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Guest Post: The Coming Collapse Of The Petrodollar System

Tyler Durden's picture

Authored by Andrew McKillop,

The theory of Petrodollar Warfare can be attributed to US analyst and author William R Clarke, and his 2005 book of that title which interpreted the US-UK decision to invade Iraq in 2003. He called this an "oil currency war", but the concept of the petrodollar system and petrodollar recyling dates back to the eve of the first Oil Shock in 1973-1974. The role of the petrodollar system as a driving force of US foreign policy is explained by analysts and historians as basic to maintaining the dollar's status as the world's dominant reserve currency - and the currency in which oil is priced.

The term "petrodollar warfare" as used by William R. Clark says that major international war, legal or not, was seen as justified to protect the petrodollar system. Over and above the loss of human life, the combined costs of the Afghan and Iraq wars for the US are controversial like the interpretation of these wars as "oil wars", but analysts like Joseph Stiglitz and Linda Bilmes put the total combined war cost at above $4 trillion. This can be compared with - and totally dwarfs - the annual cost of US oil imports, which are now sharply declining on a year-in year-out basis as domestic shale oil output ramps up, and US oil demand stagnates.

Clarke's theory, like the explanation of the role and power of the "petrodollar system" depends on two basic drivers. Most major developed countries rely on oil imports, which are purchased using dollars, so they are forced to hold large stockpiles of dollars in order to continue importing oil. In turn this also creates consistent demand for dollars, and prevents the dollar from losing its relative international monetary value, regardless of what happens to the US economy.

Variants of the Petrodollar War concept include the role of oil currency conflicts and rivalry, notably concerning US relations with Iran, Venezuela and Russia, and possibly with Europe concerning the gradual replacement of US dollars with the euro, for oil transactions. More important, the entire petromoney system and the potential for Petrodollar War hinges on global oil import demand and the oil price. Both of these have to hold up. When or if they do not, foreign oil importer nations who formerly found it beneficial to hold dollars to pay for oil, would have to find some other (unexplained) reason for huge holdings of dollars, when their oil imports decline and-or oil prices also decline.

The "currency war" variant of the petrodollar system theory, holding that a shift to notably euros or gold for oil payments would undermine the system, is unrealistic when given any serious analysis, because all world moneys are interchangeable or convertible, and gold is priced in US dollars.

These are easy to define.

1974-1986 The first phase. The 1972 start of "petrodollar recycling" initiated by Nixon and Kissinger  just before the fivefold rise in oil prices of 1973-74, set the process of US-Saudi Arabian cooperation for the near-exclusive benefit of these two players. The US dollar was "backstopped" by the transfer of Saudi liquidities to the US Federal Reserve system banks, especially the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.  A small number of other chosen central banks, especially the Bank of England, and the central banks of Germany, France, Italy and Japan also benefitted.

1986-1999 The second phase. This also featured US and Saudi control, but under Clinton's two mandates the focus radically changed to the controlled deflation or reduction of both oil prices and the world value of the US dollar. While the US continued to benefit from "petrodollar recycling", Saudi Arabia was the major loser, undoubtedly changing its perceptions of the system's utility to KSA.

2000-2013 The third and last phase. This period featured a major longterm rise in oil prices and the entry not in force, but progressively of the euro currency into the now enlarged "petromoney recycling" process. Euros now cover about 25% of global oil transactions, for an annual value of around €700 billion, with about the same amount of back-to-back additional lquidities. The massive growth of QE and central bank "easing", from 2008, has heavily reduced the role of "petromoney recycling".

Among the major changes of the petromoney system during these 3 phases, the first phase set the basic political concept among US deciders that "petrodollar recycling" could at one and the same time enable the US to run huge trade and budget deficits, low or very low interest rates, and prevent the collapse of the dollar's value due to the forced need of all world buyers of oil to hold US dollars to make purchases of oil. By the second phase, this underlying concept shaded to including non-oil assets as the focus of value manipulation, controlled inflation and controlled deflation of value. In the third phase, massive increases of the oil price to 2008 played a major role in enabling the continued depreciation of the dollar's world value as US sovereign debt also massively increased, but since 2008 and the start of central bank QE the need for, and role of the petrodollar system have heavily contracted.

Estimates of the exact size and role of petrodollars and petroeuros in the international money system, finance system, and economic system are varied. Many analysts however say the minimum role of the petrodollar system is to create, back-to-back, liquidities at least equivalent to the transaction value of the world oil trade, which for crude and products is about $3.4 trillion-a-year. Combined, the approximate minimum total $6.8 trillion annual value of oil trade plus the petromoney system is about 10% of world annual GNP, equivalent to about 45% of US annual GDP. This may appear as still large and important but has to be compared with, for example, the exposure of national private banks only in Europe in relation to national GDPs, which is often 300% - 400%.

Only QE can "plaster over" these liabilities.

Petromoney recycling is still treated by "the elites" as a critical prop to monetary system integrity, and explains why the USA is far from the only country depending on the system holding up. All oil producers, even smaller-sized, are beneficiaries the same way as all major developed nations' central banks, but the US is still the prime beneficiary. However, the basic supports for the system's operation - continuing high oil demand, high oil prices, and oil priced in dollars -  have all weakened or are threatened, today. In particular when global oil demand declines or stagnates, and when oil prices decline, the dollars that will no longer be needed for global purchases of oil will return in massive amounts back to their country of origin, the USA. The consequences can only be dramatic, and threaten the start of a process completely unlike the Clinton-era controlled devaluation of the dollar's value along with the decline of oil prices consented by Saudi Arabia.

The now-menaced "petrodollar system" is also weakened because of worldwide change in the perception of oil and oil energy. From the dawn of the petroleum age to its accelerating twilight, today, geopolitical strategies concocted by developed nations featured the maintenance of secured access to world oil supplies. This was believed to be a win-win strategy for developed nation policy makers, and especially for US policy makers. From the 1970s and the first Oil Shock of 1973-1974, the only "morph' in this policy and strategy was to substitute expensive oil, for cheap oil.

For the USA's ability to run deficits and the petrodollar system, much higher oil prices were a major gain, not a loss, and this is almost surely still the perception of the Obama administration today.

In its first phase and last phase, the economic and political incentives for ensuring national access to oil supplies, and the existence of the petrodollar system as a monetary and finance tool - unrelated to the economy - worked better with higher oil prices. Today however, with the major and massive changes of oil resource availability revealed by the shale energy revolution, rising global oil production capabilities, stagnating oil demand, and rising renewable energy supplies in all major developed countries, and the constantly declining role of oil in the economy, the Petrodollar System's days are surely numbered, like the notion that $100-oil prices are "normal".

The impact of this will be massive.

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disabledvet's picture

we got QE and a War Machine now. Move along...

otto skorzeny's picture

The war machine will bleed the $ machine to death.

The Thunder Child's picture

I have to give this article by Andrew McKillop a 1 out of 5 because so many details are left out and overlooked nor does it make the apprpriate connections concerning the petrodollar, Sauda Arabias/USTs as well it does not cover the SWIFT payment system, Libya's gold Dinar and the banking cartel which perpetuates this scam. If you want the best analysis on the petrodollar without BS and propaganda I would recommend these 3 articles by Jim Willie.

The Coming Isolation of USDollar

USDollar: Ring-Fenced & Checkmate

Financial Treachery & Harsh Consequences

HeavyShadow's picture

These were not wars. Just enhanced interrogation techniques.

TwoShortPlanks's picture

BRICS Currency: Gold and Debt Based Money

The executive Life Boats are now loaded with Gold, and will depart for China/Asia as soon as the going gets long Muppets, and thanks for all the Fish!

It's too long to write in here!

disabledvet's picture

actually no it's not too long to write here. the Spanish imperial system was always superior to the English how did the English one "win out" so to speak in the end? "Blood, sweat and tears" in my opinion...and so it is with this "American (French?) thingy" currently going on in the Eastern Med and Mali. it has to be financed of course so the "easiest" way is to limit the scope and scale of the war effort itself. good luck with that. wars are inherently expansionary in a fiat world...there's always a bid in the market by their very definition thus vast speculations (most not successful i might add...although this one sure is beyond belief doing well) arise. they are not based on anything really...just the supposition that "by definition no one can turn a war machine off" and "no one will either." the economists "job" as it were then is merely to "trim the cream off the excess" (for himself of course) and that "cream" is oil, natural gas, distillates, etc that appear for all intents and purposes to have "immutable" pricing power. of course this is a highly diversified economy here in the USA..."not our first rodeo" when it comes to the World War there is a lot of accounting involved in paying for these things...something Wall Street is VERY good at. so sure...oil companies have done a great job...amazing job actually...of creating product...but it will never show up in the stock price the way it does in a railroad stock because railroads are in fact "the war effort." God forbid if they become the means to pay for said activity. you know as in "they'll buy your gold mine, they'll buy your oil wells, they'll buy your utility" etc. all with zero debt of course. did i mention Government subsidies?

BigJim's picture

 The "currency war" variant of the petrodollar system theory, holding that a shift to notably euros or gold for oil payments would undermine the system, is unrealistic when given any serious analysis, because all world moneys are interchangeable or convertible, and gold is priced in US dollars.

er... what? How can the author write an entire article confirming the petrodollar thesis and then write that?

Of course 'world moneys are interchangeable'... that's beside the point. They're interchangeable for dollars, which are required to buy oil (at least 75% of it, according to this article) thus propping up the value of the USD and supporting the whole petrodollar system/world 'reserve' (LOL) currency thingy.

disabledvet's picture

this is my whole purpose for "smack talking" by the way. "to generate interest within an otherwise pretty boring...but smart...article." this is how we humans actually communicate. we need to be smart...but in the end it's all about chasing tail.

jbvtme's picture

local currencies, local production, local control.  all else is slavery

hardcleareye's picture

The question is who's tail are you chasing and have you considered the possibility it might be your own?

"Circular logic aka mental masturbation......"  lol

Weisshaupt's picture

 I don't think the author is just talking smack to generate interest. His assertion is that the lessening supply is forcing dollars home, and that a switch to gold wouldn't matter because you would still have to purchase gold with dollars in order to purchase the oil.  The Euro is being largely propped up by Dollar swaps and other such schemes so much the same argument could be made for that as well. The Collusion of central banks in the "race to the bottom" is effectively making all fiat currencies "interchangeable"  But,  I think he, like a lot of others, just refuses to understand "money" -- In  any free exchange, the commodity or service is priced in terms of what the exchange medium represents - commodities or services provided in the past. Gold for Oil and Oil for Gold is  a Barter transaction  when the gold or the Oil   cannot be directly traded for other goods.  The second you CAN use gold or Oil for a future exchange of other goods  without exchanging it for some "money"  then the commodity becomes "money" - and that changes the entire nature of the transaction. The  directly exchangeable commodity is no longer priced  in terms of dollars, but will float against other currencies just as the dollar floats now.  The concept of the Petrodollar is based on the fact that OIL is a required commodity, and  Like Salt in the ancient world, Oil would be money - and directly traded between countries - if it were more directly portable and consumable.   The Powers that Be have placed an articfical restriction that prevents oil from being used directly, and mandates the dollar be used as a proxy in those transactions.  The Euro ( mantinained in collusion with the Dollar)  probably isn't a threat to the system if it is used as the proxy instead - since the Euro is effectively now a proxy for the dollar. If Gold becomes money again, and is increasingly used as "money" in international trade, it will become impossible to mandate any fiat currency (Euro, Dollar, Yuan, etc)  be used as a proxy for the oil. Gold, unlike the oil, is portable (though not really consumable)  and therefore could be used just as easily as any Fiat coinage.   Gold also isn't "contolled" in the way a Fiat is.. There is only one source od dollars in the world. There are multiple sources of gold. . China is pulling ( and keeping) piles of it that they pulled from the ground. They certainly didn't pay "dollars" to get it. For this reason Gold is always the currency of last resort- when no one's Fiat can be trusted.

The Author is right - as long as Gold is a commoidity priced in dollars, a switch to gold will be meaningless.  However the second that gold becomes money, freely exchangeable for other things as a currency, not as a barterable commodity, the Dollar ( and other fiats ) are done.  However, gold arising as  currency probably requires that the dollar decend - and the process could happen quickly or slowly -  but happen it will because the US Government has ensured it via QE.  The Dollar was originally backed with Gold, and the world used it and trusted it because  it was freely exchangeable for the currency of last resort. Then once the world was hooked,  FDR pulled the rug out  and Nixon finished the job after another generation.  If and when Gold gains traction as a currency,  I  fully expect China to "back" their currency with some amount of gold  - effectively making thier fiat the new "proxy" for gold,  and attempt to use that same trick, in a bid for the worlds new reserve currency. None of that will matter much to those in the United States of course, as the Dollar collapse will bring massive poverty,  social turmoil and probably a civil war.

hardcleareye's picture

Great post, but the US is not going to sit back and allow this to happen.  They will use the military force to maintain the dollars reserve currency status.  My gut tells me that before the dollar collapse occurs all hell will break lose in a major world war.  The outcome of this future conflict will determine the fate of the dollar.

JOYFUL's picture

While it's true that noooobody does it like Jimbo....

Andrew McK is a whole big cut above ....Oil Dr[umb]... Strat[poor] and the usual implants from the MSM inserted here...

I say .... welcome aboard Andy!*

*besides, he's Flakey's worst warmist nightmare!

DavidPierre's picture

“A bank run in gold bullion banks.  It’s a vault run.

Wealthy investors are asking for their gold, and some are finding out it’s not there.

Back in 2011 and 2012, you had an important event every three of four months.  Now, it’s every two or three weeks.  So, the mean time between failures is rapidly declining.

Before, they were talking about stress tests.  Now, they realize that all of them in the past were a fraud.  So, they are talking about ‘bail-ins’ because they are expecting failures

It’s all coming to a climax where gold is going to be central with a gold-trade central bank and gold priced at $7,000 per ounce.”

TwoShortPlanks's picture

Same article as mine above. LOL

disabledvet's picture

if i put my gold on a railroad car (a very secure rail car i would hope) is that gold accounted for? (i would imagine i would a: have to own the gold and b: have to pay the railroad a large sum of money to keep it "off the books" as it were.) i imagine banks can do the same thing of course. or can they? you all are the experts on this tell me?

mr. mirbach's picture

This article is a terse yet concise summation of many years of the NWO chess game for world domination to anyone that has been keeping track of history, details are for noobs.

Urban Redneck's picture

The details determine the timeline of life-expectancy.  It's not just the petrodollar and (physical oil vs. paper oil volumes) inflating demand for USD, all commodities traded in dollars do this (which are dwarfed by paper counter parts), and the banksters then inflated this demand with the explosion of currency and interest rate derivatives.

disabledvet's picture

on a roll...keep it coming. totally spot on.

auntiesocial's picture

I remember when I used to think $60.000.00 annual was a benchmark. If you are making 60K, you aren't THE MAN, but you are getting by just fine. Now, if you are making 60K and the only one pulling in a check in your house, you are screwed. How did that happen. Then, it gets better. All the jobs that the job creators create--- THEY AIN'T PAYIN' NO 60K. No Sir. So let's break this down. 60K = 5K a month. Then 20% of that is for FICA, WICA, STATE, FED, BLAH BLAH BLAH. OK, now out of that whoping 4K, you have to pay rent, groceries, car payment, utilities, gas, etc, etc. OK, now how much do you have left? HMMMMMMM? and now you are telling me that the dollar is about to be devalued? If we lose our place as world reserve currency, then how much does "average joe" really make and take home? yeah, this ain't going to end well when... this guy, average joe, is not even the worst case scenario. What is going to happen? You are going to have a nation of average joe's losing their marbles and flipping out coz they can't keep their worlds glued together...

hivekiller's picture

Not to worry. The dollar will soon be backed by agriculture. You can't eat gold. China is accumulating gold but needs food. America will get their gold by selling them food. Americans can all get jobs as peasants tilling the land of the Rockefellers et al. See, it's all working out.

LawsofPhysics's picture

Well, this is my plan anyway, now about that fresh water, honeybees and other essential nutrients...

Lore's picture

Re: "The impact of this will be massive."

Talk about a cliffhanger!  The article seems like a preamble, stopping abruptly just as you're thinking "Yeah, we get that; NOW what?!"

He needs to take it to the next stage by outlining the decisions that need to be made quickly by major participants.

You can fire all the cannons and missiles you like, but at some point, YOU HAVE PRODUCE SOMETHING THAT OTHER PEOPLE WANT. Banksters seem hellbent to prove otherwise, but the fact remains that DEBT IS NOT WEALTH.  YOU CAN PRINT UNTIL YOU'RE BLUE IN THE FACE, BUT IT WILL NEVER REPLACE A REAL ECONOMY.  LET MARKETS WORK.  STOP TRYING TO PLAY GOD.

Herd Redirection Committee's picture

The crazy thing about manufacturing... All America still manufactures is high tech weapon systems.  And by definition, you can't really be exporting that.

Lore's picture
Interesting documentary, helps to understand policy decisionmaking that doesn't make sense to a 'normal' No idea as to accuracy of content... It was sent to me by a third party...DYODD "Psychopaths" (38 min)
cape_royds's picture

While I agree with your sentiment, to understand Empire, ask the question:

Producing what, that who wants?

The USA produces a wide and complex array of products for a sector of the global economy which we might call, "the market for Global Enforcement Services."

The USA is the world's foremost provider of Global Enforcement Services. Not only do they produce the most, they also are regarded as a reliable and credible producer of armed force for export, world-wide.

No other Enforcement Services provider can offer the quantity, quality, and variety of Enforcement Services offered by the USA. The USA has a superb track record of being able to promptly and dependably blow people up, or lay waste to towns, or blockade harbours, or kidnap and torture people, anywhere on the planet, at any time. Given just a few weeks' notice, the USA can invade and occupy any non-nuclear country.

Who else in the world can offer Enforcement Services with comparable speed and reach? Not Russia. Nor China. Nor the lesser NATO allies. The USA has no peer competitor in the Global Enforcement Services market.

So when global capitalists, from time to time, require Enforcement Services to keep their planetary wealth redistribution model running smoothly, they look to the world's foremost provider of such services: the USA.

Third World country defaulting on debt? Hire the USA to blow them up.

Minor powers trying to preserve sovereignty in the face of the globalization juggernaut? Hire the USA to sanction them, and perhaps blow them up later, if they don't have some sort of arranged "colour revolution" first.

Now non-USA elites do have some mixed feelings about these transactions. They understand that USA elites are taking advantage of the USA's near-monopoly position in Global Enforcement Services. probably think the prices are too high, and that the provider is not sufficiently sensitive to their needs. Some non-USA elites would prefer to be able shop around a bit.

But it's hard to become a Global Enforcement Services provider. The initial capital investment required is enormous. The lead time is very long. Even if the investments are made, consumers might be reluctant to take a risk on purchasing services from an unproven provider.

e.g. would European bankers want to risk hiring China to sanction, blockade, invade, occupy and torture a Middle Eastern country? First of all China would have to build a blue water navy and a proper orbital surveillance platform. Then China would have to demonstrate to the customers' satisfaction its ability and will to spend years in demolishing other countries, and to abduct and torture people around the world in support of a geopolitical goal. Aside from Tibet, China lacks that sort of credibility. Indeed, the USA itself had to spend several decades establishing its brand identity in the Global Enforcement Services marketplace.

So when you ask the question: what does the USA produce, and for whom, the answer is that the USA produces Global Enforcement Services, and the consumers are not only the imperial US elite, but imperialists around the world also purchase the USA's enforcment services. Payment is rendered in the form of the USA's "exorbitant privilege."

Things only get really interesting if there is a groundswell of interest in alternative providers, or if there is widespread nuclear proliferation which would obsolete many parts of the enforcement services package.

Shale oil? Yeah, right...

jcmiii's picture

Mr Willie has equal amounts of "BS and propoganda" in his perspective peppered with comments "The United States and its fascist allies" or "the events of September 2001 were the syndicate coming out party and the Patriot Act their Nazi Manifesto"

JOYFUL's picture

Whoa.... dude, BS & propoganda???  Jim's indeed a peppery\spicy taco.... but what BS could you be referring to?

oh.... I gets it now... propoganda... apropos of Pogo... you be prop-0-sin that Jimbo be closin in ...

on the enemy within!   ....we have met the enemy... and he is....????

"BIG" Jim Willie.... talking with Greg Hunter... on a thread of Andy McKillop - "NAZI BANKERS" says JIM>

with soundtrack by RUSH!.....Phukkin A dude! doesn't get any better than this!

you some kinda retard dude?

Jack Sheet's picture

A subscription to JWs newsletter for 6 months costs 110 USD and I have just renewed. It is better then any other of the "big picture" newsletters because it pulls no punches and is well argued. None of what he writes is in any way implausible. Other newsletter writers don't want to scare their subscribers off, or they fear "reprisals". His big edge are the "sources" - I have so far seen no evidence that they are implausible, either.

Jack Sheet's picture

Jim Willie's Golden Jackass website appears to be down since yesterday. Hacked?

trentusa's picture

ZH is the only one to comment on the petrodollar system. If not for ZH i would not even know it existed. Still, for the lack of info and what was not said i give this article a 3. Tyler is getti ng soft now that ZH is so big. At least specify the usa invaded Iraq bc he refused to sell oil in us dollars. Tell the wholr story tyler dont wimp out on us.

JOYFUL's picture

This is not Tyler's story... it's Andrew McKillops'. And people need to do a little diligence on who dude is. I've enjoyed his pieces on Market Oracle for the last year or so, because he brings a fresh perspective into the energy side of things that is not available from anywhere else. Anywhere.  Get it? We actually do have a good mix of people bringing the perspective which you(and others here) claim to be fatallly absent from this piece. Too much shallow static in the background here ...

The inclusion of this author in the mix here would be a major win for everybody... except 'the usual suspects'... whose modus operandi is to stifle that which threatens their primacy.

I smell a rat.. and I'm calling it out.  This guy is best in category. Somebody(or other) doesn't wish to see him here. You know where I stand on the whole middle eastern issue. Now stand and deliver naysayers.

"ZH is the only one to comment on the petrodollar system".... you need to get out more.

Welcome aboard, Andrew McKillop.

JimBowie1958's picture

The coming introduction of LENR technology in the form of Rossi's Hot-Cat is likely to make the US dollar lose a lot of its value in the global markets as it devalues petroleum itself.

Flakmeister's picture

Read and understand the fine print.... at worst it is a scam, at best it is merely a fuel cell... The longer things go on, the more likely it is the former even it does prove to be a fuel cell...

JimBowie1958's picture

Dude, I have read it. and some other engineers I know have read it, and a few that are scientists.

The seven scientists who were involved in the test have professional careers at stake and they wont destroy those careers for Rossi.

The tests are legit as a scientist can do them or they wouldnt have released this report.

And the report uses low-ball estimates throughout, getting a COP of 6 then running the machine under slower conditions got a COP of 3. And they ran it for four days then five, which is way too long for a fuel cell to run and be hidden inside that tube.

This thing does much better than a COP of 6, and a COP of 3 is truly revolutionary.

Flakmeister's picture

It ain;t what it is advertised to be.... The fact that a former con artists is involved should be a tell.., That is all...

JimBowie1958's picture

Rossi is not a con artist, and has no criminal record. The charges against him were concocted by corrupt officials who were trying to shake Rossi down.

He was sent to prison but later acquitted of ALL charges.

Dont buy the bullshit that TPTB are selling. They want to monopolize this before the public is even aware of it.

angel_of_joy's picture

we got QE and a War Machine now. Move along...

Both are way overrated.

No dice.

disabledvet's picture

"they are not a benefit" i agree. in fact i would argue they are a detriment...but in order to do this we must define a benefit first. for example "palliative care." by definition this is a LEGAL and Governmental enterprise then yes? "shall we talk entitlements as well"? these simple words can have POWERFUL meanings.

Parabox's picture

It's the Iron Patriot now.  still fitting...

Xrated's picture

Saddam Hussien and Kadaffi both wanted to go  to the gold only standard for oil, look what they got.

It's only a matter of time with the idiot Obama running this country.

otto skorzeny's picture

Obama is just a cog in the machine.

AldousHuxley's picture

Obama running the country?

CEO running the company?

Kings running the kingdom?

The advisers do. Top guys are figure heads to calm the masses.

prains's picture

Obama is just a cog in the machine.

not even, he's a mustard installer on the hot dog of life

RebelDevil's picture

Will the Petrodollar system simply die if the rest of the world simply priced oil in terms of gold?

I think so.


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In other rumors, the ISDA does not regard the Greek PSI as a credit event.  Que exploding sovereign bond yields.

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Course Title: Contribute to development of a tenancy mix strategy

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Program: C4265 Certificate IV in Property Services (Operations)

Course Title: Contribute to development of a tenancy mix strategy

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CPPDSM4041A Contribute to development of a tenancy mix strategy

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Susan Smith - Managing Editor

by Susan Smith - Managing Editor
Each AEC Weekly Review delivers to its readers news concerning the latest developments in the AEC industry, AEC product and company news, featured downloads, customer wins, and coming events, along with a selection of other articles that we feel you might find interesting. Brought to you by If we miss a story or subject that you feel deserves to be included, or you just want to suggest a future topic, please contact us! Questions? Feedback? Click here. Thank you!

Welcome to AECWeekly!

AECWeekly is a news magazine featuring important industry news profiles, a summary of recently published AEC product and company news, customer wins, and coming events. Brought to you by AECCafe.

AECWeekly examines select top news each week, picks out worthwhile reading from around the web, and special interest items you might not find elsewhere. This issue will feature Industry News, Acquisitions/Agreements/Alliances, Awards, People, New Products, Around the Web and Upcoming Events.

AECWeekly welcomes letters and feedback from readers, so let us know what you think.

Best wishes,

Susan Smith, Managing Editor

Industry News

Lindemann Bentzon Bojack and Avatech Team Up on Whole House Design Application

by Susan Smith

More frequently, AEC firms cite project tracking as one of the primary challenges of their business. Lindemann Bentzon Bojack Engineering Company, Inc. (LBBE) was processing 700,000 print jobs a year with manual processing. LBBE, which prides itself on being a supplier and proponent of “whole house design,” teamed up with Avatech Solutions to help customize an application that would organize over 700,000 Autodesk Architectural Desktop (ADT) drawings for their in-house time management system.

Whole house design means looking at the design as an integrated system. If you take one piece, it affects the other parts. It encompasses design, structural engineering, and material costing processes which occur simultaneously in the same construction model. Teams working simultaneously on a project can complete it in 30 days as opposed to 90 days.

Home builders of large tract or subdivision homes are faced with the challenge of numerous configurations in each house design, and need to be able to coordinate drawings sets from architectural plans to approved construction drawings.

Philip Russo, senior applications engineer at LBBE said they had designed an in-house time management system that allows them to accurately track projects in each phase of the process. With Avatech, LBBE set about designing a solution for customers to configure complete approved drawing sets, The information was made available via an extranet.

Avatech’s Software Development Solutions team designed a custom application to get ADT’s Project Navigator and Sheet Set Manager to dynamically drive the information into their project status portal, rather than having people enter the information manually. The applications developed by Avatech are project management oriented and are independent of 2D/3D drawing format. Each application was implemented by a team consisting of LBBE and Avatech personnel.

Avatech created two applications for LBBE. According to Beau Turner, Professional Services Director, Avatech, these were:

a. DWF Sheet Selector - DWF files are created for each drawing within a given document set. This file creation process generates a large number of DWF for each project. The DWF Sheet Selector provides an efficient means to review these DWF files and merge any number of individual DWF files into a single file DWF "book." These books are typically created for each project and maintain an entire document set in one file. This reduces overall file space requirements as well as simplifies the maintenance of these files.

b. Drawing Log - LBBE currently uses a custom online project management system to track and maintain their projects. This applications tracks revisions from the project down to the individual sheet level. Currently users are required to enter project and sheet level revisions manually within LBBE's online project manager and within ADT's sheet set manager. These revisions are then reflected on the drawing log as well as the sheets within a document set. The drawing log integration palette created by Avatech allows LBBE's user to eliminate this duplication of efforts. Revisions information is entered in the fields on the palette and automatically replicated to the SQL DB of the project
management system and the ADT sheet set manager. The integration application also provides a level if auditing to verify project and/or sheet level revisions match between the SQL DB and the sheet set. This revision data is then used to create the drawing log transmittal as well as the revision block data for the individual sheet.

A palette containing fields related to project/sheet revision information and the functions required to support these fields was created. Users enter information such as Revision date and description into the palette then apply information to the project via the functions provided. This data is then transferred to the sheet set and the SQL DB of LBBE's project management system. This data is then captured within the db for later use in areas such as revision block and drawing log transmittal generation. Queries were created to capture all "final" or released drawing and revision information. The results of these queries are then imported into a table on the transmittal document thus
automating the drawing log creation process. This data is also applied to each sheet for sheet level revision block data.

The drawing log integration application is seamlessly integrated into the ADT design environment via a custom palette. However, the DWF Sheet Selector is a stand alone application so can't be considered seamless.

Will these applications be suitable to be used by Avatech for other customers? “The DWF Sheet Selector does in fact lend itself to be a highly reusable application. As Autodesk continue to grow the DWF technology and more clients adopt this technology the need for the sheet selector application will continue to grow,” said Turner. “Any client that currently creates multiple DWF files for a project or other common purpose could benefit from single consolidation file created by the sheet selector. Although the basis for the drawing log application can be adopted by countless clients, the client specific nature of the application minimizes the direct reuse of the
application. Currently the application is keyed to attach to LBBE's project management system and captures the exact data LBBE tracks. For adoption by other clients the connectivity of the application as well as the specific data captured would be to be customize for each client.”

As a result of these applications, LBBE is able to maintain drawing sets, and saving up to 15 minutes per print job. Hans Bentzon, Principal at LBBE, said, “Before, when a client sent in a change, it might take an hour or two to configure the three different elevation books. Today the DWF Sheet Selector application performs the task in less than 2-3 minutes. It saves us up to one full-time person’s time per year.”

Meridian Systems, a provider of enterprise project management software for optimizing capital projects, programs and facilities, announced a new technology alliance with Vela Systems, Inc., developers of mobile software solutions that streamline and accelerate construction field operations via Tablet PCs. The Vela Software Suite extends Meridian’s Prolog Manager software functionality to the field and expands on that functionality to automate specific project management processes.

ABB Inc., a leader in power and automation technologies, has joined the Intergraph SmartPlant Enterprise Alliance Program. The alliance extends integration capabilities from initial control system design to plant handover for Engineering, Procurement and Construction and Owner Operators using ABB's Industrial IT Extended Automation System 800xA and SmartPlant Enterprise suite, assuring ongoing support for the life cycles of their plants and assets.

Autodesk, Inc. and
GlobalSpec, Inc. announced a strategic partnership that will enhance recently announced Autodesk Design Review 2008 software to include on-demand access to GlobalSpec's extensive product and information services. By connecting specification and procurement decisions more directly to core design tasks, the companies are helping to streamline and redefine the design process.

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-- Susan Smith, Managing Editor.

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Employee engagement in the NHS

| 1 Posts

23 Mar, 2014 17:19

I am currently working full-time and also doing my PG Dip in HR Management and am about to start my ‘Investigating a business issue’ looking at employee engagement.

For those of you who have already completed your Post Grad, do you have any suggestions on how best to tackle it and how to keep myself motivated?
More Content


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February 3, 2017 is National Wear Red Day.
Let's unite to fight heart disease and stroke.
Wear red and give to support research and education.
Fundraising Goal: $800,000

2017 Greater Maryland Heart Walk

Baltimore, MD

October 14, 2017

Life is why we walk.

Thanks to all our walkers, donors and volunteers who have accepted the challenge to help fight heart disease and stroke. We cannot achieve our mission without each one of you!

Date & Time

Check-In 8:00 AM
Starts 10:00 AM

Camden Yards
333 West Camden Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
Get Directions

Your Greater Maryland Heart Walk Team
Email Your Greater Maryland Heart Walk Team

We aren't just walking. We're Heartwalking! Thank you for joining nearly 1 million Americans at 305 events across the country to build healthier lives, free of cardiovascular diseases and stroke.

How can you make a positive difference in the lives of your friends, family and co-workers? Join the Heart Walk, start Heartwalking and make the commitment to lead a heart healthy life and become healthy for good. Remember- we're not only raising funds, we're raising heartbeats!

Top Companies

Top Teams

Find a Team

Top Fundraisers


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Archive for Tuesday, May 28, 2013

Four people die in traffic accident in central Kansas

May 28, 2013

— Four people are dead and a young child seriously injured after their sports utility vehicle hit a parked semi-trailer truck in central Kansas.

Kansas Highway Patrol trooper Ben Gardner says the accident happened about 9:30 a.m. Tuesday on the western edge of Ellsworth County.

Gardner says the truck was parked on the shoulder of Interstate 70 with its traffic hazard triangles displayed when the SUV hit it from behind.

He says the child was scheduled to be flown to a Wichita hospital Tuesday afternoon. The truck driver was not hurt.

Interstate 70 was closed while the patrol's Critical Accident Response Team investigates the accident.

No further information was immediately available.

average 3 years, 12 months ago

Hypnotised by windmills? I doubt we'll ever know with the driver deceased, but (and I'm totally pro-turbine), I'll admit that I have to be conscientious to look away from them when driving.

Bob Forer 3 years, 12 months ago

A terrible freak accident. The chances of a truck being parked on the side of the highway at the very moment a driver falls asleep or is momentarily inattentive are exceptionally remote.

Ron Holzwarth 3 years, 12 months ago

Of course we're going to call and consider it to have been an accident. The thought that it was an intentional is just too horrible to consider.

NewKansan 3 years, 12 months ago

This was an AP story...not written by an LJW reporter. This was most likely written by a local reporter there and the AP picked up the story.

Commenting has been disabled for this item.


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AquaCraft Mini Thunder Round Nose Hydroplane Red A2

Tower Stock# LXWVF7A2  •  Manufacturer Stock# AQUB16**
AquaCraft Mini Thunder Round Nose Hydroplane Red A2 (large view)
Shipping Restricted ItemDetails
Notes from our tech department:
This is the electric powered, radio controlled ready to run
Mini Thunder Round Nose Hydroplane Boat from AquaCraft.

Construction: Molded ABS plastic with watertight access hatches
Motor: 380 size water cooled
Drive System: Micro Wire
Radio: AquaCraft 2-channel FM pistol grip with waterproof receiver
and mini servo
Electronic Speed Control: Waterproof
Propeller: Two-blade 30mm FRP, 1/8" prop shaft
Rudder: Mini Wedge breakaway type that swings back upon impact
to prevent damage
Battery: 1100mAh NiMH with red 2-pin connector
Charger: 12V DC

Mini Thunder Round Nose Hydroplane with 380 motor, 2-ch radio,
battery, charger, ESC and instruction manual

AA Batteries: 8 for transmitter

Length: 17.5" (445mm)
Beam (Width): 8" (203mm)
Overall Height: 5" (126mm)
Empty Weight: 13.6oz (386g)
RTR Weight: 18.4oz (520g)

The AquaCraft Mini Thunder Round Hydroplane is available in the
following colors and radio channels;
Blue A1 AQUB16A1 Orange A4 AQUB16A4
Red A2 AQUB16A2 White A5 AQUB16A5
Yellow A3 AQUB16A3

jxs 5/27/09

Easy RC: Boats
Manufacturer Mailing Address
Additional Manufacturer Contact Info


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Wednesday, 9 January 2013

Policing in Broken Barnet: Boris' cuts - time to speak out

Remember when the Conservative Party was the party of law and order, and the police were the thin blue line against the enemy within, and all that? That was a long time ago, wasn't it?

These days our Tory masters, with their retro upper class public school disdain, look on the police themselves as the enemy without, and are seemingly trying to undermine their role wherever possible.

In London, the capital city, where there can be no greater need for the protection of properly resourced emergency services, we are facing an unprecedented threat to levels of provision, and perhaps most acutely, here in Barnet anyway, in terms of our policing.

Incredibly, we have been told that all but one police station here in Broken Barnet faces closure. The latest news is that some compromise may be reached on retaining some limited access at Golders Green station, but this is pititfully inadequate.

Your Labour member on the London Assembly, Andrew Dismore, is trying to rally opposition to these reckless plans, and has issued the following press release:

Boris Johnson devastates Barnet’s Police Service

Andrew Dismore, Labour London Assembly member for Barnet and Camden, has today learned of Conservative London Mayor Boris Johnson’s plans for cuts to the Metropolitan Police.

Mr Dismore said:

“These plans, as a result of the decisions of the Mayor and the Conservative led Coalition Government, are appalling news not just for our local police service, but for local residents and businesses who depend on them, too.

The police stations at Barnet and Whetstone are to close their doors to the public completely, meaning there will be no police station open to public access in the east of the borough at all.

In the south, I am pleased that our campaign to save Golders Green Police Station from complete closure has been successful, but it will only be open  for shorter hours, probably just 40 hours per week.

The only station open round the clock will be Colindale in the west of the borough, which is not readily accessible to thousands of people who live in the east of Barnet in particular, but also to many who live in the south too.

The suggested replacement – 4 hours per week stalls in supermarkets, coffee shops or post offices - is not in any way a suitable alternative, for those who wish to discuss confidential matters or report crime face to face to a police officer.

But the bad news does not end there. Although the Mayor is trumpeting an increase in police numbers, in fact there is actually a cut over the life of this Coalition Government.

When Labour left office in May 2010, Barnet had a total of 595 police officers. By 2015, the time of the next election, the number will be just 564- that’s a cut of 34 officers: and it will take till then to build up to that figure, so for most of the next 2 years we will have even fewer than that.

Barnet’s Safer Neighbourhood Teams had, in total, 189 officers, sergeants and PCSOs in May 2010. By 2015, the total will be only 135, that’s a cut of 54 officers.

These are not my figures: they are the official figures from answers to previous questions at Mayor’s Question Time and from today’s announcements.

So much for the often repeated pledge during the 2010 General Election of the Conservative MP for Hendon, who promised more police if people voted for him: he has broken his word and we will actually see far fewer officers on the beat than he inherited from Labour.

Boris Johnson justifies his cuts by his wish to reduce the Council Tax: but the Council Tax next year will go down by just 1p a day for the average Band D home. I think most residents would prefer to see no cuts in the police (and the fire service, which cuts are also on the way), than save just 1p a day.

This Mayor and Government are so out of touch they do not care about the safety of the public, which is the first duty of any administration.

At a time when we are all concerned about levels of crime, especially burglary which has gone through the roof in Barnet, it is time for the Mayor to listen and to withdraw these plans.

But the only consultation with the public is to be a one hour meeting with the Deputy Mayor for Policing next Monday 14th January at 6pm at the Town Hall.

That is woefully inadequate, so I am holding my own meeting with other London Assembly members from our Police Committee and the Barnet Labour Councillors immediately afterwards at the Town Hall, so residents can properly have their say.”

Laughably, in a panic over the political fall out to this assault on our policing levels in Barnet, in December, our woefully inept Tory council 'leader' Richard Cornelius decided to launch the following petition, on the council's website:

"Petition to: call on the Metropolitan Police not to close the counters at Whetstone and Golders Green Police Stations unless alternative provision is available."

Yes, a petition, by the Tory leader of Barnet Council, blaming the police for the proposed closures which are, erm, actually the responsibility of the Tory Mayor, Boris Johnson.

Why, Councillor Cornelius, have you targeted the police themselves for this slashing of a vital service, as a direct result of Conservative policy, rather than point the finger where it clearly should be pointed - at your chum in City Hall?

If Boris' plans go ahead, Chipping Barnet and Whetstone police stations will close. Only one station in the whole borough will remain, at Colindale, the borough police centre, with some very limited access, under protest, apparently now grudgingly to be made available at Golders Green, no doubt after the idiotic plans to hold contact sessions on Saturdays in an area inhabited by the country's largest Jewish community.

Boris shows his pre election support for a station he would now like to see closed. Can't identify the other figure.

Just imagine - if, say, someone is arrested in North Finchley for, oh, maybe a charge of common assault: it will no longer be possible to take them quickly to a local police station, question them, and then perhaps extend the hospitality of a nearby custody suite. Already there is often a severe strain on the boroughwide police service caused by the length of time and number of officers it takes to process those who have to be taken into custody. This can only get worse. More importantly, the victim of any such crime will have to traipse across the borough to find somewhere to report the crime. And how will such a drastic reduction in stations affect the deployment of officers, and the length of response time to reported incidents?

As usual, the least advantaged and most vulnerable residents of this borough, those without transport, will be left without easy access to a police station, and the gulf between local police and the community they are supposed to represent will be even greater.

A plastic policeman making occasional appearances in a supermarket as a replacement to a professionally run police station is an insult to the residents and taxpayers of this borough.

We need our policing to be visible, accountable, and in touch with the communities they protect, but in the appropriate environment - not sat next to the fish counter in Tescos.

The architect of these proposals, our Tory Mayor, Boris Johnson, only shows his face in Barnet when an election is looming, but Stephen Greenhalgh, the deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, will be gracing the borough with his presence for an hour's audience, next week, on January 14th, at 6pm, Hendon Town Hall.

Come along and tell him what you think of the proposed cuts: to do so you must first register, as they do not want many people to attend, and of course registration will make it as difficult as possible - here is the link for the event:
Updated Thursday:

For further information about the consultation process, or what passes for it, in regard to the policing proposals, please use this link, and make your views count (especially if you are a Barnet Tory councillor worrying about the certain impact of the station closures on your already minimal chances of being re-elected):

Mrs Angry said...

One might also ask where on earth, in future, SO15 officers from Scotland Yard will be able to find a spare interview room when interrogating lady cafe owners from North Finchley, regarding their anti parking posters, if all our police stations are closed?

Mrs Angry said...

Note to self: stop leaving comments on your own blog, and go to bed.

Jaybird said...

You can comment online here


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Wednesday, 28 April 2010

Methi Tepla/Fenugreek Paratha

Fresh methi Leaves (Fenugreek )1 Small bunch(Finely chopped)
wheat Flour 3 cups
Coriander and jeera powder 2 tsp
Turmeric powder 1/2 tsp
Chilly Powder 1 tsp(or as per taste)
Salt as per taste
Oil/Butter for frying
2 chopped green chillies(optional)
Ginger Garlic paste(optional)

How to make
Heat 1 tsp of oil in a pan and add Green chily (chopped).now add methi leaves saute for 5 mins.Now coriander,jeera,red chilly powder, Ginger garlic paste and turmeric powder ,also add salt,saute for 5 mins more.
Put this in to a mixing bowl and add water to it and add wheat flour and make soft dough and cover this with thin plastic sheet for 1/2 hour.
Roll out the parata and roast on a hot tawa until the light brown spots appear on both side(apply butter or oil both side while roasting).
This can be served with lime pickle and curd.

No comments:

Post a Comment


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The Last Man On The Mountain

Aug 11, 2011

James "Jimmy" Weekley has lived in Pigeonroost Hollow in West Virginia for 70 years. He grew up surrounded by family and friends, part of a tight-knit community in the state's southern mountain valley. Like his grandfather, father, uncles and sons, Weekley worked as a coal miner. And like most West Virginians, Weekley saw coal as the economic lifeblood of his community.

But in the 1990s, Arch Coal moved into Weekley's area and began work on the Spruce No. 1 mine. Spruce No. 1 was one of the largest mountaintop removal mining sites ever proposed, spanning more than 3,000 acres. It also happened to be right in Weekley's backyard.

Weekley and his wife, Sibby, found themselves surrounded by mining activity: dust, noise and blasting from the nearby site.

"The wife and I couldn't sit on the porch for the dust," he says. "And the noise — constant blasting, tearing my home to hell, seven days a week, 24 hours a day."

One by one, their neighbors in Pigeonroost and the nearby community of Blair moved away. He tried to appeal to them to stay — "We can beat this thing!" — but they took coal company buyouts and moved on.

Through it all, Jimmy and Sibby Weekley stayed in their home — and along the way, they became unlikely anti-mining activists.

In 1998, the Weekleys and their attorney Joe Lovett, along with other plaintiffs, sued to stop work on Spruce No. 1.

"Jimmy was the only thing standing between Arch Coal and probably some of the best reserves in this state," Lovett remembers. "There's no question they could have sold that land for a lot of money, but he and Sibby stood up to a mining company in a way that no one really had before and said, 'We're not leaving here and you can't make us.' "

Economy Vs. Environment

In a landmark decision, they won a restraining order that temporarily halted mining on the permit. Since then, the Spruce No. 1 permit has been challenged repeatedly in court, and the site has become one of the most hotly contested mountaintop removal mines in the country. Industry advocates say that mining on Spruce No. 1 means jobs and economic development for a poverty-stricken region. Weekley says he knows that some residents blame him for area layoffs.

Environmentalists say the project poses a risk to the health of the nearby community and its water. In January, in an unprecedented decision, the Environmental Protection Agency vetoed the Spruce No. 1 permit and blocked most mining at the site.

But as the debate over Spruce No. 1 unfolds, the communities around the mine dissolve. Blair shrank from hundreds of homes to a mere handful. And Pigeonroost dwindled until the Weekleys were the only ones who remained.

Four years ago, after almost 48 years together, Sibby died. And now, Weekley holds out alone in Pigeonroost Hollow. Lonely, he thinks about leaving.

'A Big Decision'

His granddaughter wants him to keep sticking it out. "Poppy, I know you get lonely but I think I would literally cry if you sold. This is where we all grew up. This is where we played. We love it here," Alicia Weekley tells him.

"I got a big decision to make," he says. "Will James Weekley finally give in to the coal company?"

There are places he'd like to travel to, he says — to see the aspen trees in Maine; the Philippines, Paris, London. "This is what I'm likin' to do. But I'd still have Pigeonroost Hollow on my mind no matter where I went."

It's hard, he says, to get out of a place where you've lived all your life. "The old saying is, 'You always want to come back where your roots are.' And I'm just not ready."

Produced by Joe Richman and Samara Freemark of Radio Diaries and edited by Deborah George and Ben Shapiro.

Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit


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Wyoming offers several clean economy jobs

Laramie, WY – In a new study evaluating the so-called "clean economy," Wyoming ranks 51st among all states and the District of Columbia. In short, clean economy jobs are those related to renewable energy and conservation. But a report from the Brookings Institution and independent research group Battelle also shows that Wyoming's clean economy jobs make up a slightly higher than average percentage of all jobs in the state. Brookings Senior Research Analyst Jonathan Rothwell says that raises the state's ranking.
"Wyoming actually ranks 17th on that measure and is slightly above the national average. 2.1 percent of Wyoming's workforce is in the clean economy compared to two percent nationally, so it's just above average."
Rothwell says the state's clean economy jobs also pay disproportionately higher wages than clean economy jobs on average. Well over half of Wyoming's clean economy jobs are in conservation. Those are primarily government jobs with agencies like the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service.


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Concerns Remain Over 'Show Your Papers' Provision

Originally published on June 26, 2012 5:27 pm

President Obama and his Republican rival, Mitt Romney, responded to the high court's immigration ruling today. With immigration playing a high-profile role in the presidential election this year, both campaigns are heavily courting the Latino vote. President Obama offered up only a written statement which contained a mixed review.

He said he was generally pleased, but expressed concern about the "show me your papers" provision. Romney said the whole matter pointed to the need for presidential leadership. We're joined now by two of our political reporters, starting with Scott Horsley who's in New Hampshire with the president. And Scott, it was the administration that had challenged Arizona's law. Does Mr. Obama feel like today's ruling is a vindication?

SCOTT HORSLEY, BYLINE: I think on balance, the White House is pleased with the ruling today. The president said that this shows very clearly that a patchwork of state-by-state laws doesn't work when it comes to immigration. That's why it's reserved for federal authority. And he, again, renewed his promise to work with Congress on a comprehensive plan.

Of course, he's had little success in getting a plan like that over Republican opposition in the Senate, which is why he had to take executive action earlier this month when it comes to illegal immigrants who came to this country as children saying they'll be allowed to stay in the country at least temporarily.

CORNISH: What does the White House say about the fact that people who are stopped by the law in Arizona could still be questioned about their immigration status and made to show proof that they're in the country legally?

HORSLEY: Well, that is the part of the ruling that the White House is, of course, concerned about, and the president said in a statement that his administration will continue to monitor the enforcement of that closely for any sign of racial profiling. No American should live under a cloud of suspicion because of what they look like, the president said.

At the same time, the Latino groups that Melissa mentioned who are going to also be monitoring this, some of those Latino groups are busy gathering voter registrations and they plan to use the fact that that piece of the law was upheld as a rallying cry. President Obama enjoys a big advantage over Mitt Romney with Latino votes so that could actually rebound in his favor this November.

CORNISH: NPR's Scott Horsley, traveling with the president. Thanks, Scott.

HORSLEY: Good to be with you. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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School Login

Bellarmine Cross Country

This is the XCStats Cross Country Home Page for Bellarmine College Prep.

TIP: To view results from meets below, click the right mouse button on the meet link to open the results in a new tab. If you use the left mouse button, and then the back button to return to this page, you'll need to display these extra seasons again.


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Saturday, November 5, 2011

Sub-flow Design Pattern

A design pattern is a formal documentation of a proven solution to a common problem. Within Oracle Fusion Web Applications[1], there are many design patterns embedded in their design. One of them is sub-flow design pattern.

Before you start, read this companion article first.

In sub-flow design pattern, there are two task flows involved:
  • Parent task flow (top-level)
  • Sub-flow
In Oracle Fusion Web Applications, all top-level task flows can be bookmarked and be launched from either task list or Recent Items menu. However, if the application requires that sub-flows can also be bookmarked and be launched from Recent Items menu. Then this sub-flow design pattern can be utilized for that functionality.

If sub-flows are bookmarked, it can be relaunched from Recent Items menu. In the sub-flows, it's required that users can also navigate back to its parent flow. Sub-flow design pattern also takes that into consideration.

To record sub-flows into the Recent Items list, applications need to call openSubTask API right before sub-flows are launched[2]. openSubTask takes parameters similar to openMainTask's. One of them is task flow ID. For this, you need to specify parent flow's ID (or main task's ID). In other words, sub-flows need to be executed via parent flow even they are launched from Recent Items menu. See Sample Implementation section for details.
If your sub-flow doesn't need to be bookmarked by Recent Items, you don't need to change anything. Otherwise, you need to modify your parent flow and sub-flow as described in the following task. After the changes, sub-flows can be launched in two ways:
  1. From original flows
  2. From Recent Items menu items using recorded information
Both will start the execution in parent flow. Because sub-flow needs to be launched via parent flow in the 2nd case above, you need to change parent flow in this way:
  1. Add a new router activity at the beginning of the parent flow. Based on a test condition (to be described later), it will route the control to either the original parent flow or the task flow call activity (i.e., the sub-flow).
  2. Add an optional method call activity to initialize sub-flow before it's launched for the 2nd case (i.e., launching from Recent Items menu). Fusion developers can code the method in such a way that it can navigate to the sub-flow after initializing the parent state. This allows applications to render contextual area, navigating back to parent flow from sub-flow and any other customizations.
  3. Bind openSubTask to the command component (i.e., link or button) which causes the flow navigate to the task flow call activity in the original parent flow. openSubTask API registers the parent flow details (to be launched as a sub-flow later) to the Applications Core task flow history stack.
Usually, you don't need to modify your sub-flow for this task. However, you can consolidate the initialization steps from two execution paths in such a way:
  1. Remove initialization parts from both paths in the parent flow. Instead set input parameters (which to be used as test conditions in sub-flows) in both paths only.
  2. Modify sub-flow to take input parameters.
  3. Add a new method call (say initSubFlow) at beginning of the sub-flow to initialize states in parent flow (for example, parent table) so that sub-flow can be launched in the appropriate context.
Note that the design pattern also requires the application capable of navigating back to parent flow from sub-flow. So, the initialization code should take this into consideration (i.e., set up states to allow sub-flow to navigate back) too.
In the following, we'll use an Employee sample implementation to demonstrate the details of this design pattern.

Sample Implementation

In this Fusion Web Application, users select Subflow Design Pattern from the Task list. They then specify some criteria for searching a specific employee or employees. From the list, they can choose the employee that they want to show the details for. This procedure is demonstrated in the following screen shots:
Ename in the search result table is a link which can be used to navigate to the employee detail page of a specific employee. When this link is clicked, a sub-flow (or nested bounded task flow) is called and it displays the Employee Complete Detail page.

If users would like to add this Employee Complete Detail page of a specific employee (say, employee named 'Allen') to their Recent Items list, application developers need to set up something extra to make this happen. If this page (actually what gets recorded is a bounded task flow whose default page is displayed) has been bookmarked, next time users can click it on the Recent Items menu and launch it directly by skipping the search step (i.e., identify the Employee whose details need to be displayed).

Implementation Details

Our parent task flow named ToParentSFFlow is shown below:

decideFlow in the diagram is the router activity that decides whether the control flow should go to either original parent flow path (i.e., "initParent") or sub-flow path (i.e., "toChild"). The condition we used is defined as follows:
<router id="decideFlow">
   <expression>#{pageFlowScope.Empno == null}</expression>
   <outcome id="__9">initParent</outcome>

   <expression>#{pageFlowScope.Empno != null}</expression>
   <outcome id="__10">toChild</outcome>

In the test, we check whether Empno variable in the parent flow's pageFlowScope is null or not. #{pageFlowScope.Empno} is set via its input parameter Empno when parent flow is called . The input parameters on the parent flow (i.e., ToParentSFFlow) is defined as follows:
When parent flow is launched from Task List, parameter Empno is not set (i.e., not defined in the Application menu's itemNode). Therefore, it's null and router will route it to "initParent" path.
When sub-flow is recorded via openSubTask API, we set Empno on the parametersList as follows:
<methodAction id="openSubTask" RequiresUpdateModel="true"
                 Action="invokeMethod" MethodName="openSubTask"
                 IsViewObjectMethod="false" DataControl="FndUIShellController"
     <NamedData NDName="taskFlowId" NDType="java.lang.String"
     <NamedData NDName="parametersList" NDType="java.lang.String"
     <NamedData NDName="label" NDType="java.lang.String"
                NDValue="#{row.Ename} complete details"/>
     <NamedData NDName="keyList" NDType="java.lang.String"/>
     <NamedData NDName="taskParametersList" NDType="java.lang.String"/>
     <NamedData NDName="viewId" NDType="java.lang.String"
     <NamedData NDName="webApp" NDType="java.lang.String"
     <NamedData NDName="methodParameters"
We also set up:
  • taskFlowId to be parent flow's, not subflow's
  • label to be subflow's
When end users click on the link (i.e., Ename), which the openSubTask method is bound to, openSubTask will be called. This link component is defined as follows:
<af:column sortProperty="Ename" sortable="false"
  <af:commandLink id="ot3" text="#{row.Ename}"
    <af:setActionListener from="#{row.Empno}"

Note that when the link is clicked, actionListener and action specified on the link are executed and in that order. Also note that openSubTask needs to be called only from the original parent flow path (i..e, "initParent"), not sub-flow path(i.e., "toChild).
EmployeeeDetails activity in the above figure is a Task Flow Call activity which invokes our sub-flow (i.e., ToChildSFFlow). Before sub-flow is executed, you need to add some initialization steps. These initialization steps could include, but not limited to:
  • Set up parent states. For our example, we need to set selected employee's row to be current.
  • Set up contextual area state.
  • Set up states to allow sub-flow to navigate back to parent flow.
There are two approaches to set up initialization steps:
  1. In the parent flow
  2. In the sub-flow
For the first approach, you can add logic to initialize both paths before the task flow call activity in the parent flow. For the second approach, you initialize states in the sub-flow by using input parameters of the sub-flow. For example, in our example, sub-flow will take an input parameter named Empno. So, the second approach just postpone the initialization to the sub-flow.
Let's see how input parameters are defined in Task Flow Call activity and sub-flow.
Here is the definition of input parameters in our Task Flow Call activity:

<task-flow-call id="EmployeeDetails">

Note that this means that the calling task flow needs to store the value of Empno in #{pageFlowScope.Empno}. For example, from the original parent flow path, it is set to be #{row.Empno} using setActionListener tag. For the sub-flow path, it is set using parent flow's input parameter named Empno. On the sub-flow, we need to specify its input parameters as below:
<task-flow-definition id="ToChildSFFlow">
Note that the name of the input parameter (i.e., "Empno") needs to be the same as the parameter name defined on the task flow call activity. When parameter is available, ADF will place it in:
to be used within sub-flow. However, this pageFlowScope is different from the one defined in the Task Flow Call activity because they have different owning task flow (i.e., parent task flow vs. sub-flow).
Here is the definition of sub-flow:
In the sample implementation, we chose to implement the initialization step in the sub-flow. Empno is passed as an parameter to sub-flow and used to initialize parent state. When sub-flow is launched, default view activity (i.e., ToChildPF) displays. Before it renders, initPage method on the ChildBean will be executed first. The page definition of the default page is defined as follows:
<pageDefinition xmlns="">
   <invokeAction id="initPageId" Binds="initPage" Refresh="always"/>
   <methodAction id="initPage" InstanceName="ChildSFBean.dataProvider"
                 DataControl="ChildSFBean" RequiresUpdateModel="true"
                 Action="invokeMethod" MethodName="initPage"

As shown above, initPage is specified in the executables tag and will be invoked when the page is refreshed. initPage method itself is defined as follows:

public void initPage()
   FacesContext facesContext = FacesContext.getCurrentInstance();
   ExpressionFactory exp = facesContext.getApplication().getExpressionFactory();
   DCBindingContainer bindingContainer =
   ApplicationModule am = bindingContainer.getDataControl().getApplicationModule();

   ViewObject vo = am.findViewObject("ComplexSFEmpVO");

   Map map = AdfFacesContext.getCurrentInstance().getPageFlowScope();
   if(map !=null){
        Object empObj = map.get("Empno");
        if(empObj instanceof Integer){
            Integer empno =(Integer)map.get("Empno");// new Integer(empnoStr);
            Object[] obj = {empno};
            Key key = new Key(obj);
            Row row = vo.getRow(key);
            String empnoStr = (String)map.get("Empno");
            Integer empno = new Integer(empnoStr);
            Object[] obj = {empno};
            Key key = new Key(obj);
            Row row = vo.getRow(key);
In initPage, it takes input parameter Empno (i.e., from #{pageFlowScope.Empno}) as a key to select a row and set it to be the current row in the master table (i.e., Employee table).
  1. Oracle® Fusion Applications Developer's Guide 11g Release 1 (
  2. openSubTask and closeSubTask APIs
  3. Oracle ADF Task Flow in a Nutshell