text:
Shiur #41: Eikha: Chapter 3 (continued)

  • Dr. Yael Ziegler
Eikha 3:40-66
Having paused to introspect and consider God’s ways, human accountability, and how humans should respond to suffering, the third section of this chapter returns to the account of misfortune. Initially, the gever speaks in first person plural, unexpectedly appearing in the role of leader amongst a community of sufferers.[1] In verse 48, the gever returns to the first person singular for the duration of the chapter. Themes resurface from the first section of the chapter; prayer remains blocked and the sufferer is still entrapped, overwhelmed by the misfortunes and tribulations that prevail. Yet, the progression of the gever is remarkable. Utterly altered by his ruminations, the gever reconstructs his relationship with God and community, acquiring at the same time a new perception of himself.
Structure of the Final Section (Verses 40-66)
I am inclined to divide the final section of this chapter into three subsections, based on both speaker and substance. The first person plural speaker demarcates the first subsection (verses 40-47), casting the gever in the role of a member of a community. Verses 48-66 return to the familiar first person account of the individual speaker. I have subdivided these first person verses on thematic grounds. When the first person speaker initially re-emerges, he does not focus upon his own personal tragedy, concentrating instead on the suffering of the nation (verses 48-51). In verse 52, the individual resumes his own personal account. However, as we will see, he is a changed man, even if the miserable circumstances that swirl around him have not substantially changed. Comparing the individual’s final account of his suffering to the initial account at the beginning of the chapter illuminates the dramatic transformation that this individual undergoes during the course of this chapter.
A: Verses 40-47: The Communal Speaker: Repentance, Prayer, and Complaint
B: Verses 48-51: The Individual Speaker: Advocating for the Community
C: Verses 52-66: The Individual Speaker: A Return to the Account of Suffering
Eikha 3:40-47
נַחְפְּשָׂ֤ה דְרָכֵ֙ינוּ֙ וְֽנַחְקֹ֔רָה
וְנָשׁ֖וּבָה עַד־יְקֹוָֽק
נִשָּׂ֤א לְבָבֵ֙נוּ֙ אֶל־כַּפָּ֔יִם
אֶל־אֵ֖ל בַּשָּׁמָֽיִם
נַ֤חְנוּ פָשַׁ֙עְנוּ֙ וּמָרִ֔ינוּ
אַתָּ֖ה לֹ֥א סָלָֽחְתָּ
סַכֹּ֤תָה בָאַף֙ וַֽתִּרְדְּפֵ֔נוּ
הָרַ֖גְתָּ לֹ֥א חָמָֽלְתָּ
סַכּ֤וֹתָה בֶֽעָנָן֙ לָ֔ךְ
מֵעֲב֖וֹר תְּפִלָּֽה
סְחִ֧י וּמָא֛וֹס תְּשִׂימֵ֖נוּ
בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָעַמִּֽים
פָּצ֥וּ עָלֵ֛ינוּ פִּיהֶ֖ם
פַּ֧חַד וָפַ֛חַת הָ֥יָה לָ֖נוּ
הַשֵּׁ֥את וְהַשָּֽׁבֶר
Let us search out our ways and examine them
And we will return to God
Let us lift up our hearts in our hands
To God in the heavens
We have sinned and rebelled
You did not forgive
You covered Yourself in anger and You pursued us
You killed and You did not pity
You covered Yourself with a cloud
From allowing prayer to pass through
You placed us in filth and refuse
In the midst of the nations
They opened their mouths at us
All of our enemies
Fear and pitfall are our lot
Horror and brokenness
The word chata’av (verse 39) remains suspended in mid-air, as we eagerly wait to see how the gever will proceed following his vivid realization. What is the nature of the gever’s constructive response to his situation? Confession produces introspection and repentance,[2] followed promptly by prayer and more confession.
The key to understanding the gever’s constructive response is his striking (and unprecedented) shift from a first person singular voice to a first person plural. The gever now speaks as part of a community. He has abandoned the posture of the forlorn individual, whose isolation from his community is an additional item in the litany of his personal woes. One cannot forget his plaintive description from verse 14: “I was a laughingstock of my nation, their plaything all of the day.” The gever never explains the cause of this alienation; it remains simply one of his many trials, another reason for self-pity and despair.
The gever’s sense of isolation from his nation links up with his sense of alienation from God (indicated primarily by the fact that he does not mention God by name for seventeen verses.) His estrangement from God may necessarily produce his forfeiture of the covenantal community, whose definition and essence derives from shared worship and common religious practices and values. Moreover, the gever’s crushing misery produces a narcissistic obsession with his woes, the inability to see beyond his own grisly experiences. Therefore, he sees neither God nor his fellow humans; utter alienation overwhelms him.
How, then, has the gever recovered a relationship both with God and with his estranged community? First, as the chapter progresses, the gever’s intense inward focus begins to wane. As the gever regains his equilibrium, his gaze moves from a self-absorbed fixation on his own suffering to a newfound awareness of his surroundings. Others come into focus, and he observes that they too suffer. The dissipation of his self-centered misery also allows him to see God, who was absent from his initial description of his woes.
Comparison of verses 8 and 44 – two substantively similar verses, in which the speaker bemoans the failure of his prayer to reach God – throws the gever’s transformation into sharp relief. In verse 8, the gever’s prayer was so self-centered that he did not even acknowledge the recipient of his pleas. Verse 8 lacks an address, a “thou,” instead focusing exclusively on the individual who bemoans the futility of his prayers: “Even when I cry out and when I plead, my prayer is shut out.” In content, verse 44 is not substantially different from verse 8; the communal voice again laments his perception that prayer fails to reach its destination. However, there is no remnant left of the self-absorbed victim of the first section. Instead, verse 44 obscures the “I” who prays, referencing the divine addressee twice in the second person: “You covered Yourself with a cloud from allowing prayer to pass through.” The contrast between these verses illustrates well the shift that has taken place. No longer consumed by his own misery, the gever reacquires the ability to see outside of his own self-absorbed reality.
A second reason that the gever reacquires his community relates to his recent reconciliation with God. Just as the loss of God entailed the loss of membership in the covenantal nation, reconciliation with God facilitates the gever’s recovery of his affiliation with the covenantal community. It is not shared culture, history, land, or language that primarily binds the covenantal community of Israel, but, first and foremost, their shared relationship with God.  When an individual member of the nation of Israel breaks off his relationship with God by sinning, this negatively affects his relationship with the community. The converse is true as well; by reconvening his relationship with God, the gever finds himself once again a part of the covenantal community of Israel.
Why, though, does the gever choose to speak in the plural form? Why veer sharply away from the intensely personal narrative to link up to the national tragedy? It is now that the gever transforms his tragedy into a constructive affair, making his own suffering meaningful and useful. Inspired to share his revelations with others, the gever commissions his community to join him in introspection and repentance, endeavoring to elicit their devotion, faithfulness, and passion. In a gesture of humble petition, the gever recruits others to lift their hearts and hands upwards along with him in a quest to find God. Thus, the gever joins his community, not simply to associate with them, but to motivate, guide, and lead them in his newfound transformative journey.
Contrition is fleeting. In a surprising turnaround, the gever sharply alters his conciliatory tone. “We have sinned and rebelled, [but] You did not forgive!” Anger and complaint supplant the remorseful call to repentance and prayer.[3] The second person accusation (“You did not forgive!”) replaces the first person plural of confession (“We have sinned and rebelled”), establishing an adversarial relationship between the community and God.[4] Each side has betrayed the other; both parties assume a measure of culpability. Casting off sorrowful confession, the community indulges instead in delineating its grievances, which snowball and grow in intensity. Flinging accusations at God in a series of rapid-fire second person verbs, the community’s anger at God is both personal and direct: “You did not forgive, You covered Yourself in anger, You pursued us, You killed, You did not pity, You covered Yourself with a cloud… You placed us in filth and refuse in the midst of the nations!”
In a jarring reversal, the gever who has finally discovered sin and launched repentance, now has the audacity to renew his complaints and reproach God, treated Him as an adversary. How has this occurred?[5]
Possibly, regaining his community actually empowers the gever; speaking in the plural form enables humans to direct accusations against God that an individual could never dare utter. Once the gever joins the covenantal community, he can expect different assurances and commitments from God. God seems more inclined to forgive His collective nation than individual sinners. The covenant that God made with the forefathers obligates Him to maintain fidelity to the national entity,[6] though not necessarily to individuals. In a similar vein, a gemara accords special powers to collective prayer, noting that God pays special attention to the pleas of the community:
What is the meaning of the verse: “And my prayer will be to You God at an acceptable time”? When is an acceptable time? At the time that the congregation is praying… R. Natan says: From where do we know that God does not reject the prayers of the many? As it says (Iyov 36:5), “Behold, God does not reject the mighty.”[7] (Berakhot 8a)
Moreover, the community has different privileges than the individual when addressing God. The very act of addressing God directly in a series of second person verbs illustrates the bold manner in which the community approaches God. Instead of a single mortal approaching God with a plea or petition, when the covenantal community reaches out to God, it has the right to speak directly to God and to harbor the expectation that God will heed, forgive, and acquiesce to his petition.
In addition, the communal voice tempers the aggrieved words spoken by the sufferers.  Protests, objections, and grievances become supplication and prayer in the communal mouth. Defined by its shared commitment to serving God, the nation’s anger at God is muted by the certain knowledge that the community has not rejected the authority of God, but rather simply claims that which God has promised the community.
Substantively, the miserable reality described by the collective entity is familiar from other depictions in the book. Enemies prevail, opening their mouths in gloating mockery, just as they did in Eikha 2:16. Steeped in fear and pitfall, the community’s final words express their horror and brokenness (see Eikha 2:13). The highly alliterative word-pairs “pachad va-phachat” and ha-shet ve-ha-shever[8] suggest that these words work in tandem, cooperating to entrap the victim, who cannot escape his terrible fate.[9] Exiting the pachad, he falls in the pachat; even if he can manage to extract himself from the horror (shet), he is certain to be overwhelmed by brokenness (shever).
Yet, the gever undergoes a significant personal transformation, as indicated by the shift to a communal voice. Speaking as part of a congregation, as a communal “we,” the gever rises above his lonely, self-absorbed victimhood. He has become an advocate and leader of his nation, employing his personal tragedy to rally others to return to God. Addressing the community’s grievances directly to God, the gever expresses his confidence in the community’s ability to approach God straightforwardly and confrontationally, with the hope and belief that God will respond to the community’s needs.

[1] The plural voice appears in Eikha only here, 4:17-20, and throughout chapter 5.
[2] R. Yosef Kara notes the connection between verses 39 and 40, maintaining that after the gever recognizes the connection between sins and suffering (verse 39), he searches his ways for the specific sins that he has committed (verse 40). See Rambam, Hilkhot Aveilut 13:12, where the Rambam advocates a constructive response to tragedy (one should examine his deeds), without necessarily maintaining the existence of a causal relationship.
[3] The Targum mitigates the fierce indictment of this verse by adding a phrase to his translation: “We have sinned and rebelled, and because we did not return to You, You did not forgive.”
[4] Dobbs-Allsopp, Lamentations, p. 123, points out that aside from the “I” in verses 1 and 63, this is the only place in the chapter that independent pronouns are used.
[5] Berlin, Lamentations, p. 96, opines that the gever concludes, disturbingly, that there is no actual relationship between repentance and divine forgiveness. But why should he expect there to be? Has God promised an immediate connection between repentance and divine forgiveness? Even if God allows for a causal connection between penitence and forgiveness, He does not promise it as an immediate, automatic response. The expression of disappointment in the absence of divine forgiveness seems to be beyond reasonable expectations. For this reason, I have claimed above that it is rooted in the sense of entitlement requisitioned by the communal entity.
[6] E.g. Shemot 32:13; Vayikra 26:42; II Kings 13:23.
[7] This seems to be the intended translation of the verse according to the gemara (see e.g. Rashi in his commentary on Berakhot 8a). However, this is not the simple meaning of the verse in Iyov 36:5.
[8] I call these word-pairs “highly alliterative” because each pair share two common consonants at the beginning of the word, deepening the feeling of reiteration. Pachad and pachat are distinguished only by a daled and a tav, which are also quite similar sounds.
[9] Note the use of these words in Isaiah 24:17-18: “Fear, pitfall, and a snare upon you, inhabitants of the land. And those who run from the sounds of fear will plunge into the pitfall and he who goes up from the pitfall will be caught in the snare…” Based on the similar linguistic usage, Rashi interprets the words “fear and pitfall” in Eikha 3:47 as an indication of a hopeless attempt to escape their misfortunes: “When we fled the fear, we plunged into the pitfall.” See also Jeremiah 48:43-44.


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ISSN 2330-717X

Probes Shed New Light On Alzheimer’s Cause

Rice University researchers have found a way to track the formation of soluble amyloid beta peptide aggregates implicated in the onset of Alzheimer’s disease.

The Rice lab of Angel Martí reported its development of a ruthenium-based fluorescent complex that binds to soluble, oligomeric amyloid beta peptides. As the peptides come together to form the large biomolecules called oligomers, the fluorescent additive binds and labels them.

That will allow researchers to easily track the progress and movements of aggregates as they grow over time. Details of the work appear in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Amyloid plaques have long been suspected as the root cause of Alzheimer’s, but recent studies suggest that oligomers — floating molecules with repeating peptide units — do far more damage.

“There’s a view in the field that soluble oligomers are the main cause of neuronal degeneration, because these oligomers are toxic to neurons,” said Martí, an associate professor of chemistry, of bioengineering and of materials science and nanoengineering.

“These oligomers are definitely associated with Alzheimer’s pathology, so there’s been a need for tools to help us study them.”

He said oligomers are “virtually invisible” to Thioflavin T dyes commonly used to tag amyloid fibrils in lab studies. The ruthenium complexes solve that problem.

The complexes take advantage of fluorescence anisotropy, in which the fluorescent response is polarized, glowing brighter in some directions than others. “It’s a very old technique related to the rotation of molecules,” Martí said. “When the molecule is in solution, it moves and is constantly rotating. When it’s very small, it rotates very fast and the anisotropy is nearly zero.

“But when the same probe binds to a big macromolecule, it rotates more slowly,” he said. “That’s how we know we have oligomers, and then we can track their growth and propagation.”

Lab tests showed oligomers forming in solution at different temperatures over hours. Martí noted cold solutions slow the process, but at body temperatures, oligomers form “very fast and in large amounts. The speed at which they form at physiological temperatures is remarkable.”

The Rice lab also used its probes to see how neuroblastoma cells were affected in real time when injected with amyloid beta peptides. They revealed only 60% of cells injected with oligomers remained viable, while those treated with amyloid fibrils and monomers had higher viability, about 80%, suggesting the oligomers are indeed toxic, Martí said.

For now, he said, the ruthenium probes are meant for use only in the laboratory. “It will be difficult to use these in the brain because there’s too much scattering of light,” Martí said. “They are made to take advantage of polarized light, and scattering would dampen that.”

“But as a lab tool, they will allow researchers around the world to test the effects of other molecules on the rate of oligomer formation, and that’s a big deal,” he said. “They can quickly see if a drug delays or halts the formation of oligomers.”

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Public Release:

Mining mountains of data for medical insights

University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center

Epidemiologists know that an important piece of evidence is often staring you in the face - but it's not always easy to see the forest for the trees.

Danish scientists recently teamed up with University of New Mexico researchers to test a powerful new method for predicting the progress of common diseases through time by teasing out previously undetected patterns from a very large data set - in this case, the health records of Denmark's entire population.

This approach maps out surprising correlations: a disease like gout - a form of arthritis - is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, for example. In the future, this could enable physicians to make diagnoses sooner using simple tests in combination with known disease progression patterns.

The research is outlined in a study, "Temporal disease trajectories condensed from population-wide registry data covering 6.2 million patients," published Tuesday in Nature Communications.

Pope Moseley, MD, chair of UNM's Department of Internal Medicine and Tudor Oprea, MD, PhD, professor of Internal Medicine and chief of UNM's Translational Informatics Division, collaborated with researchers from the Department of Systems Biology at the Technical University of Denmark, the Novo Nordisk Center for Protein Research at the University of Copenhagen and the Institute of Biological Psychiatry at Copenhagen University Hospital.

"This is a leap into a fairly large data base," Moseley says. "This method is able to recognize patterns in data that not only include diagnostic patterns, but includes the element of time and is able to build networks from that."

Denmark's electronic health registry covers that nation's entire population, with each person assigned a health number, Moseley says. Each medical diagnosis is coded in the registry using the International Classification of Diseases terminology - 101 million unique diagnoses in all.

"Every diagnosis on every Dane from every hospitalization and outpatient clinic visit is entered into the national health registry for the last 14 years," he says. "You're able to take these mass of data and look at it over time and begin to draw associations."

The team boiled down the massive trove of data to 1,171 so-called thoroughfares with central information on the course of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer, arthritis and cardiovascular disease.

Lead author Anders Boeck Jensen says this data analysis method made it possible to view diseases in a larger context.

"Instead of looking at each disease in isolation, you can talk about a complex system with many different interacting factors," says Jensen, a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Protein Research. "By looking at the order in which different diseases appear, you can start to draw patterns and see complex correlations outlining the direction for each individual person."

Oprea points out an additional advantage of the data-mining method. "The disease trajectories in this study follow causal relationships that were identified by a medically agnostic software," he says. "This illustrates the power of data mining as a means to uncover novel disease relationships and its ability to inform the health care sector about new avenues in patient management."

The data analysis showed, for example, that a diagnosis of anemia is typically followed months later by the discovery of colon cancer, Oprea says, "which suggests that cancer lesions were present and occult bleeding occurred, but remained undiagnosed."

Meanwhile, in addition to identifying gout as a step on the path toward cardiovascular disease, the team made surprising findings about COPD.

"In just looking at these codes that were based on age and gender and where the code was done, we were able to say that COPD is diagnosed late," Moseley says. "It's therefore under-diagnosed and probably because of that undertreated. All we have is this diagnostic code, but our analysis of the pattern said that."

That finding received unexpected support last February when another team published a paper on a large epidemiological study of 6,000 Danish COPD patients, each of whom was interviewed and subjected to extensive examination, laboratory review and testing.

"Their conclusion is COPD is diagnosed late, under-diagnosed and undertreated," Moseley says. "We were able to come to the same conclusions without ever having gone the other way. We essentially did the experiment with a computer out of a health registry."

The research could yield tangible health benefits as we move beyond one-size-fits-all medicine, says Prof. Lars Juhl Jensen of the Center for Protein Research.

"The perspective is that your genetic profile or the total network of associated proteins in your body, your proteome, can be mapped in a few years' time, enabling you to suddenly learn things about yourself which can be used to forecast the progress of diseases over an entire lifetime," he says.

Søren Brunak, a professor at the Technical University of Denmark and Center for Protein Research who served as senior author on the paper, adds that the sooner a health risk pattern is identified, "the better we can prevent and treat critical diseases."

Moseley describes the partnership with the Danes as "a really very nice marriage . . . it's a strong informatics and systems biology collaboration." Going forward, he hopes to access the data for even larger populations.

"The author Williams Gibson said something like, 'Everything we need to know about the future is here, now - you just have to be able to recognize the pattern,'" Moseley says. "Never was it more true."

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.


text:
 The Role of Mechanical Forces on Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation | Bentham Science

Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine

Indexed in: Book Citation Index, Science Edition, BIOSIS Previews

The potential use of stem cells in transplantation for the purpose of tissue regeneration is an exciting area of research currently undergoing rapid development. Implantation of human embryonic or ...
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The Role of Mechanical Forces on Stem Cell Growth and Differentiation

Pp. 29-39 (11)

Daniel Pelaez, Jason R. Fritz and Herman S. Cheung

The application of biomimetic mechanical forces for stem cell differentiation is a technique that has been on the rise in recent years. Bioreactors are being designed and constructed in order to accurately direct these forces onto stem cells in both 2D and 3D configurations. Currently, the most widely investigated mechanical forces are compressive forces and tensile strain, while a small number of researchers are making use of more complex systems of forces such as torsion, shearing and, still more complex, hemodynamic forces. The effects of these forces on mesenchymal stem cells, adipose derived stem cells, and embryonic stem cells are the most commonly explored combinations in functional tissue engineering. Fortunately, recent breakthroughs in the area of adult dental stem cells have brought viable alternatives to the use of these three cell types to the forefront of stem cell research. Yet for certain target cell types, the application of mechanical force alone is not the optimal stimulus for the induction of differentiation programs, which then requires the addition of a chemical stimulus as well. Elucidation of the optimal recipes and how these protocols affect the cells is the ultimate goal of current tissue engineering endeavors. This chapter will summarize the most current findings in functional tissue engineering, explain the importance of engineering in medical research, and describe the ways tissue engineers are attempting to understand what biochemical changes are occurring in the stem cells during the application of mechanical stress.

Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA


text:
Mechanisms of HPV and other risk factors in oncogenesis

Figure 3.5.  Mechanism of HPV and other risk factors in development of cervical cancer (Figure 4 from zur Hausen 2002)

The key proteins coded by HPV DNA

HPV DNA is 6800-8000 base pairs long, which when translated, codes for 8 Genes. The genes are broken down in to early and late phase, indicating which stage of basal cell infection they are introduced. E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, and E7 make up the early phase genes, L1 and L2 are the late phase genes. The key proteins are shown in Figure 3.6.

Figure 3.6 Key proteins in HPV16 (Figure 1 from Frazer 2004)

Mechanism of HPV infection

As previously mentioned, the squamous epithelium acts as a protective ‘skin’ to keep pathogens from infecting the underlying tissue. Even though the cervix is not an externally exposed tissue it is still subject to the external environment, especially during sexual intercourse. The HPV is able to get through the protective layers of the squamous epithelium through epithelial abrasions to commence its infective life cycle.

Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of infection of squamous epithelium by HPV (Figure 2 from Frazer 2004)

HPV integration into the host genome

There are two main outcomes from the integration of viral DNA into the host genome that can eventually lead to tumour formation.

  1. Blocking the cells’ apoptotic pathway
  2. Blocking synthesis regulatory proteins leading to uncontrolled mitosis

There are two integral genes in the HPV genome that play a central role in tumour formation, E6, which inhibits the role of p53 and E7, which inhibits the role of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb).  In normal physiology, p53 and Rb are involved in the regulation of cells with damaged/mutated DNA.

The p53 gene codes for a protein that is vital in protecting us from cells with damaged DNA. In health, the p53 protein binds to damaged DNA and becomes active. Activation of p53 leads to the attraction of other proteins, which ultimately leads to apoptosis (programmed cell death) of the cell that has damaged DNA. When E6 protein of HPV binds to the host p53 protein, it causes a structural change and the variant of p53 is no longer able to bind to damaged DNA. As a consequence of this, the apoptosis cascade involving p21 is unavailable to act as the 'stop signal' in mitosis so the mutated cell is able to divide uncontrollably.

The Rb gene codes for a protein that restricts the cells ability to replicate: Rb prevents inhibiting progression from the gap phase to the synthesis phase of the G1 mytotic cycle. Simply put, when the E7 protein binds to and degrades Rb protein, it is no longer functional and cell proliferation is left unchecked.

Learning points from Chapter 3

  1. Incidence in Europe as a whole was seventh in frequency and mortality fifth.
  2. Incidence and mortality between countries in Europe varies according to the risk of disease and effectiveness of population screening.
  3. HPV 16 is the most frequent high-risk type in cervical cancer Europe; HPV 16, 18 and 45 are the most frequent types in adenocarcinoma.
  4. Apart from factors related to exposure to high-risk HPV, cigarette smoking, immunosuppression and poor diet are among risk factors for cervical cancer and its precursors.
  5. HPV gains access to the basal layer of the cervical epithelium in order to infect the cervix.
  6. Productive infection with high-risk and low-risk types of HPV is usually self-limiting; persistent HPV carries a risk of progression.
  7. Development of high-grade precancerous lesions and cancer in a minority of women depends on integration of viral DNA into the host genome and consequent blocking of regulatory enzymes.


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See also joint motion for a resolution RC-B8-0288/2018

with request for inclusion in the agenda for a debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law

pursuant to Rule 135 of the Rules of Procedure

on Russia, notably the case of Ukrainian political prisoner Oleg Sentsov (2018/2754(RSP))

Johannes Cornelis van Baalen, Petras Auštrevičius, Marietje Schaake, Beatriz Becerra Basterrechea, Gérard Deprez, Martina Dlabajová, Marian Harkin, Nadja Hirsch, Ivan Jakovčić, Petr Ježek, Valentinas Mazuronis, Louis Michel, Maite Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz, Jozo Radoš, Frédérique Ries, Robert Rochefort, Jasenko Selimovic, Ramon Tremosa i Balcells, Cecilia Wikström, Urmas Paet on behalf of the ALDE Group
NB: This motion for a resolution is available in the original language only.

European Parliament resolution on Russia, notably the case of Ukrainian political prisoner Oleg Sentsov (2018/2754(RSP))

The European Parliament,

-having regard to its previous reports and resolutions on Russia, in particular the report on the State of EU-Russia relations from 13 May 2015 and the resolution on the closing-down of the NGO ‘Memorial’ of 23 October 2014; the resolution of 12 March 2015 on the murder of the Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov and the state of democracy in Russia, the resolution of 10 September 2015 on the cases of Eston Kohver, Oleg Sentsov and Olexandr Kolchenko, the resolution on the implementation of the Council’s LGBTI Guidelines, particularly in relation to the persecution of (perceived) homosexual men in Chechnya of 16 May 2017 and the resolution from 8 February 2018 on Oyub Titev and the Human Rights Centre Memorial;

-having regard to the human rights obligations to which Russia has committed itself as a Member of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations;

-having regard to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

-having regard to the European Convention on Human Rights and the Protocols thereto;

-having regard to the Russian constitution, in particular Article 118 thereof, which states that justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts alone, and Article 120 thereof, which provides that judges are independent and are subordinate only to the Russian constitution and to federal law;

-having regard to the statement of 25 August 2015 by the VP/HR on the sentencing by a Russian court of Ukrainian citizen Oleg Sentsov to 20 years in prison on charges of plotting terrorist acts;

-having regard to Rule 135 of its Rules of Procedure;

A.whereas the arrest in May 2014 and trail in August 2015 of Ukrainian film-maker Oleg Sentsov have been widely criticised as a politically motivated act of repression and is one of the most emblematic cases of the many Ukrainian and Russian citizens jailed on political grounds; whereas by early June 2018, over 70 Ukrainian nationals are detained in Russia or in the occupied Crimea, many of which are Crimean Tatars;

B.whereas Oleg Sentsov currently serves out his sentence in Russia’s northernmost prison in Labytnangi, Yamalo-Nenets, and announced an indefinite hunger strike on 14 may 2018;

C.whereas Oleg Sentsov opposed the illegal annexation of the Crimean Peninsula by Russia, and has been treated as a Russian citizen despite holding Ukrainian citizenship and has allegedly been tortured in order to forcefully extract depositions which have subsequently been given legal value;

D.whereas Oleg Sentsov was tried by a military court for crimes over which civilian courts have full jurisdiction; whereas the trial was marred by numerous and grave procedural violations; whereas the Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements envisaged the release and exchange of all hostages and of all those unlawfully detained, on the basis of the ‘all for all’ principle;

E.whereas Russia loses a substantial number of cases in the European Court of Human Rights and fails to implement the judgments delivered;

F.whereas the Russian Federation, as a full member of the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations, has committed itself to the principles of democracy, the rule of law and respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights; whereas, as a result of numerous serious violations of the rule of law and the adoption of restrictive laws during recent years, there are grave concerns about Russia’s compliance with international and national obligations; whereas the European Union has repeatedly offered additional assistance and expertise to help Russia to modernise and abide by its constitutional and legal order, in line with Council of Europe standards;

G.whereas, given these developments and changes in Russian attitude to its neighbours, it is critical that the EU develops a coherent Russia strategy, which would enable the EU to work towards a relationship with Russia that would allow it to protect and advance EU’s interests, and get Russia to respect its own constitution and domestic laws as well as international law and conventions in force;

1.strongly condemns the judgment handed down against Oleg Sentsov in the court in Rostov-on-Don on 25 August 2015, which sentenced him to 20 years in prison on charges of terrorism; equally condemns the 10 year sentence handed down to Oleksandr Kolchenko at the same trial and the ongoing trial of Volodymyr Balukh who is on hunger strike since March 2018; considers their cases to be in breach of international law and of elementary standards of justice;

2.urges the Russian Federation to act in accordance with its international obligations, and to immediately release Oleg Senstov and other unlawfully detained Ukrainian citizens, now numbering over 70 individual cases;

3.notes that Mr Senstov is on an open-ended hunger-strike since 14 May 2018, and that his health has deteriorated; calls on the authorities to ensure that all medical treatment provided to Oleg Sentsov is done in compliance with medical ethics, including the principles of confidentially, autonomy and informed consent, and that no unwanted treatment or force feeding is executed which may amount to torture or ill-treatment;

4.underlines that from the very beginning Oleg Sentsov was not afforded the right to a fair trial and that procedural concerns, including the allegations of torture, merit a thorough investigation, open to international observers; deplores that he was tried in a military court and points out that statements and testimonies gained through torture and other illegal methods should be inadmissible in court proceedings;

5.calls for the release of all illegally detained Ukrainian citizens, this being in line with the agreed Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements and the commitment to release all hostages and all those detained in connection with the conflict in Ukraine; calls for a similar measure to be implemented for the many Russian citizens in custody on political grounds, notably for Oyub Titiev, the Chechen office director of the Memorial Human Rights Centre, the 2009 Sakharov Prize-winning human rights organisation; underlines that the European Union and the Council of Europe should be ready to assist with judicial expertise, if needed;

6.emphasises that Russian courts, both military and civilian ones, are not competent to judge acts committed outside the internationally recognised territory of Russia, and points out that the judicial proceedings in this case cannot be regarded as legitimate; calls on the Council and the Commission to address this and the many similar cases in contacts with the Russian authorities and to report back to Parliament; calls on the Member States to do the same in bilateral meetings;

7.stresses that the Russian authorities and judicial personnel bear full responsibility for the safety and well-being of those detained, and that their right to family visits, to contact with their diplomatic representatives, to adequate medical assistance, to judicial and consular counsel and to comprehensive access for both them and their legal representatives to all documents and evidence pertaining to the charges against them must be fully respected;

8.recalls the importance of full compliance with domestic legislation, international legal obligations, and of the fact that judicial decisions have to be taken in an effective and impartial manner and must be independent, comply fully with the law and be based on legitimate evidence, without any political interference; takes the view that the Russian Federation, as a member of the Council of Europe and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe as well as of the United Nations, should honour the obligations to which it has signed up;

9.calls on the Council to consider a European Magnitsky Act under which further Russian officials, responsible for systematic human rights abuses, should be added to an extended EU list of those under an EU-wide visa ban and with assets frozen that they, or their immediate family, may hold within the European Union; commends Lithuania, Estonia and the UK for adopting Magnitsky Act national legislation which allow sanctions to be imposed against individuals suspected of involvement in human rights violations and urges other Member States to follow suit;

10.calls for increased permanent monitoring of human rights violations in Russia and in the territories currently annexed by Russia;

11.urges the President of the European Council and the VP/HR to come up with a comprehensive policy strategy which would enable the EU to regain the initiative and to pursue a more clear-cut policy towards Russia; insists that a pillar of this strategy must be dedicated to a direct engagement with and support for Russian citizens and civil society; encourages the EU Member States to unilaterally facilitate the issuing of visas, so that Russian citizens not on EU sanctions lists encounter an open and constructive EU; encourages the deepening of cultural and research exchanges and dialogue between civil societies in Russia and the EU, reinforced support for independent civil society activists, media and NGOs and pluralism in the Russian-speaking media space;

12.instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Vice-President of the Commission/High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the Council, the Commission, the governments and parliaments of the Member States, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the President, Government and Parliament of the Russian Federation.

Posledná úprava: 12. júna 2018Právne upozornenie - Politika ochrany súkromia


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A Fully Government-owned Standard EHR: Killing Oligopoly for Interoperability | Sherpas in Blue Shirts

Epic Systems, Cerner, AllScripts, McKesson, and AthenaHealth…if you have heard these names, you likely know what EHR stands for. I don’t mean the non-acronym form, Electronic Health Records, but what it actually stands for – oligopoly, sunk billion dollar investments, platforms that don’t speak to each other, and that look on physicians’ faces when their shift “ends” and coding starts.

When President Obama famously daydreamed the US$80 billion a year savings from the EHR nudge, many were cynical that it would ever come to fruition. Six years later, while EHR in the U.S. is an over US$5 billion-a-year industry, the savings are nowhere in sight, and the cynics are sniggering, “we told you so.” Sadly, while the doomsday predictors are having a field day gloating over the sorry state of affairs, the folks on the technology and policy sides are ruing a great opportunity lost.

The issue was never with the business case for EHR – a standard system of record aiding providers and physicians in medical decision support. What could possibly be wrong with that vision? Billions of dollars of sunken investments and a multiplicity of protected standards later, sitting on the books of large providers are bloated monsters who scare away any attempt at efficiency, data intuitiveness, and interoperability.

Frankly, the current debate on interoperability is as farcical as it can get – the same bunch of folks who created the virus are now trying to invent a vaccine for it. Who paid for the virus? Subsidy did. Who will pay for the vaccine? Irrelevant. If the debate continues the way it is going, what you think will be a vaccine will actually be an upgraded, non-resistant version of the virus. With the federal committee on interoperability largely staffed by big EHR vendors, we have a situation akin to employing a cat to guard the milk.

My suggestion? Let’s not fight the cats here. The cacophony will be way too unbearable. Instead, here is a solution (and warning… radical suggestion alert!)

  • Interoperability
    • Government should create its own EHR system
    • It should create a separate fund and an agency (akin to CMS)
    • The new-EHR should be cloud-based
    • An EHR subsidy should be given only for those providers that move to this government EHR
    • Eliminate Health Information Exchanges (HIEs) and Healthcare.gov. Hoping HIEs would solve for data portability and interoperability was always a futile attempt at putting lipstick on pigs.
  • Technology and build
    • Have an open bid managed by a consortium comprised of practitioners, providers, and top tech innovators from Silicon Valley and the healthcare industry
    • Selection of the technology platform should rest only with tech representatives
    • Design thinking should be led by practitioners and physician representatives
    • Development and implementation can be outsourced to EHR vendors.
  • Solving for costs sunk by providers in EHRs: With billions already invested, what is the incentive for providers to even consider a new EHR, unless they are forced to do so?
    • Government should subsidize (yes, another subsidy) all migration costs to the new EHR
    • Since the new EHR will be cloud-based, storage costs will be significantly reduced. However, providers will have to pay a fixed fee each year to stay licensed
    • Personnel training costs will be hugely reduced over the years as this new government EHR can simply be part of curricula at all medical and nursing schools.

Reality check here…what I have just suggested will kill an industry and open the government to multiple litigations by the large EHR vendors. I never suggested this would be easy. But, could it be done by force of political will and legislation? The answer is a resounding, “Yes.”

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Everything Action

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News Shotgun 3/7

Posted on March 7, 2020 by

  • James Wan signs on for Universal Monster movie: After so many misfires, Universal finally got a financial and critical success last weekend with The Invisible Man and they are moving ahead with another modern spin on one of their classic characters from James Wan.  Wan signed on to direct a new horror movie based on a Universal Monster, although the exact one is not known.  Given his ties to Aquaman, maybe (hopefully?) Creature from the Black Lagoon?
  • Coronavirus cancellations: As Coronavirus continues to spread around the globe, several high profile events are being canceled or postponed.  The Game Developers Conference was postponed to summer last week and this week the biggest news was probably that No Time to Die was being pushed from next month to November 25th due to virus concerns.  SXSW in Austin is also canceled after most of the major content providers pulled out and Emerald City Comic Con in Seattle was also postponed to summer.
  • Christian Bale confirmed as the villain of Thor: Love & Thunder: While out on interviews for next weekend’s Westworld Season 3 premiere, Tessa Thompson seemingly confirmed that Christian Bale is playing the villain of the upcoming Thor: Love & Thunder.  It’s not clear which character Bale would actually be playing but we don’t really care about anything in this movie unless Beta Ray Bill shows up.
  • Beauty & The Beast prequel coming to Disney+: Josh Gad and Luke Evans are returning to Disney+ for a prequel series based on their characters from the live-action reboot of Beauty & The Beast.  The pair played LaFou and Gaston respectively and are back for a six-episode musical series, with the legendary Al Menken writing new songs for the series.
  • The Kids in the Hall are coming back: The legendary cult sketch comedy group The Kids in the Hall are reuniting for new episodes of their classic sketch comedy TV series on Amazon. Dave Foley, Kevin McDonald, Bruce McCulloch, Mark McKinney, and Scott Thompson are all back for the upcoming eight-episode series that will be available on Amazon Prime.
  • HBO and Naughty Dog developing The Last of Us series: HBO and Naughty Dog are teaming up to bring The Last of Us to HBO as TV series.  Craig Mazin, the showrunner of the incredible miniseries Chernobyl, and Neil Druckman, writer and creative director of the games at Naughty Dog, are working on turning the first game into a TV series.  It will be the first TV show from Playstation Productions, which was created by Sony to work on turning Playstation properties into TV shows and movies.
  • Taika Waititi working on two Roald Dahl series for Netflix: Taika Waititi is putting his spin on two new Netflix projects that will explore the world of Willy Wonka.  Taika will write, direct and executive produce two animated shows, one seems to be a new adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and the other will dive into the unseen world of the Oompa Loompas.
  • Hocus Pocus 2 gets a director: The upcoming sequel to cult favorite Hocus Pocus on Disney+ has found a director in Adam Shankman.  Shankman previously directed the John Travolta version of Hairspray.  At this time, Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Kathy Najimy are not signed on to reprise their roles as the Sanderson sisters but Disney is still hopeful they will appear in some capacity.
  • The Magicians canceled by SyFy: Despite slowly growing a dedicated fanbase over five seasons, SyFy has canceled The Magicians and the current fifth season will be its last.  Based on a series of novels, the show was the top SyFy series for it’s first few years but it had slowly dropped off till this current season was about half as many viewers as the first two seasons. The showrunners were prepared for this current season to be its last and crafted a season finale that will function as a series finale.
  • RIP James Lipton: The incomparable host of Inside the Actors Studio, James Lipton, passed away this week at age 93.  Lipton hosted Inside the Actors Studio for over 20 seasons on Bravo and interviewed a who’s who of actors and directors over the years, digging into the stories behind iconic roles and how they crafted the performances.  He was also an actor, writer, lyricist and dancer who was memorably parodied by Will Ferrell on SNL but also had a sense of humor himself, as he frequently appeared as himself in movies or on Conan, where he would help with the classic “In the Year 2000” sketch or read Kevin Federline lyrics verbatim.
  • Antonio Banderas joins Uncharted: The Uncharted movie is still apparently moving forward and it added a few new cast members this week in undisclosed roles.  Antonio Banderas, Sophia Ali and Tati Gabrielle joined the cast and it was confirmed that Ruben Fleischer is the new director, the seventh director attached to the project since it was first announced.
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Voltalia signed PPA and started wind farm, at Serra Branca in Brazil

Voltalia signed a power sales contract and started construction of its new VSM 3 wind farm, at Serra Branca in Brazil
Serra Branca is the biggest wind-and-solar cluster worldwide

Voltalia (Euronext Paris, ISIN code: FR0011995588), an international player in renewable energies, announces today it has signed a new long-term power sale agreement and started the construction of VSM 3, a 150 megawatts wind farm.

“The new VSM 3 wind farm will be built in a short time frame, thanks to the Serra Branca cluster transmission infrastructures, completed in September 2019, and strong synergies with ongoing construction of VSM 1&2. With a 2.4 gigawatts potential, our Serra Branca cluster of wind and solar farms is the world’s largest mixed cluster in the world”, comments Sébastien Clerc, Chief Executive Officer of Voltalia.
Construction of the 150 megawatts new VSM 3 wind farm has already started. Voltalia has currently 371 megawatts under construction in its Serra Branca cluster and can rely on its long-term partners: Siemens Gamesa is supplying the turbines, while DoisA provides services related to civil work, and SETA and WEG the electrical balance of plant.
For this new wind plant, Voltalia has secured a 20-year power sale contract with a Brazilian utility. The first wind turbines are expected to begin production during Q4 2020 with full operation to be reached in Q2 2021. The plant will be 90% owned by Voltalia, with a local partner owning the remaining 10%.

Serra Branca is now the biggest mixed wind plus solar cluster worldwide
Since 2009, Voltalia has developed from scratch a site with very favourable characteristics:

  • The site covers an area of approximately 40 000 hectares within a 50 by 15 kilometres area.
  • The site benefits from very attractive wind and solar conditions. Some of Voltalia’s operating wind farms enjoy a 52% capacity factor on average since 2015 thanks to the trade winds patterns, which also permit excellent solar irradiation condition.
  • As of today, the site includes 379 megawatts of operating plants, 917 megawatts of plants under construction and 329 more megawatts of capacity which are not yet under construction but for which long-term power sales contracts have been secured, plus over 700 MW of projects under development.
  • Voltalia has already built high-voltage substations and transmission lines (up to 500 kV) capable of exporting production of wind and solar plants with a total capacity of more than 2.4 gigawatts.
Project NameCapacityTechnologyStatusOwner
Areia Branca90 MWWindOperationVoltalia
Vamcruz93 MWWindOperationVoltalia
Vila Para99 MWWindOperationVoltalia
Vila Acre27 MWWindOperationVoltalia
VSM 1&2 in op.70 MWWindOperationVoltalia
VSM 1&2 in const.221 MWWindConstructionVoltalia
VSM 3150 MWWindConstructionVoltalia
VSM 459 MW WindContractedVoltalia
SSM 1&2270 MWSolar ContractedVoltalia
Vilas 479 MWWindSold / constructionEchoenergia (Actis)
Filgueiras 67 MWWind Sold / constructionTotal-Eren
Future projectsOver 700 MWSolar and Wind Development Voltalia
TotalOver 2 400 MWSolar and Wind

With substations and transmissions lines already built and capable to support renewable energy plants with a capacity of more than 2.4 gigawatts, the Serra Branca renewable energy site is the largest mixed wind-and-solar cluster in the world.

Voltalia in Brazil
The success story of Voltalia in Brazil goes well beyond the Serra Branca cluster.
Voltalia also owns wind, solar, hydro and hybrid projects in various locations in Brazil, including: the SMG wind farm in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (108 megawatts, in operation); the hybrid Oiapoque projects in the State of Amapá (23.5 megawatts of which 16 megawatts in operation); the Cabui hydro project in the States of Minas Gerais (16 megawatts, secured in 2019); and the Canudos 1 wind farm in the State of Bahia (90 megawatts secured in 2019 and part of the Voltalia Canudos cluster with a one  gigawatt potential).


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Exchange Rates UK

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Live Macau Pataca to Yuan Exchange Rate (MOP/CNY) Today

This Macau Pataca to Yuan conversion tool allows you to compare the live inter-bank currency rate with competitive travel money exchange rates available within the foreign exchange markets.

Welcome to the Macau Pataca to Yuan page, updated every minute between Sunday 22:00 and Friday 22:00 (UK)

1 MOP = 0.8366 CNY

The Macau Pataca to Yuan exchange rate (MOP CNY) as of 22 Oct 2020 at 10:53 AM.

Sign up for free exchange rate alerts or just get daily/weekly rates and news to your inbox? Compare the best travel money rates against the high street below.

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Exchange Rate Today for MOP to CNY

Below you can see the chart for the Yuan rate today compared to the Macau Pataca.

1 MOP = 0.8366 CNY
1 Macau Pataca = 0.8366 Yuan
The MOPCNY rate as of 22 Oct 2020 at 10:53 AM
Macau Pataca to Yuan Intraday Chart
1 MOP to CNY IntraDay Range:0.8358 - 0.8349
Convert MOP to CNY 1 5 10 50 100 500
0.84 4.18 8.37 41.83 83.66 418.29
INVERT currencies? Yuan to Macau Pataca
See Live MOP to CNY rate data, statistics, full historical charts and exchange rate comparisons

Historical Charts & Data for Macau-Pataca to Yuan

The best MOP to CNY rate over a historical period can be determined using the history chart and prices below:

Macau Pataca to Yuan History Chart

Chart: 7D | 1M | 3M | 6M | 9M | 1Y

Wednesday 21 October 20201 MOP = 0.8331 CNY
Tuesday 20 October 20201 MOP = 0.8363 CNY
Monday 19 October 20201 MOP = 0.8371 CNY
Sunday 18 October 20201 MOP = 0.8392 CNY
Saturday 17 October 20201 MOP = 0.8392 CNY
Friday 16 October 20201 MOP = 0.8392 CNY
Thursday 15 October 20201 MOP = 0.8424 CNY

For full history please visit MOP/CNY exchange rate history page

To convert Macau Pataca to Yuan or determine the Macau Pataca Yuan exchange rate simply use the currency converter on the right of this page, which offers fast live exchange rate conversions today!

Q: What is the Macau Pataca worth against the Yuan?

A: One Macau Pataca is worth 0.8366 Yuan today

Q: Is the Macau Pataca going up or down against the Yuan?

A: Today's exchange rate (0.8366) is higher compared to yesterday's rate (0.8331).

Q: What is 50 Macau Pataca in Yuan?

A: 50 Macau Pataca buys 41.83 Yuan at interbank exchange rates.

Handy Conversion Data Table

Macau-Pataca to Yuan Yuan to Macau-Pataca
1 MOP 0.8366 CNY 1 CNY 1.1953 MOP
2 MOP 1.6732 CNY 2 CNY 2.3907 MOP
5 MOP 4.1829 CNY 5 CNY 5.9767 MOP
10 MOP 8.3659 CNY 10 CNY 11.9533 MOP
15 MOP 12.5488 CNY 15 CNY 17.93 MOP
20 MOP 16.7318 CNY 20 CNY 23.9066 MOP
25 MOP 20.9147 CNY 25 CNY 29.8833 MOP
50 MOP 41.8294 CNY 50 CNY 59.7666 MOP
100 MOP 83.6588 CNY 100 CNY 119.5331 MOP
500 MOP 418.2941 CNY 500 CNY 597.6656 MOP
1000 MOP 836.5882 CNY 1000 CNY 1195.3313 MOP
2500 MOP 2091.4704 CNY 2500 CNY 2988.3282 MOP
5000 MOP 4182.9408 CNY 5000 CNY 5976.6564 MOP
10000 MOP 8365.8816 CNY 10000 CNY 11953.3128 MOP

Latest Yuan News, Predictions and Forecasts from Our News Team

Read all our current exchange rate forecasts with live FX news updates as they happen!

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The 15 best places in South America to go on vacation

best places in South America

The new continent has everything for your vacation trips. We travel South America from south to north and from east to west to show you some dream destinations that could make your next vacation, the best of your life. Contrasts in colors, flavors, landscapes, you will be surprised with the best places in South America to go on vacation.

The 15 best places in South America to go on vacation

The list of the best places in South America to know could be endless. However, here we try to make things easier for you so that you can choose your next destination.

Machu Picchu, Peru

Peru’s star destination is undoubtedly one of the best places in South America to go on vacation. The legacy of the Incas in a lost city that leaves you with your mouth open. The magic that lives in this place is practically indescribable. You can experience it in the first person when on your next trip you have an ultimate Inca adventure.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Who has not dreamed of seeing the immensity of Rio from the Christ the Redeemer? The most important and largest carnival city in the world. A city that vibrates and dances to the rhythm of Samba. There is much to discover in the old capital of Brazil. From beaches to mountains, passing through the favelas. Fall in love with one of the most famous cities in South America, Rio de Janeiro.

Cartagena, Colombia

The Spanish colonial legacy is very present in Latin American cities. But there is a city that preserves that legacy in a special way. The largest tourist destination in Colombia and one of the best places in South America to go on vacation. Bathed by the waters of the Caribbean, surrounded by walls and protected by forts and castles, the fantastic Cartagena de Indias.

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Bohemian city, multicultural city, the great Buenos Aires. The city of fury, between tangos and the delicious Argentine barbecue, an exciting city that cannot be left out in your list of travel destinations in South America.

Bogota, Colombia

The Colombian capital has become an important business center in Latin America. It is the gateway to the millions of tourists that visit the country and has become a cosmopolitan pearl full of culture, art, and good vibes. Find out what to see in Bogota? | discover this Colombian locality.

Coffee axis, Colombia

The coffee triangle in Colombia is the pride of the country and one of the best places in South America to visit. With mountains covered with coffee plantations, beautiful landscapes with valleys full of gigantic palms, this is an amazing place.

Amazonas, Brazil – Peru – Colombia

The lung of the world will always be a unique experience full of adventure. Feel like an explorer in any of the countries where the gigantic Amazon forest is present. We would recommend you to enjoy the sacred Inca and Amazon explorer tour in Peru.

Bariloche, Argentina

Our summer coincides with the Argentine winter, the perfect time to visit Bariloche. A unique place of snow-capped mountains for skiing or snowboarding.

Iguazu Falls, Argentina – Brazil

South America is full of natural wonders that make it charming. One of those wonders is the Iguazu Falls that Argentina and Brazil share.

Tayrona Park, Colombia

Another natural and ancestral wonder in South America. Enjoy unique beaches, as only the Caribbean can be enjoyed. White sand, turquoise and calm waters, ideal to enjoy marine life. All in a park surrounded by jungle and mountains.

Ica, Peru

A desert that has everything for you to enjoy your vacation in Peru. Very close to the Nazca lines and with an oasis that will undoubtedly be a wonderful experience, Huacachina.

Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia

This place is going to leave you speechless! Welcome to the largest natural mirror in the world. The Salar de Uyuni is a gigantic salt desert that with a little water turns into an impressive mirror.

Los Roques, Venezuela

The largest marine park in Latin America. An archipelago with idyllic landscapes. Enjoy white sand beaches and crystal-clear waters to live your vacation relaxed in paradise.

Seven Lakes, Argentina

South America has it all, jungles, beaches, mountains and the time has come for great lakes and glaciers. Welcome to the Argentine Patagonia, in a route of seven lakes each one with waters of a different color. We recommend that you rent a car and so you can enjoy at your own pace the natural beauty of this unique environment in the world.

Torres del Paine National Park, Chile

Patagonia is also lived on the other side of the Andes. On the Chilean side, Torres del Paine National Park becomes a beautiful place to meet on your trip through Latin America.

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  • Requirements:
  • 5 to 7 years experience in US payroll tax including; ADP SAP
  • Ability to file 941, 940, SIT, SUI, Locals taxes.
  • Excellence with verbal communication

How to Apply

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FAQs for Luxury Car Rental in Iowa Great Lakes

Where can I get Luxury rentals in Iowa Great Lakes?

You’ll find deals on Luxury car rentals from multiple suppliers in Iowa Great Lakes, on Scroll down the page to see the available locations. There are options around the city so you can choose the best pick-up spot for you.

How do I get the best deals on Luxury car rentals in Iowa Great Lakes?

Start by browsing on to find the best deals from providers in the area. Prices may vary depending on your travel dates, car type, and pick-up location. You can visit our car rentals in Iowa Great Lakes to compare more options and more car types.

What is the cancellation policy for car rentals in Iowa Great Lakes?

Cancellation policies differ by deal type. Filter by “free cancellation” to find Luxury car rentals in Iowa Great Lakes that’s free to cancel within your cancellation deadline. A pre-paid rental will most likely be non-refundable.

Why should I book my car rental on is your one-stop-shop for all your travel needs. You’ll see an extensive selection and some of the best deals to find your Luxury car rental in Iowa Great Lakes. You can book your car rentals with flights or hotels in Iowa Great Lakes. We’ll bundle them into a vacation package in Iowa Great Lakes with even more discounts.


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