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A Century of Work and Leisure

  • Valerie A. Ramey
  • Neville Francis

We develop comprehensive measures of time spent in market work, home production, schooling, and leisure in the United States for the last 106 years. We find that hours of work for prime age individuals are essentially unchanged, with the rise in women's hours fully compensating for the decline in men's hours. Hours worked by those 14 to 24 years old have declined noticeably, but most of this decline was offset by a rise in hours spent in school. Overall, per capita leisure and average annual lifetime leisure increased by only four or five hours per week during the last 100 years. (JEL D13, J16, J22)

Suggested Citation

  • Valerie A. Ramey & Neville Francis, 2009. "A Century of Work and Leisure," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 1(2), pages 189-224, July.
  • Handle: RePEc:aea:aejmac:v:1:y:2009:i:2:p:189-224 Note: DOI: 10.1257/mac.1.2.189

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    1. Prescott, Edward C., 1986. "Theory ahead of business-cycle measurement," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 11-44, January.
    2. Neville Francis & Valerie A. Ramey, 2006. "The Source of Historical Economic Fluctuations: An Analysis Using Long-Run Restrictions," NBER Chapters,in: NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2004, pages 17-73 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Edward C. Prescott, 2004. "Why do Americans work so much more than Europeans?," Quarterly Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, issue Jul, pages 2-13.
    4. Greenwood, Jeremy & Hercowitz, Zvi, 1991. "The Allocation of Capital and Time over the Business Cycle," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(6), pages 1188-1214, December.
    5. Philip Babcock & Mindy Marks, 2011. "The Falling Time Cost of College: Evidence from Half a Century of Time Use Data," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 93(2), pages 468-478, May.
    6. L. Rachel Ngai & Christopher A. Pissarides, 2008. "Trends in Hours and Economic Growth," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 11(2), pages 239-256, April.
    7. Biddle, Jeff E & Hamermesh, Daniel S, 1990. "Sleep and the Allocation of Time," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 922-943, October.
    8. Jeremy Greenwood & Ananth Seshadri & Mehmet Yorukoglu, 2005. "Engines of Liberation," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 72(1), pages 109-133.
    9. Benhabib, Jess & Rogerson, Richard & Wright, Randall, 1991. "Homework in Macroeconomics: Household Production and Aggregate Fluctuations," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(6), pages 1166-1187, December.
    10. Jeremy Greenwood & Guillaume Vandenbroucke, 2005. "Hours Worked: Long-Run Trends," NBER Working Papers 11629, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    11. Costa, Dora L, 2000. "The Wage and the Length of the Work Day: From the 1890s to 1991," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 18(1), pages 156-181, January.
    12. Mark Aguiar & Erik Hurst, 2007. "Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 122(3), pages 969-1006.
    13. Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz, 1998. "Human Capital and Social Capital: The Rise of Secondary Schooling in America, 1910 to 1940," NBER Working Papers 6439, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    14. Kristin M. Roberts & Peter Rupert, 1995. "The myth of the overworked American," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue Jan.
    15. Lomborg,BjÃ¸rn, 2001. "The Skeptical Environmentalist," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521010689, March.
    16. John W. Kendrick, 1973. "Postwar Productivity Trends in the United States, 1948–1969," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number kend73-1, January.
    17. Daniel Kahneman & Alan B. Krueger, 2006. "Developments in the Measurement of Subjective Well-Being," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 20(1), pages 3-24, Winter.
    18. Perli, Roberto & Sakellaris, Plutarchos, 1998. "Human capital formation and business cycle persistence," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 67-92, June.
    19. John W. Kendrick, 1961. "Productivity Trends in the United States," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number kend61-1, January.
    20. Claudia Goldin, 1999. "A Brief History of Education in the United States," NBER Historical Working Papers 0119, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    21. Killingsworth, Mark R. & Heckman, James J., 1987. "Female labor supply: A survey," Handbook of Labor Economics,in: O. Ashenfelter & R. Layard (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 2, pages 103-204 Elsevier.
    22. Rios-Rull, Jose-Victor, 1993. "Working in the Market, Working at Home, and the Acquisition of Skills: A General-Equilibrium Approach," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 83(4), pages 893-907, September.
    23. Francesco Caselli & Wilbur John Coleman II, 2001. "The U.S. Structural Transformation and Regional Convergence: A Reinterpretation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 109(3), pages 584-616, June.
    24. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
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    JEL classification:

    • D13 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Household Production and Intrahouse Allocation
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

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    1. A Century of Work and Leisure (AEJ:MA 2009) in ReplicationWiki

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Stochastic biases in technical change in South African agriculture

  • Balcombe, Kelvin George
  • Bailey, Alastair
  • Morrison, Jamie
  • Rapsomanikis, George
  • Thirtle, Colin G.

This paper examines biased technical change in South African agriculture using a system of share equations with unobserved components. Developing on the work of Lambert and Shonkwiler (1995), this paper generalises previous work by introducing independent unobserved components into each model using a regression-based approach. We find evidence of stochastic technical change, which is itself biased between the four factors of production: machinery, land, labour and fertiliser, and which closely reflects distinct phases of South African agricultural policy and development.

Suggested Citation

  • Balcombe, Kelvin George & Bailey, Alastair & Morrison, Jamie & Rapsomanikis, George & Thirtle, Colin G., 2000. "Stochastic biases in technical change in South African agriculture," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 39(4), December.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:agreko:54211

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    1. Chambers,Robert G., 1988. "Applied Production Analysis," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521314275, March.
    2. David K. Lambert & J.S. Shonkwiler, 1995. "Factor Bias under Stochastic Technical Change," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 77(3), pages 578-590.
    3. Johann Kirsten & Julian May & Sheryl Hendriks & Charles L. Machethe & Cecelia Punt & Mike Lyne, 2007. "South Africa," Chapters,in: Beyond Food Production, chapter 8 Edward Elgar Publishing.
      • Nick Vink & Gavin Williams & Johann Kirsten, 2004. "South Africa," Chapters,in: The World's Wine Markets, chapter 12 Edward Elgar Publishing.
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    1. Pauw, Karl & Leibbrandt, Murray, 2012. "Minimum Wages and Household Poverty: General Equilibrium Macro–Micro Simulations for South Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 771-783.
    2. Bailey, Alastair & Irz, Xavier T. & Balcombe, Kelvin George, 2003. "An Appliation Of The Stochastic Latent Variable Approach To The Correction Of Sector Level Tfp Calculations In The Face Of Biased Technological Change," 2003 Annual Meeting, August 16-22, 2003, Durban, South Africa 25842, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    3. Conradie, Beatrice, 2005. "Wages and wage elasticities for wine and table grapes in South Africa," Agrekon, Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA), vol. 44(1), March.
    4. Christopher Klein & Shea Slonaker, 2010. "Chart Turnover and Sales in the Recorded Music Industry: 1990–2005," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 36(4), pages 351-372, June.

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Financial Intermediary Balance Sheet Management

  • Tobias Adrian

    () (Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York 10045)

  • Hyun Song Shin

    () (Bendheim Center for Finance, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540-5290)

Conventional discussions of balance sheet management by nonfinancial firms take the set of positive net present value (NPV) projects as given, which in turn determines the size of the assets of the firm. The focus is on the composition of equity and debt in funding such assets. In contrast, the balance sheet management of financial intermediaries reveals that it is equity that behaves like the predetermined variable, and the asset size of the bank or financial intermediary is determined by the degree of leverage that is permitted by market conditions. The relative stickiness of equity reveals possible non-pecuniary benefits to bank owners so that they are reluctant to raise new equity, even during boom periods when equity raising is associated with less stigma, and hence smaller discounts. We explore the empirical evidence for both market-based financial intermediaries such as the Wall Street investment banks, as well as the commercial bank subsidiaries of the large U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs). We further explore the aggregate consequences of such behavior by the banking sector for the propagation of the financial cycle and securitization.

Suggested Citation

  • Tobias Adrian & Hyun Song Shin, 2011. "Financial Intermediary Balance Sheet Management," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 3(1), pages 289-307, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:anr:refeco:v:3:y:2011:p:289-307

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    1. Viral V. Acharya & S. Viswanathan, 2011. "Leverage, Moral Hazard, and Liquidity," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 66(1), pages 99-138, February.
    2. John Geanakoplos, 2010. "Solving the Present Crisis and Managing the Leverage Cycle," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1751, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
    3. John Geanakoplos, 2010. "Solving the present crisis and managing the leverage cycle," Economic Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, issue Aug, pages 101-131.
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    1. Sushanta K Mallick & Madhusudan Mohanty & Fabrizio Zampolli, 2017. "Market volatility, monetary policy and the term premium," BIS Working Papers 606, Bank for International Settlements.
    2. Ryan Banerjee & Enrico Sette & Leonardo Gambacorta, 2017. "The real effects of relationship lending," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1133, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    3. Franz Alonso Hamann Salcedo & Rafael Hernández & Luisa Fernanda Silva Escobar & Fernando Tenjo Galarza, 2013. "Credit Pro-cyclicality and Bank Balance Sheet in Colombia," BORRADORES DE ECONOMIA 010695, BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA.
    4. Mary M. Everett, 2015. "Blowing the Bubble: The Global Funding of the Irish Credit Boom," The Economic and Social Review, Economic and Social Studies, vol. 46(3), pages 339-365.
    5. Ahsan Akbar & Minhas Akbar, 2015. "Approaches to Improving Asset Structure Management in Commercial Banks," Oeconomics of Knowledge, Saphira Publishing House, vol. 7(2), pages 26-35, April.
    6. Franz Hamann & Rafael Hernández & Luisa Silva & Fernando Tenjo, 2014. "Leverage Pro-cyclicality and Bank Balance Sheet in Colombia," ENSAYOS SOBRE POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA, BANCO DE LA REPÚBLICA - ESPE, vol. 32(73), pages 50-76, July.
    7. Andrew Filardo & Jouchi Nakajima, 2018. "Effectiveness of unconventional monetary policies in a low interest rate environment," BIS Working Papers 691, Bank for International Settlements.
    8. Adrian, Tobias & Liang, J. Nellie, 2014. "Monetary policy, financial conditions, and financial stability," Staff Reports 690, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, revised 01 Dec 2016.
    9. Pelizzon, Loriana & Sartore, Domenico, 2013. "Deciphering the Libor and Euribor Spreads during the subprime crisis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 565-585.
    10. Duarte, Fernando M. & Eisenbach, Thomas M., 2013. "Fire-sale spillovers and systemic risk," Staff Reports 645, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, revised 01 Feb 2015.
    11. Juliane M. Begenau, 2015. "Capital Requirements, Risk Choice, and Liquidity Provision in a Business Cycle Model," Harvard Business School Working Papers 15-072, Harvard Business School, revised Sep 2016.
    12. Xiao, J., 2016. "Corporate Debt Structure, Precautionary Savings, and Investment Dynamics," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 1666, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
    13. Jochen Mierau & Mark Mink, 2016. "A descriptive model of banking and aggregate demand," DNB Working Papers 500, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
    14. Tirupam Goel & Ulf Lewrick & Agnė Nikola Tarashev, 2017. "Bank capital allocation under multiple constraints," BIS Working Papers 666, Bank for International Settlements.

    More about this item

    capital; debt; leverage; procyclicality;

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill

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Goethe on Demonic Fiscal Policy

  • Levy, David

No abstract is available for this item.

Suggested Citation

  • Levy, David, 1987. "Goethe on Demonic Fiscal Policy," Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Cambridge University Press, vol. 9(01), pages 89-94, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:cup:jhisec:v:9:y:1987:i:01:p:89-94_00

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Research note: Athletic graduation rates and Simpson's Paradox

  • Matheson, Victor A.

Graduation rates for male athletes overall as well as men’s football and basketball players lag behind those of male non-athletes at Division I colleges and universities. Scholarship athletes, however, are much more likely to be drawn from racial and ethnic groups with lower average graduation rates. After accounting for differences in racial composition, graduation rates for male athletes overall as well football players match or exceed those of their peers, and racial differences account for over one-quarter of the shortfall in men’s basketball graduation rates. This is a classic example of Simpson’s Paradox.
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Suggested Citation

  • Matheson, Victor A., 2007. "Research note: Athletic graduation rates and Simpson's Paradox," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 516-520, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecoedu:v:26:y:2007:i:4:p:516-520

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    1. Louis H. Amato & John M. Gandar & Richard A. Zuber, 2001. "The Impact of Proposition 48 on the Relationship Between Football Success and Football Player Graduation Rates," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 2(2), pages 101-112, May.
    2. Tucker, Irvin B., 2004. "A reexamination of the effect of big-time football and basketball success on graduation rates and alumni giving rates," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 655-661, December.
    3. Amato, Louis & Gandar, John M. & Tucker, Irvin B. & Zuber, Richard A., 1996. "Bowls versus playoffs: The impact on football player graduation rates in the national collegiate athletic association," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 187-195, April.
    4. Tucker, Irvin III & Amato, Louis, 1993. "Does big-time success in football or basketball affect SAT scores?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 12(2), pages 177-181, June.
    5. Murphy, Robert G. & Trandel, Gregory A., 1994. "The relation between a university's football record and the size of its applicant pool," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 13(3), pages 265-270, September.
    6. McCormick, Robert E & Tensley, Maurice, 1987. "Athletics versus Academics? Evidence from SAT Scores," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 95(5), pages 1103-1116, October.
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    JEL classification:

    • L83 - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Services - - - Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism

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Capitale sociale e individualismo (D. SCHILIRO`)

  • R. D. PUTNAM

No abstract is available for this item.

Suggested Citation

  • R. D. Putnam, 2005. "Capitale sociale e individualismo (D. SCHILIRO`)," Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell'Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, vol. 113(3), pages 491-496.
  • Handle: RePEc:vep:journl:y:2005:v:113:i:3:p:491-497

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    1. Christina Boswell & Thomas Straubhaar, 2004. "The illegal employment of Foreign workers: an overview," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;German National Library of Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 39(1), pages 4-7, January.
    2. Ethier, Wilfred J, 1986. "Illegal Immigration: The Host-Country Problem," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 76(1), pages 56-71, March.
    3. Gabriella Bucci & Rafael Tenorio, 1996. "On financing the internal enforcement of illegal immigration policies," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 65-81, February.
    4. Hill, John K & Pearce, James E, 1990. "The Incidence of Sanctions against Employers of Illegal Aliens," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(1), pages 28-44, February.
    5. Benhabib, Jess, 1996. "On the political economy of immigration," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 40(9), pages 1737-1743, December.
    6. Djajic, Slobodan, 1987. "Illegal aliens, unemployment and immigration policy," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 235-249, February.
    7. Chiswick, Barry R, 1988. "Illegal Immigration and Immigration Control," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 2(3), pages 101-115, Summer.
    8. Avi Weiss & Arye L. Hillman & Gil S. Epstein, 1999. "Creating illegal immigrants," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 12(1), pages 3-21.
    9. Kenneth F. Scheve & Matthew J. Slaughter, 1999. "Labor-Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy," NBER Working Papers 6946, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. repec:fth:michin:449 is not listed on IDEAS
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Economies of scale and barriers to entry

  • Schmalensee, Richard.

No abstract is available for this item.

Suggested Citation

  • Schmalensee, Richard., 1980. "Economies of scale and barriers to entry," Working papers 1130-80., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
  • Handle: RePEc:mit:sloanp:1963

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    References listed on IDEAS

    1. Salop, Steven C, 1979. "Strategic Entry Deterrence," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 69(2), pages 335-338, May.
    2. B. Curtis Eaton & Richard G. Lipsey, 1980. "Exit Barriers are Entry Barriers: The Durability of Capital as a Barrier to Entry," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 11(2), pages 721-729, Autumn.
    3. A. Michael Spence, 1977. "Entry, Capacity, Investment and Oligopolistic Pricing," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 8(2), pages 534-544, Autumn.
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    Cited by:

    1. John R. Hauser & Steven M. Shugan, 2008. "Defensive Marketing Strategies," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 27(1), pages 88-110, 01-02.
    2. Govert E. Bijwaard & Maarten C.W. Janssen & Emiel Maasland, 2005. "Early Mover Advantages," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 05-007/1, Tinbergen Institute.
    3. Perrakis, Stylianos, 1989. "Les contributions de la théorie financière à la solution de problèmes en organisation industrielle et en microéconomie appliquée," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 65(4), pages 518-546, décembre.
    4. Glenn Ellison & Sara Fisher Ellison, 2011. "Strategic Entry Deterrence and the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Incumbents Prior to Patent Expiration," American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 3(1), pages 1-36, February.
    5. Bert WILLEMS & Joris MORBEE, 2011. "Risk spillovers and hedging: why do firms invest too much in systemic risk?," Working Papers Department of Economics ces11.17, KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economics.
    6. Bradley, James R., 2005. "Optimal control of a dual service rate M/M/1 production-inventory model," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(3), pages 812-837, March.
    7. Jain, Bharat A., 2001. "Predictors of performance of venture capitalist-backed organizations," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 52(3), pages 223-233, June.
    8. Dean A. Shepherd, 1999. "Venture Capitalists' Assessment of New Venture Survival," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 45(5), pages 621-632, May.
    9. Andreas Nicklisch, 2012. "Does collusive advertising facilitate collusive pricing? Evidence from experimental duopolies," European Journal of Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 34(3), pages 515-532, December.
    10. Shepherd, Dean A. & Ettenson, Richard & Crouch, Andrew, 2000. "New venture strategy and profitability: A venture capitalist's assessment," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 15(5-6), pages 449-467.
    11. repec:eee:touman:v:41:y:2014:i:c:p:28-42 is not listed on IDEAS
    12. Price, Gregory N., 1995. "The determinants of entry for black-owned commercial banks," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 289-303.
    13. Catherine J. Morrison Paul, 2003. "Cost Economies: A Driving Force for Consolidation and Concentration?," Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Association, vol. 70(1), pages 110-127, July.
    14. Claudio Sardoni, 2011. "Unemployment, Recession and Effective Demand," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13837.
    15. Andreas Nicklisch, 2008. "Semi-collusive advertising and pricing in experimental duopolies," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 2008_25, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.
    16. Lutz, Clemens & Kemp, Ron & Dijkstra, S. Gerhard, 2007. "SME's perceptions regarding strategic and structural entry barriers," Research Report 07009, University of Groningen, Research Institute SOM (Systems, Organisations and Management).
    17. repec:bla:ecinqu:v:55:y:2017:i:1:p:319-338 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Francesca DI IORIO & Maria Letizia GIORGETTI, 2017. "A Deeper Analysis on Pharmaceutical Submarket Concentration: the US market in 1987-1998," Departmental Working Papers 2017-02, Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods at Università degli Studi di Milano.
    19. Philip Auerswald, 2010. "Entry and Schumpeterian profits," Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 553-582, August.
    20. Federico Ciliberto & Zhou Zhang, 2017. "Multiple Equilibria And Deterrence In Airline Markets," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 55(1), pages 319-338, January.
    21. repec:dgr:rugsom:07009 is not listed on IDEAS
    22. Clemens Lutz & Ron Kemp & S. Gerhard Dijkstra, 2010. "Perceptions regarding strategic and structural entry barriers," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 35(1), pages 19-33, July.

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    HD28 .M414 no.1130-; 80;

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Diminishing Margins: Housing Market Declines and Family Financial Responses

  • Frank P. Stafford

    (University of Michigan)

  • Erik Hurst

    (University of Chicago)

  • Bing Chen

    (University of Michigan)

We utilize data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to study borrowing decisions and other factors related to the run-up in housing prices in 1999-2007, their precipitous decline in 2007-2009, and how they contributed to mortgage distress and foreclosures as of 2009-2011. Difficulties were concentrated in selected real estate markets where the Case Shiller home index declined more than 35% from 2007 to 2009. Often expecting further price appreciation or responding to a positive family labor market and income circumstance, homeowners, supported by their lenders, allocated too much of their family income to support house payments and put themselves in a risky position. The year of taking the original mortgage, the rate of decrease in the Case-Shiller home price index, household wealth, and labor market and disability status are substantial predictors of mortgage payment distress and foreclosure.

Suggested Citation

  • Frank P. Stafford & Erik Hurst & Bing Chen, 2012. "Diminishing Margins: Housing Market Declines and Family Financial Responses," Working Papers wp276, University of Michigan, Michigan Retirement Research Center.
  • Handle: RePEc:mrr:papers:wp276

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    1. Alan Greenspan & James Kennedy, 2008. "Sources and uses of equity extracted from homes," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 24(1), pages 120-144, spring.
    2. Nikola Dvornak & Marion Kohler, 2007. "Housing Wealth, Stock Market Wealth and Consumption: A Panel Analysis for Australia," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 83(261), pages 117-130, June.
    3. Hurst, Erik & Stafford, Frank, 2004. "Home Is Where the Equity Is: Mortgage Refinancing and Household Consumption," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 36(6), pages 985-1014, December.
    4. Bostic, Raphael & Gabriel, Stuart & Painter, Gary, 2009. "Housing wealth, financial wealth, and consumption: New evidence from micro data," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 79-89, January.
    5. Brahima Coulibaly & Geng Li, 2009. "Choice of Mortgage Contracts: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances," Real Estate Economics, American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association, vol. 37(4), pages 659-673.
    6. Erik Hurst & Ming Ching Luoh & Frank P. Stafford, 1998. "The Wealth Dynamics of American Families, 1984-94," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 29(1), pages 267-338.
    7. Wenli Li & Michelle J. White & Ning Zhu, 2011. "Did Bankruptcy Reform Cause Mortgage Defaults to Rise?," American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, American Economic Association, vol. 3(4), pages 123-147, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. van Ooijen, Raun & van Rooij, Maarten C.J., 2016. "Mortgage risks, debt literacy and financial advice," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 201-217.

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Regional integration and development in small states

  • Schiff, Maurice

The author examines the impact of various trade policies for small developing states in the face of changing international trends - including globalization, the proliferation of regional integration agreements, the changing relationship between African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries and the European Union (EU), the erosion of ACP preferences in the EU market, the Everything-But-Arms Initiative (a 2001 EU initiative providing forty nine developing countries free access to EU markets), and the negotiations on the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas. The author concludes that: 1) The participants in South-South regional integration agreements should further reduce their external trade barriers. 2) The trade component of the Cotonou Agreement between the ACP countries and the EU is likely to harm those countries. The ACP countries should liberalize their trade regimes to reduce the size of transfers to the EU. 3) Small states should sign free trade agreements with the rest of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and pursue multilateral liberalization. 4) Small states, and other developing countries should intensify South-South regional cooperation in the area of regional public goods. 5) The EU, and other OECD countries should provide country-specific technical assistance for"behind the border"reforms in small states - something specified in the Cotonou Agreement for ACP countries - as well as assistance in implementing their commitments under World Trade Organization agreements.

Suggested Citation

  • Schiff, Maurice, 2002. "Regional integration and development in small states," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2797, The World Bank.
  • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:2797

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    References listed on IDEAS

    1. Panagariya, A., 1997. "Preferential trading and the myth of natural trading partners," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 471-489, December.
    2. Hoekman, Bernard, 2002. "Strengthening the global trade architecture for development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2757, The World Bank.
    3. Schiff, Maurice, 1996. "Small is beautiful : preferential trade agreements and the impact of country size, market share, efficiency, and trade policy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1668, The World Bank.
    4. John Whalley, 1998. "Why Do Countries Seek Regional Trade Agreements?," NBER Chapters,in: The Regionalization of the World Economy, pages 63-90 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Andriamananjara, Soamiely & Schiff, Maurice, 1998. "Regional groupings among microstates," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1922, The World Bank.
    6. Finger, Michael J. & Schuler, Philip, 1999. "Implementation of Ururguay Round commitments : the development challenge," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2215, The World Bank.
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    Cited by:

    1. Independent Evaluation Group, 2006. "Assessing World Bank Support for Trade, 1987-2004 : An IEG Evaluation," World Bank Publications, The World Bank, number 6966, March.
    2. Philippe Kohler, 2004. "The Welfare Cost of Tariff Protection in the Balkan Countries," wiiw Balkan Observatory Working Papers 57, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw.
    3. Kaminski, Bartlomiej & de la Rocha, Manuel, 2003. "Stabilization and association process in the Banlkans : integration options and their assessment," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3108, The World Bank.
    4. Adriana Peluffo, 2011. "Integración regional y difusión de tecnología: el caso uruguayo," Documentos de Trabajo (working papers) 11-10, Instituto de Economía - IECON.
    5. Zafar, Ali, 2005. "Revenue and the fiscal impact of liberalization : the case of Niger," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3500, The World Bank.
    6. de la Rocha, Manuel, 2003. "The Cotonou Agreement and its implications for the regional trade agenda in eastern and southern Africa," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3090, The World Bank.
    7. World Bank, 2002. "Pacific Islands - Regional Economic Report : Embarking on a Global Voyage - Trade Liberalization and Complementary Reforms in the Pacific," World Bank Other Operational Studies 15362, The World Bank.
    8. Justyna Wieloch, 2015. "Kraje rozwijające się w ugrupowaniach integracyjnych / Developing Countries in Economic Agreements," International Economics, University of Lodz, Faculty of Economics and Sociology, issue 9, pages 40-49, March.

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A randomized, controlled study of a rural sanitation behavior change program in Madhya Pradesh, India

  • Patil, Sumeet R.
  • Arnold, Benjamin F.
  • Salvatore, Alicia
  • Briceno, Bertha
  • Colford, Jr., John M.
  • Gertler, Paul J.

Poor sanitation and open defecation are thought to be a major cause of diarrhea and intestinal parasite infections among young children. In 1999, India launched the Total Sanitation Campaign with the goal of achieving universal toilet coverage in rural India by 2012. This paper reports on a cluster-randomized, controlled trial that was conducted in 80 rural villages in Madhya Pradesh to measure the effect of the program on toilet access, sanitation behavior, and child health outcomes. The study analyzed a random sample of 3,039 households and 5,206 children under five years of age. Field staff collected baseline measures of sanitation conditions, behavior, and child health, and re-visited households 21 months later. The analysis finds that implementation of the program activities was slower than the original timeline (only 35 percent of villages were triggered more than six months before the follow-up survey). Nevertheless, the Total Sanitation Campaign successfully increased toilet coverage by 19 percent in intervention villages compared with control villages (41 percent v. 22 percent), while reported open defecation decreased by 10 percent among adults (74 percent v. 84 percent). The intervention also led to some improvements in water quality and protozoan infection, but consistent improvements were not observed across multiple child health outcomes (diarrhea, helminth infections, child growth). However, the exposure period was likely to have been too short to result in any benefit of the sanitation interventions on child health. Given the large improvements in toilet construction documented, an additional follow-up survey with a longer period of exposure would yield valuable information on the effects of improved sanitation conditions on health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Patil, Sumeet R. & Arnold, Benjamin F. & Salvatore, Alicia & Briceno, Bertha & Colford, Jr., John M. & Gertler, Paul J., 2013. "A randomized, controlled study of a rural sanitation behavior change program in Madhya Pradesh, India," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6702, The World Bank.
  • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6702

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    References listed on IDEAS

    1. Hugh Waddington & Birte Snilstveit, 2009. "Effectiveness and sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in combating diarrhoea," Journal of Development Effectiveness, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 1(3), pages 295-335.
    2. Freedman, David A., 2006. "On The So-Called "Huber-Sandwich Estimator" and "Robust Standard Errors"," The American Statistician, American Statistical Association, vol. 60, pages 299-302, November.
    3. Huda, Tarique Md. Nurul & Unicomb, Leanne & Johnston, Richard B. & Halder, Amal K. & Yushuf Sharker, Md. Abu & Luby, Stephen P., 2012. "Interim evaluation of a large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural Bangladesh," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(4), pages 604-611.
    4. Hammer, Jeffrey & Spears, Dean, 2013. "Village sanitation and children's human capital : evidence from a randomized experiment by the Maharashtra government," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6580, The World Bank.
    5. Cameron, Lisa & Shah, Manisha & Olivia, Susan, 2013. "Impact evaluation of a large-scale rural sanitation project in Indonesia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6360, The World Bank.
    6. Waterkeyn, Juliet & Cairncross, Sandy, 2005. "Creating demand for sanitation and hygiene through Community Health Clubs: A cost-effective intervention in two districts in Zimbabwe," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(9), pages 1958-1970, November.
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    More about this item

    Health Monitoring&Evaluation; Housing&Human Habitats; Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation; Town Water Supply and Sanitation;

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what the hell else are you gonna do with your time?

Archive for the tag “Speedeez”

Update: More Bigfoot Sightings at Speed’eez Sports Bar and Grill

A photo of Bigfoot at Speed’eez Sports Bar and Grill (as always, Bigfoot ducked just out of sight as the picture was taken).
(image source:

North East, Pa.–Since the first reports of Bigfoot sightings in the small town of North East, Pennsylvania at Speed’eez Sports Bar and Grill, there have been some changes.

It seems his presence has dramatically increased in recent weeks as his wife, Lady Bigfoot, has left him. Evidently she grew weary of his nights of cavorting at Speed’eez, downing 32 ounce mugs of Yuengling Lager, and gorging himself on Buffalo wings, while she was back in the forest, foraging and flipping over dead logs looking for grubs.

“Do you know how much effort it takes to keep your home tidy when you live in the forest?” Lady Bigfoot demanded. “There are bugs everywhere and raccoons get into everything.”

According to reports, Lady Bigfoot’s failing patience was finally exhausted when Bigfoot came home with suspicious blonde hairs stuck to his fur. He claimed the hairs were from a border collie, but that only lead to additional and somewhat disturbing questions.

Reportedly, in the wake of Lady Bigfoot’s departure, Bigfoot’s mood has become dour and he has grown ill-tempered. “He’s always bitching and moaning about something,” one patron of Speed’eez commented, “but you can’t really say anything…he’s so freaking huge.”

The list of things that irritate Bigfoot is myriad and growing:

  • The way squirrels smell when they’re wet.
  • The unnerving noise chipmunks make when they’re having sex.
  • Every song the B-52s have ever recorded.
  • How everyone refers to him using the generic term Bigfoot. His given name is Rupert; why does nobody use it?
  • The inexplicable way Lady Bigfoot always shaved her armpits but absolutely nothing else.
  • The creepy way rabbits chew their food.
  • Girls named Traci that dot the I with a smiley face.
  • When the Jersey Devil pops by unannounced, and you just can’t get him to leave.
  • Justin Bieber (to be fair, all of animal kingdom hates Justin Bieber, especially badgers).
  • When people mistake him for a bear; bears are uninformed and dull-witted creatures.
  • That idiot Poe; he always laughs a bit too loudly at those Jack Link’s messin’ with Sasquatch commercials.
  • Chiggers.
  • The way nobody can take a picture of him that doesn’t turn out blurry and out of frame.
  • Those morons from The Animal Planet. They’re always crashing through the forest, making a racket, and using the term squatchy. What the hell does squatchy even mean.
  • The way deer just crap anywhere they want.
  • The way unicorns crash around with absolutely no regard for where they’re sticking those horns.
  • The way bartenders get pissed when he tips them with grubs and tree bark.
  • When hippies come out to the woods, sit around a campfire, smoke pot, and recite really bad Haiku.
  • Hippies.
  • Haiku.
  • Bigfoot hunters that think they know so much about him. They’ve never once sat down with him, had a beer, and talked. He has opinions; he’s not a bear.

However, in recent days Bigfoot’s spirits have been buoyed by the arrival of friends. Yeti has made the trip from the Himalayas, and The Skunk Ape has arrived from Florida.

But with the arrival of Bigfoot’s friends, a few problems have arisen.

“The only thing ‘Abominable’ about Yeti are his manners,” one of the bartenders related. “If have to listen to him tell one more story about how much a yak can crap, I’m going to lose it.”

“Of course The Skunk Ape smells horrible,” said a patron named Bob, “but what’s worse…he hogs the jukebox and plays nothing but Steve Perry solo stuff.”

Tensions came to a head when a patron called Poe accused Bigfoot of giving him deer ticks. Later that evening Poe was found in the street, stomped into the pavement, and covered with giant foot prints. The other patrons seemed to be okay with it.

The local authorities instituted a ban on all mythological creatures while an investigation is conducted.

“I can’t believe this happened right before my busy season,” an exasperated Tooth Fairy commented.

poe beaten up

An artist’s rendition of Poe. Oddly, this was before the attack.

Bigfoot and Buffalo Wings

speedeez sports bar

Location of recent Bigfoot sightings.

North East, Pa. — In what is being described as indisputable proof of the existence of Bigfoot, there have been repeated sightings in the small town of North East, Pennsylvania, but it’s not in a way you would suspect.

The reclusive creature hasn’t been spotted in one of the many wooded areas in the region. Nor has he been seen in a fog shrouded field, or even lumbering across a quiet country road.

It seems Bigfoot has been spotted frequenting Speed’eez Sports Bar and Grill, a local establishment in the small town.

Jen, a bartender at Speedeez Sports Bar and Grill, who has reportedly spotted Bigfoot...and served him several beers.

Jen, a bartender at Speed’eez Sports Bar and Grill, who has reportedly spotted Bigfoot…and served him Yuengling.

When asked to describe the incredible encounters, Jen reported the following: “Well, he isn’t much different most of the people who come in here: he’s hairy, smells a bit, a little uncouth, and he drinks a lot. Yeah, he fits in here. Also, he has really big feet…but surprisingly dainty hands.”

Speed’eez owner, George Mcdannel, had the following response after being asked if the recent Bigfoot sightings in his establishment surprised him: “Of course I’m not surprised, we have a wide range of quality craft beers and a selection of delicious chicken wings; why wouldn’t Bigfoot come in here?”

While Bigfoot’s sudden appearances have caused quite a stir in the small community, not all of the patrons of Speed’eez are thrilled with the creature’s presence.

“I laughed a bit too loudly at one of those Jack Links Messin’ With Sasquatch commercials and he got his fur all up in a bunch,” a patron who is known as ‘Poe’ had to say. “Also, he keeps kicking my ass at bar trivia. Seriously, how does a bipedal hominid that lives in the woods know so damn much about 19th century Russian literature? Plus, I’m pretty sure he has chiggers.”

Another patron, Bob, had the following complaint: “He pours money into the jukebox, and plays nothing but Journey songs; it’s really pissing me off.”

I was able to track down the big guy and get this brief interview:

Idiotprufs: This isn’t the type of setting people would expect to spot Bigfoot.

Bigfoot: Yeah. Normally I like to stay a little more hidden: in a grove of trees or behind a big rock.

Idiotprufs: So what brings you out?

Bigfoot: Sometimes you just have to get out of the wilderness. It’s cold and wet out there and that’s where the family is.

Idiotprufs: You need a little time away from the family?

Bigfoot: Are you kidding? Bigfoot kids are hairy, messy, smelly, screaming little bastards. For the life of me I don’t know why those Bigfoot hunters can’t find me because there’s always a racket going on.

Idiotprufs: That sounds terrible.

Bigfoot: And there are bears out there.

Idiotprufs: You don’t like bears?

Bigfoot: Heavens no, they’re slow dimwitted creatures. You’ve heard the old saying about what bears do in the woods? It’s true, they do it all over the place, it’s disgusting. Ironically every time I try to take a leak, some idiot with a camera pops up out of nowhere.

Idiotprufs: So you come here to relax?

Bigfoot: Absolutely. And do you have any idea how hard it is to get food delivered to your home when your address is: Next To The Big Rock In The Woods.

Idiotprufs: And the people here leave you alone?

Bigfoot: Mostly they leave me alone. The people here are respectful, except for that idiot Poe… I don’t have chiggers!

After the interview, I asked Bigfoot to pose for a few photos, to which he graciously agreed. Unfortunately they all turned out inexplicably blurred and out of frame.

Artist's rendition of Bigfoot running from an idiot with a camera.

Artist’s rendition of Bigfoot running from an idiot with a camera.

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Chat, make new friends and date in Sassari

Ilikeyou is a great place to meet men and women in Sassari. If you're looking for a person to chat with or free dating in Sassari, you've come to the right place! Thousands of men and women are chatting around the clock.


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Spotlight: Studio Italia Design’s Sugegasa

Based in the Italian city of Venice, Studio Italia Design have stood out as the premier designer and producer of contemporary lighting fixtures since the company first formed in 1950. The fixtures this company design epitomize the prestigious label “made in Italy,” consequently displaying the highest standards of quality and design.

Whether drawing from historical or contemporary influences, all of Studio Italia Design’s products sit at the cutting edge of the luxury lighting market. Each new design and range brings with it further insight into the craft, a greater understanding into the art, and new advances in technologies and manufacturing techniques.

The same is the case with Sugegasa, the newest creation to come from Studio Italia Design. Inspired by “a perfect figure, unchanged, in front of life’s debacle, fighting its own private war against what was by then a full-blown storm,” the design takes its name from a hat, steadfast in the wind, that initially sparked the inspiration for the product.

The brand have shared a video offering some insight into how this design is brought into being, and how this product is brought to life. From the spark of inspiration that influenced its construction, through the intricate designs and the raw materials and nuanced manufacturing process, to its use illuminating a setting with no uncertain amount of awe.

This video can be watched in full below. Studio Italia Design’s range of lighting is available here at iLite, where our staff are on hand to assist with any questions or queries to help you find the lighting solution that you seek.


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Using Giphy, the GIF Database We’ve Been Waiting For

Being based in Champaign-Urbana, I often chat with my long-distance friends over email and social media when we don’t have time for those long, three hour phone calls that will leave you with a sore throat and warm feelings. When you’re trying to communicate the inexpressible over email or text, the easiest way is through the use of GIFs. Needless to say, our GIF-based conversations end up being silly, and at times nonsensical. However our display of pop-cultural savvy and image-based rhetoric provides entertainment throughout the longest days.

My clear ‘need’ for GIFs is why I’m so thrilled to write about Giphy! Giphy is both an archive, search engine, and hub designed to help you find the perfect GIF for whatever you’re trying to express or convey to the digital world. Giphy is a great resource not only for personal use, but in terms of research, is an excellent database for anyone doing research on New Media, internet culture, fandoms, or time-based media.

Giphy even has a page dedicated to a curated selection of talented GIF artists, if you’re interested in the field of internet art. The variety of designs and topics shared on GIPHY are truly incredible, and also serve as a great resource for anyone studying digital communications.

Giphy fills a need for GIFs of your favorite fandom (can you guess mine?):

GIFs expressing your successes (and your childhood):

giphy (1)

and of course, your frustration:

giphy (3)

If you’re not exactly sure what type of GIF you’re searching for, check out GiphyTV, a full-screen randomized selection of GIFs from every edge of the digital sphere. If one of your talents is creating GIFs, you can upload your work onto Giphy to be used and shared by people all over the world!

You can search Giphy not only by artist, but also by category, and when you find a GIF that seems to understand you more fully than your high school friends, you can save it to your favorites for easy access. All GIFs on Giphy can be shared easily to Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr.

While Giphy is treasure trove of stimulation, it is also a really well organized search engine. All GIFs have the option to be tagged to make them more easily searchable, and most also include a link to the original source of the GIF. Searches are also enhanced by Giphy’s use of metadata sorted via hashtags.

For example, the GIF below, featuring Bette Davis, is tagged as: #yes, #agree, #bette davis, #amen, #approve. While this is a somehwat silly example, it’s pretty awesome that affirmative gestures can be shared and expressed in so many ways! (Right, Bette?)

giphy (2)

Audubon’s “Birds of America” comes to life on the new Audubon digital library

Birds of America, John James Audubon’s survey of America’s winged wildlife, is now available online to the public through a revamped digital library from the National Audubon Society.

This version of Birds of America is from an 1840 ‘First Octavo Edition’ of Audobon’s comprehensive seven volume text. This archive presents both his illustrations and original, un-modified textual descriptions. Their reference not only to his encounters with birds but chronicling his travels makes this archive invaluable to those researching the life of Audubon as well.

With over 435 watercolors of North American birds, made from hand-engraved plates, access has never been so easy to the text that is now considered the archetype of wildlife illustration. Excitingly, each print is available as a free high-resolution download for personal use.

Plate 397, "Scarlet Ibis" John J. Audubon's Birds of America.

Plate 397, “Scarlet Ibis” John J. Audubon’s Birds of America.

The new website allows you to sort the images chronologically, alphabetically, or by endangered species. Accompanying each plate is a full analysis of the species, including quantitative data such as average height, weight, and wing length. This collection, however, really comes to life with Audubon’s qualitative observations about the species. The descriptions include visual identifiers of particularly species, but also the charmingly-written passages from the original publication of Birds of America. These passages not only identify the species depicted, but also discuss Audubon’s travels as he made his way across America to record his images. From these passages, interesting details such as who his traveling companions were, details of collaborative illustrations, and environmental descriptors further animate the already vivid paintings.

On plate 112, “Downy Woodpecker,” Audubon writes, “If you watch its motions while in the woods, the orchard, or the garden, you will find it ever at work. It perforates the bark of trees with uncommon regularity and care; and, in my opinion, greatly assists their growth and health, and renders them also more productive. Few of the farmers, however, agree with me in this respect; but those who have had experience in the growing of fruit-trees, and have attended to the effects produced by the boring of this Woodpecker, will testify to the accuracy of my statement.” Telling passages such as these clearly convey Audubon’s unending desire to know and understand these creatures.

Plate 112, "Downy Woodpecker," John. J Audubon.

Plate 112, “Downy Woodpecker,” John. J Audubon’s Birds of America.

Of Plate 342, Columbian Owl, Audubon writes of their behavior based on his personal interactions with them, ” The burrow selected by this bird is usually found at the foot of a wormwood bush (Artemisia), upon the summit of which this Owl often perches, and stands for a considerable while. On their being approached, they utter a low chattering sound, start, and skim along the plain near the ground for a considerable distance. When winged, they make immediately for the nearest burrow; and when once within it, it is impossible to dislodge them.”

Plate 432, "Burrowing Owl, Large-headed Burrowing Owl, Little night Owl, Columbian Owl, Short-eared Owl," John J. Audobon's Birds of America.

Plate 432, “Burrowing Owl, Large-headed Burrowing Owl, Little night Owl, Columbian Owl, Short-eared Owl,” John J. Audobon’s Birds of America.

Regardless of whether or not you are an Audubon scholar, these illustrations are a beautiful preservation of North American Birds, and are truly a joy to look through due to their unique character and capturing of details rarely seen by the eye.

Plate 93, "Sea-side Finch" John J. Audubon's Birds of America.

Plate 93, “Sea-side Finch” John J. Audubon’s Birds of America.

To see Audubon’s illustrations in person, stop by the reference room on the second floor of the Main Library to see plates from Abbeville Press’ 1985 facsimile.

Open Buildings: A digital archive of the World’s Built Environment

One of my favorite things to do in the summertime is take a train into Chicago and stroll around the city. I am constantly in awe of the skyscrapers that tower above me. While I can recognize such buildings as the famous Lake Shore Drive Apartments by Modernist architect, Mies van der Rohe, many of the buildings that surround me, not only in Chicago, but even here in Champaign-Urbana remain anonymous (for more information on C-U architecture, check out the architecture tours in ExploreCU). This is unfortunate, as all buildings carry a history. Accessing this history has become incredibly easy, however, with the use of a website called, Open Buildings, an online archive and forum showcasing existing buildings and conceptual architecture.

Not only is Open Buildings an excellent resource to learn about the origins of everyday buildings that surround us, but it’s also a great tool to connect with other architecture fans, firms, and professionals. Open Buildings is both an archive of architectural structures, as well as a directory of architects.

Open Buildings allows you to search for specific buildings, architects, particular building functions, and even browse through collections. Each day, the website features a different building to explore, from Airspace Tokyo to a house built for skateboarders. Open Buildings features both well-known landmarks and innovative, lesser-known designs. In addition to searching through their featured housing, Open Buildings has curated collections for users to browse as well. Collection categories range from building function (Contemporary Religious Buildings), material use (Bamboo Architecture), to groups of architectures (Architects Under 40).

Open Buildings Homepage displaying Featured building.

Open Buildings Homepage displaying Featured building.

Open Buildings also has a map feature that lets you search for buildings of interest nearby (click the image below for some landmarks in Champaign-Urbana!) but even internationally. The website keeps records of existing buildings, structures that have since been destroyed, and conceptual or unrealized architectural projects. Because of Open Building’s comprehensive survey of architectural design, this website can be of use not only to working as an architects, but student designers, urban planners, and scholars alike.

Landmark Buildings in Champaign-Urbana, IL.

Map View of Landmark Buildings in Champaign-Urbana, IL.

Users can edit building profiles to add more information and images, and connect with other users to discuss design issues. There is even a directory feature that lists over 14,000+ working professionals. After creating a free account, you can upload your own portfolio, comment on designs, and contact professional architects.

A mobile app is even available, perfect for the next time you find yourself on city streets wondering, “What is this beautiful building?”


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ASA Electronics introduces innovative Voyager® SEE360 camera system

ASA Electronics says “mobile observation has finally come full circle with the SEE360 camera system from Voyager.” The system comes with four wide-angle cameras that are custom-calibrated for every vehicle to give drivers a seamless, 360° panoramic view around their entire vehicle. Automatic and manual triggering camera selections allow drivers to get the full picture of what is around them in real time.

“Every discussion we have with a customer about the SEE360 is different because we’re trying to take our customer’s concerns into account when we’re creating their system,” said Commercial Vehicle Division Manager, Joe Camacho. “We really are programming an entire system specific to their trucks with the end goal of helping them attain their safety objectives.”

Because the SEE360 Camera System was engineered with a focus on safety, ASA Electronics guarantees full training and support from installation to customer support for the end user. Its highly trained technicians provide step by step instructions to customers so that they become proficient at doing their own installations in-house. By passing on knowledge and answering questions up front, ASA says it is able to ensure every vehicle gets the same end result of seamless, 360° visibility. Whether a driver is hauling valuable cargo or moving equipment around the jobsite, the SEE360 Camera System lets them manoeuvre vehicles with confidence.

The system also includes a control module with four camera inputs and a video output for any Voyager or JENSEN® monitor of your choice (sold separately.) To take full advantage of the SEE360’s 16 possible camera views, a monitor with a 7-inch screen or larger is recommended.


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Since there’s only 8 days left until Christmas, I thought today would be a great time to write a quick letter to Santa.

Dear Santa,

Long time no write… sorry about that. I guess I figured out that it was just easier to tell my parents what I wanted for Christmas instead of writing a letter and then sending it to you. So a lot’s happened since I last wrote to you, I’ve probably grown a lot height wise. I’m now around 5ft 7, although I don’t think I grew that much in high school. I’m pretty sure I had my growth spurt early and then let everyone else play catch up.

Anyway enough of the chit chat, let’s get down to business… how’s Mrs Claus doing? And Rudolph? Sorry I haven’t left any carrots out for him over the last I don’t even know how many years. I hope we’re still cool even though I don’t technically believe in you anymore.

You’re probably wondering whilst I’m rambling on like this and not asking for presents, well truth be told I don’t really want much this year. I’m in a position where if I want anything I can just buy it myself. And I stopped asking for expensive presents after I realised that it was my parents buying the presents and not you. Sure I wish I had a new phone, a new computer, a new music system, a really fancy DSLR and some lights but I’m not going to ask for them, I’m going to work for them myself.

All that I ask for this year is that my family has a great Christmas and enjoys one day without thinking about ‘real world’ problems. I know that’s probably way out of your control as Santa but I just thought I’d ask.

Well I guess that’s all I have to say really. Sorry that this wasn’t your the typical kind of letter you get, I thought I’d be slightly different this year. Hope all is well and Christmas doesn’t stress you out too much.

Love Emma

And that was my letter to Santa. Not your typical letter to Santa but I really don’t want much for Christmas, I don’t really need much. I hope Santa’s down to catch up some time, probably best to arrange a date after Christmas though, when he’s less busy you know.

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Firefox 4 Released

I guess this is a bit late , but Mozilla has announced the official launch of Firefox 4 , this will be an excited news for all the Firefox out there , you can get it here , check out their official announcement for all the shiny new feature of Firefox 4.

Every major version release, Firefox will have some download counter/download stat kind of landing page , there are no exception this time, check it out. I wonder is it going to break record again ?

So far for myself , I used to be Firefox’s Fan until Google Chrome version 6, then I have switch over to Chrome. For now I have Firefox 4 RC installed for some time, but I will only  call out my Firefox to the rescue, when Google Chrome is having some problem with some of the site. I just check on my Google Analytics on the “Browser usage breakdown” for this blog and Firefox user just love this blog , haha.

Since there are so many Firefox user support this blog, let me clear my work this week and do some preparation, next week will be Firefox week , I will be using Firefox for one whole week without Google Chrome and blog about my return experience of Firefox 4.

Share it with your friends, thanks !
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Improv skills lead to success

Chess as a game (among many)

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Chess is often called “the queen of games”, at least in Western culture. The game’s austere appearance, when combined with its tactical and strategic depth, provides an air of challenge and mystery.

In many ways, chess is the prototypical Western game. Strategies and tactics are direct, with little progress to be made unless you directly confront your opponent. Chess is also a perfect information game, meaning there is no element of chance. You might not know your opponent’s next move, but there’s nothing hiding it from you. If you didn’t see what was coming, you can only blame yourself.

Although chess has increased in popularity in Asia, the traditional strategy game of Japan, China, and South Korea is go. Unlike chess, where the goal is to create a position where your opponent’s king is under attack and cannot move to a safe square, go players place their stones in an attempt to surround territory on the board. Chess boards are 8 x 8, with 64 squares, and the pieces stand on the squares. In go, the board has 19 x 19 lines, with 361 intersections, and players may place a stone on any unoccupied intersection (with a few exceptions).

The complexity of go far outstrips that of chess, at least in terms of the computation required to analyze and evaluate a position. Computers have conquered humans at chess…their calculating speed and positional evaluation let them beat even the strongest carbon-based players regularly. The most advanced go programs can only beat top professionals if they are given a substantial head start. That said, the gap is closing.

I said that chess is the prototypical Western game, but it’s mostly thought of as a European (and even more specifically, Russian) game. In America, the game of choice is poker. Poker is a gambling game, with a significant element of chance involved. You can do everything right but still lose if your opponent decides to fight the odds and draws the cards they need. Ironically, the better you play, the more of these “bad beat” stories you’ll have to tell. If you’re always in the lead, the luck of the draw means you will get chased down on occasion.

I hope I don’t sound bitter. But I am.

Do the Russians play chess, the Chinese play go, and the Americans play poker? If you look at our cultures and practices, you’ll see there’s a fair amount of truth to that statement. How well that metaphor translates to actionable intelligence is debatable, but it’s an interesting way to start a conversation.

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Mission: Impossible- Ghost Protocol: Movie Review

[Rating: 4]

Director: Brad Bird

Cast & Crew: Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg, Josh Holloway, Paula Patton, Michael Nyqvist, Léa Seydoux , Anil Kapoor, Darren Shahlavi, Vladimir Mashkov

Synopsis: When a terrorist bombing destroys the Kremlin, the United States government initiates a black ops “ghost protocol“ and disavows the entire Impossible Mission Force. Ethan Hunt and his team are to be blamed for the attack, but are allowed to escape as part of a plan to enable them to operate in the dark, outside of their agency. However, Hunt is warned that if any member of his team is captured during their mission, they will be charged as terrorists planning to incite global nuclear war. Ethan is then forced to work with ex-IMF agent Brandt, who knows more about Hunt and his past than even Hunt himself.

Review: An animated action potboiler that is sure to mind numb even the most avid action movie watcher. The stunt-heavy film is both death and budget defying. Complete nirvana for an action buff as it fluctuates adrenalin levels with commendable twists in its crisply woven plot.

Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt does precisely what he is expected to – runs like he was possessed, leaps like an agile bird, bashes faces unabashedly, violates traffic laws at ease and of course flashes that million dollar smile of his. An almost 50 heartthrob!
What’s remarkable is the simplicity underlying all the daredevilry. The action is mind-boggling and director Brad Bird retains this by underplaying the heroism. Cruise spells his mission with a silent subtlety. No over-the-top machismo. He seems like a man who is well versed with the demanding nature of his death inviting mission. Words seem like an intrusion because the action packed adventure directed by animation maverick Brad Bird is seriously animated fare.
But all the animation is layered in the slick body language and the wild stunts that the cast boldly executes. In the scale and the scope of the stunts, Brad Bird’s genius springs alive. His fourth film and first live action debut tells you a lot about why back in 1977 Walt Disney invited him to enroll for a mentoring program with them at a tender age of 14. Perhaps they intuitively knew the strength of his path-breaking imagination. One that makes Ethan withstand onslaughts like it was part and parcel of the daily grind life he seems keen to put up with.  He makes him a contemporary superhero who lets his stunts speak for him. The fourth installment in the “Mission Impossible” franchise is definitely worth all the excitement that you have built within you, waiting to unleash it at the cinema nearest to you.

As for the story, here goes. Ethan Hunt is trapped in a Moscow prison for unknown reasons. His Impossible Mission Force Agents Benji Dunn (Simon Pegg) and Jane Carter (Paula Patton) expertly rescue him and rush him next to infiltrate Kremlin, to quick track the bad guys down. But it’s a tad too late as a massive explosion rocks the place and the IMF is blamed for it. The IMF Secretary (Tom Wilkinson) informs Hunt just in time that the President has invoked “Ghost Protocol “ and disabled the IMF in the wake of this disaster. In an urgent bid Hunt, Dunn and Carter , accompanied by Agent Brandt (Jeremy Renner) are on the run to track down the original culprit cum bad guy Kurt Hendricks (Michael Nyqvist), a cold blooded nuclear extremist, from starting a nuclear war between Russia and US. The mastermind behind the Kremlin blast which actually involved him escaping at Cruises expense after his theft of a Russian nuclear launch device. Hendricks believes that the world will be at peace if it succumbs itself to nuclear annihilation.  Let’s just say he is a doomsday specialist. The manic hunt for him called for some serious globetrotting that takes the IMF team from Russia to Dubai and finally Mumbai.

Bird ensures there is an action overdose in each of these destinations. But one worth mentioning is Ethan climbing the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in the world, eventually dangling from it with one suction-cupped glove is just spectacularly shot. It’s a virtual near death experience. It will definitely compel your jaws to take a bow before its magnitude. Even the climax where Hunt and Hendricks battle it out in a high-tech parking garage, brilliantly recreates Play Station impact onscreen. A lot like a gaming gig, it feels like it’s been sequenced by a live action game remote.

For all the hoopla surrounding Anil Kapoor’s role in the film, it is hardly worth a mention, it’s a ten minute cameo where he plays a sleazy Indian tycoon Brij Nath, a crucial link to Hendrick who eventually gets seduced and effortlessly bashed by Paula Patton, in a bid to fulfill the last challenge of the impromptu mission. His role can best be described as demeaning and an atypical foolish projection of all things Indian. An unfair but a longstanding oriental trend that surfaces time and again in Hollywood. A far cry from the weightage he received in Danny Boyle’s “Slumdog Millionaire” in which he shared some serious screen space with the cast. He seemed like a silly prop used simply to propel the story forward. Mumbai folks will love the way Cruise leaps ahead of our rush hour traffic, reducing vehicles to standby road toys, almost fulfilling our fantasy onscreen.

Cruise yet again proves that even the most mind boggling and earth shattering action is simply cakewalk for him. The only thing that changes is the suaveness of the gadgets assisting him in all the series. I think it’s unfair to compare it to any of the previous parts since this comes in a league of its own. It’s definitely on par with the part 1 in its sheer magnitude is all I can truly say. Since every sequel has been creatively led by a new director, each like this one expresses a unique flavor of its own.
Kudos to Brad Bird who has previously bagged the best animated feature Oscars with his “The Incredibles” and “Ratatouille”. In his first action flick, he blends in both, the commercial and the critically uplifting facets that go into creating good cinema. He hammers you with unconventional stunts and the smart alec strategy. The film is completely worth the nerve shaking stupor it can induce, simply with all its slick action gimmicks.

Verdict: Action-packed, suavely creative edge of the seat spy thriller

Pashmina Narang

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  1. aryan

    December 16, 2011 at 11:10 am

    tom looks awesome. mi 4 brk all d record earlier build by mi series….. realy it rockzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

  2. ankit

    December 17, 2011 at 5:21 pm

    Action he did in(M I)series no actor can do these type of stunts.He is such a great actor.very excited to watch the movie today night. thanks luv tom u rocks

  3. AKS

    December 18, 2011 at 10:34 am

    Tell your cinemas, they should not charge customers for 3d glasses. They are fleecing them. Not good

  4. Dino

    December 19, 2011 at 2:49 pm

    It was indeed an edge of the seat action thriller. I watched it on the first day of the release i.e, 14th Nov. IMAX was an immersive experience, especially the scenes shot in IMAX camera. Budapest, Dubai and few other shots in IMAX were mind blowing. Brad bird and Tom steal the show all the way

  5. Rajendra Kumar

    December 23, 2011 at 11:14 pm

    Actually MI-4 is a movie that make you learn, how to implement your mind using technologies.

  6. jitendra kumar

    December 25, 2011 at 11:28 am

    i dont want to say about this becouse it can’t be described you go and must watch this movie,,,,,,,,,,,,,

  7. rinku

    January 3, 2012 at 6:21 pm

    Its the one of the worst movie i have ever saw. wasted my money and time. No story no aim, just bakvaas. Worst in MI series. pls dont waste money.

  8. Box Office Capsule

    March 24, 2012 at 10:15 pm

    Actually MI-4 was the Project of Tom Cruise for which he was working since a long time. He has given his greatest performance of his life in this movie.

  9. Box Office Capsule

    March 24, 2012 at 10:16 pm

    It was really a must watch movie.

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November 17, 2017 / 9:16 AM / 4 months ago

SAP sees margins flattening out in fourth quarter: CFO

BARCELONA (Reuters) - Europe’s biggest technology company SAP (SAPG.DE) expects profit margins to flatten out during the fourth quarter after three years of declines, with improving margins to begin to show up in 2018, Chief Financial Officer Luka Mucic said on Friday.

FILE PHOTO: SAP logo at SAP headquarters in Walldorf, Germany, January 24, 2017. REUTERS/Ralph Orlowski

The German software maker is in the midst of a transition to offer cloud-based services to business customers, and management have flagged that 2017 would be the low-water mark for margins as it invested in datacenters and redeployed staff.

“We see now the advent of a period when the margin inflection point should be reached soon,” Mucic told investors at the annual Morgan Stanley European Technology, Media and Telecoms conference in Barcelona.

“In Q4 (fourth-quarter) I see at least the chance to reach flat margins in non-IFRS terms,” he said.

SAP has invested heavily to shift its business to the cloud, but sees that paying off in coming years. Mucic said margins would “start to climb back up” next year and expand further in 2019 and 2020.

Analysts, on average, forecast margins to hit bottom this year at around 29 percent before starting to rebound in 2018.

Mucic also told investors not to expect any dramatic improvements in the coming year, saying that SAP would continue to invest to move its business to the cloud and would not scale this back to meet short-term margin targets.

“The market should not be overly ambitious in terms of the margin increase, especially in 2018,” he said.

    The finance chief reiterated that SAP had no plans to return to the large-scale acquisitions that accelerated a shift from its classic packaged software for financial planning to deliver more cloud-based internet services.

    “We will continue (to look) for opportunities to expand our portfolio in tuck-in mode,” Mucic said of small-scale, technology-focused deals. He said that SAP would continue to “strongly” invest in organic, internally generated growth.

    A succession of multi-billion dollar deals earlier this decade culminated in its largest ever merger in 2014, when it paid $8.3 billion for travel and expense management firm Concur.

    SAP’s shares traded roughly flat at 96.31 euros at 1038 GMT. The stock is up 16 percent so far in 2017, having touched all-time record levels above 100 euros earlier this month.

    Reporting by Douglas Busvine and Eric Auchard. Editing by Jane Merriman

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