text:
Panasonic 14-45mm f/3.5-5.6 ASPH MEGA OIS LUMIX G VARIO

Lens Reviews / Panasonic Lenses i Lab tested
14-45mm $310
average price
image of Panasonic 14-45mm f/3.5-5.6 ASPH MEGA OIS LUMIX G VARIO

Lab Test Results

  • Blur
  • Chromatic Aberration
  • Geometric Distortion

(From Panasonic lens literature) Suitable for a wide range of scenes from portrait to landscape photography, the new LUMIX G VARIO 14-45mm/F3.5-5.6 ASPH./MEGA O.I.S. lens offers an zoom range of 14-45mm (35mm equivalent: 28-90mm) while featuring its ultra-compact size and light weight. The aspheric lens element also improves optical performance by minimizing distortion, even at the 28mm wide end.

SLRgear Review
November 11, 2008
by Andrew Alexander

Update: by processing RAW files produced by the G1, we have determined that the G1 does apply some measure of post-processing correction for chromatic aberration, light falloff and distortion. So on a body other than the G1, your results may vary.

In August of 2008 Panasonic and Olympus announced the creation of a new camera mount system known as ''Micro Four Thirds.'' By eliminating the reflex mirror, a Micro Four Thirds mount camera achieves a smaller size than conventional interchangeable lens camera systems. Fast forward to September 2008, and Panasonic unveiled its G1 and two Micro Four Thirds lenses: the 45-200mm ƒ/4-5.6, and the 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6, the subject of this review.

When mounted on a micro four thirds compatible camera, the size of the sensor produces a 2x crop factor, meaning an equivalent field of view of 28-90mm in 35mm film terms. Panasonic is one of the early pioneers in optical image stabilization systems, so it's no surprise that the lens features its Mega O.I.S. technology to reduce the effect of camera shake.

The 14-45mm isn't a ''constant'' lens, in that as you increase the focal length, the maximum aperture size decreases, however the minimum aperture stays the same. The following table reflects the change in aperture with focal length:

Focal Length 14-17mm 18-24mm 25-34mm 35-44mm 45mm
Largest aperture ƒ/3.5 ƒ/4 ƒ/4.9 ƒ/5.5 ƒ/5.6
Smallest aperture ƒ/22 at all focal lengths

The Panasonic 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 OIS is sold with the G1 as its kit lens. It uses 52mm filters, and comes with a petal-shaped lens hood.

The 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 produces very sharp images in a wide array of focal length / aperture combinations. At its wide-angle settings (14mm) and used wide open at ƒ/3.5, the lens is very sharp, hovering at about one blur unit with just a hint of corner softness. This sharpness improves slightly and reaches an apex at ƒ/5.6, but doesn't become tack-sharp across the frame. Keep in mind we're looking at a very slight differential between sharpness in the center of the frame and sharpness in the corners: probably something in the order of half a blur unit. Diffraction limiting seems to set in by ƒ/8; image sharpness decreases by a hair, and again at ƒ/11, until ƒ/16 we start to note just under 3 blur units in the corners and just under 2 blur units in the center of the frame. The smallest aperture setting is a uniform ƒ/22 across all focal lengths: I'd avoid this setting as it produces images with 3-4 blur units, regardless of the focal length chosen. That's not bad, but not great in comparison to the very good results for sharpness at larger apertures.

Mid-range and telephoto performance is almost the same as wide-angle performance: excellent performance up until ƒ/5.6, and then a very slight falloff in sharpness until ƒ/16 and ƒ/22. At 45mm, corner softness isn't as much of an issue. I'd say the optimal setting for this lens depends on your application: our best results were obtained at 18mm and ƒ/5.6, but that's splitting the hairs quite finely. The truth is that unless you're looking at the pixel-by-pixel level you're not likely to notice any difference in sharpness except in the absolute corners, or at very small apertures.

In short, for such a small lens, focusing on a relatively small sensor, we see excellent results.

Chromatic Aberration
The 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 does produce some chromatic aberration, but it's not overly objectionable. Our test chart shows a relatively interesting story (I use the term relatively because I understand not everyone may be interested in the wonders of chromatic aberration). Typically, wide angle lenses show a high degree of chromatic aberration; with the 14-45mm, some of its best tolerance to CA is found at 14mm. Average CA is just 1/100th of a percent of frame height, and maximum (corner) CA hovers under 3/100ths of a percent of frame height.

However, in the mid-range (18-40mm), CA is slightly more visible, tending to show off more with the largest apertures (ƒ/4-5.6). This trend reverses once more when you hit 45mm, where CA is less prominent when the lens is used wide open at ƒ/5.6, and increases until it shows off the most CA at ƒ/22.

I can only imagine there is a complicated dance of lens elements inside the lens to produce these optical results. Fortunately, none of the results is so severe that you actually need to worry about what aperture or focal lengths to avoid, but for best results, the advice would be either 14mm or 45mm, using the wider apertures.

Shading (''Vignetting'')
Unfortunately, or testing software couldn't contend with the G1's image files when it came to calculating corner shading. Looking at the sample images is fairly useful in this regard: to my eye, corner shading isn't a big issue, apparently only (as is typically the case) at 14mm and ƒ/3.5. I would take a big guess and say we're looking at corners that are about a half-stop darker than the center at these settings.

Panasonic has pulled out some fairly amazing technology here in order to contend with distortion that would normally be associated with a lens that uses a 14mm focal length. Typically, a kit zoom lens covers both wide-angle and short telephoto: on the wide end, we see significant barrel (''bloat'') distortion, and on the telephoto end, we see pincushion (''squeeze'') distortion.

This is not the case with the Panasonic 14-45mm. Rather, there is a small amount of barrel distortion at all focal lengths, tapering off to a near distortion-free image at 45mm. Looking at our distortion chart shows results of just 0.1% average barrel distortion between 14mm and 35mm, and around 0.3% in the corners. That's really quite good performance for a zoom lens, especially that it's practically constant across a wide spectrum of the zoom range; this means that if you really do need your straight lines to be straight, you can do so fairly easily in post processing.

At 45mm, distortion approaches zero.

Autofocus Operation
The 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 focuses very quickly on the G1 body, and locks onto the target well. The focus action is virtually silent. A setting on the G1 allows you to override autofocus results by just turning the focus ring; this setting can also ensure that autofocus results aren't affected by an accidental turn of the focus ring.

At 0.34x magnification (almost 1:3 reproduction), the Panasonic 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 offers fairly useful macro capabilities. Minimum close-focusing distance is just under one foot (30cm).

Build Quality and Handling
The 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 lens is made of a two-tone dense plastic, with a metal lens mount. The micro four thirds format allows the lens to be very compact, and fits the small G1 camera well. At just 60mm long (under 2 1/2 inches) and 195 grams (just under 7 ounces), this is indeed a tiny product.

The lens takes 52mm filters. It isn't adorned with much in the way of instrumentation: lens markings for relevant focal lengths and a switch to control image stabilization are the only features other than the zoom and focus rings. The Mega OIS stabilization has a two-stage setting for ON and OFF.

Manual focus is controlled by a ribbed hard plastic ring about a 1/4-inch wide set, in front of the zoom ring. There are no stops at either the close or infinity end of the focus spectrum. The G1, like other 4/3-mount manufacturers, controls focus electrically, with the lens receiving electrical instructions from the ring, and responding mechanically to focus forward or backward. Manual focus operation is very intuitive on the G1; if enabled via a custom function, the image is magnified to provide high detail for critical focus. During focus the forward lens element doesn't rotate, allowing for painless use of filters.

Zooming through the lens' range of 14-45mm is accomplished with the zoom ring, almost an inch wide and made of a dense rubber. The ring uses sharp, squared ridges that offer good grip. The ring is just stiff enough to prevent any form of zoom creep, but it still very smooth and easy to turn. About seventy degrees of turning will move you through the lens' zoom range. At 45mm, the lens has extended by 1 1/8 inches.

The lens hood provided with the 14-45mm adds about 1 1/2 inches to the overall length of the lens; it's petal-shaped, and attaches with a bayonet-style mount. It's ribbed on the inside to reduce stray light, and reverses to be attached to the lens for storage.

The Mega OIS feature of the lens activates very quickly, and is virtually silent in its operation. We're still in the stages of finalizing our image stabilization test results, but we can say that the lens stabilization is consistent with what we've come to expect from Panasonic. Three modes of image stabilization are offered in the G1: continuous mode, a mode that operates only when the shutter is depressed, and a panning mode that corrects vertical movement only.

It's still early days for the Micro Four Thirds system, so there isn't anything out of the box that counts as an alternative. However, the Four Thirds designers smartly created an adapter to allow regular four-thirds lenses to be mounted, offering backwards-compatibility for G1 users.

Any of these alternative recommendations should be taken with a large grain of salt; who knows what effects to image quality will occur when using the regular 4/3rds - micro-4/3rds adapter.

If you do want to use the adpater to mount Olympus lenses to the G1, you'll need to update your camera with a firmware update provided by Olympus: see the end of this article for the link.

Olympus 14-54mm ƒ/2.8-3.5 Zuiko Digital ~$400
The 14-54mm ƒ/2.8-3.5 is slightly sharper, but shows off a bit more CA. Distortion is handled better on the Olympus lens.

Olympus 14-42mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 ED Zuiko Digital ~$?
Optically, the Panasonic is sharper than this lens, and controls CA better; the Olympus lens controls distortion slightly better. This lens was really only sold with the E-400, E-410 and E-510 body kits, so if you do find a copy it would probably be a used one.

As the first lens to come out of the gate in the Micro Four Thirds system, the 14-45mm ƒ/3.5-5.6 doesn't disappoint, providing more than capable performance in a miniature package. It's not perfect, but its flaws are relatively minor and it complements the G1 camera very well.

A postscript to this review: in our test of the G1, we have our suspicions that Panasonic may be doing post-capture processing to reduce chromatic aberration and distortion, thus improving the performance of the lens. But we won't know for sure until someone comes up with a RAW converter for the G1.

Finally, as noted earlier, Olympus has made available a series of firmware updates to enable Olympus 4/3rds lenses to be compatible with the Panasonic G1. Both the G1 and the relevant lenses must be updated, all of which is done through the camera. If this applies to you, here's the link to Olympus' firmware update site:

Olympus Firmware update for G1 / 4/3rds lenses

Sample Photos

The VFA target should give you a good idea of sharpness in the center and corners, as well as some idea of the extent of barrel or pincushion distortion and chromatic aberration, while the Still Life subject may help in judging contrast and color. We shoot both images using the default JPEG settings and manual white balance of our test bodies, so the images should be quite consistent from lens to lens.

As appropriate, we shoot these with both full-frame and sub-frame bodies, at a range of focal lengths, and at both maximum aperture and ƒ/8. For the ''VFA'' target (the viewfinder accuracy target from Imaging Resource), we also provide sample crops from the center and upper-left corner of each shot, so you can quickly get a sense of relative sharpness, without having to download and inspect the full-res images. To avoid space limitations with the layout of our review pages, indexes to the test shots launch in separate windows.

Panasonic 14-45mm f/3.5-5.6 ASPH MEGA OIS LUMIX G VARIO User Reviews

9.4/10 average of 11 reviews Build Quality 9.0/10 Image Quality 9.5/10
  • 8 out of 10 points and recommended by (5 reviews)
    Sharp as.

    My IQ rating of 9 takes into account that it is a standard zoom. Apples with apples stuff. No point in giving it a 5 because a prime is sharper. If myOly 25 1.8 is an 9, this would be a 7. But it is very sharp, with that snap that makes pix sing. Love it on the OM D EM10. Was a bit big on my GF5, but produced great pix all the same. Long in the tooth but still the best standard zoom.

    reviewed September 15th, 2015
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (37 reviews)
    very sharp at f 5,6-8,very nice bokeh, excellent colors
    plastic buidt

    this lens is much more better than 14-42.

    I use it with G-1 and firmware 1.4, because 1.0 is not so sharp.

    Inspite of sensor chip being only half so big as APS-C chip,
    pictures are very excellent set lens. very high recommended

    nice colors
    very good contrast
    high resolution very small CA's wide open, nearly not visible

    reviewed January 3rd, 2015 (purchased for $100)
  • 9 out of 10 points and recommended by (3 reviews)
    Great IQ, small and easy to use shooting at waist/hip level using fold out screen on Pana G1
    None really but I have had the occasional problem shooting direct into the sun(!)

    Great lens for all purposes really, sharp, light, versatile...

    reviewed December 7th, 2013
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (1 reviews)
    impressive IQ
    bigger size

    After comparing with Olympus 14-42, Panasonic 14-42, i decided to keep this high IQ zoom. it's comnenient for everyday use. But if you want go further, some primes are suggested, such as olympus 45 1.8d, sigma 19 2.8, and of cause 85 1.8d which is expected by every one.

    reviewed February 5th, 2013 (purchased for $150)
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (12 reviews)
    sharp, fast, good construction.

    Very good standard-zoom lens for Olympus OM-D E-M5.

    reviewed August 16th, 2012 (purchased for $270)
  • 8 out of 10 points and recommended by (4 reviews)
    the best mFT standard-zooms
    "big" when mounted on a small camera

    this is still the best standard zoom lens for micro four thirds if image quality is the most important factor and you don't care about size. unfortunately it is quite big and doesn't fit well on small mFT cameras like GF3 etc.

    it is quite sharp across the zoom range if you get a good copy, my first one was decentered with a soft side to the left.
    i compared this lens to olympus' m.z 14-42 as well as the 20mm pancake, and the 14-45 compared pretty well to the pancake in sharpness and was much better than the m.zuiko.

    unfortunately i sold mine as i didn't use it that much on my GF1 and GF2 because it was simply too big.
    i tried the new x14-42 instead and hoped it to be a good substitute, but the x14-42 was a real disaster.
    therefore i still think that the 14-45 is one of the best kit-lenses apart from the fact that it is not a small lens!

    reviewed March 12th, 2012
  • 9 out of 10 points and recommended by (5 reviews)
    Nitidez e cores exelentes, focagem rÃÂ¡pida.
    O material usado em sua construÃÂ§ÃÂ£o poderia ser igual a 14x50.

    Em relação a qualidade de imagem e a rapidez no foco, sem dúvidas que se trata de uma exelente lente.
    Só acho que o material usado em seu chassi, poderia ser de qualidade melhor.

    reviewed January 13th, 2012
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (26 reviews)
    Excellent sharpness entire range wide open
    None, considering the price and target market.

    The best choice for going light on all the M4/3 line of cameras. When I want to keep it light, I use it on my GH1 due to superior optics. It works well for video with silent AF and relatively smooth zoom (much better than the 14-42).

    This lens is perfect on the entire Olympus M4/3 line for video recording due to quick/silent/accurate AF, and the OIS which is switch selected on the lens as opposed to the Pany 14-42. Digital IS during video is the achilles heal of the Olympus line of lenses.

    reviewed August 10th, 2011 (purchased for $210)
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (4 reviews)
    versatile, compact

    Excellent, versatile lens. Compares favourably with my Nikon and Sigma zooms in this focal range. OIS adds about 2 EV to the shutter speed that is "safe" in my hands. ("Safe" in my book is four of five test images as sharp as on a tripod)

    reviewed March 11th, 2010 (purchased for $342)
  • 10 out of 10 points and recommended by (20 reviews)
    Lightweight, sharp, versatile, stabilized !!!

    Not much to say - one of the best kit lens I ever saw. 28-90 equivalent of 35mm - very versatile. I love 28mm wide lens and 85-135 portrait lens, so that's what I mean. Of course forget about bokeh =)

    reviewed January 27th, 2010 (purchased for $400)
  • 9 out of 10 points and recommended by (4 reviews)
    Small lens with great image quality
    Limited zoom range

    The best compact lens, well-built, with image quality compatible with the big guns like Canon & Nikon.

    reviewed June 20th, 2009


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kiss the baby

it was a cooler evening. the clouds were rolling in. i looked over and noticed Big A glancing out the window…. …or maybe into the window… then he leaned in…. and smooshed his button nose even closer… and finally laid one on the glass. he kept trying.  i don’t think he realized it was him. […]

first the Swiffer, now this…

Hi, my friends call me Big A.  I’m almost 10 months old.  Right before Christmas, my Mommy felt it was only fair that I start doing some chores. [youtube] First the Swiffer….and now this. sharing is caring

St. Patrick’s Day :: lucky lucky lucky!

My last post was about quatrefoils…the shamrock shape. I knew I wasn’t feeling great, and hadn’t gone in the garage all day to work on any projects, so I was blogging about lil G instead. At 3:30, I got concerned b/c I hadn’t felt the baby move too much. I figured there just isn’t enough […]

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Thank the good Lord that lil G is now sleeping 8+ hours at night now.  He loves his bath time and then tucks right into bed after a few songs (some worship, some made up) sung poorly by Mommy and Daddy. We found that routine makes all the difference.  The three Bs :: Bath, bottle, […]

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G’s annual Hades tournament had just ended.  7 other anderson friends just vacated our house after 3 days of golf and debauchery. we rent john adams to relax. we fall asleep around 11 contractions start at 2:15 i’m not sure how a contraction is supposed to feel.  i consult baby books. i use the “running laps” […]

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Press Release: Statement by the EC, ECB and IMF on the Twelfth Review Mission to Ireland

November 8, 2013

Press Release No. 13/432
November 8, 2013

Staff teams from the European Commission (EC), European Central Bank (ECB), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) visited Dublin during October 29-November 7 for the twelfth and final review of the government's economic adjustment program. Ireland's program remains on track in the context of the nascent economic recovery. Discussions with the authorities focused on the conclusion of the program and the remaining challenges.

In the wake of the worst economic crisis in its recent history, Ireland undertook a comprehensive set of reforms, which from December 2010 were supported by an EU-IMF program. The implementation of the program, which will expire in the coming months, has been steadfast

Ireland's economy has been growing above the euro area average since 2011. Growth prospects for Ireland are strengthening after weakness in the earlier part of this year. Goods exports, retail trade, property prices, and consumer confidence are all increasing. Declining unemployment and improving business surveys suggest that the job creation seen in the first half of this year is continuing, which is a crucial element for a revival of domestic demand. Overall, however, Ireland is expected to record low growth in 2013. A somewhat higher growth rate, of about 1¾ percent, is projected for 2014, as trading partners also begin to recover.

Budget outturns remained on track through October, yet spending control must be maintained, in particular in the health care sector, to ensure the 2013 fiscal deficit target of 7.5 percent of GDP is comfortably met. Budget 2014 targets a primary balance and an overall deficit of 4.8 percent of GDP, which is more ambitious than the deficit ceiling of 5.1 percent of GDP set under the Excessive Deficit Procedure. To reach these goals, Ireland’s record of strong budget implementation needs to continue. Realizing the proposed savings in health expenditure, while protecting core services, will require particular attention. Broadening the revenue base, reforming the health sector, and targeting social supports toward the most vulnerable would help achieve the further fiscal consolidation needed in a durable and growth-friendly manner.

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Unemployment has begun to decline but remains very high. Recent steps to improve employment incentives are welcomed, as are plans for private sector provision of employment services. Additional redeployment of resources is needed to ensure meaningful engagement with job seekers, especially the long-term unemployed, and to provide training relevant to the job market.

Discussions continued on the remaining challenges and related options following the expiry of the current EU-IMF arrangements. Strong policy implementation by the Irish authorities and European decisions have improved funding conditions even as domestic challenges and external uncertainties remain.

The key objectives of Ireland’s EU-IMF supported program are to address financial sector weaknesses, put Ireland’s economy on a path of sustainable growth, sound public finances and job creation, and regain international capital markets access, while protecting the poor and most vulnerable. The program includes loans from the European Union and EU member states amounting to €45 billion and a €22.5 billion Extended Fund Facility with the IMF. Conclusion of this review, which is subject to the approval process of both the EU and the IMF, would make available disbursements of €0.8 billion by the EFSM and €0.6 billion by the IMF. This would complete the disbursements of international assistance under the program.

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More than 200 million devices now running iOS 7, says Apple

Apple released iOS 7 on Wednesday of last week, and now more than 200 million devices are already running the new version of the operating system. The news came as part of a press release announcing the sale of 9 million new iPhone 5s and 5c models. That's quite an uptick from last year, when Apple announced - along with sales of 5 million iPhone 5 phones - that 100 million devices had been upgraded to iOS 6.

iOS 7 is the most ambitious update to iOS since its first release. In addition to a singificant overhaul to the user interface, getting rid of most of the skeuomorphic elements that were the hallmark of ousted Apple VP Scott Forstall, iOS 7 also makes many under-the-hood changes like improved multitasking, incorporating new features like AirDrop, Control Center, and more.

Are you using iOS 7? Or have you held off for now? Sound off in the comments, and check out these links for more info.


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The Sutton Trust's summer school kickstarted a push for fairer access to UK's elite universities

The summer school, which started in 1998, has helped around 1,000 disadvantaged pupils apply to Cambridge University

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In 1998, a small group of teenagers gathered at Cambridge University to find out whether the university was for them. The group had all been recruited from schools in disadvantaged areas, and they were there as the result of a campaign by the millionaire philanthropist Sir Peter Lampl through his charity, The Sutton Trust. The aim was to try to open up access to the UK's elite universities to those who – along with their schools – might never have thought they could aspire to a place in one of them.

I was in on the start of the scheme. Sir Peter enlisted the help of the paper I was then working for, the Daily Mirror, which printed a coupon along the lines of: "If you think a course at Cambridge could be for you, fill this in and find out."

As a result, 25 Mirror readers' children arrived at Cambridge for the first summer school of its kind to help talented young people from disadvantaged backgrounds aim for the top. As a result, four of them were granted places at Cambridge the following year.

From little acorns... Lee Elliot Major, from the Sutton Trust, now reckons that close on 1,000 students from disadvantaged areas have got into Cambridge after being helped along by this route.

Ten of the country's most selective universities are running summer schools like the one pioneered at Cambridge through the Sutton Trust. Others, such as Oxford, are running their own schemes. Around 500 students attended the summer school at Cambridge this year – and the scheme has a 23 per cent success rate in helping young people secure a place at the host university where they have attended summer school. In addition, 76 per cent of those who attend any of the summer schools end at a top-performing university.

Rhiannon Hucker is hopeful that she will end up following in the majority's footsteps. The 17-year-old from Crickhowell High School in Powys, Wales, went to a five-day summer school at the Royal Veterinary College in London and came away convinced that she should redouble her efforts to get a place there to study veterinary medicine. "It was really most amazing," she says. "It definitely persuaded me that I wanted to go there. It was nice to meet lots of like-minded people – people of my age who were interested in the same thing as me."

Rhiannon especially liked the opportunity to browse through the college's library to build up her understanding of the subject she plans to study.

At one stage, most of the universities in the UK were operating similar summer school schemes through the government-backed "Aim Higher" scheme – which fell victim to cuts under the Coalition government. It was evident, however, than most of the non-Russell Group universities already had better records in recruiting disadvantaged students off their own bat – so therefore it was felt in ministerial circles that spreading the scheme's net so widely did not give as much value for money. "I think nowadays they're mainly in Russell Group universities," says Les Ebdon, director of the Office of Fair Access (Offa), the watchdog that promotes equal access to universities. He and Elliot Major both believe the summer schools are the most effective way of promoting widening participation in higher education. By widening participation, they mean recruiting young people whose families may have no history of higher education – or whose schools have little history of getting pupils into top universities.

Ebdon believes they are helping in part by ridding the universities of their "Hogwarts factor" image, which may make some pupils feel the institutions are part of a society they do not belong to, or don't aspire to belong to. "It's a question of getting students to consider applications to university," he says. "Sometimes, it is helpful for students who know they want to go to university but don't know where they want to go. It helps them with the subject area they want to take. There are people who are nervous about the sciences or possibly haven't even come across the classics before.

"Also, it can help you realise that you will meet up with people like yourself," he adds. "I didn't know anybody – I didn't expect to know anybody – when I first rolled up [at Imperial College, London, in the 1960s]. My mother had told me I'd best wear a suit because that's what they all wore. I think it took me about a week to realise that jeans were okay."

Tom Levinson, head of widening participation at Cambridge University, says: "I think it [the summer school] does good in a lot of different ways. It's a wide range of things. There is definitely something to be said for bringing a lot of state-school students from around the country together – and showing them that these are the kinds of people you will meet on your course. You can't underestimate how powerful that is."

However, he believes Offa, the universities and organisations will have to redouble their efforts to ensure that the supply of talented disadvantaged youngsters continues. Both he and the Sutton Trust, which is carrying out research into the effectiveness of widening participation measures, are aware that some of the money spent on widening participation could be better targeted.

Also, next year students will no longer be able to receive maintenance grants as the Government has decided to replace them with loans, albeit offering students a higher amount than they would have received under the current grants scheme. Accurate predictions as to what will happen, though, are difficult to make. After all, with the introduction of the £9,000-a-year tuition fees, it was widely predicted that students from disadvantaged areas would be put off from applying to higher education – but the reverse ended up being the case, as they realised they did not have to spend anything while they studied and only had to repay the loans when they started earning a decent wage (£21,000 a year).

Nevertheless, the fear is there. "I don't think it is necessarily going to help the cause of widening participation," says Ebdon. "The grant has been, in my opinion, one of the things that – in widening participation – is making it possible for youngsters to come to university. I'm hoping that larger loans will help – at least it keeps true to the policy of ensuring higher education is free at the point of delivery."

Meanwhile, universities are considering ways in which they can expand their widening participating schemes. King's College in London already runs its own specialised scheme alongside the Sutton Trust summer school and now also runs its own summer school for teachers – to help them navigate their pupils' way through the applications process.

Mary Manning, head of chemistry at St Edward's College in Liverpool – one of the teachers to go on the scheme – says: "I can't tell you how good it was. Every state school in the country should have access to this kind of course to help prepare their pupils for applying to university."

King's College, too, is considering extending its summer school scheme to take in younger pupils – a move that has won the backing of Offa. "I think that's a very exciting idea," says Ebdon. "It is not without its problems because you have got to arrange residential activity for young people. The existing summer schools are aimed at those at the end of the first year of the sixth form, who may have already decided they want to go to university – but not where they want to go. At the younger age group, it is more about persuading them to go."

Other universities are also planning similar moves to King's College. Eighteen years after its original launch, it seems the summer-school initiative is reaping the kind of dividends social mobility campaigners have been wanting to achieve for years.


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European Elections: Ruling parties punished across the continent: More seats lost and another humiliation for Major as voters across the continent punish their governments

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The Independent Online
EUROPEAN voters turned on their governments in yesterday's elections, with the Tory upset mirrored across the continent.

It was a revolt against the rulers, fought on national issues in every country. Voters rejected those in power in Britain, France, Spain and Belgium, with ruling parties losing support elsewhere, but gave unexpected support to Chancellor Helmut Kohl in Germany. Unemployment, anger at corruption and mid-term ennui all contributed.

In France the poll was a dry run for the presidential elections next spring and turnout was high. The anti-Maastricht party, the Communists, the National Front and the list led by the maverick businessman Bernard Tapie took 40 per cent of the vote between them. The Socialists, in power for much of the Eighties, were reduced to 15 per cent, their vote split by Mr Tapie. Though the ruling centre- right parties won, it was by a much smaller margin than expected.

The exception to the pattern was Germany, which holds a general election in October. The governing Christian Democrats and their Bavarian cousins the Christian Socialists did unexpectedly well, prompting Chancellor Kohl to predict overwhelming victory in the autumn. But his coalition partners, the liberal Free Democrats, were wiped out: they failed to cross the 5 per cent threshold and get no European seats.

In Italy, the ruling coalition fared even better than at the general election in May, with Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia expected to send 26 MEPs to Strasbourg. The neo-Fascist led National Alliance won 14 per cent of the vote, and will send 13 members, with six for the regionalist Northern League - lower than expected.

The results will leave the Socialists the largest grouping in the new European Parliament with about 210 seats, according to the party's own calculations. There are 567 seats, increased from 518 to reflect German unification. The Socialists picked up seats in Britain, Portugal, and Greece, but lost them in France, Italy and Spain. Their share of the popular vote and of total seats was weakened.

But the centre-right European Peoples' Party, with which the British Conservatives are linked, has an uncertain future. The neo- Gaullist party, part of France's ruling coalition, is pledged to join them, but not all members may agree. The loyalties of Mr Berlusconi's party are also uncertain. The EPP could have up to 180 members.

The Liberals, which Paddy Ashdown's MEPs will join, will probably fall to 30 from 45, depending on whether the new Italian or French parties sign up. In sum, the Strasbourg assembly will have a roughly fifty-fifty split between left and right, as now, but the centre-right and right are fragmented and the left relatively united.

(Graphic omitted)


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Odila Gantes

GANTES, Odila, 80, of Santa Barbara, died at Serenity House on January 12, 2013. Rosary Service will be on Weds., January 16, 2013, at 7:30 pm., and the Funeral Mass will be celebrated on Thursday, January 17, 10:00 am, both at Holy Cross Church. Interment will be at Goleta Cemetery. Arrangements entrusted to Pueblo del Rey Funeral Services (805) 895-8409.

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Galvin takes Spring seat on Tralee town council

THE seat on Tralee Town Council vacated by Labour's Arthur Spring following his election to the Dáil has finally been filled.

After a delay of over a month Dan Galvin, an unsuccessful Labour candidate for a position on the council at 2009 local elections, took over the seat at last week's monthly meeting of the council.

He was formally nominated for the position by Labour's Terry O'Brien who said he was "absolutely honoured" to propose his friend and a great worker for the labour party to take over the seat.

His nomination was seconded by Mayor of Tralee Gillian Wharton Slattery who said the filling of the seat had been "a long time coming."

Cllr Galvin was welcomed onto the council by the other members and management who pledged to do all they can to assist him in the future.

Sinn Fein's Cllr Cathal Foley referred to a recent Phoenix magazine article which he said had dealt with "intrigue" in the Labour party locally over who would take over the seat with, at one point, Deputy Spring's brother Graham being mooted as a potential successor.

Cllr Galvin described allegations of a dispute over the destination of the seat as speculation.

"I had to read in the media what was going on. As far as I'm concerned it's all hearsay. I put my name forward and here I am," said Cllr Galvin.

He said he was honoured and delighted to become a member of the council. Cllr Galvin added that given the "great potential" of Tralee and the ongoing discussions on the ambitious GPCE proposal it is a "very exciting time to get involved."

At the meeting it was also decided that Cllr Galvin would take over Deputy Spring's position on all committees which he had been a member of prior to his election to the Dáil.

Cllr Galvin will now take a seat on the Association of Municipal Authorities of Ireland, Blennerville Windmill Company, Tralee and Fenit Harbour Commissioners and Tralee Farmer's Market.

Dan Galvin contested the 2009 Town Council Elections in Tralee as one of four Labour candidates on the ticket. A first time candidate, he secured 111 first preference votes and was eliminated at the tenth count.

Originally from Caherdaniel in South Kerry, Dan Galvin has lived in Tralee for over twenty years and works as a manager with Eircom.

He has two children with his wife Margaret and has been an active member of the Labour party in Tralee and north Kerry for many years.

Cllr Galvin is an active member of the Kerry Hospice Foundation and has been closely involved in the fund-raising effort for the Palliative Care Unit at Kerry General hospital.

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Research Article

The Failure of Utilitarian Ethics in Political Economy

The Failure of Utilitarian Ethics in Political Economy

I. Introduction

A normative argument must have a normative premise whether it is explicitly stated or not. As Gordon Clark pointed out in one of his philosophic essays, it is simply not possible to logically arrive at the conclusion that people ought to behave in some specified way simply because someone prefers it that way.[1] The most popular ethical philosophy to employ with respect to issues of ethical behavior at the current time appears to be utilitarianism. Yet, most people use this approach almost by default and rarely, if ever, explicitly acknowledge that such a point of reference is inherent in the arguments that they make. The result is that public policy debates are often carried on without ever acknowledging the inherent flaws in the underlying ethical theory that resides behind the scene.

Indeed, the widespread confusion over this point is one of the primary reasons why western market economies have continued to drift towards the ready acceptance of socialist policies. Edmund Opitz has rightly observed that utilitarianism with its “greatest happiness principle” completely neglects the spiritual dimension of human life. Rather, it simply “asserts that men are bound together in societies solely on the basis of a rational calculation of the private advantage to be gained by social cooperation under the division of labor.”[2] But, as Opitz shows, this perspective gives rise to a serious problem. Since theft is the first labor saving device, the utilitarian principle will tend to lead to the collective use of government power so as to redistribute income in order to gain the “greatest happiness” in society. Regrettably, the rent seeking behavior that is spawned as a result of this mind set will prove detrimental to the economy. Nevertheless, this kind of action will be justified as that which is most socially expedient in order to reach the assumed ethical end. “Utilitarianism, in short, has no logical stopping place short of collectivism.”[3] If morality is ultimately had by making the individual’s happiness subservient to the organic whole of society, which is what Bentham’s utilitarianism asserts, then the human rights of the individual may be violated. That means property rights may be violated if it is assumed to promote the utilitarian end. However, property rights are essential in securing a free market order. As a result, utilitarianism can then be used to justify some heinous government actions. For instance, the murder of millions of human beings can be justified in the minds of reformers if it is thought to move us closer to paradise on earth. This is precisely the view that was taken by communist revolutionaries as they implemented their grand schemes of remaking society. All of this is not to say that matters of utility are unimportant in policy decisions, but merely to assert that utilitarian ethics will have the tendency of promoting collectivist policies. This will tend to hold true in most cases except when such collectivism has so thoroughly destroyed the economic enterprise as in the case of the former Soviet Union. In those cases, the very real need of material advancement will lead to reform in the other direction.

Therein lies the problem. Is the end that utilitarianism aims for truly ethical? It certainly contradicts the traditional moral philosophies. Both the older natural law philosophies as well as those founded upon religious traditions take issue with the use of force so as to gain one’s material wherewithal. If it can be shown that utilitarianism suffers logically from several fatal flaws, then the rational thing that one ought to do is to reject it as a basis for making ethical judgments in policy debates in favor of a more substantive moral philosophy of life. This is the purpose of this paper. Namely, to point out the numerous shortcomings of utilitarianism. In addition, it will be worthwhile to examine a common policy issue in order to demonstrate the difference that it makes when traditional moral philosophies are employed as the foundation upon which one either approves of or disapproves of a particular government action. In this case, an examination of the debate over the delivery of public goods will prove useful.

II The Inherent Flaws of Utilitarianism

As is well known, Jeremy Bentham is credited as the person responsible for developing and initially promoting utilitarianism. Bentham’s philosophy employs the notions of utility and hedonism in such a way as to provide a new foundation for making ethical judgments. Of course the ideas of utility and of hedonism were already present long before Bentham lived on this earth. To be sure, the concept of utility will always be fundamental to any consistent study of economics. Yet, his assertion that ethical behavior essentially culminates in the promotion of “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of people in society was new and it departed radically from traditional ethical philosophies. As Frederick Copleston has written, “Bentham did not invent the principle of utility: what he did was to expound and apply it explicitly and universally as the basic principle of both morals and legislation.”[4] In this regard, Bentham was acting as a social reformer who sought to change the world. He vigorously attacked traditional morality and rejected notions of both the natural law and of natural human rights.

Instead of approaching ethical philosophy in its traditional way, Bentham rested his theory solely upon the concept of psychological hedonism. That is, he used the observation from utility analysis that people seek pleasure and avoid pain as the basis upon which to devise a new moral standard of behavior. In essence, Bentham sought to make evil synonymous with pain and to make virtue synonymous with pleasure. This was his main point of departure from traditional ethics. Traditional moral philosophies tend to assert that virtuous actions will ultimately result in pleasure while evil actions will ultimately result in pain. But in traditional morality these things are never paired together as if they were one and the same thing. Rather, they exist together as causal pairs. The work of Jonathan Edwards provides an excellent example of this approach. Throughout his philosophical and theological writings, Edwards argued that a person ought to set his highest affections on God alone. In fact, Edwards argued that the benevolent love of God was the only true virtue. From this position, he proceeded to argue that such affection would move the person to live a moral life in conformity to the commandments of God given in the Bible. In turn, living such a life would result in the greatest possible eternal reward and would result, therefore, in the greatest possible utility for the person. This traditional approach to moral philosophy is readily espoused throughout the Bible as well. For instance, in his discussion of Moses’ faith in Christ, the writer of Hebrews says:

By faith Moses, when he became of age, refused to be called the son of Pharaoh’s daughter, choosing rather to suffer affliction with the people of God than to enjoy the passing pleasures of sin, esteeming the reproach of Christ greater riches than the treasures in Egypt; for he looked to the reward.[5]

The point of the passage indicates that virtuous behavior is sometimes costly and painful in the short term, but exceedingly beneficial in the long term. In fact, the traditional notion of wisdom is that the wise man is the one who prudently endures some immediate pain for a greater good. The main point of this is that Jonathan Edwards and the biblical writers never confused a person’s pleasure with virtuous behavior itself, but rather saw it as a by-product of a life well-lived. Nevertheless, Bentham simply asserted that they are one and the same thing, and on this basis attempted to construct a new kind of moral guide. However, his effort suffers from several underlying flaws which render it useless in serving as an ultimate compass of what people ought to do.

A. The Problem of Making Interpersonal Comparisons

Among the many difficulties encountered in Bentham?s approach, the first is that it is impossible to make interpersonal comparisons. It is a well-known fact that different people have different tastes. In addition, there are differences in personalities and talents that different people possess and these differences give rise to differences in their goals and ambitions. All these variations in turn give rise to a fundamental fact of human existence. Namely, that it is impossible for us to know or measure the extent of either pleasure or pain for any specific person in any particular situation. Such measures are beyond the capacity of our ability to know. While human beings can most certainly empathize with someone who is experiencing extreme hardship or enjoying great success, such efforts are only accomplished by projecting one’s own inward feelings to someone else’s circumstance. One person simply cannot accurately know the depth of another person’s pain nor the height of his joy.

While Bentham at least recognized this problem, it did not discourage him from his ultimate pursuit. Instead, he continued to promote his new ethical philosophy and argued that it was the only way that we could go. Therefore, he pressed for a way to measure happiness. While he was never able to arrive at such a measure, he remained confident that one would soon be developed and even used the term utils as the units in which it would be measured. Economists have long since given up on the search for a cardinal measure of utility. Strangely enough however, welfare economists continue to act as if we can actually accomplish the impossible task by attempting to measure deadweight losses within the context of modern price theory. It is the rise in the prominence of welfare analysis that has given utilitarianism a standing in modern policy debates. However, such efforts cannot escape the reality that such measures cannot be made. With no adequate way to measure utility in order to make the necessary interpersonal comparisons, all such policy arguments are reduced to contests where each side claims that the rewards to be received by them would greatly outweigh whatever pain might be incurred by those who are forced to bear the costs.

B. An Inadequate Conception of Human Nature

Another problem with utilitarianism is that it has a very narrow conception of what it means to be a human being. Within Bentham’s view, human beings are essentially understood to be passive creatures who respond to the environment in a purely mechanical fashion. As such, there are no “bad” motives, only “bad” calculations. In these terms, no person is responsible for his or her own behavior. In effect, the idea being promoted is that human action is essentially the same as that of a machine in operation. This notion reduces a human thought to nothing more than a series of bio-chemical reactions. Yet, if this is true, then there is no meaning to human thought or human action and all human reason is reduced to the point of being meaningless.[6]

Beyond this problem, it also seems a little absurd to argue that since all human beings seek pleasure and avoid pain, that we can conclude that such a fact ought then be used as the foundation upon which an ethical theory ought to be constructed. As Opitz points out,

Words like pleasure happiness, or satisfaction are what might be called “container words.” They are words needing a content, like the word “assistant.” When someone tells you he is an assistant, you are told nothing about his actual job. All you know is that he is not an executive. To make it specific, the job of being an assistant needs some entity to hook up with. Similarly, happiness or pleasure. There is no such entity as pleasure or happiness; these are mental states which may be associated with many different things.[7]

Since this is true, pleasure cannot be the goal of human action in and of itself. It is simply the by-product of human action which is actually aimed at the attainment of some specific goal or end. To be sure, people rarely seek to refine their tastes by considering such qualitative issues until they are well fed, clothed, and housed, but that fact does not mean that such issues are unimportant. Even that great proponent of utilitarianism, J. S. Mill, came to understand this point. As a result, he too began to recognize that happiness was not something that could be had directly and tried to introduce qualitative factors into his utilitarianism.

Regrettably, Mill did not press the implication of this insight to its final conclusion. If he had, he would have abandoned his utilitarianism in favor of some other ethical philosophy. The reason why this is so is that an effort to include qualitative factors into one’s ethical thinking necessarily requires an appeal to some ideal. That is, Mill must have in mind some concept or idea of what human beings ought to be, rather than what they in fact are, if he is going to include qualitative factors in his analysis. When this is done, one is forced back into the mode of the traditional ethical philosophies that existed prior to the utilitarian project. If one has an ideal of what men should be, then that ideal establishes a standard of moral behavior apart from the pursuit of pleasure itself. As Copleston comments on the matter:

Hence there must be a standard of excellence; and this is not fully worked out. The relevant point in the present context, however, is not Mill’s failure to elaborate a theory of human nature. Rather is it the fact that he grafts on to Benthamism a moral theory which has little or nothing to do with balancing of pleasures and pains according to the hedonistic calculus of Bentham, and that he does not see the necessity of subjecting his original starting-point to a thorough criticism and revision.[8]

C. The Fallacy of Composition

A final problem with utilitarianism that ought to be mentioned is that it is subject to being criticized because of a potential fallacy of composition. The common good is not necessarily the sum of the interests of individuals. In their book, A History of Economic Theory and Method, Ekelund and Hebert provide a well-conceived example to demonstrate this problem. They write:

It is presumably in the general interest of American society to have every automobile in the United States equipped with all possible safety devices. However, a majority of individual car buyers may not be willing to pay the cost of such equipment in the form of higher auto prices. In this case, the collective interest does not coincide with the sum of the individual interests. The result is a legislative and economic dilemma. [9]

Indeed, individuals prone to political action, and held under the sway of utilitarian ethics, will likely be willing to decide in favor of the supposed collective interest over and against that of the individual. But then, what happens to individual human rights? Are they not sacrificed and set aside as unimportant? In fact, this is precisely what has happened. In democratic countries the destruction of human liberty that has taken place in the past hundred years has occurred primarily for this reason. In addition, such thinking largely served as the justification for the mass murders of millions of innocent people in communist countries where the leaders sought to establish the “workers’ paradise.” To put the matter simply, utilitarianism offers no cohesive way to discern between the various factions competing against one another in political debates and thus fails to provide an adequate guide for ethical human action. The failure of utilitarianism at this point is extremely important for a whole host of policy issues. Among them, the issue of the government’s provision of public goods is worth our consideration.

III. Public Goods as Seen Through the Lens of Traditional Morality

It is common practice in teaching the principles of economics today to teach students that one area of market failure occurs when externalities exist. As such, the concept of externalities is presented as the notion that some human action spills over into benefits provided for, or costs imposed upon, third parties. This treatment portrays such spillovers, whether they are positive or negative, as if they were symmetric in nature. That is, a positive externality is merely the flip side of a coin in relation to a negative externality. On this basis, it is then argued that the existence of such externalities leads to an outcome that is less than optimal and that there is, therefore, grounds for government intervention. However, this judgment is fundamentally tied to utilitarianism as will be shown.

Murray Rothbard provided an excellent critique of the mainstream argument, which favors government action to extend positive externalities and provide public goods, in his book, Man, Economy, and State.[10] In his critique, Rothbard points out that the notion of what is optimal in the sense argued by economists at this juncture is value laden. That is, the underlying ethical philosophy that undergirds this conception of what is optimal is utilitarianism. In fact, all welfare economics as it is currently conducted has as a basic assumption, whether it is explicitly stated or not, that the standard of ethical judgments ought to be a hedonistic calculus. In particular, with respect to the argument for government intervention in cases of positive externalities it is argued that such a situation is sub-optimal because a greater level of utility could have been had if these externalities had been extended. This is exactly the kind of hedonistic calculus that Bentham had in mind. But, as has already been shown, such an effort begs numerous questions regarding its legitimacy.

Another point that Rothbard made in his critique is that positive and negative externalities are not symmetric when viewed from a property rights perspective that embraces a more traditional view of ethics. In fact, from this perspective the two are radically different events. In the case of a negative externality, the failure that has taken place is not a failure of the market, but a failure of the governing authority to adequately protect the property rights of all the participants of the market. In this case, issues of pollution are the result of a violation of the property rights of some people by others in order to garner greater benefits. Alternatively, no such violation of property rights can be asserted in the case of positive externalities. Rather, any attempt on the part of government to extend such benefits could only be had by violating the underlying property rights of the person whose actions happen to give rise to external benefits. Nevertheless, as Rothbard pointed out, proponents of government action will invariably attempt to make their case using two lines of attack. First, those who favor government action complain that a person engaged in an activity that benefits others does too little of it. In this case, the proposition put forward is that such gifts to the community are too small.

As an illustration of the weakness of this argument, suppose on Christmas morning a child should awake and venture into the living room of his house to see what presents there might be for him. When he arrives there, he discovers numerous gifts and begins to open them. The joy of the child?s parents will naturally rise in proportion to the child’s delight in receiving the gifts provided. However, if, after the last gift is opened, the child should begin complaining that the bounty he received was far too little, the parents’ joy will quickly sour. Those who argue that government should extend positive externalities, might just as well argue that it also ought to intervene on the behalf of spoiled children everywhere. But this intervention would be utterly absurd. In truth, gifts are just that! They are not deserved, but are extended to others by people of goodwill. And, even if they are extended to others as a chance by-product of someone’s actions, it could hardly be argued that such a gift was too little.

At this point, it might be obvious that the case for state intervention is too weak, but that has not deterred those bent on government action. “The second line of attack is to denounce [the recipient of the external benefits] for accepting a benefit without paying [the provider of it] in return. The recipient is denounced as an ingrate and a virtual thief for accepting the free gift.”[11] Referring back to our example of Christmas morning, it is as if the parents, after all the presents have been unwrapped, should then extend a bill to the child for payment. Or, in an alternative illustration based on the pro-government action argument, it would suggest that because my neighbors enjoy the sight of my yard being well manicured, that I should have a legitimate position on which to tax them to pay my lawn maintenance bills. While such a case is ridiculous, nevertheless, in public debate such arguments are readily offered as a reason why public funds should be expended on education, health care, and a whole host of other so called public goods.

By not realizing that positive and negative externalities are not symmetric, the entire issue of government action is skewed in favor of moving the political economy in the direction of command and control. The final result of such a movement, will tend in the direction of political totalitarianism in which any political group with enough power will seek to gain its benefits by taxing others. Alternatively, recognizing that externalities are asymmetric, will prove to be of tremendous value in sorting through all kinds of difficult cases. For example, suppose that I am the owner of ten thousand acres of land in a rural area and that ten years ago I planted trees on that land with the intention of harvesting them in twenty-five years. Suppose also that someone should buy ten acres of property directly across the road from my land and builds a house for himself on that property. Day after day, my neighbor enjoys the view of the trees on my property. However, when the logging begins, he may very well complain that I am imposing costs upon him by cutting down my trees. Is his argument correct? To be sure, my neighbor is losing something that he has come to value during the years that he has lived in his house. However, my neighbor does not have any legitimate complaint against me. My action simply means that I am no longer going to provide him with the gift of a scenic view. The fact that I had done so for fifteen years does not obligate me to continue to give this gift into perpetuity. The only way that my neighbor could have a legitimate complaint against me, is that I should actually cause damage to his own property in the process of cutting down my trees. In this case, I would need to compensate him for such costs. Whatever the case, by clarifying the issue within the framework of the more sound ethical philosophy of human rights to property, it will be far easier to sort out the underlying issues involved in such disputes. Reliance upon utilitarianism in such cases will only muddy the waters.

[1] Gordon Clark, “Can Moral Education be Grounded on Naturalism?”, Essays on Ethics and Politics, (Jefferson, MD: The Trinity Foundation, 1992), pp. 7-8.

[2] Edmund A. Opitz, Religion and Capitalism: Allies, Not Enemies, (Irvington-on-Hudson, NY: The Foundation for Economic Education, 1992), pg. 131.

[3] Ibid., pg. 132.

[4] Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy, (London: Burns and Oates Limited, 1966, vol. 8), pg. 4.

[5] Hebrews 11: 24-26

[6] C. S. Lewis provides a very good refutation of such arguments in his book, Miracles, (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1947).

[7] Op. Cit., pg. 128.

[8] Op. Cit., pg. 32.

[9] Robert B. Ekelund, Jr., and Robert F. Hebert, A History of Economic Theory and Method, (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975, 1st edition), pg. 114.

[10] Murray Rothbard, Man, Economy, and State, (Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, Inc., 1962, vol. 2), pp. 883-890.

[11] Ibid, pg. 886.

Paul A. Cleveland is Professor of Business Administration and Economics at Birmingham-Southern College and an Adjunct Faculty Member of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. He received his Ph.D. in economics at Texas A & M University, and he has taught at the University of Central Florida and State University of New York at Genesco.

Professor Cleveland is the author of the books, Unmasking the Sacred Lies and Understanding the Modern Culture Wars: The Essentials of Western Civilization, and his many articles have appeared in the Journal of Private Enterprise, Idaho's Economy, Religion and Liberty, and The Freeman.


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We receive many requests to attend conferences, write articles, and participate in interviews and briefings. We make every attempt to fill those requests while continuing to lead the industry in enterprise information and management solutions.
For interviews, briefings, speaker appearances and related needs contact us at 732-817-1060.

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Index Engines Information Management Index Engines is the leader in enterprise information management and archiving solutions. 5 stars, based on 376 reviews


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As another company settles with the FTC over data privacy violations, Index Engines says ‘breaches are preventable’

In wake of another FTC fine resulting from exposure of personally identifiable information, enterprise information management provider, Index Engines, says the technology exists to avoid security breaches and fines.

HOLMDEL, NJ – Nearly 300,000 people had their Social Security and credit card numbers exposed when unencrypted backup tapes and other data storage belonging to Cbr Systems, Inc were stolen from a vehicle; causing the FTC to hand down drastic penalties over the next 20 years and an information management provider to preach ‘an ounce of prevention.’
Index Engines, a leader in enterprise information management and archiving solutions, watched the essence of what they help companies avoid happen as the FTC required Cbr Systems to establish and maintain a complete information security program and submit to independent security audits every other year for 20 years.
“Index Engines helps companies reduce their liability and security risks by profiling electronically stored information so they can quickly, easily and affordably see what they have,’’ Index Engines Vice President David Ballard said. “This process helps make breaches preventable because organizations know immediately where sensitive data resides within the enterprise and can secure it according to policy.”
Index Engines allows users to map out the type, location and age of data, enabling companies to determine the disposition of the content in order to maintain compliance to regulations governing electronic data. Along with metadata, Index Engines enables companies to govern themselves with a Personally Identifiable Information (PII) search that finds and accesses sensitive content including unencrypted data, social security and credit card numbers.
This standard search would have protected Cbr Systems’ information.
“Most companies have sound information governance and privacy policies, but they don’t have the capability or knowledge to enforce them,” Index Engines Vice President Jim McGann said. “The solutions are out there, companies just need to be proactive in understanding what they have or it will be a case of what you don’t know will hurt you.”
Index Engines also says this is not the first FTC data privacy charge that could have been prevented. Last year the FTC charged Wyndham Worldwide and three affiliates after credit card numbers were kept in plain text files that resulted in the electronic theft of credit card data. Index Engines allows users to search emails, files, PDFs, servers and legacy tapes and determine if they are at risk for security breaches.
“When you look at all a company risks from having a data privacy breach – fines, penalties and the loss of consumer trust – there’s no viable reason enforcing your data privacy policy shouldn’t be the first line itemon your budget,’’ McGann said. “Affordable, efficient technology exists to avoid security breaches and protect PII.”
Index Engines Information Management Index Engines is the leader in enterprise information management and archiving solutions. 5 stars, based on 376 reviews


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Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah
Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah

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The Indian Curry

Indian curry

The ultimate identity of India with the world, starts with the flavors of the Curry. It has caught the fascination of the globe around. It is one cuisine that is made with different variations by different famous chefs. People coming to India are always surprised as to how different the Curry tastes in India than in their respective countries.

The origin of the word ‘Curry’ comes from the the south Indian word ‘Kari’ which is a blend of spices and sauces, mainly coconut. However, it has spread all over the country with a number of variety. A curry takes in and combines different spices, vegetables, meat or any specialty of a particular place. And no matter how it tastes or how people make it different variations, it has always reflected its Indian quality – the one of adaptability.

The popularity of the Curry

The origin of ‘Curry’

The word curry comes from the Tamil word ‘kari’ which is a sauce of various spices. Alan Davidson, in his book ‘Oxford Companion to Food’, writes the accounts from a Dutch traveller in 1598 referring to a dish called ‘Carriel’. He also refers to a Portuguese cookery book from the seventeenth century called ‘Atre do Cozinha’, with chilli-based curry powder called ‘caril’.

Camellia Punjabi, in her book ‘50 Great Curries of India’, says that ‘Curry’ means ‘gravy’. She also suggests that probably in the North India a gravy dish was called ‘kaddi’ and that is where the English first landed in 1608 and then 1612.

The different influence of Curry

The ‘Curry’ is made differently in other South-east Asian countries. It is made in countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia to name a few.

The term ‘Curry’ is now used more broadly, especially in the Western world, to refer to almost any spiced, sauce-based dishes cooked in various south and southeast Asian styles. Each curry has a specific name, however, any wet side dish made out of vegetables and/or meat is historically referred to as a ‘curry’ – especially those yellow, Indian-inspired powders and sauces with high proportions of turmeric. The dishes are given specific names that indicate the meat and/or vegetable, method of cooking, or the particular spices used

The Elements of the Curry

Spices are the essential ingredients of the ‘Curry’. Without it, it would just be like a coffee without coffee beans. The spices are called ‘Masala’ in India. There is a misunderstanding among the Americans that they believe ‘Curry’ is a spice. Curry powders are available in many supermarkets abroad. But that is a mixture of spices to be put in a Curry. The basic spices needed to make a Curry are black pepper, chilli pepper, cloves, coriander, fenugreek, cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, ginger turmeric and nutmeg. You can mix your own curry powder according to your tastes or buy it ready mixed in the spice aisle of your grocery store.

Curry Leaves – Seasoning

Curry Leaves are a kind of herbs you find in India. It is called ‘kadhi-patta’ in hindi. They look like miniature lemon leaves and are grown at homes and also grow wild in most forest regions of India and are used as a seasoning. The curry leaf plant, is a native of Tropical Asia, southern India and Sri Lanka. It is used in curries as well as other food dishes in India. It is best to use a fresh piece, fried in hot oil and ghee for the aroma. It is largely a seasoning leaf, to be used only in specific curries to provide specific tanginess. Very rarely it is used ground along with other spices, more often than not, it is the first thing in the oil to be used to make the curry itself. Not surprisingly, the curry then acquires a personality of its own.

The second level of seasoning

A mixture of garlic, ginger, tomatoes and onions forms the second level of seasoning for Curry. These are the other most essential ingredients for any Indian food other than the spices. These form the base for the spicy and tangy taste of Indian food. Anything without these are considered bland. The famous ginger-garlic paste is made by scraping the skin from the Ginger and garlic. Cut the ginger into small chunks and blend it together with garlic with a little water. It can stored in clean air tight jar by adding a little quantity of oil.

The Popular types of Curry

1. Chicken tikka Masala – Its a mild curry dish of chicken in a tomato-based sauce, cooked tandoori style (in a charcoal-fired oven). The sauce usually includes tomato and either cream or coconut cream and various spices. The sauce or chicken pieces (or both) are often coloured orange or red with food dyes. Other tikka masala dishes replace chicken with lamb, fish or paneer.

2. Korma – Korma is prepared with butter and thickened with single cream and coconut milk to give a very, very mild creamy sauce. Spicing would be more subtle, and there would be more use of aromatic spices such as cardomom, clove and cinnamon rather than the more robust spices such as chilli, cumin, black pepper etc.

3. Madras Curry – Madras curry is a spicy curry which originates in the South of India. This curry can accompany vegetables or meats, and it can feature a wide range of ingredients, although chili peppers are usually a fundamental ingredient. Many Indian restaurants offer various foods with Madras curry, ranging from chicken to lentils.

4. Jalfrezi – It is a dry-fried chicken curry, with delicious mix of green peppers (also known as capsicum or bell peppers or Shimla mirch), onions, green chillies and tomatoes. It has a creamy, clingy gravy. It also consists of paneer combined with mixed bell peppers tempered and saute in spicy masala. It is also known as ‘kadai paneer’.

5. Vindaloo – Vindaloo, a speciality of central and southwestern India, is prepared with roasted spice blend including mustard seeds, cumin seeds, ginger, peppercorns, fenugreek seeds, cloves and coriander seeds. Red chiles are a must and tamarind concentrate is favored. Vindaloo sauce is typically combined with meat and served with rice.

6. Rogan Ghosh – Rogan josh is an aromatic curry dish. Rogan means clarified butter in Persian, while Josh means hot or passionate. Rogan Josh thus means meat cooked in clarified butter at intense heat. It consists of a mixture of spices like paprika for its red colour, aniseed, cloves, cumin, cinnamon, and many others. Many variations have ginger, garlic, and yoghurt, and some also use tomatoes.


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Indiana Headlines

New Book, Why I Smuggled for a Living, Now Available in Two Formats

New Book, Why I Smuggled for a Living, Now Available in Two Formats

EVERETT, WA – 18 May, 2017 – Growing up in a remote village where life to date is at a near crawl is a narrow window of opportunity many have died trying to break loose. This in and of itself made Viora aware of what she needed to do – get an education. In pursuit of knowledge, she and her siblings walked three hours and a half either way – to school and back home, for seven years, even more if you didn’t perform well on the final examination in seventh grade. You needed an above average score to proceed to secondary school.

Determined to acquire knowledge by any means dimmed necessary, Viora pushed herself beyond the norm. In doing so she developed a set of skills many children her age lacked – discipline, and acquired a spot at the top of her class. She became one of the best there was.

She exceled in every subject thus, not that she was intelligent than most others, but because she had to if she were to bring home the grades necessary to keep her going forward. Discipline allowed her to develop rare listening skills. Listening skills and her ability to follow the teacher’s instructions with intensity, propelled her in every subject.

When her father was too old to support Viora and her little brothers through school, she started smuggling for a living – to pay for school, and support her brothers who themselves were in school still. Therefore, she carried through the jungle as much weight as her body could possibly handle. On one instance Viora and her group were hijacked by armed robbers; she was given a chance to tell her story.

If you’d like more information on this topic, or to schedule an interview with Viora Mayobo, give her a call at (425) 212-9747, Cell: (425) 496-3962, or email her at [email protected]

Media Contact
Company Name: Why I Smuggled for a Living
Contact Person: Viora Mayobo
Email: [email protected]
Phone: Tell: (425) 212-974, Cell: (425) 496-3962
Country: United States

May 2017
« Apr


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Your Tooth Enamel Is Super Cool Stuff

WHAT IS AS BRITTLE AS GLASS and at the same time, the hardest substance in your body? Your tooth enamel! Each time you bite down it handles the equivalent of 160 pounds of pressure, time after time after time. Think about how often you bite down during your lifetime. It’s crazy!

Enamel is the hard outer layer of your teeth, built to protect the softer dentine layer, and your super-sensitive pulp.

It’s Amazing How Such A Brittle Substance Handles The Pressure

It’s an engineering marvel. Enamel is actually made up of a dense forest of long rods. These rods start crisscrossing each other as they go deeper into the tooth, diffusing the pressure. It’s like sprawling your body out flat to crawl over an ice-covered pond, spreading the pressure over a wider area.

Mother Nature’s Pattern For Strength

This same concept actually inspired a group of scientists to create glass that is 200 times stronger than normal! Read about it in the article, How to Toughen Glass by Cracking It: A Lesson From Teeth and Shells.

Enamel Is Built To Deal With Pressure… But Not Erosion

As strong as your enamel is, it doesn’t deal as well with acid and bacteria. It needs our help for that.

4 ways your enamel CAN get worn down:

  1. Acidic breakdown (usually from acidic drinks like soda, fruit juices, and sports drinks).
  2. Abrasion from rough brushing and tooth-whitening toothpastes.
  3. Bad habits like tooth-grinding.
  4. High sugar-and-starch diets, which create acid byproducts.

Your Enamel Is Finite So Treat It Well

As amazing as your enamel is, it’s one of the only parts of your body unable to regenerate itself because it’s one of the only parts of your body not comprised of living cells. So protect your enamel by brushing regularly, flossing, and keeping your regularly scheduled checkups.

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News & Multimedia

Kurt Busch Fights His Way For Martinsville Win

On Sunday at historic Martinsville Speedway, the driver known as "The Outlaw" committed highway robbery.

Bullying his way past six-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson with 10 laps left in Sunday’s STP 500 at the .526-mile short track, Kurt Busch held on to edge Johnson by 0.263 seconds, denying Johnson a ninth Martinsville victory.

A Martinsville winner in 2002, Busch added a second victory at Sprint Cup’s oldest current venue to his resume. Busch’s 25th career victory was his first triumph in the No. 41 Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet and the first victory as a Sprint Cup crew chief for Daniel Knost.

Dale Earnhardt Jr. finished third in a race that produce a record 33 lead changes and a sixth consecutive different winner to open the 2014 season. Joey Logano ran fourth, followed by Marcos Ambrose and Matt Kenseth.

Kevin Harvick, Aric Almirola, Clint Bowyer and Paul Menard completed the top 10.

Busch stole the victory from Johnson, despite an earlier collision with Brad Keselowski’s Ford that cost Keselowski 31 laps.

"We’re done," Busch said tersely after running into the back of the No. 2 Team Penkse Ford, a car Busch drove for much of his career, to date.

That was far from the truth. Busch worked his way back into contention and restarted third on Lap 466 after caution for Carl Edwards spin in Turn 2. On Lap 473, he got the nose of his car under Johnson’s No. 48 Chevy and grabbed the lead.

Ten laps later, Johnson — who led 296 of the 500 laps — regained the top spot with a slight nudge to Busch’s bumper, but Johnson fought a loose handling condition the rest of the way and couldn’t keep the Stewart-Haas Chevy behind him.

Busch, like Johnson, was driving a Hendrick Motorsports chassis powered by a Hendrick engine.

"I didn’t know if we’d be able to do it," Busch said. "The 48 car is king here, him and the 24 (Jeff Gordon, who also has eight Martinsville wins). This is the old theory ‘If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em.’ I had a Hendrick chassis prepared by Stewart-Haas Racing, a Hendrick motor. So thanks to those guys and Chevrolet.

"I’ve been on this journey for a while, and every time you come to Martinsville, you kind of draw a line, like ‘There’s no way I’ll be able to challenge those Hendrick guys or be up in the top 10.' These Stewart-Haas guys gave me a car to do it."

Johnson, who has been having uncharacteristic difficulty closing out races of late, did everything possible to keep Busch at bay.

"That’s all I had," Johnson said. "I ran the rear tires off the car. I flipped every switch and knob I could to get front brake and turn fans off to try to help bring the balance back. But it was still too loose  to get the win."

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Kurt Busch Fights His Way For Martinsville Win
Kurt Busch Fights His Way For Martinsville Win
Bullying his way past six-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson with 10 laps left in Sunday’s STP 500 at the .526-mile short track, Kurt Busch held on to edge Johnson by 0.263 seconds, denying Johnson a ninth Martinsville victory.
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Questions Search

This website covers previous years question papers of various universities and colleges in India. Moreover, the information on admission to various courses from various universities/institutes/colleges are also available. Research paper questions are also updated from time to time. Also the latest teaching faculty plus teachers jobs, Government jobs, Banking Jobs, and other jobs are regularly updated to help jobless candidates. Admit cards of various recruitment of Govt organisation are updated. Search your terms using the search box provided.

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Sunday, August 21, 2016

CLAT 2014 Solved Question Paper Download in PDF

Looking for CLAT-2014 Question Paper with Solution? You have ended on right website where you can download solved question paper in PDF. Click on the link provided below to download CLAT 2014 question paper with complete answers.

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Questions Search

This website covers previous years question papers of various universities and colleges in India. Moreover, the information on admission to various courses from various universities/institutes/colleges are also available. Research paper questions are also updated from time to time. Also the latest teaching faculty plus teachers jobs, Government jobs, Banking Jobs, and other jobs are regularly updated to help jobless candidates. Admit cards of various recruitment of Govt organisation are updated. Search your terms using the search box provided.

Follow by Email

Sunday, August 21, 2016

IGNOU MBARS MRS-023 Soft Skills 2015 Question Paper

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) Question Paper
Term-End Examination June, 2015
Time : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
1. Distinguish between formal and informal styles of communication with appropriate examples. 20
2. How important are monetary incentives for work motivation ? 20
3. Discuss the role of communication in the making of a leader. 20
4. Why is it necessary to evolve strategies of stress management ? 20
5. It is important to be on good terms only with our superiors. Do you agree ? Give reasons for your
answer. 20
6. What part do business ethics play in .the success of an individual or a company ? 20
7. How can one balance a busy career schedule with self-development ? 20
8. You are the manager of a company that has experienced some recent setbacks. Prepare a
five-minute speech (about 20 lines) to motivate the staff. 20

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Buy Sam Sung From Apple Store!

Buy Sam Sung From Apple Store!

Way back, Sam Sung used to work at an Apple store in Vancouver, Canada. He no longer works with Apple but his last business card is worth $80,200 at the moment.

Apple Store

You read it right. Sam Sung is selling his last visiting card on online marketplace ebay with four days to go.

Despite sharing his name with Apple's main rival, he says he had a great time working for the company.

Sam Sung, now 25, spent three years working at the Pacific Centre iStore in Vancouver - giving nightmares to the HR department and colleagues with his name.

Recently, he came across one of his old business cards when it fell out of a book and he decided to put this potential to good use.

The money that is raised will go to the Children's Wish Foundation, a non-profit organisation that works for children diagnosed with life threatening illnesses, he was quoted as saying in media reports.

Sam hopes his business card will go to another fellow Apple enthusiast with a sense of humour.