Professor from 2006 to 2012, and was named James B. Duke Professor in 2012.[2]

He is a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and a fellow of the IEEE. Previously, he was a Guggenheim Fellow (2001–2002) and received a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award (1989–1994).

Donald’s early research was in the field of robotic motion planning and distributed manipulation.[3] Later he has made numerous contributions to MEMS and Micro-robotics, and designed MEMS micro-robots with dimensions of 60 µm by 250 µm by 10 µm.[4]

Recently, he has conducted research in the areas of Structural Molecular Biology; chiefly, Protein Design and Protein Structure Determination from NMR data. He has developed numerous algorithms for protein design which have been successfully tested experimentally in the wet lab.[5] The protein design algorithms attempt to incorporate additional molecular flexibility into the design process by using ensembles and continuously flexible rotamers and backbones. Donald has also developed algorithms for determining the structures of biomedically significant proteins. For example, his subgroup algorithm CRANS (Acta Crystallogr. D 2004; J. Biol. Chem. 2003), which identifies cross-rotation peaks consistent with non-crystallographic symmetry, was used in the structure determination of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) from Cryptosporidium hominis, an important advancement in Cryptosporidium biology. He has designed many algorithms and computational protocols to extract structural information from NMR data, and used that information to compute structures of globular proteins and symmetric homo-oligomers. A distinct feature of his algorithms is that they use less data, and provide complexity-theoretic guarantees on time and space (See, e.g., B. R. Donald and J. Martin. "Automated NMR Assignment and Protein Structure Determination using Sparse Dipolar Coupling Constraints." Progress in NMR Spectroscopy 2009; 55(2):101-127). Donald is the author of Algorithms in Structural Molecular Biology[1], a textbook published by MIT Press (2011).

Donald has supervised many students and postdocs, many of whom are now professors in reputed universities such as MIT, Carnegie-Mellon University, University of Washington, Seattle, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Dartmouth College, Middlebury College and University of Toronto; and some are researchers in prestigious research organizations viz. NIAID, NIST, IBM, Sandia National Laboratories.[6]

See also[edit]

Donald is the author of over 100 publications. A representative selection:

External links[edit]

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Elizabeth Falkner

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Elizabeth Falkner
Elizabeth Falkner and Scharffen Berger (3964120058).jpg
Elizabeth Falkner (middle) and Scharffen Berger
Born February 12, 1966
San Francisco
Education San Francisco Art Institute
Website www.elizabethfalkner.com
Culinary career
Cooking style Pioneering American, Italian, Mediterranean, breads, Neapolitan Pizza, Pastries, Cakes, and California

Elizabeth Falkner (born in San Francisco) is a consulting chef working and living in New York who has been cooking since 1990. She frequently appears as a competitor and sometimes a judge on many of the cooking competitions on television from "The Next Iron Chef, Super Chefs", 2011 and "The Next Iron Chef, Redemption", 2012, (both Food Network), as well as "Chopped All Stars", (Food Network), "Top Chef Masters", "Top Chef", "Top Chef: Just Desserts", (Bravo), "Top Chef, Canada", "Food Network Challenge", (Food Network) on. Falkner was the executive/chef/pastry chef and managing partner of Citizen Cake for 14 years, and executive chef and co-owner/co-managing partner of Orson for 4 years, restaurants located in San Francisco, California, U.S.. Both establishments closed in 2011.[1] In 2012 Falkner won First Prize at the World Pizza Championships in Naples, Italy with her innovative "Finocchio Flower Power" pizza. Falkner relocated to Brooklyn, NY in 2012 and was employed at Krescendo for seven months.

Falkner graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1989 with a BFA in fine arts. She began her cooking career in 1990 as the chef at a French Bistro, Cafe Claude, before moving into French fine dining at Masa's with Chef Julian Serrano. In 1993, Falkner became the pastry chef at Elka in the Miyako Hotel, and in 1994 Falkner was the pastry chef under Chef Traci Des Jardins at Drew Nieporent's Rubicon.

In 1997, Falkner opened Citizen Cake at its first location in the South of Market district of San Francisco. It remained there until 2000 when she moved the restaurant to 399 Grove Street, in the Hayes Valley district. In 2001 to 2002, Falkner taught professional pastry courses in Japan; and, in 2002 to 2003, she was the chef on a team doing research for American/European pastries for Barilla in Parma, Italy.

In 2006, Falkner appeared as a guest judge on Top Chef, a reality show on the Bravo network. In 2005, Falkner competed on Iron Chef America, Tyler's Ultimate, $40 a Day, Sugar Rush, Best Of, Bay Cafe, Top Chef-Pastry and others. She has cooked at the James Beard House in New York City, the Masters of Food and Wine in Carmel, CA, and the Chef's Holiday at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. In 2010, Falkner relocated Citizen Cake to 2125 Fillmore Street.

In 2011, Falkner closed both of her San Francisco establishments, Citizen Cake and Orson,[2] and moved to New York, where she opened two short-lived Italian restaurants, Krescendo in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, and Corvo Bianco on the Upper West Side, [3] leaving each after seven months.[4][5]

Falkner identifies as lesbian .[6][7]

Citizen Cake, and Falkner in particular, are known for original and creative cake designs. As Star Chefs describes her cakes:

Three-dimensional cakes, off-center cakes, cakes with sugar shards jutting from them, a caramelized sugar teeter-totter balancing equal rounds of fruit sorbet and crème fraîche. Cakes shaped like the Guggenheim Museum. Avant-garde pastry. Dessert artist Elizabeth Falkner takes these artistically inspired visions them into culinary delights. "It is not my tendency to make anything round," she says, and her cakes are anything but. Topped with her signature explosion of sugar spirals, pulled sugar ribbons and fruit tuiles, Elizabeth Falkner’s dessert creations have become the talk of the pastry world. [1]

She was commissioned to make a birthday cake for Muhammad Ali in February, 2012. She has made cakes for several celebrities and for the California Museum of Art, as well as a cake for Sharon Stone's birthday. She often makes cakes that seem to defy gravity and uses unique ingredients such as pepper, anise, passion fruit, pears, and kumquats. Her desserts have equally unique names such as "A Chocolate Work Orange," "Get Ready Cake," "After Midnight Chocolate Cake," "Bleeding Heart," and "Tropical Shag."

Falkner is also known for her sugar art. From Star Chefs:

She uses an ultrafine baker’s sugar to create her signature pulled sugar ribbons, roses, cages, spirals and tuiles. Stalactites of sugar, teetering sugar shards, sweet hard and soft meringues. Glistening, colorful--they make you stop and look and gaze with awe before taking that first bite. [2]

  • Elizabeth Falkner's Demolition Desserts: Recipes from Citizen Cake (2007) Ten Speed Press, photography by Frankie Frankeny
  • Cooking Off the Clock: Recipes from My Downtime (2012) Ten Speed Press, photography by Frankie Frankeny

  1. ^ "Elizabeth Falkner Leaving for New York". SFGate. June 3, 2012.
  2. ^ "Citizen Cake to Close at the End of the Month". SFGate. December 8, 2011.
  3. ^ "Chef Elizabeth Falkner, from Citizen Cake to Krescendo to Corvo Bianco", Serious Eats, Jacqueline Raposo, Aug 13, 2013
  4. ^ "Elizabeth Falkner OUT at Krescendo in Boerum Hill", Eater, Greg Morabito May 2, 2013
  5. ^ "Runaway Chef Elizabeth Falkner OUT at Corvo Bianco", Eater, Greg Morabito Feb 11, 2014
  6. ^ Ask AfterEllen.com (March 24, 2009) | AfterEllen.com. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  7. ^ Jan/Feb 2005 | The World's Great Gay Chefs | Features | OutTraveler.com. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  8. ^ Culinary Hall of Fame Induction

External links[edit]


text:
Eochaid mac Eirc

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other characters of the same name, see Eochaid.

In Irish mythology Eochaid (modern spelling: Eochaidh), son of Erc, son of Rinnal, of the Fir Bolg became High King of Ireland when he overthrew Fodbgen. He was the first king to establish a system of justice in Ireland. No rain fell during his reign, only dew, and there was a harvest every year.

His wife was the Goddess Tailtiu. Eochaid named his capital after her (modern Teltown, County Meath) and held a festival there every August. He ruled for ten years, until the Fir Bolg were defeated by the Tuatha Dé Danann in the first Battle of Magh Tuiredh. During the fighting Eochaid was overcome by thirst, but the druids of the Tuatha Dé hid all sources of water from him with their magic. As he searched for water, he was found and killed by The Morrigan on the strand at Beltra Co. Sligo.

Preceded by
High King of Ireland
AFM 1907–1897 BC
FFE 1487–1477 BC
Succeeded by


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Equal-time rule

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This article is about a rule applicable to U.S. broadcast licensees with respect to political candidates. For rules on matters of public controversy, see Fairness Doctrine. For the former cable-news show, see Equal Time (TV program).

The equal-time rule specifies that U.S. radio and television broadcast stations must provide an equivalent opportunity to any opposing political candidates who request it. This means, for example, that if a station gives a given amount of time to a candidate in prime time, it must do the same for another candidate who requests it, at the same price if applicable.[1] The equal-time rule was created because the FCC thought the stations could easily manipulate the outcome of elections by presenting just one point of view, and excluding other candidates. It should not be confused with the now-defunct Fairness Doctrine, which dealt with presenting balanced points of view on matters of public importance.

There are four exceptions to the equal-time rule. If the airing was within a documentary, bona fide news interview, scheduled newscast or an on-the-spot news event, the equal-time rule does not apply. Since 1983, political debates not hosted by the media station are considered "news events," and as a result, are not subject to the rule. Consequently, these debates may include only major-party candidates without having to offer air time to minor-party or independent candidates. Talk shows and other regular news programming from syndicators, such as Entertainment Tonight, are also declared exempt from the rule by the FCC on a case-by-case basis.[2]

The equal-time rule was temporarily suspended by Congress in 1960 in order to permit the Kennedy-Nixon debates to take place.[3]

This rule originated in §18 of the Radio Act of 1927; it was later superseded by the Communications Act of 1934. A related provision, in §315(b), requires that broadcasters offer time to candidates at the same rate as their "most favored advertiser".

  1. ^ Miller, Philip (Feb 11, 2013). Media Law for Producers. CRC Press. p. 340. ISBN 9781136046025. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  2. ^ Gardner, Eriq (2 December 2011). "Anderson Cooper's Talk Show Is a News Program, FCC Rules; The government regulators have determined talk show qualifies as news and is thus exempt from obligations to giving political candidates equal air time.". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  3. ^ Pietrusza D. 1960:LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon. Union Square Press 2008

External links[edit]


text:
Garden leave

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the horticultural therapy charity, see Gardening Leave (charity).

Garden leave or gardening leave describes the practice where an employee leaving a job – having resigned or otherwise had their employment terminated – is instructed to stay away from work during the notice period, while still remaining on the payroll.[1] This practice is often used to prevent employees from taking with them up-to-date (and perhaps sensitive) information when they leave their current employer, especially when they are leaving to join a competitor. The term is in common use in banking and other financial employment in Britain, Australia and New Zealand.

The term originated in the British Civil Service where employees had the right to request special leave for exceptional purposes. "Gardening leave" became a euphemism for "suspended" as an employee who was formally suspended pending an investigation into their conduct would often request to be out of the office on special leave instead. The term came to widespread public attention in 1986 when it was used in the BBC sitcom Yes, Prime Minister episode "One Of Us".

Employees continue to receive their normal pay during garden leave and must adhere to their conditions of employment, such as confidentiality, at least until their notice period expires.[2]

The term can also refer to the case of an employee sent home pending disciplinary proceedings, when they are between projects, or when, as a result of publicity, their presence at work is considered counter-productive.

Employees have to remain in the country incase they are needed in the office with 24 hours notice.

See also[edit]

  1. ^ "Handing in your notice", 8 November 2013. Accessed 16 January 2014
  2. ^ This is at least the position in the UK. "Notice and notice pay". Directgov. Retrieved 2006-11-19.


text:
Henry Morton Stanley

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Sir Henry Morton Stanley
Henry M Stanley 1872.jpg
Stanley in 1872
Born John Rowlands
(1841-01-28)28 January 1841
Denbigh, Wales, UK
Died 10 May 1904(1904-05-10) (aged 63)
London, England, UK
Awards Vega Medal (1883)
Appletons' Stanley Henry Morton signature.png
Henry Morton Stanley, 1890

Sir Henry Morton Stanley GCB (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a Welsh journalist and explorer who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone. Upon finding Livingstone, Stanley reportedly asked, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley is also known for his search for the source of the Nile, his work in and development of the Congo Basin region in association with King Leopold II of the Belgians, and commanding the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. He was knighted in 1899.

Early life[edit]

Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales. His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth. She abandoned him as a very young baby and cut off all communication. Stanley never knew his father, who died within a few weeks of his birth.[1] There is some doubt as to his true parentage.[2] As his parents were unmarried, his birth certificate describes him as a bastard, and the stigma of illegitimacy weighed heavily upon him all his life.[3]:17–19, 356

The boy John was given his father's surname of Rowlands and brought up by his maternal grandfather Moses Parry, a once-prosperous butcher who was living in reduced circumstances. He cared for the boy until he died, when John was five. Rowlands stayed with families of cousins and nieces for a short time, but he was eventually sent to the St. Asaph Union Workhouse for the Poor. The overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in his being frequently abused by older boys. Historian Robert Aldrich has alleged that the headmaster of the workhouse raped or sexually assaulted Rowlands.[4] When Rowlands was ten, his mother and two half-siblings stayed for a short while in this workhouse, but he did not recognize them until the headmaster told him who they were.[5]

New country, new name[edit]

Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18. He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader. He saw Stanley sitting on a chair outside his store and asked him if he had any job openings. He did so in the British style: "Do you need a boy, sir?" The childless man had indeed been wishing he had a son, and the inquiry led to a job and a close relationship between them.[6] Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name. Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.[7] This and other discrepancies led John Bierman to argue that no adoption took place.[8] Tim Jeal goes further, and, in Chapter Two of his biography, subjects Stanley's account in his posthumously published Autobiography to detailed analysis. Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his 'adoptive' family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands's true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.[9]

Stanley reluctantly joined[10]:50 in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate Army's 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment[11] and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862.[12] After being taken prisoner at Shiloh, he was recruited at Camp Douglas, Illinois by its commander Colonel James A. Mulligan as a "Galvanized Yankee." He joined the Union Army on 4 June 1862 but was discharged 18 days later because of severe illness.[10]:61 After recovering, he served on several merchant ships before joining the US Navy in July 1864. He became a record keeper on board the USS Minnesota, which led him into freelance journalism. Stanley and a junior colleague jumped ship on 10 February 1865 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in search of greater adventures.[10]:63–65 Stanley was possibly the only man to serve in the Confederate Army, the Union Army, and the Union Navy.[13]

Stanley's graffiti at Persepolis, Iran

Following the Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the American West. He then organised an expedition to the Ottoman Empire that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned. He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment.[10]:71–73 In 1867 Stanley offered his services to James Gordon Bennett Jr. of the New York Herald as a special correspondent with the British expeditionary force sent against Tewodros II of Ethiopia, and Stanley was the first to report the fall of Magdala in 1868. An assignment to report on the Spanish Civil War followed, and in 1869 he received instructions to undertake a roving commission in the Middle East, which was to include the relief of Dr. David Livingstone, of whom little had been heard since his departure for Africa in 1866 to search for the source of the Nile.[14]

Finding Livingstone[edit]

"Dr. Livingstone, I presume?", an illustration from Stanley's 1872 book How I Found Livingstone

Stanley travelled to Zanzibar in March 1871, later claiming that he outfitted an expedition with 192 porters.[15]:68 In his first dispatch to the New York Herald, however, he stated that his expedition numbered only 111. This was in line with figures in his diaries.[16]:13 Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald and funder of the expedition, had delayed sending to Stanley the money he had promised, so Stanley borrowed money from the United States Consul.[3]:93–94

During the 700-mile (1,100 km) expedition through the tropical forest, his thoroughbred stallion died within a few days after a bite from a tsetse fly, many of his porters deserted, and the rest were decimated by tropical diseases.

1872 Carte de visite – Stanley and Kalulu.

Stanley found Livingstone on 10 November 1871 in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika in present-day Tanzania. He may have greeted him with the now-famous line, "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" It may also have been a fabrication, as Stanley tore out of his diary the pages relating to the encounter. Neither man mentioned it in any of the letters they wrote at this time.[3] Livingstone's account of the encounter does not mention these words. The phrase is first quoted in a summary of Stanley's letters published by The New York Times on 2 July 1872.[17] Stanley biographer Tim Jeal argued that the explorer invented it afterwards to help raise his standing because of "insecurity about his background".[3]:117

The Herald's own first account of the meeting, published 1[18] July 1872, reports:

Preserving a calmness of exterior before the Arabs which was hard to simulate as he reached the group, Mr. Stanley said: – "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" A smile lit up the features of the pale white man as he answered: "Yes, and I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you."[19]

Stanley joined Livingstone in exploring the region, finding that there was no connection between Lake Tanganyika and the Nile. On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa.[15]

Mapping the central African Lakes and navigating the Congo River[edit]

Henry M Stanley with the officers of the Advance Column, Cairo, 1890. From the left: Dr. Thomas Heazle Parke, Robert H. Nelson, Henry M. Stanley, William G. Stairs, and Arthur J. M. Jephson

In 1874, the New York Herald and Britain's Daily Telegraph financed Stanley on another expedition to Africa. His objective was nothing less than to complete the exploration and mapping of the central African lakes and rivers, in the process circumnavigating Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika and locating the source of the Nile. Between 1875 and 1876 Stanley succeeded in the first part of his objective, establishing that Lake Victoria had only a single outlet - the one located by John Hanning Speke on 21 July 1862. If this was not the Nile's source, then the massive northward flowing river called by Livingstone, the Lualaba, and mapped by him in its upper reaches, might flow on north to connect with the Nile via Lake Albert and thus be the primary source.[20]

It was therefore essential that Stanley should trace the course of the Lualaba downstream (northward) from Nyangwe, the point where Livingstone had left it in July 1871.[21] Between November 1876 and August 1877, Stanley and his men navigated the Lualaba up to and beyond the point where it turned sharply westward, away from the Nile, identifying itself as the Congo River.[22] Having succeeded with this second objective, they then traced the river to the sea. During this expedition, Stanley used sectional boats and dug-out canoes to pass the large cataracts that separated the Congo into distinct tracts. These boats were transported around the rapids before being rebuilt to travel on the next section of river. In passing the rapids many of his men were drowned, including his last white colleague, Frank Pocock.[23] Stanley and his men reached the Portuguese outpost of Boma, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the mouth of the Congo River on the Atlantic Ocean, after 999 days on 9 August 1877. Muster lists and Stanley's diary (12 November 1874) show that he started with 228 people[3]:163, 511 note 21 and reached Boma with 114 survivors, with he being the only European left alive out of four. In Stanley's Through the Dark Continent (1878) (in which he coined the term "Dark Continent" for Africa), Stanley said that his expedition had numbered 356,[24][25]:65 the exaggeration detracting from his achievement.

Stanley attributed his success to his leading African porters, saying that his success was "all due to the pluck and intrinsic goodness of 20 men ... take the 20 out and I could not have proceeded beyond a few days journey".[26] Professor James Newman has written that "establishing the connection between the Lualaba and Congo Rivers and locating the source of the Victoria Nile" justified him (Newman) in stating that: "In terms of exploration and discovery as defined in nineteenth century Europe, he (Stanley) clearly stands at the top." [27]

Claiming the Congo for the Belgian king[edit]

Henry M. Stanley in 1884

Stanley was approached by King Leopold II of Belgium, the ambitious Belgian monarch who had organized a private holding company in 1876 disguised as an international scientific and philanthropic association, which he called the International African Association. The king spoke of his intention to introduce western civilization and bring religion to that part of Africa, but did not mention the fact that he wanted to claim the lands. At the end of his life, the king was embittered by the growing perception that his establishment of a Congo Free State was mitigated by its unscrupulous government.

Henry Stanley and party standing on the back of an observation car at Monterey, California, 19 March 1891

Emin Pasha Relief Expedition[edit]

In 1886, Stanley led the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition to "rescue" Emin Pasha, the governor of Equatoria in the southern Sudan. King Leopold II demanded that Stanley take the longer route via the Congo River, hoping to acquire more territory and perhaps even Equatoria [28] After immense hardships and great loss of life, Stanley met Emin in 1888, charted the Ruwenzori Range and Lake Edward, and emerged from the interior with Emin and his surviving followers at the end of 1890.[29] But this expedition tarnished Stanley's name because of the conduct of the other Europeans — British gentlemen and army officers. Army Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot was shot by a carrier after behaving with extreme cruelty. James Sligo Jameson, heir to Irish whiskey manufacturer Jameson's, bought an 11-year-old girl and offered her to cannibals to document and sketch how she was cooked and eaten. Stanley found out only when Jameson had died of fever.[3]

The spread of sleeping sickness across areas of central and eastern Africa that were previously free of the disease has been attributed to this expedition.[30][31] But this hypothesis has been disputed. Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades.[32][33]

In a number of publications made after the expedition, Stanley asserts that the purpose of the effort was singular; to offer relief to Emin Pasha. For example, he writes the following while explaining the final route decision.

"The advantages of the Congo route were about five hundred miles shorter land journey, and less opportunities for deserting. It also quieted the fears of the French and Germans that, behind this professedly humanitarian quest, we might have annexation projects."[34]

However, Stanley's other writings point to a secondary goal which was precisely territorial annexation. He writes in his book on the expedition, about his meeting with the Sultan of Zanzibar, when he arrived there at the start of the expedition, and a certain matter that was discussed at that meeting. At first, he is not explicit on the agenda but it is clear enough.

"We then entered heartily into our business; how absolutely necessary it was that he should promptly enter into an agreement with the English within the limits assigned by Anglo-German treaty. It would take too long to describe the details of the conversation, but I obtained from him the answer needed."[35]

A few pages further in the same book, Stanley explains what the matter was about and this time, he makes it clear that indeed, it had to do with annexation.

"I have settled several little commissions at Zanzibar satisfactorily. One was to get the Sultan to sign the concessions which Mackinnon tried to obtain a long time ago. As the Germans have magnificent territory east of Zanzibar, it was but fair that England should have some portion for the protection she has accorded to Zanzibar since 1841 .... The concession that we wished to obtain embraced a portion of East African coast, of which Mombasa and Melindi were the principal towns. For eight years, to my knowledge, the matter had been placed before His Highness, but the Sultan's signature was difficult to obtain."[36]

The records at the National Archives at Kew, London, offer an even deeper insight and show that annexation was a purpose he had been aware of for the expedition. This is because there are a number of treaties curated there (and gathered by Stanley himself from what is present day Uganda during the Emin Pasha Expedition), ostensibly gaining British protection for a number of African chiefs. Amongst these were a number that have long been identified as possible frauds.[37] A good example is treaty number 56, supposedly agreed upon between Stanley and the people of “Mazamboni, Katto, and Kalenge”. These people had signed over to Stanley, “the Sovereign Right and Right of Government over our country for ever in consideration of value received and for the protection he has accorded us and our Neighbours against KabbaRega and his Warasura.”[38]

Later years[edit]

On his return to Europe, Stanley married Welsh artist Dorothy Tennant. They adopted a child named Denzil who donated around 300 items to the Stanley archives at the Royal Museum of Central Africa in Tervuren, Belgium in 1954. He died in 1959.[39]

Stanley entered Parliament as a Liberal Unionist member for Lambeth North, serving from 1895 to 1900. He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa.[40]

He died in London on 10 May 1904. At his funeral, he was eulogised by Daniel P. Virmar. His grave is in the churchyard of St. Michael and All Angels Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841–1904, Africa". Bula Matari translates as "Breaker of Rocks" or "Breakstones" in Kongo and was Stanley's name among locals in Congo. It can be translated as a term of endearment for, as the leader of Leopold's expedition, he commonly worked with the labourers breaking rocks with which they built the first modern road along the Congo River.[41] Author Adam Hochschild suggested that Stanley understood it as a heroic epithet,[42]:68 but there is evidence that Nsakala, the man who originally coined it, had meant it humorously.[43][citation needed]

Charges of racism and cruelty[edit]

Stanley has been accused of indiscriminate cruelty against Africans. Some of the modern accusations can be explained away as journalistic exaggerations, although some of his contemporaries also brought the same charges, including men who served under him or had first hand information.

Stanley acknowledged that "[m]any people have called me hard, but they are always those whose presence a field of work could best dispense with, and whose nobility is too nice to be stained with toil."[44]:12

About women, Stanley wrote that they were "toys to while slow time" and "trifling human beings".[45]:69 He had been speaking of society women. When he met the American journalist and traveller May Sheldon, he was attracted because she was a modern woman who insisted on serious conversation and not social chit-chat. 'She soon lets you know that chaff won't do,' he wrote.[46][47] The authors of the book The Congo: Plunder and Resistance argued that Stanley had "a pathological fear of women, an inability to work with talented co-workers, and an obsequious love of the aristocratic rich",[48]:18 Stanley's intimate correspondence in the Royal Museum of Central Africa, however, between him and his two fiancées, Katie Gough Roberts and Alice Pike, and between him and the American journalist May Sheldon, and between him and his wife, Dorothy Tennant, shows that he enjoyed close relationships with these women,[3]:74–5, 78–89, 157–9, 267–69, 300–12, 388–90, 392–95, 404[49]:26, 30–31, 96–7, 216–17, 306 although both Roberts and Pike ultimately rejected him when he refused to abandon his protracted travels.[45]:69 [50] When Stanley married Dorothy, he invited his friend Arthur Mounteney Jephson to visit while they were on their honeymoon. Dr Thomas Parke also came because Stanley was seriously ill at the time. Stanley's good relations with these two colleagues from the Emin Pasha Expedition shows that he could get on with colleagues.[45]:70 [51] If Stanley was a lover of the aristocratic rich, it is strange that his closest male friends were a journalist and a former warehouseman, and that his lecture agent stated that his client disliked grand social occasions and preferred being with old friends.[3]:82[49]:341–2

Having survived for ten years of his childhood in the workhouse at St Asaph, Stanley needed as a young man to be thought of as harder and more formidable than other explorers. This made him exaggerate punishments and hostile encounters. It was a serious error of judgement for which his reputation continues to pay a heavy price.[3]:113, 201–202

Professor Norman R. Bennett of Boston University, who edited the 1970 book Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald, said the following in his introduction to the book: "Stanley remains one of the most controversial of the major European explorers of Africa. His often turbulent career and the internal stresses of his personality help to explain this fact. Nonetheless, there is no apparent reason why, more than three-quarters of a century after his last venture, Stanley should continue to be singled out for his supposed excesses in Africa, while other European explorers, often responsible for far more loss of life than Stanley, receive sympathetic treatment."[16]:xiii For example, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, who was revered in France, had shot Africans in self-defence, but unlike Stanley, never spoke of it. Samuel Baker killed far more Africans than Stanley did and in 1873 was mauled in the press for "cold blooded murder".[52][53]:84, 121 David Livingstone shot dead several African Yao slave traders in 1861 when they attacked the mission at Magomero.[54]:50

General opinion about Africans[edit]

In Through the Dark Continent, Stanley wrote that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision."[25]:216

Yet in How I Found Livingstone, he wrote that he was "prepared to admit any black man possessing the attributes of true manhood, or any good qualities ... to a brotherhood with myself."[15]:10 Stanley also hit Shaw, a racist white colleague on his Livingstone expedition.[citation needed][15]:159–160 Stanley insulted and shouted at William Grant Stairs and Arthur Jephson for mistreating the Wangwana.[3]:331 He also described the history of Boma as "two centuries of pitiless persecution of black men by sordid whites".[3]:240 He also wrote about the superior beauty of black people in comparison with whites.[3]:11[55]

Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples[edit]

In one of his books, Stanley said about mixed African-Arab people: "For the half-castes I have great contempt. They are neither black nor white, neither good nor bad, neither to be admired nor hated. They are all things, at all times.... If I saw a miserable, half-starved negro, I was always sure to be told, he belonged to a half-caste. Cringing and hypocritical, cowardly and debased, treacherous and mean ... this syphilitic, blear-eyed, pallid-skinned, abortion of an Africanized Arab."[15]:6

When Stanley first met a group of his Wangwana assistants, he was surprised that, "They were an exceedingly fine looking body of men, far more intelligent in appearance than I could ever have believed African barbarians could be."[15]:30

These Wangwana of Zanzibar were of mixed Arabian and African ancestry - "Africanized Arabs" in Stanley's words. They became the backbone of all his major expeditions and were referred to as "his dear pets" by sceptical young officers on the Emin Pasha Expedition who resented their leader for favouring the Wangwana above themselves. "All are dear to me," Stanley told William Grant Stairs and Arthur Jephson, "who do their duty and the Zanzibaris have quite satisfied me on this and on previous expeditions."[3]:331 Stanley came to think of an individual Wangwana as "superior in proportion to his wages to ten Europeans."[56]

Alleged cruel treatment of Africans[edit]

Writer Tim Jeal has argued that during Stanley's 1871 expedition, he treated his indigenous porters well under the standards existing then.[57] Three-quarters of his African assistants on his third expedition had enlisted with him on an earlier journey.[3]:239

Richard Francis Burton, however, claimed that "Stanley shoots negroes as if they were monkeys".[42][58][59] Burton wrote this in a letter to General Charles George Gordon, who replied that Stanley's killing in self-defence had been permissible. "These things may be done," he wrote, "but not advertised."[60] On the subject of self-defence, Stanley wrote: "We went into the heart of Africa uninvited, therein lies our fault, but it was not so grave that our lives [when threatened] should be forfeited."[61]

Immediately after one of Stanley's expeditions in 1877, Reverend J. P. Farler met with African porters who had been part of the expedition and wrote, "Stanley's followers give dreadful accounts to their friends of the killing of inoffensive natives, stealing their ivory and goods, selling their captives, and so on. I do think a commission ought to inquire into these charges, because if they are true, it will do untold harm to the great cause of emancipating Africa. ... I cannot understand all the killing that Stanley has found necessary."[62]

In 1877, Augustus Sparhawk, a trader with a United States company on Zanzibar, alleged in writing that John Kirk, who detested Stanley for blackening his character,[3]:135–136 had bribed two of Stanley's assistants, Manwa Sera and Kacheche, to tell missionaries and others that Stanley had behaved brutally in Africa.[24]:245[63]:223

The Baptist missionary Thomas J. Comber wrote differently about Stanley saying that, "by constant daily exercise of his tact and influence over the people ... Stanley has succeeded in planting his station at Stanley Pool without a fight", despite being faced by Africans "who are very fond of fighting and can muster 3000 guns."[64]

Stanley wrote with some measure of satisfaction when describing how Captain John Hanning Speke - the first European to visit Uganda - had punched in the teeth for disobedience Mbarak Bombay (a caravan leader also employed by Stanley), causing Stanley to claim that he would never allow Bombay to have the audacity to stand up for a boxing match with him.[15]:28 In the same paragraph, Stanley described how he several months later administered punishment to the African.[15]:28 Later in life, Stanley rebuked subordinates for inflicting needless corporal punishment. For beating one of his most trusted African's servants, he told Lieutenant Carlos Branconnier 'that cruelty was not permissible', and that he would dismiss him for a future offence, as indeed he did.[65][66]

William Grant Stairs found Stanley during the Emina Pasha expedition to be cruel, secretive, and selfish.[67] This, however, was after Stanley had come across a letter from Stairs to another officer, in which Stairs said that he (Stanley) was spying on his officers and meanly cheating them out of their fair share of food. As a result, the two men fell out.[68] Unknown to Stanley, when he was away searching for Emin Pasha, Stairs and Thomas Heazle Parke had murdered at least a dozen pygmies (including women and children) whom they had caught stealing from the expedition's temporary vegetable garden at Fort Bodo near Lake Albert.[3]:359–360

Stanley was admired by Arthur Jephson, whom William Bonny, the acerbic medical assistant, described as the "most honourable" officer on the expedition.[69] Jephson wrote: "Stanley never fights where there is the smallest chance of making friends with the natives and he is wonderfully patient & long suffering with them."[70]

John Rose Troup in his book about the Emin Pasha expedition said that he saw Stanley's self-serving and vindictive side. "In the forgoing letter he brings forward disgraceful charges, that really do not refer to me at all, although he blames me for what happened. The injustice of his accusations, made as they are without documentary or, as far as I can learn, any evidence, can hardly be made clear to the public, but they must be aware, when they read what has preceded this correspondence, that he has acted as no one in his position should have acted."[71] Stanley had angered Troup and his colleagues in the Rear Column by accusing them of lacking the courage to prevent the deranged Edmund Musgrave Barttelot from committing murders.[72]

Possible inspiration for Heart of Darkness[edit]

The legacy of death and destruction in the Congo region, and the fact that Stanley had worked for King Leopold II of Belgium, is considered by author Sherry Norman to have made him an inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.[73]

Conrad, however, had spent six months of 1890 as a steamship captain on the Congo, years after Stanley had been there (1879-1884) and five years after Stanley had been recalled to Europe and ceased to be King Leopold's chief agent in Africa. By 1890, forced labour was being used to coerce Africans into collecting rubber. But when Stanley had been there, the inner tube for bicycle tyres had not yet been invented and there had been little demand for rubber.[3]:449, 452

Modern media[edit]

Henry Morton Stanley's grave in Pirbright, Surrey

His great-grandson Richard Stanley is a South African filmmaker and directs documentaries.[74]

Stanley and Livingstone, a popular film, was released in 1939 with Spencer Tracy as Stanley and Cedric Hardwicke as Livingstone.

The 1949 comedy film Africa Screams is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington, played by Lou Costello. He is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt.

In 1971, the BBC produced a six-part dramatised documentary series entitled Search for the Nile. Much of the series was shot on location, with Stanley played by Keith Buckley.[75]

Stanley appears as a character in Simon Gray's 1978 play The Rear Column. The play tells the story of the men left behind to wait for Tippu Tib while Stanley went on to relieve Emin Pasha.

A Nintendo Entertainment System game based on his life was released in 1992 called "Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston".[76]

In 1997, the made-for-television film Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone was produced by National Geographic. Stanley was portrayed by Aidan Quinn, and Livingstone was portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne.

In 2004, Welsh journalist Tim Butcher wrote his book "Blood River: A Journey Into Africa's Broken Heart". The book followed Stanley's journey through the Congo.

The 2009 History Channel series Expedition Africa documented a group of explorers attempting to traverse the route of Stanley's expedition in search of Livingstone.

In 2015, Oscar Hijuelos's novel Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise retold the story of Stanley's life through a focus on his friendship with Mark Twain.

Posthumous honours[edit]

A hospital in St. Asaph, northern Wales is named after Stanley in honour of his birth in the area. It was formerly the workhouse in which he spent much of his early life. Memorials to Stanley have been erected in St. Asaph and in Denbigh (a statue of Stanley with an outstretched hand).

Taxa named in honour[edit]

Taxa named in honour of Stanley include:

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Henry Morton Stanley (2011). The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley, G.C.B. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 1108031196. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  2. ^ "Henry Morton Stanley", Dictionary of Welsh Biography
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300126255.
  4. ^ Robert Aldrich (2008). Colonialism and Homosexuality. Routledge. ISBN 1134644590. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  5. ^ Jeal, Tim (2011). Explorers of the Nile: The Triumph and Tragedy of a Great Victorian Adventure. Yale University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780300149357. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  6. ^ "The Making of an American Lion", American Heritage, authored by Timothy Severin, volume 25, number 2, February 1974, accessed 10 April 2016
  7. ^ Edgerton, Robert (2002). The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo. Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 0-312-30486-2.
  8. ^ Bierman, John (1990). Dark Safari: The Life Behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley. pp. 27–8.
  9. ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. pp. 31–41, esp. 34–41.
  10. ^ a b c d Gallop, Alan. (2004) Mr Stanley, I presume – the life and explorations of Henry Morton Stanley, Sutton
  11. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/grant-stanley/
  12. ^ Arnold, James (1998). Shiloh 1862. Osprey Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-85532-606-4.
  13. ^ Brown, Dee (1963). The Galvanized Yankees, University of Illinois Press (Urbana); ISBN 978-0-8032-6075-7, p. 58.
  14. ^ "Sir Henry Morton Stanley". britannica.com. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Stanley, Henry M. (19 February 2002). How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveres in Central Africa. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41953-3.
  16. ^ a b Bennett, Norman Robert (1970). Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald 1871-1872, 1874-1877. Boston University Press.
  17. ^ "THE SEARCH FOR LIVINGSTON: Progress of the Englishman Stanley – Fierce Encounter with Arabs – Arrival at the Coast – The Great Explorer Remains Two Years More in Africa", London, 1 July New York Times, 2 July 1872. Accessed 19 May 2008.
  18. ^ NY Herald July 1, 1872
  19. ^ "David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life". Associated Press. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
  20. ^ Jeal, Tim (2011). Explorers of the Nile. Yale University Press. p. 301.
  21. ^ Waller, Horace ed (1874). The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa vol. 2. p. 141.
  22. ^ Jeal, Tim (2011). Explorers of the Nile. Yale University Press. p. 315.
  23. ^ Stanley, Richard, and Neame, Alan eds. (1961). The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley. William Kimber. pp. 187 ff.
  24. ^ a b Hall, Richard (1975). Stanley: An Adventurer Explored. Houghton Mifflin. p. 33.
  25. ^ a b Stanley, Henry M. (1988). Through the Dark Continent. Courier Corporation. ISBN 0486256677.
  26. ^ Stanley to Edward King 2.10.1877 RMCA
  27. ^ Newman, James (2004). Imperial Footprints. Washington D.C: Brassey's. pp. 335–336.
  28. ^ "In Darkest Africa". Peter Harrington rare books. 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  29. ^ (Turnbull, 1983)
  30. ^ Scott, H. Harold (1939). A History of Tropical Medicine (PDF). London: Edward Arnold & Co. p. 458.
  31. ^ Alastair Compston (2008). "Editorial". Brain. 131 (5): 1163–64. doi:10.1093/brain/awn070. PMID 18450785.
  32. ^ Wilkinson, Lisa; Hardy, Anne (2001). Prevention and Cure: The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: a 20th Century Quest for Global Public Health. London: Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7103-0624-1.
  33. ^ Headrick, Daniel R. (April 2014). "Sleeping Sickness Epidemics and Colonial Responses in East and Central Africa 1900–1940". Public Library of Science: Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (4): e2772. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002772. PMC 3998934free to read. PMID 24763309.
  34. ^ Stanley, Henry (1909). The autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley. Boston: Houghton Miffflin Commpany. p. 355.
  35. ^ Stanley, Henry (1891). In Darkest Africa. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 62.
  36. ^ Stanley, Henry (1891). In Darkest Africa. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 69.
  37. ^ J. M. Gray, 'Early Treaties in Uganda, 1888-1891', The Uganda Journal, The Journal of the Uganda Society, 2:1 (1948), 30
  38. ^ British National Archives, Kew (BNA) FO 2/139 (Treaty number 56, undated).
  39. ^ RMCA (2005) Inventory of the Henry M. Stanley Archives
  40. ^ The Edinburgh Gazette: no. 11101. p. 589. 13 June 1899. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  41. ^ Jeal, Tim
  42. ^ a b Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0547525737.
  43. ^ Stanley's Congo Diaries 1-3 Dec. 1879 RMCA
  44. ^ Glave, E. J. (1892). In Savage Africa; or, Six Years of Adventure in Congo-Land. New York City, New York: R. H. Russell & Son.
  45. ^ a b c Zabus, Chantal (2013). Out in Africa: Same-Sex Desire in Sub-Saharan Literatures & Cultures. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  46. ^ Reddall, Henry E (1890). Henry M. Stanley: A Record. p. 21.
  47. ^ Middleton, Dorothy (1965). Victorian Lady Travellers. pp. Chapter iv.
  48. ^ Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). The Congo: Plunder and Resistance. London: Zed Books. ISBN 1842774859.
  49. ^ a b Newman, James L. (2004). Imperial Footprints: Henry Morton Stanley's African Journeys. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books, Inc.
  50. ^ Alice Pike to Stanley 17 Nov 1877; also Oct 28, 13 Nov and 4 Dec 1874; for Katie Gough Roberts see Jeal 87-88
  51. ^ Jeal, Tim (2007). Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. p. 401.
  52. ^ Middleton, Dorothy (1949). Baker of the Nile. Falcon Press. p. 191.
  53. ^ West, Richard (1972). Brazza of the Congo: European Exploration and Exploitation in French Equatorial Africa. Cape. ISBN 0224006606.
  54. ^ Chadwick, Owen (2009). Mackenzie's Grave. Wipf and Stock Publishers, Inc.
  55. ^ Stanley, Henry M. (1885). The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State. Harper & Brothers. pp. 80, 96.
  56. ^ Stanley to Strauch 20.09.1880 RMCA
  57. ^ John Carey (18 March 2007). "A good man in Africa?". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2007.
  58. ^ Lefort, Rebecca (25 July 2010). "Row over statue of 'cruel' explorer Henry Morton Stanley". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  59. ^ See also Bierman, John. Dark Safari: The Life behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley.
  60. ^ Wilkins, W. H. (1897). Romance of Isabel Lady Burton. 2. p. 661.
  61. ^ H. M. Stanley Congo Diaries 15.10.1880 Royal Museum of Central Africa
  62. ^ Extract from a letter of the Rev. J. P. Farler, Magila, Zanzibar, 28 December 1877. FO 84/1527
  63. ^ Bierman, John (1990). Dark Safari: The Life behind the Legend of Henry Morton Stanley. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-58342-6.
  64. ^ Letter from T. J. Comber to Mission Secretary Baynes 4.07.1882, Angus Library and Archive, Regent's Park College, Oxford.
  65. ^ Stanley's Congo Diaries 16 March, 6 July 1881 RMCA
  66. ^ Jeal, Tim. Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer. 269: Yale University Press.
  67. ^ MacLaren, Roy D. (1998). African Exploits: The Diaries of William Stairs, 1887-1892. McGill-Queen's Press. p. i.
  68. ^ Letter from Stairs to Barttelot copied into Stanley's Diary 12.06.1888 RMCA
  69. ^ William Bonny Diary 29.09.1888 RMCA
  70. ^ Middleton ed., Dorothy (1969). The Diary of A. J. Mountney Jephson. Cambridge University Press. p. 386.
  71. ^ Troup, John Rose (1890). With Stanley's Rear Column. Chapman and Hall, Limited. p. 302.
  72. ^ Stanley Diary October 1890, RMCA
  73. ^ Sherry, Norman (1980). Conrad's Western World. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. ISBN 0-521-29808-3.
  74. ^ Richard Stanley (I) at the Internet Movie Database
  75. ^ "The Search for the Nile: Find Livingstone". Film & TV Database. British Film Institute. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  76. ^ Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston
  77. ^ Smith E. A. (1877). "On the shells of Lake Nyasa, and on a few marine species from Mozambique". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1877: 712–722. Page 717, Plate 75, figures 21–22.
  78. ^ (French) Bourguignat J. R. (1885). Notice prodromique sur les mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par M. Victor Giraud dans la region méridionale du lac Tanganika. page 11, 86–87.

Further reading[edit]

  • Dugard, Martin: Into Africa: The Epic Adventures of Stanley and Livingstone, 2003. ISBN 0-385-50451-9
  • Hall, Richard. (1974) Stanley. An Adventurer Explored, London.
  • Hughes, Nathaniel, Jr. Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Confederate ISBN 0-8071-2587-3 reprint with introduction copyright 2000, from original, The Autobiography of Sir Henry Morton Stanley (1909)
  • Liebowitz, Daniel; Pearson, Charles: The Last Expedition: Stanley's Mad Journey Through the Congo, 2005. ISBN 0-393-05903-0
  • Pakenham, Thomas: The Scramble for Africa. Abacus History, 1991. ISBN 0-349-10449-2
  • Petringa, Maria: Brazza, A Life for Africa, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
  • The British Medical Journal 1870–1871 editions have numerous reports of Stanley's progress in trying to track David Livingston.
  • Simpson, J. 2007. Not Quite World's End A Traveller's Tales. pp. 291–293; 294–296. Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-43560-4
  • Anonymous (1873). Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day. Illustrated by Frederick Waddy. London: Tinsley Brothers. pp. 124–5. Retrieved 13 March 2011.

External links[edit]

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Francis Moses Coldwells
Member of Parliament for Lambeth North
Succeeded by
Frederick William Horner


text:
Lembert Dome

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lembert Dome
Lembert dome.JPG
Lembert Dome from Tuolumne Meadows
Highest point
Elevation 9,455 ft (2,882 m)  NAVD 88[1]
Prominence 290 ft (88 m) [1]
Coordinates 37°52′55″N 119°20′49″W / 37.8818697°N 119.3468226°W / 37.8818697; -119.3468226Coordinates: 37°52′55″N 119°20′49″W / 37.8818697°N 119.3468226°W / 37.8818697; -119.3468226[2]
Lembert Dome is located in California
Lembert Dome
Lembert Dome
Lembert Dome is located in the US
Lembert Dome
Lembert Dome
Tuolumne County, California, U.S.
Parent range Sierra Nevada
Topo map USGS Tioga Pass
Age of rock Cretaceous
Mountain type Granite dome
Easiest route Hike, class 1[3]

Lembert Dome is a granite dome rock formation in Yosemite National Park in the US state of California. The dome soars 800 feet (240 m) above Tuolumne Meadows and the Tuolumne River and can be hiked starting at the Tioga Road in the heart of Tuolumne Meadows, 8 miles (13 km) west of the Tioga Pass Entrance to Yosemite National Park.

Lembert Dome was named for Jean Baptiste Lembert, sometimes mistakenly referred to as John Lambert, who took up a homestead in a section of Tuolumne Meadows in 1865.[2][4][5] By 1879 the Wheeler Survey referred to it as Soda Springs Dome. John Muir called it Glacier Rock.[6]

Rock climbers can scale the face from the parking lot just off the Tioga Road, but hikers can simply walk up the back side or take the challenging steeper trek up the face starting from just east of the parking lot. Many technical free climbing routes have been put up.[3]

View from top of Lembert Dome, Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, California. Unicorn peak and Cathedral peak in background.

  1. ^ a b "Lembert Dome, California". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  2. ^ a b "Lembert Dome". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  3. ^ a b Roper, Steve (1976). The Climber's Guide to the High Sierra. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 181–184. ISBN 9780871561473.
  4. ^ Colby, William E. "Yosemite Nature Notes, September 1949" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-24.
  5. ^ Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). Place Names of the High Sierra. San Francisco: Sierra Club. p. 55. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  6. ^ Browning, Peter (1986). Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 126. ISBN 0899971199.

External links[edit]


text:
Marva Collins

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Marva Collins
Marva Collins
Collins c. 1982.
Born Marva Delores Knight
(1936-08-31)August 31, 1936
Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.
Died June 28, 2015(2015-06-28) (aged 78)
Beaufort County, South Carolina, U.S.
Nationality American
Other names Marva Nettles
Education Clark Atlanta University
Occupation Educator
Years active 1957–2008
Known for Creating Westside Preparatory School in Chicago's Garfield Park neighborhood in 1975.
Spouse(s) Clarence Collins (m. 1960–2015)
Children 3

Marva Delores Collins (née Knight; August 31, 1936 – June 24, 2015) was an American educator who started Westside Preparatory School in the impoverished Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago in 1975.[1][2]

Early life[edit]

Collins was born in Monroeville, Alabama, to father, Henry Collins, a businessman who owned a funeral home and worked with cattle, and to mother, Bessie Collins (née Nettles). She grew up in Atmore, Alabama, a small town near Mobile, Alabama, during the time of segregation in the American South.[2] When she was young, Collins went to a strict elementary school in a one-room schoolhouse in Atmore, Alabama, an experience which influenced her later in life.[3] She graduated from Clark College (now known as Clark Atlanta University) in Atlanta, Georgia.[1]

Collins taught school for two years in Alabama, then moved to Chicago in 1959, where she taught as a full–time substitute teacher in inner–city Chicago Public Schools system for fourteen years.[4]

Westside Preparatory School[edit]

Dismayed at the low levels of learning that she felt some students were experiencing in particular areas, Collins took $5,000 (a large sum of money at that time) from her own teacher's retirement fund and started a private school in the top floors of the brownstone in the West Garfield Park neighborhood where she lived in 1975.[3]

The school she started was called Westside Preparatory School. Westside Prep became an educational and commercial success.[5] Collins created her low-cost private school specifically for the purpose of teaching low income black children whom Collins felt that the Chicago Public School System had labeled as being learning disabled.[6] Collins said she had the data to prove that students were teachable and were able to overcome obstacles of learning via her teaching methods, which she said eliminated behavioral issues and allowed students to flourish.[7]

The one-room schoolhouse of her education influenced her methods. At home her father gave her assignments she believed built her confidence and gave her a sense of responsibility. She felt time spent with students was more valuable than distance-creating audio visual information.[8]

Collins and her daughter ran the school for more than 30 years until it closed in 2008 due to lack of sufficient enrollment and funding.[2][5]

Media coverage[edit]

Collins became well-known due to the 1981 TV movie based on her life's work entitled The Marva Collins Story, starring Cicely Tyson and Morgan Freeman.[9][10] She also appeared on a featured news article on CBS's 60 Minutes. Cicely Tyson, who played Collins in the TV movie, said she spent time with Collins to research for the role.[11] The 60 Minutes feature was inspired by a 1970s article written by Chicago Sun-Times reporter Zay N. Smith about Collins and Westside Prep.[12]

Kevin Ross[edit]

In 1982, Kevin Ross, a 23–year-old Creighton University basketball player, got to his senior year of college without being able to read.[13] With the assistance of a Creighton booster, Ross enrolled in second grade at Westside Prep. With private tutoring by Collins, Ross learned how to read and graduated in May 1983.[14][15] Ross had difficulties continuing his education, but when he had serious troubles, Collins was instrumental in helping him.[16]

Career highlights[edit]

Due to the success of her teaching methods, it was reported that President Ronald Reagan wanted to nominate Collins to the position of Secretary of Education,[5][17] but Collins took herself out of the running for the position.[18][19] In 1983, Reagan cited Collins during an unveiling of a national program to combat adult illiteracy.[20] In 1994, Prince featured Collins in his music video for "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World." He also donated $500,000 to the Westside Preparatory School Teacher Training Institute, which was created to teach Collins' teaching methodology.[21]

In 1996, Collins was hired to supervise three Chicago public schools that had been placed on probation. In 2004, Collins received a National Humanities Medal, among many awards for her teaching and efforts at school reform.[22] During the 2006–07 school year, Collins' school charged $5,500 for tuition, and parents said the school did a much better job than the Chicago public school system, which budgeted $11,300 per student. The authorities complained that this was not enough.[5][23]

Teaching methods[edit]

Collins was known for applying classical education, in particular the Socratic method, modified for use in primary schools, successfully with impoverished students. Collins criticized the teaching of the students, not the students themselves.[6] She wrote a number of manuals, books and motivational tracts describing her history and methods.

In 1982 and in subsequent articles, Collins has been criticized by George N. Schmidt from Substance News, who claims that Collins' work was fraudulent.[24][25] Collins denied any fraud.[26] At the time, Collins had both supporters and detractors.[27]

Personal life and death[edit]

Collins married Clarence Collins in September 1960. She had two sons (Patrick and Eric), and a daughter (Cynthia). Collins died on June 24, 2015 in Beaufort County, South Carolina, aged 78, while in hospice care.[1]

Works and publications[edit]

  • Collins, Marva, Bert Kruger Smith, and Charlene Warren. A Conversation with Marva Collins: A Different School. From The Human Condition. Austin, Tex: Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, the University of Texas, 1982. OCLC 8257640
  • Collins, Marva, and Civia Tamarkin. Marva Collins' Way. New York: Putnam, 1990. Foreword by Alex Haley. 2nd ed. ISBN 978-0-874-77572-3 OCLC 32523785
  • Collins, Marva. Ordinary Children, Extraordinary Teachers. Norfolk, VA: Hampton Roads Pub. Co, 1992. ISBN 978-1-878-90141-5 OCLC 26790433
  • Collins, Marva. Values: Lighting the Candle of Excellence: A Practical Guide for the Family. Los Angeles, CA: Dove Books, 1996. ISBN 978-0-787-11040-6 OCLC 35896951

  • CBS News. Marva. 60 Minutes. New York: Carousel Films, 1979. OCLC 19834079
  • Dave Bell Associates. Success! The Marva Collins Approach. Wilmette, Ill: Television Licensing Center, 1984. OCLC 11311358
  • Collins, Marva. Too Good to Be True? 60 Minutes. New York: CBS Video, 1995. OCLC 33502110 - follow up to original 60 Minutes segment.
  • Robbins, Anthony, Marva Collins, and Peter Lynch. Anthony Robbins' Powertalk! The Power of Life Metaphors. San Diego, CA: Anthony Robbins, 2004. OCLC 65197212
  • Holzgang, Conrad, Clifford Campion, Peter Levin, Cicely Tyson, and Morgan Freeman. The Marva Collins story. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2008. ISBN 978-1-419-85861-1 OCLC 185036842

  1. ^ a b c Briscoe, Tony (28 June 2015). "Marva Collins, Renowned Educator, Dies at 78". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Roberts, Sam (28 June 2015). "Marva Collins, Educator Who Aimed High for Poor, Black Students, Dies at 78". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b Kellett, Susie (11 December 1978). "For the Kids' Sake, Marva Collins Resurrects the One-Room School House—in a Chicago Ghetto". People (Vol. 10, No. 24). Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  4. ^ Matthews, Michelle (29 June 2015). "1 comment Acclaimed educator Marva Collins, a native of Monroeville, dies at 78". Alabama Media Group. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d Jordan, Karen (5 June 2008). "Marva Collins School to Close". WLS-TV Chicago. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Marva Collins - Biography" (PDF). Marva Collins. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  7. ^ Collins, Marva. "Excerpts from Ordinary Children, Extraordinary Teachers and Marva Collins' Way". EDOCERE. Society of Saint Pius X. Archived from the original on 5 February 2005. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  8. ^ "Marva Collins Biography". A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  9. ^ The Marva Collins Story at the Internet Movie Database
  10. ^ O'Connor, John J. (1 December 1981). "TV: Marva Collins, Unusual Teacher". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  11. ^ Fraser, C. Gerald (29 November 1981). "Television Week: Dedication". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  12. ^ Dudek, Mitch (25 June 2015). "Marva Collins, 'a natural force' in inner city education, dies at 78". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  13. ^ Lassiter, Jim (9 June 1983). "For Kevin Ross, There Is More to Learn". The Oklahoman. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  14. ^ Ley, Bob; Salters, Lisa (17 March 2002). "Outside the Lines: Unable To Read". ESPN. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  15. ^ Curry, Jack (30 January 1990). "Suing for 2d Chance To Start Over". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  16. ^ Wattley, Philip (24 July 1987). "Cops Subdue Ex-basketball Player Kevin Ross In Hotel Rampage". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  17. ^ Smith, Hedrick (18 December 1980). "Chicago Principal Weighed for Cabinet". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  18. ^ Associated Press (21 December 1980). "Elizabeth Dole Is Appointed Liaison Assistant by Reagan". Reading Eagle. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  19. ^ Hunter, Marjorie (21 December 1980). "Mrs. Dole is Named Assistant to Reagan". The New York Times. United Press International. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  20. ^ UPI (8 September 1983). "Reagan Backs Literacy Effort". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  21. ^ "Prince Donates $500,000 to Marva Collins' School". Jet. 4 November 1985. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  22. ^ a b Johnson, Janis (2004). "Awards & Honors: 2004 National Humanities Medalist - Marva Collins". National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  23. ^ Associated Press (2 September 2008). "Chicago Students Skip School in Funding Protest". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  24. ^ "The Muckrakers". Education Week Teacher. 1 August 1994. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  25. ^ Smothers, David (7 April 1982). "Controversial Teacher Marvis Collins: Educational Wonder Woman or Fraud?". Schenectady Gazette. UPI. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  26. ^ "'Superteacher' in Chicago Under Fire From Parents and Press". The New York Times. 7 March 1982. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  27. ^ DeVries, Hilary (9 September 1982). "Dedicated to Education as Ever, Marva Collins Still Rocks Boat". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  28. ^ "National Winners Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged". Jefferson Awards for Public Service. 1981. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  29. ^ "Soror Marva Collins". Retrieved 26 June 2015.

Further reading[edit]

  • Davenport, Loretta Powell C. Maria Montessori, A.S. Neill and Marva Collins: Educating the Human Potential. Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University: 1987. OCLC 16866051
  • Collins, P. Kamara Sekou. The School That Cared: A Story of the Marva Collins Preparatory School of Cincinnati. Dallas: University Press of America, 2003. ISBN 978-0-761-82736-8 OCLC 53906961

External links[edit]


text:
Mirror lock-up

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
With mirror lock-up the mirror (2) flips up towards (5) well before the shutter (3) opens. As a result light no longer reaches the eyepiece (8).

Mirror lock-up (often abbreviated to MLU) is a feature employed in many Single Lens Reflex (SLR) cameras. It allows the operator to reduce vibration-induced motion blur during exposure. It also allows the mounting of lenses which extend into the SLR's mirror box when mounted.

Reducing vibration[edit]

Normal operation in an SLR camera involves flipping the mirror up out of the light-path just before the shutter opens, and then returning it when the shutter closes (although very early SLR's required the shutter to be cocked for the mirror to return). This causes vibration of the camera, particularly when the mirror slaps into the top of the mirror box. This vibration quickly dies away so the most motion blur is actually seen with short shutter times that capture multiple 'swings' of the vibration (shutter speeds of 1/2 to 1/60 second are often affected by this). While longer exposures will capture all of the vibrations, the exposure will be dominated by light captured when the camera is vibration-free (assuming a steady mount).

Mirror lock-up involves flipping the mirror up well before the shutter opens, allowing the vibrations to die down before exposing the film. On some cameras MLU may be operated by an extra push of the shutter button, the second push resulting in the actual opening of the shutter. Other arrangements may involve an extra lever or button that flips the mirror up before using the shutter release button normally. On some cameras MLU is not a separate feature, but operated as part of the self timer (notably the Nikon FE line of cameras).

Note that when the mirror is in the up and locked position, the subject is no longer visible through the viewfinder. Therefore, the photographer must compose the photograph prior to activating mirror lock-up and keep the camera from moving. Use of a tripod helps prevent movement of the camera during this operation.

Combined with a remote or cable release, this greatly reduces the potential for vibration of the camera.

Lenses requiring mirror lock-up[edit]

Some lenses are designed such that they extend into the mirror box when properly mounted on an SLR. These may include early wide-angle lenses for SLR's, certain lenses designed for rangefinder cameras, and certain other non-SLR lenses adapted for SLR use. Mirror lock-up must be activated prior to mounting such lenses, and kept in place in order to prevent damage to the lens and/or camera. This method of operation prevents any use of the SLR viewfinder with the lens. Prior to the development of lenses utilizing the Angénieux retrofocus concept, mirror lock-up was essential to wide-angle SLR photography.

External links[edit]


text:
Natural pool

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This German swimming pond highlights how NSPs can be designed to resemble a part of the surrounding environment.
The traditional coping on this NSP demonstrates that natural swimming pools can be designed in many ways and do not always have to resemble natural bodies of water.

A natural swimming pool or natural swimming pond (NSP) is a system consisting of a constructed body of water, where the water is contained by an isolating membrane or membranes, in which no chemicals or devices that disinfect or sterilize water are used, and all clarifying and purifying of the water is achieved through biological filters and plants rooted hydroponically in the system.

This definition is based on the FLL (Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V - the Landscaping and Landscape Development Research Society) publication "Recommendations for the planning, construction and maintenance of private swimming and natural pools" 2006 Edition.[1]

It is called a "natural swimming pool" because the filtration systems used have biological equivalents in the natural world. In fact if there is not an example of the type of filtration being used in the natural world then it is not seen by the IOB (International Organization for natural Bathing waters)[2] to be naturally filtered. Natural aquarium and koi ponds also exist, but use algae scrubbers for their filtration.

Systems that use UV, ozone and copper/silver ion disinfection techniques are examples of non natural methods and, by definition, are not Natural Swimming Pools.

The first NSPs were built in the early 1980s in Austria, where they are known as Schwimmteiche. The first was built by DI Werner Gamerith in his private garden.[3] Some of the first companies to use the idea of NSPs commercially were the Austrian firm, Biotop Landschaftsgestaltung, and the German firm, BioNova. In 1990 the first public NSP was built by BioNova, followed by another one in 1991 built by Biotop in Unzmarkt (Styria, Austria)

The market for NSPs spread into Germany in the late 1980s. In 1998, the first public NSP in Germany was designed and built by Gerhard Brandlmeier and Rainer Grafinger of BioNova.[4]

The residential market for NSPs spread throughout Europe into Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Holland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. In 2002 Total Habitat founders Mick Hilleary and Dale Gracy published the first English language book on Natural Swimming Pools.[5]

The American market was introduced to natural swimming pools when The New York Times published an article. The article states-incorrectly[according to whom?]-that "all natural swimming pools rely on regeneration zones, areas given over to aquatic plants that act as organic cleansers.[6] This false statement is proven untrue[dubious ] by the work of Mr. Hilleary and his team. Natural Swimming Pools do not need to have regeneration zones. Although this is the most popular method in the European market, Natural Swimming Pools may also use beneficial bacteria as a means of filtration.[7] This allows for smaller overall areas and for swimming in all parts of the Natural Swimming Pool.

Today, there are over 20,000 NSPs in Europe,[8] 100 of which are actually public pools in Germany. Bad Maria Einsiedel, designed by BioNova, marked the 100th public swimming pool and was opened to the public in Munich on June 7, 2008. In the Summer of 2010 the first public natural pool in Sweden was built by BioNova in the city of Sigtuna. In July 2011 the first Indoor Natural Swimming Pool was built by Clear Water Revival [9] in Cornwall, UK.

The first public Natural Swimming Pool in North America is currently under construction at Webber Park in Minneapolis.[10] In cooperation with the Landform Group, BioNova has provided all of the technical planning and construction details for this natural pool project. The pool will include over 20,000 square feet of swimming area along with 16,000 square feet of planted regeneration zone, and it has been designed to accommodate over 1,000 bathers per day.

Design and construction[edit]

System schematic for a single chamber NSP
A Traditional Type 5 Natural Swimming Pool

Natural Swimming Pools with Regeneration Zones[edit]

The NSP is divided into two areas:

  • The swimming zone is the area intended for swimming that resembles a conventional swimming pool or pond.
  • The regeneration zone consists of a lined overflow pool filled with specific filtration substrate and flora. Plants used for water regeneration can be supplemented with decorative flowering species to create an attractive water garden environment. The biological processes that clean the water take place in this zone.

The swimming zone should be physically separated from the regeneration and should reach a depth of 2 m (6 ft 6 in) in swimming ponds. The regeneration zone and swimming zone must be equal in area for sufficient purification. The swimming portion of the pool can look like a conventional swimming pool or a natural pond. The regeneration zone can be placed adjacent to the swimming area or in a remote location depending on the space available. In modern natural swimming pools there is no minimum depth for the swimming zone and the regeneration zone can now be reduced greatly and in some cases is non existent. Clear Water Revival was the first company to build indoor natural swimming pools in the UK. In these pools a regeneration zone can be used outside the building or a natural filtration chamber can be built without a planted area indoors.

In an NSP, swimming pool water flows via gravity from the swimming pool into distribution shafts. The water then passes through a biological fine filter/bioreactor before it is pumped into the regeneration zone. Plants in the regeneration zone are planted in the substrate, and these plants compete for nutrients that would feed algae. The water is cleaned biologically by the metabolic processes found in the substrate in which the plants are rooted. Thus, microorganisms and the water plants ensure effective, continuous cleaning. No processes beyond these, such as UV sterilization, are found in true European style NSPs.

Because of their reliance on natural environmental factors, each NSP system is built with consideration to the region and climate where it is installed. Construction elements such as the biological filter and the combination of contaminant ridding plants vary with each pool.

Natural Swimming Pools without Regeneration Zones[edit]

While the most common method of building Natural Swimming Pools is by using a regeneration zone, advances in NSP technology have all but made this method obsolete. Using a regeneration zone strictly limits where building an NSP is plausible. By using formulas developed by Total Habitat for a built in biological filtration system, an NSP without a regeneration zone can handle any climate. Using this built in filtration "reveals crystal-clear water and thriving populations of beneficial bacteria that strip the water of nitrites, nitrates, E.coli, planktonic algae, skin and body oils, fish food and fish waste".[7] This method is extremely advantageous for a number of reasons. Fish thrive in the water (with a regeneration zone, fish are not allowed in the water), the water may be heated (while NSPs with regeneration zones may be heated, using built in biological media allows for a Natural Swimming Hot Tub). Additionally, with a regeneration zone, the pool needs to be "winterized". A Natural Swimming Pool with built-in biological media may be used year round.

Natural Pool Kits[edit]

A natural kit pool in Bristol, England, using wooden panelling and a natural green liner

Natural Swimming Pools have historically been available only in bespoke designs and therefore cheap alternatives have been hard to come by. However, in 2011 a natural kit pool was developed in the UK based on a number of set design features mainly using wooden wall panelling to maintain the natural look and feel of a traditional natural pool.

A Natural Swimming Pool is a constructed wetlands ecosystem based on the principles of limnology, hydraulics, hydroponics, and modern pool construction methods. For the end product to have the ecological stability to be a long term success, all of these principles must be carefully incorporated. It is therefore far more complex to design and build a Natural Swimming Pool than it is to build a traditional, chemically-treated swimming pool.

Environmental considerations[edit]

Typically, a chemically treated pool can discharge up to 3 times its volume of water into the sewer per year. As there is no use of chemicals in the water of NSPs [11] and their water is maintained as "living" (i.e. the NSP is not drained and refilled), there is no need for this waste of water being discharged into the sewer. Also, there is considerably reduced energy consumption for the mechanical operation of many NSP systems.

Additionally, amphibious and aquatic creatures like frogs, salamanders, and snails often make their homes in the regeneration zones of NSPs. While some pool owners might be made uncomfortable by this idea, others find comfort knowing that their swimming pool environment is clean and balanced enough to support life as it is well known that these types of creatures indicate a healthy ecosystem.[12] The equipment used in NSPs takes the possibility of this wildlife into consideration, as skimmers utilize fine sieves that prevent small creatures from being sucked through the filtration process.[13]

Cleaning, sanitation, and water quality[edit]

NSPs rely on a combination of hydraulic design techniques in conjunction with a finefilter. Materials such as leaves, pollen, dust or suntan lotion commonly found floating on the water's surface are removed by a specialized skimmer or overflow channel. These specially designed devices allow optimal skimming of the water surface and reduce silting. Downstream, a bioreactive biological filter removes and retains additional particulate matter down to a particle size of 100 micrometres. Pumps different from those found in conventional pools hydraulically optimize water flow rates and volumes, thereby accelerating the cleaning process even further. This mechanically enhanced natural filtration produces clear, clean water. In fact, when NSPs are installed in Europe, pool owners and builders will ceremoniously wrap up an installation with a ceremonial drink of water collected directly from the pool.

A biofermenta system is the latest form of filtration for NSPs reducing the need for large plantation areas and filtration beds.

Health standards[edit]

European and European-style NSP builders follow the EEC bath waters guideline 2006/7/EG concerning the quality of bath waters and their management. Specific health guidelines are also clearly established in the German FLL Guidelines, which are adhered to by NSP builders throughout Europe. On March 4, 2006, new pool water standards were published in the Official Journal of the European Union. These standards, enacted throughout Europe within two years, outline the methods of monitoring pool water quality. Unlike conventional North American swimming pools whose sanitation levels are monitored by testing for proper pool chemical balance, European-style NSPs maintain strict standards for bacterial levels. Peter Petrich, an originator of natural swimming pools in Austria, has said that the risk of swimmers becoming sick is "very low." [6]

Properly built public NSPs in Europe, some that see up to 3,000 swimmers per day, are able to meet these high sanitation standards.[14][15] The first public Natural Swimming Pool in North America has been designed to accommodate over 1,000 bathers per day. Thus, the efficacy of the NSP cleaning process remains in little doubt, even though no guidelines for natural pool water quality currently exist in the United States.

Temperature and feel[edit]

A heated natural swimming pool with an infinity edge

Although certain undesirable microorganisms are able to survive at sustained temperatures over 82 °F (28 °C), below this temperature these harmful bacteria are completely out competed by the natural filtering bacteria in certain types of natural swimming pools.[citation needed]

Earth-friendly heat pumps and solar panel warming systems can be incorporated into NSP construction to keep with the eco friendly feel of a natural pool however normal electric or gas heaters work just as well.[14]

The water in NSPs has many desirable characteristics.[citation needed] For example, the red eyes, dried out skin and hair, and bleached bathing suits associated with overly chlorinated water are not issues with NSPs.

Care and maintenance[edit]

Each NSP is unique, and so each has a different "break-in" period during which the system finds balance. While NSPs can be used for swimming immediately, it takes approximately two to three years until a stable biological equilibrium is reached. Once an NSP has reached equilibrium, it requires considerably less regular maintenance than a conventional swimming pool. Seasonal care and maintenance is still required over the course of the year, though even this differs from care of a conventional swimming pool. For example, ducks and other water fowl in migration have been known to visit NSPs during the winter months.

As winter turns to spring, plants in the regeneration zone must be pruned and tended to avoid over growth, just as in any typical garden. Any dried or dead plants must also be removed.

Migratory water fowl also tend to stop at natural swimming ponds in the late winter and early spring months. While they may add to the bucolic aesthetic of a well-built NSP, steps must be taken to minimize any foreign contaminants that would compromise swim water quality that such animals can introduce to the NSP (e.g. installing filtering plants such as water hyacinth and water lettuce).

On windy, warm, and dry days, water can evaporate at the rate of up to 1 cm per day. If the water level gets too low, water must be refilled in order to protect the plants planted hydroponically in the regeneration zone.

Dead leaves that fall off trees can make their way into the pool and decompose, introducing microorganisms and nutrients that may serve as food for algae growth. In the late autumn months, netting can be stretched over the pool to catch larger leaves before they fall into the NSP.

While NSPs are allowed to freeze over, and many owners enjoy seeing frozen ponds in their backyards, extended freezes should be avoided as carbon dioxide can accumulate underwater, unbalancing the NSP system. Excessive snow cover may also damage the plants in the regeneration zone.

  1. ^ Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau home page, accessed May 22, 2009.
  2. ^
  3. ^ Natural Swimming Pools , by Michael Littlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2005, Page 16
  4. ^ Natural Swimming Pools , by Michael Littlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2005, Page 18
  5. ^ "Natural Swimming Pools and Ponds: THE TOTAL GUIDE, 2nd Edition eBook". TOTAL HABITAT. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  6. ^ a b Kurutz, Steven (April 5, 2007). "From Europe, a No-Chlorine Backyard Pool". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  7. ^ a b "How Total Habitat is Different". TOTAL HABITAT. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  8. ^ Natural Swimming Pools, by Michael Littlewood, Schiffer Publishing, 2005, Page 19
  9. ^ Clear Water Revival - Indoor Natural Swimming Pool Information
  10. ^ Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board - Webber Park Master Plan
  11. ^
  12. ^ "Amphibian Facts". Hamline University's Center for Global Environmental Education. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  13. ^ "Gardening: Wet and wild" (PDF). The Independent. July 6, 2002. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  14. ^ a b "The Greening of the Swimming Pool". New Jersey Countryside Magazine. May–June 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
  15. ^ NSP Boekenberg measuring 3046m³


text:
Noel Grealish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Noel Grealish
Teachta Dála
Assumed office
6 June 2002
Constituency Galway West
Leader of the Progressive Democrats
In office
24 March 2009 – 20 November 2009
Preceded by Ciarán Cannon
Succeeded by Party disbanded in 2009
Deputy Leader of the Progressive Democrats
In office
25 May 2007 – 24 March 2009
Preceded by Liz O'Donnell
Succeeded by Office abolished
Personal details
Born (1965-12-16) 16 December 1965 (age 50)
Cranmore, Galway, Ireland
Nationality Irish
Political party Independent (since 2009)
Other political
Progressive Democrats (1999–2009)

Noel Grealish (born 16 December 1965) is an Irish independent politician and a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Galway West constituency.[1] He is from the Gaeltacht region of Carnmore, near Galway city. He was formerly a Progressive Democrats politician.

Grealish first contested an election in 1999, when he was elected to Galway County Council to represent the Oranmore electoral area with 1,357 first preferences. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election with 2,735 first preferences, succeeding long-serving TD Bobby Molloy.[1]

He was re-elected at the 2007 general election with 5,806 first preferences.[2] As one of only two Progressive Democrat TDs elected in 2007, he was appointed as Chairman of the Progressive Democrats parliamentary party in June 2007. Grealish was Deputy Leader of the Progressive Democrats from 25 May 2007 to 24 March 2009 succeeding Liz O'Donnell in the position. Towards the end of 2007, Grealish stated that he had discussions with a senior Fianna Fáil politician about the possibility of him joining Fianna Fáil,[3] but Grealish made the decision to stay with the Progressive Democrats.

Grealish assumed the leadership of the Progressive Democrats on 24 March 2009 following the decision of then leader Ciarán Cannon to stand aside and join Fine Gael. Grealish served as interim and final leader of the party until 20 November 2009, at which point the party disbanded.

He sits as an independent TD in Dáil Éireann, and was re-elected as an independent at the 2011 general election. He supported the Fianna Fáil-Green Party government in parliamentary votes from 2007 until September 2010, but on 24 September 2010 he announced that he was withdrawing his support for the government due to health cuts.[4][5]

Along with Michael Healy-Rae and Michael Lowry, he is not a member of the Dáil Technical group.

  1. ^ a b "Mr. Noel Grealish". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  2. ^ "Noel Grealish". Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  3. ^ Brian McDonald (6 November 2007). "PDs teeter on brink as Grealish holds talks with FF". Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 January 2008.
  4. ^ "Noel Grealish withdraws support for Government". Irish Independent. 24 September 2010.
  5. ^ "Noel Grealish withdraws support for Govt". RTÉ News. 24 September 2010.
Preceded by
Bobby Molloy
(Progressive Democrats)
Progressive Democrats Teachta Dála for Galway West
Succeeded by
as Independent TD
Preceded by
as Progressive Democrats TD
Independent Teachta Dála for Galway West
Party political offices
Preceded by
Ciarán Cannon
Leader of the Progressive Democrats

Party disbanded in 2009