text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Opal (disambiguation).
"Opals" redirects here. For other uses, see Opals (disambiguation).
Rainbow Shield Mintabie Opal Pendant.jpg
The "Rainbow Shield," an opal pendant made with Australian gem opal
Category Mineraloid
(repeating unit)
Hydrated silica. SiO2·nH2O
Crystal system Amorphous[1]
Color Colorless, white, yellow, red, orange, green, brown, black, blue
Crystal habit Irregular veins, in masses, in nodules
Cleavage None[1]
Fracture Conchoidal to uneven[1]
Mohs scale hardness 5.5–6[1]
Luster Subvitreous to waxy[1]
Streak White
Diaphaneity opaque, translucent, transparent
Specific gravity 2.15 (+.08, -.90)[1]
Density 2.09
Polish luster Vitreous to resinous[1]
Optical properties Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive due to strain[1]
Refractive index 1.450 (+.020, -.080) Mexican opal may read as low as 1.37, but typically reads 1.42–1.43[1]
Birefringence none[1]
Pleochroism None[1]
Ultraviolet fluorescence black or white body color: inert to white to moderate light blue, green, or yellow in long and short wave, may also phosphoresce, common opal: inert to strong green or yellowish green in long and short wave, may phosphoresce; fire opal: inert to moderate greenish brown in long and short wave, may phosphoresce[1]
Absorption spectra green stones: 660nm, 470nm cutoff[1]
Diagnostic features darkening upon heating
Solubility hot salt water, bases, methanol, humic acid, hydrofluoric acid
References [2][3]

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO2·nH2O); its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%. Because of its amorphous character, it is classed as a mineraloid, unlike crystalline forms of silica, which are classed as minerals. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in the fissures of almost any kind of rock, being most commonly found with limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt. Opal is the national gemstone of Australia.

The internal structure of precious opal makes it diffract light. Depending on the conditions in which it formed, it can take on many colors. Precious opal ranges from clear through white, gray, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, magenta, rose, pink, slate, olive, brown, and black. Of these hues, the black opals are the most rare, whereas white and greens are the most common. Opals vary in optical density from opaque to semitransparent.

Precious opal[edit]

Precious opal consists of spheres of silicon dioxide molecules arranged in regular, closely packed planes. (Idealized diagram)
Multicolor rough crystal opal from Coober Pedy, South Australia, expressing nearly every color of the visible spectrum
Precious opal replacing ichthyosaur backbone; display specimen, South Australian Museum

Precious opal shows a variable interplay of internal colors, and though it is a mineraloid, it has an internal structure. At microscopic scales, precious opal is composed of silica spheres some 150 to 300 nm in diameter in a hexagonal or cubic close-packed lattice. It was shown by J. V. Sanders in the mid-1960s,[4][5] that these ordered silica spheres produce the internal colors by causing the interference and diffraction of light passing through the microstructure of the opal.[6] The regularity of the sizes and the packing of these spheres determines the quality of precious opal. Where the distance between the regularly packed planes of spheres is around half the wavelength of a component of visible light, the light of that wavelength may be subject to diffraction from the grating created by the stacked planes. The colors that are observed are determined by the spacing between the planes and the orientation of planes with respect to the incident light. The process can be described by Bragg's law of diffraction.

Visible light of diffracted wavelengths[clarification needed] cannot pass through large thicknesses of the opal. This is the basis of the optical band gap in a photonic crystal. The notion that opals are photonic crystals for visible light was expressed in 1995 by Vasily Astratov's group.[7] In addition, microfractures may be filled with secondary silica and form thin lamellae inside the opal during solidification. The term opalescence is commonly and erroneously used to describe this unique and beautiful phenomenon, which is correctly termed play of color. Contrarily, opalescence is correctly applied to the milky, turbid appearance of common or potch opal. Potch does not show a play of color.

For gemstone use, most opal is cut and polished to form a cabochon. "Solid" opal refers to polished stones consisting wholly of precious opal. Opals too thin to produce a "solid" may be combined with other materials to form attractive gems. An opal doublet consists of a relatively thin layer of precious opal, backed by a layer of dark-colored material, most commonly ironstone, dark or black common opal (potch), onyx, or obsidian. The darker backing emphasizes the play of color, and results in a more attractive display than a lighter potch. An opal triplet is similar to a doublet, but has a third layer, a domed cap of clear quartz or plastic on the top. The cap takes a high polish and acts as a protective layer for the opal. The top layer also acts as a magnifier, to emphasize the play of color of the opal beneath, which is often of lower quality. Triplet opals therefore have a more artificial appearance, and are not classed as precious opal. Jewelry applications of precious opal can be somewhat limited by opal's sensitivity to heat due primarily to its relatively high water content and predisposition to scratching.[8]

Combined with modern techniques of polishing, doublet opal produces a similar effect to black or boulder opal at a fraction of the price. Doublet opal also has the added benefit of having genuine opal as the top visible and touchable layer, unlike triplet opals.

Common opal[edit]

Besides the gemstone varieties that show a play of color, the other kinds of common opal include the milk opal, milky bluish to greenish (which can sometimes be of gemstone quality); resin opal, which is honey-yellow with a resinous luster; wood opal, which is caused by the replacement of the organic material in wood with opal;[9] menilite, which is brown or grey; hyalite, a colorless glass-clear opal sometimes called Muller's glass; geyserite, also called siliceous sinter, deposited around hot springs or geysers; and diatomite or diatomaceous earth, the accumulations of diatom shells or tests.

Other varieties of opal[edit]

Brightness of the fire in opal ranges on a scale of 1 to 5 (5 being the brightest)[10]
Australian opal doublet, a slice of precious opal with a backing of ironstone
Faceted yellow fire opal, 4.76 ct, Mexico

Fire opal is a transparent to translucent opal, with warm body colors of yellow to orange to red. Although it does not usually show any play of color, occasionally a stone will exhibit bright green flashes. The most famous source of fire opals is the state of Querétaro in Mexico; these opals are commonly called Mexican fire opals. Fire opals that do not show play of color are sometimes referred to as jelly opals. Mexican opals are sometimes cut in their ryholitic host material if it is hard enough to allow cutting and polishing. This type of Mexican opal is referred to as a Cantera opal. Also, a type of opal from Mexico, referred to as Mexican water opal, is a colorless opal which exhibits either a bluish or golden internal sheen.[11]

Girasol opal is a term sometimes mistakenly and improperly used to refer to fire opals, as well as a type of transparent to semitransparent type milky quartz from Madagascar which displays an asterism, or star effect, when cut properly. However, the true girasol opal[11] is a type of hyalite opal that exhibits a bluish glow or sheen that follows the light source around. It is not a play of color as seen in precious opal, but rather an effect from microscopic inclusions. It is also sometimes referred to as water opal, too, when it is from Mexico. The two most notable locations of this type of opal are Oregon and Mexico.[citation needed]

Peruvian opal (also called blue opal) is a semiopaque to opaque blue-green stone found in Peru, which is often cut to include the matrix in the more opaque stones. It does not display pleochroism. Blue opal also comes from Oregon in the Owyhee region, as well as from Nevada around Virgin Valley.[citation needed]

Sources of opal[edit]

Gem opal from Brazil
Polished opal from Yowah (Yowah Nut[12]), Queensland, Australia
Multicolored solid black opal cabochon from Lightning Ridge, NSW
Boulder opal, Carisbrooke Station near Winton, Queensland

Australian opal has often been cited as accounting for 95–97% of the world's supply of precious opal,[13][14] with the state of South Australia accounting for 80% of the world's supply.[15] Recent data suggests that the world supply of precious opal may have changed. In 2012, Ethiopian opal production was estimated to be 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) by the United States Geological Survey.[16] USGS data from the same period (2012), reveals that Australian opal production to be $41 million.[17] Because of the units of measurement, it is not possible to directly compare Australian and Ethiopian opal production, but these data and others suggest that the traditional percentages given for Australian opal production may be overstated.[18] Yet, the validity of data in the USGS report appears to conflict with that of Laurs and others[citation needed] and Mesfin[citation needed], who estimated the 2012 Ethiopian opal output (from Wegal Tena) to be only 750 kg (1,650 lb).

Australian opal[edit]

The town of Coober Pedy in South Australia is a major source of opal. The world's largest and most valuable gem opal "Olympic Australis" was found in August 1956 at the "Eight Mile" opal field in Coober Pedy. It weighs 17,000 carats (3450 g) and is 11 in (280 mm) long, with a height of 4.75 in (121 mm) and a width of 4.5 in (110 mm).[19] The Mintabie Opal Field located about 250 km (160 mi) north west of Coober Pedy has also produced large quantities of crystal opal and the rarer black opal. Over the years, it has been sold overseas incorrectly as Coober Pedy opal. The black opal is said to be some of the best examples found in Australia. Andamooka in South Australia is also a major producer of matrix opal, crystal opal, and black opal. Another Australian town, Lightning Ridge in New South Wales, is the main source of black opal, opal containing a predominantly dark background (dark-gray to blue-black displaying the play of color). Boulder opal consists of concretions and fracture fillings in a dark siliceous ironstone matrix. It is found sporadically in western Queensland, from Kynuna in the north, to Yowah and Koroit in the south.[20] Its largest quantities are found around Jundah and Quilpie (known as the "home of the boulder opal"[21]) in South West Queensland. Australia also has opalised fossil remains, including dinosaur bones in New South Wales, and marine creatures in South Australia.[22] The rarest type of Australian opal is "pipe" opal, closely related to boulder opal, which forms in sandstone with some iron oxide content, usually as fossilized tree roots.[citation needed]

Ethiopian opal[edit]

Gem-grade precious Ethiopian Welo opal pendant

Although it has been reported that Northern African opal was used to make tools as early as 4000 BC, the first published report of gem opal from Ethiopia appeared in 1994, with the discovery of precious opal in the Menz Gishe District, North Shewa Province.[23] The opal, found mostly in the form of nodules, was of volcanic origin and was found predominantly within weathered layers of rhyolite.[24] This Shewa Province opal was mostly dark brown in color and had a tendency to crack. These qualities made it unpopular in the gem trade. In 2008, a new opal deposit was found near the town of Wegel Tena, in Ethiopia's Wollo Province. The Wollo Province opal was different from the previous Ethiopian opal finds in that it more closely resembled the sedimentary opals of Australia and Brazil, with a light background and often vivid play-of-color.[25] Wollo Province opal, more commonly referred to as "Welo" or "Wello" opal, has become the dominant Ethiopian opal in the gem trade.[26]

Virgin Valley, Nevada[edit]

Multicolored rough opal specimen from Virgin Valley, Nevada, US

The Virgin Valley[27] opal fields of Humboldt County in northern Nevada produce a wide variety of precious black, crystal, white, fire, and lemon opal. The black fire opal is the official gemstone of Nevada. Most of the precious opal is partial wood replacement. The precious opal is hosted and found within a subsurface horizon or zone of bentonite in-place which is considered a "lode" deposit. Opals which have weathered out of the in-place deposits are alluvial and considered placer deposits. Miocene-age opalised teeth, bones, fish, and a snake head have been found. Some of the opal has high water content and may desiccate and crack when dried. The largest producing mines of Virgin Valley have been the famous Rainbow Ridge,[28] Royal Peacock,[29] Bonanza,[30] Opal Queen,[31] and WRT Stonetree/Black Beauty[32] Mines. The largest unpolished black opal in the Smithsonian Institution, known as the "Roebling opal",[33] came out of the tunneled portion of the Rainbow Ridge Mine in 1917, and weighs 2,585 carats. The largest polished black opal in the Smithsonian Institution comes from the Royal Peacock opal mine in the Virgin Valley, weighing 160 carats, known as the "Black Peacock".[34]

Other locations[edit]

Another source of white base opal or creamy opal in the United States is Spencer, Idaho.[citation needed] A high percentage of the opal found there occurs in thin layers.

Other significant deposits of precious opal around the world can be found in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Indonesia, Brazil (in Pedro II, Piauí[35]), Honduras (more precisely in Erandique), Guatemala and Nicaragua.

In late 2008, NASA announced it had discovered opal deposits on Mars.[36]

Synthetic opal[edit]

Opals of all varieties have been synthesized experimentally and commercially. The discovery of the ordered sphere structure of precious opal led to its synthesis by Pierre Gilson in 1974.[6] The resulting material is distinguishable from natural opal by its regularity; under magnification, the patches of color are seen to be arranged in a "lizard skin" or "chicken wire" pattern. Furthermore, synthetic opals do not fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Synthetics are also generally lower in density and are often highly porous.

Two notable producers of synthetic opal are Kyocera and Inamori of Japan. Most so-called synthetics, however, are more correctly termed "imitation opal", as they contain substances not found in natural opal (e.g., plastic stabilizers). The imitation opals seen in vintage jewelry are often foiled glass, glass-based "Slocum stone", or later plastic materials.

Other research in macroporous structures have yielded highly ordered materials that have similar optical properties to opals and have been used in cosmetics.[37]

Local atomic structure of opals[edit]

The lattice of spheres of opal that cause the interference with light are several hundred times larger than the fundamental structure of crystalline silica. As a mineraloid, no unit cell describes the structure of opal. Nevertheless, opals can be roughly divided into those that show no signs of crystalline order (amorphous opal) and those that show signs of the beginning of crystalline order, commonly termed cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline opal.[38] Dehydration experiments and infrared spectroscopy have shown that most of the H2O in the formula of SiO2·nH2O of opals is present in the familiar form of clusters of molecular water. Isolated water molecules, and silanols, structures such as SiOH, generally form a lesser proportion of the total and can reside near the surface or in defects inside the opal.

The crystal structure of crystalline α-cristobalite. Locally, the structures of some opals, opal-C, are similar to this.

The structure of low-pressure polymorphs of anhydrous silica consist of frameworks of fully corner bonded tetrahedra of SiO4. The higher temperature polymorphs of silica cristobalite and tridymite are frequently the first to crystallize from amorphous anhydrous silica, and the local structures of microcrystalline opals also appear to be closer to that of cristobalite and tridymite than to quartz. The structures of tridymite and cristobalite are closely related and can be described as hexagonal and cubic close-packed layers. It is therefore possible to have intermediate structures in which the layers are not regularly stacked.

Microcrystalline opal[edit]

Lussatite (Opal-CT)

Opal-CT has been interpreted as consisting of clusters of stacking of cristobalite and tridymite over very short length scales. The spheres of opal in opal-CT are themselves made up of tiny microcrystalline blades of cristobalite and tridymite. Opal-CT has occasionally been further subdivided in the literature. Water content may be as high as 10 wt%. Lussatite is a synonym. Opal-C, also called lussatine, is interpreted as consisting of localized order of -cristobalite with a lot of stacking disorder. Typical water content is about 1.5wt%.

Noncrystalline opal[edit]

Two broad categories of noncrystalline opals, sometimes just referred to as "opal-A", have been proposed. The first of these is opal-AG consisting of aggregated spheres of silica, with water filling the space in between. Precious opal and potch opal are generally varieties of this, the difference being in the regularity of the sizes of the spheres and their packing. The second "opal-A" is opal-AN or water-containing amorphous silica-glass. Hyalite is another name for this.

Noncrystalline silica in siliceous sediments is reported to gradually transform to opal-CT and then opal-C as a result of diagenesis, due to the increasing overburden pressure in sedimentary rocks, as some of the stacking disorder is removed.[39]

The word 'opal' is adapted from the Roman term opalus, but the origin of this word is a matter of debate. However, most modern references suggest it is adapted from the Sanskrit word úpala.[40]

References to the gem are made by Pliny the Elder. It is suggested to have been adapted from Ops, the wife of Saturn and goddess of fertility. The portion of Saturnalia devoted to Ops was "Opalia", similar to opalus.

Another common claim that the term is adapted from the Greek word, opallios. This word has two meanings, one is related to "seeing" and forms the basis of the English words like "opaque"; the other is "other" as in "alias" and "alter". It is claimed that opalus combined these uses, meaning "to see a change in color". However, historians have noted the first appearances of opallios do not occur until after the Romans had taken over the Greek states in 180 BC, and they had previously used the term paederos.[40]

However, the argument for the Sanskrit origin is strong. The term first appears in Roman references around 250 BC, at a time when the opal was valued above all other gems. The opals were supplied by traders from the Bosporus, who claimed the gems were being supplied from India. Before this the stone was referred to by a variety of names, but these fell from use after 250 BC.

Historical superstitions[edit]

In the Middle Ages, opal was considered a stone that could provide great luck because it was believed to possess all the virtues of each gemstone whose color was represented in the color spectrum of the opal.[41] It was also said to confer the power of invisibility if wrapped in a fresh bay leaf and held in the hand.[41][42] Following the publication of Sir Walter Scott's Anne of Geierstein in 1829, opal acquired a less auspicious reputation. In Scott's novel, the Baroness of Arnheim wears an opal talisman with supernatural powers. When a drop of holy water falls on the talisman, the opal turns into a colorless stone and the Baroness dies soon thereafter. Due to the popularity of Scott's novel, people began to associate opals with bad luck and death.[41] Within a year of the publishing of Scott's novel in April 1829, the sale of opals in Europe dropped by 50%, and remained low for the next 20 years or so.[43]

Even as recently as the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that when a Russian saw an opal among other goods offered for sale, he or she should not buy anything more, as the opal was believed to embody the evil eye.[41]

Opal is considered the birthstone for people born in October[44] or under the signs of Scorpio and Libra.[citation needed]

Famous opals[edit]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gemological Institute of America, GIA Gem Reference Guide 1995, ISBN 0-87311-019-6
  2. ^ "Opal". Webmineral. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  3. ^ "Opal". Mindat.org. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  4. ^ Sanders, J. V.; (1964). "Colour of precious opal," Nature, vol. 204, issue 496, pages 1151–1153. doi: 10.1038/2041151a0
  5. ^ Sanders, J.V.; (1968). "Diffraction of light by opals," Acta Crystallographica A24, pages 427–434. doi: 10.1107/S0567739468000860
  6. ^ a b Klein, Cornelis, and Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
  7. ^ Astratov, VN; Bogomolov, VN; Kaplyanskii, AA; Prokofiev, AV; Samoilovich, LA; Samoilovich, SM; Vlasov, Yu A (1995), "Optical spectroscopy of opal matrices with CdS embedded in its pores: Quantum confinement and photonic band gap effects", Il Nuovo Cimento D, 17 (11–12): 1349–1354, Bibcode:1995NCimD..17.1349A, doi:10.1007/bf02457208
  8. ^ http://www.gemsociety.org/article/opal-jewelry-and-gemstone-information/
  9. ^ Gribble, C. D. (1988). "Tektosilicates (framework silicates)". Rutley's Elements of Mineralogy (27th ed.). London: Unwin Hyman. p. 431. ISBN 0-04-549011-2.
  10. ^ Downing, Paul B.,PhD "Opal Identification and Value", 1992, pp. 55–61.
  11. ^ a b James Swisher, Gemologist, and Edna B. Anthony, Gemologist, Let's Talk Gemstones: Opal
  12. ^ Yowah Nut: Yowah Nut mineral information and data. Mindat.org (20 February 2011). Retrieved on 8 March 2011.
  13. ^ Gemstone, It's an Honour (Australian Government site)
  14. ^ "Rapaport Magazine – A Designer Stone".
  15. ^ "Opal – South Australia's Gemstone". Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  16. ^ Yager, Thomas R. (1 December 2013), "The Mineral Industry of Ethiopia", United States Geological Survey, 2012 Minerals Yearbook (PDF), pp. 17.1–17.5
  17. ^ Tse, Pui-Kwan (1 December 2013), "The Mineral Industry of Australia", United States Geological Survey, 2012 Minerals Yearbook (PDF), pp. 3.1–3.27, retrieved 20 September 2014
  18. ^ "Rapaport Magazine – Ethiopian Opal".
  19. ^ Cram, Len (2006). A history of South Australian opal, 1840–2005. Lightning Ridge, NSW. ISBN 978-0975721407.
  20. ^ Queensland opal Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ Quilpie Shire Council "Simply Unique" 2010. page 8
  22. ^ a b South Australian Museum > Explore > Museum Galleries > Opal Fossils Accessed 3 March 2014.
  23. ^ Barot, N (1994). "New precious opal deposit found in Ethiopia". ICA Gazette. New York: The International Colored Gemstone Association.
  24. ^ Johnson, Mary L.; Kammerling, Robert C.; DeGhionno, Dino G.; Koivula, John I. (Summer 1996). "Opal from Shewa Province, Ethiopia" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. 32 (2): 112–120.
  25. ^ Rondeau, Benjamin (Summer 2010). "Play-of-color from Wegel Tena, Wollo Province, Ethiopia". Gems & Gemology. San Diego, CA USA: Gemological Institute of America.
  26. ^ Gashaw, Yidneka (8 April 2012). "Opal Trade Transforms North Wollo". Addis Fortune. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  27. ^ Virgin Valley District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, mindat.org
  28. ^ Rainbow Ridge Mine, mindat.org
  29. ^ Royal Peacock Group Mines, Virgin Valley District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, mindat.org
  30. ^ Bonanza Opal Workings (Virgin Opal), Virgin Valley District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, mindat.org
  31. ^ Opal Queen group, Virgin Valley District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, mindat.org
  32. ^ Stonetree Opal Mine, WRT Stonetree group, Virgin Valley District, Humboldt Co., Nevada, mindat.org
  33. ^ Roebling Opal, National Museum of Natural History
  34. ^ Lapidary Journal, March 1971, p. 1522, 1542; cover
  35. ^ "Boi Morto Mine, Pedro II, Piauí, Brazil". Mindat.org. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  36. ^ "NASA probe finds opals in Martian crevices". Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  37. ^ "Macroporous Structures, Metal Oxides, Highly_Ordered – Office for Technology Commercialization, Express_license, University_of_Minnesota, Technology_Marketing_Site". License.umn.edu. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  38. ^ Graetsch, H., "Structural Characteristics of opaline and microcrystalline silica minerals", "Silica, physical behavior, geochemistry and materials applications". Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 29, 1994. Editors PJ Heaney, Connecticut Prewitt, GV Gibbs, Mineralogical Society of America
  39. ^ "(Cady et al., 1996)" (PDF). Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  40. ^ a b Allan Eckert, The World of Opals, John Wiley and Sons, 1997, pp. 56–57
  41. ^ a b c d Fernie, William Thomas (907). Precious Stones for Curative Wear. Bristol, John Wright & Co. pp. 248–249.
  42. ^ Dunwich, Gerina (1996). Wicca Candle Magick. pp. 84–85.
  43. ^ Eckert, Allan W. "A Chronological History and Mythology of Opals." In: The World of Opals. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. See pp. 53–118.
  44. ^ Goldberg-Gist, Arlene (2003). "What's that Stuff? Opal". Chemical & Engineering News. 81 (4).
  45. ^ Eckert, Allan W. (1997). The World of Opals. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 67, 126. ISBN 0-471-13397-3.
  46. ^ "The Dynamic Earth @ National Museum of Natural History". Mnh.si.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
  47. ^ "The Guinness book of records, 1993" October 1992, ISBN 0-85112-978-1, p.22
  48. ^ Million-dollar opal Rainbow Virgin to go on display at SA exhibition celebrating centenary ABC News, 2 August 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  49. ^ SA Museum > Opals media releases Retrieved 13 January 2016.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Type: response

text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Phenomena" redirects here. For other uses, see Phenomena (disambiguation).
"Phenomenal" redirects here. For other uses, see Phenomenal (disambiguation).
For the film, see Phenomenon (film).

A phenomenon (Greek: , phainomenon, from the verb phainein, to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena)[1] is any thing which manifests itself. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as "things that appear" or "experiences" for a sentient being, or in principle may be so.

The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon. In contrast to a phenomenon, a noumenon is not directly accessible to observation. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms.

Cloud chamber phenomena. Scientists use phenomena to refine some hypotheses and sometimes to disprove a theory. See also animated version.

Modern philosophical usage[edit]

In modern philosophical use, the term 'phenomena' has come to mean 'what is experienced is the basis of reality'. In Immanuel Kant's Inaugural Dissertation, On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World (1770), Kant theorizes that the human mind is restricted to the logical world and thus can only interpret and understand occurrences according to their physical appearances. He wrote that humans could infer only as much as their senses allowed, but not experience the actual object itself.[2] Thus, the term phenomenon refers to any incident deserving of inquiry and investigation, especially events that are particularly unusual or of distinctive importance.[1] According to The Columbia Encyclopedia, "Modern philosophers have used 'phenomenon' to designate what is apprehended before judgment is applied."[3] This may not be possible if observation is theory laden.

See also: Phenomenalism
A comparison between a candle flame on Earth (left) and in a microgravity environment, such as that found on the International Space Station (right).
The same burning phenomenon is observed, but different flame shape and colouring phenomena are also observed.
The combustion of a match is an observable occurrence, or event, and therefore a phenomenon.

In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record, or compile data concerning it. For example, in physics, a phenomenon may be a feature of matter, energy, or spacetime, such as Isaac Newton's observations of the moon's orbit and of gravity, or Galileo Galilei's observations of the motion of a pendulum.[4]

Another example of scientific phenomena can be found in the experience of phantom limb sensations. This occurrence, the sensation of feeling in amputated limbs, is reported by over 70% of amputees. Although the limb is no longer present, they report still experiencing sensations. This is an extraordinary event that defies typical logic and has been a source of much curiosity within the medical and physiological fields.[5]

A mechanical phenomenon is a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects.[6]

Some examples are Newton's cradle, engines, and double pendulums.

In gemology, a phenomenon is an unusual optical effect that is displayed by a gem. Play-of-color, labradorescence, iridescence, adularescence, chatoyancy, asterism, aventurescence, lustre and color change are all phenomena of this type.[citation needed]

Group and social[edit]

Group phenomena concern the behavior of a particular group of individual entities, usually organisms and most especially people. The behavior of individuals often changes in a group setting in various ways, and a group may have its own behaviors not possible for an individual because of the herd mentality.

Social phenomena apply especially to organisms and people in that subjective states are implicit in the term. Attitudes and events particular to a group may have effects beyond the group, and either be adapted by the larger society, or seen as aberrant, being punished or shunned.

Popular usage[edit]

In popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event. The term is most commonly used to refer to occurrences that at first defy explanation or baffle the observer. According to the Dictionary of Visual Discourse, "In ordinary language 'phenomenon/phenomena' refer to any occurrence worthy of note and investigation, typically an untoward or unusual event, person or fact that is of special significance or otherwise notable."[1]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Phenomenon/Phenomena". Dictionary of Visual Discourse: A Dialectical Lexicon of Terms. 2011.
  2. ^ Wikisource:Kant's Inaugural Dissertation of 1770
  3. ^ "Phenomenon". The Columbia Encyclopedia. 2008.
  4. ^ Jeremy Bernstein, A Theory for Everything, Copernicus, An imprint of Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996, hardback, ISBN 0-387-94700-0
  5. ^ Montoyaa, Pedro; Larbiga, Wolfgang; Grulkea, Norbert; Florb, Herta; Taubc, Edward; Birbaumera, Niels (1997). "The Relationship of Phantom Limb Pain to Other Phantom Limb Phenomena in Upper Extremity Amputees". Pain. 72: 87–93. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00004-3.
  6. ^ "Mechanical phenomenon". Retrieved 23 May 2011.

External links[edit]

  • The dictionary definition of phenomenon at Wiktionary
  • Quotations related to Phenomenon at Wikiquote

warcinfo:
robots: classic
hostname: ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal
software: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2016-44
operator: CommonCrawl Admin
description: Wide crawl of the web for October 2016
publisher: CommonCrawl
format: WARC File Format 1.0
conformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf


text:
Simultaneous multithreading

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern processor architectures.

The name multithreading is ambiguous, because not only can multiple threads be executed simultaneously on one CPU core, but also multiple tasks (with different Page tables, different Task state segments, different Protection rings, different IO permissions, ...). Although running on the same core, they are completely separated from each other. Multithreading is similar in concept to preemptive multitasking but is implemented at the thread level of execution in modern superscalar processors.

Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is one of the two main implementations of multithreading, the other form being temporal multithreading (also known as super-threading). In temporal multithreading, only one thread of instructions can execute in any given pipeline stage at a time. In simultaneous multithreading, instructions from more than one thread can be executed in any given pipeline stage at a time. This is done without great changes to the basic processor architecture: the main additions needed are the ability to fetch instructions from multiple threads in a cycle, and a larger register file to hold data from multiple threads. The number of concurrent threads can be decided by the chip designers. Two concurrent threads per CPU core are common, but some processors support eight concurrent threads per core.

Because the technique is really an efficiency solution and there is inevitable increased conflict on shared resources, measuring or agreeing on the effectiveness of the solution can be difficult. However, measured energy efficiency of SMT with parallel native and managed workloads on historical 130 nm to 32 nm Intel SMT (hyper-threading) implementations found that in 45 nm and 32 nm implementations, SMT is extremely energy efficient, even with inorder Atom processors [ASPLOS'11]. In modern systems, SMT effectively exploits concurrency with very little additional dynamic power. That is, even when performance gains are minimal the power consumption savings can be considerable.[citation needed]

Some researchers have shown that the extra threads can be used to proactively seed a shared resource like a cache, to improve the performance of another single thread, and claim this shows that SMT is not just an efficiency solution. Others use SMT to provide redundant computation, for some level of error detection and recovery.

However, in most current cases, SMT is about hiding memory latency, increasing efficiency, and increasing throughput of computations per amount of hardware used.

In processor design, there are two ways to increase on-chip parallelism with less resource requirements: one is superscalar technique which tries to exploit instruction level parallelism (ILP); the other is multithreading approach exploiting thread level parallelism (TLP).

Superscalar means executing multiple instructions at the same time while thread-level parallelism (TLP) executes instructions from multiple threads within one processor chip at the same time. There are many ways to support more than one thread within a chip, namely:

  • Interleaved multithreading: Interleaved issue of multiple instructions from different threads, also referred to as temporal multithreading. It can be further divided into fine-grain multithreading or coarse-grain multithreading depending on the frequency of interleaved issues. Fine-grain multithreading—such as in a barrel processor—issues instructions for different threads after every cycle, while coarse-grain multithreading only switches to issue instructions from another thread when the current executing thread causes some long latency events (like page fault etc.). Coarse-grain multithreading is more common for less context switch between threads. For example, Intel's Montecito processor uses coarse-grain multithreading, while Sun's UltraSPARC T1 uses fine-grain multithreading. For those processors that have only one pipeline per core, interleaved multithreading is the only possible way, because it can issue at most one instruction per cycle.
  • Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Issue multiple instructions from multiple threads in one cycle. The processor must be superscalar to do so.
  • Chip-level multiprocessing (CMP or multicore): integrates two or more processors into one chip, each executing threads independently.
  • Any combination of multithreaded/SMT/CMP.

The key factor to distinguish them is to look at how many instructions the processor can issue in one cycle and how many threads from which the instructions come. For example, Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC T1 (known as "Niagara" until its November 14, 2005 release) is a multicore processor combined with fine-grain multithreading technique instead of simultaneous multithreading because each core can only issue one instruction at a time.

Historical implementations[edit]

While multithreading CPUs have been around since the 1950s, simultaneous multithreading was first researched by IBM in 1968 as part of the ACS-360 project.[1] The first major commercial microprocessor developed with SMT was the Alpha 21464 (EV8). This microprocessor was developed by DEC in coordination with Dean Tullsen of the University of California, San Diego, and Susan Eggers and Henry Levy of the University of Washington. The microprocessor was never released, since the Alpha line of microprocessors was discontinued shortly before HP acquired Compaq which had in turn acquired DEC. Dean Tullsen's work was also used to develop the Hyper-threading (Hyper-threading technology or HTT) versions of the Intel Pentium 4 microprocessors, such as the "Northwood" and "Prescott".

Modern commercial implementations[edit]

The Intel Pentium 4 was the first modern desktop processor to implement simultaneous multithreading, starting from the 3.06 GHz model released in 2002, and since introduced into a number of their processors. Intel calls the functionality Hyper-threading, and provides a basic two-thread SMT engine. Intel claims up to a 30% speed improvement [2] compared against an otherwise identical, non-SMT Pentium 4. The performance improvement seen is very application-dependent; however, when running two programs that require full attention of the processor it can actually seem like one or both of the programs slows down slightly when Hyper-threading is turned on.[3] This is due to the replay system of the Pentium 4 tying up valuable execution resources, increasing contention for resources such as bandwidth, caches, TLBs, re-order buffer entries, equalizing the processor resources between the two programs which adds a varying amount of execution time. The Pentium 4 Prescott core gained a replay queue, which reduces execution time needed for the replay system. This is enough to completely overcome that performance hit.[4]

The latest[when?] MIPS architecture designs include an SMT system known as "MIPS MT".[5] MIPS MT provides for both heavyweight virtual processing elements and lighter-weight hardware microthreads. RMI, a Cupertino-based startup, is the first MIPS vendor to provide a processor SOC based on eight cores, each of which runs four threads. The threads can be run in fine-grain mode where a different thread can be executed each cycle. The threads can also be assigned priorities. Imagination Technologies CPUs have two SMT threads per core.

IBM The Blue Gene/Q has 4-way SMT.

The IBM POWER5, announced in May 2004, comes as either a dual core dual-chip module (DCM), or quad-core or oct-core multi-chip module (MCM), with each core including a two-thread SMT engine. IBM's implementation is more sophisticated than the previous ones, because it can assign a different priority to the various threads, is more fine-grained, and the SMT engine can be turned on and off dynamically, to better execute those workloads where an SMT processor would not increase performance. This is IBM's second implementation of generally available hardware multithreading. In 2010, IBM released systems based on the POWER7 processor with eight cores with each having four Simultaneous Intelligent Threads. This switches the threading mode between one thread, two threads or four threads depending on the number of process threads being scheduled at the time. This optimizes the use of the core for minimum response time or maximum throughput. IBM POWER8 has 8 intelligent simultaneous threads per core (SMT8).

IBM z13 has two threads per core (SMT-2).

Although many people reported that Sun Microsystems' UltraSPARC T1 (known as "Niagara" until its 14 November 2005 release) and the now defunct processor codenamed "Rock" (originally announced in 2005, but after many delays cancelled in 2009) are implementations of SPARC focused almost entirely on exploiting SMT and CMP techniques, Niagara is not actually using SMT. Sun refers to these combined approaches as "CMT", and the overall concept as "Throughput Computing". The Niagara has eight cores, but each core has only one pipeline, so actually it uses fine-grained multithreading. Unlike SMT, where instructions from multiple threads share the issue window each cycle, the processor uses a round robin policy to issue instructions from the next active thread each cycle. This makes it more similar to a barrel processor. Sun Microsystems' Rock processor is different, it has more complex cores that have more than one pipeline.

The Oracle Corporation Sparc T3 has eight fine-grained threads per core, Sparc T4, Sparc T5, Sparc M5 and M6 have eight fine-grained threads per core of which two can be executed simultaneously.

Fujitsu Sparc64 VI has coarse-grained Vertical Multithreading(VMT)Sparc VII and newer have 2-way SMT.

Intel Itanium Montecito used coarse-grained multithreading and Tukwila and newer use 2-way SMT (with Dual-domain multithreading).

Intel Xeon Phi has 4-way SMT (with Time-multiplexed multithreading) with hardware based threads which can't be disabled unlike regular Hyperthreading.

The Intel Atom, released in 2008, is the first Intel product to feature 2-way SMT (marketed as Hyper-Threading) without supporting instruction reordering, speculative execution, or register renaming. Intel reintroduced Hyper-Threading with the Nehalem microarchitecture, after its absence on the Core microarchitecture.

AMD Bulldozer microarchitecture FlexFPU and Shared L2 cache are multithreaded but integer cores in module are single threaded, so it is only a partial SMT implementation.[6]

Depending on the design and architecture of the processor, simultaneous multithreading can decrease performance if any of the shared resources are bottlenecks for performance.[7] Critics argue that it is a considerable burden to put on software developers that they have to test whether simultaneous multithreading is good or bad for their application in various situations and insert extra logic to turn it off if it decreases performance. Current operating systems lack convenient API calls for this purpose and for preventing processes with different priority from taking resources from each other.[8]

There is also a security concern with certain simultaneous multithreading implementations. Intel's hyperthreading implementation has a vulnerability through which it is possible for one application to steal a cryptographic key from another application running in the same processor by monitoring its cache use.[9]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Mark Smotherman (May 25, 2011). "End of IBM ACS Project". Retrieved January 19, 2013.
  2. ^ Marr, Deborah (February 14, 2002). "Hyper-Threading Technology Architecture and Microarchitecture" (PDF). Intel Technology Journal. 6 (1): 4. doi:10.1535/itj. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  3. ^ CPU performance evaluation Pentium 4 2.8 and 3.0
  4. ^ "Replay: Unknown Features of the NetBurst Core. Page 15". Replay: Unknown Features of the NetBurst Core. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  5. ^ "MIPS MT ASE description".
  6. ^
  7. ^ "Replay: Unknown Features of the NetBurst Core. Page 15". Replay: Unknown Features of the NetBurst Core. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  8. ^ How good is hyperthreading?
  9. ^ Hyper-Threading Considered Harmful
  • LE Shar and ES Davidson, "A Multiminiprocessor System Implemented through Pipelining", Computer Feb 1974
  • D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, and H.M. Levy, "Simultaneous Multithreading: Maximizing On-Chip Parallelism," In 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June, 1995
  • D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, J.S. Emer, H.M. Levy, J.L. Lo, and R.L. Stamm, "Exploiting Choice: Instruction Fetch and Issue on an Implementable Simultaneous Multithreading Processor," In 23rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, May, 1996
  • H. Esmaeilzadeh, T. Cao, X. Yang, S.M. Blackburn, and K.S. McKinley, "Looking Back on the Language and Hardware Revolutions: Measured Power, Performance, and Scaling," In the ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, March 2011.

External links[edit]


text:
Listen to this article

United States Secretary of State

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from US Secretary of State)
Jump to: navigation, search
Secretary of State of the United States of America
Seal of the Secretary of State.svg
Seal of the Secretary of State
Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
Flag of the Secretary of State
John Kerry official Secretary of State portrait.jpg
John Kerry

since February 1, 2013
United States Department of State
Style Mr. Secretary
Member of Cabinet, National Security Council
Reports to The President
Seat Washington, D.C.
Appointer The President
with Senate advice and consent
Term length No fixed term
Constituting instrument 22 U.S.C. § 2651
Formation July 27, 1789; 227 years ago (1789-07-27)
First holder Thomas Jefferson
Succession Fourth in the Presidential Line of Succession
Deputy Deputy Secretary of State, Tony Blinken
Salary $205,700 annually[1]  (Executive Schedule I)[2]

The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America heading the U.S. Department of State, principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs.[3][4]

The Secretary of State is appointed by the President of the United States and is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General are generally regarded as the four most important Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.[5] Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level.[2]

The current Secretary of State is 2004 presidential nominee and former Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, the 68th person to hold the office since its creation in 1789.

Duties and responsibilities[edit]

The specific duties of the Secretary of State include:[6]

  • Organizes and supervises the whole community United States Department of State and the United States Foreign Service
  • Advises the President on matters relating to U.S. foreign policy, including the appointment of diplomatic representatives to other nations, and on the acceptance or dismissal of representatives from other nations
  • Participates in high-level negotiations with other countries, either bilaterally or as part of an international conference or organization, or appoints representatives to do so. This includes the negotiation of international treaties and other agreements
  • Responsible for overall direction, coordination, and supervision of interdepartmental activities of the U.S. Government overseas
  • Providing information and services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad, including providing credentials in the form of passports and visas
  • Ensures the protection of the U.S. Government to American citizens, property, and interests in foreign countries
  • Supervises the United States immigration policy abroad
  • Communicates issues relating the United States foreign policy to Congress and to U.S. citizens

The original duties of the Secretary of State include some domestic duties, such as:[7]

  • Receipt, publication, distribution, and preservation of the laws of the United States
  • Preparation, sealing, and recording of the commissions of Presidential appointees
  • Preparation and authentication of copies of records and authentication of copies under the Department's seal
  • Custody of the Great Seal of the United States
  • Custody of the records of the former Secretary of the Continental Congress, except for those of the Treasury and War Departments

Most of the domestic functions of the Department of State have been transferred to other agencies. Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.[6] Under Federal Law,[8] the resignation of a President or of a Vice-President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger.

As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the Secretary of State is the third-highest official of the executive branch of the Federal Government of the United States, after the President and Vice President and is fourth in line to succeed the Presidency, coming after the Vice President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the President pro tempore of the Senate. Six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Others, including Kerry, William Seward, and Henry Clay have been unsuccessful presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as Secretary of State. Current Democrat Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton is a former Secretary of State.

What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind.[9]

John Adams

As the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, and supports 265 United States diplomatic missions around the world, including ambassadors to various nations.

The nature of the position means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretary's tenure is 112, by Hillary Clinton.[10] Second is Madeleine Albright with 96.[11] The record for most air miles traveled in a secretary's tenure is 1.06 million miles, by John Kerry.[12] Second is Rice's 1.059 million miles and third is Clinton's 956,733 miles.[10]

When there is a vacancy in the office of Secretary of State, the duties are exercised either by another member of the cabinet, or, in more recent times, by a high-ranking official of the State Department until the President appoints, and the United States Senate confirms, a new Secretary.

List of Secretaries of State[edit]

  1. ^ "Pay & Leave: Salaries & Wages". Salary Table No. 2015-EX. United States Office of Personnel Management. January 1, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  2. ^ a b 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
  3. ^ "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs", Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  4. ^ NATO Member Countries, NATO. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  5. ^ Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
  6. ^ a b "Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States". United States Department of State. January 20, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  7. ^ "Frequently asked questions - Office of the Historian". Office of the Historian, United States Department of State. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
  8. ^ 3 USC § 20 - Resignation or refusal of office
  9. ^ Ford, Worthington C., ed. (1927). Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 57.
  10. ^ a b Mark Landler (January 4, 2013). "Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton's Work Has Taken Toll". The New York Times.
  11. ^ Lee, Matthew (June 28, 2012). "Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100-country mark". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press.
  12. ^ Associated Press (April 6, 2016). "Kerry breaks record for miles traveled by secretary of state". Fox News.

External links[edit]

United States presidential line of succession
Preceded by
President pro tempore of the Senate
Orrin Hatch
4th in line Succeeded by
Secretary of the Treasury
Jack Lew


text:
Wenatchee, Washington

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
City of Wenatchee
"Apple Capital of the World"
"Apple Capital of the World"
Flag of Wenatchee
Nickname(s): Apple Capital of the World
Location of Wenatchee
Wenatchee is located in the US
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 47°25′24″N 120°19′31″W / 47.42333°N 120.32528°W / 47.42333; -120.32528Coordinates: 47°25′24″N 120°19′31″W / 47.42333°N 120.32528°W / 47.42333; -120.32528
Country United States
State Washington
County Chelan
Established 1811
Incorporated February 29, 1892
Named for Wenatchi tribe
 • Type Mayor–council
 • Mayor Frank Kuntz
 • Council Wenatchee City Council
 • City 8.04 sq mi (20.8 km2)
 • Land 7.77 sq mi (20.12 km2)
 • Water 0.27 sq mi (0.70 km2)
 • Urban 31.373 sq mi (81.256 km2)
 • Metro 1,870 sq mi (4,843 km2)
Elevation 780 ft (237 m)
Population (2010)[1]
 • City 31,925
 • Estimate (2015)[2] 33,636
 • Density 4,108.8/sq mi (1,586.4/km2)
 • Urban 67,227 (US: 412th)
 • Urban density 210.45/sq mi (81.256/km2)
 • Metro 116,178 (US: 331st)
 • Metro density 22.90/sq mi (8.84/km2)
 • Demonym Wenatcheeite
Time zone PST
ZIP codes 98801
Area code(s) 509
FIPS code 53-77105
GNIS feature ID 1527897[3]
Website www.wenatcheewa.gov

Wenatchee (/wɛˈnæ/ US dict: wĕ·năt′·chē) is a city located in north-central Washington and is the largest city and county seat of Chelan County, Washington, United States.[4] The population within the city limits in 2010 was 31,925.[5] In 2014, the Office of Financial Management estimated the population at 33,070. Located at the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee rivers near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range, Wenatchee lies on the western side of the Columbia River, across from the city of East Wenatchee. The Columbia River forms the boundary between Chelan and Douglas County. Wenatchee is the principal city of the "Wenatchee–East Wenatchee, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area", which encompasses all of Chelan and Douglas counties (total population around 110,884). However, the 'Wenatchee Valley Area' generally refers to the land between Rocky Reach and Rock Island Dam on both banks of the Columbia, which includes East Wenatchee, Rock Island, and Malaga.

The city was named for the nearby Wenatchi Indian tribe. The name is a Sahaptin word that means "river which comes [or whose source is] from canyons" or "robe of the rainbow". Awenatchela means "people at the source [of a river]". The city of Wenatchee shares its name with the Wenatchee River, Lake Wenatchee and the Wenatchee National Forest.

Wenatchee is known as the "Apple Capital of the World" due to the valley's many orchards. The city is also sometimes referred to as the "Buckle of the Power Belt of the Great Northwest". The "Power Belt of the Great Northwest" is a metaphor for the series of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Rock Island Dam is located nearest to the middle of this "belt", and so was labeled the "Buckle". This saying is printed at the top of every issue of Wenatchee's newspaper, the Wenatchee World, and is no longer in common use elsewhere.[6]

Prehistoric era[edit]

Archeological digs in nearby East Wenatchee have uncovered Clovis stone and bone tools dating back more than 11,000 years, indicating that people migrating during the last Ice Age spent time in the Wenatchee area. The Columbia River and nearby mountains and sagebrush steppes provided an ample supply of food. Clovis points are on display at the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center[7] and research findings are available through the Wenatchee World.[8]

Early settlers[edit]

As early as 1811, fur traders from the Northwest Fur Company entered the Wenatchee valley to trap and trade with the Indians. In 1863, Father Respari, a Catholic priest, began his missionary work with the Indians. He was followed some 20 years later by Father De Grassi, who built a log cabin on the Wenatchee River near the present town of Cashmere. Throughout the 19th century, other white settlers came to homestead the land. Wenatchee was platted in September 1888 and officially incorporated as a city on January 7, 1893. The 1900 U.S. Census counted 451 residents.

Apple field bins are stacked high at a processing facility in Wenatchee.

Continued growth[edit]

The Great Northern Railway completed its railroad line between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Seattle in 1893. Its route through the Wenatchee Valley was significant to the development of this region. The railroad not only provided passenger travel to and from Wenatchee, but it provided for freight service for shipments of wheat, apples, and other products to out-of-state markets.

By the early 20th century, the Wenatchee Commercial Club, now the Wenatchee Valley Chamber of Commerce, was advertising the region as the "Home of the World's Best Apples." The tree fruit industry provided the economic backbone for the region for a century and still is an important source of revenue.

On 22 May 1910, the Wenatchee free speech fight occurred when members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) were arrested for speaking in the street in front of the local hall of the Socialist Party of America.[9][10] The town had freed imprisoned IWW members by June;[11] however, tensions resumed in September 1911 when police raided a house rented by six IWW men as well as arresting twenty-five migrant workers found carrying IWW literature. Again, the men were all quickly released.[12][13][14]

The Wenatchee Valley also boasts one of only two aluminum smelters remaining in the Northwestern United States at the ALCOA plant in Malaga. The plant announced in November 2015 that it would be shutting down operations on January 5, 2016.[15] Other growing areas of the regional economy are tourism and information technology.

Wenatchee Fire Station No. 1 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

On October 5, 1931, Clyde Pangborn and his copilot Hugh Herndon landed their airplane, named the Miss Veedol, in the hills of East Wenatchee, and thus became the first aviators to fly nonstop across the Pacific Ocean. The 41-hour flight from Sabishiro Beach, Misawa, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, won them the Harmon Trophy for the greatest achievement in flight of 1931.

In 1936, with the completion of Rock Island Dam, Wenatchee was protected from the summer flooding of the Columbia River, and the first of 14 hydroelectric projects on the Columbia began generating electric power. The reservoirs thus generated also made it possible to irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland in the Columbia Basin.

Modern era[edit]

In 1975, Stemilt Growers moved its headquarters from nearby Stemilt Hill to Olds Station, Wenatchee. The company grows, packs and ships tree fruit and would go on to become the largest fresh market sweet cherry shipper in the world.[16]

The Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions occurred in 1994 and 1995.

Every year from the last week of April to the end of the first week of May, Wenatchee hosts the Washington State Apple Blossom Festival, which probably brings in the largest number of people Wenatchee sees annually, with the exception of all the migrant workers coming in to pick the crop.[17] It features two relatively large parades: the Apple Blossom Youth Parade on the last Saturday in April and the Apple Blossom Grand Parade on the first Saturday in May, a food fair representing cuisine from around the world, and a traveling carnival.

According to CNN's Money Magazine, Wenatchee had the second fastest forecast real estate value growth in the country for June 2006–June 2007.

On July 29, 2013, a large wildfire spreading over 31 miles (50 km) south of Wenatchee occurred, affecting over 40 nearby homes.[18]

The Wenatchee River, just before it flows into the Columbia.

Wenatchee is located at 47°25′24″N 120°19′31″W / 47.42333°N 120.32528°W / 47.42333; -120.32528 (47.423316, -120.325279)[19] at the confluence of the Wenatchee and Columbia rivers in the Columbia Basin, just east of the foothills of the Cascade Range. Nestled in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains, there are blue skies 300 days of the year. Irrigation from the Columbia River and her tributaries allows for the large amount of agriculture in Wenatchee and the surrounding areas.

The city of Wenatchee is bordered by the Wenatchee River on the north, the Columbia River to the east, and the Wenatchee Mountains to the south and west. These ridges and peaks form a wall around the western and southern sides of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.04 square miles (20.82 km2), of which 7.77 square miles (20.12 km2) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.70 km2) is water.[20]

Wenatchee experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cold winters and hot, dry summers.

Climate data for Wenatchee (1971−2000)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
Average high °F (°C) 35.1
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.2
Average low °F (°C) 23.2
Record low °F (°C) −17
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.35
Source: NOAA (normals, 1971−2000) [21]
The parameter "imperial first" is not recognized by Template:Weather box

Historical population
Census Pop.
1900 451
1910 4,050 798.0%
1920 6,324 56.1%
1930 11,627 83.9%
1940 11,620 −0.1%
1950 13,072 12.5%
1960 16,726 28.0%
1970 16,912 1.1%
1980 17,257 2.0%
1990 21,756 26.1%
2000 27,856 28.0%
2010 31,925 14.6%
Est. 2015 33,636 [22] 5.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[23]
2015 Estimate[2]

2010 census[edit]

As of the census[1] of 2010, there were 31,925 people, 12,379 households, and 7,721 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,108.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,586.4/km2). There were 13,175 housing units at an average density of 1,695.6 per square mile (654.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 76.7% White, 0.4% African American, 1.2% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 17.3% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.4% of the population.

There were 12,379 households of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.6% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.19.

The median age in the city was 35.2 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census[edit]

As of the census of 2000, there were 27,856 people, 10,741 households, and 6,884 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,049.6 people per square mile (1,563.3/km²). There were 11,486 housing units at an average density of 1,669.8 per square mile (644.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 80.93% White, 0.39% African American, 1.13% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 13.99% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21.52% of the population.

There were 10,741 households out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,897, and the median income for a family was $45,982. Males had a median income of $35,245 versus $26,062 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,498. About 10.6% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture[edit]

The Wenatchee post office contains an oil on canvas mural, The Saga of Wenachee, painted in 1940 by Peggy Strong. Murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department. The WPA was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing individuals to carry out public works projects.[24]

Wenatchee is home to many performing arts groups including the Performing Arts Center of Wenatchee, the Wenatchee Valley Symphony, Wenatchee Big Band, Columbia Chorale, Wenatchee Valley Appleaires and The Apollo Club. Artists gather and share their work in shows and among one another.[25] Music Theater of Wenatchee and Mission Creek Players present theatrical productions and musicals. Wenatchee also is home to the Mariachi Huenachi Band and a mariachi program in the Wenatchee School District. The Wenatchee High School Golden Apple Band is well known and has won sweepstakes at the Washington State Auburn Marching Band Championship in the 2012 marching season.[citation needed] The Wenatchee Valley has a growing hip-hop scene with multiple different artists gaining popularity in recent years such as Fogey, Evolution 420, b-Rabbit, and Edge. Another local favorite, Indigo Rose, can be found many nights playing at the Pybus Market.[citation needed]

Professional sports[edit]

Club Sport League Venue Established Championships
Wenatchee Fire FC Indoor soccer Premier Arena Soccer League Wenatchee Valley Sportsplex 2008 0
Wenatchee AppleSox Baseball West Coast League Paul Thomas Sr. Field 2000 6
Wenatchee FC Soccer Evergreen Premier League Apple Bowl 2013 0
Wenatchee Valley Rams Football Washington Football League Wildcat Stadium 2005 2

Amateur sports[edit]

Club Sport League Venue
Wenatchee Figure Skating Club Figure skating United States Figure Skating Association Town Toyota Center
Wenatchee Curling Club Curling United States Curling Association
Wenatchee Wild Ice hockey British Columbia Hockey League
Wenatchee Wolves Northern Pacific Hockey League
Wenatchee Jr. Wild USA Hockey
Wenatchee Banshees Women's Hockey
Wenatchee Banshees Men's Hockey
Wenatchee Packers Baseball American Legion Recreation Park

The Wenatchee Valley Super Oval in East Wenatchee is a quarter-mile-long banked asphalt oval used for local racing.

In the fall of 2008, the Town Toyota Center was completed, and hosts some professional and junior professional sporting events, in addition to touring events and expositions, and the 2010 NAHL Pepsi Robertson Cup.

Parks and recreation[edit]

Burch Mountain above Wenatchee

The Wenatchee Valley and the surrounding areas provide an abundance of sports and recreational activities for any season. There are several facilities including the [26] tennis club, an Olympic size swimming pool, an ice arena, several 18-hole and 9-hole golf courses, a 9-hole disc golf course, and countless baseball diamonds and soccer fields as well as two skateboard parks. There are lots of places to hike, fish and hunt, both birds and larger game. Boating and water recreation are also quite common. Many kayak, windsurf and water-ski on the Columbia. Whitewater rafting and inner-tubing is frequent on the Wenatchee River. In the winter, the mountains near Wenatchee provide great snowmobiling, sledding at Squilchuck State Park, as well as skiing and snowboarding at Mission Ridge (30 minutes drive) and Stevens Pass (1 hour and a half drive). Nordic skiing is available at the Stevens Pass Nordic Center, Leavenworth (25 minute drive), and the Methow Valley (1 hour and 45 minute drive).

The city also offers a large system of parks and paved trails known as the Apple Capital Recreational Loop Trail. The 10-mile (16 km) loop along both banks of the Columbia River is used by cyclists, walkers, joggers, and skaters. A project to extend the eastern segment of the trail 5 miles (8.0 km) north to Lincoln Rock State Park was completed on July 9, 2015. An additional 3.2-mile (5.1 km) extension on the east side runs south to Kirby Billingsley Hydro Park. A short extension slated for completion in Fall 2017 is planned from the west end of the Odabashian bridge to the corner of Easy Street and the highway. In the winter, cross-country skiers and snowshoers also use the trail. The trail connects in the south at the Old Wenatchee-East Wenatchee Bridge, better known as the walking bridge, and in the north at the Richard Odabashian Olds Station Bridge. It passes through Wenatchee Confluence State Park. Much of the hillside areas surrounding the city of Wenatchee have been purchased by or have their rights held by the Chelan-Douglas Land Trust which protects them as a natural resource and as a site for hiking in the foothills. The foothills trail system along the western edge Wenatchee provides numerous short trails of varying difficulty for walking, hiking and mountain biking.

The Wenatchee Youth Circus, ("The Biggest Little Circus in the World") founded by Paul K. Pugh in 1952, continues to provide circus fans with opportunities to watch a real, live circus (minus the wild animals) with performers ranging in age from 6-18. The circus travels and performs in the summer months, practices indoors in the winter, and sets up its rigging for outdoor practices during the fair weather of springtime.

Government and politics[edit]

Wenatchee is within Chelan County, Washington, and is in the 12th Legislative District and 8th Congressional District of Washington.

Public Safety in Wenatchee is provided by three law enforcement agencies (Wenatchee Police Department, Chelan County Sheriff's Office, and the Washington State Patrol), two fire departments (Wenatchee Fire & Rescue and Chelan County Fire District No. 1), and two private ambulance companies (Ballard Ambulance and Lifeline Ambulance). East Wenatchee Police and Douglas County Fire District No. 2 (East Wenatchee) also assist with police and fire protection services within the city through mutual aid agreements.

Public K-12[edit]

The former Carnegie Library, also listed on the NRHP, is now home to the Washington State Apple Blossom Festival.
Wells House, another NRHP building. Its former grounds are now home to Wenatchee Valley College.

Public K-12 education in Wenatchee is provided by the Wenatchee School District#246, which also serves the communities of Malaga, Olds Station, South Wenatchee, Sunnyslope, and Wenatchee Heights. The city is served by seven elementary schools which provide education from kindergarten through Grade 5. Columbia, Lewis and Clark, Lincoln, Mission View, Newbery and Washington Elementary schools provide instruction within, or near, the city limits of Wenatchee, whilst Sunnyslope Elementary provides instruction in the orchard and suburban hills of Sunnyslope, north of Wenatchee. Students then progress to one of the city's three middle schools, Foothills, Orchard, or Pioneer Middle Schools, which provide Grade 6 through Grade 8 instruction within the City Limits. All Wenatchee middle schools transfer their graduating student body up to Wenatchee High School, which operates Grade 9 through Grade 12, with the option for students to enroll in Running Start and attend Wenatchee Valley College for grades 11 and 12, or attend North Central Skills Center in Olds Station. The School District does maintain Westside High School, an alternative high school, and the Valley Academy of Learning, which is an alternative education program where parents play the active role in education of their children.

Wenatchee Internet Academy[edit]

In 2006, the Wenatchee School District#246 began offering students of Wenatchee High School and Westside High School the ability to take selected classes online at the Wenatchee Internet Academy. These classes employ use of Moodle and Blackboard software packages for managing the distance-learning program. All classes are designed by educators at Wenatchee High School and operated by local instructors within the Wenatchee School District.

Private K-12 instruction[edit]

The city is also supported by numerous private schools, most of which are religious, including Children's Gate Montessori School (Pre-K - K, Non-Sectarian), Cascade Christian Academy (K-12 Seventh Day Adventist), The River Academy (K-12 Non-Denominational/Christian), St. Joseph Catholic School (Pre-K-5 Catholic), St. Paul's Lutheran School (K-5 Lutheran Church). [1]

Higher education[edit]

Wenatchee is also the home of the North Central Educational Service District, serving all of north-central Washington, and the Wenatchee Valley College, a two-year community college with its main campus in Wenatchee and a satellite campus in Omak, Washington. Its main campus has an average student population of 3500 of all ages. Wenatchee Valley College has one of the largest community college service areas in the State of Washington, covering more than 10,000 square miles (30,000 km2). [2]

The Washington State University is represented in Wenatchee by the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, the North Central Washington Learning Center, and Chelan Co. Cooperative Extension.

Public transportation[edit]

Main article: Link Transit

Transit services within Wenatchee is provided by Link Transit, which serves all of Chelan County and parts of Douglas County. Link Transit also runs commuter bus service from Wenatchee to many outlying communities in the region, including Leavenworth and Chelan. The agency adopted its first electric buses with batteries in 2014, running on three trolley routes in Wenatchee branded as "The Current".[27][28]

Columbia Station, the city's Amtrak station, is also served by intercity coach buses from Greyhound, the Washington State Department of Transportation's AppleLine, and Northwestern Trailways.

The city is served by Pangborn Memorial Airport which is located about 10-mile (16 km) to the east, and supports commercial flights from Wenatchee to and from Seattle on Alaska Airlines.

The Wenatchee child abuse prosecutions in Wenatchee, Washington, USA, also known as the "Wenatchee Witch Hunt", that occurred in 1994 and 1995, are examples of the child sex-ring hysteria that was prevalent in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and led to over three hundred sex-ring prosecutions in all but four states in the U.S.

Wenatchee is in the major railroad line of the BNSF Railway (formerly Great Northern Railway) to Seattle. Wenatchee was once the eastern terminus of the Great Northern electric-driven train service (1928/1929 — 1956) on its New Cascade Tunnel route via the Chumstick Valley, which went all the way to Skykomish. There, steam locomotives or diesel locomotives replaced electric locomotives along this route, as well as having a maintenance base for the electric locomotives. Today, AMTRAK's Empire Builder passenger train serves Wenatchee.

Notable people[edit]

Sister cities[edit]

Wenatchee has five sister cities:

See also[edit]

  1. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  2. ^ a b "Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  5. ^ "2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  6. ^ http://ret.wenworld.com/book/index.php
  7. ^ City of Wenatchee
  8. ^ Wenatchee World
  9. ^ Upton, Austin. "IWW Yearbook 1910". IWW History Project. University of Washington. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  10. ^ Thompson, James P. (28 May 1910). "Wenatchee Denied Free Speech: Fight On". Industrial Worker. 2 (10). p. 1.
  11. ^ "Struggle for Free Speech in North and West". Industrial Worker. 2 (11). 4 June 1910. p. 1.
  12. ^ Bragg, Nick. "IWW Yearbook 1911". IWW History Project. University of Washington. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  13. ^ Downey, Charles (6 September 1911). "Wenatchee for Freedom". Industrial Worker. 3 (26) (published 21 September 1911). p. 1.
  14. ^ May, Matthew S. (July 2009). Hobo Orator Union: The Free Speech Fights of the Industrial Workers of the World, 1909-1916 (PDF) (Ph.D). University of Minnesota.
  15. ^ http://www.thenorthernlight.com/2015/11/24/alcoa-to-lay-off-880-in-ferndale-and-wenatchee/
  16. ^ Wheat, Dan (April 24, 2010). "Stemilt's young president eyes future of fruit industry". Capital Press. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  17. ^ Marshall, Maureen E. Agriculture in Wenatchee. Kindle Publishing, 2013.
  18. ^ "Wildfire near Wenatchee continues to grow". National Broadcasting Company. July 29, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
  19. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  20. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
  21. ^ "Climatography of the United States NO.81" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  22. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
  23. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved August 29, 2013.
  24. ^ Arnesen, Eric (2007). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 1540. ISBN 9780415968263.
  25. ^ Kasey Koski's blog
  26. ^ WRAC
  27. ^ "Link Transit launched Five Battery-electric Trolleys". Mass Transit Magazine. December 22, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  28. ^ "Electric Trolley Buses Cut Energy Use, Emissions at Link Transit" (PDF). Federal Transit Administration. August 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  29. ^ http://www.imdb.com/search/name?birth_place=Wenatchee,%20Washington,%20USA
  30. ^ http://www.thingstodo.com/states/WA/famous_people.htm
  31. ^ a b "US-Japan Sister Cities by State". Asia Matters for America. Honolulu, HI: East-West Center. Retrieved 20 November 2015.

External links[edit]


text:
From Wikiquote
(Redirected from Appear)
Jump to: navigation, search

Appearance is the apparent likeness representing an external show. They are the way something appears to others.

  • All that glisters is not gold.
    • Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605-15), Part II, Chapter XXXIII. Googe—Eglogs, etc. (1563). Udall—Ralph Royster Doyster. (1566).
  • Don't judge a book by its cover.
    • "Do not form an opinion about something or somebody based solely on outward appearance."
    • Martin H. Manser (2007). The Facts on File Dictionary of Proverbs. Infobase Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-8160-6673-5.
    • Mieder, Wolfgang; Kingsbury, Stewart A.; Harder, Kelsie B. (1992). A Dictionary of American proverbs. pp. 710. , p. 311
  • Handsome is that handsome does.
  • She had always thought she would be like her father, and fancied a tall, dark, and handsome face.
  • Those who take a superficial and unreflecting view of things observe the outward appearance of anything they meet, e.g. of a man, and then trouble themselves no more about him. The view they have taken of the bulk of his body is enough to make them think that they know all about him. But the penetrating and scientific mind will not trust to the eyes alone the task of taking the measure of reality; it will not stop at appearances, nor count that which is not seen among unrealities. It inquires into the qualities of the man's soul.
  • Do not be afraid because of their appearance, for ‘I am with you to save you,’ declares Jehovah.
  • Gold all is not that doth golden seem.
    • Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene (1589-96), Book II, Canto VIII, Stanza 14.
  • Will she pass in a crowd? Will she make a figure in a country church?
  • She looks as if butter wouldn't melt in her mouth.
  • Adopt the character of the twisting octopus, which takes on the appearance of the nearby rock. Now follow in this direction, now turn a different hue.
  • The most important thing I learned on [[w:Tralfamadore|] was that when a person dies he only appears to die. He is still very much alive in the past, so it is very silly for people to cry at his funeral. All moments, past, present and future, always have existed, always will exist. The Tralfamadorians can look at all the different moments just that way we can look at a stretch of the Rocky Mountains, for instance. They can see how permanent all the moments are, and they can look at any moment that interests them. It is just an illusion we have here on Earth that one moment follows another one, like beads on a string, and that once a moment is gone it is gone forever.
    When a Tralfamadorian sees a corpse, all he thinks is that the dead person is in bad condition in that particular moment, but that the same person is just fine in plenty of other moments. Now, when I myself hear that somebody is dead, I simply shrug and say what the Tralfamadorians say about dead people, which is "So it goes."
  • A man of sense can artifice disdain,
    As men of wealth may venture to go plain.
    * * * * * *
    I find the fool when I behold the screen,
    For 'tis the wise man's interest to be seen.

Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations[edit]

Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 34-36.
  • Esse quam videri.
    • To be rather than to seem.
    • Latin version of the Greek maxim, found in Æschylus, Siege of Thebes.
  • Non teneas aurum totum quod splendet ut aurum.
    • Do not hold everything as gold which shines like gold.
    • Alanus de Insulis, Parabolæ, in Winchester College Hall-book of 1401–2.
  • O wad some power the giftie gie us
    To see oursel's as ithers see us!
    It wad fræ monie a blunder free us.
    And foolish notion;
    What airs in dress and gait wad lea'e us,
    And ev'n devotion!
  • Think not I am what I appear.
  • But every thyng which schyneth as the gold,
    Nis nat gold, as that I have herd it told.
    • Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Chanounes Yemanne's Tale. Preamble, line 17, 362.
  • Hyt is not al golde that glareth.
  • Habit maketh no monke, ne wearing of guilt spurs maketh no knight.
  • Appearances to save, his only care;
    So things seem right, no matter what they are.
  • Que tout n'est pas or c'on voit luire.
    • Everything is not gold that one sees shining.
    • Li Diz de freire Denise Cordelier (c. 1300).
  • We understood
    Her by her sight; her pure and eloquent blood
    Spoke in her cheeks, and so distinctly wrought.
    That one might almost say her body thought.
    • John Donne, Funeral Elegies, Of the Progress of the Soul, by occasion of the Religious Death of Mistress Elizabeth Drury.
  • All, as they say, that glitters is not gold.
  • Cucullus (or Cuculla) non facit monachum.
    • The habit does not make the monk.
    • Quoted by Erasmus.
  • He was one of a lean body and visage, as if his eager soul, biting for anger at the clog of his body, desired to fret a passage through it.
  • By outward show let's not be cheated;
    An ass should like an ass be treated.
    • John Gay, Fables (1727), The Packhorse and Carrier, Part II, line 99.
  • Things are seldom what they seem,
    Skim milk masquerades as cream.
  • Not all that tempts your wandering eyes
    And heedless hearts is lawful prize,
    Nor all that glisters gold.
  • Gloomy as night he stands.
    • Homer, The Odyssey, Book XI, line 744. Pope's translation.
  • Judge not according to the appearance.
    • John, VII. 24.
  • Fronti nulla fides.
  • Garde-toi, tant que tu vivras,
    De juger des gens sur la mine.
    • Beware so long as you live, of judging people by appearances.
  • Même quand l'oiseau marche on sent qu'il a des ailes.
  • All is not golde that outward shewith bright.
  • All is not golde that shewyth goldishe hewe.
  • Whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men's bones.
    • Matthew, XXIII. 27.
  • All is not gold that glisteneth.
  • Spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsæ.
    • They come to see, they come that they themselves may be seen.
    • Ovid, Ars Amatoria, 99.
  • Non semper ea sunt, quæ videntur; decipit
    Frons prima multos: rara mens intelligit
    Quod interiore condidit cura angulo.
    • Things are not always what they seem; the first appearance deceives many; the intelligence of few perceives what has been carefully hidden in the recesses of the mind.
    • Phædrus, Book IV. Prol. 5.
  • L'habit ne fait le moine.
  • Looked as if she had walked straight out of the Ark.
  • A fair exterior is a silent recommendation.
  • Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum.
    • An immense, misshapen, marvelous monster whose eye is out.
    • Virgil, Æneid (29-19 BC), III. 658.
  • Of the terrible doubt of appearances,
    Of the uncertainty after all, that we may-be deluded,
    That may-be reliance and hope are but speculations after all,
    That may-be identity beyond the grave is a beautiful fable only.
    May-be the things I perceive, the animals, plants, men, hills, shining and flowing waters,
    The skies of day and night, colors, densities, forms, may-be these are (as doubtless they are) only apparitions, and the real something has yet to be known.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikipedia has an article about:


text:
Talk:cop a plea

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search

In Alaska, the courts schedule what is called a "Change of Plea" hearing (COP). I wondered if the expression "cop a plea" came from this. Also, when someone changes his plea, it could be to plead guilty rather than just to plead to a lesser charge. Celliott122550 (talk) 19:11, 23 October 2012 (UTC)


WARC-Truncated: length

text:
Deviant Wave – not all waves of the sea soothe you!

Each time that I strive for answers, the changing colors of the sea tell me that I am not alone in my dubiety! That I too like the sea, am a creation of leisure that has always been interpreted in haste!

“Head” iness…

This was the first WP header …. an accumulation of my favourite things. From yogurt ice creams to wine and then touching upon the philosophical side too through slipping sand. Revisiting Peterpan through fairy tales and paper fans and then suddenly being transported into the beer frenzy mode. From clouds to the sea – all that makes up ME!

The most fascinating thing about being a Bengali – indulging in the Autumn madness of Durga Puja. After discovering northern and eastern India for the last 2 decades of my conscious life, it was Mumbai in 2010. From the mad filmy fan fare, to the famous 150 yr old Barowari Puja – each one fascinated me. What alarmed me more was the confluence amidst the difference in the communities and taught me that no matter what chants the heads bow and the hands fold together to wish the same thing! What difference does skin color, dialect and traditions make then?

Bal Ganga – The first Mumbai Mad Caps journey with the ‘Partner in Madness”. An attempt to show the zealous love for the city, and also to discover places which will tie me to this land and make me appreciate how much the soil offers without expecting back!

Bordi and Dhananu – a bachelorette party get away and another Mumbai Mad Caps trail. My first trip around Mumbai to discover my soul which I dropped in the sweet water a few years back and hopefully now the salty ones will help me find it back!

 Ma’s favorite corner of the house – her Ganesha collection. From Lladro to the ones picked up at the Kerela fair – there’s a story behind each one of them. And of course needless to say he sits there to ensure that all remains well🙂 !

I love sunsets … no am not pessimistic by nature, infact the opposite. Each sunset speaks to me to say that it is inevitable that darkness takes over life during certain phases .. but then its best to enjoy the dark night with or without stars .. ponder and just silently wait .. for dawn is to arrive – no one can beckon the laws of nature after all!😀

It snowed for the first time in Zurich this year on November 25th – it was as if the heaven’s opened up to welcome our Charulata home. She brought snow, yet this seemed the warmest winter in ages – her smile makes our heart melt and her eyes make me believe that she’s truly my little poetry-in-action!

The Christmas Special header of 2010 – yet another glimpse of the Peterpan me. I still believe in Santa, elves and scan under my pillow each year on Christmas morning. Hoping that Santa for once will forget to read my birth certificate!😛

Yet another “deviant” picture of mine – but one of the new year’s celebrations (2006) I hold really close. A night at Pushkar – amidst those doped Sadhu’s, a Pink Floyd cafe, a druken drive across 3 hills to reach a haunted Kaali mandir and an alteration on the road with a puppy – whose state of mind I sought to know when people address him as ‘kutte ka pilla’ – aah well still does rounds at the Alumni Meet😛. But then again this pic is special for another reason – my first self earned cigar and round of drinks on New Year – courtsey my United Nations stripend. The first feel of ‘earned’ drunkardness – nothing brings back the same ecstasy!!!😛

The first header of 2011 … it’s a glimpse of how I want the year to be – all about me! To face life for once in the boxing ring and win all rounds! Aaah well almost all, I don’t want to miss out on the learnings that failure bestows too!🙂

My favourite Mumbai stretch – not because I get to see the interplay of light and darkness at its best here. But somewhere as the Haji Ali mosque and the Mahalaxmi temple stare at each other – I am filled with the pride of belonging to this diverse culture. The little boats bobbling on the sea, reflect a part of me and the turmoil I seek to overcome. The glimpses of light and the noise of the passing cars teach me that no matter what darkness is always invaded and life does move on.

As I wait for the dark clouds in my life to pass away, I resort to one of my favorite pictures. It makes little sense to Ma when she sees it, but then again I find comfort in the strangest of all things. I’m still the one who can sky gaze trying to make sense of each white cloud shape and spinning a story lying back on the spikey grass. That is exactly what I am doing here at Zug in this picture. Trying to narrate myself a fairy tale in my mind, a modern day one where ‘they don’t live happily ever after’ but just live after moving on. Happiness doesn’t really matter after a point of time, all that matters is acceptance about the life you are leading. The clouds though can take you often for a visit to the magical world where elephants come with wings!

Only this seemed perfect as Project-Childhood failed and the “abrupt adulthood” is too harsh a reality for me to come to terms with!

 One of the first sunsets that made me realise what stepping out of comfort zone really meant and yet again settled me to the feeling of self love. It made me realise the power of salty waters natural and humane both. And lastly made me bow down again to Baba for bestowing on me the most befitting name. No other sense of impersonification would have suited me better!🙂

Strangely I have never grown up by the sea. Though near home always, the river has always been closer than the water body that I stand to personify. Hoogly, Ganga, Subarnarekha and their banks have seen me spent many a golden sunsets and sunrises – yet I hold the sea close. Is that why Kolkata could never feel like home to me? Don’t think so, for I stick to  just the opposite reasons. Had it not been for that stretch of water body, that city could have never held me near for even those few years, when it had my soul. I avoid the city with a vengeance, that I strangely give up whenever I visit the shores of the Ganges. It’s then that bliss speaks to me, through the summery winds, the nightly owl screams and a faint song of a ‘majhi’ remembering his loved one. This one is for you Kolkata – I think behind the strongest of all hatreds lies the deepest love! (By the Ganges – January 2010)

4 comments on ““Head” iness…

  1. Swaram
    December 6, 2010

    I want the story behind all the Ganeshas🙂🙂

    • deviantwave
      December 6, 2010

      Ohhhh humongous task😯

      • Swaram
        January 20, 2011

        A post a day😉

        • deviantwave
          January 20, 2011

          N then u guys attack me with brooms huh?😈

Leave a Reply

Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Logo

You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )

Twitter picture

You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )

Facebook photo

You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )

Google+ photo

You are commenting using your Google+ account. Log Out / Change )

Connecting to %s

Hyderabad Literary Festival 2012

Mumbai Mondays

A Calendar Too Crowded Facebook Connect

Blogadda interviews moi!

A Lot of Pages chit-chat

Times of India Celebrating Womanhood feature

Review by Youth24x7 website

A Calendar Too Crowded on Social Potpourri

Article on B’Khush on The Purple Pact

Tangy Tuesday Picks

Guest Post for Blogadda

Spicy Saturday Picks

A Calendar Too Crowded – Book Trailer (audio)

Book of the Month – March 2012 – by Writer’s Melon

Special review by

Indus Ladies interviews me!

Love is in the Air Contest!!!

A tribute to my GOD

Blogadda Book Review Progra

International Women’s Day 2012 – page dedicated to me

Special Women’s Day review by Socks and Shoes

Happy in conversation with B’khush

Mother’s Day Pick

When I wooed a superstar …

Interview on Doordarshan

Flipkart link to the book

Article in Economic Times – March 2012

Women’s Day Special Article on Women Empowerment

The Purple Pact – the other baby

%d bloggers like this: