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Ministerial review discusses role of STI in achieving MDGs

© UNESCO, Kakuma Refugee Camp in Turkana (Kenya), which now has access to a sustainable water supply, thanks to a UNESCO project which identified where to drill boreholes. These are now being drilled acrossthe drought-stricken region.

Every year, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) organizes a ministerial review. This year, the event took place from 1 to 26 July 2013 in Geneva, Switzerland. It provided an opportunity to shine a spotlight on the role that science, technology and innovation (STI) can play in promoting sustainable development and achieving each and every one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which expire in 2015.

This theme is particularly timely, in that the international community is currently elaborating a post-2015 development agenda. One major challenge will be to ensure the continued mobilization of ECOSOC members when it comes to following up the decisions adopted at this year’s Ministerial Forum, both at the national and international levels. Addressing the challenge of sustainable development will demand stronger national STI systems that are linked to internationally agreed development goals. This will entail facilitating the interface between science, policy and society, improving scientific collaboration and strengthening STI policies and education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

The Annual Ministerial Review also explored the potential of culture and cultural policies for achieving the MDGs.

UNESCO coordinated the preparation of the report of the UN Secretary-General for this event, entitled A wide range of UN bodies contributed to the report.

UNESCO also coordinated two of the nine ministerial breakfasts during the high-level segment (1-4 July): Culture and innovation in the post-2015 development agenda (2 July) and STI for global sustainability (3 July), the latter in tandem with the International Social Science Council.

UNESCO organized a side event on 2 July on women in science, together with the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), International Telecommunications Union and the International Federation of University Women. Several women researchers shared their experiences and ideas of how to incite women to choose a career in research.

UNESCO has contributed to the Annual Ministerial Review in other ways. It moderated an online forum on the theme of the review, for instance, and mobilized early career scientists and science journalists through its networks. UNESCO also organized an exhibition at the ECOSOC Innovation Fair, where books, CDs and posters from UNESCO’s main science programmes were on display.

Highlights of the sessions organized by UNESCO and its partners

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Forensic Psychology Schools in Baltimore, Maryland

Baltimore is located in Baltimore county and has a population of 651,154.

Forensic Psychology schools in Baltimore charged students an average tuition of $15,737.00 if they were Maryland residents, and $19,513.00 if they were non-residents, during the 2009 - 2010 school year.

Books and supplies for forensic psychology schools in Baltimore cost an average of $1,221.00. Students who live on campus while attending a forensic psychology school in Baltimore, can expect to pay an average of $9,265.00 for room and board. Students who live at home can expect average costs to be $4,092.00. Students have a choice of one forensic psychology college in Baltimore to attend. In the 2008 - 2009 school year, reportedly 63 students completed forensic psychology programs in Baltimore.

Forensic Psychology Schools in Baltimore

Loyola University Maryland

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  • Masters in Clinical Psychology
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Circumcision seen as bar to disease

Jan. 7, 2011 at 3:58 PM

BALTIMORE, Jan. 7 (UPI) -- Male circumcision, usually performed for religious or cultural reasons, could serve a health purpose in reducing the spread of disease, U.S. researchers say.

In an article published in the British journal Lancet, researchers say removal of the foreskin could reduce the spread of human papillomavirus, or HPV, which in persistent infections in women can lead to cervical cancer, ABC News reported Friday.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide for women.

Studies have shown circumcised men are 32 to 35 percent less likely to contract HPV, and the new research indicates women whose partners are circumcised are 28 percent less likely to become infected with HPV.

Controlled trials have shown circumcision decreases the risk of HIV, HPV and herpes. In women it reduces the risk of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis and now HPV.

Though these trials were done in African countries, they support observational studies performed in the United States, study author Dr. Aaron Tobian of Johns Hopkins University said.

"Many will argue that these findings are in Africa and they do not represent the U.S.; however, almost all of the supporting observational studies for this area were performed on U.S. populations," he says.

"We believe the cumulative scientific evidence supporting circumcision is now overwhelming."

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Moshe Arens, Israeli Ambassador and Foreign Minister
Moseh Arens, Israel's Ambassador to the United States from 1981, and since 1983 defense minister for Israel, replacing Ariel Sharon. In 1984 he became minister without portfolio in the national unity government. In December 1988, in the government of Yitzhak Shamir, Arens was appointed foreign minister and held that position until June 1990, when Shamir appointed him defense minister again. He held that position until 1992, when Likud lost the national elections. Arens continued to be seen as a hardliner in Israel's relations with the Arabs. This photograph dates from April 30, 1984. (UPI Photo/Files)
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Yitzhak Shamir News
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Yitzhak Shamir (help·info) (Hebrew: יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר, born October 15, 1915) was the seventh Prime Minister of Israel from 1983 to 1984 and again from 1986 to 1992.

Yitzhak Shamir was born Icchak Jeziernicky in Ruzhany (Yiddish: Rozhinoy, Polish: Różana), Russian Empire (now Belarus). He studied at a Hebrew High School in Białystok, Poland. As a youth he joined Betar, the Revisionist Zionist youth movement. He studied at the law faculty of Warsaw University, but cut his studies short to immigrate to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine. In 1935, after settling in Palestine, he Hebraized his surname to Shamir. He joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi, an underground Jewish militia organization that opposed British control of Palestine. When the Irgun split in 1940, Shamir sided with the more militant faction, Lehi, headed by Avraham Stern. During War War II working with the enemy in secret contacts with German representatives at Beirut the group offered to attack the British in the Middle East in return for safe passage of the Jewish population of Europe to Palestine, and the establishment of a Jewish state.

In 1941 Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities. After Stern was killed by the British in 1942, Shamir escaped from the detention camp and became one of the three leaders of the group in 1943, reforming it as "Lehi". In October 1944 he was exiled and interned in Africa by the Mandate authorities. He made an attempt to escape from one of the camps by hiding in a water tank. He was returned, along with the other detainees, after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. Shortly after Israel was established as a Jewish state, the 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke out. Israel's provisional government initially relied on its paramilitary organizations (including Lehi) to fight off the Arabs, but soon established the Israel Defense Forces. Lehi distanced itself from government control. As one of Lehi's triumvirate, he authorized the murder of the United Nations representative in the Middle East, Count Folke Bernadotte, who was seen by Shamir and his collaborators as an anti-Zionist and "an obvious agent of the British enemy". The Israeli provisional government did very little against this crime they simply disbanded Lehi for this action.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Yitzhak Shamir."


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Home / Paper 70: The Evolution of Human Government

The Urantia Book, Part 3, Paper 70

The Evolution of Human Government

Search The Urantia Book Search The Urantia Book

70:0.1 NO SOONER had man partially solved the problem of making a living than he was confronted with the task of regulating human contacts. The development of industry demanded law, order, and social adjustment; private property necessitated government.

70:0.2 On an evolutionary world, antagonisms are natural; peace is secured only by some sort of social regulative system. Social regulation is inseparable from social organization; association implies some controlling authority. Government compels the co-ordination of the antagonisms of the tribes, clans, families, and individuals.

70:0.3 Government is an unconscious development; it evolves by trial and error. It does have survival value; therefore it becomes traditional. Anarchy augmented misery; therefore government, comparative law and order, slowly emerged or is emerging. The coercive demands of the struggle for existence literally drove the human race along the progressive road to civilization.

1. The Genesis of War

70:1.1 War is the natural state and heritage of evolving man; peace is the social yardstick measuring civilization’s advancement. Before the partial socialization of the advancing races man was exceedingly individualistic, extremely suspicious, and unbelievably quarrelsome. Violence is the law of nature, hostility the automatic reaction of the children of nature, while war is but these same activities carried on collectively. And wherever and whenever the fabric of civilization becomes stressed by the complications of society’s advancement, there is always an immediate and ruinous reversion to these early methods of violent adjustment of the irritations of human interassociations.

70:1.2 War is an animalistic reaction to misunderstandings and irritations; peace attends upon the civilized solution of all such problems and difficulties. The Sangik races, together with the later deteriorated Adamites and Nodites, were all belligerent. The Andonites were early taught the golden rule, and, even today, their Eskimo descendants live very much by that code; custom is strong among them, and they are fairly free from violent antagonisms.

70:1.3 Andon taught his children to settle disputes by each beating a tree with a stick, meanwhile cursing the tree; the one whose stick broke first was the victor. The later Andonites used to settle disputes by holding a public show at which the disputants made fun of and ridiculed each other, while the audience decided the winner by its applause.

70:1.4 But there could be no such phenomenon as war until society had evolved sufficiently far to actually experience periods of peace and to sanction warlike practices. The very concept of war implies some degree of organization.

70:1.5 With the emergence of social groupings, individual irritations began to be submerged in the group feelings, and this promoted intratribal tranquillity but at the expense of intertribal peace. Peace was thus first enjoyed by the in-group, or tribe, who always disliked and hated the out-group, foreigners. Early man regarded it a virtue to shed alien blood.

70:1.6 But even this did not work at first. When the early chiefs would try to iron out misunderstandings, they often found it necessary, at least once a year, to permit the tribal stone fights. The clan would divide up into two groups and engage in an all-day battle. And this for no other reason than just the fun of it; they really enjoyed fighting.

70:1.7 Warfare persists because man is human, evolved from an animal, and all animals are bellicose. Among the early causes of war were:

  • 1. Hunger, which led to food raids. Scarcity of land has always brought on war, and during these struggles the early peace tribes were practically exterminated.
  • 2. Woman scarcity — an attempt to relieve a shortage of domestic help. Woman stealing has always caused war.
  • 3. Vanity — the desire to exhibit tribal prowess. Superior groups would fight to impose their mode of life upon inferior peoples.
  • 4. Slaves — need of recruits for the labor ranks.
  • 5. Revenge was the motive for war when one tribe believed that a neighboring tribe had caused the death of a fellow tribesman. Mourning was continued until a head was brought home. The war for vengeance was in good standing right on down to comparatively modern times.
  • 6. Recreation — war was looked upon as recreation by the young men of these early times. If no good and sufficient pretext for war arose, when peace became oppressive, neighboring tribes were accustomed to go out in semifriendly combat to engage in a foray as a holiday, to enjoy a sham battle.
  • 7. Religion — the desire to make converts to the cult. The primitive religions all sanctioned war. Only in recent times has religion begun to frown upon war. The early priesthoods were, unfortunately, usually allied with the military power. One of the great peace moves of the ages has been the attempt to separate church and state.

70:1.15 Always these olden tribes made war at the bidding of their gods, at the behest of their chiefs or medicine men. The Hebrews believed in such a “God of battles”; and the narrative of their raid on the Midianites is a typical recital of the atrocious cruelty of the ancient tribal wars; this assault, with its slaughter of all the males and the later killing of all male children and all women who were not virgins, would have done honor to the mores of a tribal chieftain of two hundred thousand years ago. And all this was executed in the “name of the Lord God of Israel.”

70:1.16 This is a narrative of the evolution of society — the natural outworking of the problems of the races — man working out his own destiny on earth. Such atrocities are not instigated by Deity, notwithstanding the tendency of man to place the responsibility on his gods.

70:1.17 Military mercy has been slow in coming to mankind. Even when a woman, Deborah, ruled the Hebrews, the same wholesale cruelty persisted. Her general in his victory over the gentiles caused “all the host to fall upon the sword; there was not one left.”

70:1.18 Very early in the history of the race, poisoned weapons were used. All sorts of mutilations were practiced. Saul did not hesitate to require one hundred Philistine foreskins as the dowry David should pay for his daughter Michal.

70:1.19 Early wars were fought between tribes as a whole, but in later times, when two individuals in different tribes had a dispute, instead of both tribes fighting, the two disputants engaged in a duel. It also became a custom for two armies to stake all on the outcome of a contest between a representative chosen from each side, as in the instance of David and Goliath.

70:1.20 The first refinement of war was the taking of prisoners. Next, women were exempted from hostilities, and then came the recognition of noncombatants. Military castes and standing armies soon developed to keep pace with the increasing complexity of combat. Such warriors were early prohibited from associating with women, and women long ago ceased to fight, though they have always fed and nursed the soldiers and urged them on to battle.

70:1.21 The practice of declaring war represented great progress. Such declarations of intention to fight betokened the arrival of a sense of fairness, and this was followed by the gradual development of the rules of “civilized” warfare. Very early it became the custom not to fight near religious sites and, still later, not to fight on certain holy days. Next came the general recognition of the right of asylum; political fugitives received protection.

70:1.22 Thus did warfare gradually evolve from the primitive man hunt to the somewhat more orderly system of the later-day “civilized” nations. But only slowly does the social attitude of amity displace that of enmity.

2. The Social Value of War

70:2.1 In past ages a fierce war would institute social changes and facilitate the adoption of new ideas such as would not have occurred naturally in ten thousand years. The terrible price paid for these certain war advantages was that society was temporarily thrown back into savagery; civilized reason had to abdicate. War is strong medicine, very costly and most dangerous; while often curative of certain social disorders, it sometimes kills the patient, destroys the society.

70:2.2 The constant necessity for national defense creates many new and advanced social adjustments. Society, today, enjoys the benefit of a long list of useful innovations which were at first wholly military and is even indebted to war for the dance, one of the early forms of which was a military drill.

70:2.3 War has had a social value to past civilizations because it:

  • 1. Imposed discipline, enforced co-operation.
  • 2. Put a premium on fortitude and courage.
  • 3. Fostered and solidified nationalism.
  • 4. Destroyed weak and unfit peoples.
  • 5. Dissolved the illusion of primitive equality and selectively stratified society.

70:2.9 War has had a certain evolutionary and selective value, but like slavery, it must sometime be abandoned as civilization slowly advances. Olden wars promoted travel and cultural intercourse; these ends are now better served by modern methods of transport and communication. Olden wars strengthened nations, but modern struggles disrupt civilized culture. Ancient warfare resulted in the decimation of inferior peoples; the net result of modern conflict is the selective destruction of the best human stocks. Early wars promoted organization and efficiency, but these have now become the aims of modern industry. During past ages war was a social ferment which pushed civilization forward; this result is now better attained by ambition and invention. Ancient warfare supported the concept of a God of battles, but modern man has been told that God is love. War has served many valuable purposes in the past, it has been an indispensable scaffolding in the building of civilization, but it is rapidly becoming culturally bankrupt — incapable of producing dividends of social gain in any way commensurate with the terrible losses attendant upon its invocation.

70:2.10 At one time physicians believed in bloodletting as a cure for many diseases, but they have since discovered better remedies for most of these disorders. And so must the international bloodletting of war certainly give place to the discovery of better methods for curing the ills of nations.

70:2.11 The nations of Urantia have already entered upon the gigantic struggle between nationalistic militarism and industrialism, and in many ways this conflict is analogous to the agelong struggle between the herder-hunter and the farmer. But if industrialism is to triumph over militarism, it must avoid the dangers which beset it. The perils of budding industry on Urantia are:

  • 1. The strong drift toward materialism, spiritual blindness.
  • 2. The worship of wealth-power, value distortion.
  • 3. The vices of luxury, cultural immaturity.
  • 4. The increasing dangers of indolence, service insensitivity.
  • 5. The growth of undesirable racial softness, biologic deterioration.
  • 6. The threat of standardized industrial slavery, personality stagnation. Labor is ennobling but drudgery is benumbing.

70:2.18 Militarism is autocratic and cruel — savage. It promotes social organization among the conquerors but disintegrates the vanquished. Industrialism is more civilized and should be so carried on as to promote initiative and to encourage individualism. Society should in every way possible foster originality.

70:2.19 Do not make the mistake of glorifying war; rather discern what it has done for society so that you may the more accurately visualize what its substitutes must provide in order to continue the advancement of civilization. And if such adequate substitutes are not provided, then you may be sure that war will long continue.

70:2.20 Man will never accept peace as a normal mode of living until he has been thoroughly and repeatedly convinced that peace is best for his material welfare, and until society has wisely provided peaceful substitutes for the gratification of that inherent tendency periodically to let loose a collective drive designed to liberate those ever-accumulating emotions and energies belonging to the self-preservation reactions of the human species.

70:2.21 But even in passing, war should be honored as the school of experience which compelled a race of arrogant individualists to submit themselves to highly concentrated authority — a chief executive. Old-fashioned war did select the innately great men for leadership, but modern war no longer does this. To discover leaders society must now turn to the conquests of peace: industry, science, and social achievement.

3. Early Human Associations

70:3.1 In the most primitive society the horde is everything; even children are its common property. The evolving family displaced the horde in child rearing, while the emerging clans and tribes took its place as the social unit.

70:3.2 Sex hunger and mother love establish the family. But real government does not appear until superfamily groups have begun to form. In the prefamily days of the horde, leadership was provided by informally chosen individuals. The African Bushmen have never progressed beyond this primitive stage; they do not have chiefs in the horde.

70:3.3 Families became united by blood ties in clans, aggregations of kinsmen; and these subsequently evolved into tribes, territorial communities. Warfare and external pressure forced the tribal organization upon the kinship clans, but it was commerce and trade that held these early and primitive groups together with some degree of internal peace.

70:3.4 The peace of Urantia will be promoted far more by international trade organizations than by all the sentimental sophistry of visionary peace planning. Trade relations have been facilitated by development of language and by improved methods of communication as well as by better transportation.

70:3.5 The absence of a common language has always impeded the growth of peace groups, but money has become the universal language of modern trade. Modern society is largely held together by the industrial market. The gain motive is a mighty civilizer when augmented by the desire to serve.

70:3.6 In the early ages each tribe was surrounded by concentric circles of increasing fear and suspicion; hence it was once the custom to kill all strangers, later on, to enslave them. The old idea of friendship meant adoption into the clan; and clan membership was believed to survive death — one of the earliest concepts of eternal life.

70:3.7 The ceremony of adoption consisted in drinking each other’s blood. In some groups saliva was exchanged in the place of blood drinking, this being the ancient origin of the practice of social kissing. And all ceremonies of association, whether marriage or adoption, were always terminated by feasting.

70:3.8 In later times, blood diluted with red wine was used, and eventually wine alone was drunk to seal the adoption ceremony, which was signified in the touching of the wine cups and consummated by the swallowing of the beverage. The Hebrews employed a modified form of this adoption ceremony. Their Arab ancestors made use of the oath taken while the hand of the candidate rested upon the generative organ of the tribal native. The Hebrews treated adopted aliens kindly and fraternally. “The stranger that dwells with you shall be as one born among you, and you shall love him as yourself.”

70:3.9 “Guest friendship” was a relation of temporary hospitality. When visiting guests departed, a dish would be broken in half, one piece being given the departing friend so that it would serve as a suitable introduction for a third party who might arrive on a later visit. It was customary for guests to pay their way by telling tales of their travels and adventures. The storytellers of olden times became so popular that the mores eventually forbade their functioning during either the hunting or harvest seasons.

70:3.10 The first treaties of peace were the “blood bonds.” The peace ambassadors of two warring tribes would meet, pay their respects, and then proceed to prick the skin until it bled; whereupon they would suck each other’s blood and declare peace.

70:3.11 The earliest peace missions consisted of delegations of men bringing their choice maidens for the sex gratification of their onetime enemies, the sex appetite being utilized in combating the war urge. The tribe so honored would pay a return visit, with its offering of maidens; whereupon peace would be firmly established. And soon intermarriages between the families of the chiefs were sanctioned.

4. Clans and Tribes

70:4.1 The first peace group was the family, then the clan, the tribe, and later on the nation, which eventually became the modern territorial state. The fact that the present-day peace groups have long since expanded beyond blood ties to embrace nations is most encouraging, despite the fact that Urantia nations are still spending vast sums on war preparations.

70:4.2 The clans were blood-tie groups within the tribe, and they owed their existence to certain common interests, such as:

  • 1. Tracing origin back to a common ancestor.
  • 2. Allegiance to a common religious totem.
  • 3. Speaking the same dialect.
  • 4. Sharing a common dwelling place.
  • 5. Fearing the same enemies.
  • 6. Having had a common military experience.

70:4.9 The clan headmen were always subordinate to the tribal chief, the early tribal governments being a loose confederation of clans. The native Australians never developed a tribal form of government.

70:4.10 The clan peace chiefs usually ruled through the mother line; the tribal war chiefs established the father line. The courts of the tribal chiefs and early kings consisted of the headmen of the clans, whom it was customary to invite into the king’s presence several times a year. This enabled him to watch them and the better secure their co-operation. The clans served a valuable purpose in local self-government, but they greatly delayed the growth of large and strong nations.

5. The Beginnings of Government

70:5.1 Every human institution had a beginning, and civil government is a product of progressive evolution just as much as are marriage, industry, and religion. From the early clans and primitive tribes there gradually developed the successive orders of human government which have come and gone right on down to those forms of social and civil regulation that characterize the second third of the twentieth century.

70:5.2 With the gradual emergence of the family units the foundations of government were established in the clan organization, the grouping of consanguineous families. The first real governmental body was the council of the elders. This regulative group was composed of old men who had distinguished themselves in some efficient manner. Wisdom and experience were early appreciated even by barbaric man, and there ensued a long age of the domination of the elders. This reign of the oligarchy of age gradually grew into the patriarchal idea.

70:5.3 In the early council of the elders there resided the potential of all governmental functions: executive, legislative, and judicial. When the council interpreted the current mores, it was a court; when establishing new modes of social usage, it was a legislature; to the extent that such decrees and enactments were enforced, it was the executive. The chairman of the council was one of the forerunners of the later tribal chief.

70:5.4 Some tribes had female councils, and from time to time many tribes had women rulers. Certain tribes of the red man preserved the teaching of Onamonalonton in following the unanimous rule of the “council of seven.”

70:5.5 It has been hard for mankind to learn that neither peace nor war can be run by a debating society. The primitive “palavers” were seldom useful. The race early learned that an army commanded by a group of clan heads had no chance against a strong one-man army. War has always been a kingmaker.

70:5.6 At first the war chiefs were chosen only for military service, and they would relinquish some of their authority during peacetimes, when their duties were of a more social nature. But gradually they began to encroach upon the peace intervals, tending to continue to rule from one war on through to the next. They often saw to it that one war was not too long in following another. These early war lords were not fond of peace.

70:5.7 In later times some chiefs were chosen for other than military service, being selected because of unusual physique or outstanding personal abilities. The red men often had two sets of chiefs — the sachems, or peace chiefs, and the hereditary war chiefs. The peace rulers were also judges and teachers.

70:5.8 Some early communities were ruled by medicine men, who often acted as chiefs. One man would act as priest, physician, and chief executive. Quite often the early royal insignias had originally been the symbols or emblems of priestly dress.

70:5.9 And it was by these steps that the executive branch of government gradually came into existence. The clan and tribal councils continued in an advisory capacity and as forerunners of the later appearing legislative and judicial branches. In Africa, today, all these forms of primitive government are in actual existence among the various tribes.

6. Monarchial Government

70:6.1 Effective state rule only came with the arrival of a chief with full executive authority. Man found that effective government could be had only by conferring power on a personality, not by endowing an idea.

70:6.2 Rulership grew out of the idea of family authority or wealth. When a patriarchal kinglet became a real king, he was sometimes called “father of his people.” Later on, kings were thought to have sprung from heroes. And still further on, rulership became hereditary, due to belief in the divine origin of kings.

70:6.3 Hereditary kingship avoided the anarchy which had previously wrought such havoc between the death of a king and the election of a successor. The family had a biologic head; the clan, a selected natural leader; the tribe and later state had no natural leader, and this was an additional reason for making the chief-kings hereditary. The idea of royal families and aristocracy was also based on the mores of “name ownership” in the clans.

70:6.4 The succession of kings was eventually regarded as supernatural, the royal blood being thought to extend back to the times of the materialized staff of Prince Caligastia. Thus kings became fetish personalities and were inordinately feared, a special form of speech being adopted for court usage. Even in recent times it was believed that the touch of kings would cure disease, and some Urantia peoples still regard their rulers as having had a divine origin.

70:6.5 The early fetish king was often kept in seclusion; he was regarded as too sacred to be viewed except on feast days and holy days. Ordinarily a representative was chosen to impersonate him, and this is the origin of prime ministers. The first cabinet officer was a food administrator; others shortly followed. Rulers soon appointed representatives to be in charge of commerce and religion; and the development of a cabinet was a direct step toward depersonalization of executive authority. These assistants of the early kings became the accepted nobility, and the king’s wife gradually rose to the dignity of queen as women came to be held in higher esteem.

70:6.6 Unscrupulous rulers gained great power by the discovery of poison. Early court magic was diabolical; the king’s enemies soon died. But even the most despotic tyrant was subject to some restrictions; he was at least restrained by the ever-present fear of assassination. The medicine men, witch doctors, and priests have always been a powerful check on the kings. Subsequently, the landowners, the aristocracy, exerted a restraining influence. And ever and anon the clans and tribes would simply rise up and overthrow their despots and tyrants. Deposed rulers, when sentenced to death, were often given the option of committing suicide, which gave origin to the ancient social vogue of suicide in certain circumstances.

7. Primitive Clubs and Secret Societies

70:7.1 Blood kinship determined the first social groups; association enlarged the kinship clan. Intermarriage was the next step in group enlargement, and the resultant complex tribe was the first true political body. The next advance in social development was the evolution of religious cults and the political clubs. These first appeared as secret societies and originally were wholly religious; subsequently they became regulative. At first they were men’s clubs; later women’s groups appeared. Presently they became divided into two classes: sociopolitical and religio-mystical.

70:7.2 There were many reasons for the secrecy of these societies, such as:

  • 1. Fear of incurring the displeasure of the rulers because of the violation of some taboo.
  • 2. In order to practice minority religious rites.
  • 3. For the purpose of preserving valuable “spirit” or trade secrets.
  • 4. For the enjoyment of some special charm or magic.

70:7.7 The very secrecy of these societies conferred on all members the power of mystery over the rest of the tribe. Secrecy also appeals to vanity; the initiates were the social aristocracy of their day. After initiation the boys hunted with the men; whereas before they had gathered vegetables with the women. And it was the supreme humiliation, a tribal disgrace, to fail to pass the puberty tests and thus be compelled to remain outside the men’s abode with the women and children, to be considered effeminate. Besides, noninitiates were not allowed to marry.

70:7.8 Primitive people very early taught their adolescent youths sex control. It became the custom to take boys away from parents from puberty to marriage, their education and training being intrusted to the men’s secret societies. And one of the chief functions of these clubs was to keep control of adolescent young men, thus preventing illegitimate children.

70:7.9 Commercialized prostitution began when these men’s clubs paid money for the use of women from other tribes. But the earlier groups were remarkably free from sex laxity.

70:7.10 The puberty initiation ceremony usually extended over a period of five years. Much self-torture and painful cutting entered into these ceremonies. Circumcision was first practiced as a rite of initiation into one of these secret fraternities. The tribal marks were cut on the body as a part of the puberty initiation; the tattoo originated as such a badge of membership. Such torture, together with much privation, was designed to harden these youths, to impress them with the reality of life and its inevitable hardships. This purpose is better accomplished by the later appearing athletic games and physical contests.

70:7.11 But the secret societies did aim at the improvement of adolescent morals; one of the chief purposes of the puberty ceremonies was to impress upon the boy that he must leave other men’s wives alone.

70:7.12 Following these years of rigorous discipline and training and just before marriage, the young men were usually released for a short period of leisure and freedom, after which they returned to marry and to submit to lifelong subjection to the tribal taboos. And this ancient custom has continued down to modern times as the foolish notion of “sowing wild oats.”

70:7.13 Many later tribes sanctioned the formation of women’s secret clubs, the purpose of which was to prepare adolescent girls for wifehood and motherhood. After initiation girls were eligible for marriage and were permitted to attend the “bride show,” the coming-out party of those days. Women’s orders pledged against marriage early came into existence.

70:7.14 Presently nonsecret clubs made their appearance when groups of unmarried men and groups of unattached women formed their separate organizations. These associations were really the first schools. And while men’s and women’s clubs were often given to persecuting each other, some advanced tribes, after contact with the Dalamatia teachers, experimented with coeducation, having boarding schools for both sexes.

70:7.15 Secret societies contributed to the building up of social castes chiefly by the mysterious character of their initiations. The members of these societies first wore masks to frighten the curious away from their mourning rites — ancestor worship. Later this ritual developed into a pseudo seance at which ghosts were reputed to have appeared. The ancient societies of the “new birth” used signs and employed a special secret language; they also forswore certain foods and drinks. They acted as night police and otherwise functioned in a wide range of social activities.

70:7.16 All secret associations imposed an oath, enjoined confidence, and taught the keeping of secrets. These orders awed and controlled the mobs; they also acted as vigilance societies, thus practicing lynch law. They were the first spies when the tribes were at war and the first secret police during times of peace. Best of all they kept unscrupulous kings on the anxious seat. To offset them, the kings fostered their own secret police.

70:7.17 These societies gave rise to the first political parties. The first party government was “the strong” vs. “the weak.” In ancient times a change of administration only followed civil war, abundant proof that the weak had become strong.

70:7.18 These clubs were employed by merchants to collect debts and by rulers to collect taxes. Taxation has been a long struggle, one of the earliest forms being the tithe, one tenth of the hunt or spoils. Taxes were originally levied to keep up the king’s house, but it was found that they were easier to collect when disguised as an offering for the support of the temple service.

70:7.19 By and by these secret associations grew into the first charitable organizations and later evolved into the earlier religious societies — the forerunners of churches. Finally some of these societies became intertribal, the first international fraternities.

8. Social Classes

70:8.1 The mental and physical inequality of human beings insures that social classes will appear. The only worlds without social strata are the most primitive and the most advanced. A dawning civilization has not yet begun the differentiation of social levels, while a world settled in light and life has largely effaced these divisions of mankind, which are so characteristic of all intermediate evolutionary stages.

70:8.2 As society emerged from savagery to barbarism, its human components tended to become grouped in classes for the following general reasons:

  • 1. Natural — contact, kinship, and marriage; the first social distinctions were based on sex, age, and blood — kinship to the chief.
  • 2. Personal — the recognition of ability, endurance, skill, and fortitude; soon followed by the recognition of language mastery, knowledge, and general intelligence.
  • 3. Chance — war and emigration resulted in the separating of human groups. Class evolution was powerfully influenced by conquest, the relation of the victor to the vanquished, while slavery brought about the first general division of society into free and bond.
  • 4. Economic — rich and poor. Wealth and the possession of slaves was a genetic basis for one class of society.
  • 5. Geographic — classes arose consequent upon urban or rural settlement. City and country have respectively contributed to the differentiation of the herder-agriculturist and the trader-industrialist, with their divergent viewpoints and reactions.
  • 6. Social — classes have gradually formed according to popular estimate of the social worth of different groups. Among the earliest divisions of this sort were the demarcations between priest-teachers, ruler-warriors, capitalist-traders, common laborers, and slaves. The slave could never become a capitalist, though sometimes the wage earner could elect to join the capitalistic ranks.
  • 7. Vocational — as vocations multiplied, they tended to establish castes and guilds. Workers divided into three groups: the professional classes, including the medicine men, then the skilled workers, followed by the unskilled laborers.
  • 8. Religious — the early cult clubs produced their own classes within the clans and tribes, and the piety and mysticism of the priests have long perpetuated them as a separate social group.
  • 9. Racial — the presence of two or more races within a given nation or territorial unit usually produces color castes. The original caste system of India was based on color, as was that of early Egypt.
  • 10. Age — youth and maturity. Among the tribes the boy remained under the watchcare of his father as long as the father lived, while the girl was left in the care of her mother until married.

70:8.13 Flexible and shifting social classes are indispensable to an evolving civilization, but when class becomes caste, when social levels petrify, the enhancement of social stability is purchased by diminishment of personal initiative. Social caste solves the problem of finding one’s place in industry, but it also sharply curtails individual development and virtually prevents social co-operation.

70:8.14 Classes in society, having naturally formed, will persist until man gradually achieves their evolutionary obliteration through intelligent manipulation of the biologic, intellectual, and spiritual resources of a progressing civilization, such as:

  • 1. Biologic renovation of the racial stocks — the selective elimination of inferior human strains. This will tend to eradicate many mortal inequalities.
  • 2. Educational training of the increased brain power which will arise out of such biologic improvement.
  • 3. Religious quickening of the feelings of mortal kinship and brotherhood.

70:8.18 But these measures can bear their true fruits only in the distant millenniums of the future, although much social improvement will immediately result from the intelligent, wise, and patient manipulation of these acceleration factors of cultural progress. Religion is the mighty lever that lifts civilization from chaos, but it is powerless apart from the fulcrum of sound and normal mind resting securely on sound and normal heredity.

9. Human Rights

70:9.1 Nature confers no rights on man, only life and a world in which to live it. Nature does not even confer the right to live, as might be deduced by considering what would likely happen if an unarmed man met a hungry tiger face to face in the primitive forest. Society’s prime gift to man is security.

70:9.2 Gradually society asserted its rights and, at the present time, they are:

  • 1. Assurance of food supply.
  • 2. Military defense — security through preparedness.
  • 3. Internal peace preservation — prevention of personal violence and social disorder.
  • 4. Sex control — marriage, the family institution.
  • 5. Property — the right to own.
  • 6. Fostering of individual and group competition.
  • 7. Provision for educating and training youth.
  • 8. Promotion of trade and commerce — industrial development.
  • 9. Improvement of labor conditions and rewards.
  • 10. The guarantee of the freedom of religious practices to the end that all of these other social activities may be exalted by becoming spiritually motivated.

70:9.13 When rights are old beyond knowledge of origin, they are often called natural rights. But human rights are not really natural; they are entirely social. They are relative and ever changing, being no more than the rules of the game — recognized adjustments of relations governing the ever-changing phenomena of human competition.

70:9.14 What may be regarded as right in one age may not be so regarded in another. The survival of large numbers of defectives and degenerates is not because they have any natural right thus to encumber twentieth-century civilization, but simply because the society of the age, the mores, thus decrees.

70:9.15 Few human rights were recognized in the European Middle Ages; then every man belonged to someone else, and rights were only privileges or favors granted by state or church. And the revolt from this error was equally erroneous in that it led to the belief that all men are born equal.

70:9.16 The weak and the inferior have always contended for equal rights; they have always insisted that the state compel the strong and superior to supply their wants and otherwise make good those deficiencies which all too often are the natural result of their own indifference and indolence.

70:9.17 But this equality ideal is the child of civilization; it is not found in nature. Even culture itself demonstrates conclusively the inherent inequality of men by their very unequal capacity therefor. The sudden and nonevolutionary realization of supposed natural equality would quickly throw civilized man back to the crude usages of primitive ages. Society cannot offer equal rights to all, but it can promise to administer the varying rights of each with fairness and equity. It is the business and duty of society to provide the child of nature with a fair and peaceful opportunity to pursue self-maintenance, participate in self-perpetuation, while at the same time enjoying some measure of self-gratification, the sum of all three constituting human happiness.

10. Evolution of Justice

70:10.1 Natural justice is a man-made theory; it is not a reality. In nature, justice is purely theoretic, wholly a fiction. Nature provides but one kind of justice — inevitable conformity of results to causes.

70:10.2 Justice, as conceived by man, means getting one’s rights and has, therefore, been a matter of progressive evolution. The concept of justice may well be constitutive in a spirit-endowed mind, but it does not spring full-fledgedly into existence on the worlds of space.

70:10.3 Primitive man assigned all phenomena to a person. In case of death the savage asked, not what killed him, but who? Accidental murder was not therefore recognized, and in the punishment of crime the motive of the criminal was wholly disregarded; judgment was rendered in accordance with the injury done.

70:10.4 In the earliest primitive society public opinion operated directly; officers of law were not needed. There was no privacy in primitive life. A man’s neighbors were responsible for his conduct; therefore their right to pry into his personal affairs. Society was regulated on the theory that the group membership should have an interest in, and some degree of control over, the behavior of each individual.

70:10.5 It was very early believed that ghosts administered justice through the medicine men and priests; this constituted these orders the first crime detectors and officers of the law. Their early methods of detecting crime consisted in conducting ordeals of poison, fire, and pain. These savage ordeals were nothing more than crude techniques of arbitration; they did not necessarily settle a dispute justly. For example: When poison was administered, if the accused vomited, he was innocent.

70:10.6 The Old Testament records one of these ordeals, a marital guilt test: If a man suspected his wife of being untrue to him, he took her to the priest and stated his suspicions, after which the priest would prepare a concoction consisting of holy water and sweepings from the temple floor. After due ceremony, including threatening curses, the accused wife was made to drink the nasty potion. If she was guilty, “the water that causes the curse shall enter into her and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thighs shall rot, and the woman shall be accursed among her people.” If, by any chance, any woman could quaff this filthy draught and not show symptoms of physical illness, she was acquitted of the charges made by her jealous husband.

70:10.7 These atrocious methods of crime detection were practiced by almost all the evolving tribes at one time or another. Dueling is a modern survival of the trial by ordeal.

70:10.8 It is not to be wondered that the Hebrews and other semicivilized tribes practiced such primitive techniques of justice administration three thousand years ago, but it is most amazing that thinking men would subsequently retain such a relic of barbarism within the pages of a collection of sacred writings. Reflective thinking should make it clear that no divine being ever gave mortal man such unfair instructions regarding the detection and adjudication of suspected marital unfaithfulness.

70:10.9 Society early adopted the paying-back attitude of retaliation: an eye for an eye, a life for a life. The evolving tribes all recognized this right of blood vengeance. Vengeance became the aim of primitive life, but religion has since greatly modified these early tribal practices. The teachers of revealed religion have always proclaimed, “‘Vengeance is mine,’ says the Lord.” Vengeance killing in early times was not altogether unlike present-day murders under the pretense of the unwritten law.

70:10.10 Suicide was a common mode of retaliation. If one were unable to avenge himself in life, he died entertaining the belief that, as a ghost, he could return and visit wrath upon his enemy. And since this belief was very general, the threat of suicide on an enemy’s doorstep was usually sufficient to bring him to terms. Primitive man did not hold life very dear; suicide over trifles was common, but the teachings of the Dalamatians greatly lessened this custom, while in more recent times leisure, comforts, religion, and philosophy have united to make life sweeter and more desirable. Hunger strikes are, however, a modern analogue of this old-time method of retaliation.

70:10.11 One of the earliest formulations of advanced tribal law had to do with the taking over of the blood feud as a tribal affair. But strange to relate, even then a man could kill his wife without punishment provided he had fully paid for her. The Eskimos of today, however, still leave the penalty for a crime, even for murder, to be decreed and administered by the family wronged.

70:10.12 Another advance was the imposition of fines for taboo violations, the provision of penalties. These fines constituted the first public revenue. The practice of paying “blood money” also came into vogue as a substitute for blood vengeance. Such damages were usually paid in women or cattle; it was a long time before actual fines, monetary compensation, were assessed as punishment for crime. And since the idea of punishment was essentially compensation, everything, including human life, eventually came to have a price which could be paid as damages. The Hebrews were the first to abolish the practice of paying blood money. Moses taught that they should “take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, who is guilty of death; he shall surely be put to death.”

70:10.13 Justice was thus first meted out by the family, then by the clan, and later on by the tribe. The administration of true justice dates from the taking of revenge from private and kin groups and lodging it in the hands of the social group, the state.

70:10.14 Punishment by burning alive was once a common practice. It was recognized by many ancient rulers, including Hammurabi and Moses, the latter directing that many crimes, particularly those of a grave sex nature, should be punished by burning at the stake. If “the daughter of a priest” or other leading citizen turned to public prostitution, it was the Hebrew custom to “burn her with fire.”

70:10.15 Treason — the “selling out” or betrayal of one’s tribal associates — was the first capital crime. Cattle stealing was universally punished by summary death, and even recently horse stealing has been similarly punished. But as time passed, it was learned that the severity of the punishment was not so valuable a deterrent to crime as was its certainty and swiftness.

70:10.16 When society fails to punish crimes, group resentment usually asserts itself as lynch law; the provision of sanctuary was a means of escaping this sudden group anger. Lynching and dueling represent the unwillingness of the individual to surrender private redress to the state.

11. Laws and Courts

70:11.1 It is just as difficult to draw sharp distinctions between mores and laws as to indicate exactly when, at the dawning, night is succeeded by day. Mores are laws and police regulations in the making. When long established, the undefined mores tend to crystallize into precise laws, concrete regulations, and well-defined social conventions.

70:11.2 Law is always at first negative and prohibitive; in advancing civilizations it becomes increasingly positive and directive. Early society operated negatively, granting the individual the right to live by imposing upon all others the command, “you shall not kill.” Every grant of rights or liberty to the individual involves curtailment of the liberties of all others, and this is effected by the taboo, primitive law. The whole idea of the taboo is inherently negative, for primitive society was wholly negative in its organization, and the early administration of justice consisted in the enforcement of the taboos. But originally these laws applied only to fellow tribesmen, as is illustrated by the later-day Hebrews, who had a different code of ethics for dealing with the gentiles.

70:11.3 The oath originated in the days of Dalamatia in an effort to render testimony more truthful. Such oaths consisted in pronouncing a curse upon oneself. Formerly no individual would testify against his native group.

70:11.4 Crime was an assault upon the tribal mores, sin was the transgression of those taboos which enjoyed ghost sanction, and there was long confusion due to the failure to segregate crime and sin.

70:11.5 Self-interest established the taboo on killing, society sanctified it as traditional mores, while religion consecrated the custom as moral law, and thus did all three conspire in rendering human life more safe and sacred. Society could not have held together during early times had not rights had the sanction of religion; superstition was the moral and social police force of the long evolutionary ages. The ancients all claimed that their olden laws, the taboos, had been given to their ancestors by the gods.

70:11.6 Law is a codified record of long human experience, public opinion crystallized and legalized. The mores were the raw material of accumulated experience out of which later ruling minds formulated the written laws. The ancient judge had no laws. When he handed down a decision, he simply said, “It is the custom.”

70:11.7 Reference to precedent in court decisions represents the effort of judges to adapt written laws to the changing conditions of society. This provides for progressive adaptation to altering social conditions combined with the impressiveness of traditional continuity.

70:11.8 Property disputes were handled in many ways, such as:

  • 1. By destroying the disputed property.
  • 2. By force — the contestants fought it out.
  • 3. By arbitration — a third party decided.
  • 4. By appeal to the elders — later to the courts.

70:11.13 The first courts were regulated fistic encounters; the judges were merely umpires or referees. They saw to it that the fight was carried on according to approved rules. On entering a court combat, each party made a deposit with the judge to pay the costs and fine after one had been defeated by the other. “Might was still right.” Later on, verbal arguments were substituted for physical blows.

70:11.14 The whole idea of primitive justice was not so much to be fair as to dispose of the contest and thus prevent public disorder and private violence. But primitive man did not so much resent what would now be regarded as an injustice; it was taken for granted that those who had power would use it selfishly. Nevertheless, the status of any civilization may be very accurately determined by the thoroughness and equity of its courts and by the integrity of its judges.

12. Allocation of Civil Authority

70:12.1 The great struggle in the evolution of government has concerned the concentration of power. The universe administrators have learned from experience that the evolutionary peoples on the inhabited worlds are best regulated by the representative type of civil government when there is maintained proper balance of power between the well-co-ordinated executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

70:12.2 While primitive authority was based on strength, physical power, the ideal government is the representative system wherein leadership is based on ability, but in the days of barbarism there was entirely too much war to permit representative government to function effectively. In the long struggle between division of authority and unity of command, the dictator won. The early and diffuse powers of the primitive council of elders were gradually concentrated in the person of the absolute monarch. After the arrival of real kings the groups of elders persisted as quasi-legislative-judicial advisory bodies; later on, legislatures of co-ordinate status made their appearance, and eventually supreme courts of adjudication were established separate from the legislatures.

70:12.3 The king was the executor of the mores, the original or unwritten law. Later he enforced the legislative enactments, the crystallization of public opinion. A popular assembly as an expression of public opinion, though slow in appearing, marked a great social advance.

70:12.4 The early kings were greatly restricted by the mores — by tradition or public opinion. In recent times some Urantia nations have codified these mores into documentary bases for government.

70:12.5 Urantia mortals are entitled to liberty; they should create their systems of government; they should adopt their constitutions or other charters of civil authority and administrative procedure. And having done this, they should select their most competent and worthy fellows as chief executives. For representatives in the legislative branch they should elect only those who are qualified intellectually and morally to fulfill such sacred responsibilities. As judges of their high and supreme tribunals only those who are endowed with natural ability and who have been made wise by replete experience should be chosen.

70:12.6 If men would maintain their freedom, they must, after having chosen their charter of liberty, provide for its wise, intelligent, and fearless interpretation to the end that there may be prevented:

  • 1. Usurpation of unwarranted power by either the executive or legislative branches.
  • 2. Machinations of ignorant and superstitious agitators.
  • 3. Retardation of scientific progress.
  • 4. Stalemate of the dominance of mediocrity.
  • 5. Domination by vicious minorities.
  • 6. Control by ambitious and clever would-be dictators.
  • 7. Disastrous disruption of panics.
  • 8. Exploitation by the unscrupulous.
  • 9. Taxation enslavement of the citizenry by the state.
  • 10. Failure of social and economic fairness.
  • 11. Union of church and state.
  • 12. Loss of personal liberty.

70:12.19 These are the purposes and aims of constitutional tribunals acting as governors upon the engines of representative government on an evolutionary world.

70:12.20 Mankind’s struggle to perfect government on Urantia has to do with perfecting channels of administration, with adapting them to ever-changing current needs, with improving power distribution within government, and then with selecting such administrative leaders as are truly wise. While there is a divine and ideal form of government, such cannot be revealed but must be slowly and laboriously discovered by the men and women of each planet throughout the universes of time and space.

70:12.21 [Presented by a Melchizedek of Nebadon.]


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Fight, level up and trade

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Join a sizzling community.

Join the next ELO bans discussion!

Today at 13:17

Hello everyone,
We noticed that many players wanted to be included in the team of the 5 ELO players that will help the staff every month in fixing the ELO ban list.So, we decided to create a little contest about it!
The player with the highest elo score at the end of this elo week AND the player with the highest elo score at the end of the next elo week will both join the team of 5 players!
In case the top player doesn’t want to join the team or if he cannot clearly understand and write in english, we will ask to the player immediately following him in the ranking.
Do your best!
PS: This post is in english because the 2 winners, in order to be able to join the next ELO ban discussion, must be able to read and write in english.

X10 Clintz Weekend

Today at 08:42

This weekend, from 4pm (GMT+2) on Friday until 8am (GMT+2) on Monday morning, every duel carried out will earn you ten times more Clintz.

Make the most of it to line your pockets :)

Ymirah x2 Drop Rate!

Tuesday 18/10, 16:38

Winter is coming… and so is Halloween with its horde of monsters… Take advantage of this special offer to spice up your decks with the giant Ymirah from now on! All the more so since you will have twice the chance of getting her in the packs during 48 hours! Good luck!


text:
Thursday, October 20, 2016
Home/Current Issue >  Daily News Archive >

Photo Stencil Introduces Interactive Squeegee Blade Selection Guide

Click to download the guide

Photo Stencil, LLC, a leading full-service provider of high-performance stencils and tooling, introduces its new Interactive Squeegee Blade Selection Guide. Available on the Photo Stencil website at www.photostencil.com, the Guide provides characteristics to look for when choosing a squeegee blade, the types of blades available, and information about which blade to use for a particular application and printer make and model. The sizes and prices are listed for each Photo Stencil part number. Wiper blades, squeegee holders, head assemblies, and shims are also included in the Guide.

A complete line of blades, including DuraGlide™, E-Blade®, OEM, and specialty blades, is given along with printer machine type and manufacturer. Blade configurations fit any of the common metal squeegee holders such as DEK, EKRA, Fuji, Panasonic, and MPM/Speedline. Part numbers are aligned to each printer and an explanation is given as to the type of squeegee blade required, how it will perform, the Photo Stencil part number equivalents for each blade and blade size, and the Photo Stencil price in US dollars.

"The technology of the blade is as important as the stencil. Our Guide helps you select the correct blade for the stencil and stencil printer you are using," explained Rachel Short, VP sales and marketing, Photo Stencil. "Photo Stencil has a long history of manufacturing squeegee blades and stencils. Our blades are of the highest quality, incorporate the latest technologies to handle complicated print challenges, are proven to be durable and maintain their original edge, and can be purchased at prices comparable to other manufacturers' blades. You also get Photo Stencil's customer service and application support team."

Photo Stencil has organized its blades into core categories to make it easier to determine which type of blade to use and which part number to select to fit the printer being used. Purchasing Photo Stencil blades reduces costs because the blades are among the most durable on the market, reduce solder paste waste, and the high printing quality minimizes the need for rework and repair. Using Photo Stencil's new Interactive Squeegee Blade Selection Guide, parts and prices can be identified so it is easy to order and have them shipped to inventory.

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Having trouble making money in the stock market this year? Has hitting on a winning strategy eluded you, despite finding success on virtually every stock investment last year?

Well, you're not alone, according to a Bespoke Investment Group analysis of stock market performance based on an array of different investment criteria.

"So far it's been a trendless market," Bespoke co-founder Paul Hickey told clients in a research note Wednesday.

Bespoke analyzed the performance of stocks in the Standard & Poor's 1500 and found few stock-specific characteristics that have been driving the market in a significant way. "There's been no rhyme or reason to the action we've seen in stocks this month," Bespoke says.

In fact, performance has been scattered all over the board, with few noteworthy trends. Things like company size, or a stock's price-to-earnings ratio or dividend yield "have meant nothing."

There is some evidence that stocks that investors are betting against, or are "shorting," have underperformed the broad market, as have stocks with the worst analyst ratings.

On the positive side, stocks showing better performance include those that are heavily owned by institutional investors that were up the most in 2013. But "outside of those two, it has been tough to find a strategy that's working well this year," says Hickey. "As we enter the thick of earnings season, hopefully the market can start to find its way."

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Nutritional improvements made in the foods served at schools could help reverse the nation's childhood obesity epidemic, and the first evidence of that is in places that have implemented changes early.

Childhood obesity rates have declined slightly in several cities and states that are tackling the issue including Mississippi, California, New York City, Philadelphia, El Paso and Anchorage, according to two groups that are tracking the trend.

"We've had 30 years of increasing rates of obesity, but we might be seeing the turning point for this epidemic," says pediatrician James Marks, a senior vice president for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, which issued a summary report on the topic. One of the foundation's goals is to reverse childhood obesity in this country.

The gains are pretty small in some communities, but if nothing else they reverse long-building trends of higher obesity rates among kids. "There are enough communities that have had declines that it shows any community that makes these kinds of changes could see their children get healthier," Marks says.

Margo Wootan, director of nutrition policy for the Center for Science in the Public Interest,a Washington D.C.-based consumer group, which did its own analysis of the changes, says, "We are seeing decreases in obesity in places where they are making a concerted effort to address the problem, mostly in schools. They're not just crossing their fingers and hoping the problem goes away."

A 2010 law directed the U.S. Department of Agriculture to update the national nutrition standards for all food served in schools. The standards are designed to improve the health of about 53 million children who attend primary and secondary schools. Kids consume about 30% to 50% of their daily calories while at school.

The changes that went into effect this year mean students are being offered healthier options and slightly fewer calories at lunch, Wootan says.

Some cities and states also have increased the quantity and quality of physical activity for students, and many have instituted strong nutrition guidelines for the types of foods that can be sold in vending machines, à la carte lines and school stores, she says.

The decline in childhood obesity could become more widespread with the improvements being made in school food nationwide, Wootan says.

Greater declines in obesity are likely to come when the government implements rules for competitive foods, such as candy, chips, soda, cookies and pastries, sold in vending machines, à la carte lines and school stores, she says. Those should be released later this year and go into effect in two years or so, Wootan says. "That's where we'll see a bigger impact."

STORY: Retired military wants junk food kicked out of schools

STORY: Kids push back on healthier school lunches

Nationally about a third (31.8%) of kids and adolescents, ages 2 to 19, are obese or overweight, government statistics show. About 17% of them -- about 12.5 million kids -- are obese. Children are classified as overweight or obese based on where they fall on body mass index (BMI) growth charts.

Those extra pounds put kids at a greater risk of developing a host of debilitating and costly diseases, including type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

According to the two groups, these places have made improvements in childhood obesity:

-- In Mississippi, the percentage of children in grades K-5 who were obese or overweight fell from about 43% in 2007 to 37.3% in 2011. (Mississippi has the highest adult obesity rate in the country.)

-- In California, obesity and overweight rates for grades 5, 7 and 9 decreased from 38.44% in 2005 to 38% in 2010.

-- In Anchorage, it declined from 38% in 2002-03 to 36% in 2010-11 for those in kindergarten through 12th grade.

-- In New York City, obesity dropped among kindergartners through 8th graders from 21.9% in 2006-07 to 20.7% in 2010-11.

-- In Philadelphia, obesity among K-12 kids decreased from 21.5% in 2006-07 to 20.5% in 2009-10.

-- In El Paso, obesity among fourth-graders decreased from 25.5% in 2000-02 to 18.8% in 2004-05.

Some reasons for these improvements: In Mississippi, the state board of education set nutritional standards in 2006 for foods and beverages sold in school vending machines, and a 2007 state law required the state's public schools to provide more physical activity time, offer healthier foods and beverages and develop health education programs, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation report says.

California set strong nutrition standards for school snacks in 2007, the report notes. The foundation's report also cites a study that found that students in California are consuming 158 fewer calories a day than students in states with weaker nutrition standards.

Counties in the state, such as Los Angeles County, that were on the cutting edge in making healthier changes had bigger decreases in obesity, Marks says.

"The places in the country that are really on the cutting edge are doing more than just addressing the problem in schools," he says. "For instance, Philadelphia has worked on opening grocery stores in the food-desert areas (places with little access to healthy foods), and New York City has been very comprehensive including offering street carts where people can buy fresh fruits and vegetables."

Adds Wootan: "These are good initial results, but clearly we have a lot more work to do and need to help all schools adopt healthier food policies and address the rest of the places where children eat -- home, restaurants, parks, zoos, recreational facilities."

Gary Foster, director of the Center for Obesity Research and Education at Temple University in Philadelphia, says, "Environmental changes will make the tough work of healthy eating and active living a bit easier. But everyone (both parents and kids) still have to have some skin in the game."

The verdict is still out on exactly how much changes in school food can reverse the childhood obesity epidemic, he says.

Kelly Brownell, director of Yale University's Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, says, "Small changes are worth celebrating, especially in light of how fast rates had been rising, but many more bold changes will be necessary for real change to occur."

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DHAKA, Bangladesh (AP) — Thousands of students rallied in Bangladesh's capital on Saturday demanding death to Islamic political party leaders who are on trial for alleged war crimes during the country's 1971 independence war.

Eight top leaders of Jamaat-e-Islami, the country's largest Islamic party, are being tried on charges of mass killings, rapes and arson allegedly committed during Bangladesh's nine-month war of separation from Pakistan.

Earlier this month, a tribunal convicted party leader Abdul Quader Mollah of mass killings during the war and sentenced him to life in prison, a sentence that many Bangladeshis considered lenient.

On Saturday, about 5,000 students shouted "Death to the killers" as they rallied in Dhaka.

The government says it will appeal Mollah's sentence before the Supreme Court this coming week, asking for the death penalty for the 65-year-old.

Saturday's protest came a day after activists from Jamaat and an alliance of 12 other Islamic parties clashed with police across the country, leaving four people dead and around 200 injured, including about a dozen journalists.

After Friday's violence, the Islamic party alliance called a nationwide general strike for Sunday, accusing the police of foiling their protests and alleging that the government is planning to ban religion-based political parties. The government denies that religion-based parties will be banned.

The main opposition party, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia, said it would back Sunday's strike.

Sunday is a working day in Muslim-majority Bangladesh, where strikes are common opposition tactics to highlight demands.

Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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The New York Jets' safety, the team's first-round draft pick in May, was being evaluated for a concussion after injuring his head early during special teams drills Saturday.

Coach Rex Ryan said Pryor was hurt when he collided with a teammate while serving as a punt protector.

"As of right now, we don't know if it was a concussion or not," Ryan said. "It was a head injury, and when those things happen, you're always going to side on being cautious. So that's what we're doing."

Pryor jogged off the field with a trainer after the play and remained on the sideline wearing a cap and no jersey for most of the rest of practice.

The injury came on the first day the Jets wore pads and held a full-contact practice since training camp began Thursday.

"He came in there and had a good collision, so it's not like you can say he got dinged or whatever," Ryan said. "But 'dinged' now means you be cautious and do what's in the best interest of the young man. That's where we're at."

Pryor, the No. 18 selection out of Louisville, is a likely starter for the Jets opposite either Dawan Landry or Antonio Allen. Nicknamed the "Louisville Slugger" in college for his hard-hitting style of play, Pryor has often been referred to by Ryan as "an enforcer" type of player.

Meanwhile, running back Chris Johnson and linebacker Garrett McIntyre were limited on "pitch counts" as both are coming off offseason knee surgeries. Guard Willie Colon and linebacker Antwan Barnes — both sidelined with knee injuries — remained on the active/physically unable to perform list. Ryan said Colon is "real close" to returning.

AP NFL website: and

Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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ENGLEWOOD, Colo. – The Broncos have claimed outside linebacker Adrian Robinson off waivers after he was cut by the Philadelphia Eagles, a person with knowledge of the move told USA TODAY Sports.

The person spoke on condition of anonymity because the Broncos have not announced the signing.

To make room for Robinson on the 53-man roster, the Broncos released veteran fullback Jacob Hester.

The team announced Hester's release Sunday morning, just before the Broncos began their first practice of the regular season.

The Broncos become Robinson's third NFL team this preseason, after being traded from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia on Aug. 23 for running back Felix Jones. He was waived by the Eagles on Saturday.

Robinson was not in Denver in time for Sunday's practice, but is expected to be in uniform with the Broncos on Monday morning, joining a linebacker corps and pass rush group that needed help with the suspension of Von Miller.

Robinson is expected to contribute on special teams, too.

Hester played in four games for the Broncos last season, including the postseason, and had 25 total carries and two touchdowns.

He was the only fullback on the Broncos' initial 53-man roster, but executive vice president John Elway said Saturday that part of the team's logic in keeping four tight ends is that a couple of those players can line up as fullback if the Broncos want to use a two-back offensive set.


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University of Southern Indiana

Campus Warnings & Rave Alerts

RAVE icon

USI Rave Alert gives immediate notification - via email, text message, and voice message - about emergencies, severe weather, and other incidents impacting the University community.  Everyone with a USI email address is automatically enrolled in the Rave Alert system, but you must register your mobile phone number(s) to receive text and voice alerts.

Steps to access your Rave Alert account:

1. Log in to myUSI

2. Click on the Rave Alert icon RAVE icon on the Dashboard Channel

3. On the Rave Alert account screen, you may:

  • Add additional email addresses at which to receive email alerts.
  • Add mobile phone numbers to receive text and voice alerts.
  • Add a landline phone number at which to receive voice alerts.
  • Confirm you email addresses and phone numbers by pressing the yellow Test button.

NOTE: You must agree to the "Terms of Use" on the Rave web site to activate the text and voice message alert services.

Remember to add Rave Alert for numbers 67283 and 226787 to your mobile phone contacts.

Click here to view instructions to change the settings on your Rave Alerts account.

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Press Release

Iberotel deploys Check Safety First

Iberotel deploys Check Safety First

Iberotel Hotels & Resorts, a wholly owned subsidiary of TUI, is deploying Check Safety First's E-Cristal hygiene, health and safety risk management system throughout all of its Egyptian and United Arab Emirates hotels.

Check Safety First beat off four competitors to secure the rolling six figure per annum contract with the hotel chain. Iberotel hotels will use the E-Cristal online audit system, to receive real-time access to reports and clear guidance on those areas of the resort that require further attention. The range of services provided will include general safety, legionella control, as well as the central food hygiene product.

"TUI is a massive player in the travel industry, and it is great to see that through Iberotel it is setting an example to others by taking proactive steps to protect the general wellbeing of the travelling public,” comments Mark Harrington, CEO at Check Safety First.

Harrington continues: “It is imperative, at this time of economic uncertainty that travel agents and tour operators offer consumers something extra for their money, and providing this peace of mind is priceless. Through E-Cristal, Iberotel hotels will be able to ensure it meets and exceeds both national and international legislative requirements for health and safety.”

The E-Cristal system will provide Iberotel with a template for health and safety processes and centralise their management to present a chain-wide view of standards.  The system will be supported by monthly, unannounced, audits and advice to ensure hotels are compliant with the Cristal Mark, Check Safety First's standard for health and safety developed in accordance with World Health Organisation guidelines.

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3windows3January 8, 2012: The Legacy of Joseph Tuckerman

The 19th century Bostonian who arguably created Unitarian community ministry was a pioneer in international, as well as American social work. This service explores what it might mean for us as Canadians and citizens of the world. The Choir will sing.

Rev. Millie Rochester
Coordinator: Charlene Zelanko

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We're turning 125!

125 freeminds openhearts

We have much to be proud of as 2016 marks 125 years of our Unitarian Universalist presence in Winnipeg with free minds and open hearts. From who we were to who we are now, throughout 2016 we will create opportunities to celebrate our rich historical roots as we look forward to what we are building together now in our community of faith... READ MORE

Our newsletter, the Communicator, is published once per month (one issue only for the summer months July and August).

Download a copy by clicking on the following link: 2015-2016 Newsletters

Community News

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Visit our Community News page to keep up-to-date with "non-UU" events happening in our community, that may involve or be of interest to church members.

Covenant of Right Relations

We, the members of the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Winnipeg, confirm our Covenant of Right Relations. As members, we seek to make our church a safe space for everyone...

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The New Standard In Sun Protection!
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Mens Short Sleeve Panel Sun & Swim Shirt
Short Sleeve Summer Swim Clothing for Men - SPF/UPF 50+

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A fun twist on our classic mock-tee UV Sun & Swim Shirt. These SPF shirts for men feature stylish color panels and contrast stitching, perfect for any outdoor activity. All of our Men’s sun shirts deliver advanced moisture management and are designed for a relaxed fit. Chlorine and salt water resistant. Certified UPF 50+.
: $39.95

Product Code: 060308

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Product Details
Product Details
  • Certified UPF 50+ Breathable Sun Fabric
  • Lightweight, Quick Drying Microfibre Knit
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  • Raglan Cut Sleeves
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Men's Pullover Hoodie Beachwear for Men - Chlorine Resistant CoTZ Plus SPF 58 | CoTZ Plus | CoTZ Plus SPF 58 Sunscreen

Customer Reviews

Average Rating:
5 of 5
Total Reviews: 66 Write a review »

  0 of 0 people found the following review helpful:
looks and feels great September 1, 2016
Reviewer: Anonymous Person from Salem, OH United States
Very comfortable. Looks great and feels great as well.

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UV Skinz swimwear rocks! August 18, 2016
Reviewer: Brian Downs from Elkton, MD United States
I highly recommend UV Skinz. Very comfortable, fits great, dries really fast.I feel protected from the sun while I am out in the water even if it's a full-on sun. I didn't have to take my shirt off, then put it back on a soaking wet body after
( replete with having to remove my hat, glasses etc. ). My kids thought I worked for UV Skinz I raved about it so much!

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Size off a little August 18, 2016
Reviewer: Dan Kim from PA United States
Got 2XL from reading other reviews and was a little to big.  However still a great product and was able to use and had no issue.

I would definitely stick to what size shirt you would normally wear and not go larger.

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Swim Shirt. August 18, 2016
Reviewer: Paul Tindall from Hampton, NJ United States
Used the UVSkinz swim shirt for a beach vacation in Florida, at the end of July.  Very happy with the swim shirt.  Purchased shirts for the whole family, no sunburn problems.  Cooler than I expected, will purchase a long sleeve swim shirt next time.

   Side note: Customer service was excellent.  The swim shirt that I purchased for my teenage son did not fit him the way he wanted.  We were leaving for vacation in a few days, they replaced with a larger size and sent a prepaid envelope to return the smaller size swim shirt, no cost to us for shipping.

   I usually wear Tall shirts, since we were going to the beach, I decided to try the regular swim shirt.  Would be great if UVSkinz carried Tall swim shirts.

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  0 of 0 people found the following review helpful:
Love them! August 8, 2016
Reviewer: Josh Clark from Bluffton , SC United States
I have not had a chance to use them yet but they fit perfectly and they are soooo soft! I can't wait to use them and I will definitely order more products from you!

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