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Home » Living and studying in the UK » Explore the UK » Secret City: North London

Secret City: North London

By Shirley Tan at Middlesex University (Asia Pacific Regional Hub – Malaysia Office)
15 July 2014

London is one of the most vibrant and dynamic places in the world, with a student-friendly culture and enough art, theatre, history, food and music to keep you entertained for a lifetime.

It’s also one of the world’s most diverse cities. Step outside and you can find restaurants offering food from over 70 countries, hear over 300 languages being spoken, join any kind of student society you’re interested in, and meet people from all over the world.

But where to start? Many people say London is a city of villages, and each neighbourhood has its own unique character. Here, Shirley Tan shows us some of the highlights of North London – home of colourful markets, cool boutiques and picturesque parks – and gives us an in-depth look at the place closest to her heart, Hendon, where Middlesex University is based.

Neighbourhoods of North London

From the grimy glamour of Camden to the urban buzz of bohemian Stoke Newington, and the serenity of Hampstead Heath – the city north of the Thames represents all that is best about the UK’s capital! As a student here you’re perfectly placed to enjoy London life to its fullest, whatever your background, tastes and interests.

These are just some of the highlights:

Islington’s Upper Street, with its mix of restaurants, bars, theatres, shops and cinemas, is known for its cosmopolitan atmosphere. In contrast, right around the corner is Chapel Market, one of London’s liveliest markets.

Quirky fashion: A vintage clothes boutique in Islington ©VisitBritain / Pawel Libera

Highgate has a pleasant village atmosphere, a world away from the bustle of nearby Holloway Road. Visit pretty Waterlow Park for views over London and outdoor theatre in the summer, or see the graves of Karl Marx, Michael Faraday, Douglas Adams and George Eliot in Highgate Cemetery.

Camden has long been an essential destination for London’s students. The centre of the capital’s indie scene, Camden is a thriving social hub, with dozens of music venues, clubs and pubs – and of course Camden Lock Market, a fashion lover’s paradise.

Stoke Newington – or Stokey – is one of North London’s best-kept secrets. Eclectic shops, bars and clubs, as well as some of the best restaurants in town, are clustered around Church Street. Stokey is also one of the most culturally diverse parts of the capital.

Hampstead Heath is a lush oasis. These 791 acres have enough grass and woodland for you to find your own space – whether it’s for a quiet walk or a raucous picnic – plus famous swimming ponds and Kenwood House, renowned for its open-air concerts. What better way to spend a summer afternoon?

Let's go fly a kite: Kenwood House on Hampstead Heath ©VisitBritain / Britain on View

Hendon, where Middlesex University is based, is a suburb about 30 minutes from the centre of London by train. Here, some of my favourite things to see and do include:

•  Shopping at the vast Brent Cross Shopping Centre – this was the first large enclosed shopping
   centre in the UK, and is home to over 100 high street favourites.
•  The Royal Air Force Museum London, located on the former Hendon Aerodrome. It features a
   world-class collection of over 100 artefacts, from aircraft to lapel badges.
•  Trent Country Park, a park ideal for cycling, jogging, horse riding, golfing or just chilling out.
•  Barnet Copthall Leisure Centre, which has extensive gym and swimming facilities.
•  Allianz Park, the sports stadium and home of Saracens Rugby Club.
•  Alexandra Palace, one of London’s biggest music and entertainment venues. A short train ride from
   Hendon, it’s worth it to see the stars who perform there!

By now you’re likely to be getting hungry! Try ShakeTastic for ice cream and smoothies, or Pizza Express for pizza – there are branches all over London, including one in Brent Cross. Hendon Hall Hotel serves a traditional afternoon tea or dinner at the Garrick Restaurant.

There are many kosher restaurants here, including Adam’s, Kavanna and The Kanteen. Or take your tastebuds on a trip around the world – there’s the Portuguese café Wine & Bread, Polish restaurant Oliwia, Turkish restaurant Soffra, and Real Beijing Restaurant for Chinese food.

For drinks, head to The Claddagh Ring – a traditional Irish pub with outdoor seating and a beer garden – or Lounge 37. Or for a night out with a difference, try the Camden Pub Crawl – a regular event that takes you on a tour of some of the best bars, clubs and live music venues in North London.

Clubs, pubs and countless market stalls: Shopping on Camden High Street ©VisitBritain / Britain on View

Top tips for new Londoners

  • You don’t have to spend money to have fun – many of the best attractions are free, such as outdoor musicians in Covent Garden, most art galleries and museums (though special exhibitions might have a fee), and many beautiful parks.
  • There are also many student discounts available, for transport, cinema tickets, books, clothing and much more. Check out the NUS extra card.
  • Many bars, restaurants and entertainment venues run student nights, making it easy for you to socialise with other students in the city. Look out for recommendations on your campus and at your students’ union.
  • Be aware of queue etiquette, and don’t be surprised if you see people queuing for everything – at bus stops, tube stations, taxi ranks, cinemas, etc.!
  • You will have amazing opportunities to watch live sports, whether you’re into football, tennis, cricket, golf, or anything else – so buy a ticket and catch a game while you’re here. Find out more in The UK sporting calendar.
  • The UK is famous for its department stores and shopping streets, so don’t miss Harrods, Selfridges, Westfield, Oxford Street, Bond Street, Carnaby Street and Regent Street. Outdoor markets are also popular, where you can get everything from food to vintage fashion and handmade jewellery.
  • London has an excellent transport network, served by National Rail (trains), London Underground (the Tube) and buses. The easiest way to use public transport in London is with an Oyster card, and students’ discounts are available. Find out more in Travel in the UK.
  • That said, walking is a great way to get to know the city, and locations in central London are usually closer than you think! Invest in a pocket-size London A-Z if you don’t have access to a mobile map.

My final piece of advice – if you’re thinking about studying internationally, the UK really is the best place to be! The high quality of education, diverse culture, low costs, and world-class entertainment make this an incomparable destination for international students.

Read more

   •  Moving to the UK: The essential student checklist
   •  10 free places to see in the UK
   •  Explore the UK: City guides for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

Want to study in London? Find thousands of courses and scholarships with the Search tool at the top of this page!


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2012-06-19 15:39:02来源: 互联网
Abstract: An earlier application note, "Coherent Sampling vs. Window Sampling," covered the basics of coherent sampling. It showed differences between tests performed with coherent sampling and windowed sampling conditions. The following technical discussion is a follow-up note, which deals with the proper selection of test tones and instruments to successfully test and evaluate a high-speed ADC's AC performance.

  • Application Note: Coherent Sampling Calculator (CSC)
  • Coherent Sampling Calculator (XLS, 81K)
As discussed in the earlier Application Note 1040: Coherent Sampling vs. Window Sampling, a variety of approaches may be used to evaluate dynamic performance parameters, such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD), total harmonic distortion (THD), intermodulation distortion (IMD) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of high speed data converters. However, the concept of coherent sampling, a frequency-based sinewave test, yields more accurate and repeatable test results than using a windowing method.

In sinewave-testing a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC), it is not only imperative to sample the applied waveform continuously to avoid unwanted artifacts in the FFT spectrum, but to precisely select the sampling frequency (fSAMPLE), the input test tone (fIN), and the size of the data record (NRECORD). For any given clock frequency there exist certain input test tones, which can hide ADC errors, while other frequencies reveal ADC errors. These frequencies can vary by only a fraction of a percent and yield vastly different results. The optimum input test tone is one for, which there are NRECORD distinct phases sampled, which are uniformly distributed between 0 and 2π radians. Taking this knowledge into account, coherent sampling can be described as the sampling of a periodic signal, where an integer number of its cycles fit into a predefined sampling window. Mathematically, this is expressed by

where fIN is a continuous sinusoidal input signal, fSAMPLE is the ADC's clock/sample frequency, NWINDOW represents an integer number of cycles within the sampling window, and NRECORD is the number of data points targeted for the sampling window or FFT.

Additionally it is important to choose NRECORD large enough to produce at least one representative sample of every frequency bin² of the converter. Given that the input tone is chosen as previously discussed, an ideal converter's transfer curve (excluding random noise) requires the minimum value for NRECORD to be π2N, where N is the resolution of the data converter under test.

There are two common ways to calculate the desired input tone. Following are examples of these two methods based on coherent sampling. Assuming that an ADC, such as the MAX1190, is driven with a 120MHz clock, and a near optimum input frequency of 17MHz is to be analyzed with an 8192-point FFT record, the following two steps provide guidance in selecting the appropriate input test tone.
  1. Start with fIN = 17MHz and fSAMPLE = 120MHz to determine the window size NWINDOW (remember that according to the previous discussion, NWINDOW has to be an integer odd or mutually prime number) for an 8192-point data record NRECORD.

    NWINDOW = int (17MHz / 120MHz) × 8192 = 1160
  2. Based on the above result for NWINDOW, the next closest mutually prime (odd) number is 1163 (1161). Use either of these numbers to compute the final, near-optimum input test tone as follows

    fIN(MUTUALLY_PRIME) = 120MHz × (1163 / 8192) = 17.0361328MHz
    fIN(ODD) = 120MHz × (1161 / 8192) = 17.0068359MHz
Unfortunately, this very method will require a high-resolution signal synthesizer capable of supporting all the digits necessary to get an accurate reading on the input frequency. A different approach, which offsets the clock frequency from its exact value of 120MHz, yet still, obeying the rules for coherent sampling, can overcome such stringent demand. The next five steps show that the need for a high-resolution instrument is relaxed by 'distributing' the number of required digits between input and sampling frequency.
  1. Determine the resolution of the sampling frequency that fits into an 8192-point record by

    Δf = 120MHz / 8192 = 14.6484375kHz

  2. Some of commonly available signal generators in the market may not offer enough resolution to offer this many digits to accurately capture both input and sampling frequency. To bypass this requirement and still meet the coherent sampling condition, it is recommended to select Δf based on the next highest integer number.

    Δf = int (fSAMPLE / NRECORD) = 15kHz

  3. Based on the new Δf, the exact sampling frequency computes to

    fSAMPLE = 15kHz × 8192 = 122.880MHz

  4. Δf also helps to determine the size of NWINDOW. Again, use the next highest integer odd (or mutually prime) number, determined by the desired input test tone and Δf.

    NWINDOW = int (fIN / Δf)
    NWINDOW = 17MHz / 15kHz = 1133

  5. Based on these findings, the near optimum input test tone fIN calculates as follows

    fIN = 122.88MHz (1133 / 8192) = 16.995MHz

Equipment and Set-Up Recommendations for a Successful High-Speed ADC Test

Table 1 lists some recommended hardware instruments and software products, which have proven to be quite valuable for data capture and analysis of high-speed ADC dynamic performance parameters.

Table 1. Equipment and software tool recommendations for high-speed ADC testing
Type Of Equipment
Equipment Count and Notes
Synthesized Signal Generator:
HP/Agilent 8662/3A
(10kHz to 1.28/2.56GHz, -139dBm to +13dBm) or
HP/Agilent 8644A
(252kHz to 1.030GHz, -140dBm to +20dBm)
2 generators for single-channel ADC input and clock
3 generators for IMD test (single-channel ADC) or
3 generators for dual-channel ADC inputs and clock
4 generators for IMD test (dual-channel ADC)
Logic Analyzer System:
HP/Agilent 16500C mainframe (or similar)
(1Gsps State Analyzer Card HP16517A optional and for ADCs with sampling speeds >100MHz only)
1 Logic analyzer
(in default configuration, allows to evaluate up to 4 channels for ADCs with up to 16-bit resolution)
Band-Pass Filters:
TTE's Q56/KC7 series for frequencies
(Other suitable filter suppliers are Allen Avionics or K&L Microwave)
1 Filter for single-channel ADC
2 Filters for simultaneous evaluation of a dual-channel ADC
Power Combiner:
Mini-Circuits 15542 ZSC-2-1W (or similar)
1 Combiner
(used for two-tone IMD evaluation only)
RF FrequencyBalun/Transformer:
MA/COM H-9-SMA (or similar)
2 Baluns for single-channel ADC and clock
3 Baluns for dual-channel ADC and clock
GPIB-Compatible Interface Card:
National Instruments GPIB/IEEE®-488 Interface Card + driver and installation software
(PC-/PCMCIA-card or GPIB-to-USB port adapter)
1 Interface card
Note: This card is recommended for fast data transfer between logic analyzer and computer; requires C-based software platform (e.g. LabWindows/CVI) to control the interface. Data can also be extracted from the logic analyzer with a floppy disk.
Data Analysis Software:
MATLAB from The Math Works Inc. or
Measurement Studio with LabWindows/CVI from National Instruments
1 License for each software package
Note: LabWindows/CVI provides a C-based platform to control the interface between logic analyzer and PC

Probably the most critical elements in such a test setup (Figure 1) are the synthesized signal generators, used to generate the waveforms for the clock and input frequencies. Suitable signal generators must feature low phase noise; because measured dynamic parameters such as SNR will degrade dramatically with an increase in phase noise "Defining and Testing Dynamic Parameters in High-Speed ADCs, Part 1". Furthermore, these signal synthesizers have to provide adequate output power, must have phase locking capabilities, and a frequency resolution of 0.1Hz or better to ensure accurate coherence.

Figure 1.

Although generators such as the HP8662A series from Hewlett-Packard/Agilent are rather expensive and have a limited output amplitude range of -139dBm to +13dBm (0.025µVRMS to 1VRMS into a 50Ω load), they satisfy all other test requirements and are most suitable for the dynamic tests of high-speed converters.

To further reduce the harmonic distortion components of the synthesizer's output frequency it is recommended to filter the desired test tone by applying a high-quality bandpass between generator and ADC input drive.

Clock and signal inputs of fast ADCs usually are equipped with true differential input architectures, which require the signal generator's single-ended output to be converted to a differential signal. This can be achieved by using an external balun or an off-the-shelf transformer with center tap and DC isolation. Usually, the latter is a surface-mount component and should be incorporated on the characterization board, used to test the ADC. Most of Maxim's high-speed data converter evaluation kits feature such transformers and emphasize on impedance matched I/O lines to keep unwanted signal skew and phase mismatch at a minimum.

To capture digital data on the parallel output ports of a high-speed ADC a fast Logic Analyzer will be needed. An excellent choice is the Hewlett-Packard/Agilent HP16500 Logic Analyzer mainframe. For converter sampling/clock speeds greater than 100MHz, this system accepts high-speed data capture cards such as the HP16517A. The system's mainframe features a GPIB/HPIB bus, capable of interfacing with a PC-based GPIB to transmit data from the Logic Analyzer to a PC quickly. One may of course use the floppy drive built into the instrument to store data, however depending on the size of the data record (number of points in the FFT) this may take significantly longer than just utilizing the analyzer's GPIB interface. Once data has been sent to the PC, a signal processing software such as MATLAB may be used to analyze the data records from the logic analyzer. The following MATLAB sample code maybe used to calculate the basic AC specifications of any a high-speed ADC.

%Source Code Sample MAX144X Family

%The following program code plots the FFT spectrum of a desired test tone. Test tone based on coherent sampling criteria, and
%computes SNR, SINAD, THD and SFDR.
%Copyright Au/Hofner, Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA94086
%This program is believed to be accurate and reliable. This program may get altered without prior notification.;
disp('HP16500C LA 100/110 State Card');
filename=input('Enter file name or press RETURN to accept data from LA via GPIB/HPIB): ');
if isempty(filename)
 filename = 'listing';
numpt=input('Number of Points in FFT? ');
fclk=input('Sampling Frequency (MHz)? ');
numbit=input('ADC Resolution? ');
%Discard first 13 lines of the LA listing (LA header), as they don't contain valid data.
for i=1:13,
%Warning: ADC output may be clipping - reduce input amplitude
if (max(code)==2numbit-1) | (min(code)==0)
title('TIME DOMAIN')
Dout=code-(2^numbit-1)/2;%Re-center the digitized sinusoidal input
grid on;
title('FFT PLOT');
ylabel('AMPLITUDE (dB)');
a1=axis; axis([a1(1) a1(2) -100 a1(4)]);
fin=find(Dout_dB(1:numpt/2)==maxdB);%Find the signal bin (DC represents bin=1)
span=max(round(numpt/200),5); %Determine span of input frequency on each side
spanh=2; %Search span for harmonic distortion components on each side
spectP=(abs(Dout_spect)).× (abs(Dout_spect));%Determine power level
Pdc=sum(spectP(1:span));%Determine DC offset power level
Ps=sum(spectP(fin-span:fin+span));%Determine signal power level
Fh=[]; %Vector storing frequency and power components of signal and harmonics
Ph=[]; %HD1=signal, HD2=2nd harmonic, HD3=3rd harmonic, etc.
%Find the harmonic frequencies/power within the FFT plot
for har_num=1:10
 tone=rem((har_num × (fin-1)+1)/numpt,1);  %Note: tones > fSAMPLE are aliased back
 if tone>0.5
 Fh=[Fh tone];
%For this method to work properly, make sure that the folded back high order harmonics do not overlap with DC and signal
%components or lower order harmonics.
 har_bin=har_bin+round(tone×numpt)-spanh-1; Ph=[Ph sum(spectP(har_bin-1:har_bin+1))];
Pd=sum(Ph(2:5));%Total distortion power level
Pn=sum(spectP(1:numpt/2))-Pdc-Ps-Pd;%Extract noise power level
A=(max(code)-min(code))/2numbit%Analog input amplitude in mV
AdB=20×log10(A)%Analog input amplitude in dB
SNR=10×log10(Ps/Pn)%SNR in dB
SNR=10×log10(Ps/Pn)%SINAD in dB
disp('THD - HD2 through HD5');
THD=10×log10(Pd/Ph(1))%THD in dB
SFDR=10×log10(Ph(1)/max(Ph(2:10)))%SFDR in dB
hold on;
hold off;

This application note provides one approach to establishing dynamic performance parameters of a high-speed ADC quickly and precisely. Digital data can also be analyzed using a high dynamic performance, high-resolution DAC in combination with an output filter and spectrum analyzer. However, that approach requires careful selection and design of the reconstruction signal path to avoid falsifying the ADCs true dynamic performance. Some applications may even prefer a test system with built-in digital distortion analyzer. Even a Logic Analyzer can deliver a quick, but rather inaccurate analysis of the digital output signals. Just remember: Choosing the appropriate configuration for your test setup entirely depends on the type of application, available hardware and software resources, design time, and the quality of dynamic performance results needed for your application.

  1. Coherent Sampling vs. Window Sampling
  2. Defining and Testing Dynamic Parameters in High-Speed ADCs, Part 1
  3. Dynamic Testing of High-Speed ADCs, Part 2
  1. If NRECORD is a power-of-two value, then an odd number for NWINDOW will meet the coherent sampling requirement.
  2. The size of an ideal frequency bin is defined by bin = fSAMPLE / NRECORD.

关键字：测试音  测试设备  高速ADC  正弦波

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How Close to a House Should I Plant a Live Oak Tree?

Written by jacob j. wright
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How Close to a House Should I Plant a Live Oak Tree?
A classic Southern landscape with live oaks drenched in Spanish moss (great oak image by Pat Lalli from

Long-lived live oak (Quercus virginiana) eventually matures 40 to 80 feet tall and 60 to 100 feet wide. When young, it has a rounded, tight canopy shape. With age it becomes wide-spreading with the lowest branches sprawling close to the ground.

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Space Considerations

The U.S. Forest Service recommends that live oak not be planted in landscapes that provide soil area less than 200 square feet. Depending on soil fertility and moisture, live oak is relatively fast-growing. Its roots will grow under sidewalks, curbs and driveways in confined spaces, eventually lifting them.

Distance Parameters

With branches spreading at least 30 feet from the trunk to create a canopy width 60 to 100 feet wide, a live oak should be planted a minimum of 30 to 50 feet from a building foundation. While this seems extreme initially, over the next several decades the spacing choice will prove sound.

Expert Insight

After the live oak is planted, prune it annually for the first three years to develop a strong structure. Remove narrow-crotched, too low or downward-angled and damaged branches. Monitor growth for the next 30 years, pruning once every five years to maintain the tree's best structure. This training ensures that the live oak forms a high canopy base with the lowest branches at a minimum height of 14 feet. This permits safe under passage of vehicles if the tree is near roads and driveways.

If the property is too small for a live oak, consider planting the similar and closely related sand live oak (Quercus geminata). It matures 20 to 50 feet tall with 25 to 50 feet in canopy width.

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Ryobi Electric Fishing Reel Specifications

Written by mandy slake
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Ryobi Electric Fishing Reel Specifications
The Ryobi AD-101 High Power-UP reel was a conventional reel with electric assistance. (fishing reel image by itsallgood from Fotolia.com)

Ryobi Limited is a power tool manufacturer that used to sell fishing reels. They sold their tackle division to the Johshuya company in 2000, but before then they offered an electric powered reel intended to help anglers with reduced arm strength. The electric mode allowed physically challenged anglers to continue deep sea fishing. The Ryobi AD-101 High Power-UP reel had both powered and manual modes.

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Weight and Line Capacity

The weight of the reel was 1610 grams, with a gear ratio of 1 to 2.3. Every manual turn of the handle revolves the spool by 2.3 turns. The line capacity was 475 meters of line, with a line diameter of 0.60.

Power Specs

The maximum battery winding power was 30 kilograms. The reel could be connected to a 12-volt power source using a power cord. The winding speed under electric power was 80 --- 140 meters per minute.

Line Control

The Ryobi electric reel had a level wind feature that prevented line from bunching up on one side of the spool as it was reeled in. There was an overwinding prevention device, and an alarm letting the angler know when the line was getting low.

Drag and Line Counter

The reel featured a star drag system with three bearings, and a line counter with an LCD screen.

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Hairstyles for Thick, Coarse Hair & a Round Face

Written by cassie tweten
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Hairstyles for Thick, Coarse Hair & a Round Face
Long layers and side-swept fringe work well with thick, coarse hair and flatter a round face shape. (girl holding hair image by Wendy Hotalling from

Hair texture and face shape are two major factors when it comes to picking the right hairstyle. Those with round faces (faces that are as wide as they are long) often want to make facial features like the cheekbones and chin seem more prominent while elongating the face. Thick, coarse hair often works well for styles that elongate the face, because it is easily cut into layered, graduated and fringed styles.

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Short Crop

Short hairstyles add height to the crown, which elongates the face, according to Thick, coarse hair can be difficult to manage, so short styles cut back on styling time and the amount of product you need as well. Hair worn at chin length draws attention to a round face, so keep short styles above or just below the chin. Hair Boutique suggests a short cropped style to make the neck appear longer. However, warns against short-short crops with choppy fringe, as they can actually add weight to the face.

The gamin is a variation on a short crop, according to The gamin features hair cut short at the nape of the neck and longer hair near the crown. This look works best on those with very dense hair and can be worn wavy or straightened for a sleek look. The site suggests opting for a wispy variation on this style, such as sweeping the front to one side, if your face is round.

Graduated Bob

The graduated bob, sometimes called an inverted bob, is longer in the front and short in the back. This cut elongates the face and emphasises cheek bones, according to UK Hairdressers. This style looks good when it is voluminous, so it works well with coarse, thick hair. If your hair is curly or wavy, this style will use your curls to add height to your crown, making your face appear thinner, according to Hair Boutique.

Long Layers with Fringe

Just because your face is round doesn’t mean you have to stick with a short style, according to Hair Boutique. Long layers actually draw attention away from a round face while giving coarse, thick hair a lighter look. Layers keep long thick hair from looking too puffy. UK Hairdressers suggests adding long side-swept fringe to elongate the face and make cheekbones appear more prominent.

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Art teacher degree requirements

Written by oubria tronshaw
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Art teacher degree requirements
Art teachers have several degree requirements to fulfil. (making pottery image by Avesun from

Art teachers instruct children from kindergarten through high school in art technique, history and application. They play a large role in helping children develop and nurture their budding creativity. Art teachers use various mediums to help young people express their artistic urges, creating projects from scissors, construction paper and glue or more advanced assignments in charcoal, paint and paper mache. There are several degree requirements for art teachers, depending on the age of students they teach. Requirements for individual degrees vary by school, but at minimum, an art teacher is required to have a bachelor's degree.

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Bachelor's Degree in Art Education

Future art teachers who plan on working with students in elementary schools typically earn a four year bachelor's degree in art education from an accredited college or university. As an art education student you will take a variety of classes required for elementary school teaching including literature, art, mathematics, physical sciences and social sciences. You will also take classes focused on the science of education, including philosophy of education, teaching methods, human development, classroom management and psychology of learning. For the concentration in art education, you will take courses in philosophy of art education, artistic development of children, art history, cultural diversity and foundations of art education.

Bachelor's Degree in Art

Those who plan on teaching art to high school students often earn a bachelor's degree in art, followed by separate teacher education training program. In addition to the undergraduate general education requirements of English, mathematics, humanities and science, art majors are required to take courses in art history, architecture, studio art, painting, drawing, sculpting, ceramics, printmaking and studio classes. Courses in digital art, photography, graphics and computer art may also be required.

Teacher Education Program/Student Teaching

Teachers who earn a bachelor's degree in art are required to complete additional courses in teacher education before they can teach at a high school level. These programs provide students with a comprehensive education on the philosophy and methods of teaching. Regardless of whether you have decided to earn a bachelor's degree in education or a bachelor's degree in art, both tracks require you to perform supervised student teaching in your chosen field. You will observe elementary and secondary school art classes, make lesson plans and teach on your own for at least a semester.

Advanced Degrees

Some schools will only hire art teachers with advanced degrees in art. You can earn a master of arts (M.A.) degree or a master of fine arts (M.F.A.) degree. Even in schools where an advanced degree is not required, obtaining one can greatly increase an art teacher's earning potential. While most master's degree programs culminate in a professionally researched thesis paper, graduate level art programs typically require students to exhibit a final art project in addition to taking graduate level studio, history and materials courses.

Private Schools

While state schools require art teachers to complete teaching programs and become licensed before employment, private schools mandate less rigorous qualifications. Applicants for an art teaching position in a private school may only need a bachelor's degree in art. Professional experience may also take the place of degree requirements for teaching art in private schools.

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How to Throw a Hotel Party

Hotel parties can work for all ages, from a tween sleepover to a grown-up soiree. You and your guests bring the refreshments; the hotel takes care of the cleanup. What could be better? Throwing a hotel party is a fast, fun way to hold a get-together without worrying about certain logistics, but it still requires forethought.

Booking and Check-In

  • Give guests room to mingle by booking a large room or suite. If you anticipate crowding, opt for a hotel with a bar so that you can move the party downstairs if necessary. Keep in mind that excessive noise can get your party shut down by hotel staff, so it might be best to stay in just one room. When you check in, get a copy of the room agreement and read it carefully, taking note of any information on room damages, noise restrictions, such as quiet hours, and potential fees.

Party Set-up

  • Arrive early to prepare your hotel room for the party. Remove sharp and breakable objects and put them in a safe, out-of-the-way place, such as under the bathroom sink. Clear tables and countertops to make room for refreshments. If you need to move furniture around, take pictures beforehand so you can move it back before leaving. Avoid multiple trips to the ice machine by filling a cooler with ice just before guests arrive. Fill the bathtub with ice and use it as a refrigerator for beverages and cold foods. Set up trash bags around the room.

  • Keep the food simple, and use disposable plates. Finger foods are a safe bet for all ages and don't require the added cost of utensils. Pizza is always a crowd-pleaser but can get messy, so provide plenty of napkins. For dessert, go with cookie bars or cupcakes that can be eaten in two or three bites. Provide paper or plastic cups for beverages. Even if you don't plan to serve any alcohol, set up the beverage station in an out-of-the-way corner and designate a "bartender" to keep spills to a minimum.

  • For a small, low-key get-together, the TV provides sufficient background noise while your guests chat and mingle. If you plan to have dancing, bring an mp3 player and small, portable speakers. Age-appropriate party games and scary movies are safe bets for younger party-goers. Other party games, such as charades, can be fun for guests of all ages, especially as the party is winding down.

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How to Brace Fences

Fences that are in imminent danger of a weather event such as a tropical storm or hurricane can be braced or reinforced to prevent damage. Fences that are dilapidated can also be braced or reinforced to keep them secure and in place. Bracing or reinforcing a fence not only makes it more sturdy, it extends the life of a fence substantially. To brace a fence, all you'll need are a few tools and some lumber beams.

Things You'll Need

  • 2-inch by 4-inch pressure-treated lumber
  • Tape measure
  • Notepad
  • Goggles
  • Dust mask
  • Table saw or circular saw
  • Drill
  • Screw gun and screws
  • Measure the height and width of the fence panels with a tape measure. Generally, fence panels are 6-feet high by 8- to 10-feet wide. Count the number of panels you are bracing to know how many lumber beams you will need to brace the entire fence. Write down the figures on a notepad.

  • Put on goggles and a dust mask. Cut 2-inch by 4-inch pressured treated lumber beams to fit diagonally across each of the fence panels. For instance, if the panels are 6 feet by 8 feet, and you have 25 panels, you'll need to cut 25 9-foot-long beams to brace the whole fence.

  • Drill pilot holes in both ends and the middle of the cut lumber using a bit slightly smaller than the diameter of the screws.

  • Place the lumber beams against the fence diagonally from top to bottom. Secure each lumber beam to every fence panel with screws on both ends and the middle using a screw gun.

Tips & Warnings

  • For added bracing, you may cut more lumber beams to fit across the other beams in an "X" pattern and fasten them to each fence panel with screws.
  • You may also paint the lumber braces to match the fence, if applicable.

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  • "Fences, Gates, and Bridges And How to Build Them"; George A. Marti; 2008
  • "Porches, Decks and Fences"; Time-Life Books; 1994
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Personalized Lei Foils Response Set |

Lei Foils Response Set

Lei Foils Response Set

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$0.80 Each at a Quantity of 100 Per Each,
Qty of 100

Response Set (includes envelopes)

Card Size:
3⅜" x 4⅞"
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Printing Technique:
Digital Lithography
Manufacturing Time:
3 days + shipping

Additional Information

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Ink Color:
Digital Raspberry

Captivating and attractive as its invitation, this Lei Foils Response Set features florals in gold color atop, and "rsvp" printed in magenta ink, creating a contrast effect and reminding your guests to quickly RSVP. Perfect for any Bat Mitzvah celebrant!

Customize fonts and colors of ink to match your coming of age celebration theme.

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This design was specifically created to take full advantage of the benefits of digital printing which allows for a rich presentation of colors and a wide array of customization options. Perfect for multi-color designs as well as photographs, digital lithography offers a quick turnaround time and it is easy and affordable to order in small quantities. Our digital designs are always printed on our premium cover weight paper giving your invitations a deluxe feel.
The Guarantee - Our Refund Policy
Should an error occur on your order we will correct and reprint it immediately, free of charge.
If you receive your cards and need to change the information or have simply changed your mind, we will re-do your order at 50% off.


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Search 3500+ EV News articles

Saturday, July 13, 2013

New all-solid sulfur-based battery outperforms lithium-ion technology

Scientists at the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory have designed and tested an all-solid lithium-sulfur battery with approximately four times the energy density of conventional lithium-ion technologies that power today’s electronics.

A new all-solid lithium-sulfur battery developed by an Oak Ridge National Laboratory team led by Chengdu Liang has the potential to reduce cost, increase performance and improve safety compared with existing designs.

The ORNL battery design, which uses abundant low-cost elemental sulfur, also addresses flammability concerns experienced by other chemistries.

“Our approach is a complete change from the current battery concept of two electrodes joined by a liquid electrolyte, which has been used over the last 150 to 200 years,” said Chengdu Liang, lead author on the ORNL study published this week in Angewandte Chemie International Edition.

Scientists have been excited about the potential of lithium-sulfur batteries for decades, but long-lasting, large-scale versions for commercial applications have proven elusive. Researchers were stuck with a catch-22 created by the battery’s use of liquid electrolytes: On one hand, the liquid helped conduct ions through the battery by allowing lithium polysulfide compounds to dissolve. The downside, however, was that the same dissolution process caused the battery to prematurely break down.

The ORNL team overcame these barriers by first synthesizing a never-before-seen class of sulfur-rich materials that conduct ions as well as the lithium metal oxides conventionally used in the battery’s cathode. Liang’s team then combined the new sulfur-rich cathode and a lithium anode with a solid electrolyte material, also developed at ORNL, to create an energy-dense, all-solid battery.

“This game-changing shift from liquid to solid electrolytes eliminates the problem of sulfur dissolution and enables us to deliver on the promise of lithium-sulfur batteries,” Liang said. “Our battery design has real potential to reduce cost, increase energy density and improve safety compared with existing lithium-ion technologies.”

The new ionically-conductive cathode enabled the ORNL battery to maintain a capacity of 1200 milliamp-hours (mAh) per gram after 300 charge-discharge cycles at 60 degrees Celsius. For comparison, a traditional lithium-ion battery cathode has an average capacity between 140-170 mAh/g. Because lithium-sulfur batteries deliver about half the voltage of lithium-ion versions, this eight-fold increase in capacity demonstrated in the ORNL battery cathode translates into four times the gravimetric energy density of lithium-ion technologies, explained Liang.

The team’s all-solid design also increases battery safety by eliminating flammable liquid electrolytes that can react with lithium metal. Chief among the ORNL battery’s other advantages is its use of elemental sulfur, a plentiful industrial byproduct of petroleum processing.

“Sulfur is practically free,” Liang said. “Not only does sulfur store much more energy than the transition metal compounds used in lithium-ion battery cathodes, but a lithium-sulfur device could help recycle a waste product into a useful technology.”

Although the team’s new battery is still in the demonstration stage, Liang and his colleagues hope to see their research move quickly from the laboratory into commercial applications. A patent on the team’s design is pending.

“This project represents a synergy between basic science and applied research,” Liang said. “We used fundamental research to understand a scientific phenomenon, identified the problem and then created the right material to solve that problem, which led to the success of a device with real-world applications.”

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Posted on September 26, 2011

Modular 'micro-mild' hybrid technology - reducing CO2 emissions

Electric Vehicle Energy Harvesting/Regeneration 20
Incremental manufacturing cost is €50-60 for every 1 percent reduction in CO2 emissions compared with the €200-500 per 1 percent typical for full hybrids. Further value enhancements are possible if the automotive industry were to standardise around the proposed 48 volt power networks developing in Europe. To deliver credible customer pricing the industry needs technical solutions that offer good value for family cars says the low carbon specialist, claiming there is insufficient electrification of drivetrains in low cost vehicle segments to make CO2 targets affordable.
Currently the most cost-effective solution for reducing CO2 emissions is modular 'Micro-Mild' (MM) hybrid technology, based on highly boosted and radically downsized gasoline and diesel powertrains. For further CO2 reduction and economies of scale the automotive industry should also press ahead with the standardisation and implementation of the proposed 48 volt vehicle power network being championed by some European vehicle manufacturers.
This is the message from Controlled Power Technologies (CPT), in London last week where they discussed the future of electric vehicles. Guy Morris, the company's engineering director and chief technical officer, spoke about setting out low cost solutions focused on the innovative application of switched reluctance electric motor technology and low voltage power electronics to address the as yet unsatisfied needs of high volume manufacturers offering affordable family cars.
Autonomous Vehicles Land, Water, Air 2017-2037
"For a 15-25 percent reduction in CO2 emissions using micro-mild hybrid technologies we have established an incremental cost to the manufacturer of between €750 and €1500," said Morris. "This compares favourably with the 8-20 percent typical of CO2 emissions benefit offered by mild hybrids, full hybrids and plug-in hybrids, at a much higher manufacturing on-cost of between €1,600 and €10,000."
CPT technology development is primarily focused in the 10 to 50 volt range, where modest voltage increases offer significant efficiency improvements, with less than 60 volt operation providing intrinsic safety benefits compared with high voltage power networks. Such networks typically operate at up to 130 volts for mild hybrids, 200-270 volts and above for full hybrids (HEVs) and 300-400 volts for plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), and are required in addition to the 12 volt system such hybrids still need to support other vehicle functions.
"In fact, our modular technology is very scalable and also well suited to higher voltages, but currently the most customer benefit is delivered through the optimisation of micro-mild systems," he continued. "CO2 reduction across a manufacturer's entire vehicle range requires a comprehensive strategy, and this means delivering customer value in all segments of the car market."
Energy Harvesting: Off-Grid MicroW to MegaW 2017
CPT's Micro-Mild hybrid solution for significant CO2 reduction facilitates radical engine downsizing, but also avoids compromising vehicle performance and especially torque response. The combination of a highly responsive electric supercharger with the world's most powerful 12 volt integrated starter-generator (ISG) and low cost energy recovery and storage, using advanced lead acid batteries, offers a competitive, cost-effective solution in the micro-mild hybrid segment.
"Early target technologies costing less than €20 for every 1 percent reduction in CO2 emissions have already been adopted by vehicle manufacturers. This includes low viscosity oil, longer gear ratios and starter motor based stop-start. Raising this technology spend towards €50 for every 1 percent reduction in CO2 emissions buys greater, yet still affordable, efficiency benefits for both the customer and the vehicle manufacturer, who also avoids hefty EC fines. It can also significantly enhance the value of highly boosted and radically downsized engines, which underpin most European manufacturer CO2 reduction strategies. And it reduces the need for more complex and expensive mild hybrids, full hybrids and plug-in hybrids, which would otherwise be essential to meet brand average targets."
CPT's production ready technologies have been incorporated into its 'low cost' 'low consumption' 'low carbon' LC Super Hybrid technology demonstrator, which recently made its debut at the AVL Engine & Environment conference in Graz, Austria. AVL has been commissioned to build CPT's latest state-of-the-art concept vehicle, which is now undergoing final shake-down trials and will soon be available for evaluation by vehicle manufacturers.
The demonstrator, developed in co-operation with the Advanced Lead Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC), will improve significantly on the energy efficiency of a gasoline engine variant of the VW Passat, a large family saloon which is already a class leader in CO2 emissions. With performance similar to that of the 1.8 TSI and 2.0 TDI models, but even lower CO2 emissions and fuel consumption than the current production 1.4l TSI BlueMotion model, the CPT/ALABC demonstrator will provide carmakers with real world confirmation of the potential for this new class of 'Micro-Mild' hybrid vehicle.
"The MM hybrid concept, which was first proposed at the AVL conference a year ago, combines CPT's modular VTES electric supercharger and SpeedStart stop-start technologies in a state-of-the-art yet affordable family sized vehicle," said Morris. "The LC Super Hybrid validates that concept and will demonstrate significantly reduced CO2 emissions combined with excellent performance at relatively low cost compared to full hybrid and range-extended or plug-in HEVs. ALABC carbon-enhanced lead-acid battery designs complement the low voltage technology helping to maximise energy recuperation during deceleration, fully realising the potential in our stop-start and engine boosting technologies by enabling high power generation and electrical energy recovery as well as outstanding torque response."
Following vehicle evaluation at 12 volts the next step for the LC SuperHybrid is to demonstrate the benefits of the CPT technology in a 48 volt power network vehicle system. If adopted as a global industry specification, such power networks would facilitate the development of standardised high volume and highly affordable enhanced lead acid battery modules. It would also offer a potential mass market opportunity for high end lithium-ion based energy storage solutions, of a similarly standardised modular configuration. Modules of 48 volt standard configuration could form the building blocks for lower volume electric vehicles, where battery system costs are currently such a dominant constraint to vehicle affordability.
Today, electric vehicles require significant government subsidies to make them affordable to the mass market. Progressive improvements in standardised battery technology will help. Meanwhile, the availability of advanced powertrains with enhanced low voltage electrical architectures and micro-mild hybridisation can already demonstrate significant CO2 reductions for current internal combustion engine vehicles. These more value driven technology platforms are able to fill the existing mild hybrid affordability gap and have the potential to further evolve to satisfy the majority of mass market hybrid requirements in the near future; particularly when enabled by cost effective, modular and hence scalable, energy storage solutions.
CPT comes with a highly experienced team of automotive engineers and is backed by Turquoise Associates and other prominent investors specialising in the energy and environmental sectors.
The ALABC is a research consortium originally formed in 1992 to advance the capabilities of the valve-regulated lead acid battery in order to help low cost electric vehicles become a reality.
For more attend Electric Vehicles Land Sea Air USA 2012 External Link where a large number of electric vehicle manufacturers not seen in conventional EV events will present including WheelTug aircraft electrification, MotoVolta, LLC motorbikes, SolTrac farm tractors, , Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute AUVs and manufacturers of cars, industrial, commercial, military, e-bike and other EVs.
Source and image: Controlled Power Technologies