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Monday, April 9, 2012

Peter Singer Revealed

This is a long but very enlightening piece, an interview with Peter Singer. And yes, he really does think that we need fewer people on the planet.
I do not think we need more human beings on this planet: Peter Singer
Peter Singer is a world-renowned Australian philosopher and bio-ethicist. He is the Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University and Laureate Professor at the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics at the University of Melbourne. Singer specializes in applied ethics and is known for his secular and preference utilitarian viewpoints. In 2004, he was recognized as the Australian Humanist of the Year by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies. Peter Singer holds controversial and widely contested viewpoints regarding abortion, infanticide and euthanasia and has written several articles and books on these subjects. more

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Drone Fair to take off in the Greater Toronto Area

OSHAWA, Ont.— Drone races, hands-on workshops and conversations with drone experts and vendors— all are coming to the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) gymnasiums on November 26 and 27.
Drone Fair Ontario—in partnership with the ACE Climatic Wind Tunnel at UOIT — brings together innovators and professional pilots for a two-day exhibition celebrating drone technology.
The theme of Drone Fair is Know before you fly, a message supported by Transport Canada, the Model Aeronautics Association of Canada and Unmanned Systems Canada.
Attendees can register for the DaVinci Challenge: Build a Drone Workshop run by Kashmir Robotics. This hands-on workshop will expose participants to science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics through critical thinking, on the spot decision making and teamwork. Teams will build and fly a state-of-the-art drone, through integration of power and propulsion, avionics, mission planning, autonomous mission training, and piloting. Spots are limited. Advanced registration is required.
The First Person View (FPV) Drone Race will feature top pilots from the Ontario FPV community.
Student teams from several Ontario post-secondary institutions will compete in a Drone build challenge based on problem solving, design and flight. The winning team will receive a $2,500 scholarship.
Drone popularity has increased dramatically in the last several years, with 4.3 million consumer drones valued at $1.7 billion sold worldwide in 2015 — by 2024, the drone industry is expected to generate $11.5 billion in sales.
“We’re seeing a huge growth in drone use commercially and recreationally,” says Declan Sweeney, Co-founder of Drone Fair. “It’s amazing what these machines can do to benefit society, but education is necessary to prevent any accidents.”
Sweeney says federal legislation is being drafted to coordinate the safe integration of this technology into our  national airspace.
“ACE at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology is leading the world in product validation and research related to safety and reliability of commercial drones,” says Don Toporowski, General Manager of the $100-million ACE Climatic Wind Tunnel and ACE Centre for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Research. “With this event, we want to share with the public the tremendous opportunities available with UAVs, and at the same time show how Canada can lead the way in research and development in this sector.”
General admission earlybird tickets are on sale for a limited time now for $20 and can be purchased online at dronefair.ca.

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Thursday, 29 March 2012

++ Horizon partners pull out of Wylfa B ++

Instead of an expected announcement of what reactor type they planned to use at Wylfa B, Horizon's joint venture partners E.ON and RWE npower have this morning instead announced that they will NOT proceed with plans to build Wylfa B and will instead seek to sell Horizon as an ongoing concern to new investors. The press release from RWE describes the reason as follows:

  • The global economic crisis has meant that capital for major projects is at a premium and nuclear power projects are particularly large scale, with very long lead times and payback periods;
  • The effect of the accelerated nuclear phase out in Germany, which has led to RWE adopting a number of measures, including divestments, a capital increase, efficiency enhancements and a leaner capital expenditure budget;
A combination of these strategic factors, together with the significant ongoing costs of running the Horizon joint venture, has led to a situation where capital investment plans have been reviewed.
Press releases here, here and here.

Rumours began to surface last July, following the Fukushima disaster and Kanzler Merkel's decision to close German nuclear plants, that E.ON and RWE npower would "struggle to convey to investors the billions of euros in investment that would be required for building new reactors in the U.K. at a time when cash flows and earnings are under increased pressure after Germany decided to exit all nuclear energy". More recently there had been further rumours that the two partners were looking for a third partner in order to spread risks. With hindsight it becomes clear why the reactor vendor announcement has been continually delayed for the past few months.

The implications of this news is catastrophic for Ynys Môn as so many other developments are predicated on Wylfa B going ahead, the following being just two examples:

  • Land & Lakes holiday resort development on the majority of the Anglesey Aluminium site has a business plan based on providing housing for Wylfa B construction workers
  • Coleg Menai's Energy Centre built to train a new generation of nuclear workers

Will this be the end of Wylfa B? I don't believe so: the Department of Energy and Climate Change's own estimates show that of a total of around 75GW in UK generating capacity, 20GW will disappear by 2015 as various ageing nuclear and coal plants will need to be decommissioned over the next few years. And as they current peak demand is around 65GW and growing, that means that the UK could be facing energy blackouts within the next decade — as made clear by the adjacent graph from The Economist.

The reality is that the UK government needs Wylfa B more than Horizon needs to build it — which means that by hook or by crook Wylfa B will eventually have to be built.

The fact of the matter is that the decision to replace the UK's ageing nuclear reactors should have been made years ago, instead Labour spent its 13 years in power obsessing over renewable energy and introducing ever more stringent carbon targets, under Energy Secretary Ed Milliband, which have led to our countryside being covered with hundreds of useless windmills but with no replacement for lost baseload capacity. (Ironically, according to the RWE and E.On's press releases they plan to instead invest in more UK renewable projects, no doubt due to faster returns due to a crazy market deforming subsidies!)

If you don't believe me that Labour didn't make the necessary decisions, then believe Unite regional secretary for Wales, Andy Richards, who told the Daily Post in January 2009:

"The origins of [Anglesey Aluminium's problems] pre-date the current economic crisis, which is why Unite has been calling for the Labour Government to make the important decisions on energy supply for years. The procrastination over Wylfa means we are now looking at a probable closure, which would be catastrophic for Anglesey and Wales."

It wasn't until the Coalition government came into power two years ago that plans to replace our ageing nuclear fleet were finally put in place. The delay by the previous Labour government has meant that the UK now needs to make the necessary immensely costly infrastructure investments both post-Fukushima and during Europe's lowest economic ebb since WW2. Which puts the recent furore about Pastys into perspective.

kp said...

You talk of possible blackouts here in the UK.

Turn the lights off at night and introduce other voluntary energy saving measures. That'll reduce annual consumption by 30%. And that's without even trying.

Look to Japan. And don't forget, Japan is a major manufacturing nation with serious energy needs. If they can manage without almost any nuclear we sure as hell can!

As for this decision being catastrophic news for Anglesey and all the other proposed projects, I think not. The good projects will carry on, because they are good projects! The bad ones will fold and, for once, we, as taxpayers, won't have to pick up the tab!

How comforting is that.

mairede thomas said...

The UK and Wales desperately need a reliable source of baseload power if the lights are to stay on. Who got us into this mess? Yes Druid you have given us the answer and the last Labour Government knew this only too well by 2005 - but took no decisive action.

The only other option short term for back-up and baseload is to develop coal and gas with or without CCS.

However I expect Horizon can be sold to another developer and French may be preferable to Chinese! In any event it will delay jobs coming to Anglesey for at least another year, and this is unfortunate to say the least.

Anonymous said...

Privatisation by Maggie stopped the first Wylfa B. The land had already been purchased. British companies had started designing it in the 80s.

Gruntfuttocks said...

I among others have been predicting this outcome for over 2 years. The fact that the two companies that make up Horizon are German is the clue. I spoke today to a good friend in Berlin who gave me the likely scenario. Frau Merkel under pressure from the Greens (who are strong in Germany) having already bowed to pressure to close the nuclear stations there and have slapped in enormous nuclear tax on RWE and Eon will have cornered the Horizon group with an ultimatum. They should withdraw from the Wylfa and Oldbury projects forthwith and the German govt will reimburse them for the huge investments already made in the preparation to build.

So who will now pick up the poisoned chalice? The French? Well
as I recall EDF were the first purchasers of land around Wylfa when Wylfa B was being mooted. They sold out to the Horizon group. So why would they want to return to the fray here when they are already busy getting Hinkley ready for take-off? I'm not sure what difference it would make but I understand that Horizon were leaning strongly towards the Westinghouse reactors as opposed to the French Areva which have been inundated with problems in Finland. If EDF were to return then I am sure the French govt would insist on the Areva reactors.
I really cannot see how Wylfa B can go ahead under current economic constraints. The only realistic option if for the Coalition to fund the whole thing and I just cannot see that happening.
Thank you Tony Bliar and Gordon Brown and all the other Labour politicians who did such a good job of stitching our country up in the 13 years of mis-rule. Certain local councillors with an interest in wind turbines will now be rubbing their hands in anticipation.

richard sletzer said...

Well ....respect to Leanne Wood.

....Just a flick of her Wicked Witch Wand and bingo - the whole plan to build a second nuclear power station at Wylfa collapses - and so do the hopes of hundreds of honest, decent, men - and possibly women - who would have wanted to work on the project.

Agree or disagree with Leanne (and I totally disagree with her) and say what you like about her crazy politics and loopy beliefs she's scored her first major victory as Plaid leader without so much as breaking sweat.

She is a far greater threat to the future of this poor benighted island than any nuclear power station....and I suspect we ain't seen nuthin yet.

Wonder if anyone still makes ducking stools?

Anonymous said...

How is this the result of the last (Labour in name only) government? The present state of the UK energy supply industry (electricity and gas) basically dates back to privatisation.

There were plenty of people who warned back then that there would be no incentive for companies to make long term investments for security of supply, because the necessary short term profits wouldn't be there. That's markets for you. Why did anybody expect anything different than what we see?

The authorities with their snouts in the trough said "it'll be fine, the markets know what they're doing". What the big boys are doing is ripping us off by dodgy accounting (not quite as bad as the banks, but not far off).

What we actually got was an INSANE dash for gas, pre-packaged CCGT power stations that were quick to build and quick to be profitable but which sent a valuable irreplaceable natural resource (natural gas) up in smoke.

It was INSANE to leave security of energy supply to the short term and long term madness of the market, and this announcement is an example of why.

The Government doesn't need Wylfa B but it does need a few more GW now and a lot more soon (sooner than new-build nuclear can supply, for sure). I suppose it's a bit late now for another German-style extension to Wylfa.

LED torches are getting quite good now. Stock up on them, rather than on petrol.

Anonymous said...

13:38 There can be no more extensions to Wylfa because there is no more Magnox fuel since Blair closed Sellafield.

Prometheuswrites said...

Energy provision should be above political jousting. (Just go down to your petrol station to see what happens when energy becomes a political football).

If we are to have nuclear power it needs to be run via the public sector - the private sector has too narrow a focus on what is important (and health and safety, community and 'the moral question' don't appear to figure in privatised provision any longer).

As for Lakes and Land: if what you say is true then it wasn't a viable business on it's own merits in the first place and merely existed as a thinly veiled rationalisation for Welsh Government (Labour) policy; in a place where there's no longer any constitutional democracy.

So it's back to the industrial scale windmills which exemplify Westminster Conservative policy (and Cardiff Bay policy)- i.e.'make money for those that have the resources (or in Cardiff's case - are friends of the party) and as long as personalised profit is generated for them then those whose most treasured resource is their environment and landscape can go whistle down the wind'

If we each and all of us start to generate our own electricity (the democratisation of power politics) then we'll stop being held to political ransom - but I suspect the energy mega-corps lobby groups would have something to say about that over dinner; even if individual power generation would lead to more jobs in manufacturing and installation than Wylfa could ever provide.

Remember the first rule of politics: Whatever they are talking about they're talking about money.

JohnJ said...

The Birds are starting to come home to roost, Nuclear Power does NOT PAY. Sad thing is though, we will still have to pay through the nose for the profligacy of the Governments, who took us down this road of death industry in the first place!

Lets hope for the workers sake something more sustainable can be found for them.

Anonymous said...

This is quite an interesting story:

1. Lessons must be learnt that we cannot put our eggs in one basket. Entire departments have been "sponsored" by Horizon. Our economic policy all revolved around a Wylfa B, and even the education on this island was heavily promoting Nuclear. At this present moment in time it seems that that has been an investment gone to waste. And also promises given to the young: 'study this' and you'll get a job in Wylfa B, will not dis-hearten many.

2. We must now plan "as if" a nuclear plant will not come to Anglesey. In my view the economic strategy must be re-written. Yes, try and get somebody to build one. But we cannot live on 'hope'. I've always thought we have a great asset already: Port of Holyhead - why can't we do more with this?

3. It seems that PAWB were correct and that the economy behind this was not correct. It seems that subsidies will have to be given if any nuclear site is to be built - but will any Government commit to this?.

Now the politics to this:
BOTH Labour and Conservatives are to blame for this. Labour: as they seemed to have done nothing on this issue for 13yrs, Cons: privatisation. But Druid: although I do not agree with wind farms, they are not 'pointless' - this remark is not helpful. They do generate SOME electric, albeit in my view, not enough. Praise however should be given to the Coalition on how they've tackled this head on, although not allowing state subsidies may be naive.

As for Leanne Wood. I think credit must be given to her. We all know that nuclear is a polarising issue - there are strong feelings for and against it. I am also sure she is under immense political pressure to support Wylfa B. However she is sticking to her principles, and although many on Anglesey with disagree with her - I admire this.

Andrew said...

Tidal power is the way forward.

Anonymous said...

What planet does Richard Sletzer and his right-wing free-market Thatcherite chums live on?

The free market is fine for baked beans, eggs, coca cola etc.

But, you cannot leave essential industries such as water, energy, transport, and dare I say banking, to the free market.

Today's announcement regarding Wylfa B, is the price we are all going to be paying for the mess Thatcher and her cronies created back in the 1980's.

Anonymous said...

Is Leanne Woods the only politician who reads the Economist 'The dream that failed'? I have no idea where her anti-nuclear views come from but to hard-nosed economists it was clear that nuclear was on its way out. Quote from the Economist leader: "without governments private companies would simply not choose to build nuclear power plants. This is in part because of the risks they face from local opposition and changes in government policy. But it is mostly because reactors are very expensive indeed." As a previous contributor said - this should be above party politics - the long-term economic argument doesn't stack up for Anglesey or the companies involved.

The Red Flag said...

As was reported months ago at least one of the French consortiums planned builds is also dodgey - they also are struggling to find enough money.

Bottom line is the cost is simply to big and too longterm unless it's in the public sector, and the profits are non-existant unless the public pick up the tab for the decommissioning clean-ups - and without profit the private sector simply are not arsed.

If we want nuclear then it's going to have to be state-run. If current political dogma is that the private sector is to provide, then get some candles stored in your cupboard and a solar powered radio.

What will happen over the next 6 months is posturing by the consortia as they try to brow-beat the government (taxpayer) into picking up the tab.

Andrew said...

We are perfectly positioned to capitalise on the gas fields under the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel and Holyhead would make the ideal supply base for the operation.

JohnJ said...

Best look to wind turbine manufactures for inward investment or solar panel manufactures like at Wrexham. There is also a new combi panel (solar voltaic and thermal in one panel, being developed) which will be lots more efficient and looking for investment and manufactures.
Battery manufactures for Electric cars.
Turbine generators,for Tidal or Wind.
There must be loads of new Green jobs to be had if we grasp the new low Co2 economy.
If not green jobs then what ELSE is going to get the whole nation going again?
So much covetous behavioural attitudes about.

mairede thomas said...

Ok I’m going to come off the fence on this one. There are some things that have to be done by Government and having a secure food, water and energy supply are the 3 essentials for everyday living that any Government has to ensure for it’s people. And having armed forces and the military might to defend your citizens is of course the other ‘essential’ for the security of the Nations citizens. Almost everything else can, or could potentially, be left largely to the private sector.
Government has to take the long view (though politicians seem incapable of that).

The UK Government has got a very real looming problem that any amount of renewables are not going to fix, so let’s just park the renewables debate because it’s an irrelevance right now, an expensive distraction from the huge problem facing Anglesey and for that matter the UK Government. The energy black hole will probably start to manifest itself in the run up to the 2015 election. So this prospect should give all our politicians a bit of short-term impetus.

So what should Cardiff Bay and Westminster do? - they must throw every resource they have at fixing the problem. Cardiff Bay has to get behind Westminster to draw up plans that will make the UK Government and the UK taxpayer the backstop, paymaster and administrator for enabling the safe development of the next generation of nuclear power plants. If we do not do this we will kiss goodbye to any prospect of economic recovery both here on Anglesey and for that matter throughout the UK, as we simply will not have the necessary power.

We nationalised the banks (well 2 or 3 of them). You tell me what’s more important? A power supply or a cashpoint?

Anonymous said...

We have to import our electricity from Europe as we can't make our own, I wonder what the future holds for Wylfa, I hope the farmer who is holding off compulsory purchase of his land is ok, that's the main thing. When will we learn it's people first and not MONEY.

Anonymous said...

On shore Wind Turbines, FORGET THEM.
You would need at least 60.000 monsters on Anglesey alone to generate half what Wylfa turns out and that only when the wind blows.

BetterWales said...

Come on, this is fantastic news. Now our poorly educated Anglesey children will have to compete with their peers from the rest of the UK for jobs, albeit for jobs elsewhere.

Wow, what a wake-up call!

Anonymous said...

"You would need at least 60.000 monsters on Anglesey alone to generate half what Wylfa turns out and that only when the wind blows."

You what? This evening at 7pm, total UK wind 1.6GW, total UK nuclear 6GW (link below).

"We have to import our electricity from Europe as we can't make our own"

Only a bit. But every little helps when you've let market forces not make any strategic investments for the last few decades.

UK total maximum electricity demand: say 45-50GW (for comparison, overnight minimum is 25-30GW)

UK maximum import capacity: currently around 2GW from France and around 1GW from the Dutch.

What's contributing what right now, and over the last year:

Today's peak demand, around 40GW, at 7pm tonight. The results, in reverse order, are as follows:

Hydro (classic): 0.7GW
Dutch imports: 1GW
French imports: 1GW
Hydro (pumped storage): 1.2GW
Wind: 1.4GW
Nuclear: 6GW
CCGT (gas): 11GW
Coal: 19GW

Which of these were funded and developed by "the markets"?

Only wind and CCGT. The rest exist because of the public-sector Central Electricity Generating Board and related organisations abolished by Thatcher and not replaced by the post-Thatcher innumerates in Downing Street and elsewhere.

CCGT exists because it was profitable quickly. But what a wasteful way to use our gas (and now Russian and Libyan gas...).

kp rambled:
"Turn the lights off at night and introduce other voluntary energy saving measures. That'll reduce annual consumption by 30%"

Maybe it will, maybe it won't (I'd like to see kp's analysis).

Look at the graphs on the gridwatch site and readers will see that overnight isn't the time of peak demand anyway, so reducing overnight demand helps reduce overall energy usage (which is always a bright idea) but doesn't help reduce peak demand.

And there *is* going to be a problem with peak demand.

The Red Flag said...

Stop fibbering about Cardiff Bay, or the Assembly, or Anglesey Council, or even Parliament, . Forget the AM, forget the MP. None of this has got anything to do with them - never has had, doesn't now and never will in the future.

Nuclear energy is 'UK Strategic'. All decisions are made at Cabinet level and any consultation is purely advisory. Cabinet can (and will if it needs to get it's own way) impose with no right of Appeal.

Thinking the AM or MP can rescue this is as laughable as it is nonsense. (although if it should be rescued at year's end I have absolutely no doubt the bumbling irrelevance Albert will bravely step forward as the man who saved the day lauded and applauded by Ieaun Wynn Grayman - who is even more bumbling and irrelevant if such a thing is possible.)

Anonymous said...

Anon 22:54, '(I'd like to see kp's analysis).'

No need for his analysis, just go ask the Japanese themselves. Better still, look at the public data.

I've waited over 70 years to get this island back to what it does best, nothing! Nothing but a bit of poverty farming and a bit of tourism.

Happy days.

Anonymous said...

"just go ask the Japanese themselves. Better still, look at the public data."

Fair point. Perhaps you could provide a link or two, because although I have heard that Japan's energy "austerity measures" have enabled them to survive the closure of their nuclear generation, I can't quickly find a simple summary of the facts.

Even without those facts, it's obvious that Japan's use of overnight electricity in city centre retail (for example) is radically different from the UK's.

Andrew said...

Why not do it ourselves. We the people of Anglesey should form a Community Interest Company or Venture Capital Trust for the purpose of capitalising on our wealth of tidal stream energy.

Let's say 3,000 people invested £1,000 each then this would raise £3m in capital and this could be used to buy a significant holding in Marine Current Turbines who are currently looking at developing a tidal farm near the Skerries. I'm sure the company would jump at the chance of having the locals onboard.

Off topic, I happen to be meeting IWJ this afternoon and am going to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that Pricewaterhousecoopers produce more shite than Stockaitkenwatermans.

Anonymous said...

Thought provoking:

Andrew said...

We can make huge reductions in power consumption by redesigning everyday appliances. Look at the Xbox for example, the visual image is displayed through a TV, so you are running two appliances.

What if the interface was not the TV but an eye piece just like a hands off mobile bluetooth ear piece and the same concept could also be applied to any interface device.

I'm also all for personal fitness machines that captures otherwise wasted energy and introducing these machines in prisons would be a good place to test them out. Imagine telling your kids they can't play the XBox unless they cycle 2 miles to charge it up.

Anonymous said...

Andrew: I like your thinking regarding energy production.

Let us all know how you got with IWJ.

BTW. I've heard from involved sources that PWC aren't capable of investigating more than one complaint at a time ...

Anonymous said...

PWC aren't capable of investigating complaints, even one at a time without been told what to put in them by those being investigated.

kp said...

Things are moving apace within IoACC. I gather a motion to move away from 'Energy Island' has already been tabled and a new slogan is soon to be introduced, 'Island of Angles'.

Sounds so good to me!

mairede thomas said...

Energy Island? or back to the old days?
As far as Anglesey is concerned this is how its stacks up:- the Biomass plant site at Anglesey Aluminium, that has gained planning approval, may be able to source cheap waste wood and other imported biofuel but if the experience of DRAX the Uk’s biggest co-firing coal station is anything to go by the cost of buying in imported biofuel could be prohibitive. In mid February Drax decided not to build a £1.3billion pair of 290MW biomass plants reasoning that the Uk subsidy is not attractive enough. And the Banks are not playing ball either, so putting together the finance is not proving too easy. So big biomass projects like the one on the north of our island may not materialize.
Now the Wylfa B site is up for grabs but EDF and Centrica will want taxpayer support too. Who knows what the Russians will want, but do we want them?
There does not appear to be any type of new, sizeable and reliable power generation plant, that is also acceptable in terms of the C02 targets the Uk has burdened itself with, being brought forward for development by the international power companies, or indeed smaller developers, unless they are given assurances that they will get a huge public subsidy.
So do we ditch the CO2 targets and go for coal and gas? Or do we nationalise nuclear?
I would look seriously at both of these options otherwise we may not have enough reliable new power plant and infrastructure being built to keep the lights on. And unless we find some significant new gas reserves (shale?) we will be at the mercy of imported fuel prices to heat our homes and run our businesses.
I hope our politicians will do everything possible to ensure that the skills built up in Anglesey over many years in the nuclear industry are not lost to the island or dispersed abroad. The excellent facilities at Coleg Menai offer young people who study there the prospect of sustainable and rewarding careers, let’s hope they can fulfil their career ambitions on Anglesey.

Anonymous said...

What I'd like to know is who worked out that Anglesey will loose out on thousands of Jobs, I don't think there are thousands workers at Wilfa A now !!! If they were construction workers jobs why would we need all the accommodation planned at Wylfa A and the land & lakes site ?? I suspect this was to accommodate the workers brought in off Anglesey !! So who's been selling this twaddle to Anglesey residents for years ???
Perhaps if the Islands politician's and Cardiff sorted themselves out and realise that the biggest income provider on the Island probably isn't Wylfa A or B - it certainly wasn't Anglesey Aluminium or the plant in Amlwch nor is it he farming fraternity but it could just be the Tourism Industry - the little cottages - b&bs - shops - garages - tourist attractions and a plethora of small one man/woman operations catering for our visitirs and guests!!! in this context wouldn't it have been nice for some of the Millions/Billions already spent or what we could now say as wasted by Local/Regional and National Governments on this project to have filtered down to them for regenerationand growth/new businesses and aiding employment for the young in the tourist sector with a helping hand and mentors to help with all the red tape !! But one thing's for sure its every resident on Anglesey that will suffer not because Wylfa has been cancelled or the loss of perceived benefits No ! but for the perceived by many Island residents incompetence of those that govern us and thinking that there is a single one fix solution to Anglesey's dire economic issues.

The Red Flag said...

Anon- they make it up about the 'thousands of jobs'. They are of course referring to the construction and decommoisioning, and over the entire lifetime of the project. Very few jobs will actually be 'created' - most will just be construction teams finishing somewhere else and starting here - more job re-allocation than job creation. Most of the jobs will exist for only a short time according to the projection graphs.

The council's own documents show that even they expect the vast bulk of the workforce to be imported from elsewhere and what does get given to locals they caveat with the definition of loacal as "within 90 minutes commute time of the site" =- by my reckoning that makes Chester and the Wirral local.

Job creation should only be calculated on net permanent full time posts created - ie how many people would be working in Wylfa B in comparison to Wylfa A. Calling a self-employed carpet fitter from Flint given a two week contract to carpet office buildings 'job creation' is taking the piss and playing people for fools. (council falls for it every time though)


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 DOVE Science Academy Tulsa | Welcome

Admission Procedure

Who Can Apply?

  • who will attend 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th,12th grade for the next school year
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If the capacity is insufficient to enroll all eligible students who apply to Dove Schools, School will select students through a random lottery selection process that does not discriminate against any student.

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Sibling of current Dove students will be given priority to enroll at school without going through standard lottery process as long as the applicant submits his/her application before the application deadline.

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Thursday, April 2, 2009

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1 comment:

Alecia said...

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text:
Participation and interest in disability sport has grown tremendously, resulting in expansion of the responsibilities of promoters of adaptive sport. Prior research has provided insight regarding consumers of disabled sport, although one factor, spectators' relationship to disability, offers great potential for use of market segmentation practices. This research, conducted at a national wheelchair basketball event, examined differences in motivation between spectators with and without relationships to disability and between those who did or did not identify themselves as having a disability. The results of this research indicate differences in motivating factors among the groups, supporting practitioner use of market segmentation.

Disability Sport Marketing

The responsibilities of disability sport practitioners have expanded in the last 20 years. In addition to providing recreational sport opportunities, practitioners are now frequently managing elite and professional sport (IWRF, 2008). This has created additional expense as well as additional opportunity. Walliser (2003) asserted that increased spectatorship motivates additional sponsor investment, although disability sport organizations might need to invest additional resources in disability sport marketing (IPC, 2008) in order to realize significant spectator growth. Because of this, many disability sport professionals are actively pursuing ways to increase spectatorship, with the expectation that it will lead to increased sponsorship, something that is vital to program sustainability (Cottingham, Gearity, Byon, & Hill, 2011).

Prior academic research related on disability sport has examined marketing, revenue, and public relations. Studies examined athletes' perspectives on their marketability (Hardin & Hardin, 2004; Hargreaves & Hardin, 2009), justification for additional funding by way of social justice arguments (Hums, 2002; Hums, Moorman, & Wolff, 2003; Stoll, 2011; Sylvester, 1992), the visibility of athletes with disabilities in a mainstream magazine (Hardin, Hardin, Lynn, & Walsdorf, 2001), and consumer behavior in the context of disability sport (Byon, Carroll, Cottingham, Grady, & Allen, 2011; Byon, Cottingham, & Carroll, 2010; Cottingham, Chatfield, Gearity, Allen, & Hall, 2012).

While efforts were made to better facilitate and market disability sports (e.g., Byon et al., 2010; Cottingham et al., 2012), previous studies tended to focus on mass marketing, not differentiating segments of disability sport consumers. To our knowledge, only one study, Byon et al. (2011), adopted a demographic segmentation (i.e., gender difference), providing disability sport marketers the ability to tailor marketing programs more effectively based on gender. According to Huddell (2011), market segmentation is an effective way to categorize groups of consumers based on common needs and similar characteristics (i.e., demographic variables) so that marketing resources may be spent in more efficiently. However, a limitation of Byon et al.'s (2011) study is that it only examined differences between motives of male and female spectators at a disability sport function while ignoring what may be the most crutial demographic characteristic related to disability sport consumption—specifically, spectators' relationship to disability.

The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between spectators who do and do not have disabilities and those who do and do not have close friends and family members with disabilities. If significant differences exist between these groups then disability sport promoters may find it to their benefit to employ arious strategies to segment the market and attract specific populations of spectators to events.

Market Segmentation

Market segmentation is defined as "the process of partitioning markets into groups of potential customers with similar needs or characteristics who are likely to exhibit similar purchasing behavior" (Zhang et al., 2003, p. 229). Shank (2009) identifies six types of segmentation in a market: (a) demographic, (b) socio-economic, (c) lifestyle, (d) geographic, (e) behavior, and (f) benefits (Shank, 2009). Demographic segmentation involves grouping consumers based on variables including but not limited to age, gender, and ethnic background. Socio-economic involves grouping consumers based on income, level of education, and/or occupation. Lifestyle segmentation refers to grouping consumers based on psychographics such as daily routines, hobbies, personality, opinions, and interests. Consumers may also be segmented based upon where they reside (geographic segmentation) or on the basis of behavior (e.g., purchasing). Finally, benefits segmentation involves grouping consumers based upon the benefits they desire to obtain. For example, one of the benefits fans of wheelchair rugby seek is vicarious achievement (Byon et al., 2010).

Of those approaches to segmentation, demographic and socio-economic segmentations are the most widely used approaches because demographic information is more easily obtained (e.g., survey or census) than other forms of information (Mullin, Hardy, & Sutton, 2007). For example, Byon et al. (2011) used survey research to examine gender differences affecting sport consumption behaviors of spectators of collegiate wheelchair basketball. The researchers found that knowledge and physical skill influenced male spectators' consumption behaviors, while female spectators were attracted to attend the events by knowledge, vicarious achievement, and drama factors. An interesting phenomenon observed in terms of spectator demographics of wheelchair rugby events in Byon et al.'s (2010) was that there were very few spectators who had a disability (i.e., 5.8%). However, approximately 54% of the spectators stated that they had either a family member or friend who had a disability. This finding is also consistent with a study involving spectators of wheelchair basketball (Byon et al. 2011). These findings provide support for market segmentation of spectators of disability sport on the basis of the following characteristics: (a) people with and without disabilities, and (b) people who and do not have family members or friends with disabilities

Marketing to Consumers with Disabilities

Research that identified consumers with disabilities as a distinct and unique target market and recommended marketing strategies for these consumers began to appear after the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law in 1990. Reedy (1993) noted that individuals with disabilities are viable consumers for a range of products beyond medical supplies, and provided extensive demographic and operational information to help organizations target consumers with disabilities. Stephens and Bergman (1995) reviewed the basic requirements of the ADA and provided guidelines for marketers to encourage respectful as well as compliant marketing efforts.

Additional research has focused on the depiction of persons with disabilities in advertising or reactions by persons with disabilities toward advertising or marketing. Parashar and Devanathan (2006) analyzed print advertisements and concluded that, in general, disability was depicted in a negative way. Hardin (2003) conducted qualitative research with ten wheelchair basketball players who discussed their desire for additional media coverage and their hope that such coverage would focus on athleticism and effort rather than disability. Bauman (2003) argued that portrayals of disabled athletes in the media might not serve to normalize disability due to the focus on individuals who are highly physically attractive or highly athletic in appearance.

Burnett and Paul (1996) and Burnett (2006) conducted research that examined differences between consumers with and without disabilities. Burnett and Paul analyzed the responses to television and print advertising by consumers with and without mobility disabilities, finding that, in general, research participants with disabilities were more likely to "not like advertising" (p. 58) although participants' responses indicated that direct marketing efforts were well-received. Burnett and Paul (1996) speculated that negative attitudes toward advertising among participants arose from the perception that content did not address the needs of individuals with disabilities. According to Burnett (2006), Internet advertising was perceived as irrelevant by participants with disabilities and seen to interfere in productive use of the Internet for gathering or exchanging information.

The influence of reference groups, peers, siblings and family members on consumer behavior is well established in marketing research (e.g., Bearden & Etzel, 1982; Childers & Rao, 1992; Sheth & Parvatiyar, 1995). Therefore, it is not surprising that Reedy (1993) asserted that appropriate marketing strategies could encourage loyal patronage by the friends and family members of individuals with disabilities. Stephens and Bergman (1995) likewise noted that marketing targeted at individuals with disabilities was potentially of interest to their "spouses, relatives, and caregivers" (p. 165). As Mason and Pavia (2006) found, the presence of a family member with a disability influences the consumer behaviors, experiences, and expectations of the entire family unit. Clearly, persons with disabilities, as well as their friends and family members, demonstrate unique attitudes, priorities and behaviors in their response to marketing.

Context and Data Collection

Data were collected at the Collegiate Wheelchair Basketball National Championships. This three day compass draw tournament was selected based upon the opinion of practitioners that it represents one of the most well attended annual adaptive sporting events in the United States. The tournament includes seven men's and four women's teams, all competing for their respective national championships. Data were collected at seven games. Due to the influx of spectators in to the venue immediately preceding games a true random sample was difficult to obtain. Instead, trained volunteers were posted at entrances, exits and in heavily trafficked areas of the venue (e.g. the student section, alumni section). Volunteers were instructed to select to the best of their respective abilities, every third spectator

Participants were presented with a consent form and asked to complete a survey. Surveys were provided before and after games as well as during half time. The only eligibility criterion was that participants must be at least 18 years of age. Those who agreed to participate in the research were given an information sheet produced by the IRB of the primary author's institution, a consent form, and a copy of the survey. Of 470 surveys completed by participants, 12 were discarded due to incomplete responses. Of the remaining surveys, 418 had no missing data, 37 lacked a response to a single item, and 3 were missing 2-4 responses to items. According to Hair, Black, Babin and Anderson (2010), mean substitution is appropriate when there are "relatively low levels of missing data" (p. 55). Thus, a total of 458 were used for the subsequent data analyses in this study.

Frequency analysis indicated that the proportion of gender for completed surveys was approximately equal (male = 53%). About 70% of the respondents were between 18 and 30 years old, and around 20% were ages between 41 and 65. Notably, 21% of respondents stated their houseold income was over $80,000. The majority of respondents reported being single (69%) and more than 90% of the respondents reported they posses at least some college education. Among spectators who completed the survey, 21% indicated they had a disability and 67% indicated that they had close friends or family members with a disability (see Tables 1 and 2).

Each survey questions included all items from the Motivation Scale for Disability Sport Consumption (MSDSC; Cottingham, Philips, Carroll, Drane, & Gearity, 2011). The MSDSC was based on earlier instruments (Trail, 2001; Trail & James, 2010) although the items were adapted to reflect disability sport consumer motivation. This is a 33-item scale that includes two disability sport specific consumer motives: inspiration (5 items, e.g., Seeing wheelchair basketball evokes emotions making me want to engage in life in a different way) and the supercrip image (5 items, e.g., I enjoy watching wheelchair basketball players overcome their disabilities). The MSDCSC also includes 9 motives used to examine consumer behavior in non-adaptive sport contexts: drama, (3 items, e.g., I enjoy it when the outcome of the game is not decided until the very end), physical skill/aesthetics (4 items, e.g., I enjoy watching a well-executed performance), violence/aggression (4 items, e.g., I enjoy the hostility that is part of wheelchair basketball), escape (3 items, e.g., The game provides a distraction from my everyday activities), acquisition of knowledge (3 items, e.g., I know the rules of wheelchair basketball), social interaction (3 items, e.g., I enjoy talking with other people when I watch a game) and physical attraction (3 items, e.g., An individual player's "sex appeal" is a big reason why I watch wheelchair basketball).

The survey also included demographic items such as gender, age, income level, and education. Two further items, originally used by Byon et al. (2010), were included to determine whether participants described themselves as having a disability and whether participants identified close friends or family members with disabilities.

Cottingham et al. (2011) demonstrated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis that the most appropriate model for the MSDSC was a 9 factor solution which showed appropriate model fit (Χ2/df = 1.645, CFI = 0.922, and RMSEA = 0.053. These results are comparable to scales designed and applied to non-adaptive sport contexts (e.g., Lee, Trail, & Anderson, 2009; Robinson, Trail, & James, 2001; Robinson, Trail, & Kwon, 2004; Trail, Robinson, Dick, & Gillentine, 2003). In addition, all factors had interfactor correlations below .70 suggesting discriminant validity. all but three standardized factor loadings for individual items were greater than .60, demonstrating adequate convergent validit. Finally, no issues of multicollinarity were present in the Cottingham et al. (2011) study. These evidences would ensure the psychometric properties of the MSDSC.

Data Analyses

Frequency was calculated for demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, income, marital status, education, do you have a disability, does a close friend or family member have a disability) to profile respondents in this study. A composite score was calculated for each of the 11 dependent variables. Two one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were conducted to examine differences in consumer motivation to consume wheelchair basketball events for groups consisting of: (a) individuals with or without disabilities and (b) individuals who did or did not have close friends or family members with disabilities. For the multivariate test statistic, Pillai's trace (V) was used for the multivariate test statistic due to its robustness to violations of multivariate normality when compared to other tests (i.e., Wilk's Lambda, Hotelling trace, and Roy's largest root; Field, 2009). Once the multivariate test was shown to be statistically significant, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on all of the dependent variables to examine how group was different in terms of consumer motivation. To control for Type I error, the Bonferroni correction was utilized to calculate an adjusted alpha level (α/p, where p is number of dependent variables and α is equal to .05; Hair et al., 2010). Since there were a total of 11 dependent variables, the adjusted alpha level that was used to evaluate ANOVAs was .0045.

Prior to the analyses, homogeneity of covariance matrices were examined to ensure that the variances in each group were approximately equal. It was found that Box's test is sensitive to unequal sample size of the group and deviations from multivariate normality (Huberty, & Petoskey, 2000). Huberty and Petoskey recommended examining variance-covariance matrices of the dependent variables for the group of interest, instead of solely relying on Box's test when sample sizes are unequal. It is suggested that as long as a corresponding covariance is greater than three times each other, MANOVA results are robust (Huberty, & Petoskey, 2000). Based on the evaluation of the variance-covariance matrices for the groups, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was not violated.

A MANOVA examining differences in consumer motivation for individuals with or without disabilities revealed that the sets of consumer motivation variables have a statistical difference between the group [V = .27, F(11, 455) = 15.05, p < .001, partial η2 = .27]. Results of subsequent univariate tests on the four consumer motivations (i.e., inspiration, violence, acquisition of knowledge, and supercrip image), suggest statistically significant differences between spectators with or without disabilities. More specifically, consumer motivations that were stronger for those without disabilities included inspiration F(1, 465) = 10.26, p = .001, partial η2 = .02 and supercrip image F(1, 465) = 43.72, p < .001, partial η2 = .09, while motivations that were stronger for those with disabilities included acquisition of knowledge F(1, 465) = 41.46, p = .001, partial η2 = .08 and violence F(1, 465) = 33.79, p < .001, partial η2 = .07.

A second MANOVA investigating differences in consumer motivations for respondents who did or did not have a close friend or family member with a disability revealed that when using Pillai's trace, the dependent variate significantly influenced the group [V = .13, F(11, 453) = 6.04, p < .001, partial η2 = .13]. ANOVAs as follow-up analyses indicate that three motivations (i.e., vicarious achievement, violence, and acquisition of knowledge) are statistically different between respondents who did or did not have a close friend or family member with a disability. Specifically, The motives of vicarious achievement F(1, 463) = 9.29, p = .002, partial η2 = .02, violence F(1, 463) = 9.79, p = .002, partial η2 = .02, and acquisition of knowledge F(1, 463) = 55.61, p < .001, partial η2 = .11 were all statistically significantly higher for individuals who had a friend or family member with a disability.

Table 1
ANOVAs with Spectator Motivations as Dependent Variables and Self-Disability as Independent Variable

Do you have a disability

Do you have a disability

F(1, 465)
Acquisition to Knowledge
Supercrip Image
Vicarious Achievement
Physical Skill
Social Interaction

Note. Since the Bonferroni correction was utilized, the adjusted alpha level was .0045 (p < .0045).

Table 2
ANOVAs with Spectator Motivations as Dependent Variables and Peer-Disability as Independent Variable 6.38

Does a close friend or
family have a disability

Does a close friend or
family have a disability

F(1, 465)
Vicarious Achievement
Acquisition to Knowledge
Supercrip Image
Physical Skill
Social Interaction

Note. Since the Bonferroni correction was utilized, the adjusted alpha level was .0045 (p < .0045).

Differences Between those With and Without Disabilities

Inspiration and the supercrip image. Hardin and Hardin (2004) noted that, while inspiration and the use of the "supercrip" image were common in disability sport promotion, athletes themselves reported concerns about being marketed as "supercrips" to persons without disabilities. Berger (2008) found similar results in which athletes with disabilities took issue with being labeled as inspirational but felt they could be an inspiration to those with a disability. In contrast, the results of this research suggest that individuals without disabilities were more likely to report affiliation with the "supercrip" image and inspiration motivations, which were described by Silva and Howe (2012) as "the hegemonic characteristics of disability sport promotion."

Acquisition of knowledge. Byon et al. (2011, 2010) and Cottingham et al. (2012) noted that acquisition of knowledge was the single strongest predictor of future consumption intentions. However, an association, or correlation, between two variables does not prove causation, in particular when there is no information available about temporal precedence. Therefore, acquisition of knowledge may not impact future consumption behavior. In fact, given that acquisition of knowledge was regularly reported as a motive by participants with disabilities, it may be that initial sport consumption behaviors resulted in individuals' participation in the sport, which then resulted in interest in acquisition of knowledge. To explore these issues further, researchers should consider providing consumers with more information about opportunities to attend wheelchair basketball events

Violence. There is scant research on violence as a motive within disability sport. What little research that does exist has focused on the context of wheelchair rugby. When examining the documentary film, Murderball (Mandel & Shapiro, 2005), Tollestrup (2009) stated that the threat of violence by a quad rugby athlete in the film shows that he is "a strong and capable masculine icon…who demands respect by his embodiment and attitude" (p. 31). As wheelchair basketball and quad rugby have a common derivation (with rugby being developed by quadriplegics unable to compete effectively in basketball), it stands to reason that these sports and the physicality of the athletes can be related. Based on the results of this research, it appears as though individuals with disabilities are more willing to embrace violence involving athletes with disabilities than those without.

Differences Between Those With and Without Relationship to Disability

Perhaps the most interesting finding is that neither "supercrip" image nor inspiration was significantly higher for those without friends and family members with disabilities. Coupled with the fact that those who did not have a disability were significantly higher in both of these motivations, it can be inferred that those who do not have disabilities but who have relationship to those with disabilities are motivated by inspiration and the supercrip image in the same way as their counterparts who do not have a relationship to people with disabilities. This would suggest that those who are related to disability may not be able to look past the hegemonic social views of disability as inspiration, at least in the context of collegiate wheelchair basketball.

Vicarious Achievement. Ryan and Cole (2009) note that those close to people with disabilities can be strong advocates for their cause which can even influence their consumption patterns (Stephens & Bergman, 1995). It would stand to reason that those who might be closer to those with disabilities would feel they are sharing in the successes of the athletes but we would also point to Decrop and Debaix (2010) who note that subcultures take pride in sport and their team's performance more than general populations. Disability sport is, according to Peters (2000) a subculture of the disability community. Future research is needed to determine how much of this vicarious achievement is related to advocacy of friends and family members or bonding identification of subcultures.

Acquisition of Knowledge. As noted previously, knowledge has previously been reported as the most impactful variable related to disability sport consumption (Byon et al, 2012; Byon et al, 2011). Those who have closer relationship to disability, friends and family of those with disabilities may be more moved to examine knowledge do to their investment in disability or the athletes specifically or simply put, knowledge in part is a snowball experience and being knowledgeable can in fact desire to be more knowledgeable (Tsang, 2002).

Violence. Persons who have a relationship with disability, like those who have disabilities, reported violence as a motivating factor. As stated previously, there is little research on violence in disability sport which might explain or clarify this finding. It may be that violence in disability sport is seen as a normalizing factor that acts as an attraction for those who have friends or family members with disabilities.

These results, while of interest, were based on data collected at one event and participants were not necessarily representative of the population of consumers of wheelchair basketball. This could be due to any anomalies at this data collection site or the selection criteria by which participants were identified. Also, differences found among spectators of wheelchair basketball are not necessarily generalizable to consumers of other forms of disability sport. Future research might examine differences in consumer motivation in a variety of contexts (e.g., power soccer or quad rugby).

Future Research

The results of this research point to several directions for further research, in addition to those suggested in the discussion above. First, to better understand how relationships with disability influence motivation of disability sport spectators, examination of the nature and duration of individuals' relationships with and exposure to others with disabilities could be enlightening. Another area of interest is the growing number of online consumers of disability sport, who, at present, outnumber in-person consumers (IPC, 2008). Similarities and differences in motivation between these two groups have not yet been analyzed. Finally, disability sport organizations would benefit from research that provides additional direction to increase future consumption through examination of areas such as use of social media and attraction of additional types of sponsors.

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