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  • Review
  • Open Access

Gestational pemphigoid

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases20149:136

  • Received: 20 May 2014
  • Accepted: 19 August 2014
  • Published:

Gestational pemphigoid (pemphigoid gestationis, PG) is a rare autoimmune skin disorder occurring characteristically during pregnancy. Autoantibodies against placental BP180 (also known as BPAG2 or collagen XVII) cause damage to the skin basement membrane, resulting in severe itching and blistering rash over the body and the extremities. The diagnosis of PG is confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis of a skin biopsy, while serum levels of pemphigoid antigen BP180 antibody can be used to assess disease activity. PG with mild symptoms can be treated with topical corticosteroids, while oral corticosteroids are the mainstay in treatment of severe PG. PG usually flares up at the time of delivery, and resolves spontaneously shortly after. However, relapses in subsequent pregnancies are common. As PG has been linked to the risk of prematurity and fetal growth restriction, prenatal monitoring jointly by a dermatologist and an obstetrician is recommended. Mothers should also be informed of the potential risk of re-activation of the disease in subsequent pregnancies and during hormonal contraception.

  • Cetirizine
  • Umbilical Artery
  • Fetal Growth Restriction
  • Bullous Pemphigoid
  • Levocetirizine

Gestational pemphigoid (pemphigoid gestationis, PG) is a rare autoimmune skin disorder that occurs during pregnancy. PG belongs to the pemphigoid group of autoimmune skin diseases that cause blistering of the skin and mucosal membranes [1]. The most common form is bullous pemphigoid (BP); other major forms include mucous membrane pemphigoid and linear IgA disease. In pemphigoid diseases, autoantibodies target hemidesmosomal proteins that maintain adhesion between basal keratinocytes and the basement membrane, thereby breaking cell-matrix adhesion and typically causing subepidermal blisters. These proteins include bullous pemphigoid antigen 180 (BP180, i.e., BPAG1 or collagen XVII) and BP230 (i.e., BPAG1-e). The IgG autoantibodies to BP180 are pathogenic but the role of autoantibodies against BP230 in blister formation is unclear [1].

PG was previously called herpes gestationis, but this misnomer should be withdrawn, since there is no true connection to herpetic diseases [2]. Studies looking for the epidemiology of PG are rare. Population-based studies have reported an annual incidence ranging between 0.5 and 2.0 cases per 1 million people in France, Kuwait and Germany [3]-[5]. In a retrospective study, PG was found in 4.2% of 505 pregnant patients evaluated in university-based dermatologic pregnancy clinics [6]. Based on the current epidemiological data PG is estimated to occur in one out of about 40,000-50,000 pregnancies [7] with no difference in racial distribution [8],[9]. Single cases have been described in association with molar pregnancies [10] and trophoblastic tumors [11].

Clinical features

PG may appear at any time during pregnancy or puerperium, but the most common time of symptom onset is during the second and third trimester. Intense abdominal itching usually begins around the navel, with varied red papules, urticarial plaques or annular target lesions (erythema multiforme –like) appearing in the itchy areas, followed by blistering after a few weeks (Figure 1). Bullous lesions vary from small vesicles to large blisters with a thick roof; however, some PG patients have no blisters at all (Figure 1). Typically, the skin symptoms first appear in the abdominal area, but according to an American study (n = 10) it is also common for cutaneous manifestations to appear first in the extremities [12]. In a Finnish study (n = 12) the symptoms started in the abdominal area in all patients, and 92% developed blisters as the disease progressed [13]. Facial and mucosal lesions are uncommon [12],[14], but in some reports severe mucosal lesions were associated with more persistent disease [15].
Figure 1
Figure 1

Skin findings of gestational pemphigoid (PG). Urticarial papules and plaques usually appearing first on abdominal area (A). Minor umbilical lesions of PG (B). Vesicles (C) and bullae (D) following urticarial plaques. PG lesions on extremities (E-G).

The symptoms of PG usually alleviate a few weeks before delivery, but the disease is re-activated in 75% of the patients at the time of delivery. The remitting, relapsing course of the disease has been thought to be associated with progestin, which has immunosuppressive properties, and with changes in progestin levels: an increase in late pregnancy followed by a sharp fall during delivery [7],[16]. According to a large PG study (n = 87), the average duration of symptoms is 16 weeks and the majority of mothers are symptom-free 6 months after the delivery, the duration of postnatal manifestations varying between 2 weeks and 12 years [16].

The pathogenesis of PG remains unknown. The presence of MHC II-class HLA-antigens DR3 and DR4 or their combination has been shown to be clearly more common in women with PG compared to normal population [17]. Placental and fetal tissues contain paternal tissue antigens that are foreign to the maternal immune system. However, the maternal immune system does not normally react against these foreign antigens. In patients with PG, MHC II-class molecules that are normally not present in the placenta have been detected in trophoblastic placental cells and amniochorionic stroma cells. As a result of partial breakdown of the syncytiotrophoblast cell layer of placental anchor villi, MHC II molecules are thought to get in contact with the maternal immune system, causing a (semi) allogeneic immune reaction against the BP180 molecule [18]-[20].

BP180 (also known as BPAG1 or collagen XVII) is a key structural protein of hemidesmosomes linking the epidermis and dermis. It consists of a short intracellular domain and a large extracellular domain [21]. Besides the skin basement membrane zone, BP180 is found in the placental tissue and fetal membranes. Placental BP180 is detectable in cytotrophoblastic cells as early as from the first trimester [22]. In PG, antibodies are mainly directed against the same BP180 epitopes as in bullous pemphigoid [23],[24]: most commonly against the epitopes found in NC16A, the largest non-collagenous domain of BP180, but antibodies against intracellular BP180 domains and other extracellular domains of BP180 have also been observed [25]. In addition, antibodies against another structural basement membrane protein, BP230, have been detected in about 10% of patients with PG, but this is considered to be secondary and clinically insignificant [7],[26]. The cross-reaction between placental antibodies and skin BP180 causes the typical skin symptoms of PG [7],[27].

To the best of our knowledge, PG-related animal models do not exist. In BP, the pathogenicity of autoantibodies directed against the NC16A domain has been confirmed in several mouse models [1],[28]. Severe blistering and high mortality prevents the use of experimental BP-mice for breeding to imitate a PG-like condition. The transfer of autoantibodies from mother with PG to newborn is to some extent simulated in a gene-targeted mice model in which the maternal transfer of NC16A antibodies results in blistering in the neonatal BP180-humanized mice [29].

The diagnosis of PG is preferably made by a dermatologist, but all physicians treating pregnant women, i.e., general practitioners and obstetricians, should be able to consider PG. A biopsy for histopathology is not needed; the diagnosis is based on clinical picture, direct immunofluorescence microscopy and serology [1],[30],[31]. Direct immunofluorescence examination of a snap-frozen perilesional skin biopsy reveals the linear accumulation of complement C3 in the basement membrane zone at the interface of the epidermis and dermis (Figure 2). Linear IgG positivity is also detected in about 25-50% of the samples, but it is not a criterion for the diagnosis [27],[32]. If PG is suspected, measurement of serum BP180 antibody level is recommended, as it correlates with the degree of disease severity and facilitates assessment of treatment response [33],[34]. Since the BP180 NC16A ELISA is sensitive and specific to PG, it has even been proposed as a PG screening test or to be sufficient for the PG diagnosis in conjunction with typical clinical symptoms [33]-[35]. Serum autoantibodies can also be detected with traditional indirect immunofluorescence microscopy or the complement binding test on salt-split skin [1],[30],[31].
Figure 2
Figure 2

Linear complement 3 (C3) (arrow) fluorescence in immunofluorescence analysis of perilesional skin biopsy is diagnostic for gestational pemphigoid. Primary magnification 200 × .

Differential diagnosis

Since PG is an extremely rare condition, other dermatologic reasons for itchy cutaneous eruptions (Table 1) occurring during pregnancy should be ruled out. Pregnancy may influence the clinical picture of common skin diseases that either precede pregnancy or coincide with it by chance. Especially PG with atypical symptoms such as non-intense pruritus, mild erythematous papules and plaques or eczematous lesions represents a true challenge for clinical diagnostics.
Table 1

Differential diagnostics of pregnancy associated pruritic dermatoses

Atopic eruption of pregnancy

Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Gestational pemphigoid

Estimated incidence

Most common pregnancy associated dermatose. 1:5–1:20

High-risk groups

Multiple pregnancy

Skin manifestations

(Nocturnal) pruritus

Eczematous lesions

Urticarial papules and plaques

Secondary skin lesions due to scratcing

Urticarial plaques

Target lesions

Blisters, vesicles

Sparing of the umbilical region

Localization of skin manifestations

Lower abdomen

Extremities (palms and soles)

Abdomen, umbilicus

Extensors of the extremities

S-IgE levels may be elevated

Negative DIF

Elevated total serum bile acid levels

Linear C3 (and IgG) positivity in DIF. BP180 ELISA

Symptom onset (trimester of pregnancy)

Symptom resolution

Symptom resolution

Symptom resolution

Flare-up in connection to delivery

Pregnancy complications

No fetal risks

No fetal risks

Fetal growth restriction

No harm to newborn

No harm to newborn

No harm to newborn

Possibility for transient skin blistering

No elevated risk for recurrence

No elevated risk for recurrence

Elevated risk for recurrence

Recurrence is usual.

Activation of symptoms is possible during menstruation and hormonal contraceptive use

S-IgE: serum immunoglobulin E; DIF: direct immunofluorescence microscopy; BP180-ELISA: bullous pemphigoid 180 ELISA.

The most important differential diagnosis alternatives for PG are the other specific dermatoses of pregnancy which include atopic eruption of pregnancy (AEP), polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PEP) and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) [6],[36]-[40]. AEP is the most common pregnancy-specific skin disease, which typically appears in the first and second trimesters [40]. About 20% of the patients with AEP have a pre-existing atopic dermatitis with a typical clinical picture, whereas the remaining 80% present widespread eczematous changes or papular lesions and have no previous history of atopic eczema or have been symptomless since childhood [31]. The greatest differential diagnostic challenge of PG is PEP, previously known as Pruritic Urticarial Papules and Plaques of Pregnancy (PUPPP), with intensely pruritic urticarial papules and plaques during the last trimester. Despite rather similar clinical features, negative immunofluorescence analysis of perilesional skin biopsy in PEP differentiates it explicitly from PG [38],[39]. Similar to PG, PEP symptoms usually start on the abdomen, but PEP lesions typically spare the umbilical region. ICP, which is associated with significant fetal risks, can present in the last trimester with pruritus, and thus it should be considered in differential diagnosis of PG [40]. Patients with ICP do not have primary skin lesions, but due to severe pruritus and scratching may develop secondary excoriations or even prurigo nodularis-like changes, usually on the extremities [31].

Due to the rarity of PG no randomized studies have been published and treatment recommendations are based on clinical experience and studies from treatment of other skin diseases. PG symptoms can be quite debilitating, but the condition does not constitute a direct health risk to the mother. When choosing a treatment, the benefit of the medication to the mother is critically weighed up against possible risks to the fetus. The aim of the treatment is to suppress the excessive itching and to prevent formation of new blisters [41].

According to current recommendations PG patients with mild symptoms (about 19% of the patients) should be treated with potent or very potent topical corticosteroids (for example betamethasone valerate or clobetasol propionate) [1],[30]. Controlled studies with BP patients have shown that topical treatment with highly potent corticosteroid is as effective and safe as oral prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day [42]. During pregnancy, mild or moderate topical corticosteroids are preferred to potent or very potent ones because of the risk of fetal growth restriction associated with the latter [43]. When necessary, potent or very potent topical corticosteroids can be used for the therapy of PG for as short duration as possible, since their potential for fetotoxicity is less than that of systemic corticosteroids [43]-[45].

The combination of oral antihistamines with topical corticosteroids, most commonly cetirizine, is usually employed to relieve the itching, despite the fact that clinical efficacy studies in PG are lacking [1],[16],[27],[30]. In general, second-generation H1-antihistamines are currently preferred to first-generation antihistamines based on the potential serious anticholinergic and central nervous system side effects of old sedating antihistamines and the longer-lasting antipruritic effects of the modern antihistamines [46]. First-generation antihistamines have no definitive increased teratogenic risk, and the second-generation antihistamines cetirizine, levocetirizine and loratadine are also recommended for use in pregnancy [44],[46].

Corticosteroid treatment has become the standard of care for first-line systemic therapy of severe PG thanks to its treatment response and tolerable safety profile. Most of prednisolone is inactivated by placental dehydrogenase enzyme (11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2) before reaching the fetal circulation. As fluorinated corticosteroids (betamethasone and dexamethasone) are not metabolized by placental dehydrogenase enzyme, prednisolone is considered the primary treatment alternative. [1],[30],[47]. The initial dose of prednisolone is usually 0.25-0.5 mg/kg/day, and the response is usually good. If formation of blisters does not decrease within a few days, the dose is increased until no new blisters appear. The cortisone dose is gradually decreased about 1–2 weeks after the symptoms have been brought under control, and discontinued altogether if possible.

The side effects of long-term systemic corticosteroid treatment are well-known. Previous studies have demonstrated that in the treatment of BP the use of oral prednisolone is associated with more frequent severe adverse events and increased mortality compared to topical corticosteroids [1],[30],[42]. However, BP patients are much older and have more severe comorbidities than PG patients. In addition, the duration of prednisolone treatment is shorter and the dosage is smaller in PG than in BP, which further decreases the risk of side effects. During pregnancy, the use of prednisolone in the first trimester causes an increased risk of malformations, especially orofacial clefts [44]. In the last trimester prednisolone may result in intrauterine growth retardation, gestational diabetes, eclampsia and premature delivery [44].

Plasmapheresis [48], immunoadsorption [49],[50] and intravenous immunoglobulin G-infusion [51]-[54], which are not contraindicated during pregnancy, have in some cases been used to treat PG even prior to the delivery. Removal of antibodies with immunoadsorption gives quick symptom relief especially in PG cases with severe postnatal symptoms, as there is no placenta to maintain an autoimmune reaction [50]. Prenatal treatment with cyclosporine combined to prednisolone has been reported in two cases with good treatment response [13],[55], and in one case cyclosporine was used after intravenous immunoglobulin in persistent postnatal PG [56]. Case reports on the use of tetracycline, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, dapsone and rituximab to treat PG with persisting postnatal symptoms have been published, but these agents are avoided prenatally due to potential short- and long-term fetal effects. [7],[41].

PG lesions usually disappear 12–16 weeks after the delivery, with no scarring, and postnatal oral cortisone treatment can normally be discontinued fairly soon. However, sometimes treatment has to be resumed as the disease flares up again [16],[27]. When systemic cortisone is given at the average doses used in the treatment of PG, it does not prevent breastfeeding, and breastfeeding has been shown to reduce the symptoms of PG [17],[7],[12].

Fetus and the newborn

The risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction is greater in PG pregnancies compared to normal population [57]-[60]. The pregnancy risks of PG are thought to be associated with mild placental failure caused by BP180 antibodies [13],[27],[60]. In addition to accumulation of C3 complement and IgG, mild villitis and collections of immature fibrotic villi have been observed in histologic examinations of PG placentas [22]. Antibody concentrations do not as such correlate with the occurrence of pregnancy complications, and no association has been demonstrated between cortisone treatment and PG pregnancy complications [60]. No follow-up guidelines for pregnancies complicated by PG have been published, most likely due to the rarity of the condition.

In the largest data set on PG pregnancies (n = 87) published in 1999 the rate of miscarriages was comparable to the risk in normal population (15%), with the majority of miscarriages occurring in the first trimester [16]. However, in a more recent British-Taiwanese study with 70 patients late miscarriages and fetal deaths were observed in as many as 6% of the patients [60].

About 16-34% of PG patients are estimated to give birth prematurely [13],[58]-[60]. Premature delivery is more likely if PG begins in the 1st or 2nd trimester or if the skin symptoms include blistering [60]. In a Finnish PG study, 25% of the deliveries were premature (the corresponding rate in the Finnish population during time of study was around 5%) [13],[61]. The proportion of premature deliveries among pregnant women with PG was similar to that in previously published studies, even though all patients, with one exception, had blistering PG. All premature births occurred after the 35th gestational week, and PG had no effect on neonatal mortality [13]. Vaginal ultrasound is considered the gold standard in charting cervical dilation in women at risk of preterm delivery [62]. Although preterm delivery is difficult to predict, we recommend obstetric follow-up with vaginal ultrasound due to the increased risk of preterm delivery.

In the British-Taiwanese study with 70 patients, fetal growth restriction was observed in 34% [60], the likelihood of its occurrence correlating with early onset of PG. In a Finnish study, only one mother developed pre-eclampsia combined with fetal growth restriction, which is in line with the general prevalence in Finnish population. However, 50% of the patients in our study had an abnormal placental weight/birth weight ratio [13]. The blood flow profile of the umbilical artery is used in clinical practice to diagnose placental failure [63]. In a PG case report where pregnancy was complicated by pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, abnormal end-diastolic blood flow was reported in the umbilical artery [64]. Among 12 Finnish PG patients increased umbilical artery pulsatility was detected only in one pregnancy with pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction; all other PG pregnancies showed normal umbilical artery blood flow findings and biophysical scores [13], suggesting that clinically significant placental failure is rare in PG.

There is only little information available on the effect of PG on the newborn infant. No congenital abnormalities have been linked to PG [58],[60]. According to the data from 12 Finnish PG patients, birth weight, umbilical artery pH, Apgar scores and neonatal morbidity did not differ from normal population [13]. The IgG antibodies of PG pass through the placenta, but PG blisters develop in only about 3% of newborn infants [14],[16],[57]. Skin symptoms in newborns usually resolve quickly without treatment as antibody levels decrease. According to a Japanese case report, antibody levels in newborn infants are comparable to those in mothers; the levels in both are reduced by half in about 15 days. Since the clinical status of the newborn often improves rapidly, it seems that other factors besides autoantibodies contribute to the formation of blisters in newborns [65]. If PG in the mother was treated with large doses of cortisone, the pediatrician should be informed of the possibility of neonatal adrenal insufficiency. There are no data on the long-term prognosis of children of PG mothers.

Recurrence of PG in subsequent pregnancies is likely, and symptoms are usually more severe, with earlier onset. In patients with an earlier PG episode the likelihood of pregnancy with no symptoms is estimated to be 5-8%, but the reason for the lack of symptoms is unknown. [16],[17]. In a Finnish study, PG recurred in two cases, while 67% of the subsequent pregnancies were symptom-free (n = 4/6). The large proportion of symptom-free pregnancies is most likely due to the small number of patients, but ethnic factors may also play a role [13]. Perfect HLA-DR match between the mother and the fetus may explain some of the cases, but pregnancy may be free from PG symptoms even in the absence of identical HLA-DR type [16],[17] and even if the symptoms of PG have been persistent [66].

At the postpartum examination, mothers with PG should be reminded of the possibility of relapse during menstruation and/or in connection with hormonal contraceptive use. Susceptibility for recurrence may persist for years [16],[37]. In a large British study, about 11% of the patients experienced a relapse during oral contraceptive use, but in smaller studies the incidence has been as high as 50% [14],[16],[17]. The low relapse rate in the British study was thought to be associated with the infrequent use of oral contraceptives after PG pregnancy [16]. Women who have had PG have also been described to be more susceptible to other autoimmune diseases; the prevalence of Graves’ disease increases in particular, from 0.4% in normal population to as high as 10.6% [16]. Proneness to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune thrombocytopenia and pernicious anemia has also been reported to be increased [16],[67].

Gestational pemphigoid is a rare skin disorder in pregnancy. The severe itching and blistering caused by the disease can be quite debilitating. The diagnosis of PG is made in a specialized care setting at a dermatology department. Since PG is associated with a risk of prematurity and fetal growth restriction, pregnancy monitoring by an obstetrician is recommended. Mothers with PG should be informed of the natural course of the disease, good fetal prognosis, the possibility of relapses after delivery, and the risk of relapses in subsequent pregnancies and with hormonal contraception.

Pemphigoid gestationis, gestational pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid

Bullous pemphigoid antigen 180

Bullous pemphigoid antigen 230

Major histocompatibility complex

Human leucocyte antigen

Immunoglobulin G

Atopic eruption of pregnancy

Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Authors’ Affiliations

Department of Dermatology, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland

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  44. Murase JE, Heller MM, Butler DC: Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014, 70 (3): 401e1-401e14.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
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Olonization of Mexican Americans in the United States

The essay needs to cover issues like Immigration Legal or Illegal”, Colonization, Mexican Culture and ethnicity, Socioeconomic characteristics, poverty, and different similar factors
I do have Annotated Bibliography page that I would like to send to you, please send me an email or inform me how to send it


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Fighting The Urge

Every couple of weeks I take the bus to Bugaba to visit this cigar factory to get my supply of nicotine.

(Photo from Don Ray’s fine

It sits up a fairly steep grade out of downtown Bugaba on the road to Volcan and Cerro Punta, so I ride the bus up to the factory and then walk back down into the town simply because I like the exercise, saying hello to the residents who live beside the sidewalk and, well, just because I like walking down the hill.

On the way there is a bar I pass that’s closed in the mornings. It’s the bar’s door that tugs at the imp hidden away inside me.

There are two rather substantial padlocks that secure the door.

The dark side of my soul wants to buy a lock just like those two, fix it to the door and keep the key.

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One response to “Fighting The Urge

  1. That’s just bad. Funny, but bad. 😉

    One question – doesn’t anyone there have a hacksaw or bolt cutters? Maybe there are two to slow down anyone who wanted to get in enough for someone to notice. (I’ve been living in Houston too long, I guess…)


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Home / Information / Countries / Barbados

Information about Barbados.

Country: Barbados
ISO code/s BB / BRB
From year1966

Barbados is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres in length and up to 23 kilometres in width, covering an area of 432 square kilometres. It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 400 kilometres north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.

Monarch reigns
Queen Elizabeth II 30 November 1966


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Home / Information / Countries / Luxembourg

Information about Luxembourg.

Country: Luxembourg
ISO code/s LU / LUX
From year1815

Luxembourg (officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg), is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France to the south. It comprises two principal regions: the Oesling in the north as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg had a population of 524,853 in October 2012 and has an area of 2,586 square kilometres, making it one of the smallest sovereign nations in Europe.

See also
Luxemburg, County of 9631353
Luxemburg, Duchy of 13531795
Monarch reigns
Grand-Duc Guillaume I (Grand Duke William I), King William I of the Netherlands 16 March 1815 7 October 1840
Grand-Duc Guillaume II (Grand Duke William II), King William II of the Netherlands 7 October 1840 17 March 1849
Grand-Duc Guillaume III (Grand Duke William III), King William III of the Netherlands 17 March 1849 23 November 1890
Grand-Duc Adolphe (Grand Duke Adolphe) 23 November 1890 17 November 1905
Grand-Duc Guillaume IV (Grand Duke William IV) 17 November 1905 25 February 1912
Grande-Duchesse Marie-Adélaïde (Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde) 25 February 1912 14 January 1919
Grande-Duchesse Charlotte (Grand Duchess Charlotte) 14 January 1919 12 November 1964
Grand-Duc Jean (Grand Duke Jean) 12 November 1964 7 October 2000
Grand-Duc Henri (Grand Duke Henri) 7 October 2000


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Tag Archives: specialty cucurbits

2018 Downy Mildew Control Strategy for Cucumber Crops — ONvegetables

Specialty cucurbit growers may be interested in the following InfoSheet on downy mildew control strategies in cucumber crops written by Elaine Roddy, OMAFRA Vegetable Crops Specialist.  Note that not all products registered on cucumber for downy mildew are registered on all … Continue reading

Posted in Specialty Vegetable Pest Management, Specialty Vegetables, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Vivando Fungicide now registered on hops and specialty cucurbits

From Jim Chaput, Minor Use Coordinator and Melanie Filotas, Specialty Crops IPM Specialist, OMAFRA The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) recently announced the approval of  Vivando SC Fungicide for control/suppression of powdery mildew on several new crops, including cucurbits and … Continue reading

Posted in Hops, Hops Pest Management, Specialty Vegetable Pest Management, Specialty Vegetables | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment


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Happy Birthday Erin

by Gail Mooney
January 5 2012

It’s hard to believe that it has been 25 years, today, since you were born.  My life changed that day I became your mother, in thousands of meaningful ways.  I cannot have imagined how life would have been without you in it.

I’m sure every parent reading this understands how profoundly life changes when they become a parent – and for the good.  The biggest change for me is that I became less selfish.  I had to consider that my actions not only affected just me anymore.  Of course couples should think like that anyway if they want to have a good relationship – but it’s a different type of selfless care when it comes to your child.

Today is another milestone.  It was two years ago that we started our journey together as far as this project.  We officially launched the Opening Our Eyes blog on Jan. 5, 2010.  Five months later we embarked on our travels around the world.  We not only completed the journey – we have completed a film.  A film that I hope will inspire others to do whatever small acts – or large acts – they can that can make our planet a better place.
It seems fitting that at midnight tonight our campaign on IndieGoGo is over – bringing this blog and project full circle.

I never would have imagined 25 years ago that we would have experienced such a wonderful and amazing project together.  But we did and we will have that connection for an eternity.  But to be honest, I value every other little moments in our lives that we’ve spent together just as priceless.

Happy Birthday

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2 Responses

  1. Erin, I totally agree with your Mom! When you were born my life suddenly took on a meaningful reason, a real purpose to life. I too, cannot believe it has been twenty-five years ago today that we first saw you. But I can tell you that I have cherished every moment and every adventure that the three of us have experienced, all over the world together.

    Happy Birthday.

  2. Erin Kelly

    Thank you for being the best parents I could ever have asked for. I love you both. 🙂

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Mailing List Code of Conduct

Beta! ------- This policy is not finalized. Please send feedback and thoughts through a relevant OSI mailing list, or the OSI Contact Form. Introduction ------------------- The OSI's mailing lists aim to facilitate constructive discussion of issues related to open source and further the goals of the OSI. We can achieve this, in part, by behaving well towards each other, so that the broadest diversity of participants - both amateur and professional, new and experienced - feel that the lists are welcoming and useful. This code of conduct helps maintain that environment by capturing the conduct we aspire to when we participate in discussions at OSI. We Strive To: ------------- *Be friendly and patient* 1. We are volunteers, and so a sense of fun is part of why we do what we do. Be positive and engaging, rather than snarky. 2. If someone asks for help it is because they need it. Politely suggest specific documentation or more appropriate venues where appropriate. Avoid aggressive or vague responses. *Be civil and considerate* 1. Disagreement is no excuse for poor conduct or personal attacks. A community where people feel uncomfortable is not a productive one. 2. If you would not feel comfortable saying something to a co-worker or acquaintance, it is probably not appropriate on an OSI list either. *Assume good faith* 1. Remember that licensing questions are often very complex and difficult to assess. If you disagree, please do so politely, by disputing logical errors and factual premises rather than by attacking individuals. 2. If something seems outrageous, check that you did not misinterpret it. Ask for clarification, rather than assuming the worst. *Respect time and attention* 1. List members are often busy people. As a result, we value concision and clarity. Emails that are brief and to the point take more time to write, but are repaid many times over when other members of the list make the same effort. 2. Conversations should remain focused and on-topic. If you must change the topic, start a new thread by changing the topic line of your emails. Also, avoid flooding the list with long threads by reading the entire thread first, instead of responding quickly to many emails in a short period of time. 3. New members are welcome, but should be careful to respect the time and energy of long-time list members by doing research in FAQs and with search engines before asking questions. *Disclose potential conflicts* 1. List discussions often involve interested parties. We expect participants to be aware when they are conflicted due to employment or other projects they are involved in, and disclose those interests to other project members. 2. When in doubt, over-disclose. Perceived conflicts of interest are important to address, so that the lists’ decisions are credible even when unpopular, difficult or favorable to the interests of one group over another. Interpretation -------------- This code is not exhaustive or complete. It is not a rulebook; it serves to distill our common understanding of a collaborative, shared environment and goals. We expect it to be followed in spirit as much as in the letter. Enforcement ----------- Most members of the OSI community always comply with this code, not because of the existence of the code, but because they have long experience participating in open source communities where the conduct described above is normal and expected. However, failure to observe the code may be grounds for reprimand, probation, or removal from the lists. If you have concerns about someone’s conduct: * *Direct contact*: it is always appropriate to email a list member, mention that you think their behavior was out of line, and (if necessary) point them to this document. * *On-list*: discussing conduct on-list, either as part of another message or as a standalone thread, is always acceptable. Note, though, that approaching the person directly can be better, as it tends to make them less defensive, and it respects the time of other list members, so you probably want to try direct contact first. * *Moderators*: You can reach the list moderators (Luis Villa and Karl Fogel) through the addresses they use for on-list communication. Further Context --------------- Other resources, while not formally part of this code of conduct, can provide useful context and guidance for good behavior. 1. Chapter 6 of Producing OSS, by OSI board member Karl Fogel, describes common best practices for mailing list participation, particularly [“You Are What You Write”]( and [“Avoiding Common Pitfalls"]( 2. [RFC 1855](, particularly section 2.1.1 (“User Guidelines for mail”), also provides useful guidelines for sending good emails. 3. [The Ubuntu Code of Conduct]( provides useful guidance for group leaders. This policy was inspired by [the GNOME Code of Conduct](, [the Mozilla Community Participation Guidelines](, [the Ubuntu Code of Conduct](, and other codes listed at [the OpenHatch list of project codes of conduct]( [Comment/Improve.]


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For the researcher and the Institution

  • ORBi allows an expanded development and distribution of research on a global scale and a strengthening of the Institution’s prestige and of the influence of its researchers:

    • wider and improved visibility of University of Liège research publications, notably thanks to an interoperability and compatibility with OAI-PMH;

      harvesting ORBi
      More info

    • improvement of institutional visibility and its areas of strength as regards its research teams;
    • more rapid communication between peers and making the development of expert networks easier;
    • a growing impact factor for publications that are freely available on the Internet.

      Thus Steve Lawrence, for example, demonstrated in 2001, in a widely cited study, that online articles in the field of computer science have the advantage of being mentioned 336% more often than off-line items.

      Numerous other publications point in the same direction (see the Open Citation Project bibliography).

    • access to new bibliometric indicators of publications by download rate or systems such as CiteSeer;
    • explicit evidence of documents having been subjected to a peer-reviewing process;
    • opening of new potentials in terms of new readerships, such as in emerging countries or in the case of periodicals with limited distribution.
  • As an integrated and centralized management tool, ORBi furthermore guarantees the long term preservation of the Institution's research output:

    • taking over the management of references and full texts by the Institution itself, thus avoiding that researchers or their departments have to put in place their own distribution infrastructures (web pages) and also avoiding having to assume the associated costs and technical maintenance;
    • a guarantee of the durability of the references and full texts entered and of their access, notably independent of the evolution of research equipment... ;
    • a centralized reference tool, allowing everyone to follow the evolution of the Institution's research output.
  • All these advantages require only a minimal effort on the part of authors.

    ORBi was effectively conceived by intending to offer a powerful repository process, easy and quick, enhanced with automatic help tools and import and export possibilities. The depositor benefits, among other things, from legal support in terms of copyrights and repositories in Open Access.

More information can be obtained on these pages:

  • Finally, ORBi, is also a means of actively participating in a fully expanding international movement which aims at enabling researchers to regain control of the distribution of their scientific production.

For the user

  • free and rapid access to scientific publications of high quality;
  • a means of easily following the Institution's current academic research: followed by RSS feed , scanning by subject, downloading statistics, posting on ORBi's homepage of the most recent documents registred in the directory;
  • access to a simple or advanced research interface, with the possibility of searching within the full text of the publication;
  • the possibility of finding the Institution's publications without the need of an ORBi site search, thanks to an extensive referencing in search engines and OAI meta-search engines (Google, Google Scholar, OAIster...).


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Bajaj Dominar 400 creates History; Conquers the World’s Toughest Journey – The Trans-Siberian Odyssey

New Delhi: Bajaj Dominar 400 has created history by becoming the 1st Indian bike to conquer the world’s toughest journey – The Trans Siberian Odyssey. The journey spanned over 53 days traversing about 15,600 km across 6 countries, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Mongolia and back into Russia. This translates in to nearly 390 km of hyper-riding every day across all kinds of terrain i.e. high altitude passes, grasslands, river beds, sand, rocky terrains, dirt trails, steep gradients, loose gravel, and harsh extreme temperatures. All without any service support or back-up. Dominar 400 scaled some of the world’s most difficult of terrains on this Trans-Siberian Odyssey including more than 3000 km being covered on the famous Stalin era Road of Bones. It also became the only Indian bike to tame Charyn Canyon also known as little brother of Great Canyon, which features a sheer drop of over 100 meters at a 45 degree incline.
The challenge was taken up by 3 passionate and experienced riders – Deepak Kamath, Dilip Bhat and Sudhir Prasad. Deepak Kamath has been riding for over 21 years now and has a record in his name for the Continental Raid. Dilip started touring early at an age of 20 and has never looked back. Sudhir is a Motoholic and has started touring since 2009.
These 3 Hyper Riders who made this mission possible were felicitated today in Mumbai by Bajaj Auto for their outstanding spirit and achievement.
Speaking on the occasion of the milestone achievement, Mr. Eric Vas, President – Motorcycle Business, Bajaj Auto Ltd, said, “Dominar 400 has redefined the long-distance riding. While riding to Leh & Ladakh during the three months of summer is considered to be the touring benchmark in India, the Dominar 400 allows motorcyclists to raise the bar to altogether another level.
The fact that the grueling Trans-Siberian Odyssey was completed using stock Dominars without any major part change or breakdown is testimony to the superior design, quality and technology of the Dominar 400”
He added, “We are here to celebrate this milestone achieved by hyper-riders Deepak Kamath, Dilip Bhat, Sudhir Prasad and their Dominars. Covering an average of 390 km every day for 53 straight days across the most varied and toughest of terrains with no service back-up, is a commendable motorcycling feat that speaks volumes about the grit, determination and toughness of both the hyper-riders and their Dominars.”
The 3 Dominars which have completed the Trans-Siberian Odyssey and the riders will now embark upon a victory tour across the country and stop at 10 key metro cities. They will visit Bajaj Auto dealerships where fellow Dominar owners can meet them, learn from their experiences and even ride with them.

Key Details of the Trans-Siberian Odyssey:
· Leg 1: Uzbekistan – Tajikistan – Kyrgyzstan : 1600 km

Pamir highway, Second-highest altitude highway in world known as ‘Road from Hell’, Unpaved treacherous roads. Temperature around 3 degrees.
A section of the historical old silk route, this is known as the Pamir Highway. Over 1600 km in length, the road is mostly an unpaved and un-asphalted surface of gravel and sand. The road is damaged and in dreadful condition in places because of erosion, earthquakes, landslides, and avalanches. The Pamir Highway is the second-highest altitude international highway in the world and is sometimes referred to as “The Road from Hell”. The Pamir highway is mostly one-lane and goes along deep valley with no barriers between the road and the cliff. Any riding mistake can have a deadly consequence.
· Leg 2: Kyrgyzstan – Kazakhstan: 2400 km

Mountainous terrain and high altitude passes, treacherous hair pinned roads.
Kyrgyzstan is a high mountain and land locked country. Over 90% of the country is mountainous terrain and involves crossing many a mountain passes at dangerous inclines. The road also boasts of some of the most beautiful lakes that include Song Kul Lake and Issyk Kul Lake. Krygyzstan also has one of the most famous hair pinned roads in the world.
· Leg 3: Kazakhstan – Russia: 1980 km

Mountainous terrain, Charyn Canyon, Steep gradient of 100 feet with 45-degree incline, High speed roads.
This section has the famous Charyn Canyon which is considered in-accessible to normal vehicles due to a sheer drop of over 100 feet with a 45-degree incline, two wheelers are banned from entering into this canyon. There is no scope of return if any bike falters in this section. Dominar became the first bike to conquer the Charyn Canyon while travelling from Kazakhstan into Western Russia. This section had some of the most beautiful high speed roads in the world. Over 1980 km of sustained high speed cruising with speeds in excess of 120 km per hour is a rider’s delight. The journey touches Sarkand and Semey before entering Russian at Barnoul.
· Leg 4: Russia – Mongolia – Russia: 3440 km

Traverse through Alta-Krai region, High speed roads, desolate, un-inhabited lands of Mongolia & Russia.
Gateway to the real adventure begins here as the bikes made their way in Russia passing the beautiful Alta-Krai region. The journey covered travelling through the vast open lands of Russia & Mongolia. The highlight of this 3400 km journey was scaling up a massive hillock to oversee lake Gusinoye, just ahead of the Mongolian border. The riding was through long stretches with no signs of people or support making it very precarious.

· Leg 5: Russia – Kolyma Highway : 4600 km

M 56 Kolyma highway, All weather gravel road, pinnacle of long distance riding.
These section included the Road of Bones – Kolyma Highway. The Kolyma Highway is also known as the Road of Bones, because the skeletons of the forced laborers who died during its construction were used in many of its foundations. The road is treated as a memorial and is now a frequently maintained all weather gravel road. The journey has mixed punishing terrain and connects Skovorodino to Kyubeme, it is considered to be the pinnacle of adventure, for riders and drivers alike.
· Leg 6: Russia – The Road of Bones – The Old Summer Route :1580 km.

Challenge for adventure motorcyclists, washed-out bridges, streams, harsh freezing weather conditions.
The ultimate 1580 km of the journey has a 420 km section via Tomtor which is largely unmaintained and completely abandoned. This section is known as the Old Summer Route and remains one of the greatest challenges for adventure motorcyclists. With a surface of compacted gravel or clay, the old summer road is in a state of dis-repair with washed out bridges and roads reclaimed by streams. The road is a torture test for the bikers and the bike. There is no clear record of any adventure motorcyclists having accomplished this route without assistance (back up support vehicle). The Bajaj Dominars have become the 1st Indian bikes to reach Tomtor.


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Natasha Bottom // Fishscale

Natasha Bottom // Fishscale

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 Our Natasha bottom is a sexy Brazilian style cut. Apart from the exotic detailing, it can be adjusted to the exact size you want with the braided strings on both sides. Each braid ends with a tassel for a complete look that matches our Natasha top perfectly.

Although each Oséa Bikini was designed with the idea of a matching set in mind, feel free to mix and match any style and color!

- Fine, high-quality fabrics with a smooth butter-like finish

- Fully-lined for comfort and to avoid show-through

- Available in two colors/pattern*

- Comes with a matching fabric bag to keep it safe * *

Model is 1.78m and wears a size small.

Visit our size chart for details or contact us if you need help on choosing the correct size.

* All prints were designed by Oséa and are exclusive to the brand.

 ** Bag is included only upon purchasing both an Oséa top and bottom (You can mix and match!).

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Everything you need to know about the NFL’s new helmets-up rule

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ATLANTA — The NFL’s new “helmets-up” mandate has sparked concern there’s a new impossible-to-officiate rule in the book.

Son-of-catch-rule, if you will.

“This is a major change,” league competition-committee chairman Rich McKay warns.

“It’s a culture change,” league senior VP of officiating Al Riveron advises.

The new rule — passed by owners in March, with what league officials described as unanimous support from head coaches — prevents any player, at any position, from lowering his head to initiate contact with an opponent and then making contact anywhere on that opponent’s body (not just the helmet area). Violating teams will be penalized 15 yards.

It’s the NFL’s most drastic safety-inspired rule yet.

When it was hastily introduced two months ago at the league’s annual meeting, NFL medical leaders pointed out that concussions caused by head-to-head hits were up substantially in 2017 — 281 in the pre-season and regular season, an increase of 14% from 243 in 2016.

Although one reason for the stark rise is that more players are willing to report concussion symptoms — as knowledge of the potential acute long-term dangers of brain injuries grows and becomes more accepted — the league found that too many of those hard, head-down hits were responsible for concussions.

At the NFL’s two-day spring owners meeting, which concluded Wednesday afternoon at a hotel in Atlanta’s upscale Buckhead district, Riveron and McKay walked reporters through the same plays shown in recent weeks via video-conferencing to every team in the league.

The duo addressed the universal concern: couldn’t flags for hard, head-down contact be thrown on virtually every play? When linemen on both sides slam into each other at the snap? When a quarterback sneaks it? When a running back bucks into the line for a short-yardage gain? When a receiver blocks downfield? When anyone goes to make a tackle?

Not really, they pointed out.

Riveron said the most important words in the new rule are “to initiate contact.” That is, to purposefully lower one’s head to hit an opponent.

“Lowering the head is not alone a foul,” Riveron said. “It’s not going to be an ejection-fest, I guarantee you.”

But, as with their quotes at the top of this story, both men warned that players must never again “get a helmet” on an opposing player. That’s why I’m calling it the helmets-up rule.

There will be no grace period either, Riveron said. The rule will be strictly enforced starting with pre-season games in August.

Riveron showed reporters video examples from last season of such fouls. In each case, the delinquent player — tackler, blocker or ball carrier — had plenty of time and space to change his body’s position or angle of attack, but chose instead to keep his helmet lowered and crashed into the opposition. There was no mistaking the transgressing player’s intention.

But egregious cases are always easy to call. Grey areas, not so much. How long will it take officials, players, coaches and fans alike to understand the difference, at every position, between a legal play and a foul? Hopefully not long.

Riveron said the league is preparing videos containing legal and illegal plays by the start of training camps in late July, to show players at every position group: quarterbacks, running backs, receivers, offensive linemen, defensive linemen, et al.

“We all want to end up on the same page,” McKay said.

A few other points to bear in mind regarding this new rule:

— As before, egregious head-down hits can garner a disqualification. And not just if the hit is to the head or neck area.

— There won’t be college-style, automatic carryover penance to the next game if the ejection occurs in the second half. But, as now, there could be a fine or suspension as determined by the league days later.

— If a player on each team is flagged for an intended head-down hit, the fouls will offset and the down replayed.

— If more than one player on a team is so flagged, only one penalty will be enforced (i.e., there will be no 30-yard or 45-yard walkoffs, etc.).

— If each team commits the foul, the penalties offset, and the down replayed.

— Riveron stressed that an official must see the entire play to throw his or her flag. In other words, he or she cannot just the head-down hit and throw the flag. Intention prior to the hit must be clear, and must be seen by the official.

So, that’s the new rule.

“I’m confident,” commissioner Roger Goodell said at the annual meeting, “our game will be in a much better place for it.”

From a safety standpoint? Absolutely.

It’s just going to take time — maybe a long time — for players, coaches, officials and fans to understand what constitutes a helmet-down foul at each position, and what doesn’t.

Son-of-catch-rule? And all its murkiness, confusion and angst? Gawd, let’s hope not. But for starters this year? Probably.

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Hollie and Figgs – book reviews and giveaway

Hollie and Figgs

I’ve got a couple of delightful books to share with you this afternoon in the Hollie and Figgs series.  The books are written by Annette Sharman and are aimed at children aged 5-8 years of age. The first book in the series is Hollie and Figgs Magical Adventures where we get… Continue reading »

From Dark to Light – review and giveaway

From Dark to Light

I’m taking part in a blog tour today to introduce you to the new picture book From Dark to Light written by young 12-year-old author, Isabella Murphy.  I’m always keen to introduce my 7 year old son to new authors and with Halloween approaching fast, a book involving a little… Continue reading »

Shine: Why Don’t Moon Fairy and Sun Prince Live Together?

Shine: Why Don't Moon Fairy and Sun Prince Live Together?

As a child I can’t remember knowing anyone whose parents were divorced.  But times change and sadly in the 21st century it’s often the case that families don’t always find it possible to stay together.  I know from my own experience from my first marriage, just how traumatic divorce can… Continue reading »

Animal Planet Dinosaurs! – a book review

Animal Planet Dinosaurs!

My 7 year old son has been enjoying the chapter book Animal Planet Dinosaurs! recently and I’m sure if you’ve got a young dinosaur fan, they may well do too.  Now, don’t be too surprised, I’m still the one doing the reading here, but this chapter book is aimed at children… Continue reading »

Posie Pixie and the Snowstorm

Posie Pixie and the Snowstorm

Posie Pixie and the Snowstorm is the sixth book in the Whimsy Wood series of children’s books, and Monkey and I have been enjoying reading it at bedtime recently. Posie Pixie and the Snowstorm is written by Sarah Hill, and each page is accompanied by lovely illustrations from Sarah Mauchline…. Continue reading »

The Hugging Bears – a book review

The Hugging Bears

I haven’t been to Kensington Gardens in London for a long time, but apparently the gardens are home to a statue of two bears hugging.  This statue is the inspiration behind a book we recently received called The Hugging Bears, by Carol Butcher. Published by Austin Macauley on 31st October,… Continue reading »


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How to Understand the Unfavored Child in the Family

Updated on July 19, 2018
gmwilliams profile image

With over eight years of writing and researching experience, Grace specializes in debunking commonly held myths about family psychology.

When you feel unwanted, the whole world lacks color.
When you feel unwanted, the whole world lacks color. | Source

The family is supposed to be one of the main societal institutions. Families are thought to provide a sense of belonging, love, and support to their members. Family members are often represented as being protective of each other. Their supposed to stick by each other no matter what. If this is how society portrays families, then children are usually loved and treated equally by the parents, right? What world are you living in?

Unfortunately, in the real world, this is too often not the case. In the real world, parents often give one of their children preferential treatment, while other children are ignored, look down upon, or are held to impossible standards. It is a deep and dark secret that parents treat their children unequally. While it can be uncomfortable to talk about these things, it's important to understand why we do this and how we can do a better job of making all children feel loved and respected. This article will address the most frequently asked questions about unfavored children.

What to Know About Unfavored Children

  • Why is one child favored over another?
  • Does birth order play a role in how people view their children?
  • Why are middle children under-appreciated?
  • Are these children different from their parents?
  • Why are unfavored children subject to harsh comparisons?

Why Is One Child Favored Over Another?

There are a myriad of reasons why one child is favored over another. They often possess different characteristics from their parents and/or the rest of their family members. They may be the artistic one among athletes, an introvert among extroverts, the emotional one among the unemotional. However, their differences aren't the only reason that they can be unfavored. In fact, they could even have the same characteristics as their parents and still be subject to emotional neglect.

Sometimes, parents will dislike one of their children precisely because they remind them of themselves. The unfavored child may exhibit the same negative characteristics as their parents, reminding the latter of what they are trying to forget from their past. People's insecurities don't magically vanish when they become parents. Sometimes, what a parents refuses to change in themselves can become a reason for failing to address those same qualities in their children. The children are then met with hostility and strict punishment, rather than the love and understanding that they need.

Why Do Parents Play Favorites?

Everyone has heard about the favorite child. This is the child who is treated better than their siblings. They are given certain privileges that the other children are not afforded. Perhaps they are able to get away with offenses that other children in the family would be punished for. Maybe they are granted special privileges. Maybe they are spoiled. There are plusses and minuses that come with being the favorite child, but choosing to favor one child over another always has negative repercussions across the family. Favoring one child over another can lead to feelings of bitterness and resentment that can hurt the siblings' relationship.

Parents might favor one child over another because the "good child" is doing well in school, sports, or other activities that the parents prefer. For example, if your parents are artists and want you to be an artist, but you don't like art, this can cause a rift. This is true of any bias that parents have towards one area of interest over another.

There are always dichotomies. If a child likes the opposite of what their parents like, then terrible consequences can result. Imagine if you and your sibling work equally hard at the activities that you enjoy, but your parents see your interests as unimportant and your sibling's interests as important. This will cause negativity across the whole family. Now you are not just at odds with your parents, but are forced to compete with your sibling for attention and recognition. Because the interests of the unfavored child are seen as "odd," the child will feel out-of-place in their family. This has many negative consequences across all aspects of that child's life.

When a child is unfavored, they feel like an outsider, a nonentity, as if they are under a dark cloud. No matter what they do, it does not matter. This is why so many of them struggle with depression.

Does Birth Order Play a Role in How People Parent?

Sometimes birth order is influential as to whether or not a child is unfavored. When you measure which children tend to be unfavored, you find that middle children, more often than not, are the ones neglected by their parents. They are the ones who are sandwiched between the oldest and youngest siblings and, therefore, receive less support then their siblings. The middle child is often left feeling like an outcast and feels that they can only rely on themselves.

How Does This Impact the Child's Behavior?

The residual effects of the often indifferent and/or negative treatment of unfavored children is that they often have little or no self-esteem. They believe that they are stuck in a "Catch-22", damned if they do what's "right" and damned if they do what's "wrong." Many of them succumb to a fatalistic self-fulfilling prophecy. Still, others refuse to let this negativity stop them from achieving their wildest dreams. They often become fiercely independent, giving themselves permission to be what they were meant to be.

Why Are Middle Children Under-Appreciated?

In many families, the middle child is left to their own devices. Besides being ignored and less doted on by their parents, middle children are also under-appreciated. In some families, when the middle child makes a mistake or accomplishes a major task they are not given the help, attention, affection, or reinforcement that they needs. If the oldest child has already made this mistake or accomplished this goal, then the needs of the middle child are ignored or seen as old news.

The middle child is the one who is subject to constant comparisons. This child's individual uniqueness is often undervalued. They are constantly compared to their older and younger siblings. In essence, they are never enough and are made to feel that they are always lacking something.

Because middle children are sandwiched between their oldest and youngest siblings, they are treated as the forgotten ones by their parents. They are "just there," no more and no less. As a result of this treatment, many middle children choose anonymity, as their parents are not paying attention to them anyway. They often have little or no sense of worth because they are made to feel insignificant. They feel that they are not valued as individuals.

Does This Neglect Affect The Middle Child's Personality?

This could explain why so many middle children advocate for the underdog and the downtrodden. They were often the unfavored and ignored child in their respective families, so they develop empathy for other like-minded souls. There are other middle children who become quite vocal and aggressive, asserting their rights and dignity, vowing never to be treated differentially and/or ignored by their families ever again. Others elect to pursue avenues totally divergent from their families in order to prove them wrong. Some even choose to go their own way, completely separating from their families.

Many unfavored children carve out a niche for themselves and establish their independence. They refuse to be subjected to the unfair expectations of their families.

Are These Children Different From Their Parents?

There are some children who are extremely different from their parents. These children are often misunderstood. They are just out of sync with their parents and the rest of the family. Maybe these children are more evolved mentally, psychologically, and/or spiritually than the rest of the family members. They could also be dealing with mental struggles caused by loneliness. Parents will sometimes misinterpret the behavior connected to this loneliness and will fail to truly reach out and connect with their child.

Sometimes, being neglected causes the child to be more observant and to mature in ways that are opposed to their parents. Many parents actually do not understand and/or know how to interact with such gifted children. Instead, their gifts are seen as weaknesses. This reinforces the child's sense of isolation. These children often refuse to conform to the more mundane aspects of society and usually follow a quite different life path. It's easy to forget that children can be more mature than their parents and, sometimes, the child no longer wants to handle the insecurity of their parents.

Many parents are nonplussed that their children are different than they are. They often view such children as threats and anathemas instead of appreciating their uniqueness. For some parents, whether consciously or unconsciously, work to homogenize their children, making them conform to the family groupthink.

The unfavored child is often considered "the other" child. They are often held to a different and/or harsher standard then their siblings. They are chastised and/or punished more harshly for mistakes that the other siblings may get away with. They also tend to receive less privileges than the other children in the family.

Unfavored children suffer from low self-esteem because they feel unwanted and/or ignored by their families. The negative treatment they receive can strip them of their sense of self.

Why Are Unfavored Children Subject to Harsh Comparisons?

Unfavored children are often the recipients of unfair comparisons. They are oftentimes compared to the more favored child in the family and/or the favorable children outside the family, such as cousins, friends, and classmates. The unfavored child is often viewed as the "lesser" child while the other child is viewed as the more intelligent, athletic, agreeable, etc. They are made to feel insufficient. In addition to feeling insufficient, they are made to feel as if they have no identity.

Many parents have less than positive feelings towards one or more of their children. These feelings range from mild indifference to outright hatred. Unfavored children are either just tolerated, ignored, or derided. There are quite a few unfavored children who are ostracized and scapegoated for any wrongs committed (whether they are real problems or just misperceptions).

These unfair comparisons happen because the unfavored child does not conform to what their parents find acceptable or commendable. They wonder why this child acts in ways that are contrary to that of the rest of the family. In relation to parental bewilderment regarding the unfavored child, they are often spoken to as if they are an albatross.

Since these parents have low expectations of the child, the child is made to feel that there is something essential that they are lacking. In essence, the child feels that they are doomed from the start and can never do anything right in their parents' eyes. This means that any success they have is obscured by the feeling that no one will care about what they've accomplished. In essense, their successes don't even feel like successes.

What Does All of This Negativity Lead to?

  • Attention seeking: Since they only receive negative attention, some unfavored children act negatively in order to get attention. Unfortunately, they are fulfilling their family's expectations of them. They often become the "bad one" because that is all they hear growing up. Their reasoning is that, if the most important people in their lives feel that they are bad, maybe they are.
  • Becoming nebulous: Still other unfavored children elect to become nebulous. They reason, since their parents pay as little attention to them as possible, it is better for them to be as unobtrusive as possible.
  • Becoming rebellious: Many unfavored children become quite rebellious. They feel that since their parents do not like them much, they are going to nurture themselves. They maintain that they are good and valid people within themselves. They believe in charting their own paths and pursuing their own unique goals, no matter what their parents may think. In their estimation, whether their parents approve or disapprove of them is of no consequence to them.
  • Becoming distant: Other unfavored children become distant from their parents and other family members. They are quite independent, going their own way. They also find more positive role models outside the immediate family, whether it is extended family members such as aunts, uncles, older cousins, grandparents, great aunts/uncles, and non-related persons. Like their more rebellious counterparts, these unfavored children adamantly refuse to let their parents' indifference and negativity affect them. They own their lives and no one is going to influence them to believe otherwise.
  • Finding strength through pain: Many unfavored children carve quite an impressive niche for themselves. Many achieve innumerable successes in business, entertainment, and/or other arenas. They use the fact that they were unfavored to diverge and follow a different path and lifestyle from their other family members. Many others use their unfavored status to champion causes for the unfortunate, downtrodden, and/or the underrepresented among us.

In conclusion, the family unit is supposed to be a cohesive unit where all children within its purview are treated fairly and equally. However, realistically, many parents have children who are either intentionally, or unintentionally, treated better or worse depending upon the family's scenario. If you are a parent, try to pay attention to the signals that you are giving off to your children. How you treat one child versus another can have a negative impact across the whole family.

© 2012 Grace Marguerite Williams

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    • gmwilliams profile imageAUTHOR

      Grace Marguerite Williams

      2 years ago from the Greatest City In The World-New York City, New York

      Favoritism is indeed horrific to both favored & disfavored children.

    • gmwilliams profile imageAUTHOR

      Grace Marguerite Williams

      2 years ago from the Greatest City In The World-New York City, New York

      The issue of favoritism is indeed a very sad situation.

    • profile image

      2 years ago

      I'm in a similar situation. It's made me a better Mother & Grandmother.

    • profile image

      L S

      2 years ago

      Statistics may say one thing but in my case it was just the

      opposite. I am the oldest girl with a sister close in age and

      a brother a few years younger. I am and was the least

      favorite of the three. I always felt like my sister was

      the "golden child" with my brother a very close second.

      But I love my siblings dearly and would go out of my way

      to protect them. I love my parents even though they treated

      me different than my siblings. My younger sister has a key

      to their house but when I asked for one they had an excuse.

      My mom gets my sister to bring something delicious to add

      to any holiday meal at her house. I am a very good cook but

      she will not let me bring any kind of dish...I'm asked

      instead to bring some cold drinks or paper cups and plates.

      Even my sister-in-law gets asked to bring a dish or a baked

      desert. She's literally asked me NOT to bring something

      I've made; others have told me I'm a good cook so I can't

      understand her reasoning. My sister and sister-in-law

      are also excellent cooks and bakers so it's not jealousy on

      her part as far as I can tell. She is in denial about how she

      treats me; I used to think it was my father that was worse

      but looking back I don't think so. I think he went along with

      her in some of the things she did, because he likes to have

      peace. I'm determined to not do that to any of my and my

      husbands three children, or to our grandchildren. I love them

      all equally and treat them like they are the most special person

      on the earth to me. I do not want any of them to grow up with

      this hollow feeling inside. If we feel like the black sheep there

      may not be much we can do to fix it. But at least we can

      make sure we don't pass that on to our loved ones.

      I have a close relationship with God through His Son Jesus

      now that I'm an adult, and I know He loves me lock, stock,

      and barrel!! I'll never be second best to Him.

    • gmwilliams profile imageAUTHOR

      Grace Marguerite Williams

      3 years ago from the Greatest City In The World-New York City, New York

      @bgurrl, what you have elucidated is so true indeed.

    • profile image

      3 years ago

      There are other things that play into it as well. Was the planned or unplanned this goes for any birth order, was it a difficult birth etc. Also is a parent jealous of another parents attention to a child(ren)

    • profile image

      6 years ago

      Very interesting read. I have recently been reading articles and even found a book regarding middle child syndrome. Strangely enough I am the middle child, but I have never felt neglected. I have however developed social skills to understand all walks of life ( maybe being the underdog?) along with being the only child that is now soley independent from a young age. I left the nest before 21 to live my life, carry out my dreams and develop a world where I belong. My parents have always supported my decisions and praised my achievments. What I have found though, and maybe you can discuss this further with me; is my older and younger sibling seem to fight for top ranking support from my parents. They fight with one another and try to gain my parents side for their arguments etc. I then find myself having to nurture and discuss these issues with all members of the family to help them solve the dilemmas. Would this be , because in someway I am an outsider in the picture that I can have a better understanding and give advice and counciling to the matter ? Sorry , your post has just sparkled some thoughts and ideas. thank you!

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Home » Healthy Eating » Top Foods in Australia

Top Foods in Australia

Chicken Parmigiana  :-

Chicken parmigiana is most preferable dish in Australia. It is originated from authentic Italian cuisine. Made yummy by Crumbed breast Chicken dressed with Napolitano sauce and topped with cheese accompanied by chips or house salad.

Order Chicken parmigiana at Food delivery, takeaway Brisbane, QLD

Fish & Chips  :-

Fish & chips is a popular takeaway food. A hot dish which is prepared by fried battered or grilled fish served with potato chips. It’s an England (Britain’s) origin dish. At maximum leisure times, preferred as a side dish for many people.

Order fish & chips at Food delivery, takeaway Adelaide, SA

Burgers with the Lot  :-

Visualize once, getting all your favorite ingredient like Beef, Lettuce, Tomato, Cheese, Egg, Bacon, Onion, Sauce on a dish, which make you more pleasure.

Order Burgers with the Lot at Food delivery, takeaway Melbourne, VIC

Barramundi  :-

Barramundi is a most famous sea food in Australia. There are many varieties of dishes in Barramundi like Chuu Chee Barramundi Fillet, Sweet Chilli Barramundi, Green Apple Barramundi Salad, Ginger Barramundi and Green Curry Barramundi. These are also popular all over the nation.

Order Barramundi at Food delivery, takeaway Sydney, NSW

Barbequed Ribs  :-

Barbeque ribs is rally a delicious dish in BBQ. Either it may be beef (or) pork. There is fat, membranes, and pretty much everything that can make meat too tough to eat.

Order Barbequed Ribs at  Food delivery, takeaway Perth, WA

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Posts published by Susan Sachs Lipman

2 Results

The Bond of Blueberry Jam

“Putting up” just-past-ripe berries and stone fruits in summer, and cooking apple and pumpkin butters all day over a low flame in fall, allows me to reach back to tradition and bond with my daughter, neighbors and friends. Read more…