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Younger Dry-as dust?

Filed under: — gavin @ 24 October 2007

The Younger Dryas is so called because it corresponds, in the pollen record from Europe, to the latest (i.e. youngest) appearance of the Dryas octopetala pollen, an alpine flower in regions that are now far from alpine. It marks a clear period towards the end of the last ice age when the warming trend of the deglaciation in Europe particularly was interrupted for a period of about 1300 years before it got going again. There were clear glacier advances during this time and the moraines can be seen very clearly all around Europe and Scandinavia.

The clues to what caused this remarkable, if temporary, turnaround have always lain in assessing its spatial extent, the exact timing and correspondence with other events. Two recent papers have shed some welcome and potentially controversial light on the subject.

To appreciate those papers though, you need a little background. It is clear from the Greenland ice cores that the Younger Dryas was a huge event in that region – 10 to 15ºC cooling at Summit – and this is confirmed by studies of ocean sediments in the North Atlantic which also show large temperature drops (a few degrees) over this period. Particularly clear records of climate impacts are seen off Portugal and as far south as the Cariaco Basin off Venezuela. New evidence from proxy circulation tracers suggest that the North Atlantic overturning decreased significantly during the YD, possibly shutting down completely. This has all lent support to the theory, first suggested over a decade ago, that glacial meltwater interfered with the N. Atl. circulation causing an interruption of the ocean heat flow to the North. This is of course the prototype of the “ocean circulation changes imply a new ice age” meme which has been so hard to get rid of in recent years.

But how far afield did this climate change reach? The event is been clearly seen in sediments off Santa Barbara (California) and in cave records from China, but both of these areas are still in the Northern Hemisphere, and exactly what is recorded (wind speed change and precipitation amounts?) is still a little ambiguous. But what about the south?

The initial results from Antarctic ice cores at first seemed to show something very similar – the long warming through the deglaciation was interrupted by a cold reversal half way along. The relative dating was not very good at that time and it was quite plausible that the two events in Greenland and Antarctica were one and the same. When glacial advances in New Zealand were found to be around the same time, it seemed clear that the YD cooling had extended the entire length of the Atlantic! The only problem was that the favored mechanism, an ocean circulation change, no longer matched the data. Models of these shutdowns found it very hard (actually impossible) to get a cooling in the North and South at the same time. Lots of other ideas were suggested, but none that were really convincing. So scientists went on thinking that it probably was the ocean, but always with a bit of unease about the southern hemisphere results or the models.

Clarity started to emerge when new techniques for lining up the ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland were developed. One technique used the very rapid changes in methane (which could be measured in both poles) to synchronise the chronologies. The thought being that methane changes are well mixed and so large changes in one hemisphere get transmitted very quickly to the other. With this came a big surprise – the Antarctic Cold Reversal started hundreds of years before the Younger Dryas! In fact, Antarctica stopped cooling just as the YD was getting started. This was evidence of a bi-polar see-saw in the ocean – something the models did seem happy to show.

But what about the New Zealand glaciers? How did they fit in? There had been some loosely constrained pollen data that didn’t show much cooling reported in 1999, but the result was still ambiguous. This is where the first of the new papers comes in. In it, Barrows et al show with improved dating that the New Zealand peak glacial advances actually were significantly younger than the YD. These dates seem more solid that the previous estimates and are supported by nearby ocean sediment evidence for a continued warming through the YD.

So now that the southern hemisphere oddities have left the scene, does that mean we now have a full understanding of the event? Not quite. The ocean circulation theory has indeed been strengthened in recent years, but the search for a trigger continues – why did it happen when it did? As always, many ideas have been put forward – a shift in drainage pathways for Lake Agassiz from the Mississippi to the St. Lawrence, a solar trigger or a tropical Pacific trigger and now we have a brand new idea – a cometary impact.

This has been suggested by a large group of researchers who have collectively been working on archaeological sites (Clovis) in North America and who noticed a layer of charcoal at about the same time as the YD at a number of disparate sites. They claim too that within this charcoal there is significant evidence of impact ejecta, and from this they suggest that the trigger for the YD was in fact an extraterrestrial impact. This doesn’t really undermine the ocean mechanism – the comet is hypothesised to have caused significant meltwater to flow into the Atlantic and the ocean circulation changed as would be expected in the standard view. Some suggestions were made at meetings that the direct impact due to dust and smoke forcing from fires actually caused the initial YD cooling, but this doesn’t seem quite as plausible (dust falls out of the air quickly).

The researchers have however tried to link the impact with everything that was previously linked in time to the Younger Dryas – mammoth extinctions, the disappearance of the Clovis culture etc. – but it is very difficult to disentangle a direct consequence of an impact from the indirect consequence of the subsequent climate change. But these ideas are quite intriguing and they made quite a splash when announced in a coordinated session at AGU in the spring.

There are three aspects of this work that will require independent confirmation to determine whether or not this is a viable explanation. Firstly, it should be possible to find the ejecta layer almost anywhere – peat bogs, lake sediment, ice cores etc. – wherever there is material of the right age. If that is indeed found (big if), then the first part of the hypothesis might be confirmed – that there was an impact at this time. The subsequent parts are much harder: depending on where any object landed or was centered, how can one show that it produced the meltwater that presumably caused the ocean circulation change? The source to the ocean of the meltwater (be it the Arctic, St Lawrence or Hudson Bay) has been unclear for many years. Finally, how can you show that the direct effect of the hypothesised comet was responsible for any impacts, rather than the indirect effect of the ocean change? These issues will, I suspect, take a long time to resolve.

There are still some more YD mysteries though. The ocean models might have won the Southern Hemisphere round, but they still have a hard time explaining why it lasted so long, and how the rapid warming (10 or so degrees in the space of a few decades in Greenland) at the end occurred. The fact that similar events occurred all through the glacial period (Dansgaard-Oscheger events) implies that they must be fundamental to the climate system rather than a one off. An impact event doesn’t impact those mysteries at all.

70 Responses to “Younger Dry-as dust?”

  1. 1
    Joe Lassiter says:

    Gavin….Thanks for publishing this. I have been following the “comet impact”
    theory for a couple of years, wondering what confirmation would be needed tie the theory to the Younger Dryas. The duration of the DY always seems far longer to me than any transient
    effects from an impact could explain. I guess we will have to wait and see what science and scientists can reveal about the side-effects that occur and their associated time-constants when “the Earth has a really, really bad day.”

  2. 2
    Mathis says:

    And where could this impact have happened? Lake Agassiz?
    How far from this location can one expect such an ejecta layer?

  3. 3
    David Kitchen says:

    All this seems prove to me is that impacts are much more common than we first believed (or want to believe) and so evidence of one more impact is not that surprising. It is old and tested, but still true, that extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof and I wait with interest to see.

    I do have one question however. If an impact were to take place in (say) the Atlantic causing considerable mixing, even homogenization (?) over the entire depth of the water column and wide lateral area, how long would it take for the system to return to “normal” and what would the impact on climate be during the transition? I have no feeling for the rates involved.

  4. 4
    bigcitylib says:

    Is the argument that the meteor strike melted the melt-water? or that it
    “destabilized the ice sheet” and perhaps fractured an existing ice dam? I’d
    think the second the more likely, as the strike would then only have served to
    alter the timing of an event that was bound to occur anyway.

    For example, the Intra-Allerod Cold Period has been associated with a melt-water discharge, and some of the geography of the Columbia river was apparently carved by repeated
    ice dam collapses releasing water from Lake Missoula. The Younger Dryas
    seems to have been one of a series of similar events.

  5. 5
    Don Thieme says:

    I would be more receptive to their YD explanation, if these researchers had not been casting about for something to explain with their hypothesis for so long. They have ignored other evidence for rapid changes in the carbon cycle which have more immediate and terrestrial explanations. We cannot explain every D-O cycle blip in the Quaternary using extraterrestrial causes.

  6. 6
    Figen Mekik says:

    Gavin that is an excellent post. I go to all AGU meetings and listen to lots of talks, but finally the interconnectedness of all things Younder Dryas is making sense to me. Very well written!

  7. 7
    SteveF says:

    There are also additional aspects of interest. Over here in the UK, the Younger Dryas isn’t actually too well dated, at least not in terms of glacial activity. We’ve got a pretty good handle on the cooling event itself from various reasonably well dated multiproxy studies and in broad terms these confirm the basic story (i.e. a bloody cold Younger Dryas!).

    To a certain extent, I think this encourages us to think in these neat, comfortable little packages and assign things that are less well dated to the appropriate category. As a result, the Loch Lomond readvance has always been nicely tucked into the YD event. However, recent cosmogenic dating evidence (and, to be fair, some of the older radiocarbon dates) suggests that the Loch Lomond ice sheet actually reached its maximum extent pretty early in the YD and was most probably building up during the previous interstadial. Given that temperatures were so cold during the YD, an early start was probably necessary in order to get the required moisture.

    In this sense, a bit of caution is probably required when thinking about the Kiwi glacial evidence. Obviously no one would say that the Younger Dryas didn’t exist in the Northern Hemisphere, on the basis of a pre-YD ice build up in the UK. In the same way, we probably shouldn’t use New Zealand ice to attempt to falsify a cold southern Hemisphere during the YD (although having said that the ice in New Zealand appears to have retreated a fair while before the YD, whereas in Scotland there is overlap and ice present during the cood event). The ocean core is more useful for testing the occurrence of a cooling event.

  8. 8
    Michael Le Page says:

    A minor typo: Dansgaard-Oeschger, isn’t it?

  9. 9
    Richard Ordway says:

    Re #2
    “Mathis Says:
    And where could this impact have happened? Lake Agassiz?
    How far from this location can one expect such an ejecta layer?”

    “…suggests that an extraterrestrial object exploded in Earth’s atmosphere above Canada…”

  10. 10
    David B. Benson says:

    Mathis (2) — Somewhere I read a claim that ejecta were also found in Belgium.

  11. 11
    David Miller says:

    What would be the effect of the comet striking deep water? I would guess that would greatly lesson the ejecta. Couldn’t a comet strike easily ignite fires from the radiation and/or stray bits coming off while the main body could have struck deep water, causing tidal waves and minimizing ejecta?

  12. 12
    Zeke Hausfather says:

    If a comet collision were to prove the catalyst of a massive North American freshwater flow into the Atlantic that results in the shut down of the THC, how would this explain the “see-saw” of cooling starting in the southern hemisphere?

  13. 13
    Aaron Lewis says:

    Why is there an assumption that it was just one object? Why not a cloud of smaller objects over a period of a few years? Some would be large enough to produce ejecta, some would start fires on the ground, and some would just leave dust in the atmosphere.

    As the dust settled on the ice, it would change the albedo of the ice as the atmosphere cleared. Thus, rapid cooling by atmospheric dust followed by a rapid rewarming/ice melt without a (big recent) crater.

    It would be the kind of event that could leave a culture very much in awe of “shooting stars.” We see the Perseids and the Leonids every year. Anyone that watches the night sky has seen thousands and thousands of shooting stars. Why should so many cultures have so much fear of a common event? Maybe because, during the YD, those events were more exciting??

  14. 14
    Anders Lundqvist says:

    So, here we go again. When there is no other explanation, one can always turn to the old fire ball from the sky… Humans have done this for millennia. It was not convincing then, and it is not convincing now.

  15. 15
    Hank Roberts says:

    Looking it up, not likely Hudson’s bay (an impact that big in the last 10,000 years would never have been noticed by contemporary human beings — anthropic principle, in absentia; there wouldn’t be anybody home here now if that were an impact crater.

  16. 16
    Lynn Vincentnathan says:

    I’m not sure how this relates to GW today, aside from the debate over whether the THC might shut down, which anyway is a side or additional issue to all the more certain harms facing us. (And since I’m pretty far south — the southernmost tip of Texas — I’m thinking either my place would be staying the same, or maybe even getting warmer.)

    I guess some denialists might claim that the warming now is due to a lack of meteor strikes, which have been common throughout history, pushing the world into cooler conditions, and now since we haven’t had one in a long time the natural warming is being allowed to keep increasing to its natural level.

    Uh-oh, I may have just given them another argument.

  17. 17
    Nigel Williams says:

    I think the extraterrestrial-ites have a wee way to go to tie cause and effect together here. A cursory Google-Earth examination of the land east of Hudson Bay shows the lovely impact craters of Couture and Clearwater East and West, among others. While these impacts are dated at around 430 and 290 million years ago, they remind us that Earth is always receiving impacts and glancing blows from extraterrestrial items. It is quite conceivable that an impact occurred around the time of the Younger Dryas 12,000 years ago but what is much harder is linking that as a sufficient cause to the temperature swings observed.

    This post is a worrying reminder of the rate at which climate has changed in the past. When viewed in the context of the current status of the climate it seems possible (and its hard not to be alarmed) that we are on the starting ramp of another rapid heating phase.

    The Arctic Ice Area Anomaly chart is continuing to trend down in a worrying manner,

    and the droughts and subsequent fires besetting numerous areas of the world are combining to paint a very gloomy picture.

    The diligently worked predictions of IPCC et al in relation to the warming likely in the next hundred years or so (around 3C) is based on the response to known forcings – in particular anthropogenic GHGs. I suspect that its because we don’t know what initiates them that this work does not suggest we are the onset of a Dansgaard-Oeschger event

    What this post confirms is that there are intrinsic mechanisms in the climate-earth system that regularly give rise to temperature increase of 10 to 15C in a few decades. We obviously do not have any explanation of the way this happens, but the climate record is unambiguous. So we have good reason to be very concerned indeed. These D-O events seem to be able to commence from quite a range of initial conditions, and likewise end at a similarly disparate selection of temperatures:-

    If the delta-O-18 data is an indication of the temperature over the events then there is obviously some other mechanism that finally triggers them which is to a large degree insensitive to the starting temperature. This may be a good thing – if our own interference with climate is not awakening this dragon, but on the other hand…!!!

    So – A butterfly flap around 1900 has started a warming trend; Mankind is in the process of doubling CO2 concentrations in the space of a couple of hundred years, and there is this sleeping dragon – the well-tested mechanism that kicks off D-O events which push up global temperature by over 10C in a few decades. I hope we haven’t woken the dragon!

  18. 18
    Hank Roberts says:

    David Benson — “investigations of a buried layer at sites from California to Belgium” — from the AGU link, in the main post at top.

  19. 19
    Count Iblis says:

    I wonder what would happen if a big asteroid hits Antarctica. The kinetic energy of KT impactor that killed the dinosaurs was of the same order as the energy you need to melt all of the ice in Antarctica…

  20. 20
    Hank Roberts says:

    Older articles about a much older impact, for comparison of effects and energy.

  21. 21
    Nigel Williams says:

    Following on from my previous post, if I may: Looking briefly at the relationship between delta-O-18 and temperature..
    gives a rough correlation between delta-O-18 and temperature. This suggests a -10C change for a +2.2 change in dO18, giving a correlation of temperature/dO18 of -4.5C per unit dO18. Note that this correlation is derived from Vostok cores, and thus intuitively it would be likely that the global mean temperature change will be less – say about -3C/unit dO18.

    This then gives us initiation of the D-O event at dO18 over a range of about -36.2 to -40.1 dO18 units i.e. over 3.9 units dO18. This implies a range in global mean temperatures of around 11.7C for the temperatures at initiation of D-O events over the last 30,000 to 50,000 years.

    This reinforces the impression that the D-O events are initiated by events that are insensitive to starting temperature. Any thoughts on what the initiator is? Does CO2 spike around then, by any chance?

  22. 22
    Steve L says:

    I have a couple of problems in understanding. If “Younger” means more recent, then this statement confuses me: “Barrows et al show with improved dating that the New Zealand peak glacial advances actually were significantly younger than the YD.” If the south stopped cooling than before the YD, then the NZ glacial advances should be older than the YD rather than more recent. Uh, actually after re-reading it the other misunderstanding I had disappeared and the issue I’ve noted seems to be a minor error by Gavin. I’ll just ask quickly though, What are hypotheses for the earlier reversal in glaciation in the southern hemisphere? Maybe I need to read a third time….

    [Response: It’s just reading from the paper. I had to check it twice as well. – gavin]

  23. 23

    What would be the effect of the comet striking deep water?

    A biblical flood, complete with rain for forty days and forty nights.

  24. 24
    James says:

    Re #23: [What would be the effect of the comet striking deep water?]

    IIRC, “Lucifer’s Hammer”, Niven & Pournelle.

    But as to the effects of this comet, suppose an air burst sets off widespread forest fires. That produces lots of smoke & soot, which might produce general atmospheric cooling, but fast melting of soot-covered glaciers, especially if the impact was in late spring… How much melting would covering a glacier with soot cause? Would there be a telltale layer in Greenland cores?

  25. 25
    Timothy Chase says:

    Nigel Williams (#17) wrote:

    So – A butterfly flap around 1900 has started a warming trend; Mankind is in the process of doubling CO2 concentrations in the space of a couple of hundred years, and there is this sleeping dragon – the well-tested mechanism that kicks off D-O events which push up global temperature by over 10C in a few decades. I hope we haven’t woken the dragon!

    Nigel, where exactly are you getting the “global”?

    Not saying that there aren’t any D-O events that affect all the world the same way at the same time, but the post at least points out that at this time the cummulative evidence is for the very same bipolarity which the models show.

    From the post:

    This was evidence of a bi-polar see-saw in the ocean – something the models did seem happy to show.

    Not that this is something to be entirely happy about — as it suggests that the ocean bistable, bimodal, or bipolar — or at the very least, a rather fickle beast.

  26. 26

    Aaron Lewis posts:

    [[It would be the kind of event that could leave a culture very much in awe of “shooting stars.” We see the Perseids and the Leonids every year. Anyone that watches the night sky has seen thousands and thousands of shooting stars. Why should so many cultures have so much fear of a common event?]]

    Shades of Velikovsky.

    Before you speculate on the cause of the fear, first, demonstrate that many cultures, or even one culture, actually fears this particular event.

  27. 27
    Charles Muller says:

    Rahmstorf 2003 (GRL) pointed out the approx. 1500 yr cyclicity of the D-O events, whose Younger Dryas is probably the most recent signature. He wrote that the highly precise clock excludes an internal oscillatory modes in terrestrial climate – rather it suggests an outer space origin (but I guess meteor impact is not the kind of outer space regular timing he had in mind). I don’t know if the precision of the clock Rahmstorf alluded to in his paper is still correct with new datation from ice cores.

  28. 28
    dean_1230 says:

    RE: 13

    This isn’t a Perseid- or Leonid-like impact… This isn’t even close in comparison to a Krakatau-like explosion. Those pale in comparison to what we’re talking about.

    Most ‘shooting stars’ are grains of dust that burn up in the atmosphere.

  29. 29
    dean_1230 says:

    RE: 14

    It sure does seem that “catastrophic destruction from the outer solar system” is the favorite way to explain a lot of things lately.

    Maybe they’ll make a movie about it… hey, i think Bruce Willis would be great in the leading role!

  30. 30
    Ray Ladbury says:

    In a previous professional incarnation, I worked as an intern at the Lunar and Planetary Institute studying cratering on Jupiter’s icy satellites. The researcher I worked under had taken old DOD nuclear code and scaled the energies up ~10-20 orders of magnitude, thrown in a bit of new physics, and voila, the makings of a truly cataclysmic event. A 1 km ball of ice traveling at roughly 7 km per second (Earth escape velocity) has a kinetic energy of about 10^20 Joules. A comet would likely break up in the atmosphere, but that would just increase the rate of energy depostion in the atmosphere and increase the pressure wave at the surface. It would be a really bad day at ground zero.

  31. 31

    It sure does seem that “catastrophic destruction from the outer solar system” is the favorite way to explain a lot of things lately.

    Nucleosynthesis is catastrophic too, do you deny that as well as cosmic impacts?

  32. 32
    Andre says:

    There are a few problems with the Firestone hypothesis about the Younger Dryas, explained here:

    The problems of interpreting the Younger Dryas are twofold, the historical mix up of carbon dates with calendar dates and the assumption that cumulative isotope values of the Greenland ice cores represent average temperatures rather than seasonal shifting of precipitation (Jouzel et al 1997). The aridness of the Younger Dryas should have rung alert bells.

  33. 33
    BenA says:

    RE 17 and 21

    For what it is worth, I think one theory (The binge-purge cycle) about DO events is that they due to internal instability in the Laurentide and Euroasian Ice sheets (culminating in Heinrich Events over Bond cycles), another is that it was due to variable input of meltwater changing the location of NADW formation from below Iceland to above it in the Greenland/Norweigian sea (apologies for lack of references, if this is disproven now someone please say). Atmospheric sources were suggested by Bond and Lotti (1995 – Science 267 (5200) p1005) due to the cyclicity of the events, but not sure that explains why they are then in lead/lag with the southern hemisphere (Steig and Alley, 2002, Annals of Glaciology 35, p451-456). Apologies references are shoddy – don’t have any notes to hand.

  34. 34
    Pete Best says:

    I believe that the scientific community is running out of plausible explanations of a single kind for explaining why the YD occured. It could simply have been a sequence of several factors resonating together where no single factor is responsible overall.

  35. 35
    Alex Nichols says:

    I don’t have any catastrophist axe to grind and certainly am not a Velikovsky freak, but I happen to have a second hand copy of “History of the Conquest of Mexico” by William H Prescott, originally published in 1842.

    I read it about 20 years ago and have always been intrigued by a particular passage describing an Aztec Deluge myth.

    “They believe that two persons survived the Deluge, – a man named CoxCox , and his wife. Their heads are represented in ancient paintings, together with a boat floating on the waters, at the foot of a mountain.
    A dove is also depicted, with a hieroglyphical emblem of languages in his mouth, which he is distributing to the children of CoxCox, who were born dumb.”

    Prescott, Swan Sonnenschein, Paternoster Square, London. page 639

    Of course it’s quite possible that this account was given a particular slant by the Spanish priests who reported it.
    Even Prescott has doubts about its provenance, as well as a similar tradition amongst the Michoacan.
    However, Alexander Humboldt regarded it as authentic (see footnotes 16 & 17)

  36. 36
    henning says:

    Just an idea – couldn’t a comet of such dimension influence the earth’s orbit around the sun?

  37. 37
    Ray Ladbury says:

    Alex Nichols on myths of “The Flood” among pre-Columbian natives:

    “Of course it’s quite possible that this account was given a particular slant by the Spanish priests who reported it.”

    Gee, do ya think?

  38. 38
    Aaron Lewis says:

    Re 28
    The Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling talks about “ejecta”, so if they got that right, then the impacting objects had to be large enough to hit the ground.

    For that effect, it had to be a fairly large event. If it was a single object, that would have left a large, recent crater – that would be easy to find, but there are no obvious candidates.

    That leaves the possibility of many smaller impact objects over a few years. I take modern meteorite showers to be evidence that clouds of debris can still intrude into Earth orbit, and then impact the Earth. You would have to explain to me why a few large impacts are more likely than thousands or millions of smaller impacts. Just because we have not seen such an event recently, does not mean that they do not occur every so often. What is the size distribution of craters on the moon? Are the moon craters all the result of big events, or are there more small craters than large craters?

    However interesting such a historical event is, I am not going to waste much time on it because we have a global warming crisis. Atmospheric aerosols are not a viable solution to AGW, too many health side effects. The best solutions focus on greenhouse gases.

    Re 30
    YES! My point exactly. We would still see effects from such a large, recent single impact.

  39. 39
    dean_1230 says:

    Re: 31

    For the record, I’ve not denied anything about this subject. It is entirely possible, and may be even probable that cometary and/or meteoric impacts have caused the mass extinctions and abrupt climate changes.

    I just find it interesting/curious that 30 years ago, no one thought it was probable. Now it seems to be the preferred explanation.

    And I also sleep well at night knowing that if we do find that we’re about to die due to a comet impact, Bruce Willis is standing by to save us! :-)

  40. 40
    Jerry says:

    (30, 34) Ray, Pete, thanks, you helped me answer a question, how much energy would be needed to melt a good sized bit of the Laurentide ice sheet…

    an amateur (me) looks at the problem:

    The back-of-the envelope calculation, starting with Ray’s 1 km ice ball: 3.34×10^5 Joules per kg is the heat of fusion of 0 degree C water ice, so 10^20 joules would melt 3×10^14 kg of ice, or 300 GT… 1 km^3 of ice is 10^9 kg, so it would melt an ice cube on the order of 3 x 10^5 km^3, or 1000km by 300 km by 1km thick.

    I hope I kept all the exponents straight. That volume translate into the area of Kansas and Nebraska put together, and ice 0.75km thick.

    For reference (source EPA, the volume of fresh water in the Great Lakes is 2.26 x 10^4 km^3, which is about 10% of the volume of ice that I calculate here. The area of the Great Lakes is 2.44 x 10^5 km^2…

    I’m assuming 100% of the kinetic energy of the hypothetical 1 km ice ball goes into melting; pick any reasonable fraction. Maybe the ice ball is smaller, only 0.5 km. That reduced the available energy by a factor of 8 (mass ~ r^3)… still not unreasonable. The resulting meltwater is between 1 and 10x the volume of the Great lakes, just as a test of reasonableness.

    Maybe not all the extinctions happened docudrama style, but that amount of heat and subsequent fires, etc. would certainly put a dent into the local ecology, and take species which were “endangered” and more rapidly push them over the edge.

    So, my question: if the approximate volume of fresh water contained in the Great Lakes were introduced into the North Atlantic over a year, or a decade, what effect would that have on North Atlantic circulation? Is it enough to affect North Atlantic heat transport to Europe, or shut down the conveyor? Currently, less than 1% of the Great Lakes volume exits via the St Lawrence. If there is enough effect for an interruption, or a slowdown, what happens to the heat energy in the topics that used to be carried away… how is it redistributed?

    Pete I agree, it would be neat if ALL the observations could be explained by a single event, this may be one of those “tipping point” events, like Krakatau is associated with the “Year without Summer” in 1815-1816 (SO2 aerosols).

  41. 41
    Nick O. says:

    Much as the possible cometry impact is an interesting hypothesis, I’m not sure it’s getting us any further. For example, for possible analogies of the heat required, and the likely resulting water melt, I suppose we might be able to use the larger jökulhlaups as analogies, although the heating in this instance is from below, rather than above, and takes place over days or weeks. The last big one I recall was in 1996, with peak flows of around 40,000 cumecs (e.g. see, so this is still ‘small’ compared with the rates inferred for the meltwater pulses around the last deglaciation, and I think also around the 8.2 ka event. Nevertheless, it shows just how large, endogenetic processes can produce major melting i.e. we don’t need to invoke cometry or other events to get them. It also shows that the melting itself doesn’t have to be sudden for the meltwater pulse to be sudden. Glacial outbursts are common enough anyway (geomorphologically, at least); for example, there was a major burst in the early 1940s in the Ferpecle valley, in Switzerland, which occurred without warning and took out all of the bridges down to Sion. The meltwater could well have been building up for years, over decades or indeed much longer, so again, there’s no necessity to invoke a catastrophic causation, even though the event was catastrophic. My gut feeling, therefore, is let’s not latch on to the cometry idea unless we really have to i.e. the simpler, inherent explanations just don’t stack up.

    Hope this makes sense; comments welcome …

  42. 42
    Mateo says:

    Re 40 . . . like Krakatau is associated with the “Year without Summer” in 1815-1816 (SO2 aerosols).

    That would be Tambora. Krakatau was 1883 I think.

  43. 43
    Chuck Booth says:

    Re # 39 dean: “I just find it interesting/curious that 30 years ago, no one thought it was probable.”

    That’s the amazing thing about science – our knowledge always increases with time. Scientists are continually learning things they didn’t know before. Sometimes, things once thought improbable are discovered to be highly probable. And some things thought to be highly probable turn out to be improbable.

  44. 44
    Halldor says:

    Thanks Gavin for a nice review.

    Like many I doubt that the traditional explanations are in such a mess that a one-off cometary explanation is needed. What about the sequence Oldest Dryas/Bolling/Older Dryas/Alleroed/Younger Dryas. Does each get a comet? What about other Heinrich events?

    Unless the evidence for ejecta starts popping up all over the place, I suspect that this idea will fade.

    Nick O. (#41) is correct that jökulhlaups are not that uncommon, although the Gjalp eruption in 1996 clearly did not do much to the ocean circulation in the North Atlantic. There was a larger similar event in 1918 about 100km west of Gjalp (associated with the Katla eruption) and the only oceanic influences I know of is a possible mini-tsunami (probably as a result of a landslide on the continental slope).

    These events were, however, shortlived and initiated by a subglacial eruption.

    For the late glacial period (and the PBO event in the early Holocene) the chief suspects are the rerouting of meltwater and the sudden drainage of pro-glacial lakes. There is ample evidence that such events occurred. There is also some evidence for coincidences in timing, which raise the interesting possibility that “Younger Dryas”-like events were driven by more than one source.

    There is a review on this in:
    “Were abrupt Lateglacial and early-Holocene climatic changes in northwest Europe linked to freshwater outbursts to the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans?”
    By Nesje A, Dahl SO, Bakke J (HOLOCENE 14 (2): 299-310 MAR 2004)

  45. 45
    Jerry says:

    re: 41, 42, 32

    Mateo, thank you, I accept the correction. Krakatau was fairly impressive in terms of its cooling effect, as I recall, but not up to the 1815 effect.

    Nick, thank you for the jokulhlaup reminder. Lake Agassiz was contemporaneous. I don’t think the two hypotheses are incompatible. I was curious to see whether the energy of a hypothetical impactor was anywhere near what might be required for a good-sized melt in the ice sheet. Assuming a Great-Lakes sized (2.26×10^4 km3) discharge in a year (3×10^7 sec) gives a flow rate of 0.75 x 10^6 m3/sec, compared to a still quite impressive 4×10^4 m3/sec from your reference.

    The multiple discharges of glacial Lake Missoula on the western side of the continent would be tough to rationalize with comets.

    I am impressed with the reports of widespread coincidence of the carbon layer with the Younger Dryas timing, the spatial distribution of meteorite finds along the southeast coast of the US, and the peculiarly oriented “Carolina Bays” which look like splash marks.

    Andre (#32), The criticism of the timing by carbon dating (Andre, #32) sounds like “close but no cigar”, will have to wait for experts to sort out. That’s science.

    Thanks to all,

  46. 46
    Andre says:

    Re #45 Jerry,

    If you would take a few moments and work yourself through some oh.. three to four hundred publications pertaining Younger Dryas and glaciation then the more prevailing trend is to date glacier advances around 11,000 +/-50 years carbon dated, which obviously denotes the start of the Younger Dryas. Indeed close, but no sigar. 10,000 radiocarbon years BP equals 12,915 calendar years BP, while just about all high resolution proxies, except for GISP2, have the Younger Dryas started just after 12,700 calendar years BP. That gap is just too big, and given the widespread aridness of the Younger Dryas, where would the snow come from to get all the glacier advances?

    It seems that the 200 years between 12,9 and 12,7 ka is the true mystery interval, advancing glaciers (caused by ETE?) while the water isotopes in all proxies suggest a warm period, the last Allerod spike.

    How this discrepancy could form is explained here

  47. 47

    [[Just an idea – couldn’t a comet of such dimension influence the earth’s orbit around the sun?]]

    Not enought to be easily measurable. To estimate the difference, try computing the mass of a sphere of ice 500 meters in radius. Then compare it to Earth’s mass: 5.9736 x 1024 kilograms (NASA 1998).

  48. 48

    Jerry posts:

    [[Pete I agree, it would be neat if ALL the observations could be explained by a single event, this may be one of those “tipping point” events, like Krakatau is associated with the “Year without Summer” in 1815-1816 (SO2 aerosols).]]

    Tambora. Krakatau was in the 1880s, if I remember correctly.

  49. 49
    Red Foot Okie says:

    Interesting article. I haven’t read all the comments, but I do remember hearing a few months ago about someone studying the extinction of the Clovis culture and claiming that it was several smaller meteor impacts and not one big one.

    And, as someone else already said, impacts from space seem to be a lot more frequent than we’d like to admit.

  50. 50
    guthrie says:

    I have something to add to the discussion, with the caveat that I am merely passing it on, although on the face of it it seems plausible.
    For entertainment I read books on the topic of aliens and alternative prehistory stuff. Think like Von DAniken etc.
    So, this book called “Uriels machine” by Christopher Knight and RObert Lomas has a chapter on a putative comet impact about 9600 years ago.

    Now, this is not the same date as 13,000 years ago, but anyway, some of the evidence they assemble is probably relevant. They attribute researchers Edith and Alexander Tollman with compiling information regarding a comet strike 9,600 years ago. One point is that there is a nitric acid peak in ice cores from this period, the nitric acid being formed from atmospheric nitrogen by great heat.
    They also claim a variety of tektites have been found from around the world from the period in question. Also, there is a blip in the radiocarbon dating curve from that period, which would probably be caused by destruction of the ozone layer by incoming meteors.
    They also claim that various deposits of sand etc have been found far above sea level, where they have been deposited by tsunamis.

    So that is the kind of evidence to look for when trying to work out whether something hit the earth 13,000 years ago.

    However, the data given in Knight and Lomas’s book does not cover the period 13,000 years ago. They also suggest that their impacts nearly 10,000 years ago caused a warming of the planet, although they do not suggest a mechanism.

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Tuesday, 26 March 2013

paneer tikka masala.

shopping list
♥ 200g block of paneer cheese
♥ 3 tbsp tikka paste
♥ one onion, choppped
♥ 400g chopped tomatoes
♥ tbsp tomato purée
4 tbsp natural yogurt
♥ knob of butter
♥ chopped coriander, to serve

this is based on the bbc good food paneer tikka masala recipe - which i really recommend!

i made this last week for what i ate wednesday - if you haven't already heard of it then get involved! :)

begin by chopping up the paneer into chunks and tossing in the  tikka paste, which you then grill on a baking tray.

next, you begin the tikka masala sauce by cooking the chopped onion on a low heat for 20 minutes, then adding the ingredients gradually as follows.

and here is the result... which was really yummy! it was quite tangy though and i couldn't work out if maybe i'd put too much of something in it. my friend who cooks a lot of indian food said maybe the chopped tomatoes - but i thought it would be the sourness of the yogurt. i also realise i cheated a little on using pre-made tikka paste. if you have any tips on making the perfect tikka masala or how to make tikka paste from scratch - do let me know! :)

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Onion Cooking

Additional Onion Information:
All About Onions | Onion Preparation | Onion and Tearing Tips

Onion Cooking

Sweating | Sautéing | Caramelizing | Fried | Deep-Fried | Baked | Boiled | Grilled

Onions are cooked both to be eaten on their own and to be added to other dishes. Onions may require sweating, sautéing, or caramelizing before they are added to other foods. They can also be boiled, fried, baked, deep-fried, and grilled alone or together with other foods. Some of the methods commonly used for cooking onions are shown below.

Sweating Onions

Sweating onions is done to accomplish for several purposes. Sweating gently cooks the onion to soften its texture, increase its sweetness and to reduce the sulfur content, which gives it a milder taste. Sweating onions for dishes, such as risottos, rice pilafs and braised meats is where the flavor begins. The sweat onions give a natural sweetness to dishes. See the instructions below for sweating onions.

    Slice or chop onions as directed by the recipe.

    Add just enough fat (oil or margarine) to cover the bottom of the pan. If too much fat is used, it will smother the onions.

    Add prepared onions and cook over low heat. Cover to keep onions moist.
    Remove cover and stir occasionally. Do not allow onions to brown.
    Cook until the onions are translucent and soft but have not started to brown.

    Sautéing Onions

    Sautéing onions is done when a firmer textured and sweeter flavored onion is desired. The sautéed onions are browned, which creates a rich sweet flavor. Sautéed onions are good when added to other sautéed vegetables, soups and pasta dishes. See the instructions below for sautéing onions.

      Slice or chop onions as directed by the recipe.

      Heat the pan over high heat before adding the oil. Add enough oil to just coat the bottom of the pan.

      Add the onions but do not cover. Covering them would steam the onions and prevent them from browning properly.
      As they begin to brown, stir frequently to produce evenly browned onions.
      Cook until tender and evenly browned. Serve as a side dish or add to other dishes as directed.

      Caramelizing onions creates a unique flavor. Once the onion's sugars have caramelized, there are many flavor compounds developed that provide a variety of sweet, rich flavors. Each flavor compound has a color and flavor of its own that adds depth to any dish in which the caramelized onions are added. Caramelized onions are used as a condiment on hamburgers and other sandwiches, and as a topping on pizza, steaks, pork chops, and roasted meats. They are added to add flavor to risotto, pasta dishes, soups and stews. They also make a nice side dish to meats, poultry, and fish. See the instructions below for caramelizing onions.

        Cut 1 1/2 pounds of onions in half lengthwise and peel.

        Cut onion halves crosswise into 1/4 inch slices. Separate the layers of each slice into individual pieces.

        Heat 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil and 1 tablespoon of butter (or margarine) in a 10-inch non-stick fry pan over high heat.
        When oil and butter are heated and foaming stops, add 1/2 teaspoon of salt and 3/4 teaspoon of light brown sugar. Quickly stir to mix.
        Add the onions and carefully stir to coat them as thoroughly as possible.
        Cook over high heat for approximately 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Onions will begin to soften and release some of their juices.
        Reduce heat down to medium. Continue to cook, stirring often.
        Note: During the cooking process, if the onions begin to cook too fast and begin to scorch, reduce the heat immediately. If they are cooking too slow and have not started to brown after 20 minutes, increase the heat slightly.

        Cook until onions are soft, have a glossy look, and are a deep, rich brown color. This may take 40 to 50 minutes. Do not rush this process or the results will not produce onions with the varying layers of color and rich flavor.

        When onions are done, remove from the heat and stir in a tablespoon of water. Add pepper to taste.

        Caramelized onions can be eaten as a side dish on their own or added as a topping to meats, such as steak or chops. They can also be added to sandwiches, soups, stews and other dishes to provide a special flavor.

        Fried Onions

          1. Peel 1 large onion, cut in half from stem to root, and then cut crosswise into very thin slices.
          2. Heat 1/4 cup of butter or margarine in a 10" frying pan over medium heat.
          3. Place small batches of the thinly sliced onions in the pan and fry until crispy and golden brown, approximately 3 minutes. Stir constantly.
          4. Remove with tongs and place on a plate lined with paper towels.
          5. Continue to fry in batches until all the onions are fried.

        Deep Fried Onions

          Peel 3 large sweet onions, leaving them whole. Cut crosswise into 1/4 inch thick slices. Separate slices into individual rings.
          Dry separated rings thoroughly with paper towels.

          After thoroughly drying rings, dredge them in flour. This can be done by putting flour on a plate and placing the onion rings in the flour and turning until well coated.

          If you have a lot of rings to dredge, it may be faster to put the flour in a bag and then place several rings at a time in the flour. Shake the bag until all rings are well coated and then remove the rings from the bag.

          Prepare batter:
          • Mix 1 1/2 cups of flour, 1 1/2 tsp. of salt, 1 1/2 tsp. of baking powder, and 2 tsp. of sugar in a bowl and set aside.
          • Blend together 2 eggs, 1 1/4 cup of milk, and 1/4 cup of vegetable oil.
          • Add flour mixture and beat until well blended.
          Add 1 inch of oil to a deep-sided pan. Heat oil to 375°F. If oil is not hot enough, the onion rings will be greasy when cooked. If it is too hot, the batter will brown too quickly and the onions will not be cooked thoroughly.
          Dip flour coated onion rings into the batter until entire ring is coated. Allow excess batter to drip off before placing in the hot oil.
          Place batter coated rings into the hot oil. Place several rings in the hot oil at a time but do not overcrowd the rings. This will allow them to cook evenly.
          Fry rings rings until they are golden brown on the first side and then turn to cook on the second side.
          When rings are golden brown on both sides, remove the rings from the oil and place on a paper towel lined baking sheet for oil to drain off. To keep hot, place baking sheet, with finished onion rings, in an oven preheated to 300°F until all rings are done. When rings are done, serve immediately while hot.

          Baked Onions

            1. Place whole onions in a baking dish. Leave onions in their skin but remove any dry papery outer layer.
            2. Place onions uncovered in a preheated 425º F oven.
            3. Bake onions until tender, 40-50 minutes. Check doneness by poking with a toothpick.

          Boiled Onions

            1. Trim ends of onions and peel.
            2. To help onions stay intact and hold their shape better, cut an X into the stem end of the onion.
            3. Fill a saucepan with enough water to just cover the onions and bring to a boil.
            4. Place the onions in the boiling water and reduce heat to a gentle simmer. Do not boil rapidly.
            5. Cooking time may range from 10 minutes to an hour, depending on whether the onions are small pearl or boiling onions or if they are larger onions, such as a Spanish onion.

          Grilled Onions

          Grilling Quartered Onions:

          Peel and quarter onions as shown in Onion Prepartion - Cutting into Quarters. Soak bamboo skewers in water for at least 30 minutes before placing onions on them.

          Remove the small center section of each quartered onion using the tip of a knife. This will make it easier to place the quarters on the skewers. The small center core pieces will generally fall off when trying to place the onions on the skewers if left on the quarters.

          Use two skewers for each quartered onion. Using two skewers will prevent the onion sections from turning on the skewers when grilling.

          Place onion slices on water soaked bamboo skewers by carefully threading a skewer through each end of the onion, being careful to catch all layers with each skewer.

          Coat the onions on both sides with a mixture of 1/2 oil and 1/2 melted butter.
          Place the quartered onions over indirect medium heat. Cook for 20 to 30 minutes.
          Using tongs, grab hold of the skewers and turn the onions every 5 minutes. The onions will continue to brown with each turn.
          Cook until onions are tender-crisp and lightly charred. Remove from the grill and serve immediately. If the outer layer is badly charred, remove it before serving.

          Grilling Sliced Onions:

          Peel two medium size whole onions. Slice into 1/4 inch thick slices and separate into rings.

          Make two trays from aluminum foil. Use double layers of foil and turn up at least 1 inch on all sides. Seal the turned up sides in each corner by folding corners and squeezing together tightly. Place half of the sliced onion rings in each tray so they are evenly distributed.
          Add approximately 1 tablespoon of margarine to each tray. Cut each tablespoon of margarine into quarters to distribute evenly throughout the tray of onion rings.
          Place the foil trays containing the slices over direct medium heat. Cook for 30 to 40 minutes.
          After the first 10 minutes, turn the slices using a tongs. Be careful when turning that the foil does not get punctured. This would allow the margarine to run out of the foil trays. Do not use a fork for turning because there would be more of a chance of puncturing the foil.
          Continue to turn the onion slices about every 5 minutes.
          When slices are nicely browned, remove the foil trays from the grill and serve the onion slices immediately while still warm.

          Onion Cooking Reviews

          There currently aren't any reviews or comments for this article. Be the first!
          Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is strictly prohibited.
          © Copyright 2017 Tecstra Systems, All Rights Reserved, RecipeTips.com


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Rep. Dennis Cardoza, D-Atwater, a voice for moderate politics and fiscal restraint, said Tuesday he is resigning immediately from the House of Representatives.

Rep. Dennis Cardoza, D-Atwater, a voice for moderate politics and fiscal restraint, said Tuesday he is resigning immediately from the House of Representatives.

Within hours of his announcement, a Los Angeles-based law firm said that Cardoza would be joining the company's Washington, D.C., office.

The 53-year-old Cardoza said "sensitive family needs" were overriding factors in his decision to step down from public life. Today is his last in office.

Cardoza had previously decided not to run for re-election and would have left office in January. There are 13 legislative days left until the Nov. 2 election, and a spokeswoman in his office said the lack of activity also impacted his decision.

In his new private-sector position, Cardoza will join Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, as a managing director of the firm's federal government affairs and public-policy practice.

"His family was the primary reason, the reason, for this decision," said Robin Winchell Roberts, Cardoza's chief of staff. "Accepting a new job, a less time-consuming job does not conflict with trying to have more time with your family."

Cardoza has represented California's 18th Congressional District for 10 years. He frequently flew from coast to coast. The district, which stretches north from Fresno County, includes Lathrop and portions of south and central Stockton.

Cardoza was a member of the state Assembly from 1996 to 2002.

He and his wife, Kathleen McLoughlin, have three children: a biological daughter and two adopted siblings. The adopted children, a brother and a sister, lived in foster homes before joining the Cardoza family in 2000.

"In light of the fact that nothing is going to happen for the rest of the year, and in light of the fact that (my wife) and I are facing increasing parenting challenges, this seemed the right time to make this move," Cardoza told Capitol reporters Tuesday.

Cardoza and his family moved to rural Maryland four years ago. McLoughlin is a physician and practices family medicine at the University of Maryland Medical Center.

The timing of Cardoza's resignation leaves the clerk of the House of Representative in charge of his office. There will be no special election to fill his seat and his staff remains in place to take care of constituent services.

Cardoza's departure drew swift response from Democratic lawmakers in Washington and his former colleagues in Sacramento.

They universally credited him with being the strongest legislative advocate for bringing a University of California campus to Merced.

"UC Merced would not exist today if it were not for Dennis Cardoza," said Robert Hertzberg, a former Assembly speaker. "Every graduating class - and the Central Valley as a whole - owes a huge debt of gratitude to Mr. Cardoza. He is a true champion for them."

Cardoza is a senior member of the House Agriculture Committee, a member of the House Rules Committee and a former co-chairman of the Blue Dog Coalition, a group of moderate-to-conservative House Democrats.

Cardoza was a champion of balanced budgets, moderate politics and Valley issues, particularly those related to agriculture and the foreclosure crisis. He was not shy about criticizing President Barack Obama, a fellow Democrat, for failing to more fully address the housing disaster over the past five years.

Cardoza's initial decision not to run again followed redistricting that potentially would have pitted him against friend and fellow Democrat Rep. Jim Costa of Fresno.

He also has been critical of what he has called the "increasingly harsh tone" of American politics.

Former Democratic Rep. and House Whip Tony Coelho on Tuesday called Cardoza's decision a setback for trying to break congressional gridlock.

"The Democratic leadership worked with him - and even depended on him - at all levels," Coelho said.

Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, founded in 1965, has nine offices across the nation and a workforce of 400.

Efforts to reach a spokesman with the law firm were unsuccessful. Cardoza did not respond to interview requests.

He ended his prepared public statement about leaving the House with these words: "Above all, I want to thank my family. Each and every one of them has sacrificed to allow me to serve."

Contact Assistant Managing Editor Kevin Parrish at (209) 546-8264 or


text:
How can I reuse or recycle … old tennis balls?

Tennis ball
A few weeks ago, I did a post about old tennis rackets but what about old tennis balls?

What can you do with them once they’ve been punctured or misshapen to such an extent that even the dog rejects them as a play thing?

(Photo by vierdrie)

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52 Responses to “How can I reuse or recycle … old tennis balls?”

  1. Ted says:

    An old tennis ball makes a good cover for a towbar ball to stop it rusting. That requires one vehicle per tennis ball though, so is not particularly efficient.

  2. dancing girl says:

    Yes, a great idea for keeping the grease from the tow ball getting on peoples’ clothes.

  3. rita says:

    Would it be possible to make them into hanging bird food containers?
    Or to stick on the ends of canes being used in the garden to protect people from eye damage.

  4. amm says:

    You could put them on spiky fence posts, bed posts, radiator controls etc to stop children getting hurt heads.

  5. Joan says:

    If they are split or worn out cut in half and create slug collectors – leave in strategic locations in the garden and then collect the slugs etc – you can decide how you want to dispose of them -my local birds find them a treat!

  6. VTSheik says:

    I often use old tennis balls in my dryer cycles. The balls help fluff around your clothes in the dryer, which gets them more air. Essentially, this helps lessen your dryer running time. I usually use around five balls, and they last forever…so this may notbe that efficient either.

    Also, using tennis balls in your dryer cycle is great for balnkets or pillows with feathers, as it helps prevent them from lumping together.

  7. leslie says:

    They slit them then use them to put on the bottoms of the metal chair legs in the classrooms at the elementary school here – cuts way down on the noise as the chairs are moved around on the tile floors.

  8. Dave says:

    I sell them to people with dogs 25p each and also cricket clubs use them to get the children in to cricket without using the hard balls

  9. Answerer says:

    You can cut them out and put magnets in them for some fun.

  10. Johnny says:

    Those are nifty ideas to get rid of a few, but what about a load of balls? I constantly cycle through tennis balls, and I find myself with no option but to throw thema way.

    • Melinda says:

      I’m a teacher and I use tennis balls by the boxful or pass them on to other teachers. As mentioned above, it greatly reduces the noise and makes desks easier to move around. At 4 balls to each chair and 4 more per desk, they can be used in great quantities. Also, they get really dirty and need to be replaced after a year or so.

    • holly says:

      i am looking for some to make dog toys with – recycle and make dogs happy – it’s a win win. you can send some to me – i am in the dc area if that works for you.

    • Anonymous says:

      I could use 240 or so in my classroom. I have 30 chairs and 30 desks, 4 legs each. It is an art room, so we move around a lot. If you’ve got a batch you are going to throw away, let me know!
      I have seen the “official” chair feet covers, but they are $1 each–like I said, I teach art and there is no budget for chair feet covers, so free tennis balls would be great!

  11. madlizzie says:

    How about making some poi?
    Get two small string bags the kind you put you laundry tablets in and put a ball in each of them. Attach some string to them, and make some finger attachments and you get a great circus toy!

  12. Lesley says:

    I remember seeing one of the Wildlife Trusts had used a number of tennis balls as homes for dormice (or possibly harvest mice – it was a long time ago). They cut a hole in the tennis ball so the mousy thing could get in and out and put them around the area that they lived. It seemed to be quite successful.

  13. crancy5 says:

    donate them to your local elementary school. they use them on chair and desk legs.

  14. njtomboy says:

    I’ve seen the elderly &/or hadicap use them on the bottom of their walkers, canes & crutches….

  15. mildred lane says:

    They are used at school ,split and placed on the legs of the desk that the kids sit in.

  16. Sarah says:

    I am looking for old tennis balls myself. Would anyone know where I can get some from. Have tried a couple of tennis clubs, but they are not very nice!!

  17. hells says:

    Send them all to me – I am disabled so the only way I can exercise my dog is to go to the park armed with a racket and balls. He runs like crazy but sadly isn’t that great at finding them – and since I can’t go looking for them, we go through quite a few. Any donations are very welcome!

  18. Melanie says:

    You already have this one, but seriously, it is true, Old Tennis Balls are great for schools. I use them on my art stools…I am an elementary art teacher. It cuts WAY down on noise in the classroom. The technology teacher uses them in her lab as well for the same reason.

  19. Freeman says:

    Cut the ball in half to place paper clips. It just like a tumbler.

  20. Freeman says:

    Put few balls into a bag as a cushion.

  21. Jobo says:

    They make great inconspicuous hide-y spaces, just make a slit fill with your favourite hiding item, place in an inconspicuous space, although, not where anyone is going to play with it, or throw it out. This is what I used before I had a bank account.

    • BD says:

      There is a new company that specializes in recycling tennis balls. You might check them out (rebounces.com)

  22. SoundGreen says:

    Try rebounces.com

    The only system in the world that Replay, Reuses and Recycles tennis balls

  23. Ivan says:

    I’m a tennis coach and I cut them in half, color them and use them for markers. I also made a coloured hanging mobile for my daughter.

    • Ivan,

      Hi. My name is Grant Garland. I represent Rebounces.com. I saw that you are a tennis coach and thought that you might be interested in our business. Please visit our website at your convenience.

      Grant Garland

  24. louisa says:

    Jennifer just emailed me to say:

    There’s a company in the states of Arkansas and Missouri that take in tennis balls. They re-pump balls that are still intact, reuse the ones that can’t be re-pumped, and then recycle the ones that can’t be re-pumped or reused. Their website is http://www.rebounces.com/

  25. Jodie says:

    what about donating some to a dog shelter?

  26. Me says:

    I just throw mine over to my neighbors dogs they enjoy them.

  27. thestoob says:

    They make great massage devices. Find a flat wall that you can stand up against. Put the tennis ball behind you into the muscle along your shoulder blade, then press your back into the wall. You should be able to move up and down a little bit and massage some of the muscles. Once you’ve found one of your knots, just lean into the ball and breathe deep for as long as you can hold it. You will likely be sore after. You can do this with your feet, your face, your calves, etc.

  28. einalbert says:

    10Stoe.com recycles tennis balls by converting them into rubber sole patches to double the life of worn tennis and athletic shoes.

  29. Emily says:

    an idean nobody has thought of yet- take googly eyes, a peice of cardboard cut into a small circle for the base, and a button or bead for the nose. use piepe cleaners for the antennae and anything els you might need for decorationg.
    1. use a hot glue gun to glue on the bse. this will help it stand up.
    2. glue on the eyes, nose, and antennae, and anything else for decorations.
    3. let the glue set for about two minutes.
    4. enjoy your new pet!

  30. Jean Ferrara says:

    I play lots of tennis; Atlanta, GA has Huge tennis org. “ALTA.” We generate many used tennis balls. I hate to put them in the trash only to have them end up in landfills!

    The only ideas I’ve heard are: elementary schools for desk and chair legs; rest homes for legs of walkers; dog shelters.

    Any other ideas will be welcomed.

  31. Iain Singer says:

    Give them to physio therapists, athletes, gymnasiums, anywhere where athletes or joggers train. I use a one for massage purposes over tight muscles.

  32. Tatsuya says:

    Make some poi. Take 2 tennis balls and put them into tube socks. It’s quite easy to make, and hours of fun! Just follow this tutorial and you’ll have your own poi in no time!

  33. Mitch says:

    Minimum of 200. Looks like they will send you the label, if you provide the box. I only have 14 and will have to pay for my own shipping.

  34. Anonymous says:

    how much does it cost to recycle tennis balls?

  35. Cookie Brookie says:

    You can also cut a slit somewhere and use it as a change purse, key holder, or something that will hold stuff(paperclips, sticky notes, small highliters, etc.).

    Have fun!!!!!! :D :D :D :) :) :) :D :) :D :) :D :)

    Cokkie Brookie

  36. AMB says:

    Try this new way of recycling tennis balls. It is the stress-relief tennis ball. Everything you need to know about this idea is in the short website. Please enjoy with the knowledge that there is another way to recycle old and well-used tennis balls.

  37. Melinda says:

    Just a thought, because I haven’t tried it, but could they be used inside beanbag chairs- they aren’t as soft as the original stuffing, but they could be tolerably comfortable in their own way and wouldn’t flatten down as the original stuffing does. Hmmm…

  38. graham says:

    i am looking for a huge amount of used tennis balls for recycling however can not find enough of them anyone who knows where they go in london it would be awesome if you could advise me

    • Michiel Moret says:

      Hi Graham,
      We have lots of used tennisballs every year and are looking for a re-use. What do you have in mind ?
      We have 11 tennis clubs, thus thousands balls each year

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Suggest an item

Do you have something to reuse or recycle but you just don’t know what to do with it? AND we haven’t had the decency to feature said thing on “How can I recycle this?” yet? Gosh, we’re terrible, aren’t we?

You can either leave a message in the comments section below or send us an email if you have any ideas. You can include a picture too if you’ve got one to hand. We’ll give you a thank you nod when we make the post and you’ll, hopefully, get lots of ideas about what to do with your item.

Email us at: items@recyclethis.co.uk

If you want to make something reusing or recycling things (for example, how to make a piggy bank, or a shopping bag, or jewellery), or repair something, or reduce your use of something, we’d also love to hear from you. Again,

Email us at: items@recyclethis.co.uk

Or have you reused or recycled something in an interesting, clever or creative way and want to show it off, but can’t wait until we get around to featuring that item? Just tell us what you did and send a photo if you can, and we’ll feature it on the site when we can.

Email your ideas to: clever@recyclethis.co.uk

311 Responses to “Suggest an item”

  1. Kate Cowan says:

    I’ve saved ringpulls for years and given to various people who had use for them. I gave mega amounts of ring pulls(via friends collecting) to a youngsters family. Seems if he got his weight in them he got a new wheelchair. Now he has enough. I can’t stop collecting, and still getting from others. Does anyone know of someone or a charity who could take them in Lanarkshire. I’d be grateful to know. Thanks in anticipation.

    • Emma Ferris says:

      Hi Kate,

      I realise you posted this two years ago now but I am a keen crafts person and upcycler and I collect ring pulls for one of my upcycling projects. I am just emailing to find out if you still collect and have some? Please can I take them off your hands if you do. I am happy to pay nominal postage and packaging costs.

      Many Thanks

      Emma Ferris

  2. Scarlett w says:

    I started wondering what i could do with empty toilet paper roles, i sometimes make puppets and bracelets and stuff.

    • Valeria1 says:

      I’ve seen people make little crown of them for the parties.

    • Kay says:

      ATTN: Soap Makers!!!
      I have numerous bottles of BODY LOTION that I want to convert into hand/bath soaps! I’m wondering if any soapmakers have tried this and/or have any tips/tricks to share?

  3. Pam says:

    First I’d like to say I just recently found this website and just love it. I recycle broken dishes into mosaic pots, birdbaths, birdhouses and more. If anyone would like to send me their broken dishes, should they have the misfortune to experience, I would appreciate it. Plates preferably but can use other things too, especially it it is vintage. Don’t mean to be picky but please no white either. I have tons of it already. But any colors print or plain can be used and greatly appreciated. I live it California, USA.

  4. sarah says:

    Any creative suggestions on re-using gu glass ramekins? I have accumulated loads of them.

    • We had someone in our “de-junk, re-junk” exhibition last year who took fabric samples and raffia and made them into pot pourri pots, as inspiration to get the public to have a got at creative recycling.

    • sarah says:

      I have accumulated oodles of these. A friends daughter is using them at her wedding. They will go on each place setting containing a keepsake and wee flower.

    Its knit waistband and cuffs are frayed and unraveling . .
    Its lining is torn and its zipper has lost teeth and doesn’t
    function anymore . Its leather and fur collar are like new . . .
    but I don’t want to pay for expensive restoration . . . A luggage
    repairman told me to “cut off its leather and be done with it” . . .
    It looks like a time consuming job . . . how do you go
    about this ? Where do you start ? More importantly , what do
    you use its leather for ? Any suggestions of what can be made
    out of it ?

    • E. Raynor says:

      I’d suggest a throw pillow made from the leather. Cut it away from the cuffs and such and use the leather to make a great pillow. You could cut the pieces into a triangular design for the front of the pillow, and use the back in one large square for the reverse. Or, if you have no desire for such an item, donate it to a local theatre group. With the worn interior cut away it will be cooler under the lights on stage, and it won’t need a working zipper to look correct on a character.

  6. Sam says:

    I play at a badminton club where they insist on using feathered shuttlecocks (though not real feathers – it’s all synthetic material). We get through about two tubes’ worth every week, after which they are thrown away! Incredibly wasteful, but people don’t want to change to anything more durable. Any ideas about a way of recycling them or tackling this problem?

  7. Nicole says:

    How to recycle wooden scrabble tile holders

  8. Uluska says:

    I was always wondering what to do with deodorant little plastic cover that is found under the lid, before one uses the deodorant. Then I cut out same shape piece of foam, oval, glued it inside the plastic cover and it holds my needles. Also, the foam can be cut with oval base but with some shape on another side: flower, bird, geometric figure. That way it can be used as a stamp for crafts or house decoration.

  9. zserb says:

    My question is: How can I reuse or recycle broken vegetable peelers?
    We use the Y-shaped type, with a plastic handle, and a horizontal metal (stainless steel, maybe?) blade, and there’s an ah-so-small… thingy (wart? spline? snag? nipple? I don’t even know the word for that in my own language!) that stops the blade from rotating. And (of course) this small, (seemingly) unreplaceable part is the one that brakes first, leaving us with a blade that turns over (and over and over and over and over and…) with every try of usage. I know I should reduce first, and that’s what I will do, buy one made of stainless steel as a whole, but I’d really like to know if there are ways to replace the little…. button, or the handle, or what I can do with all the peelers we’ve cumulated over the years, or whether I can reuse something else to make a homemade handle.

  10. butterscotch says:

    wondering what has happened? no posts since last October 2012? I love this site as it provides so many good options to reuse/reduce/recycle…

    • louisa says:

      Hi butterscotch, what happened is that I got involved with another project offline and it sucked up all my time/energy. Boo. That’s coming to an end in a couple of months though and I have plans to relaunch Recycle This – make it easier to find stuff/contribute and, most importantly, add more things to the database! Basically, watch this space!

      -louisa :)

  11. Eddie says:

    I have been recycling quite a few things over the years and love making new furniture or decorations for the house out of pre-loved objects.
    One of my favorite projects must be the cake stands: http://www.roued.com/cake-stand-from-amboise/
    Made out of old beautiful plates and glasses.
    I also do a lot of refashioning through re-sewing and re-knitting different items.

    Eddie’s Room on Facebook come over for some crafty ideas and conversation.

  12. Robert French says:

    How/where can I recycle shredded paper. Our Council – Wandsworth -
    used to take it but has issued rules to Waste Collectors not to do so
    any more. Thank you.

    • Suzanne Brooks says:

      I know someone whose work generated a lot of shredded paper. She would put it into large bin bags and use it for the horses in her stables,

  13. chrystal dodge says:

    How to recycle used rotary slide trays

  14. SUE ECCLESON says:

  15. Marian says:

    We are also a charity. Many who come put their old stationery in our stationery cupboard, now we are over-flowing with folders, lever files, filing boxes and old projector acetates. Wonder where it would be useful, or where it can be recycled.

    • sarah says:

      If you have stuff to get rid of then its always worth posting on either of your local FREEGLE or FREECYCLE websites. You might be surprised at how quickly many folk will relieve you of all your stationery etc.

    • Valeria says:

      I’d assume schools and colleges can use those.

  16. sarah says:

    Hi all
    I have a load of old box files that have definitely seen better days. Any of your great ideas would be much appreciated. Sarah

  17. Amanda says:

    Any ideas on what to do with loads of hotwheels and other assorted miniature toy cars? Would rather use them to make something new rather than donate or sell. I have heard of putting an USB Drive in the car but any other ideas?

  18. S wood says:

    Hello, I’ve got quite a few jewellery gift boxes which I hve receive over the years, and they are just gathering dust. Any idea if I can recycle them anywhere or donate them anywhere. All shapes and sizes just don’t want them anymore!

    Please email me!

  19. Craig says:

    We have a large number of left over stress ball like objects (shaped as little men) that were created for a promotional campaign and are no longer needed. Any ideas on good ways to reuse, or redistribute these?

  20. Jasmine says:

    I just received a huge stack of numbers from a gas station before all the stations went digital. I’d say they’re about 18×12 clear plexiglass with one huge number on them (for gas prices). I kept them thinking I’d come up with something wonderfully creative and haven’t yet. Any suggestions?

    • Anonymous says:

      Use to count steps, on the foot board. Also can be used for address numbers either as usual or on a stand up painted board, sequential flower pots, vertical wind chime. Also around a Childs room or class, if you have them on sequence. Maybe even on a post in front of car ’1′ and car ’2′ if you have a side by side driveway.

  21. Nicky says:

    I have loads of music cassettes that are good quality – some blank but mainly have music I have recorded on them which can obviously be recorded over. I am reluctant to throw them away – are they of use to anyone?

  22. Timmy Onayemi says:

    I have just received approval to work as an agent for a recycling firm to find Used Radiographic Testing Films from Non-Destructive Testing.

    Could you identify the industry and companies having such waste for recycling in Thailand, where the recycling firm will pay to ship them out in tons.

    It’s cleaner in the country where such is left waste and a good source of foreign direct investment too.

    ¨Helping each other in our little endeavours transform us into a chain of lives giving life to one another forever¨

  23. Carla says:

    Any uses for old stained sink liners (e.g. rubbermaid sink mat)? Still very sturdy…just super ugly.

  24. Rebecca says:

    What can you do with dryer fluff/lint? I mean the stuff you clean out of the filters before every load. Can you recycle it? Compost it? Donate it to birds for their nests?

    • Kay says:

      Yes, birds love it for nesting BUT the dyes/chemicals (in cloth dyes, laundry detergents, softeners, bleach etc) are not good for the birds, especially tiny chicks! I also wouldn’t put it in a food/veg garden for same reason (unless you live ‘green’ without such chemicals).

      Lint make great:
      1) tinder/firestarter for fireplace, bbq grill, campfire etc.; and when soaked in vaseline/petroleum jelly, it becomes a great ‘waterproof’ tinder! We stuff ours in a small bin by the dryer and donate it annually to a local boyscout troops for thier survival/firestarting kits!
      2) Padding/packing for packing delicate items

  25. Lynne Bryan says:

    My son’s school is changing uniform over the summer. Does anyone know of organisations who can take shed loads of school polo shirts and sweatshirts (most but not all will have logo). They may have this covered, but I wanted some firm suggestions when I contact them because as yet, they have not come forward with recycling suggestion.

    • Anonymous says:

      I was wondering if you ever found a charity to take the old school uniform to developing countries as my childs’ school and two other primary schools in the area are becoming an academy and changing uniform this month,it seems an awful extravagant waste not to do something with all the uniform.
      Thank you, Katie, Suffolk.

    • AlenaL says:

      The school can cut them into fabric to use for crafts , art projects, making book wraps, etc.

  26. katie says:

    What a fantastic site !

    My sister and myself are recycle artists and are need of Buttons ,zips ,ribons if anyone can help please email me thankyoux

  27. Rahul says:

    Have an old steam iron that cannot be fixed anymore and need to dispose it. Wondering if you have any thoughts/ideas on this ?

  28. Rahul says:

    Have an old steam iron that cannot be fixed anymore and need to dispose it. Wondering if you have any thoughts/ideas on this ?

    • AlenaL says:

      The old iron makes an assome interior decorative item. The house has to have time pieces, modern mixed with an old, that adds special charm. You can assign it to hold books, to exercise, spray paint it white to play a role of a sculpture, brake nuts with it, press homemade paper, press cottage cheese, cushion it and place behind the door for a door stopper, use to crush garlic.

  29. AlenaL says:

    I wonder how can I reuse leftover heat on electrical stove ranger after I turn it off.

  30. Anonymous says:

    I Have loads of a4 ring binder files is there someone who can take them to use or recycle

  31. Jingo Wilson says:

    Hi am in Uganda Africa I have
    Children who need help of old stuff
    and money for fee on my village and am
    the head of our charity any one who can
    help please reply welcome.

  32. Angela Williams says:

    I was wanting to know if anyone recycles SOCKS? I have bags of socks where the sock may be missing the matching one. Or one of the socks out of the pair had a hole in it, got torn or just disappeared. I have all colors and sizes. I have washed them even though can’t find a match. I have been lucky on some occasions where i had a lonely sock and found it a match,YAY. Anyway if there is anyone interested please let me know. I’m willing to ship them to you. I am donating them to whatever cause you may have for them.
    Thanks and hope to find these LONELY SOCKS a new HOME :)
    Ms. Williams

  33. Stephie says:

    I have a bike for a child aged 4-6 without stabilisers that I would like to give to a child from Christmas free of charge in the Preston area.
    I would like it to go to someone that can’t afford one so it will at least make one child happy this Christmas !

  34. Yolande says:

    Hi all. I love this site. I’ve seen uses for plastic baby bottles, but I’d appreciate some ideas on how to recycle/repurpose glass baby bottles as we have several of them. TIA

  35. Michelle says:

    Not sure if this site is current anymore, but I will ask anyway!

    Any idea what could be done with an Correction Tape dispenser (like white-out, or Liquid Paper for covering up mistakes on documents)? Just like the one shown here at Staples http://www.staples.ca/en/Staples-Correction-Tape-6-Pack/product_516439_2-CA_1_20001 I know there are refillable ones but doesn’t look like that’s possible with this one. I opened it up and it has lots of little plastic pieces. I am thinking I could use the clear plastic tape that remains as ribbon or something, but the rest…? Anyone have thoughts?

  36. Well it’s turned out to be a lovely day.

  37. Zee says:

    I have 7 Iranian language movie video tapes (not subtitles). Anyone?
    please email me: zeemac@ntlworld.com

  38. Shail says:

    Basketballs, footballs, and soccer balls

  39. Kim says:

    I have hundreds of buttons, brand new ones that were made into necklaces, and I’d like to recycle them – does anyone know anyone who needs lots of buttons?

    • Chris Jordan says:

      We run a charity supporting people with Learning disabilities in Kidderminster.
      I am sure these would be useful for us – we are always looking for new projects to do, which help some of our people who find it difficult to concentrate on one thing for too long.
      Where are you based?

      Kind regards,

  40. Karen says:

    what can i do with old/used sediment filters?

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Home > News > PTI

PM assures help to Mumbai riot victims

August 31, 2007 14:06 IST

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh [Images] has promised to look into the demand for a compensation package for the victims of 1992-93 riots in the city on the lines of the relief provided to those affected by the 1984 anti-Sikh riots.

This was stated by former Maharashtra minister Naseem Khan, who met Singh in Mumbai on Thursday night.

"The prime minister has assured us that he will look into the issue," the Congress leader told reporters Friday.

"I handed over a memorandum to the prime minister on behalf of a delegation, stating that affected families who had lost their near and dear ones in the Mumbai riots should be given compensation as was done in case of the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi," he said.

"Till date, there has been no movement to provide succour to the families of the riot victims," Khan, a Congress MLA from central Mumbai, noted.

He said steps taken by Maharashtra's Congress-Nationalist Congress Party government like setting up special courts to deal with riot cases would help deliver justice to the victims.

"Action should be taken against all those indicted by the Srikrishna Commission (that probed the riots)," he added.

Over 900 people were killed in the post-Babri Masjid demolition riots in the financial capital in December 1992-January 1993.

© Copyright 2007 PTI. All rights reserved. Republication or redistribution of PTI content, including by framing or similar means, is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent.


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Rio 2016: Paes-Bopanna crash out in first round

Leander Paes & Rohan Bopanna out of the tournament after losing to Lukasz Kubot & Marcin Matkowski 4-6, 6-7. IMAGE: Rohan Bopanna, right, and Leander Paes in action during the Rakuten Open 2014......

French Open: Paes, Bopanna out of men's doubles

IMAGE: Poland's Marcin Matkowski (right) and India's Leander Paes during their men's doubles match at the French Open. Photograph: Clive Brunskill/Getty Images India's challenge in the doubles......

Bopanna lifts Madrid Open trophy with Florin Mergea

Rohan Bopanna of India and Florin Mergea of Romania with their winners trophies after their victory against Marcin Matkowski of Poland and Nenad Zimonjic of Serbia in the mens doubles final of the......

Paes-Dlouhy off to a poor start

The winner of 11 ATP World Tour doubles titles, Poles Marcin Matkowski and Mariusz Fyrstenberg were off to a great start with a 6-3, 7-6 (3) victory over Indo-Czech duo of Leander Paes and Lukas......

Bhupathi-Knowles in semis of Rome event

Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles quelled a late challenge from the Polish pair of Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski to reach the semi-finals in the euro 2,750,000 Internazionali BNL D'Italia......
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Murray, Nadal shine

Andy Murray returned from over a month out with an elbow injury to launch his clay-court season with a gruelling 7-5, 7-5 defeat of Gilles Muller... ...
Bopanna-Cuevas pair advances to second round in Monaco

Rohan Bopanna and Pablo Cuevas recorded their first win together at the Masters level when they downed Marcin Matkowski and Alexander Peya in the... ...
Bopanna-Cuevas advance at Monte Carlo Masters

Rohan Bopanna and his Uruguayan partner Pablo Cuevas beat Marcin Matkowski of Poland and Austrian Alexander Peya to enter the second round of the... ...
Bopanna, Cuevas knocked out by Djokovic and Troicki

Rohan Bopanna and Pablo Cuevas yet again failed to click as a team, losing the closely-fought opening round of the ATP Indian Wells Masters to... ...
Bopanna-Matkowski lose in final of Dubai tennis meet

Dubai: India's Rohan Bopanna and his Polish partner Marcin Matkowski produced a stiff fight before going down in the men's doubles final of the... ...

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Samsung’s venture into the Android arena really paid off well for the Korean electronics giant, and the company made it to the pinnacle of fame through it Galaxy lineup of flagship devices. It’s become kind of tradition for Samsung to follow up with a Galaxy flagship every year, and they’ve been delivering what people have been hoping for, for the most part. Since the release of Galaxy S III i9300 last year, speculations started surfacing about what the next flagship, Galaxy S IV, would be like. First, it was specs, then design, and then pretty much everything. Well, seems like the rumor mill has far from settled down.

It’s quite natural for devices to have leaks of images, specs sheets and whatnot prior to the actual launch, ensuring that the hype never dies down. Earlier, we brought you news of the leak of an image that showed the upcoming Galaxy S IV, courtesy of SamMobile. While the image looked authentic enough, there was still some doubt surrounding it. However, now, in what could only be termed ‘hiding in plain sight’, we have what could be the first proper press image of the elusive, fourth-generation Galaxy phone.

Coming from Picasa, the image seems to have been there unnoticed for quite some time before people recognized it as a possible rendition of the upcoming Galaxy S IV. Oh, and the fact that the image’s title on Picasa says “Galaxy S IV GT-I9500 Product Image” does help, too.

There are a lot of things to consider if we’re to believe this image is legitimate. First, it differs quite a bit from what SamMobile’s earlier leak suggested, and shows a larger physical home button as compared to the Galaxy S III. Then, it also appears to have a much thinner bezel when compared with the current-reigning flagship, and also appears to have more symmetrical corners, giving the device an over-all better look and feel.

Another interesting thing to note here is the date that’s shown on the home screen. When Galaxy S III images were initially leaked prior to the device’s announcement, the date displayed said May 3, which was exactly when Samsung announced the device to the general public. Now, this leaked “product image” of the S IV says April 22. Could it be that the world would catch its first official, confirmed glimpses of the device on this day? Only time will tell.

The leaked press shot, in its full glory, can be found at the source link below.

(Source: Picasa)

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