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Welsh Government provides free Welsh language support to small businesses throughout Wales

No excuse not to use Welsh in your business thanks to new, free Welsh Government support service

Research has shown that 82 per cent of Welsh speakers say that they are more inclined to choose a company that provides a good Welsh language service. Small businesses across Wales will be able to access free of charge Welsh language support thanks to a new Welsh for Business initiative launched in Pembrokeshire today.

Minister for Welsh Language and Lifelong Learning, Eluned Morgan AM, was present at the Welsh in Business, ‘Sense of Place’ business event held at Haverfordwest Farmers Market to launch the national service that will allow small businesses across Wales to benefit from dedicated Welsh for Business officers based in 12 locations throughout Wales. The event gave businesses from the area a chance to learn about the service as well an opportunity to hear from Visit Wales and St Davids Kitchen, on the value of ‘sense of place’.

The service is a Welsh Government initiative that forms part of the long-term vision to see a million people speaking and using Welsh by 2050. Welsh for Business officers will offer a wide range of support services including translation of menus, social media messages and promotional materials.

Officers will also work with small businesses that account for 94.9 percent of the total enterprises in Wales, on how to increase their Welsh language customer services, with the aim of improving Welsh language interaction between staff and customers. They can also help businesses by directing them to learning providers that will help improve Welsh language skills, instructing them on how to recruit Welsh speakers and learners, and facilitating an understanding of who their customers are and why the Welsh language is important to them.

Welsh for Business Officers can also offer support on how to market and promote a business among Welsh speakers and advise on local networks that can support businesses. And in a bid to make the Welsh language more visible, they can also provide signage translations, such as welcome, open and closed signs as well as notices informing customers that Welsh is spoken and encouraged by the business.

During a pilot project, the Welsh for Business officers have already helped a number of small businesses, including St Davids Kitchen, a ‘farm to fork’ restaurant in Pembrokeshire.

Owner Neil Walsh said: “Our Welsh for Business officer, Heledd, was very helpful when we asked for her support in making St Davids Kitchen more appealing and engaging for our Welsh speaking customers. She became an invaluable resource, and wasted no time in supplying us with Iaith Gwaith (Working Welsh) badges and open/close signs.

“We then decided to further develop our use of the Welsh language, and with Heledd’s help have translated our market menu. The bilingualism has been the subject of many compliments from our patrons, and is always well received.

“It has most definitely encouraged customers to make return visits, which as a small business is invaluable. Our whole ethos relies on our relationships with local farmers, producers, and fishermen, and it now feels as though we’ve strengthened that bond with our customer base too. We look forward to developing our approach to the Welsh language even further with the support of Welsh for Business. And furthermore, the fact that the service is free is a major advantage.”

Minister for Welsh Language and Lifelong Learning, Eluned Morgan, said: “Although many small businesses want to support the Welsh language, they may lack the time and know how to fully commit to bilingualism. Our officers are working hard to support SMEs by offering a mentoring service and signposting them to relevant resources.

“Welsh for Business is a vital part of our goal to hit a million Welsh speakers by 2050, and I am eager to see just how many more small businesses across Wales choose to take advantage of this wonderful free service. With the great results we have already seen, I’m confident that we’ll see much more Welsh language being used by small businesses in Wales.”


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Top 11 current affairs and General Knowledge of Year 2015

Top 11 current affairs and General Knowledge of Year 2015
1.    Union Government brings 376 drugs under the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM)
2.    Seychelles government allowed India to build its first Naval Base on the Assumption Island
3.    North India’s first 592-metre long Cable-Stayed Bridge named Atal Setu inaugurated in Jammu and Kashmir
4.    India’s developed the first Artificial Liver Tissue using 3D printing at Bangalore-based biotech Laboratory
5.    China adopted Anti-Terrorism Bill, 2015; First counter-terrorism law in history
6.    Zimbabwe has announced to adopt Chinese currency Yuan
7.    WTO approved Afghanistan’s membership terms to join as 163rd member
8.    The most powerful space telescope being built by NASA team that will replace the Hubble telescope
9.    TIME Magazine named German Chancellor Merket as 2015 ‘Person of the Year’
10.   United Nation (UN) has released report on impacts of Biodegradable plastics on marine environment
11.       E-commerce major Amazon has signed an agreement with NIESBUD ( The National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development )  to encouraging Small Business Enterprises (SMEs) to grow business profitably online

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Health and Wellness

Proactively unplug and rejuvenate while on vacation. Try a cruise that focuses on health & fitness or perhaps a wellness retreat or spa resort focused on providing unsurpassed travel exclusives focused on relaxation and recreation. Treat yourself to health, beauty and exotic massage treatments or launch a new personal training regimen. Why not give acupuncture a try or relax with sunset yoga? We will provide you all the wellness travel options needed to rejuvenate the soul.

Contact 1.800.CONFIRM (266.3476) or email info@carefreevacations.com for the ultimate in luxurious health driven travel options.

Sail in Style

Sail in Style

Enjoy complete relaxation and rejuvenation aboard Crystal Cruises.

With special guest instructors and speakers that focus on Yoga, Pilates, Tai Chi and general fitness onboard as well as ports of call, you will come back healthier after this cruise! Sail away on a guilt free luxury vacation with prepaid gratuities, shipboard credit and more.

South Africa

South Africa

Bushmans Kloof Wilderness Reserve & Wellness Retreat

Voted "Best Hotel in the World 2009" this 5-star luxury retreat nestled amongst ancient sandstone rock formations and breathtaking landscape.

Experience fresh dimensions of wellness at this spiritual of reserve- tap into the healing powers of nature as you succumb to spa treatments and touch therapies in the spectacular outdoor Spa Gazebo.

Recognized for its environmental conservation projects, you will enjoy everything from pure relaxation to invigorating activities- the choice is yours!

Enjoy these complimentary amenities when you book through Carefree Vacations:

  • Private Dining in the Reserve
  • Welcome Drink
  • Departure Gift
  • 10% off Spa Treatments
Riviera Maya

Riviera Maya, Cancun

Zoëtry Paraiso de la Bonita Riviera Maya, consistently named one of Mexico’s most exceptional boutique resorts, is set on 14 acres, including a 500 yard private beach. Limited to 90 luxury beach front suites, the resort offers a completely new kind of vacation experience focused on wellness, serenity and romance, as well as social and environmental responsibility and featuring Endless Privileges™, an all inclusive program, which provide guests with limitless access to almost all the pleasures this intimate jewel has to offer.

Enjoy these complimentary amenities when you book through Carefree Vacations:

  • One 50 Minutes Spa Treatment per Person, per Stay
  • Welcome In Room Amenity
Canyon Ranch

Canyon Ranch in Lenox, Massachusetts

Canyon Ranch is an environment entirely dedicated to relaxation, recreation, total health and well-being. Voted it the world’s best destination spa year after year, you will enjoy exhilarating massage, body and skin treatments.

Discover an all inclusive vacation that can enhance your life forever – at Canyon Ranch.

Enjoy these complimentary amenities when you book through Carefree Vacations:

  • $150 Spa, sport or Integrative Wellness service Credit per Person per Stay

A voyage is a great time to fit in all the things you never have time for at home. It’s also a great opportunity to try something new. If you’ve ever wished for a free week or two to reboot, this is it.

Regent Palms, Turks and Caicos

Enjoy exceptional luxury and comfort in our beautifully appointed suites. Oceanfront, ocean view and garden view suites feature hand-tufted king bedding, full bath, private balcony/terrace, sitting area, full-size sleeper sofa, high speed Internet access and cable television. Large, luxurious full-size suites are available up to three bedrooms, all featuring a full kitchen with Viking appliances and a washer/dryer. Junior suites feature kitchenettes. Amenities include a 25,000 square foot spa, infinity pool, Fitness Center, non-motorized water sports, tennis and shopping boutiques.

Our Valued Travel Partners

A Frosch Company


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Used BMW 230 2 Door Coupe For Sale

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  • 2017 BMW 230 I in Clearwater, Florida 33760

    Price: $28,998*

    Mileage: 14,395

    VIN: WBA2F9C32HV983969

    Stock Number: 16835683

    Location: CarMax Clearwater in Clearwater, Florida 33760

    Description Used 2017 BMW 230 I for sale - $28,998, 14,395 miles with , Bluetooth, Premium Package, Run Flat Tires

    Transmission: Automatic Color: Gray

*Price excludes tax, title & tags. Dealer fees up to $299 may apply.

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Shop for a Used BMW 230 2 Door Coupe at Popular Locations

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Ode to a Night Flower

It’s summer in the Berkshires, and a beautiful one—wet with rain, quiet blossoms, and bird songs. I love the changing seasons. Here in the Berks I live in a cabin that is pure magic—filled with skylights and wooden beams, little lights, and hanging stars. The space is so special sometimes I just look around and smile. Then I remember that, yes, it’s beautiful, but it’s also in the middle of nowhere. This thought often propels me to pack my car and move far away, but as I stand in the driveway and look at the house with all of its loveliness, I always walk right back in and make a cup of tea.

While it's true some might not consider this the "real" boondocks, for a woman who spent the first 13 years of her life in New York City, it's a far cry from urban life. Sure, there are more gas stations than one might find on a stretch of highway in Mongolia, but it's not exactly hopping. Most of the artists, yogis, retired folks, farmhands, and outcasts are tucked away in their little cocoons, raking leaves, eating muffins, and doing whatever they do.

Still, this has been my creative nook for the last two years—the nook where I first wrote a song and, most importantly, found my voice. In the silence of winter with nothing but crackling fires to keep me company, I dove inside. Much to my amazement, something came out—it sort of sounded like a song, but I wasn’t sure. After all, I had no background in music. Yes, I had a harmonium, which I bought from some guy on Craigslist, but I didn’t really know how to play it. I just held two notes to create a drone and one day a melody emerged out of nowhere.

This didn’t happen in some romantic cloud, however. It happened because I felt totally lost and didn’t know what to do but sing my heart out. I had just arrived in the Berkshires from Colorado, and things weren’t going the way I hoped they would. No matter how hard I tried to find a job, nothing worked out. By the first week of January when most of the shops had closed for the season and immense icicles decorated the landscape, I hit bottom. It was freezing, there was nowhere to go, and I was completely, agonizingly alone—at least it felt that way. Every day I had to face my own mind and there was nothing around to distract me except falling snow.

Whenever I didn’t know what to do, I sat down at the harmonium and attempted to sing. For the most part, I cried and cursed—which didn’t sound all that bad accompanied by chords—and somehow, over time, my pitiful sounds of frustration and longing began to morph into something musical. It was a huge surprise. Without mulling it over much, I decided to record the spontaneous creations since I was already playing around in the studio. The end result was my album, Soma-Bandhu.

Now that the album has been out for about six months, I’ve had some time to reflect on the experience. In all honesty, I still find the whole thing rather shocking. Out of everything I ever imagined doing, making an album was never up for consideration. Why would it be? I didn’t play an instrument or compose a melody until I was 31; that was only two years ago. Yes, I studied piano in elementary school, but my music reading ability was about as good as my Aramaic.

Also, I never thought of myself as particularly creative. It always seemed that creativity was something that belonged to those “special” people, whoever they were. In my early twenties I spent five years in relationship with a singer-songwriter whose creative process evoked immense insecurity in me. At that time, I felt utterly lost and in the dark about what to do with my life. Whenever people seemed to know their heart’s work—my boyfriend or anyone else—a typhoon of uncomfortable emotions swept through me.

I tried hard to become a part of other people’s trips—to define myself through them—but that sure as hell didn’t work. I also tried to will away my desire for an inspiring vocation, but that didn’t fly either. After losing my non-profit job due to lack of funds, I took a position at an independent bookstore. The work was monotonous, but I began to eat books like pretzels—devouring them, at least one per day. This lasted a good year or so before I closed shop on my life and escaped to India for five months. It seemed the only option for a lost soul like me was to screw everything and become a nun, but soon after arriving at the ashram, I realized that, nun or not, I would still have to deal with my fears and desires. Darn.

Still, I threw myself into ashram life with wild abandon, which essentially meant sobbing on the temple roof every single day, napping near the clotheslines while my once-white punjabis dried in the sun, and making French fries in the cafe. Yes, making French fries, which involved submerging sliced potatoes in a huge fryer filled with dirty oil, an unexpected ashram job.

After that very powerful half-year came to a close, I headed home with absolutely no more clarity than before. Everywhere I turned, someone fired the question at me: “So what are you going to do now?”

“Run far away from you!” I thought. But my time in India had taught me that there was absolutely nowhere to go. Alas, I became a little potato in the dirty fryer of my mind, searching everywhere for some direction.

Two months later, I moved to Upstate New York and worked as an administrative serf at a retreat center for one year, becoming far too intimate with spreadsheets. It was obvious that this was not the right profession, so I headed to Divinity school with the hope that reading about enlightened beings might rub off on me a little bit.

Unfortunately, as soon as I arrived in bone-dry Boulder, everything turned inside out. Heavy clouds smothered my heart from deep inside and a dark cloak descended over my life. It all started with fatigue, which evolved into absolute exhaustion. For months I tried to heal with the help of herbal potions, soul retrievals, journaling, prayer, and every other modality known to humankind, but nothing worked—as far as I could tell. After seeing almost 30 doctors and healers, no one had any answers. Even my acupuncturist broke up with me because he didn’t know what to do. Leaving his office, I pulled off the road and bawled my eyes out next to a herd of concerned cows.

Eventually, extreme exhaustion led to depression and everything started to fall apart. For the first time ever, I found no comfort in spiritual books—my whole being was burning, that was all. Sure, I had read about dark nights of the soul—periods of feeling alone and abandoned by God—but whoever coined the term “dark night” was very misleading; my dark night went on for years. People asked incessantly, “What’s the problem?” But I had no answer; in fact, I didn’t know who the hell “I” was anymore.

During this time, I bought a beautiful Indian drone instrument called a tamboura from one of my professors. Holding it in my lap, I rested my head against the long, wooden neck and strummed the resonant strings for hours every night. In the beginning I was too shy to sing, but little by little my self-consciousness faded into the sweet mountain air. As I expressed my feelings through sound and offered my intense longing and desperation back to the universe, the contraction of fear deep inside me let go.

After finishing graduate school, I went back to the east coast for a visit. While spending time in the Berkshires, an apartment ad caught my eye. Without thinking, I drove over to the little house, took one look around, and signed the lease. Two weeks later, my tamboura and I drove from Colorado to Massachusetts without a damn clue what would happen. Thus began my healing hibernation.

Reflecting on this wild journey, only one thing comes to mind: I know nothing. And, honestly, what do any of us know? It’s so easy to judge things based on appearances, but there is almost always a deeper process at work. It is often when we are in the darkest depths that an invisible intelligence plants seeds of light inside our heart. Though imperceptible, these seeds take root in the soul and begin to germinate, fertilized by the rich soil of our pain. Little by little—as we surrender to the process—our sacred seeds blossom into a field of stars.

The Sanskrit word Soma-Bandhu means “Friend of the Moon,” but it is also the name for a white water lily that blooms at night. Unfolding her petals when no one can see, the flower that opens under dark skies offers a special magic. Hers is a quiet beauty, born out of rest and letting go. As the sun rises, her true light is revealed, shaped and sculpted with great skill by the secret hand of love.

Carrie Grossman


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Kia Niro for Sale in Rock Hill, SC

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Search Results

2008, Porsche Cayenne Turbo

Expect the new 2008 Porsche Cayenne Turbo, an aggressive styling supported by 500 horsepower.

*Engine: Twin Turbo V8
*Displacement cc: 4,806
*Power bhp (kW) at rpm: 500 (368) / 6,000
*Torque lb/ft (Nm) at rpm: 516 (700) / 2,250-4,500
*Brakes F/R: ABS, vented disc/vented disc
*Tires F/R: 255/55 R18
*Driveline: All wheel drive
*Length x Width x Height in: 188.8 x 75.9 x 66.9
*Weight lb: 5,191
*Acceleration 0-60 mph: 4.6 seconds
*Top speed: 171 mph
*Fuel Economy EPA city/highway mpg (l/100 km): 12/19 (n.a.)
*Base price: $ 93,700

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Porsche Cayenne Hybrid S

Porsche revealed its production Cayenne Hybrid S in November 2007 at the L.A. Auto Show, but has been relatively quite on the subject ever since. But the German producer has now broken the silence, giving us some details of the more fuel-efficient system.

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  porsche cayenne base review 2006 MODEL,

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Frankfurt Motor Show 2007- Porsche

At the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, Porsche, once again shows up with a real crowd pleasers! Porsche brings the strongest 911 of all times, the GT2. It is 530 hp transferred to the rear wheels. The GT2 is based on the all wheel 911 turbo. Thanks to heavy duty weight saving measures, the GT2 can accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in 3.7 seconds and hit a top speed of 329 km/h.
Another Porsche model presented at the show is the Cayenne GTS. The model is smaller with 20 mm and now comes with a special design. The 4.8 liter engine, with DFI (direct fuel injection) shows up 405 hp at 650 rpm.
If you care about the nature, you should take a look at the Hybrid Cayenne, an exciting project to be built as domestic co-production. It is fast a fuel efficient car, which can appear in 2010. Driving a Porsche Cayenne it must, simple, be fun!

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New Porsche Cayenne Turbo S with 550 hp

Porsche presented the strongest Cayenne at Beijing Auto Show. New Cayenne Turbo S, the facelift version was presented now, a long time after the latest Cayenne, and it seems that will be a great car. The previous version, Turbo S has 520 hp, but the new model offers more: 550 hp and 750 Nm with a V8 bi-turbo engine, of 4.8 liters.
The car accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 4.8 seconds and the top speed is of 280 km/h. The car comes equipped with 21 inch alloy rims, Tiptronic S 6 speeds gear box, Porsche Active Suspension Management, Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control and other interesting optional accessories.
The base price of Porsche Cayenne Turbo S is starting from Euro 111,400.
new-porsche-cayenne-turbo-s-with-550-hp.jpg new-porsche-cayenne-turbo-s-with-550-hp_2.jpg
New Porsche Cayenne Turbo S with 550 hp
new-porsche-cayenne-turbo-s-with-550-hp_3.jpg new-porsche-cayenne-turbo-s-with-550-hp_4.jpg new-porsche-cayenne-turbo-s-with-550-hp_5.jpg
New Porsche Cayenne Turbo S with 550 hp

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Porsche Cayenne S Transsyberia

Porsche added one more â€œstarâ€ to its sporty activity variants: Porsche Cayenne S Transsyberia, made after the new Porsche Cayenne S and it is the perfect vehicle for the endurance rally.
This off-road ultra sport model had its first appearance at the Transsyberia Rally, between 2 and 17 August, on Moscow- Ulan Bator range. Porsche Cayenne is a very well know SUV for its special qualities on the road. The second car generations, which appear this year, prove a better quality for Porsche. The new direct injection petrol engine offers more power and better performance with less fuel, reducing the consumption with 15% against the old engines.

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Porsche Cayenne Hybrid

Wolfgang Duerrheimer, Porsche research and development presents all details about the Cayenne Hybrid. Nice English!

Tags: cars, car videos, details, Porsche, Porsche Cayenne Hybrid, Wolfgang Duerrheimer, hybrid cars

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INDIA INTRA ET EXTRA GANGEM + SINAE: The maps of Claudius Ptolemy explained and the resolution of place-names including Taprobane and Cattigara Sina

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The text of Geographike Hyphegesis by Claudius Ptolemy1 is a reworking of the original books (now lost) of Marinus the Tyrian. In Book 7 chapter 1, Claudius Ptolemy lists the sites which comprise the coastline of India from the Indus River to the Ganges. However the form of India which his map indicates is not reconcilable with a comparative geographical plot. Most of the maps of Claudius Ptolemy may be considered a reasonable representation of reality, but India is not. Research indicates that Marinus the Tyrian and Claudius Ptolemy utilised the Eratosthian6 length for the coastline for India, between 109°E and 148° 30’E. However it is evident they did not realise that the stadion2 length was an earlier version and not the 0.184Km utilised in their times. In Book 7, chapters 2 and 3, MT/CP list the sites from the Ganges Delta to Cattigara of the Seres. But, having stated that the limit of the oikoumene to the east was 180 degrees, Claudius Ptolemy was required to contort the littorals much as he had distorted Britannia and Scotland3.

Claudius Ptolemy utilizes the details provided by Marinus the Tyrian, he adjusts some distances, generally those in the Middle or Far East, to ensure the length of the oikoumene, east/west, was no more than 180 degrees. Marinus the Tyrian had stated the length as 225 degrees.
Analysis of the Mediterranean Sea4 and its lengthconcluded that as thelatitudinal degree determined by MT/CP was 500 stadia of 0.184Km, a distortion of the land masses was inevitable. That is evidenced by the fact that a geographical degree of latitude is 604 stadia of 0.184Km. To control this distortion the Mediterranean Sea was enlarged east/west by the inverse of a ratio well known to MT/CP, that of 36North, or 93:115. (This is sometimes called 0.8 or 4/5, and they are interchangeable in the MT/CP text.) Thus research has found that Mediterranean Sea was enlarged east/west from the Pillars of Hercules to Alexandria in Issus by the ratio 115:93.
Marinus the Tyrian provided longitudes for the Mediterranean Sea which were accepted by Claudius Ptolemy, but the residue of the longitudes were amended as Ptolemy’s book 1, chapters 11 to 15 fully explain.
The final details are as follows: Book 1, chapter 12:

“from the meridian passing through the Fortunate Islands, as far as the Sacred promontory of Spain 2° 30’, thence to the mouth of the river Baetis, and from the Baetis to the Strait and to Calpe is likewise 2° 30’, being one and the same distance; from the strait to Caralis, a city in Sardinia, is 250; from Caralis to the promontory of Lilybaeum in Sicily 40 30’; from Lilybaeum to Pachynus is 30; from Pachynus to Taernarus in Laconia is 100; thence to Rhodes is 8° 15’; from Rhodes to Issus is 11° 15’; from Issus to the Euphrates is 2° 30’; the sum of all these degrees is 720.

Then were added the following; “from the Euphrates to the Stone Tower is 24 000 stadia or 60 degrees; from the Stone Tower to Sera, 45° 15’”. The text states,” adding the degrees which have been noted, they amount to 60 or 24 000 stadia. When we have added the 45° 15’ from the Stone Tower to Sera, the total distance from the Euphrates to Sera on the parallel of Rhodes will amount to 105° 15’”. Thus the oikoumene is 720 + 600 + 45° 15’ or 177° 15’.
Chapter 12 ends as follows; “Hence, the length of the known earth, that is from the meridian drawn through or terminated by the Fortunate Islands5 in the extreme west to Sera in the extreme East is 177° 15’”.

Thus with the Mediterranean Sea already wrongly drawn, i.e. it is actually 5° 20’W to 36E geographical, or 41° 20’, but given by as MT/CP 7° 30’ to 69° 30’, or 62 degrees, naturally the discrepancy in the number of stadia must be accounted for. The distances are 20197 geographical and 25079 stadia by MT/CP. Thus distortion problems could only increase the further east travelled.
But if an analysis of the distance proposed by MT/CP between the eastern Mediterranean and the Indus River is made, a totally different picture emerges. In order to simplify the data, with the Indus Delta situate at 24N it is in order to calculate from an alignment point N/S, the Sinai Peninsula at 28N, rather than Issus at 36N.

Thus from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Indus Delta on the Ptolemaic map is 66E to 109E, a distance calculated at 24N of 430 x 456.77 stadia or 19640 stadia. Geographically it is 34° 30’E to 68E, or 33.50 x 551.78 stadia or 18848 stadia. This may be considered quite reasonable and an attempt to portray geographic accuracy. It is a 6 percent inaccuracy and illustrates that the stadion of 0.184Km was utilised.
However, if the Indian longitudinal measure is analysed, that is “India intra Gangem”, it is basically a 39° 30’ longitude from the Indus to the Ganges, which when calculated at 24N (as before) produces a length of 39.50 x 456.77 or 18042 stadia.
The geographical calculation is Karachi to the Eastern Ganges Mouth, or 67E to 92E, 25 degrees of 551.78 stadia or 13794 stadia.

This indicates an expansion by MT/CP of 1.308 or 150/115.

If the last sections are now analysed, book 7, chapters 2 and 3, ‘India extra Ganges and Sinae’, MT/CP state a longitudinal spread from 150E (18° 00’N), the limit of the Gangetic Bay to Cattigara Sinae, 177° 15’E (South 80 30’). That is 270 15’East, but 26° 30’north/south.
The limit of 180 degrees for the oikoumene has intervened to produce a distortion of some magnitude. However, by a simple analysis of the coastal distances, the primary source and method of measuring distances as explained by MT/CP, both India intra, India extra and Sinae can be fully explained.

But it is first necessary to indicate the information available to, and used by Marinus the Tyrian, in forming the maps which have been produced.
Eratosthenes’ research is explained within the text of Strabo’s Geographia7, and the following are text references within those books appertaining to India. These apply to India intra Gangem only, as Eratosthenes completed his measure of the oikoumene at “The capes of India”. Although no doubt knowing there was land south of the equator in Africa he added 2000 stadia east and west as an insurance against an upset in the calculation of a 2:1 ratio, length/breadth of the oikoumene.

Strabo, Geographia

2.1.7 Length of India northern side which Megasthenes calls 16000 stadia, whereas Patrocles says 15000 stadia. Both call the breadth of India 20000 stadia,(i.e. Eratosthenes and Megasthenes) but Patrocles states 12000 stadia.
2.1.12 Southern capes of India rise opposite Meroe (i.e. 16 25’N). From the south of India to the mountains there are 30000 stadia2.1.14 Taprobane; Large island off India to the south, it stretches in the direction of Ethiopia for more than 5000 stadia.
2.1.20  Strabo states, impossible that Meroe and Capes of India are on same parallel.
2.1.22  India is rhomboidal in shape, having four sides, two washed by the sea (south and east), one the mountains and the fourth a river.
15.1.11 The west side of India (Indus River) is 13000 stadia. The East side of India is 13000 stadia plus 3000 stadia for the Capes. Those are the maximum and minimum breadths. The lengths are 16000 stadia and 16000 stadia plus 3000 for the Capes.

Having been given a complete picture of the form of India, it is possible to test those measures against the geographical form of India and establish the measure used. Thus the following side measurements can be so tested;

North West; the course of the River Indus 13000 stadia
North East; the course of the River Ganges 16000 stadia
South West; the coast from the Indus Delta to Sri Lanka 19000 stadia
South East; the coast from the Ganges Delta to Sri Lanka 16000 stadia

Diagram 1 illustrates the measurements as above and the accuracy with which they accord with the geographical plot, when a stadion of 157.5 metres is utilised. A full text named ” Cp1,Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Strabo: Geographia. The length of the oikoumene measured on an aslant alignment8, has an explanation of that stadion which is, as stated, 157.5 metres and comprises 350 Remen, an Egyptian measure.

If map 10 of Codex Lat V F 321 is studied, or a new map as indicated on diagram 2 is drawn using the co-ordinates of Book 7, chapter 1, the Indus Delta is situate at 20N, 110-113E and the Ganges Delta 18N, 145-148 30’E. The two degrees latitudinal shift reflects reality in that the Indus Delta is geographically 24N, 68E and the Ganges Delta 22N, 88-92E. The calculated MT/CP distance is thus 38° 30’ x 472.76 stadia or 18200 stadia of 0.184KM. This is vastly over distance, as the geographical measure is only 240 x 556 stadia or 13344 stadia of 0.184Km.
It is in fact an expansion of 10° 16’ geographical.
If Marinus the Tyrian was so zealous in his search for information, as Claudius Ptolemy informs us in Book 1, chapter 6, and Eratosthenes had established the length of India intra Gangem as 16000 stadia, why was it increased to 18200 stadia?

There is a surprisingly simple explanation.
Eratosthenes determined that the length of the coastline from the Indus to the Ganges was 19000 plus 16000 stadia of 157.5 metres, a total of 35000 stadia. (Diagram Cp3D01)

By using either Map 10 (Codex) or a newly drawn map as discussed above, the actual coastline length proposed by MT/CP can be established. From the Indus Delta to the Ganges Delta, using in fact both maps as a check/balance, Codex Lat V F 32, indicates 10 degrees of Latitude measuring 92.5mm. The basic longitude measure for the map coastline is at 19N where a degree is 472.76 stadia. Thus any length in millimetres can be converted to stadia. The measured length is c675mm or 34500 stadia of 0.184Km.
In order that an accurate measure was produced as a check, the MT/CP plot was drawn to a scale of 1:6000000 and the coastline length measured again so that it could be compared with an Atlas map of the same scale. A larger scale is entirely unnecessary as the comparative accuracy could not be confirmed owing to the geographical coastline indicating each nook and cranny on a large scale map. This is not what the text, data or maps of MT/CP are capable of indicating.
The length when computed was 1065mm which calculates to 34730 stadia.
Eratosthenes determined the length as 35000 stadia.

Thus it can be fairly assumed that Marinus the Tyrian took Eratosthenes’ measure of 35000 stadia as the coastal length of India, completely mistook the length of the Stadion used, if in fact it could have been assessed, and led Claudius Ptolemy, with his reduced length and breadth of the oikoumene to contort the final coastline plot.
The contortions of the coast of India thus are the product of those two errors, and the extra ordinary length determined by that coastal measure.
Having drawn an MT/CP plot to a scale compatible to an Atlas map it is possible to mark off on a thin cotton each and every point on the MT/CP map by following the coastline precisely and then overlaying the same cotton onto the Atlas map and establishing what may have been the origins of the MT/CP places so named.
Diagram 3 indicates this overlay and each GREEN DOT is the corresponding marker for Ptolemy’s Book 7, chapter 1 list of 89 positions as they could be placed.

Using information from travellers and voyagers9 Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BCE established the correct distances for the rhomboid of India. In the first century of our common era Marinus the Tyrian misunderstood the measure utilised and led Claudius Ptolemy in his Geographike Hyphegesis to produce contortive shapes to territories which could easily have been avoided if only they had both, (MT/CP,) ascertained the correct length of a degree of Latitude.
Claudius Ptolemy has again used the ratio governed by 115 which is the radius5 length of the world map detailed in Book 1, chapter 20. It is comprised of the following;

It being given that there are 115 parts into which we divide the equator (sic), of these parts the parallel passing through Rhodes, which is 360 distant from the equator measures 93 and further the parallel which is 630 distant from the equator and passes through Thule measures 52 such parts.”

The 115 parts are in fact the sum total of 360 + 270 + 520 or parts. Thus India has an assigned length, not a natural or geographical length. Then the coastline is added, 35000 stadia long, but limited to a latitude of 11N and not the true latitude of 8N. The fact that Eratosthenes’ stadia is, or may be at variance with the stadia of MT/CP appears not to have been considered.

Claudius Ptolemy having established that the length of the oikoumene should be no more than 180 degrees has thus been forced to make major contortions to the landforms when constructing the map of India extra Gangem and Sinae, as described in Book 7, chapters 2 and 3.

But this is territory which Eratosthenes did not map or measure and thus it is expected that the stadion of 0.184Km will be used and can thus provide a direct measure for the overall coastline.
As before Codex Lat V F 32, map 11, India extra Gangem and Sinae was utilised as well as a newly drawn map of comparative scale to the Atlas. But here there was found to be a major problem with the Codex map as drawn. This map includes the equatorial line which should enable the scale to be measured quite accurately, and should be coincident with the latitudinal side bar scales. The equatorial line covers 45 degrees from 135E to 180E and measures 330mm, thus each degree is 7.333mm. The side latitudinal scales measure 37 degrees and equals 240mm or 6.486mm per degree. The north scale bar is 45 degrees measuring 230mm, which if calculated at the 37N latitude should use 400 stadia per degree, and thus from the equatorial scale be a length of 263.5mm. The side note appended to the map confirms the measure of 400 stadia (or 50 miliaria), which would be equally acceptable at 36N. Thus unfortunately this beautifully drawn map, map 11 Codex Lat V F 32, has errors which preclude its use in a proper comparison.

The re-plot of the map, as diagram Cp3D04 indicates, produced a length of 5050 stadia or 930Km.

Again a cotton thread was used to trace the coast line of MT/CP, marking each point and the thread transferred to the Atlas map for comparison. This is as diagram 5, and again each GREEN SPOT indicates the position of a point in the text of MT/CP and the coincidence of major harbours on both plots.
It is clearly indicated on diagram 5 that the coastal length from the River Ganges via Singapore, Bangkok, the Mekong Delta and the Gulf of Tonkin ends quite accurately at the Chinese city of Canton on the Pearl River. Cattigara Sina, roadstead, 177E, south 8° 30’ is thus none other than Canton and its roadstead harbour on the Pearl River.
Canton itself was a major port of the eastern Han Dynasty, and when a new flowering of that dynasty occurred around the BCE/CE period and overseas trade followed, Nan-Hai, as Canton was then known exported silk to the Roman Empire.
The roadstead, unusually mentioned by Ptolemy is a reminder that the harbour is shallow and large vessels would use Whampoa, some 16 Km below Canton. A striking feature of Canton is the fact that it is surrounded by a wall some 9Km in circumference. Thus the descriptive text by Ptolemy, as diagram 4, is confirmed.
The corollary to this determination is again indicated from within the text of MT/CP, where in Book 7, chapter 2, it is stated,

Likewise there are three other islands of the Anthropophagi which are called Sabadicae, the middle of which is in 160E, south 8° 30’; Labadius or Barley Island is said to be a most fruitful one, and to produce Gold. This has a metropolis on the north side toward the west called Argentae, which is in 167E, south 8° 30’, the eastern end of the island is in 169E, south 8° 00’.”

Canton is situate at 23° 10N, 113 10’E, but situate at 19N, 110E is Hainan Island. This a most fruitful island is full of natural resources such as titanium, manganese, tungsten, bauxite, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, gold and silver. Its agricultural produce is commensurate. The island has been settled for some 3000 years. Coincidence or not, Gold is available as well as Silver, the capitals name.

Thus it is possible to opine that the coastal voyage from the Ganges to Canton was well known and measured quite accurately. The fact that Claudius Ptolemy was required to draw a fictional coastline because of his pre-conceptions regarding the size of the planet and length of the oikoumene did not stop the actual measurement of the coastline being accurately portrayed. This is despite the fact that Claudius Ptolemy has at times arbitrarily altered the measurements given by Marinus the Tyrian. In fact this coastal measurement system is the mainstay of the MT/CP data for constructing their world. This is fully described in Book 1, chapters 9 and 13.
However Book 1, chapters 13 and 14 require to be analysed in depth to ascertain the contrary statements and the obvious mis-understanding of the data they have uncovered.

The chapter commences as follows;” One might then conjecture that the entire distance was only a certain total, by summing up the separate distances given by Marinus in sailing from India to the region of Sinarus and Cattigara, after taking account of deviations from a direct course, the variations in the rate of sailing, and the position of the regions themselves.”
There is then a description of the coast of India from Cory Promontory to the Gangetic Bay. The following is a précis;

After the promontory called Cory, which closes the bay of Colchis, he says that the bay of Argaricus is next, and that it extends to the city of Curula, a distance of 3400 stadia. He adds that the city is situated north of the promontory of Cory.

1. From Curula the course is towards the winter (sic) rising sun as far as Palura and measures 9450 stadia

2. The shore of the Gangetic bay he places at a further distance of 19000 stadia.

3. From Palura to the city of Sada is 13000 stadia by navigating the aforesaid bay toward the equatorial rising of the sun.

4. Thence from Sada to Tamala is 3500 stadia in the direction of the winter rising sun.

5. Next from Tamala to the Golden Chersonesus is 1600 stadia toward the winter rising sun.
6. Apart from the obvious error in 2) which should be summer rising sun, the data can be unpicked and resolved.
Diagram 6 has the above data presented in linear form to explain the text and thus indicates the continued use of the Eratosthian stadia of 157.5 metres. The distances are misquoted, or at best mis-understood, and indicate a lacking of attention to detail in that having explained so much in chapter 1, Claudius Ptolemy does not adhere later to the distances and information he is, at some length, explaining.
Reversing the text order, the distances from the Golden Chersonesus, using a stadion of 0.184Km there is an excellent match to the coast line to the Ganges Delta. From this point, travelling westerly Ptolemy has two cities named Palura, However, one is circa 9450 stadia of 157.5 metres, the Eratosthian stadia distant, and then a further 3400 stadia distance does in fact produce a match for Curala, possibly now called Cuddalore. This point is certainly at the end of the bay formed by the coastlines of both Sri Lanka and India.
The comment concerning 19000 stadia can be taken as applying from several points , but it does actually match the totals of the east coast of India at 13000 stadia plus the two  three thousand stadia distances of the “capes of India” within the text of Strabo.

In chapter 14, the sailing distance to Cattigara is discussed, with at first 20 days’ sail from the Golden Chersonesus to Zaba , and then the text ”He lengthens the distance, interpreting some days to mean many days, and believing (ridiculously it seems to me) that the expression “some days” was used because the days were to many to be counted.”
By using units of measure provided by Marinus, 13000 stadia, we can equate this to 20 days’ sailing, and thus from the Golden Chersonesus, at 650 stadia per day9, the end point would be the eastern fringe of the Gulf of Siam and the start of the Mekong Delta. At this point is the archaeological site of OC EO10, an important city in the 1st to 7th centuries CE. Excavations show a busy port area and finds include Roman coins. The distance to Cattigara is then in the order of a further 13000 plus 3400 plus 1600 stadia as has already been measured from the Ganges delta to the Golden Chersonesus. That is a further 28 days’ sailing even with adjustments by Claudius Ptolemy.
That there is a confusion of distance measures, with many exhibiting the same figure, comes as no surprise. This is apparent in the whole text as has been previously shown.

If Marinus the Tyrian was so precise in his studies, he must but have read that Strabo placed the Island of Taprobane some 7 days’ sail from the southern parts of India as diagram 7 illustrates. In fact he would have read the following;
In 2.1.14, Strabo states:

‘Well, then, let us pass on to the country that rises opposite to the Cinnamon-producing Country and lies toward the East on the same parallel. This is the region about Taprobane. We have strong assurances that Taprobane is a large island in the open, which lies off India to the south. It stretches lengthwise in the direction of Ethiopia for more than five thousand stadia, as they say;—. Now if we assign to this island a breadth that is proportional to its length, and if we add thereto the expanse of the sea between it and India, the sum would be a distance of not less than three thousand stadia – as much as the distance from the border of the inhabited world to Meroë – that is, if the capes of India are to rise opposite Meroë; but it is more plausible to set down still more than three thousand’.

If we study the text of Strabo, ‘15.1.14-15’, the island of Taprobane is either eight thousand stadia, or five thousand stadia in length, and a seven days’ sail or a twenty days’ sail from southern India. We are told by Strabo, quoting Onesicritus, there are other islands between Taprobane and India, “though Taprobane is the furthest south”. The text here is virtually the same as in Pliny, book 6.8112, that the island of Taprobane is located within the Eastern Sea, ‘and stretches along the side of India from east to west’. He also confirms that it was once thought of as being a twenty days’ sail, but now has been fixed at seven days’ sail, ’with reference to that covered by our (Roman) ships’.
However, Pliny12 also states in 6.86-7, ‘The nearest promontory in India is called Coliacus, four days’ sail away – passing, in mid-voyage, the Island of the Sun.’ And, in 6.88 we read, ’The envoys also informed us that the side of Taprobane facing India is 12800 stadia (1250 miles or 2011Km, from the translator) long and lies south-east of India.
Thus we may conclude that the Island of Taprobane, which Onesicritus, an Admiral in the Navy of Alexander the Great proved was an Island, is not the same island as is being discussed above. It is in all probability Sumatra. But, could it be that the ‘Island of the Sun’ is in fact the Sri Lanka of today?
Claudius Ptolemy places an island off Cory Promontory between India and his Taprobane, calling it Cory Island. Then gives Taprobane a length of 7500 stadia, and a coastline of 25780 stadia, which is c75 percent of the length of the coast line of India intra Gangem. The island is almost a continent.

Diagram 8 compares same scale plots of three islands; Madagascar, Sumatra and Ptolemy’s Taprobane. The coastline lengths are noted as 23700, 22500 and 25870 stadia. Madagascar is in the southern ocean and is possibly marked by the Ptolemaic co-ordinates for Prasum Promontory, given as 80E, S15 00’. However Sumatra is closer to the east/west orientation stated, and is a 7 days’ sail from India.
This research has led to the conclusion that there has been a conflation of data regarding Madagascar and Sumatra; Madagascar has the Magnum Littus and Sumatra the thousands of Islands. They are both of a size to be easily mistaken for each other and in description are similar also. What is evident is that the island of Taprobane given the details written by those ancient geographers was never Sri Lanka. Cory Island would be applicable as Sri Lanka, as diagram 8 indicates in the size comparisons.

Marinus the Tyrian was diligent in his researches into previous geographers’ texts and generally interpreted the data correctly. However, in reading either the text of Eratosthenes or that same text as incorporated in the text of Strabo, failed to recognise the fact that Eratosthenes’ stadion was not the stadion in use during his lifetime. Thus in portions of his work there were conflicting distance measures.
Claudius Ptolemy, then deciding to take the work of Marinus the Tyrian and literally rework it to form his own text, not only failed to recognise the same fact but also failed conclusively to determine the exact length of a degree of latitude. Thus the scene was set for a monumental blunder; the world was reduced from an accurate 252000 stadia of 157.5 metres to an in-accurate 180000 stadia of 184 metres.

Thus Claudius Ptolemy was led to limit the oikoumene to 180 degrees, expand the Mediterranean Sea by a ratio of 115/93 and then expand the coastline of India intra Gangem by 150/115. By setting a limit, quite arbitrarily, for the oikoumene at 180 degrees east, the coastline of India extra Gangem and Sinae was destined to be as distorted as the coast of Britannia at Scotland, and the Mediterranean Sea lands. There was then the mistaken identity of Taprobane, perhaps a conflation of both Madagascar and Sumatra, to finally compound the errors.
But, the details when examined are so very recognisable, confirming the very real and precise measures, no doubt gained from the coastal voyages and original world surveys, and particularly that requested by Julius Caesar11.
Had Claudius Ptolemy realised his full potential as a cosmographer he would have investigated the correct length of a degree of latitude. Unfortunately he did not.

M J Ferrar December 2009.

There are four papers explaining the Geography of Claudius Ptolemy by this author.
The first is entitled: Claudius Ptolemy: Falsification, Regimentation or Symmetry? The map of Britannia examined and the turning of Scotland resolved.
The second is entitled: The Mediterranean Sea of Marinus of Tyre and Claudius Ptolemy. An investigation of the methodology and distance measures utilised.
The third, is entitled, India intra et extra Gangem + Sinae and Taprobane. The maps of Claudius Ptolemy explained with the resolution of place-names including Cattigara Sina.
The fourth is entitled; The Text of Marinus the Tyrian and Claudius Ptolemy, Geographia: Book 4, chapters 1, 6, 7 and 8. The west coast of Libya explored and the zero longitude determined.

1) Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition, 2003. Oxford University Press
Claudius Ptolemy. Oxford Classical Dictionary, page 1273
The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, (trans) Stevenson, E.L. (1932). The New York Public Library. The text is a complete translation, with errors, and includes his measurement of the world. It is given as 180 000 stadia, but the length of the stadia is not quoted, neither is there a cross reference to it.
Stevenson, E L. (1932/1991), ‘Claudius Ptolemy, The Geography’.  New York Public Library and Dover Publications Inc. New York.
Diller, A. (1934). Review of above book. ISIS, vol., 22, pp533/539.
Codex Lat V F. 32. Library of Naples. 27 maps published originally in Italy by Orsa Maggiore SpA, 1990 and latterly in England by Magna Books Leicester.
Strang, A. (1998), “Analysis of Ptolemy’s Geography”, Cartographic Journal vol., 35 N01, pp 27-47
Berggren, JL and Jones, A, (2000), Ptolemy’s Geography. An annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Princeton and Oxford.
2) The STADION, GREEK or other.
Doursther Horace,”Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens”, Brussels, M. Hayez, Imprimeur de L’Academie Royale, 1840. P504
This publication contains all of the ancient Aegyptian measures, such as the Remen, Cubit (common and Royal), Iteru, and many more. The Stadion is on page 504 and the Schoinos page 481. The measures used by The Bematistai, the Bême-aploun and Bême-diploun, are on page 53.
Kravath Fred F. (1987) “Christopher Columbus, Cosmographer”, Rancho Cordova, California, quoted in, “Christopher Columbus and the Age of Exploration, An Encyclopdia,” (edit,) Silvio Bedini, Da Capo Press, New York, 1998. P233.

Historiographic Stade/metres composition
Interpretation length unit x number
Herodotus/Gossellin 99.75 200 assyrian cubits
Pliny/Macrobius 148.2 500 Pelasgic feet
Pliny/d’Anville 148.2 Schoenus/40
300 assyrian cubits
Pliny/Hultsch 157.5 Schoenus/40
Pliny/Dreyer/Stahl 157.5 300 royal cubits
Lehman-Haupt 165 600 plinian feet
300 talmud cubits
Polybius (Pelasgic) 177.9 600 pelasgic feet
Strabo/Pliny, Olympic 185.2 600 olympic feet
625 roman pedes
500 egypt remen
Drabkin Philetarian 197.6 400 assyrian cubits
Ptolemaic/Royal/Hultsch 210 400 royal cubits
Lehman-Haupt 296.4 600 assyrian cubits
Babylon/Assyrian Ush 355.68 720 assyrian cubits
Klein’s superstadion 1896 ???

The stadion.
Engels, D. (1985), ‘The length of Eratosthenes’stade’, American Journal of Philology, 106: 298-311.
Pothecary, S. (1995), ‘Strabo, Polybios, and the stade’, Pheonix, 49 (1): 49-67
3) Ferrar, MJ, 2009, “Claudius Ptolemy: Falsification, Regimentation or Symmetry. The Cartographical Journal ?

4) Ferrar, MJ, 2009, The Mediterranean Sea of Marinus of Tyre and Claudius Ptolemy. The Cartographic Journal ?

5) Ferrar, MJ, 2009, The text of Marinus the Tyrian and Claudius Ptolemy, Geographia, Book 4, Chapters 1,6,7 and 8. Tha Cartographic Journal ?

6)  Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition, 2003. Oxford University Press
“Eratosthenes”, page 533
Harley, J.B. & Woodward, D. (Eds.) (1987) The History of Cartography: Vol. 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean. University of Chicago Press
Aujac, Germaine. in The History of Cartography, chapter 10; “Greek Cartography in the Early Roman World”, pp166/67 and pp173/75; “The Map of the inhabited world recommended by Strabo” and discusses the work of Hipparchus. Chapter 9, “The growth of an empirical cartography in Hellenistic Greece”, pp148/60, but see 153/57.
Cortesao, Armando.(1969-1971). History of Portuguese Cartography; Coimbra, Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar-Lisboa, 2 vols. See1:82, where he speculates that Egyptian cadastral surveys may have been available to Eratosthenes in his calculations of the distance between the two points of observation.
Rawlins, D.(2008). Eratosthenes lighthouse ploy; Earth radius 40800 stadia: in DIO, The International Journal of Scientific History, vol 14, march, pp3-12.
Fischer, Irene.(1975). Another look at Eratosthenes and Posidonius’ determinations of the Earth’s circumference, in Q. JL. R. ASTR. SOC. 16, pp152-67
Gues, K. (2004), Measuring the Earth and the Oikoumene: zones, meridians, sphragides and some other geographical terms used by Eratosthenes of Cyrene. In, Space in the Roman World, Its Perception and Presentation, R.J.A. Talbert and Kai Brodersen (Eds.) Lit Verlag, Münster, 11-26
ibid, O. C. D. Hipparchus, page 708
Dicks, D. R.(1960), The geographical fragments of Hipparchus; The Athlone Press, London.
Shcheglov, Dmitriy A,(2005), Hipparchus on the latitude of Southern India, Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 45 (2005) pp 359-380.
7) Strabo, Geography. (trans. H L Jones.) Loeb Classical Library
Harvard and London, 1917-1932. The text is also available on-line.
8) Ferrar, MJ, 2009, “Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Strabo: Geographia. The length of the oikoumene measured on an aslant line. The Cartographical Journal, ?

9) Arnaud, Pascal. (1993), De la durée á la distance: l’évaluation des distances maritimes dans le monde gréco-romain. Histoire & Mesure Vol. 8 no 3, 225- 247. Paris.
Several conversion scales were in use for high-sea navigation, mainly; 700 stadia per solar day, 1000 stadia per 24 hour day, 500 stadia per solar day. Distances taken along the coast were much more accurate (down to a one-stadion interval!) and segmented, but seem to belong to a far larger panel of scale-systems. In Section 3, Le probleme de la valeur du stade, is discussed.
Eratosthenes and his predecessors had plenty of nautical measurements: see for example Herodotus on the Black Sea (switching between fathoms, stades, and time measurements—days’ and nights’ sailing— and measurements in stadia.
Herodotus, The Histories, (trans), A. de Selincourt and revised by A.R. Burns, Penguin Books Ltd. In Book 4.34, Herodotus commences the section with the words, ’I cannot help laughing at the absurdity of all map-makers-there are plenty of them – and proceeds to describe the known world.
10) Malleret, Louis, (1962,) L’Archeologie du delta du Mekong, Tome troisieme, La culture du Fu-Nan, chapitre XXV, OC-EO et Kattigara, pp421-54. Paris.
11) Roman world survey. Wiseman T P, (1992), Julius Caesar and the Mappa Mundi in‘Talking to Virgil’, section 3, pp22-42, and appendices pp227-230.
Univ. of Exeter Press, Exeter. This section discusses the survey commissioned by Caesar and carried out after his death. It took place between 40 and 18 BCE and was finally completed by Marcus Agrippa and Augustus. The data comes from the Mappa Mundi of Hereford, Cornwall and Ebstorf (original now lost). It is recorded in two ancient texts, by Julius Honorius and Aethicus.
12) Pliny; “Natural History”, (trans. H. Rackham), Loeb Classical Library, Harvard and London, 1938.
13) Diller, Aubrey. (1948), “The ancient measurement of the Earth”, ISIS, volume XL pp 6-9.
In 1948, Aubrey Diller answered a question posited by Professor Sarton   regarding, “a convenient summary of what was known about ancient measurements of the Earth.” The paper duly published in ISIS describes the people involved and the measurements attributed to the great circle. However, there is one telling paragraph which must be quoted in full:

“The only direct evidence of the length of Eratosthenes’ stade is a solitary, but apparently reliable statement in PLINY XII 53; “schoenus patet Eratosthenis’ ratione Stadia XL”. This transfers the problem from the stade to the schoenus, which was an Egyptian measure of 12,000 cubits. Now Egyptologists, on the basis of measurements of the pyramids and other archaeological evidence, have long maintained that the Egyptian Cubit was about 0.525 of a metre. On        this showing the schoenus would be 6300 metres, and Eratosthenes’ circumference would be 6300 schoeni or 39690 Kilometres. The result is very near the truth but the stade involved is unknown and irrational (157.5 metres, c9.45 to a Roman Mile). This is at present one of two acceptable conversions of Eratosthenes’ measurement of the earth.”

There are as Aubrey Diller makes plain several schoeni;
20,000 royal cubits = 1 schoene = 6.5245 miles or 10.50 Km
This measure is of course also the ITRW or ITERU previously discussed.
1 schoene = 2 parasang = 60 Greek stadia or 6.71 miles/ 10.8 Km.
1 schoene = 1 parasang = 30 Greek stadia
12,000 royal cubits = 1 schoene = 3.9148 miles or 6.3 Km.

M J Ferrar December 2009.


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Hyundai’s new compact SUV will be called Creta

June 02, 2015, 10:00 AM IST by Pratheek Kunder
Hyundai’s new compact SUV will be called Creta

Hyundai has finally revealed the name of their upcoming compact SUV. Previously codenamed as ix25, this new SUV will be called Creta in the Indian markets as well in the global markets.

This new name is a part of the Korean manufacturer's brand philosophy – simple, creative and caring. The company thought of this name because it is simple, easy to remember and evokes similarities with the term creative.

While the Creta has taken design cutes from its big brother, the Santa Fe, mechanically, it might be powered by the same engine options from the Hyundai Verna. For the Chinese market, the ix25 comes with AWD, automatic gearbox and ESP. The AWD version is unlikely to be made available but the 1.6-litre engine will be offered with manual and automatic transmission option.

Once launched, the Creta will compete with the Ford EcoSport and Renualt Duster. The global launch of the Hyundai Creta will take place in India in the second half of 2015.

Stay tuned to CarWale as we get you more information on the launch of India’s most anticipated compact SUV.

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online casino horror stories?

Discussion in 'Online Casinos' started by toph11, May 31, 2018.

    May 31, 2018
  1. toph11

    toph11 Experienced Member

    I'm sorry but i didn't know where to post this

    the past weekend i had a crazy online casino session where i just kept depositing and getting little to no gameplay
    everything i touched seemed to turn to rat-shit and i could not get a decent win and the bonuses kept paying next to nothing
    i noticed i had spent 847 dollars and i had nothing to show for it
    i was at the point where i was just baffled at losing 20+ deposit in a row
    i decided i was going to try roulette with a 50 deposit and it got me to 167 and i figured this might save me
    once i reached 167 i just started losing and losing and i was back to 0 balance

    for some reason i deposited another 50 straight away with no bonus
    i did 3 spins on immortal romance at 1.20 and i hit 5 of a kind sarah for 300x win
    i left straight away and for some reason i did not cash out and started playing TS2
    i just kept winning and winning and my balance was at 550
    at this point there was no way i was going to cash out after losing so much money
    i looked at cold slots and noticed untamed wolf pack was cold
    i started doing 1.20 bets and on my 5th spin i managed to light up the 5th reel and the next spin 2nd and 4th lit up
    the very next spin i somehow light up the 3rd reel for 4 reel wild reels and my balance was at 2200 and i cashed out 1900 and took a time-out straight away

    if anyone else would tell their online gambling horror stories i would really be interested in hearing what you have to say
    Harry_BKK and ed skull murphy like this.
  2. May 31, 2018
  3. t4llek

    t4llek Experienced Member

    thats not really horror xD but my best one was hitting a wild line on dead or alive at .72 cents at mr green for around 1400 tried to cashout to neteller they didnt let me so i rage spinned doa at 9 euros a pop and hit 27k got a bank transfer and bought a bmw :D
    Renee_RA, Balthazar, Tirilej and 9 others like this.
  4. Jun 1, 2018
  5. ed skull murphy

    ed skull murphy Trollish behavior - quit the forum

    That's horrific! Which model Beemer did you get? :)
    goatwack likes this.
  6. Jun 1, 2018
  7. Gaz237

    Gaz237 Senior Member MM

    chelmsford UK
    I would call that story, Lucky you didn't bust your arse.

    If I was you, I'd be setting deposit limits for the future
    ed skull murphy and mack341 like this.
  8. Jun 1, 2018
  9. dunover

    dunover Unofficial T&C's Editor Staff Member CAG PABnononaccred PABnonaccred PABinit mm3 webmeister

    International Money Launderer
    the bus shelter, opposite GCHQ Benhall
    He's bullshitting mate - he then tried his luck on the Rhino and ended up with this:

    online casino horror stories?: zmrg.JPG,Jun 1, 2018
  10. Jun 1, 2018
  11. goatwack

    goatwack Calendar Time for Buddy CAG

    I've had a ton of withdrawals this month, at least six or seven, all ranging in the £150+s, so overall, stellar.

    Take earlier, £25 deposit, few spins later boom £220 bonus on Bonanza, wham bam thankyou ma'm, withdrew £200.

    Had some leftover funds too, but they went in record time, filthy rigged f*cking games :mad:
  12. Jun 1, 2018
  13. Itzpjx

    Itzpjx Banned for sending sexually offensive PMs. PITA.

    Turned 30 into 650 then lost it.
  14. Jun 1, 2018
  15. BrianGhattas

    BrianGhattas Where's My Handpay?!?

    Ottawa, Ontario
    Don't really have any horror stories other than accidentally betting $60 on a single Platoon Wild spin. That was indeed horror.

    I can control my gambling quite well despite being a self-proclaimed addict.
  16. Jun 1, 2018
  17. goatwack

    goatwack Calendar Time for Buddy CAG

    Well, as it's about the 7th time I've mentioned it, thought another won't do any harm.

    Short of reducing me to a state of weeping, I'll just state that I have the distinctive honour of playing back £1500 winnings off a 36p DOA bet, based on the fear that the casino wouldn't pay me anyway based on not having deposited before etc

    Turns out I had. Turns out they paid the measly £200 I had left.

    Why God

  18. Jun 1, 2018
  19. sufferinsilence

    sufferinsilence Experienced Member

    Yeah, those stories of winning are really horror... for the casino's that is.
  20. Jun 1, 2018
  21. TheresNoDInBonanza

    TheresNoDInBonanza Full Member

    I've lost $3-$5k three times in the last 3 weeks - each time has been just phenomenally bad streaks.
    eg today;
    Extra Chilli 8 $50 bought feature losses in a row (didn't get past first spin) - on the 9th I finally got to 16 Spins and then had 15 deadspins in a row. "Won" 1.2x bet.
    Then to Jack and the beanstalk (since I had some freespins on it) and over 600 $8 spins with no feature.
    Then to Fruit Warp with $2300 at $5-$10 a spin without a single feature. I had 0.10c left in my account afterwards and whadya know; Feature drops in!
    KasinoKing likes this.
  22. Jun 1, 2018
  23. nikantw

    nikantw Ueber Meister MM PABaccred

    A bit of this and that
    That's horrible! :p
    Borgie likes this.
  24. Jun 1, 2018
  25. nikantw

    nikantw Ueber Meister MM PABaccred

    A bit of this and that
    My latest horror story was 100 dead spins in Dragon Dance (VS) a month ago.
    I am now on 40 dead spins in a 5 day period (same slot).
  26. Jun 1, 2018
  27. Takkaone

    Takkaone Experienced Member

    logistics (strangely has VERY little to do with "l
    somewhere surrounded by incompetence (geographic l
    Had several of those "zero->hero->superhero->zero and staring at the screen totally shellshocked"-sessions... But those never really hurt too much, cause i somehow got out of it at even money / with some small winnings at least.

    Almost all from back in the days when i damn sure couldnt afford the kind of bets i made (between graduating school / compulsory military service / first year at university)... Even after 10-15+ years i remember three of these experiences like they did happen yesterday:

    Getting a 5€ nd-bonus at 24hpoker (slots allowed) up to a high point of 7 or 8k playing mostly jackhammer (lol) and in the end cashing out like 2.5k... Not even had an ewallet back then and had to create a webmoney-account because they would let me withdraw to that without having to deposit first...

    Putting 50 bucks into some netent-casino and playing dead or alive for the first time ever -> wildline at 90cent for something like 3k -> giving all back during the next hour or two...

    Deposit 100€ and an hour another 100€ at 32red -> hitting the big one with wilds during freespins on BDBA -> high-point of the next 12 hours was 20k -> low point was at least an hour of sitting there looking at the big fat ZERO after busting out... Still cant really explaing, what i was thinking / what happened between 20k and ZERO.... But hey, at least got club-rouge member after this... LOL

    Recently got into that topic and shared those old gambling "war-stories" with a guy that did the same things on a much larger scale back in the days... And we had to agree on one thing: Looking back the "most fun" wasnt in the huge winning sessions or buying nice things with the winnings - "most fun" were the sessions, that only by miracle not ended in a total catastrophe!

    Like making a huge comeback during the last few hours of a vegas-weekend - just huge enough to pay off the markers, rush to the bank on monday morning to balance out the companies expense account and then on the flight home make up a good coverstory to tell the wife...

    At some point its not about money at all! Its just about the rush, the high highs and the low lows... Money is just a tool to get these highs and lows - when feeling the rush its just some paper with funny printings and numbers on it, totally disconnected from the real world...

    Thats just how the addicts brain works - no matter if its about gambling, driving at superhigh speeds or doing blow...
  28. Jun 1, 2018
  29. dunover

    dunover Unofficial T&C's Editor Staff Member CAG PABnononaccred PABnonaccred PABinit mm3 webmeister

    International Money Launderer
    the bus shelter, opposite GCHQ Benhall
    This is rather predictable. Last 19 Bonanza features at Casumo:

    One 5-scatter trigger paid 167x.
    The last 18 have paid 97x at the highest, two more of about 60x and the remaining 15 all less than 50x including 5 at below 10x.

    snorky510238 likes this.
  30. Jun 1, 2018
  31. Borgie

    Borgie Senior Member

    Office Manager
    United Kingdom
    The 5 below 10x are what I normally get. I can almost hear it laugh when I get the bonus!:eek:
  32. Jun 1, 2018
  33. Cody7

    Cody7 Full Member

    Deep Sea
    When i was new to playing slots i claimed a free $10 no deposit bonus as i was trying casinos didnt ever read terms and conditions the playthrough was like 4000 or so and i completed it 2 days with barely any sleep my balance was around 1400 when i completed the playthrough 1350 was voided and told that 50 dollars was max cash out on a bonus. :)

    Deposited 20 dollars onto emucasino mostly recently and hit big and kept playing as i wasnt verified to cashout ended up at around 1900 then went to dreamcatcher and eventually was down to 100 was so gutted i didnt login for 2 days until i was verified ended up turning that left over 100 into a 1500 cashout which i recieved im 2-3 days
  34. Jun 1, 2018
  35. toph11

    toph11 Experienced Member

    ok it is happening again
    11 deposit of 30-50 bucks each
    ZERO gameplay and bust in less than 5 minutes of gameplay
    on my last deposit i hit a 50x win straight away and i thought the slots were finally paying up
    boy was i wrong, not one win above 2x and i bust my balance in 120 spins
    i will be depositing one more time but if i lose it in under 5 minutes i will be quitting slots for a month

    EDIT: i did the deposit and it gave me 200 spins, 3 bonuses and my last 50 spins won nothing above 1x for a straight bust for no gameplay again

    EDIT2: 50 deposit no bonus .90 a spin immortal romance no bonus no 5 of a kind bust in under 2 minutes

    why is this happening to me?
    Last edited: Jun 1, 2018
    mack341 likes this.
  36. Jun 1, 2018
  37. toph11

    toph11 Experienced Member

    i managed to bonus something and this is what happens

    online casino horror stories?: 7.jpg,Jun 1, 2018

    it's like everything is rigged to lose atm
    not even thor can give me a win above 5x
    dunover and mack341 like this.
  38. Jun 1, 2018
  39. Jono777

    Jono777 Meister Member CAG mm4 mm1

    Self- Employeed
    Finally completed the fully package of achievements on Bonanza at VS :D ....

    What do I get, 25 FS on Blumin Tower Quest :(
    Jory, theapple, nikantw and 3 others like this.

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The traditional model of medical delivery, in which the doctor is trained, respected, and compensated as an independent craftsman, is anachronistic. When a patient has multiple ailments, there is no longer a simple doctor-patient or doctor-patient-specialist relationship. Instead, there are multiple specialists who have an impact on the patient, each with a set of interdependencies and difficult coordination issues that increase exponentially with the number of ailments involved.

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Beirut Hellfire Society

Beirut Hellfire Society by Rawi Hage.

Rawi Hage

Beirut Hellfire Society follows Pavlov, the 20-something son of an undertaker, who, after his father's death, is approached by a member of the mysterious Hellfire Society — an anti-religious sect that, among their many rebellious and often salacious activities, arrange secret burial for those who have been denied it because the deceased was homosexual, atheist or otherwise outcast and abandoned by their family, church and state. Pavlov agrees to take up his father's work for the Society, and over the course of the novel acts as survivor-chronicler of his torn and fading community, bearing witness to both its enduring rituals and its inevitable decline.

Combining comedy and tragedy, Beirut Hellfire Society is a brilliant, urgent meditation on what it is to live through war. It asks what, if anything, can be accomplished or preserved in the face of certain change and certain death. In short, this is a spectacular and timely new work from one of our major writers, and a mature, exhilarating return to some of the themes the author began to explore in his transcendent first novel, De Niro's Game. (From Vintage Canada)

Beirut Hellfire Society was on the shortlist for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize and the Governor General's Literary Award for fiction.

From the book

One sunny day at the start of a ceasefire, a father drove with his son down towards where the fighting had been.

A cadaver had been lying on the ground for days, mutilated. The son, who was named Pavlov, and his father, an undertaker, loaded the remains into plastic bags and carried them to the hearse. The cadaver's belly had been opened by a bullet wound and vermin had claimed it and multiplied inside the soft organs, gorging on the entrails. Father and son gathered the scattered items that belonged to the dead: a loose shoe, a bag filled with mouldy food, broken glasses.

Now, the man told his son, you're sixteen — old enough to become a member of the Society. The Hellfire Society, the father added. He switched on the car radio, and drove towards the coast and then up into the mountains of Lebanon.

From Beirut Hellfire Society by Rawi Hage ©2018. Published by Knopf Canada.

Rawi Hage talks about his book Beirut Hell Fire Society. 2:54

Other books by Rawi Hage

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Claudia Connor from Wellspring Chinguacousy will be joining CCV as well as two volunteer hair dressers to assist with the extensions.

Two types of pink hair extensions will be offered – both clip in and the semi-permanent clasp.
Each extension will cost $20 directly benefiting Wellspring Chinguacousy and CCV’s Care Dare fundraising goal.

“Wellspring Chinguacousy is a cancer support centre located in a residential neighborhood in the heart of Brampton. It is a warm, inviting home where people living with cancer and their families can come to meet, talk and share with others who understand what they are going through. More than 40 programs and services, provided at no cost, are available to help those with cancer cope with the emotional and psychological impact of the disease.”

In addition to the Pink Hair Campaign, CCV will be running a month long fundraiser called ” The Care Dare”. All proceeds from The Pink Hair Campaign will directly benefit CCV’s Care Dare goal of $5,000. Not only does this benefit a great cause, this campaign is in memory of one of our own who battled this terrible disease, Doreen Young.

If CCV reaches the $5,000 goal by the end of February – Anthony, Luke and Andrew have volunteered to take the dare of buzzing off all their hair!

By clicking the link below you will be able to see CCV’s Team Donation Page. This link can be copied and shared to family and friends via email or social media. This will also be featured on CCV’s website for the month of February.

Click here to sponsor our Dare.

Take the Dare, Show you care on February 4th , World Cancer Day

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Oxford Retail Futures Conference

10th December 2018 @ 7:00 pm - 11th December 2018 @ 5:15 pm

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Understanding outcomes of data-driven research in retailing

The Oxford Retail Futures conference is an annual conference. It is being organised jointly by the Oxford Institute of Retail Management, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford and the Consumer Data Research Centre (CDRC).

Retailing is one of the first sectors to have employed large datasets at both strategic and operational levels for a variety of purposes, ranging from frequency marketing, store location, product selection, and supply chain management.

The amount of data generated by internet users, mobile devices, sensors (Internet of Things), organisational and integrative IT systems continues at significantly high levels. A high volume of data, in a variety of formats, can be relatively easily captured and stored.

However, the challenge lies in the extent to which data-driven research and analysis can deliver real insights and outcomes which carry genuine business value, how the results of the analyses will be used, and how data-related tools can improve business performance and competitiveness.

Please find additional information regarding our call for papers here.

Members of the Conference Academic Board:

• Dr Richard Cuthbertson, OXIRM, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, UK
• Dr Jonathan Reynolds, OXIRM, Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, UK

Contact Details:

For academic-related enquiries, please contact
Dr Richard Cuthbertson at or
Dr Jonathan Reynolds at

For conference logistics, please contact
Claudia Seiler at,

Please send papers / abstracts to

Registration fee:

The fee can be waived for students and presenters. Therefore, please use the dedicated students or presenters registration link.

All other delegates please use this registration link

Please contact Claudia Seiler at for further information.

10th December 2018 @ 7:00 pm
11th December 2018 @ 5:15 pm
Event Category:

Green Templeton College, E P Abraham Lecture Theatre
43 Woodstock Road
Oxford, OX2 6HG United Kingdom
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Dolly Parton Net Worth 2018

By | April 18, 2018

“I wonder where you are tonight

Will he be waiting for me

The grass is blue

I am ready”

These lines never fail to soothe me when I am troubled. Anything, with aging, grows even more charming. These lines from 1999’s Album These lines from 1999’s Album These lines from 1999’s Album These lines from 1999’s Album These lines from 1999’s Album These lines from 1999’s Album ‘The Grass is Blue’, with perfect combo of vocals and instruments were hymned by none other than Dolly Rebecca Parton. Singer, songwriter, record producer, actress, author and business woman; all in one lass Dolly was born on January 19’ 1946 in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States.

Dolly Parton

She was the most honoured country performer of all times who privileged many genres of music with her performance like country, country pop, pop, bluegrass and gospel. Through her vocals, guitar and banjo, she grabbed many awards to her name.

She didn’t spare 25 RIAA certified; gold, platinum and multiplatinum awards plus Garnered and Grammy Awards, 2 Academy Award Nominations, 10 Country Music Association Awards, 7 Academy of Country Music Awards, 3 American Music Awards and she is one of the only 7 female artists to have won Country Music Association’s Entertainer of the year award. She received 46 Grammy Nominations.

Born to a farmer, this prolific songwriter was brought up in Church of God, owned by his grandpa. Her earliest public performance was in the church at age six. Since mid 1980s, Parton has been working as philanthropist particularly in area of literacy through her Dollywood Foundation. This never made her any poor as she has the net worth of $500 million! Surprise….!!!

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