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Examining the Gender Wealth Gap in Germany

  • Eva M. Sierminska
  • Joachim R. Frick
  • Markus M. Grabka

Welfare-oriented analyses of economic outcome measures such as income and wealth generally rest on the assumption of pooled and equally shared resources among all household members. Yet the lack of individual-level data hampers the distribution of income and wealth within the household context. Based on unique individual-level wealth data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper challenges the implicit assumption of internal redistribution by considering an alternative definition of the aggregation unit and by controlling its effect on distribution and inequality analysis. We find empirical evidence for a significant gender wealth gap of about 30,000 euros in Germany, which amounts to almost 50,000 euros for married partners. Decomposition analyses reveal that this gap is mostly driven by differences in characteristics between men and women, the most important factor being the individual's own income and labor market experience, and particularly so at the bottom and top of the wealth distribution. However, this finding can only be shown with non-parametric decomposition techniques. Differences for those in the middle of the distribution appear to be mostly driven by the wealth function, i.e., the way in which women transform their characteristics into wealth.

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Paper provided by DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research in its series Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin with number 806.

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Length: 44 p.
Date of creation: 2008
Handle: RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp806
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  1. Blau, Francine D & Kahn, Lawrence M, 1997. "Swimming Upstream: Trends in the Gender Wage Differential in 1980s," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 15(1), pages 1-42, January.
  2. Joachim R. Frick & Markus M. Grabka & Jan Marcus, 2007. "Editing and Multiple Imputation of Item-Non-Response in the 2002 Wealth Module of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP)," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 18, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
  3. Francine D. Blau & Lawrence M. Kahn, 2000. "Gender Differences in Pay," NBER Working Papers 7732, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  4. Regina Riphahn & Oliver Serfling, 2005. "Item non-response on income and wealth questions," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 30(2), pages 521-538, 09.
  5. Haddad, Lawrence & Kanbur, Ravi, 1989. "How serious is the neglect of intrahousehold inequality ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 296, The World Bank.
  6. John Gibson & Trinh Le & Grant Scobie, 2006. "Household Bargaining Over Wealth And The Adequacy Of Women'S Retirement Incomes In New Zealand," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1-2), pages 221-246.
  7. Dinardo, J. & Fortin, N.M. & Lemieux, T., 1994. "Labor Market Institutions and the Distribution of Wages, 1973-1992: a Semiparametric Approach," Cahiers de recherche 9406, Universite de Montreal, Departement de sciences economiques.
  8. Robert Barsky & John Bound & Kerwin Charles & Joseph Lupton, 2001. "Accounting for the Black-White Wealth Gap: A Nonparametric Approach," NBER Working Papers 8466, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  9. Francine D. Blau & Lawrence M. Kahn, 1994. "International Differences in Male Wage Inequality: Institutions versus Market Forces," NBER Working Papers 4678, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  10. Phillip B. Levine & Olivia S. Mitchell & James F. Moore, . "Women on the Verge of Retirement: Predictors of Retiree Well-being," Pension Research Council Working Papers 97-2, Wharton School Pension Research Council, University of Pennsylvania.
  11. Shelley A. Phipps & Peter S. Burton, 1995. "Sharing within Families: Implications for the Measurement of Poverty among Individuals in Canada," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 28(1), pages 177-204, February.
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  13. Zagorsky, Jay L, 1999. "Young Baby Boomers' Wealth," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 45(2), pages 135-56, June.
  14. Lucie Schmidt & Purvi Sevak, 2006. "Gender, Marriage, and Asset Accumulation in the United States," Department of Economics Working Papers 2006-06, Department of Economics, Williams College.
  15. Lena Edlund & Wojciech Kopczuk, 2007. "Women, Wealth and Mobility," NBER Working Papers 13162, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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  17. Oaxaca, Ronald, 1973. "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 14(3), pages 693-709, October.
  18. John Gibson & Trinh Le & Steven Stillman, 2007. "What Explains the Wealth Gap Between Immigrants and the New Zealand Born?," CReAM Discussion Paper Series 0715, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration (CReAM), Department of Economics, University College London.
  19. Gert G. Wagner & Joachim R. Frick & Jürgen Schupp, 2007. "The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP): Scope, Evolution and Enhancements," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 1, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
  20. Carmen Diana Deere & Cheryl Doss, 2006. "The Gender Asset Gap: What Do We Know And Why Does It Matter?," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1-2), pages 1-50.
  21. Woolley, Frances R, 1993. "The Feminist Challenge to Neoclassical Economics," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 17(4), pages 485-500, December.
  22. Judith Robinson, 2002. "Race, Gender, and Familial Status: Discrimination in One US Mortgage Lending Market," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(2), pages 63-85.
  23. Joachim R. Frick & Markus M. Grabka & Eva M. Sierminska, 2007. "Representative Wealth Data for Germany from the German SOEP: The Impact of Methodological Decisions around Imputation and the Choice of the Aggregation Unit," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 672, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  24. June O'Neill, 2003. "The Gender Gap in Wages, circa 2000," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(2), pages 309-314, May.
  25. Suen, Wing, 1997. "Decomposing Wage Residuals: Unmeasured Skill or Statistical Artifact?," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 15(3), pages 555-66, July.
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  27. Alan S. Blinder, 1973. "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 8(4), pages 436-455.
  28. Eva Sierminska & Andrea Brandolini & Timothy M Smeeding, 2007. "Comparing wealth distribution across rich countries: the Luxembourg Wealth Study project," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Proceedings of the IFC Conference on "Measuring the financial position of the household sector", Basel, 30-31 August 2006 - Volume 1, volume 25, pages 297-310 Bank for International Settlements.
  29. Juhn, Chinhui & Murphy, Kevin M & Pierce, Brooks, 1993. "Wage Inequality and the Rise in Returns to Skill," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 101(3), pages 410-442, June.
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Spatial price homogeneity as a mechanism to reduce the threat of regulatory intervention in locally monopolistic sectors

  • Magnus Söderberg

    (CERNA i3 - Centre d'économie industrielle i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - PSL - PSL Research University)

  • Makoto Tanaka

    (GRIPS - National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies - National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies)

We claim that a reason for why unregulated investor-owned local monopolies do not always charge the monopoly price is that they are threatened by customer complaints that may lead to retaliations from local elected officials. When investor-owned monopolies are exposed to this threat they will mimic the price(s) of their neighbour(s); the stronger the threat, the higher the spatial price correlation. The threat increases when elected officials have pro-consumer preferences and neighbours are geographically close. The empirical analysis, based on a complete cross-sectional data set from the Swedish district heating sector in 2007, confirms the theoretical predictions.

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Paper provided by HAL in its series Working Papers with number hal-00659458.

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Date of creation: 2012
Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00659458
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  1. Kelejian, Harry H & Prucha, Ingmar R, 1998. "A Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares Procedure for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances," The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 99-121, July.
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  4. Makoto Tanaka, 2011. "The Effects of Uncertain Divestiture as Regulatory Threat," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Springer, vol. 11(4), pages 385-397, December.
  5. Athanassopoulos, Antreas D., 2000. "Customer Satisfaction Cues To Support Market Segmentation and Explain Switching Behavior," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 47(3), pages 191-207, March.
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  7. Jean Tirole, 1988. "The Theory of Industrial Organization," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262200716, March.
  8. Carlo Cambini & Laura Rondi, 2010. "Regulatory Independence and Political Interference: Evidence from EU Mixed-Ownership Utilities’ Investment and Debt," Working Papers 2010.69, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
  9. Revelli, Federico, 2006. "Performance rating and yardstick competition in social service provision," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(3), pages 459-475, February.
  10. Magnus Söderberg, 2011. "The Role Of Model Specification In Finding The Influence Of Ownership And Regulatory Regime On Utility Cost: The Case Of Swedish Electricity Distribution," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 29(2), pages 178-190, 04.
  11. Rafael Di Tella & Juan Dubra, 2009. "Anger and Regulation," NBER Working Papers 15201, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  12. Timothy Besley & Stephen Coate, 2003. "Elected Versus Appointed Regulators: Theory and Evidence," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 1(5), pages 1176-1206, 09.
  13. Sarah Stafford, 2007. "Can consumers enforce environmental regulations? The role of the market in hazardous waste compliance," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 31(1), pages 83-107, February.
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  16. Andrew Leigh, 2005. "Economic Voting And Electoral Behavior: How Do Individual, Local, And National Factors Affect The Partisan Choice?," Economics and Politics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 17, pages 265-296, 07.
  17. Geoff Edwards & Leonard Waverman, 2006. "The Effects of Public Ownership and Regulatory Independence on Regulatory Outcomes," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 29(1), pages 23-67, 01.
  18. Stephen Erfle & Henry McMillan, 1990. "Media, Political Pressure, and the Firm: The Case of Petroleum Pricing in the Late 1970s," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 105(1), pages 115-134.
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  23. Scott M. Gilpatric & Christian A. Vossler & Michael McKee, 2011. "Regulatory enforcement with competitive endogenous audit mechanisms," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 42(2), pages 292-312, 06.
  24. Dayton M. Lambert & Jason P. Brown & Raymond J.G.M. Florax, 2010. "A Two-Step Estimator For A Spatial Lag Model Of Counts: Theory, Small Sample Performance And An Application," Working Papers 10-5, Purdue University, College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics.
  25. Bordignon, Massimo & Cerniglia, Floriana & Revelli, Federico, 2003. "In search of yardstick competition: a spatial analysis of Italian municipality property tax setting," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(2), pages 199-217, September.
  26. de Fraja, Giovanni & Delbono, Flavio, 1989. "Alternative Strategies of a Public Enterprise in Oligopoly," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 41(2), pages 302-11, April.
  27. Paul Joskow, 2005. "Regulation and Deregulation after 25 Years: Lessons Learned for Research in Industrial Organization," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 26(2), pages 169-193, December.
  28. Driffield, Nigel & Ioannidis, Christos, 2000. "Effectiveness and effects of attempts to regulate the UK petrol industry," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 369-381, June.
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  31. Lee, Lung-fei & Yu, Jihai, 2010. "Some recent developments in spatial panel data models," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(5), pages 255-271, September.
  32. Magnus Söderberg, 2008. "Uncertainty and regulatory outcome in the Swedish electricity distribution sector," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 25(1), pages 79-94, February.
  33. Göran Therborn & K.C. Ho, 2009. "Introduction," City, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(1), pages 53-62, March.
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  35. Harry H. Kelejian & Ingmar R. Prucha, 2008. "Specification and Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models with Autoregressive and Heteroskedastic Disturbances," CESifo Working Paper Series 2448, CESifo Group Munich.
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  37. Amihai Glazer & Henry McMillan, 1992. "Pricing by the Firm Under Regulatory Threat," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 107(3), pages 1089-1099.
  38. Matsumura, Toshihiro, 1998. "Partial privatization in mixed duopoly," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 473-483, December.
  39. Filippo Altissimo & Michael Ehrmann & Frank Smets, 2006. "Inflation persistence and price-setting behaviour in the euro area – a summary of the IPN evidence," Occasional Paper Series 46, European Central Bank.
  40. J. Barkley Rosser, 2009. "Introduction," Chapters, in: Handbook of Research on Complexity, chapter 1 Edward Elgar Publishing.
  41. Brueckner, Jan K., 1998. "Testing for Strategic Interaction Among Local Governments: The Case of Growth Controls," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(3), pages 438-467, November.
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Financial Innovation, the Discovery of Risk, and the U.S. Credit Crisis

  • Enrique G. Mendoza
  • Emine Boz

Uncertainty about the riskiness of new financial products was an important factor behind the U.S. credit crisis. We show that a boom-bust cycle in debt, asset prices and consumption characterizes the equilibrium dynamics of a model with a collateral constraint in which agents learn "by observation" the true riskiness of a new financial environment. Early realizations of states with high ability to leverage assets into debt turn agents optimistic about the persistence of a high-leverage regime. The model accounts for 69 percent of the household debt buildup and 53 percent of the rise in housing prices during 1997-2006, predicting a collapse in 2007.

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Paper provided by International Monetary Fund in its series IMF Working Papers with number 10/164.

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Length: 62
Date of creation: 01 Jul 2010
Handle: RePEc:imf:imfwpa:10/164
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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

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  1. Tim W. Cogley & Thomas J. Sargent, 2005. "Anticipated Utility and Rational Expectations as Approximations of Bayesian Decision Making," Working Papers 523, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics.
  2. Emine Boz, 2007. "Can Miracles Lead to Crises? the Role of Optimism in Emerging Markets Crises," IMF Working Papers 07/223, International Monetary Fund.
  3. Carmen M. Reinhart & Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2009. "Varieties of Crises and Their Dates," Introductory Chapters, in: This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly Princeton University Press.
  4. Javier Bianchi, 2010. "Overborrowing and Systemic Externalities in the Business Cycle," 2010 Meeting Papers 96, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  5. Andrea Ferrero, 2012. "House price booms, current account deficits, and low interest rates," Staff Reports 541, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  6. Enrique G. Mendoza & Marco E. Terrones, 2014. "An Anatomy of Credit Booms and their Demise," Central Banking, Analysis, and Economic Policies Book Series, in: Miguel Fuentes D. & Claudio E. Raddatz & Carmen M. Reinhart (ed.), Capital Mobility and Monetary Policy, edition 1, volume 18, chapter 6, pages 165-204 Central Bank of Chile.
  7. Ceyhun Bora Durdu & Enrique G. Mendoza & Marco E. Terrones, 2007. "Precautionary demand for foreign assets in sudden stop economies: an assessment of the new mercantilism," International Finance Discussion Papers 911, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
  8. Ricardo J. Caballero & Arvind Krishnamurthy, 2007. "Collective Risk Management in a Flight to Quality Episode," NBER Working Papers 12896, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  9. Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro & Michaelides, Alexander & Nikolov, Kalin, 2010. "Winners and Losers in Housing Markets," CEPR Discussion Papers 7953, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  10. Jeffrey R. Campbell & Zvi Hercowitz, 2006. "Welfare implications of the transition to high household debt," Working Paper Series WP-06-27, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
  11. Davis, Morris & Heathcote, Jonathan, 2005. "The Price and Quantity of Residential Land in the United States," CEPR Discussion Papers 5333, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  12. Jermann, Urban & Quadrini, Vincenzo, 2006. "Financial Innovations and Macroeconomic Volatility," CEPR Discussion Papers 5727, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  13. Honkapohja, S., 1999. "Learning Dynamics: Complete and Incomplete Learning," University of Helsinki, Department of Economics 460, Department of Economics.
  14. Javier Bianchi & Emine Boz & Enrique G. Mendoza, 2012. "Macro-prudential Policy in a Fisherian Model of Financial Innovation," IMF Working Papers 12/181, International Monetary Fund.
  15. Nicola Gennaioli & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 2010. "Neglected Risks, Financial Innovation, and Financial Fragility," NBER Working Papers 16068, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  16. Francis E. Warnock & Veronica C. Warnock, 2005. "International Capital Flows and U.S. Interest Rates," The Institute for International Integration Studies Discussion Paper Series iiisdp103, IIIS.
  17. Enrique G. Mendoza & Vincenzo Quadrini, 2009. "Financial Globalization, Financial Crises and Contagion," NBER Working Papers 15432, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  18. Klaus Adam & Pei Kuang & Albert Marcet, 2011. "House Price Booms and the Current Account," NBER Working Papers 17224, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  19. Mendoza, Enrique G. & Smith, Katherine A., 2006. "Quantitative implications of a debt-deflation theory of Sudden Stops and asset prices," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 82-114, September.
  20. Emine Boz & Christian Daude & C. Bora Durdu, 2011. "Emerging Market Business Cycles Revisited: Learning about the Trend," Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Papers 1110, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  21. Tauchen, George & Hussey, Robert, 1991. "Quadrature-Based Methods for Obtaining Approximate Solutions to Nonlinear Asset Pricing Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(2), pages 371-96, March.
  22. Zeira, Joseph, 1993. "Informational Overshooting, Booms and Crashes," CEPR Discussion Papers 823, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  23. Laura Veldkamp, 2003. "Learning Asymmetries in Real Business Cycles," Working Papers 03-21, New York University, Leonard N. Stern School of Business, Department of Economics.
  24. Boz, Emine & Daude, Christian & Bora Durdu, C., 2011. "Emerging market business cycles: Learning about the trend," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(6), pages 616-631.
  25. Sydney Ludvigson & Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh & Jack Favilukis, 2010. "The Macroeconomic E¤ects of Housing Wealth, Housing Finance, and Limited Risk-Sharing in General Equilibrium," 2010 Meeting Papers 733, Society for Economic Dynamics.
  26. Enrique G. Mendoza, 2010. "Sudden Stops, Financial Crises, and Leverage," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 100(5), pages 1941-66, December.
  27. Rochelle M. Edge & Thomas Laubach & John C. Williams, 2004. "Learning and shifts in long-run productivity growth," Working Paper Series 2004-04, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
  28. Guido Lorenzoni, 2006. "A Theory of Demand Shocks," NBER Working Papers 12477, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  29. Reinhart, Karmen & Rogoff, Kenneth, 2009. ""This time is different": panorama of eight centuries of financial crises," Economic Policy, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, vol. 1, pages 77-114, March.
  30. Evans, George W. & Honkapohja, Seppo, 1999. "Learning dynamics," Handbook of Macroeconomics, in: J. B. Taylor & M. Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Macroeconomics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 7, pages 449-542 Elsevier.
  31. Enrique G. Mendoza & Vincenzo Quadrini & JosÃ©-VÃctor RÃos-Rull, 2009. "Financial Integration, Financial Development, and Global Imbalances," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 117(3), pages 371-416, 06.
  32. Cogley, Timothy & Sargent, Thomas J., 2008. "The market price of risk and the equity premium: A legacy of the Great Depression?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 55(3), pages 454-476, April.
  33. Gertler, Mark & Kiyotaki, Nobuhiro, 2010. "Financial Intermediation and Credit Policy in Business Cycle Analysis," Handbook of Monetary Economics, in: Benjamin M. Friedman & Michael Woodford (ed.), Handbook of Monetary Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 11, pages 547-599 Elsevier.
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What drives failure to maximize payoffs in the lab? A test of the inequality aversion hypothesis

In experiments based on the Beard and Beil (1994) game, second movers very often fail to select the decision that maximizes both players payoff. This note reports on a new experimental treatment, in which we neutralize the potential effect of inequality aversion on the likelihood of this behavior. We show this behavior is robust to this change, even after allowing for repetition-based learning

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Paper provided by Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1), Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne in its series Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne with number 11036.

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Date of creation: Jun 2011
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  1. Michal Krawczyk, 2011. "A model of procedural and distributive fairness," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 70(1), pages 111-128, January.
  2. Charness, Gary B & Rabin, Matthew, 2001. "Understanding Social Preferences With Simple Tests," University of California at Santa Barbara, Economics Working Paper Series qt0dc3k4m5, Department of Economics, UC Santa Barbara.
  3. Fehr, Ernst & Schmidt, Klaus M., . "A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation," Chapters in Economics, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
  4. Jacob K. Goeree & Charles A. Holt, 2001. "Ten Little Treasures of Game Theory and Ten Intuitive Contradictions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(5), pages 1402-1422, December.
  5. Chmura, Thorsten & Kube, Sebastian & Pitz, Thomas & Puppe, Clemens, 2005. "Testing (beliefs about) social preferences: Evidence from an experimental coordination game," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 214-220, August.
  6. repec:hal:cesptp:halshs-00845123 is not listed on IDEAS
  7. Jacquemet, Nicolas & Joule, Robert-Vincent & Luchini, Stéphane & Shogren, Jason F., 2009. "Earned wealth, engaged bidders? Evidence from a second-price auction," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 36-38, October.
  8. Charness, Gary B & Grosskopf, Brit, 2000. "Relative Payoffs And Happiness: An Experimental Study," University of California at Santa Barbara, Economics Working Paper Series qt8389x8z2, Department of Economics, UC Santa Barbara.
  9. repec:hal:journl:halshs-00505164 is not listed on IDEAS
  10. Ernst Fehr & Michael Naef & Klaus M. Schmidt, 2006. "Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments: Comment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(5), pages 1912-1917, December.
  11. Jacquemet Nicolas & Zylbersztejn Adam, 2013. "Learning, Words and Actions: Experimental Evidence on Coordination-Improving Information," The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 13(1), pages 33, July.
  12. Rick L. Williams, 2000. "A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster-Correlated Data," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 645-646, 06.
  13. Doug Miller & A. Colin Cameron & Jonah B. Gelbach, 2006. "Bootstrap-Based Improvements for Inference with Clustered Errors," Working Papers 621, University of California, Davis, Department of Economics.
  14. David J Cooper & John B Van Huyck, 2002. "Evidence on the Equivalence of the Stratetic and Extensive Form Representation of Games," Levine's Working Paper Archive 234936000000000001, David K. Levine.
  15. Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2003. "Cluster-Sample Methods in Applied Econometrics," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(2), pages 133-138, May.
  16. Ferraro Paul J & Vossler Christian A, 2010. "The Source and Significance of Confusion in Public Goods Experiments," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-42, July.
  17. Greiner, Ben, 2004. "An Online Recruitment System for Economic Experiments," MPRA Paper 13513, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  18. Chou, Eileen & McConnell, Margaret & Nagel, Rosemarie & Plott, Charles R., 2007. "The control of game form recognition in experiments: Understanding dominant strategy failures in a simple two person “Guessing” game," Working Papers 1274, California Institute of Technology, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences.
  19. Joseph Henrich & Steve J. Heine & Ara Norenzayan, 2010. "The Weirdest People in the World?," Working Paper Series of the German Council for Social and Economic Data 139, German Council for Social and Economic Data (RatSWD).
  20. repec:adr:anecst:y:2001:i:63-64:p:03 is not listed on IDEAS
  21. Nicolas Jacquemet & Robert-Vincent Joule & Stephane Luchini & Jason Shogren, 2009. "Preference Elicitation under Oath," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00396721, HAL.
  22. Dirk Engelmann & Martin Strobel, 2004. "Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 94(4), pages 857-869, September.
  23. Kritikos, Alexander & Bolle, Friedel, 2001. "Distributional concerns: equity- or efficiency-oriented?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 73(3), pages 333-338, December.
  24. Willinger, Marc & Keser, Claudia & Lohmann, Christopher & Usunier, Jean-Claude, 2003. "A comparison of trust and reciprocity between France and Germany: Experimental investigation based on the investment game," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 447-466, August.
  25. Beard, T Randolph & Beil, Richard O, Jr & Mataga, Yoshiharu, 2001. "Reliant Behavior in the United States and Japan," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(2), pages 270-79, April.
  26. T. Randolph Beard & Richard O. Beil, 1994. "Do People Rely on the Self-Interested Maximization of Others? An Experimental Test," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 40(2), pages 252-262, February.
  27. repec:hal:journl:halshs-00429894 is not listed on IDEAS
  28. Rosenthal, Robert W., 1981. "Games of perfect information, predatory pricing and the chain-store paradox," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 92-100, August.
  29. Blanco, Mariana & Engelmann, Dirk & Normann, Hans-Theo, 2010. "A within-subject analysis of other-regarding preferences," DICE Discussion Papers 06, Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), University of Düsseldorf.
  30. Joshua Angrist & Victor Lavy, 2009. "The Effects of High Stakes High School Achievement Awards: Evidence from a Randomized Trial," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(4), pages 1384-1414, September.
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Drone Surveillance and Privacy Rights

In a recent blog article, I explored the legality of K-9 sniffs.  In that article, I concluded that despite the Court’s permission of the practice, the Fourth Amendment would consider K-9 sniffs a search.  Further, I urged that allowing law enforcement to sidestep the Fourth Amendment and the Court’s ruling in Kyllo v. United States could have further-reaching effects on our privacy rights than we might think.  533 U.S. 27 (2001).

In Kyllo, the Court held that law enforcement’s use of infrared technology to detect illegal marijuana grow operations constituted a search and requires a search warrant.  The technology does not enter a building, but allows law enforcement to detect the lights used to grow marijuana.  Similarly, a K-9 sniff allows law enforcement to detect the presence of contraband in a building or vehicle.  When police lack the probable cause or warrant to conduct a search, they are allowed to use a dog to see inside a car or building they have no right to enter.  Real police officers cannot tell what’s inside, and use the dogs in much the same way that they used infrared technology prior to Kyllo.  Still, the Court found this practice permissible when it considered the issue of K-9 sniffs during traffic stops.  Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405 (2005).  Next, in Florida v. Jardines, the Court will rule whether a K-9 sniff at the front door of a home constitutes a search.  This decision may include reconsideration of Caballes, but could also affect how law enforcement will proceed with the use of drone technology for surveillance.

Police do not need a warrant to fly over a property in a plane or helicopter, but drone technology permits closer, and perhaps even more discrete surveillance of a home.  To what extend will law enforcement be permitted to use this technology to further erode our individual privacy rights?

Currently, the FAA does permit use of drone surveillance by law enforcement.  While not yet widespread, the decreasing cost of this technology could eliminate our expectation of privacy in our own homes.  A window with its curtains drawn, even if 100 yards away from a public street or walkway, will no longer ensure privacy.  Many states have begun to regulate the use of drone technology, but the legislation is mostly in the early stages.  This is an important question of constitutionally guaranteed privacy rights and requires Federal government attention.

US Representative Ed Markey (D-Mass.) has proposed legislation that would, among other things, require a warrant for drone use by law enforcement and would require publication of drone flights on a public website.  If the bill passes, it will have gone a long way toward safe-guarding our privacy rights.  If it doesn’t pass, we’re in for further erosion of our sacred rights as Americans.  Either way, this is an issue likely to be before the US Supreme Court sooner or later, and one that must be resolved swiftly so as to protect our privacy rights.  Cops looking inside houses with floating cameras would have Thomas Jefferson turning in his grave.  Turning in his grave, drafting a renewed Declaration of Independence.

This issue seriously threatens privacy.  Drone surveillance should require a warrant.

LAPD Pig Sculptures

The LAPD headquarters are housed in one of the most impressive buildings Downtown LA has to offer.  This beautiful piece of architecture is accompanied by a series of sculptures that run along Spring Street.

The highlight of this $450 million dollar building project is that ballsy artist Peter Shelton dared to put pig statues next to the LAPD headquarters.  These sculptures bear resemblance only to Hamm, the piggy bank in Toy Story.  This wasn’t a defiant act of graffiti, but a city-sanctioned series of pig sculptures adorning the worlds most famed pig dwelling.

Former Police Chief William J. Bratton described the sculptures, pictured above, as looking like “some kind of cow splat.”  Bratton said that it’s unclear what the statues are meant to depict, but guessed that the statues look like bison or hippos.  If the sculptures had been of doughnuts, would the chief be saying that they look like tires or cheerios?

How this got past LAPD brass is beyond me.  The term “pig” has been used to refer to police for a long time and is perhaps the most derogatory term used to describe members of law enforcement.

There’s a Dunkin Donuts right across the street from Philadelphia’s City Hall.  Every morning, the building is absolutely flooded with police.  I always found that funny.  But large, prominent, permanent pig statues on the grounds of the LAPD headquarters?  That’s just priceless.

FALSE ACCUSATIONS: A Real American Horror Story

I became a criminal defense attorney to ensure liberty and justice.  From a very young age, I recognized the injustice in the criminal justice system.  When I was a child, my immediate family suffered the consequences of a wrongful arrest, based purely on ethnic profiling.  In law school, I had a close friend who was arrested and called a terrorist by the NYPD officers who arrested her for no reason (well…OK…she’s a bit of a pain in the ass, but committed no crime).

When a client hires me I fight the charges against them with everything I have, regardless of guilt.  Sometimes, though, I get calls from people who were already convicted; often wrongfully convicted.  The effect a wrongful conviction has on someone’s life is immeasurable.

I recently got a phone call from a man named Will.  I never represented Will in any way, but he got a hold of me one day and shared his story.  He has asked me to share his story with you.  His is one of the many stories of a life destroyed by a false accusation and a system too eager to convict in the face of shaky evidence.

Will recently finished serving a 3-year prison sentence.  He lives in Northern California in a tent.  Will never committed a sex crime in his life, but is a convicted felon and required to register as a sex offender.  Will is denied employment, housing and even common decency because of his record, but should never have been convicted and incarcerated.

The alleged crime that ruined Will’s life was that of spousal rape.

Will, the criminal justice system failed you.  When Will called me, I asked him what he was hoping to achieve.  He told me that he wanted his life back.  He wanted the courts to set the record straight.  He wanted to take back the years he spent in a cage.

While it breaks my heart that none of these things can be achieved, I want this article to bring awareness to an important issue.  In Domestic Violence cases, it is not uncommon for a victim to recant.  A battered spouse will often refuse to testify against the person they love and share a life with.

But how far is too far in pushing someone to testify?  In Will’s case, his wife suffered from significant mental infirmities.  She had difficulty keeping track of even the most simple details.  The interview of Will’s wife that served as the basis for the charges against Will clearly shows someone unaware of what is going on.

Will’s wife couldn’t remember where she was married, asked whether she had initially contacted the police and denied ever being forced to have sex with her husband.  In fact, during this interview, Will’s wife told the police that she always wanted to have sex.

Despite this glaring weakness, the prosecutor in this case decided to move forward with charges.  While our criminal justice system claims to make avoiding false convictions a priority, false convictions are inevitable wherever there is a zealous advocate for guilt.

German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once said “distrust all in whom the impulse to punish is powerful.”  These words perfectly describe the type of person who wants to fight for the side of proving guilt, even in the face of strong evidence to the contrary.  Unfortunately, taking joy in the misery of others is all too common of a human trait.

Worse yet than the prosecutor’s overzealous pursuit of a conviction, was the complete failure of Will’s own attorney to properly explain the evidence to him.  Will’s attorney in this serious felony matter just wanted to be done with the case.  He encouraged a guilty plea despite the weak evidence in the case and showed a complete disregard for his client’s needs.

Attorneys who accept appointments must have the skill necessary to defend the accused, but must also keep in mind that court appointed clients are just as important and deserve the same attention and care as clients paying for our services directly.  There is no room for laziness and no room for greed.  Fighting against an already oppressive system, criminal defendants need someone passionate, aggressive and knowledgeable on their side.

Will may or may not still have legal remedies, but I want his story to serve as a warning and as a motivator for my colleagues.  Public defenders, appointed attorneys and even private counsel who do a lousy job in order to dispose of cases quickly need to see what doing so can do to a person.  As lawyers we have deep ethical obligations, but none are more important than to zealously advocate for our clients.  Operating a case mill might be efficient or profitable, but its wrong.  Dead wrong.

A false conviction, especially one followed by a long prison term, can ruin someone’s life.  Not only does Will’s record hold him back, but this experience has destroyed his ability to trust others, including the government that was so quick to punish an innocent man.  Will is ashamed by what his country and his fellow man did to him.  A descendant of President John Adams, Will has experienced a criminal justice system that our founding fathers would be ashamed of.

I hope that in time Will can get back on his feet, but I can see the vast obstacles standing in his way.

San Diego County District Attorney’s Office pats itself on the back for arresting the homeless.

ImageSan Diego’s DA’s are feeling pretty good about themselves when they should really feel ashamed of how willing they are to hurt others to advance their own careers.  In it’s annual report for last year, the DA’s office boasted 44 cases against 69 “street level drug dealer” defendants in the month of may.

They didn’t arrest the Wire‘s Avon Barksdale.  They didn’t get Bodie, Poot or even Little Kevin.  They arrest Bubs!  These undercover officers arrange to buy small amounts of drugs by propositioning homeless people to help them find drugs.  Why did the DA’s office charge almost twice as many defendants as it has cases?  Because they arrest the homeless person as well as the drug dealer and charge both with drug sales.  The police’s victim in this case doesn’t have to get any money or drugs out of the exchange.  Simply pointing to a corner could land these poor targets in state prison for years!

They always say politics is a dirty game.  When stats matter more than people’s lives, we’ve got a problem.  Though these practices are just shy of entrapment, everything these officers and DAs are doing is legal.  It’s just wrong, though, isn’t it?

Legality of K-9 Sniffs

ImagePolice use K-9 “officers” to sniff the exterior of cars, homes, warehouses, luggage, etc. to detect contraband.  The dogs are trained to find contraband through the use of scented toys.  Trainers select playful, energetic dogs who will eagerly seek out a toy, then accompany the toy with the smell of some form of contraband (e.g. marijuana).  The dog, wanting to play with the toy, will find the toy wherever it is hidden.  Training the dog to find the toy is easy.  Getting the dog to associate the toy with the smell of contraband is also easy, sometimes taking less than a day.  A bit more difficult, however, is the process of getting the dog to disregard the other scents the toy gives off and getting the dog to give a positive signal ONLY for contraband.  After all, the toy is what attracted the dog to the contraband in the first place.  Well trained dogs can be very accurate and effective at determining whether contraband exists, but there are indications that training is not always up to par.  Additionally, there is evidence of law enforcement officers inducing “false positives” to get probable cause.

Police use a K-9 sniff to determine the contents of something they have no legal right to see for themselves.  When an officer lacks probable cause to search a trunk, a garage or a storage unit, they can bring a dog in.  So long as the dog signals that contraband is present, police will usually have the probable cause to conduct a search.  Accuracy and ethical use (the inducing “false positives” problem) aside, K-9 sniffs violate the Fourth Amendment.

In 2001, the US Supreme Court held that law enforcement’s use of infrared detectors to detect illegal marijuana grow operations inside a home is a search and requires a warrant.  Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001).  The Court reasoned that law enforcement’s use of technology to see what could not be seen by the naked eye makes the scan a search, even without physically entering the property.  While this case did not address the K-9 sniff, the situations are clearly analogous.  A police officer lacks the probable cause to conduct a search (i.e. lacks the legal right to see what is inside a car, container, house, etc.), and cannot determine the contents on his own.  The officer then uses the dog to see inside the very place he has no right to be.  The Kyllo decision should have been the beginning of the end of the K-9 sniff.

Instead, in 2005, the Court decided that a K-9 sniff during a routine traffic stop does not violate the Fourth Amendment so long as the practice does not unreasonably add to the delay of the stop.  Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405 (2005).  Admittedly, dogs are not technology.  But they are certainly not officers, as the law enforcement side would have us believe.  They aren’t paid, can’t be held accountable, can’t reason the way humans do, and do not even understand the purpose of their function.  Remember, the dog is associating the marijuana it finds with a toy it once wanted to chew on with no concept of anything relating to the arrest or prosecution of the sniff’s victim.  The officer (the human officer, that is) is in full control, using his trained tool to tell him what is inside the place he has no right to go himself.  The Caballes Court reasoned that because the K-9 sniff is designed only to determine whether a car contains contraband no one is allowed to possess, that there is no rights violation.  Essentially, the Court is saying that a person cannot have a reasonable expectation of privacy as to contraband.  This is false.

Privacy, by its very nature, cannot be judged by the contents of a container.  Until privacy is violated, the trunk is a “mystery box” of sorts.  We cannot logically say that citizens no expectation of privacy in their cars, or in their homes, on the basis of what is contained therein.  Determining what is inside, when doing so is not possible by the naked eye (or human nose), must be deemed a search if the Court is to remain at all consistent with its decision in Kyllo.  In fact, any delay in a routine traffic stop will be more invasive than driving by a home and scanning the exterior.  If a dog is not an officer, then its use is a search.  An officer would not be permitted to use a handheld mechanical nose under Kyllo and should not be permitted to use a K-9 either.  In Kyllo, Justice Scalia warned that allowing officers to use specialized (not widely-used/available) technology to see more than the naked eye permits could eventually lead to a much more substantial deprivation of privacy (airport body scans, anyone?).

If a farce as silly as calling a dog an officer allows law enforcement to sidestep the Kyllo decision, are we in for a real life RoboCop someday?  Can police slap a badge on an infrared detector and continue to use it?  Sure, lots of people have dogs, but the ability to properly train a dog to accurately detect contraband, and only contraband is not widely available.

Luckily for the Bill of Rights, this debate is not over.

Recently, the Florida Supreme Court held that a K-9 sniff conducted at the front door of a marijuana grow house violates the Fourth Amendment.  Florida v. Jardines, 73 So.3d 34 (Fla. 2011).  The Florida Attorney General has appealed the decision and the US Supreme Court will soon hear the case to decide the legality of a K-9 sniff conducted at a home, as opposed to one conducted on a motor vehicle (Docket No. 11-564).  It is long established that people have a greater expectation of privacy in their homes than in a car, so it will be interesting to see how the Court decides this case.

While the court will not directly address automobile K-9 sniffs in this case, the way the decision defines a search, a sniff and a person’s expectation of privacy will have interesting implications and may affect the way some lower courts handle an automobile K-9 sniff (i.e. some lower courts may read the Jardines decision as overruling Caballes if the Court actually follows the Constitution this time around).

It seems this debate will go on for a while, but it really shouldn’t have to.  A dog is not a cop.  A K-9 sniff is a search.  A search requires probable cause.  No loopholes.

Felon Disenfranchisement Laws

Many states deny convicted felons the right to vote.  The history of these laws is truly disturbing and is rooted only in ignorance and racism, with no legitimate purpose whatsoever.  In the 1890s, many states (particularly those in the South) created a comprehensive series of laws to limit black voting.  States created literacy and landownership requirements for voting, but also made disenfranchisement a consequence of crimes most likely to be committed by African Americans.  Back then, they weren’t shy about it either.  Here’s what Virginia Delegate Carter Glass had to say on the House floor:

“This plan of popular suffrage will eliminate the darkey as a political factor in this State in less than five years, so that in no single county of the Commonwealth will there be the least concern felt for the complete supremacy of the white race in the affairs of government.”

So why do we have felon disenfranchisement laws?  Simply put, to ensure that white men can continue to run the country uninterrupted.  Today, one in three African-American males in Florida is unable to vote because of these laws.

Before the Supreme Court will invalidate a law with a discriminatory effect, there must be evidence of discriminatory intent.  In 1900, the government was honest about its racism and Mr. Glass didn’t feel a need to hide the true reason behind banning felon voting.  Courts struck down some of these laws, but only where the discriminatory purpose was clearly stated.  After the laws were struck down, the states re-enacted laws with virtually the same effect, but this time they didn’t voice their racist intentions.

Many states still have felon voting bans, but can you think of any legitimate reason to keep people from participating in society while also expecting them to follow the rules?


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Review: God’s Shining Jewels

God’s Shining Jewels, by Marvin and Helen Frey. Columbus, GA: Brentwood Christian Press, 2008.

The song “Kum Ba Yah” is widely known, but few realize that this African-American spiritual emerged from the life of the Pentecostal church.

In 1936, young Pentecostal evangelist and songwriter Marvin Frey (1918-1992) wrote the chorus, “Come By Here.” According to a recently-published biography of Frey, God’s Shining Jewels, this chorus traveled to Belgian Congo with African missionaries, who eventually brought the song to Angola. The Angolan believers sang “Come By Here” in the Lu Valle dialect, sounding like “Kum Ba Yah.” The missionaries, upon their return to America, brought this musical adaptation with them, which quickly spread throughout America and beyond. Frey registered both “Come By Here” and “Kum Ba Yah” with the Library of Congress. For an alternate account of the song’s origins, see the Wikipedia entry for “Kum Ba Yah.”

Who was Marvin Frey? One of twelve children born to immigrants from Germany, Frey was reared in Portland, Oregon. At age seventeen he began a prolific songwriting career, composing some of the most popular Christian choruses of the twentieth century. In 1955 he and Helen united in marriage, and they formed a dedicated ministry team for thirty-five years. The Freys began a children’s and youth ministry in New York City. They held credentials with the Independent Assemblies of God, the Pentecostal organization led by Rev. A. W. Rasmussen.

God’s Shining Jewels is a careful retelling of the lives and ministry of Marvin and Helen Frey. Of particular note are stories of their memories of and interactions with Pentecostal luminaries such as Charles S. Price, Aimee Semple McPherson, Thomas Wyatt, and Jack Coe. This inspiring and informative volume will be of interest not only to friends and ministry partners of the Freys, but also to scholars who will appreciate this account of a significant figure whose influential music and ministry extended over several generations.

Twenty of Frey’s most sung choruses (followed by copyright dates) are below:

Alleluia, 1973
Blessing and Honor and Glory, 1977
Do Lord, 1977
He is Lord, 1977
He Showed Me His Hands, 1977
He’s All I Need, 1974
I Have Decided to Follow Jesus, 1983
I Have a Jubilee Down in My Heart, 1977
I Know It Was the Blood, 1977
I Love Him For He Is Mine, 1977
Isn’t He Wonderful, 1973
I’ve Got Peace Like a River, 1977
Kum Ba Yah, 1936
Lord Make Us One, 1977
Oh the Blood of Jesus, 1977
Praise Him in the Morning, 1977
The Move Is On, 1977
This Is My Commandment, 1977
We’ll Give the Glory to Jesus, 1977
With Healing in His Wings, 1978

Reviewed by Darrin J. Rodgers

Paperback, 160 pages, illustrated. $12.00, plus $2.50 postage. Order from: Jubilee Productions, PO Box 273, North Chili, NY 14514. For more information, contact the author by email:

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  1. Marsha Rivers

    This is such a good summation of the book. How might I contact the reviewer for reprint permission?

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The Unidentified Redhead by Alice Clayton

Book: The Unidentified Redhead

Series: (The Redhead series)

Author: Alice Clayton

Reviewed by: Onnica

Basic story: Grace Sheridan has returned to LA, determined to give life in tinsel town another shot. Having failed to make her mark on the showbusiness world years before, at thirty-three, she’s aware that it’s either now or never. He best friend and agent Holly is her support system/roommate and when she holds an impromptu party at the apartment one night, Grace is introduced to an upcoming new talent, Jack Hamilton.
Jack is humble, tall, English and sexy. He’s also twenty-four. Grace finds him attractive but dismisses him as a potential romantic liaison as he’s in demand and also nine years her junior. That won’t stop her from flirting with him, however. The duo soon build up a flirtatious friendship and genuine affection for each other, until it can no longer be denied: Grace likes Jack and Jack really likes Grace.
Before long, the pair are being photographed at various locations and the world wants to know, who is the unidentified redhead in the photos? Jack is an upcoming talent and his representation doesn’t want his fans to think he’s unavailable. Grace is having doubts of her own about whether their blossoming relationship is likely to withstand the various obstacles in the way and whether such an age difference can ever be surmountable.

Why you should read this: It’s no secret that I’m a huge Alice Clayton fan. The storyline sounds like a lot of books you’ve read before, but none have Ms Clayton’s way with words; her humour or turn of phrase. The book is hilarious – the correct blend of hilarity and some really tender parts too. Jack Hamilton is sex on legs and a really fun, engaging character and the perfect boyfriend too.

What you might hate: There are MANY sexy times – some scenes cover many pages, but I didn’t personally feel that it was gratuitous. It was hot!

Rating: Another great offering from Alice Clayton – 4/5 for me. Grace is a great heroine. She’s feisty yet sensitive. It’s also great to have a heroine who is a bit older who knows who she is and is comfortable in her own skin. I can’t wait to see what happens in The Redhead Revealed. I really related to Grace – she’s my age and dating a man nine years her junior so maybe my dreams for me and Robert Pattinson aren’t so unrealistic…

2 thoughts on “The Unidentified Redhead by Alice Clayton

  1. I really liked this book – it showcases one of my favorite book types (celebrity man/normal girl) and is just so fun. Plus it’s glamorous and sexy and Alice Clayton’s magical touch is all over it!

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Poached trout with hollandaise sauce (truite au bleu hollandaise)

Poached trout with hollandaise sauce (truite au bleu hollandaise) | Stage 18: Annecy Today French chef, Gabriel Gaté, talks about the food served around the region of Lake Annecy. Top French chef, Philippe Mouchel, poaches a Fresh-water Trout with Herbs and shows us how to prepare a Hollandaise Sauce. Respected sommelier, Christian Maier, informs us there is no better match for a poached trout than an Alsatian Riesling.For more Tour news visit the Tour de France website at…

We released a now post on our travel/food blog today! Paris Marseille Nice you know them all. But have you ever heard of a town called Annecy? Let us show you that you don't allways have to go to the best known cities to experience the proper French life! #tripgourmets #france #annecy #newpost #travelbloggers #foodbloggers #oldtown #lake #travellover #travellers #frenchtown #alps #mountaintown #traveldestination #beautifuldestination #mountainlake #instafrance…

Enjoyed the view today while passing one of France most beautifull lakes-Lac Annecy #Annecy #lake #peloton #mountains #landscape #stage19 @letourdefrance #tdf2016 #cycling

Annecy, France. Got to visit this city today and the pictures don't even do it justice!

Paragliding along the Aurlandfjords A fjord is a long, narrow bay with steep sides, created in a glacially carved valley that is filled by rising sea water levels. The seeds of a fjord are laid when a glacier cuts a U-shaped valley through abrasion of the surrounding bedrock by the sediment it carries. Many such valleys were formed during recent ice age when the sea was at a much lower level than it is today. At the end of the ice age, the climate warmed up again and glaciers retreated.

This Sunday was a rainy day in Annecy. Here is today's view of Lake Annecy under the rain taken from the Imperial Palace. Hopefully the sun will come back soon for more enchanting photos! // Ce dimanche a été très pluvieux à Annecy. Voici une vue du Lac d'Annecy prise ce matin du Imperial Palace. En espérant que le soleil pointera le bout de son nez bientôt pour des photos encore plus jolies ! #Annecy #SavoieMontBlanc #France


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A rare shot inside the home Daniela Boleto founder of @camomilelondon | Caravan Divan in Raw draped in Camomile's gorgeous bedding and doing exactly what it's supposed to - mixing well and built for real life.

See this Instagram photo by @mydomaine • 5,005 likes

Embrace the mystery of the nighttime sky with our Enigma Color Trend. Dark, moody jewel tones like Trois Etoiles 240-7DB and Shaded Aspen 331-7DB work well with light accents like Blue Wood Aster 243-1DB and Tiny Tadpole 221-5DB. Find these and more at your local Menards®.

I do love the look of this room. Probably with less stylistic practicals. We don't want to make the rooms like interior designed. This would be an alternative peg for Mara's (Female Lead) bedroom. Keep those curtain in mind, I think they would do nice for her room. But yeah, I like the palette of this room, for the feel of the character.

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Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad

Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad

The Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad

Long before the Iron Horse arrived, real ponies from several native tribes etched their hoofprints in this high altitude southern Rocky Mountain countryside.

“Our railroad, originally built in 1880, covers former stomping grounds of the Jicarilla Apache, Comanche, Pueblo, and Navajo Indians,” says rail line spokesman Nick Quintana.  “The Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad is a historic artifact of the American West, one of the best-known examples of steam-era mountain railroading in North America and essentially unchanged over the past 130 years.”

The Tourism Association of New Mexico has labeled this train trip “an outstanding attraction of New Mexico” while The Society of International Railway Travelers calls it “one of the best 20 railway experiences in the world” and the American Society of Civil Engineers refers to it as “a national historic  landmark” from an engineering perspective.

The line boasts a lot of superlatives as America’s highest and longest coal-fired, steam-operated, narrow-gauge railroad known around the world for its unique machinery, historic structures, and the spectacular scenery found along the route between Chama, New Mexico, and the terminal station in Antonito, Colorado.

Attesting to its popularity, “Some 40,000 passengers a year come from around the country and all over the world to take advantage of the adventurous experience,” according to Quintana.

The high mountain valley departure point in Chama is surrounded by a wooded wilderness visited by black bear, mountain lion, Merriam’s turkey, massive bull elk, and Boone and Crockett record-class mule deer that come to graze on greenbelts among the Ponderosa pine forests and pinion-juniper woodlands.   New Mexico Tourism Department spokesman Michael Cerletti, in a travel industry press release, subtly notes: “Chama is much more than a train depot.”

With an altitude range of 6,500-to-9,000 feet, woodlands around the railroad station offer cool summertime temperatures conducive to all sorts of activity from hiking and four-wheeling to kayaking, rafting, and fishing.

Because of the altitude (Cumbres Pass elevation is slightly over 10,000 feet), fierce winter storms can leave snow drifts of 20 feet or more, limiting the operating season to late May through mid-October.  During that time, trains operate seven days a week with morning departures out of both Chama and Antonito and six itineraries from a roundtrip train ride to various combinations of train and bus transportation.

The 64-mile to-and-from train trek passes over two trestles with bridges over Wolf Creek 100 feet below and the highest bridge, Cascade Trestle, at 137 feet above Cascade Creek.  By the time travelers reach Toltec Gorge, they are 600 feet above Rio de Los Pecos.  The view from the open-air gondola is unbeatable, especially at one of the most famous places in American railroading — Windy Point where rails are laid on a rock shelf carved out of a cliff face.

Originally built to serve silver mining operations in southwestern Colorado’s San Juan mountains, the track was constructed to a smaller gauge than what eventually became the U.S. standard.  The inability to interchange cars with other railroads led the Rio Grande to begin converting tracks to standard gauge, but a diminishing mining industry lead to decreased traffic and less need to finish that conversion.  Over the ensuing decades, the line became an isolated anachronism and operations trickled to an end in the 1960s, ending the last use of steam locomotives in general freight service in America.

Most of the abandoned track was dismantled except for the most scenic portion of the line.  What was left of the tracks as well as nine steam locomotives, over 100 freight cars and the Chama rail yard were jointly purchased in 1970 by the states of New Mexico and Colorado and the C&TS started making tourist runs in 1971.  Today the care and running of the non-profit line continues to preserve and interpret the railroad as a living history museum for the benefit of the public and the people of Colorado and New Mexico who own it.

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Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation Donates $300,000 to Planned Unity, Tolerance Center

The Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation has donated $300,000 to a planned center for unity and tolerance in Sacramento, California, reported The Sacramento Bee.

The nonprofit Capital Unity Center is championed by Senate President Pro Tem Darrell Steinberg. As the former president of what was once known as the Capital Unity Council, Steinberg reportedly solicited the money from the tribe.

The nonprofit behind the center seeks to build the “gathering place and an interactive learning experience” to promote diversity, tolerance and inclusion, according to tax documents submitted by the nonprofit.

The tribe’s chairman Marshall McKay said in a statement that the tribe is supporting the project because it believes “as a society and a people, we all benefit from a culture of openness and tolerance.”

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Journal article

Inhibition of alpha-synuclein fibrillization by dopamine is mediated by interactions with five C-terminal residues and with E83 in the NAC region

The interplay between dopamine and alpha-synuclein (AS) plays a central role in Parkinson's disease (PD). PD results primarily from a severe and selective devastation of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuropathological hallmark of the disease is the presence of intraneuronal proteinaceous inclusions known as Lewy bodies within the surviving neurons, enriched in filamentous AS. In vitro, dopamine inhibits AS fibril formation, but the molecular determinants of this inhibition remain obscure. Here we use molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to investigate the binding of dopamine and several of its derivatives onto conformers representative of an NMR ensemble of AS structures in aqueous solution. Within the limitations inherent to MD simulations of unstructured proteins, our calculations suggest that the ligands bind to the (125)YEMPS(129) region, consistent with experimental findings. The ligands are further stabilized by long-range electrostatic interactions with glutamate 83 (E83) in the NAC region. These results suggest that by forming these interactions with AS, dopamine may affect AS aggregation and fibrillization properties. To test this hypothesis, we investigated in vitro the effects of dopamine on the aggregation of mutants designed to alter or abolish these interactions. We found that point mutations in the (125)YEMPS(129) region do not affect AS aggregation, which is consistent with the fact that dopamine interacts non-specifically with this region. In contrast, and consistent with our modeling studies, the replacement of glutamate by alanine at position 83 (E83A) abolishes the ability of dopamine to inhibit AS fibrillization.

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Journal article

A quantitative telomeric chromatin isolation protocol identifies different telomeric states

Telomere composition changes during tumourigenesis, aging and in telomere syndromes in a poorly defined manner. Here we develop a quantitative telomeric chromatin isolation protocol (QTIP) for human cells, in which chromatin is cross-linked, immunopurified and analysed by mass spectrometry. QTIP involves stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to compare and identify quantitative differences in telomere protein composition of cells from various states. With QTIP, we specifically enrich telomeric DNA and all shelterin components. We validate the method characterizing changes at dysfunctional telomeres, and identify and validate known, as well as novel telomere-associated polypeptides including all THO subunits, SMCHD1 and LRIF1. We apply QTIP to long and short telomeres and detect increased density of SMCHD1 and LRIF1 and increased association of the shelterins TRF1, TIN2, TPP1 and POT1 with long telomeres. Our results validate QTIP to study telomeric states during normal development and in disease

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Conference paper

On the Combination of Speech and Speaker Recognition

This paper investigates an approach that maximizes the joint posterior probabil ity of the pronounced word and the speaker identity given the observed data. This probability can be expressed as a product of the posterior probability of the pronounced word estimated through an artificial neural network (ANN), and the likelihood of the data estimated through a Gaussian mixture model (GMM). We show that the posterior probabilities estimated through a speaker-dependent ANN, as usually done in the hybrid HMM/ANN systems, are reliable for speech recognition but they are less reliable for speaker recognition. To alleviate this problem, we thus study how this posterior probability can be combined with the likelihood derived from a speaker-dependent GMM model to improve the speaker recognition performance. We thus end up with a joint model that can be used for text-dependent speaker identification and for speech recognition (and mutually benefiting from each other).

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United, Northwest Offer "Free for Three"

United, Northwest Offer "Free for Three"

United and Northwest have reintroduced the “Fly three, get one free” promotions that caused such a stir earlier this year.

United actually led the charge, offering a free domestic economy roundtrip ticket for every three paid qualifying roundtrip flights flown through Jan. 31, 2005, for travel until June 10.

Qualifying tickets may be booked in any paid booking class in United First, Business or Economy class with a minimum roundtrip purchase of $250 or more. Economy-class travel (in anything other than Y or B classes) cannot include a Saturday-night stay.

A maximum of four free tickets may be earned.

Not to be left behind, Northwest Airlines soon thereafter launched its latest “1-2-3 Free” promotion, with essentially the same rules — sans the $250 minimum and Saturday-night stay requirements.

Northwest sweetened the deal, though, by offering a free international ticket (up to a maximum of two) for every six qualifying roundtrips (members must opt for either domestic or international free travel). Free domestic or trans-Pacific travel must take place between Oct. 15 and June 10, 2005. Free trans-Atlantic travel must be completed between Oct. 15 and May 23, 2005.

Registration for both offers is required by Nov. 30.

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Live from a Lounge - Airborne: 9W331 (BOM-DEL), Jet Airways, Economy Class

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    Jet Airways 331 Mumbai(BOM) – Delhi(DEL) Saturday, August 3, 2013Depart: 10:21 AMArrive: 12:33 PMDuration: 2hr12minDistance flown: 708 milesAircraft: Boeing 737-800Seat: 26C (Economy)Meal Service: Breakfast Last weekend, I was on a flight to Delhi, with Jet Airways, who else? For a flight...
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One Mile At A Time - Andaz Costa Rica Now Category 4 Hyatt Gold Passport Property

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    I’ve been meaning to take my mom to the Andaz Peninsula Papagayo in Costa Rica for a while now. I love Andaz properties, it does look very nice, and it’s not that long of a flight from Florida (which, for reasons I can’t quite comprehend, seems to be a selling point for her). Up...
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UM IPod Video Converter

Size 9.911 MB   0 seeders     Added 2011-10-16 15:46:58

To download or stream you need BitLord. Visit them at
UM iPod Video Converter is an excellent video to iPod converter. This excellent video to iPod Converter software can convert video to iPod video and audio format, and then let you easily enjoy music and video on iPod players. So it can also be called as a video to iPod converter, video to iPod nano converter, video to iPod mini converter, video to iPod classic converter, video to iPod shuffle converter, video to iPod touch converter and video to iPod Touch 4 converter, etc. With UM iPod Video Converter, you are now able to watch popular video formats such as AVI, MPEG, WMV, DivX, MKV, MOV, RM, and VOB, or listen to MP3, M4A, AAC, WAV, WMA, MP2, AC3, RA, and APE audio files on your iPod. Convert video files to iPod (MP4) format Convert video/audio to iPod music (MP4, WAV, M4A) Support all types of iPod devices Professional conversion settings for flexible output Support Camera Recorder, Camcorder Recorder, Screen Recorder
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Keith Robert Orie Supplies HighEnd Medical Equipment

Keith Robert Orie is the owner of Advanced Medical Sales LLC, a Texas based company selling high quality reliable medical equipment (DME) at reasonable prices. This company was founded by Orie with some goals in mind. He wanted to provide patients an opportunity to live a life, where they do not have to completely rely on pain relief medication or seek invasive procedures. He wanted to help medical professionals increase their profits with the use of equipment that can assist them offer premium care to their patients. Hence, he came up with an wide range range of medical equipment, showcasing a blend of advanced engineering and modern technology. Currently, he stocks products such as Portable Ultrasound Machines that are designed to treat medical conditions including joint contractures, muscle spasms, etc; Neck Traction devices that relieve neck pain, nerve pressure, tension headaches, etc; Electrical Stimulation Devices that relieve pain; and many more.

Apart from supplying state-of-the-art medical equipment, Keith Orie has always strive to deliver complete customer support. He has a dedicated team of experts, who make sure all the queries of clients are responsibly addressed. These professionals have an immense knowledge about the durable medical equipment (DME) and are thus capable of adequately answering the clients' questions pertaining to the DME service. Keith also ensures that the orders of his clients are delivered at their facility in the most safe manner. His approach of dealing with the clients has attained him great respect. At present, Keith Orie serves a huge customer base that includes medical professionals like Podiatrists, Chiropractors, Physical Therapists, Orthopedic Surgeons, Family Physicians, and many more. In free time, he likes to involve himself in his favorite sports tennis and badminton. He is also very fond of trekking, gardening, and fishing.

Thank You Keith Robert Orie

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Formed: 1993 in Boston, MA

Genre: Alternative

Years Active: '90s, '00s

Indie rock fans are probably inclined to think of the Folk Implosion as the most prominent of Lou Barlow's many side projects from the influential indie band Sebadoh. But the reason for that prominence -- a left-field mainstream pop hit -- means that that description doesn't really reflect the general public's perception of the band. With partner John Davis, Barlow -- the king of lo-fi basement recording, usually noted for his sensitive introspection -- crafted a sexy, sinuous, electronic-tinged...
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Free to Go - EP, Folk Implosion
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  • Genres: Alternative, Music
  • Released: 01 January 2000

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Running Fred

By Dedalord S.R.L.

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"What goes down, usually meets something hard on its way"

The anticipated sequel to Falling Fred is here!

Fred is back with a new host of painful antics, awesome acrobatic/desperate moves, special items and uber-cool locations.

Take control of our hapless hero as he pursues his quest to remain among the living! Running Fred combines ludicrously natural controls and furiously paced action with the shameless buckets of gore praised on its prequel, making up a fantastic third person platformer unparalleled on mobile devices!

Main Features:

- Lots of acrobatic maneuvers
- Dozens of perilous traps
- Multiple game modes: Adventure, Challenge and our favourite Endless Survival!
- Tons of special skills and perks
- Lot of characters to choose from!
- Pimp up your character with special outfits
- Keep your progress across all your devices
- Share your score with your friends via Game Center

What reviewers say:

"Bloody Brilliant!" - iFanzine

"The sheer amount of content, replayability and fun that comes from deftly avoiding trap after trap is phenomenal" - AppSpy

"For gamers who like runner-games, this game is easily a 5 out of 5 stars game" - fabela-imag

"Those who love Falling Fred, just love the running Fred, the anticipated sequel to Falling Fred." - Best10App

Skiing Fred, the new Fred adventure, is available now at App Store. Check it!

SuperSonic Jack, a new here, a new adventure available at App Store Now!

What's New in Version 1.8.0

- 64 bits support
- Bug fixing
- Preparation for the Sektor 51!

iPhone Screenshot 1
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Customer Reviews

Fun in moderation, unfairly hard and frustrating at times

The games mechanics are sound, moving controls are tight and responsive. You earn coins at a fast enough rate that you don't really need to spend money or watch ads, and the games graphics and sound design are passable. The game is fun in moderation, and a great time passer for something like a long car ride or an hour on a flight. However, when moving into the more difficult modes of Endless mode, glitches, bugs, and collision issues become more apparent. Being knocked back by nothing, not grabbing onto walls when you'll need to wallrun, not climbing up ledges and being stuck on the bottom level of an obstacle, obstacles killing you when you're nowhere near them, these are just some of the issues. This isn't even mentioning the unfairness that plagues these levels, especially the endless caves. It is nearly impossible to see some obstacles coming, and some obstacles require you have a sizable amount of upgrades in order to pass them, like the before mentioned wall running and double jump. There is a balance that must be struck between fair and unfair, and this game severely leans on the unfair side. Play this game casually, and not to unlock every difficulty and beat everything.

Overall, the game itself is good and fun in moderation, but needs an update to fix glitches and collision issues as well as some of the obstacles in the game.

Fun and needs an update

I love this game and it's very addicting, but I am kinda disappointed in this update. This update did not fix anything for me. Instead, the amount of coins I get on survival mode do not show up. Also when are you going to release Sektor 51? Please add new stuff like new maps you can buy for Skullies. And last, please fix the panic power glitch! It won't work in the air all the time! Waste of sullies. Anyway please fix all these bugs. I am keeping this at 4 stars because I believe you can still make this game worth the download wait and time. :)

Fantastic Game!

This game is a great platformer and endless runner/level based runner. There is one annoying glitch in one endless zone where you can fall through the floor but other than that it's pure amazing.

Running Fred
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This app is designed for both iPhone and iPad
  • Free
  • Category: Games
  • Updated:
  • Version: 1.8.0
  • Size: 176 MB
  • Language: English
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Rated 9+ for the following:
  • Infrequent/Mild Horror/Fear Themes
  • Infrequent/Mild Cartoon or Fantasy Violence

Compatibility: Requires iOS 6.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.

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  1. 4000 Skullies Pack$1.99
  2. 2000 Skullies Pack$0.99
  3. Value Pack 1$1.99
  4. Value Pack 2$1.99
  5. 11000 Skullies Pack$4.99
  6. Value Pack 3$1.99
  7. 24000 Skullies Pack$9.99
  8. 60000 Skullies Pack$14.99
  9. 84000 Skullies Pack$29.99
  10. 350000 Skullies$99.99


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