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3 page essay based on short stories

3 page essay based on short stories

In your papers, please follow the next steps:
First, choose a topic to analyze, like feminism, discrimination, identity, assimilation, etc. Second, define your topic in the introduction. Look for a proper definition and add it in the introduction. Then, look for examples in the short stories to support your statement. Then, start the body of your paper by giving examples of your topic found in the stories. Remember that every time you say something about the story, you have to write the page number. Quotes can not be longer then 3 lines. Always support your statement. Remember that the stories and your topic have to be analyzed in depth. And finally, write a paragraph with the conclusions, specifying what you think about the story, the reasons they are good or bad and the way they affected you as a reader and the readers in general. All the stories in the module should be included in the paper. All stories have to be analyzed in depth.
Be aware I have a program that checks for plagiarism. If you are going to use the papers from the internet as a help, be sure to add a bibliography page and not to COPY the papers available.
Make sure you write a critical Analysis of one aspect of one aspect in common in the stories and do not retell the stories.
Make sure your essay focuses on literary conventions;(Example)

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What is the word for quoting multiple characters to reenact a scene? I was thinking of a word like "quote", but I am not sure you can use it if a single person "quote" multiple characters at once in different voice. Some humorists do it.

For example:

"Pikachu, thundershock!"

"Pika, pika!"

"Pikachu, now! What are you waiting for?"

"Pika, pika?"

  • Are you talking about a specific word for quoting dialog? Reenact is probably your best bet.
    – Valkor
    May 16, 2019 at 13:43
  • Those are completely disconnected quotes. Who is saying what? What's the context? May 16, 2019 at 20:00

1 Answer 1

"Reenact" is solid, and you can give, do, provide, or perform a "reenactment". But a "recreation" might be a hair more natural, so you might "recreate" the events or the exchange.

Doing or giving an "impression" calls to mind the skill of the performer in approximating the voices and mannerisms of a person. "Imitating" can be done to a group of people, or (more commonly) a single person - compare the noun "mimicry".

A person might "relate" a conversation, dialogue, or back-and-forth (informal), along with a whole host of more general terms including "relay", "convey", "act out", etc.

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Missing Teeth Or Loose Dentures?

Elmhurst dentist Dr. Michael E. Sullivan and his team work hard to provide the Elmhurst community with exceptional, comprehensive dental care.

Whether you’re visiting us for a routine exam, wanting to replace missing teeth with dentures or mini dental implants, or looking to completely makeover your smile, our team can help you achieve optimal oral health. When you’re a part of our dental family, we go above and beyond to treat you like more than a patient or just another smile. Our goal is for you to feel completely at ease in our care, so if there’s ever anything we can do to improve your experience, don’t hesitate to let us know. Our office is stocked with amenities like complimentary beverages in the lobby, a TV in each treatment room, WiFi throughout the office, and more. So sit back, relax, and let us do all the work!

Preventive Dentistry

  • Teeth Cleanings & X-Rays
  • Athletic Mouthguards
  • Oral Cancer Screenings
  • Dental Sealants

Restorative Dentistry

  • Tooth-Colored Fillings
  • Dental Crowns
  • Dental Bridges
  • Dentures

Cosmetic Services

  • Veneers
  • Teeth Whitening
  • Mini Dental Implants

Gum Surgery

  • Gummy Smile
  • Tissue Graft

Sedation Dentistry

  • Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)
  • Local Anesthetic

TMJ Therapy

  • Nightguards for Bruxism
  • Sleep Apnea Appliances
  • Headache Prevention (NTI)

Our compassionate dental team values the long-term relationships we form with our patients. We are committed to providing our patients with life-changing solutions for missing teeth or loose dentures. With a primary focus on patient comfort and care, we strive to ensure that all of our patients have a convenient, stress-free experience from the moment they step into our office.
Our friendly team is ready to answer any of your questions or concerns!

Dental Assistant

Registered Dental Hygienist

Dental Assistant

Dental Assistant

Getting the dental care you need and deserve shouldn’t be complicated and it shouldn’t be a burden on your budget. At Michael E. Sullivan, DDS, PC, we offer flexible financing options to keep a healthy smile affordable.

Our practice is insurance friendly, and our team will even file and track claims for you to help you maximize your benefits. We also accept third-party financing through CareCredit® and Lending Club.

Any of our friendly team members will be happy to go over your payment options with you before we begin treatment.

What Our Patients Are Saying About Us

Dr. Sullivan is the best! He is so gentle and caring. His staff is great as well. We have been going to him for some years now. He is so personable and really cares about his patients.
Denise Palaci
Google Review
Dr. Sullivan and all of his staff are incredibly professional, kind, encouraging & supportive people. Dr. Sullivan truly cares about his patients and helping them through their challenges.
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The best dentist in the area. I can not recommend Dr. Sullivan and his team enough. He is so caring and his work is amazing. I never write a review but Dr. Sullivan deserves 5 solid stars.
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For over 12 years Dr. Sullivan has provided consistent quality care for my dental needs. He remains at the top of his profession, combining expert skill and friendly rapport.
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Google Review

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Co-curricular Activities

Co-curricular Activities

Students have the opportunity to choose from a diverse selection of co-curricular activities, and student-led clubs. Over 75 percent of our students are involved in some form of school activity beyond the learning day. Students are challenged and encouraged at this crucial time in their development to explore their growing interests and strengths. Through these enriching, diverse learning experiences, students are prepared for success as they continue into high school and beyond.

Current Clubs at Erie Middle

Are you serious about art? The goal of Art Club will be for members to create fantastic art to be entered into various art contests.

Sponsor: Mr. Helbig

What? The Brain Bowl is a trivia contest held every year against other schools from around Colorado. We gather students from 6th, 7th, and 8th grade to create teams that have a mixture of experts in all school subjects.

Sponsor: Mr. Brand

Sponsor: Ms. Silkensen, Mr. Tyler and Mr. Rebbeck

Family Career Community Leaders of America: is the leadership component for the Family and Consumer Science Curriculum (FCS). FCCLA is embedded into the curriculum for all 7th and 8th grade students who are enrolled in the FCS classes. In addition to class activities, there will be opportunities for students to participate in activities and projects outside of the class. Projects will focus around community service, leadership, and family connections. Opportunities to partner with the high school FCCLA chapter on projects and other school may present themselves throughout the year.

Sponsor: Mrs. Saless

National FCCLA Website

GEOGRAPHY BEE: Is a geography/weather/economic/population/social studies trivia contest in which EMS will gather several teams of students and compete against other schools from the St. Vrain Valley School District.  The bee is not like a traditional spelling bee but rather like a team Jeopardy contest. It is fun and a great opportunity to learn about our world.

Sponsor: Mr. Brand

Do you like to read? Do you like to discuss books and movies? In this club, we will read books first then watch the movie version, We’ll then compare them to  answer that age-old question which has plagued human kind for centuries: which version is better? The book, or the movie? There will be snacks!

Sponsor: Mrs. Kemp

GUYS WITH TIES/MAN CHOIR: is a hilarious “y’all” come style choir for any 7th and 8th grade boys that chooses to attend. We meet one day a week during lunch OR before school and also attend a high school Men’s Festival in November. This zany group of guys usually sings a variety of traditional and pop music, and gets to perform in several fun settings!

Sponsor: Mrs. Martinez

Learn how to play swing, funk, rock, and more fun charts! Open to any advanced music students upon approval. Currently in need of pianists, bassists, guitarists, and trombone players. Rehearsals at 7:15am on Wednesdays!

Sponsor: Mr. Tyler

NJHS students are selected based on grades, leadership, citizenship, and recommendations from teachers. Students must have a 3.5 GPA to be nominated.

Sponsors: Mr. Harris and Mrs. Saless

Student Council provides various leadership opportunities for students. Student council members represent our student body to promote our R.O.A.R.S. core values. Members create student activities that encourage enthusiasm and school spirit, building community, and helping peers feel valued and respected. Student council members work with students, faculty, staff, parents and administrators to organize spirit weeks, school dances, community fundraisers and various activities throughout the year while developing leadership skills. The offices of President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected positions. However all students are welcome to participate as grade level representatives. Meeting times vary throughout the year.

Sponsors: Mrs. Hersom and Mr. Collins

Theatre/Drama Club is a student-driven club where students can practice all elements of drama. Theater club will meet once a week and is currently exploring the option of putting together a student-directed production. Students who participate in theater/drama club are bound to get authentic exposure to leadership, organization, and grit, and of course… ACTING!  All abilities are welcome!

Sponsor: Mr. Illanes

TIGER LILY: is an auditioned group for 7th and 8th grade girls who are also in choir. We meet after school and sing a ton of unique, fun, and challenging music at various out-of-school performances. We also have an amazing retreat with the high school women’s choir in September/October.

Sponsor: Mrs. Martinez

The world faces an unprecedented need for new innovators, thinkers and problem solving leaders. The goal of this club is to guide students to immerse students in STEM through the excitement of building and programming robots. The teams will be competing at the local, state and national level.

Sponsors: Mr. Illanes

WEB is a program designed and envisioned by the Boomerang Project to be an anti-bullying curriculum that would change the culture of middle schools. Specifically at EMS, WEB Leaders act as mentors to incoming 6th grade students, known as weblings. The 6th grade year is such a crucial year of transition for students, and the 8th grade WEB Leaders help facilitate this transition in a positive, compassionate way. Monthly meetings are held in small groups.

Each Spring 7th graders undergo an intense application process, including written essays and teacher input. Those exhibiting the highest degrees of kindness, empathy, leadership, and responsibility are chosen to be our WEB Leaders for the next school year. The WEB Leaders are then trained each August to perform activities on the first day of school to help the weblings (6th graders) become comfortable with EMS.

Sponsors: Ms. Meinig, Mr. Harris, Mrs. Solar and Mr. Illanes

Do you have a passion, desire and love for running that you want to share with others? Then winter running club is for you! Share your passion for running with others. We will meet from 3:15-4:15 at the track on Thursdays starting November 4th. *Keep in mind: We run 3-4 miles each time. This is not a walking club!

When?Thursdays from 3:15 – 4:15 (meet at the track)
Dates?We will begin Thursday, November 4th and meet Thursdays through mid-February.
Inclement Weather?We will cancel for inclement weather. An announcement will be made in the morning if running club is canceled for that day.
Sponsors?Heather Solar: solar_heather@svvsd.orgBeth Silkensen:

Sponsors: Mrs. Solar and Mrs. Silkensen

Yearbook club offers an opportunity for students who like photography, working on the computer and layout design. Yearbook members are essential to the important task of helping students feel valued by being represented in the yearbook. Students create and promote the yearbook. Yearbook club meets every other week in the mornings, but requires work outside the club. The dedication and commitment of the EMS Yearbook Staff is apparent through the National Yearbook of Excellence award that students have received in past years. Students must apply for selection into the yearbook club and have a teacher recommendation.

Sponsors: Ms. Meinig and Mrs. Jensen

Sponsors: Mrs. Martinez

Sponsors: Mrs. Crisman

Sponsors: Mrs. Crisman

Sponsors: Mr. Gisclair

Sponsors: Mrs. Butte and Mrs. Stecina

Sponsors: Mrs. Harris

Sponsors: Mr. Illanes

Sponsors: Mrs. Martinez

Sponsors: Mrs. Loy

Start a New Club

If you would like to request to start a new club at EMS, complete the form below and bring it to the main office.


text:
Cardano SPO Column: Carden Pool [CRPL]
Cardano SPO Column: Carden Pool [CRPL]

Cardano SPO Column: Carden Pool [CRPL]

By Patryk Karter - 19 Sep 2021

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This week’s guest on the Cardano SPO Column is a bare metal Single Pool Operator with the aim to reforest the city of Milan and its region: Carden Pool [CRPL].

Last week’s guest was a stake pool aiming to provide top tier staking experience to its delegators while also donating to the fight against pediatric cancer.

This initiative is a point of reference for everything Cardano and every week or two we will invite a Stake Pool Operator (SPO) to answer some questions and give us an update directly from within the Cardano community.

Considering that many of our readers are new to the crypto space, we will have a mix of simple and technical questions.

Cardano SPO, interview with Carden Pool [CRPL]

Hello, glad to have you here. Tell us something about your team, where are you based and what are your backgrounds?

Hello to you and all the readers. We are Antonello and Andrea, two engineers born in the capital city who have been living in Milan and Bologna respectively for many years now. Apart from that, we are two old friends (some would say geeks) who continue to share various passions and intentions, including the way we perceive the world.

Over the years we have gathered a lot of experience in IT, computer networks (we are Cisco Certified) and computer security. This knowledge, combined with a healthy curiosity about the crypto world, allowed us to understand what the Cardano ecosystem really represents and to become so passionate about it that we wanted to become an active part of it by creating Carden Pool.

What fascinates you about Cardano and why did you decide to operate a stake pool?

There are many aspects of Cardano that fascinate and excite us.

We believe that the Cardano platform is the answer to the challenges that all cryptocurrencies will face in the near future. The problems of environmental impact, scalability, economic sustainability, security and interoperability have been studied and solved through an academic approach. This way of working, never applied before at this scale, has generated a solid foundation on which we are building the future of Cardano together with the whole community.

Speaking of the future, we are only at the beginning! Cardano has been supporting smart contracts for less than ten days now and this brings us directly into the world of possibilities offered by DeFi (Decentralized Finance). The whole Cardano community is working hard and passionately to release amazing dApps (decentralized apps) but the best is yet to come!

Cardano is a driver for change worldwide, though it is in Africa that it has chosen to debut as a “financial and social system”. Financial identity, access to credit and education management are just some of the “drivers of change ” that Cardano is working on in the old continent.

As if that were not enough to justify our passion, the Cardano community is distinguished by noble intentions. Many stake pools, and as many investors, are making the ecosystem “mission driven” through charitable giving on many fronts. This is a visible sign of a tireless community of wonderful people working together for a better world. We truly believe this.

For the readers unfamiliar with staking, can you explain what it is and the difference between staking on an exchange like Binance and delegating to an SPO like you?

In order to explain the difference, some basics on the working principle of a stake pool is necessary.

Cardano is a Proof of Stake blockchain. This means that each node (stake pool) is elected to produce a block of the blockchain according to its “authority”. This depends, for the most part, on the amount of ADA “staked” in the pool by the individual delegators.

Thus, delegators “present” their wallet to a specific stake pool of their preference to contribute to the possibility of it being elected to produce a new block.

All new blocks produced by a pool in one epoch (5 days), are remunerated by the protocol and the revenues distributed among all stake pool participants and operators. On average, the ROA (Return Of ADA) for a delegator is between 4% and 5% per year.

Delegating to a pool is safe as the funds never leave the delegators’ wallets and are not locked!

There are almost 3000 pools at the moment and many of them are physically located in different places to ensure decentralization, security and geographical expansion of the network.

In contrast, there are CEXs (Centralized Exchanges) such as Binance and others. They also offer the possibility of staking but with some differences to consider:

  • Users’ ADA are kept in the CEX stake pools (without the user’s knowledge) and rewards are not distributed;
  • In order to get rewards from staking the funds, CEXs require that the funds are locked for the duration of the staking;
  • By staking on a CEX, users do not have access to their “spending keys” so they do not really own their funds;
  • CEXs hold a large part of the total ADA in staking (Binance alone has over 12% of the total and about 100 pools) thus centralizing block production and the network itself.

Have we provided valuable insights to make the decision to start staking independently?

Staking with CEXs doesn’t help decentralization

You describe yourself as “bare metal”, can you tell us what that means? And please also tell us about your mission to reforest the city of Milan.

“Bare metal” means that Carden Pool does not use VPS (Virtual Private Servers) but rather dedicated physical servers, specifically designed to have low energy consumption and capable of working continuously, without interruption over time.

This is a highly stable, secure and reliable choice, with an eye to environmental impact and network decentralization.

Being composed of physical machines, bare metal stake pools are located in different points of the planet, and not concentrated in a small number of data centres, thus contributing to network robustness, resilience and security.

Our entire infrastructure (currently 3 stand-alone servers), powered by renewable energy, is distinguished by its low energy consumption of around 45 W/h! About the same as a fluorescent light bulb!

We all know about the environmental challenges of this era and although the sustainability of our pool does not generate any additional CO2 into the environment, with our donations to ForestaMI we can intervene in the reduction of already existing CO2.

Trees are the most effective, economical and engaging way to solve the heat island problem and lower the concentration of greenhouse gases at the same time. By donating 10% of the stake pool rewards, we help ForestaMI to reach the ambitious goal of planting 3 million trees by 2030, both in the city of Milan and its region.

Many thanks for your contribution. Any final thoughts? Where can people find you?

Thank you for the opportunity. We would like to invite all ADA investors to start staking and to choose their pool not only on the basis of ROA percentage but taking into account factors that contribute to improving the Cardano network, both in terms of decentralization and in terms of environmental and social impact.

In this interview, we have touched on many important points that we believe should be considered when choosing a stake pool. Independent staking is not just about ROA but can really have a positive impact on the world!

Anyone interested in getting in touch with us can visit our website and follow us on Twitter. Supporting us is easy, just stake with Carden Pool! You can also find us on using the ticker CRPL. We wish you all a successful staking!

Disclaimer: The opinions and views of the SPOs are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Cardano Foundation or IOHK.

Patryk Karter

Passionate about new technologies, nutrition, and philosophy, Patryk spends his days exploring the infinite universe of the web. He moved to London after living most of his life in Rome. He starts studying Computer Science at King's College of London but soon understands that it is not his path, instead he decides to invest his time and money in blockchain technology and in the meantime takes university courses available on the web. Now he is a trader and works as a freelancer.

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Sale, Houses, Liberec Region

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This cozy country cottage provides recreational or permanent living in a wonderful location near Kokořínsko, Český Raj, and the Jizerské and Lužické Mountains. Its careful while at the same time sensitive reconstruction respected its traditional style and its interior was refurbished down to the last detail, with quality craftsmanship elements, a w... more information

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Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions were a series of five military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against the rival state of Cao Wei from 228 to 234 during the Three Kingdoms period in China. All five expeditions were led by Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor and regent of Shu. Although they proved unsuccessful and ended up as a stalemate, the expeditions have become some of the best known conflicts of the Three Kingdoms period and one of the few battles during it where each side (Shu and Wei) fought against each other with hundreds of thousands of troops, as opposed to other battles where one side had a huge numerical advantage.

Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period
Wei and Shu battle at the banks of River Wei.jpg
An illustration of the Northern Expeditions from a Qing dynasty edition of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Datec. February 228 – October 234
Result Cao Wei strategic victory
Shu Han tactical victory, overall expedition failure
Cao Wei Shu Han
Qiang people
Xianbei people
Commanders and leaders
Cao Rui
Cao Zhen
Sima Yi
Zhang He
Hao Zhao
Wang Shuang
Guo Huai
Fei Yao
Dai Ling
Niu Jin
Jia Si
Wei Ping
Xin Pi
Xiahou Mao
Qin Lang
Liu Shan
Zhuge Liang
Wei Yan
Zhao Yun
Deng Zhi
Ma Su  Executed
Chen Shi
Wang Ping
Wu Yi
Wu Ban
Gao Xiang
Yang Yi
Jiang Wei
Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
Traditional Chinese諸葛亮北伐
Simplified Chinese诸葛亮北伐
Six campaigns from Mount Qi

The expeditions are dramatised and romanticised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where they are referred to as the "six campaigns from Mount Qi" (六出祁山). This term is inaccurate, since Zhuge Liang only launched two of his expeditions (the first and the fourth) from Mount Qi.

In 220, following the end of the Han dynasty, China was divided into three competing regimes – Cao Wei (or Wei), Shu Han (or Shu) and Eastern Wu (or Wu) – with each of them trying to unify the country under its rule.

In Shu, the strategic thinking behind the Northern Expeditions came from Zhuge Liang's Longzhong Plan, which he presented to the warlord Liu Bei in 207. In essence, the plan envisaged a tripartite division of China between the domains of the warlords Liu Bei, Cao Cao and Sun Quan. According to the plan, Liu Bei would seize control of Jing Province and Yi Province from their respective governors, Liu Biao and Liu Zhang, and establish a solid foothold in southern and western China. Liu Bei would then form an alliance with Sun Quan, who ruled eastern China, and wage war against Cao Cao, who controlled northern China and the political centre of the Han dynasty in central China. Liu Bei would then lead one army from Yi Province to attack Chang'an via the Qin Mountains and Wei River valley; one of Liu Bei's top generals would lead another army from Jing Province to attack Luoyang.[1]

The first phase of the plan was completed in 214 when Liu Bei gained control of southern Jing Province and Yi Province. Between 217 and 219, Liu Bei launched a campaign to seize control of Hanzhong Commandery, the "northern gateway" into Yi Province, and succeeded in capturing it from Cao Cao's forces. In 219, Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, whom Liu Bei had left in charge of Jing Province, started the Battle of Fancheng against Cao Cao's forces. However, the Sun Quan–Liu Bei alliance ("Sun–Liu alliance"), which Zhuge Liang played an instrumental role in creating, broke down when Sun Quan sent his forces to attack and seize Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province while Guan Yu was away at the Battle of Fancheng. Guan Yu was captured and executed by Sun Quan's forces. Between 221 and 222, Liu Bei started the Battle of Xiaoting/Yiling against Sun Quan in an attempt to retake Jing Province, but failed and suffered a disastrous defeat. After Liu Bei died in 223, his son Liu Shan succeeded him as emperor of Shu, with Zhuge Liang serving as regent. In the same year, Zhuge Liang made peace with Sun Quan's Eastern Wu regime and reestablished the Sun–Liu alliance (now the Wu–Shu alliance) against Wei, the regime established by Cao Cao's son and successor, Cao Pi.

In 227, Zhuge Liang ordered troops from throughout Shu to mobilise and assemble in Hanzhong Commandery in preparation for a large-scale military campaign against Wei. Before leaving, he wrote a memorial, called Chu Shi Biao (literally "memorial on the case to go to war"), and submitted it to Liu Shan. Among other things, the memorial contained Zhuge Liang's reasons for the campaign against Wei and his personal advice to Liu Shan on governance issues.[2] After Liu Shan approved, Zhuge Liang ordered the Shu forces to garrison at Mianyang (沔陽; present-day Mian County, Shaanxi).[3]

Zhuge Liang's plan called for a march north from Hanzhong Commandery (what is now southern Shaanxi province), the main population centre in northern Yi Province. In the third century, Hanzhong Commandery was a sparsely populated area surrounded by wild virgin forest. Its importance lay in its strategic placement in a long and fertile plain along the Han River, between two massive mountain ranges, the Qin Mountains in the north and the Micang Mountains in the south. It was the major administrative centre of the mountainous frontier district between the rich Sichuan Basin in the south and the Wei River valley in the north. The area also afforded access to the dry northwest and the Gansu panhandle.

Geographically, the rugged barrier of the Qin Mountains provided the greatest obstacle to Chang'an. The mountain range consists of a series of parallel ridges, all running slightly south of east, separated by a maze of ramifying valleys whose canyon walls often rise sheer above the valley streams. As a result of local dislocations from earthquakes, the topographical features are extremely complicated. Access from the south was limited to a few mountain routes called "gallery roads". These crossed major passes and were remarkable for their engineering skill and ingenuity. The oldest of these was to the northwest of Hanzhong Commandery and it crossed the San Pass. The Lianyun "Linked Cloud" Road was constructed there to take carriage traffic during the Qin dynasty in the third century BCE. Following the Jialing Valley, the route emerges in the north where the Wei River widens considerably near Chencang (in present-day Baoji, Shaanxi). Another important route was the Baoye route, which transverses the Yegu Pass and ends south of Mei County. A few more minor and difficult routes lay to the east, notably the Ziwu Valley, which leads directly to the south of Chang'an.

Xincheng RebellionEdit

Timeline of Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions[4]
Approximate date range Location Event(s)
4 Apr – 2 May 227 Hanzhong, Shaanxi Zhuge Liang moves to Hanzhong in preparation for the first Expedition. He writes the Chu Shi Biao to Liu Shan.
Luoyang, Henan Sun Zi dissuades Cao Rui from sending Wei forces to attack Hanzhong.
2–30 July 227 Nanyang, Henan Sima Yi is put in charge of military affairs in Jing and Yu provinces and stationed at Wancheng.
26 Dec 227 – 23 Mar 228 Northwestern Hubei Xincheng Rebellion: Sima Yi suppresses the rebellion and executes Meng Da. He then goes to Luoyang to meet Cao Rui and returns to Wancheng after that.
23 Feb – 21 May 228 Western Shaanxi and southeastern Gansu First Northern Expedition:
29 May 228 Xi'an, Shaanxi Cao Rui departs Chang'an and returns to Luoyang.
17 Sep – 15 Oct 228 Shucheng County, Anhui Battle of Shiting: Wu forces defeat Wei forces.
14 Dec 228 – 12 Jan 229 Hanzhong, Shaanxi Zhuge Liang allegedly writes a second Chu Shi Biao to Liu Shan.
13 Jan – 10 Feb 229 Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi Second Northern Expedition:
  • Siege of Chencang: Hao Zhao successfully defends Chencang from Zhuge Liang's attacks.
  • Zhuge Liang retreats when his army runs out of supplies.
11 Feb – 10 May 229 Longnan, Gansu Third Northern Expedition:
230 Wushan County, Gansu Battle of Yangxi: Wei Yan defeats Guo Huai and Fei Yao in battle.[5]
28 Jul – 26 Aug 230 Luoyang, Henan Cao Zhen convinces Cao Rui to launch a large-scale invasion of Shu. Cao Rui orders Sima Yi to lead an army from Jing Province and link up with Cao Zhen's army at Hanzhong.
27 Aug – 24 Sep 230 Hanzhong, Shaanxi Zhuge Liang orders Li Yan to lead 20,000 troops to reinforce Hanzhong. The Wei invasion forces cannot pass through the Xie Valley as the gallery roads leading into Shu have been damaged by heavy rainfall over a period of more than 30 days.
25 Sep – 24 Oct 230 Xuchang, Henan Cao Rui orders the Wei invasion forces to abort their mission and return to base.
21 Mar – 15 Aug 231 Southeastern Gansu Fourth Northern Expedition:
  • Cao Zhen dies sometime between 20 Apr and 18 May.
  • Battle of Mount Qi: Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi engage in battle near Shanggui County and at Lucheng.
  • 17 July – 15 Aug: Zhuge Liang orders a retreat when his army runs out of supplies. Zhang He is killed in an ambush.
18 Mar – 10 Oct 234 Shaanxi Fifth Northern Expedition:

Meng Da, a former Shu general who defected to Wei in 220, served as the Administrator of Xincheng Commandery (新城郡; in present-day northwestern Hubei) near Shu's northeastern border. Zhuge Liang hated Meng Da for his capricious behaviour and worried that he would become a threat to Shu.[6] Around 227, when he heard that Meng Da had a quarrel with his colleague Shen Yi (申儀), he sent spies to stir up greater suspicions between them and spread news that Meng Da was plotting a rebellion against Wei. Meng Da became fearful and decided to rebel.[7] However, he was stuck in a dilemma after receiving a letter from the Wei general Sima Yi, who was stationed at Wancheng. In the meantime, Sima Yi quickly assembled an army, headed towards Xincheng, and reached there within eight days.[8]

Wei's rival states, Shu and Wu, sent forces to support Meng Da, but were defeated and driven back by Wei forces led by Sima Yi's subordinates.[9] Sima Yi ordered his troops to surround Shangyong (上庸), Meng Da's base, and attack from eight directions. At the same time, he also successfully induced Meng Da's nephew Deng Xian (鄧賢) and subordinate Li Fu (李輔) to betray Meng Da. After 16 days of siege, Deng Xian and Li Fu opened Shangyong's gates and surrendered to Sima Yi. Meng Da was captured and executed.[10][11][12] Sima Yi and his troops headed back to Wancheng after suppressing the rebellion.[13] He then went to the Wei capital, Luoyang, to report to the Wei emperor Cao Rui and returned to Wancheng after that.[14]

First expeditionEdit

Map showing the first and second Northern Expeditions

In the spring of 228, Zhuge Liang launched the first Northern Expedition and led the Shu forces to Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu). At the same time, he ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead a decoy force to Ji Valley (箕谷) and pretend to be ready to attack Mei County, so as to divert the Wei forces' attention away from Mount Qi. News of the Shu invasion sent shock waves throughout the Guanzhong region. Three Wei-controlled commanderies – Nan'an (南安), Tianshui and Anding (安定) – defected to the Shu side.[15]

In response to the Shu invasion, Cao Rui moved from Luoyang to Chang'an to oversee the defences and provide backup. He ordered Zhang He to attack Zhuge Liang at Mount Qi, and Cao Zhen to attack Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi at Ji Valley.[16] Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi lost the Battle of Ji Valley because their decoy force, composed of the weaker soldiers in the Shu army, were no match for Cao Zhen and his well-trained troops. (Zhuge Liang had reserved the better troops for the attack on Mount Qi.) In the meantime, Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to lead the vanguard force to engage Zhang He at Jieting (街亭; located east of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu). Ma Su not only disobeyed Zhuge Liang's orders, but also made the wrong moves, resulting in the Shu vanguard suffering a disastrous defeat. After his victory at the Battle of Jieting, Zhang He seized the opportunity to attack and recapture the three commanderies.[17][18]

Upon learning of the Shu defeats at Ji Valley and Jieting, Zhuge Liang pulled back all his forces and retreated to Hanzhong. Although the first Northern Expedition was an overall failure, Zhuge Liang still made some small gains for Shu. The first gain was the capture of some Wei civilian families, who were then registered as Shu citizens and resettled in Hanzhong. The second gain was the defection of Jiang Wei, a low-ranking Wei officer who later became a prominent Shu general. After returning to Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su to appease public anger[19] and then wrote a memorial to Liu Shan, taking full responsibility for the failure of the first Northern Expedition and requesting to be punished by demotion.[20] Liu Shan approved and symbolically demoted Zhuge Liang from Imperial Chancellor (丞相) to General of the Right (右將軍), but allowed him to remain as acting Imperial Chancellor.[21]

Second expeditionEdit

In the winter of 228–229, Zhuge Liang launched the second Northern Expedition and led Shu forces to attack the Wei fortress at Chencang via San Pass. When he showed up at Chencang, he was surprised to see that it was much more heavily fortified and well-defended than he expected. That was because after the first Northern Expedition, the Wei general Cao Zhen had predicted that Shu forces would attack Chencang the next time, so he put Hao Zhao in charge of defending Chencang and strengthening its defences.[22][23]

Zhuge Liang first ordered his troops to surround Chencang, then sent Jin Xiang (靳詳), an old friend of Hao Zhao, to persuade Hao Zhao to surrender. Hao Zhao refused twice.[24] Although Hao Zhao had only 1,000 men with him to defend Chencang, he successfully held his ground against the Shu forces. During the 20-day-long siege of Chencang, Zhuge Liang used an array of tactics to attack the fortress – siege ladders, battering rams, siege towers and tunnels – but Hao Zhao successfully countered each of them in turn.[25] Upon learning that Wei reinforcements were approaching Chencang, Zhuge Liang immediately pulled back all his troops and returned to Hanzhong.[26] A Wei officer, Wang Shuang, led his men to attack the retreating Shu forces, but was killed in an ambush.[27]

Third expeditionEdit

Map showing the Battle of Jianwei

In the spring of 229, Zhuge Liang launched the third Northern Expedition and ordered Chen Shi to lead Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Wudu (武都) and Yinping (陰平) commanderies. The Wei general Guo Huai led his troops to resist Chen Shi. He retreated after Zhuge Liang led a Shu army to Jianwei (建威; in present-day Longnan, Gansu). The Shu forces then conquered Wudu and Yinping commanderies.[28][29]

When Zhuge Liang returned from the campaign, the Shu emperor Liu Shan issued an imperial decree to congratulate him on his successes in defeating Wang Shuang during the second Northern Expedition, forcing Guo Huai to flee, winning back the trust of the local tribes and capturing Wudu and Yinping commanderies during the third Northern Expedition. He also restored Zhuge Liang to the position of Imperial Chancellor (丞相).[29][30]

Fourth expeditionEdit

Map showing the Battle of Mount Qi and Battle of Wuzhang Plains

In 230, during the Ziwu Campaign Shu forces led by Wei Yan defeated Wei forces under Fei Yao and Guo Huai at Yangxi (陽谿; southwest of present-day Wushan County, Gansu).[5]

In 231,[31] Zhuge Liang launched the fourth Northern Expedition and attacked Mount Qi again. He used the wooden ox, a mechanical device he invented, to transport food supplies to the frontline.[32] The Shu forces attacked Tianshui Commandery and surrounded Mount Qi, which was defended by the Wei officers Jia Si (賈嗣) and Wei Ping (魏平).[33] At Mount Qi, Zhuge Liang managed to convince Kebineng, a Xianbei tribal leader, to support Shu in the war against Wei. Kebineng went to Beidi Commandery and rallied the locals to support Shu.[34]

At the time, as Cao Zhen, the Wei grand marshal, was ill, the Wei emperor Cao Rui ordered the general Sima Yi to move to Chang'an to supervise the Wei defences in the Guanzhong region against the Shu invasion. After making preparations for battle, Sima Yi, with Zhang He, Fei Yao, Dai Ling (戴陵) and Guo Huai serving as his subordinates, led Wei forces to Yumi County (隃麋縣; east of present-day Qianyang County, Shaanxi) and stationed there.[35] He then left Fei Yao and Dai Ling with 4,000 troops to guard Shanggui County (上邽縣; in present-day Tianshui, Gansu), while he led the others to Mount Qi to help Jia Si and Wei Ping.[36]

When Zhuge Liang learnt of the Wei forces' approach, he split his forces into two groups – one group to remain at Mount Qi while he led the other group to attack Shanggui County. He defeated Guo Huai, Fei Yao and Dai Ling in battle and ordered his troops to collect the harvest in Shanggui County. In response, Sima Yi turned back from Mount Qi, headed to Shanggui County, and reached there within two days. By then, Zhuge Liang and his men had finished harvesting the wheat and were preparing to leave.[37] Zhuge Liang encountered Sima Yi at Hanyang (漢陽) to the east of Shanggui County, but they did not engage in battle: Zhuge Liang ordered his troops to make use of the terrain and get into defensive positions; Sima Yi ordered his troops to get into formation, while sending Niu Jin to lead a lightly armed cavalry detachment to Mount Qi. The stand off ended when Zhuge Liang and the Shu forces retreated to Lucheng (鹵城), took control of the hills in the north and south, and used the river as a natural barrier.[38][39]

Although his subordinates repeatedly urged him to attack the enemy, Sima Yi was hesitant to do so after seeing the layout of the Shu camps in the hills. However, he eventually relented when Jia Si and Wei Ping mocked him and said he would become a laughing stock if he refused to attack.[40] Sima Yi then sent Zhang He to attack the Shu camp in the south, guarded by Wang Ping, while he led the others to attack Lucheng head-on.[41] In response, Zhuge Liang ordered Wei Yan, Wu Ban and Gao Xiang to resist the enemy outside Lucheng, where the Wei forces suffered an unexpected and tremendous defeat: 3,000 soldiers were killed, and 5,000 suits of armour and 3,100 sets of hornbeam crossbows were seized by Shu forces.[42] Even though the losses were heavy, Sima Yi still retained a sizeable army, which he led back to his camp.

Despite the victory, Zhuge Liang could not press his advantage with a major offensive due to a dwindling food supply. Adverse weather prevented Shu's logistics from delivering matériel on schedule. Li Yan, the Shu general responsible for overseeing the transportation of food supplies to the frontline, falsely claimed that the emperor Liu Shan had ordered a withdrawal. The Book of Jin claimed that Sima Yi launched an attack on Shu garrisons at this juncture and succeeded in capturing the Shu "covering camps". Zhuge Liang abandoned Lucheng and retreated under the cover of night, but Sima Yi pursued him and inflicted roughly 10,000 casualties on the Shu army.[43] This account from the Book of Jin is disputed by historians[44][45] and is not included in the 11th-century outstanding chronological historical text Zizhi Tongjian.[46]

In any case, according to Records of the Three Kingdoms and Zizhi Tongjian, Zhuge Liang retreated to the Shu, because of lack of supply, not defeat.[47][48] and the Wei forces pursued him. The pursuit did not go completely smoothly for Wei. Sima Yi ordered Zhang He to further pursue the enemy in an attempt to capitalise on their momentum. The Weilüe mentioned that Zhang He refused to obey Sima Yi's order and argued that, according to classical military doctrine, one should refrain from pursuing an enemy force retreating to its home territory. However, Sima Yi refused to listen and forced Zhang He to carry out this order. Indeed, Zhang He fell into an ambush at Mumen Trail (木門道; near present-day Qinzhou District, Tianshui, Gansu), where Zhuge Liang had ordered crossbowmen to hide on high ground and fire at approaching enemy forces when they entered a narrow defile. Zhang He died after a stray arrow hit him in the right knee. Unlike book of Jin records, Wei's army suffered a great deal of damage from pursuing Shu's retreating army.[49]

Fifth expeditionEdit

In the spring of 234, Zhuge Liang led more than 100,000 Shu troops out of Xie Valley (斜谷) and camped at the Wuzhang Plains on the south bank of the Wei River near Mei County. Aside from using the flowing horse to transport food supplies to the frontline, he implemented a tuntian plan by ordering his troops to grow crops alongside civilians at the south bank of the Wei River. He also forbid his troops from taking the civilians' crops.[50][51]

In response to the Shu invasion, the Wei general Sima Yi led his forces and another 20,000 reinforcements to the Wuzhang Plains to engage the enemy. After an initial skirmish[52] and a night raid on the Shu camp,[53] Sima Yi received orders from the Wei emperor Cao Rui to hold his ground and refrain from engaging the Shu forces. The battle became a stalemate. During this time, Zhuge Liang made several attempts to lure Sima Yi to attack him. On one occasion, he sent women's ornaments to Sima Yi to taunt him. An apparently angry Sima Yi sought permission from Cao Rui to attack the enemy but was denied. Cao Rui even sent Xin Pi as his special representative to the frontline to ensure that Sima Yi followed orders and remained in camp. Zhuge Liang knew that Sima Yi was pretending to be angry because he wanted to show the Wei soldiers that he would not put up with Zhuge Liang's taunting and to ensure that his men were ready for battle.[54][55]

During the stalemate, when Zhuge Liang sent a messenger to meet Sima Yi, Sima Yi asked the messenger about Zhuge Liang's daily routine and living conditions. The messenger said that Zhuge Liang consumed three to four sheng of grain a day and that he micromanaged almost everything, except trivial issues like punishments for minor offences. After hearing that, Sima Yi remarked, "How can Zhuge Kongming expect to last long? He's going to die soon."[56][57]

The stalemate at the Wuzhang Plains lasted for over 100 days.[58] Sometime between 11 September and 10 October 234,[a] Zhuge Liang became critically ill and died in camp. He was 54 (by East Asian age reckoning) at the time of his death.[59]

When Sima Yi heard from civilians that Zhuge Liang had died from illness and that the Shu army had burnt down their camp and retreated, he led his troops in pursuit and caught up with them. The Shu forces, on Yang Yi and Jiang Wei's command, turned around and readied themselves for battle. Sima Yi pulled back his troops and retreated. Some days later, while surveying the remains of the Shu camp, Sima Yi remarked, "What a genius he was!"[60] Based on his observations that the Shu army made a hasty retreat, he concluded that Zhuge Liang had indeed died and so he led his troops in pursuit again. When Sima Yi reached Chi'an (赤岸), he asked the civilians living there about Zhuge Liang and heard that there was a recent popular saying: "A dead Zhuge (Liang) scares away a living Zhongda[b]" He laughed and said, "I can predict the thoughts of the living but I can't predict those of the dead."[61][62]

Zhuge Liang's expeditions managed to inflict damage to the Wei army, killed several notable Wei commanders, and captured two small commanderies, but he failed to fulfil his strategic goal. After Zhuge Liang's death, his successor, Jiang Wan, changed the policy and turned to a defensive stance. Some people in Eastern Wu suspected that Shu Han wanted to renege on the Shu-Wu alliance, but Sun Quan commented that it was simply a sign of fatigue and exhaustion.

Yi Zhongtian listed three reasons for Zhuge Liang's failures:[63]

  1. Strong enemy: Cao Wei regime was robust and stable and had many talents (such as Sima Yi) and so could not be easily tackled by Shu Han.
  2. Rough terrain: Cao Wei and Shu Han were separated by natural barriers, which put extremely heavy logistical burdens on the Shu Han army including providing adequate food supply. This was a key reason for the failure of the expeditions.
  3. Zhuge Liang's own limitations: Zhuge Liang was an excellent military organizer but not an outstanding military commander. Zhuge Liang lacked the cleverness and decisiveness of a military general since he could properly lead an army but could not conduct complex and deceptive moves.

Yi Zhongtian argued that Zhuge Liang knew full well of all of the difficulties, including his own weaknesses, but Liang still pressed on with the Northern Expeditions for three reasons:[63]

  1. Han restoration: Zhuge Liang was sincere and faithful to his goal of restoring the Han dynasty. He could change the tactics depended on the situation but never deviated from his ultimate goal.
  2. Waging war for internal stability: The expeditions also served as a means to maintain the "state of war" and hence "martial rule" over Shu Han. Zhuge Liang wanted to use "martial rule" to tighten control over the local nobility and the privileged classes, which were not always happy with Zhuge Liang's legalist policies.
  3. Pre-emptive strike: Being the weakest of the three kingdoms, Shu Han would be the first one to be preyed upon. The only solution for that was making pre-emptive strikes to intimidate the enemy and to enlarge Shu Han's own power base. The pre-emptive moves did not guarantee a 100% success rate, but the option was better than doing nothing and withering away

In other words, Shu Han's relentless attacks against stronger enemy were from Zhuge Liang's point of view actually necessary for its own survival. Zhuge Liang was praised for being far-sighted in recognising this issue.[63]

In Romance of the Three KingdomsEdit

The Northern Expeditions are featured prominently in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, covering 15 chapters (Chapters 91 to 105) out of a total of 120 chapters. Many actual events were largely romanticised or highly exaggerated, while some fictitious stories were also included, for dramatic effect. See the following for some fictitious stories in the novel that are related to the Northern Expeditions:

In popular cultureEdit

The Northern Expeditions are featured as playable stages in Koei's video game series Dynasty Warriors. As of the sixth instalment in the franchise, all of the five expeditions are playable stages in some form. In the sixth game, the Battle of Wuzhang Plains is depicted as taking place shortly after the Battle of Yiling – with the battle serving as a final victory for the Shu forces in some cases – while its proper point in time is restored with the seventh instalment. In the seventh and eighth games, the Battle of Wuzhang Plains is portrayed as a deadlock just as in history.

See alsoEdit

  1. ^ The Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang fell sick and died in the 8th lunar month of the 12th year of the Jianxing era in Liu Shan's reign.[59] This month corresponds to 11 September to 10 October 234 in the Gregorian calendar.
  2. ^ "Zhongda" was Sima Yi's courtesy name.

  1. ^ (亮荅曰：「自董卓已來，豪傑並起，跨州連郡者不可勝數。 ... 誠如是，則霸業可成，漢室可興矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  2. ^ [建興]五年，率諸軍北駐漢中，臨發，上疏曰：先帝創業未半， ... 不知所言。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  3. ^ (遂行，屯于沔陽。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  4. ^ Sima (1084), vols. 70–72.
  5. ^ a b (八年，使延西入羌中，魏後將軍費瑤、雍州刺史郭淮與延戰于陽谿，延大破淮等， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 40.
  6. ^ (蜀相諸葛亮惡其反覆，又慮其為患。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  7. ^ (諸葛亮聞之，陰欲誘達，數書招之，達與相報答。魏興太守申儀與達有隙，密表達與蜀潛通，帝未之信也。司馬宣王遣參軍梁幾察之，又勸其入朝。達驚懼，遂反。) Weilüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  8. ^ (帝恐達速發， ... 達得書大喜，猶與不決。帝乃潛軍進討。諸將言達與二賊交構，宜觀望而後動。帝曰：「達無信義，此其相疑之時也，當及其未定促決之。」乃倍道兼行，八日到其城下。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  9. ^ (吳蜀各遣其將向西城安橋、木闌塞以救達，帝分諸將以距之。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  10. ^ (上庸城三面阻水，達於城外為木柵以自固。帝渡水，破其柵，直造城下。八道攻之，旬有六日，達甥鄧賢、將李輔等開門出降。斬達，傳首京師。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  11. ^ (二年春正月，宣王攻破新城，斬達，傳其首。) Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  12. ^ (魏略曰：宣王誘達將李輔及達甥鄧賢，賢等開門納軍。達被圍旬有六日而敗，焚其首於洛陽四達之衢。) Weilüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  13. ^ (俘獲萬餘人，振旅還于宛。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  14. ^ (... 歸于京師。 ... 屬帝朝于京師，天子訪之於帝。 ... 天子並然之，復命帝屯于宛。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  15. ^ ([建興]六年春，揚聲由斜谷道取郿，使趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍，據箕谷，魏大將軍曹真舉衆拒之。亮身率諸軍攻祁山，戎陣整齊，賞罰肅而號令明，南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏應亮，關中響震。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  16. ^ ([建興]五年，隨諸葛亮駐漢中。明年，亮出軍，揚聲由斜谷道，曹真遣大衆當之。亮令雲與鄧芝往拒，而身攻祁山。雲、芝兵弱敵彊，失利於箕谷，然歛衆固守，不至大敗。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  17. ^ (諸葛亮出祁山。加郃位特進，遣督諸軍，拒亮將馬謖於街亭。謖依阻南山，不下據城。郃絕其汲道，擊，大破之。南安、天水、安定郡反應亮，郃皆破平之。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  18. ^ (亮使馬謖督諸軍在前，與郃戰于街亭。謖違亮節度，舉動失宜，大為郃所破。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  19. ^ (亮拔西縣千餘家，還于漢中，戮謖以謝衆。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  20. ^ (上疏曰：「臣以弱才，叨竊非據，親秉旄鉞以厲三軍，不能訓章明法，臨事而懼，至有街亭違命之闕，箕谷不戒之失，咎皆在臣授任無方。臣明不知人，恤事多闇，春秋責帥，臣職是當。請自貶三等，以督厥咎。」) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  21. ^ (於是以亮為右將軍，行丞相事，所總統如前。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  22. ^ (真以亮懲於祁山，後出必從陳倉，乃使將軍郝昭、王生守陳倉，治其城。明年春，亮果圍陳倉，已有備而不能克。) Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  23. ^ (大和中，魏遣將軍郝昭築城陳倉城。適訖，㑹諸葛亮來攻。亮本聞陳倉城惡，及至，怪其整頓，聞知昭在其中，大驚愕。) Taiping Huanyu Ji vol. 30.
  24. ^ (亮圍陳倉，使昭鄉人靳詳於城外遙說之， ... 詳以昭語告亮，亮又使詳重說昭，言人兵不敵，無為空自破滅。 ... 詳乃去。). Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  25. ^ (亮自以有眾數萬，而昭兵才千餘人，又度東救未能便到，乃進兵攻昭，起雲梯衝車以臨城。昭於是以火箭逆射其雲梯，梯然，梯上人皆燒死。昭又以繩連石磨壓其衝車，衝車折。亮乃更為井闌百尺以付城中，以土丸填壍，欲直攀城，昭又於內築重牆。亮足為城突，欲踊出於城裏，昭又於城內穿地橫截之。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  26. ^ (晝夜相攻拒二十餘日，亮無計，救至，引退。) Weilue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 3.
  27. ^ (冬，亮復出散關，圍陳倉，曹真拒之，亮糧盡而還。魏將王雙率騎追亮，亮與戰，破之，斬雙。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  28. ^ ([建興]七年，亮遣陳戒攻武都、陰平。魏雍州刺史郭淮率衆欲擊戒，亮自出至建威，淮退還，遂平二郡。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  29. ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 71.
  30. ^ (詔策亮曰：「街亭之役，咎由馬謖，而君引愆，深自貶抑，重違君意，聽順所守。前年耀師，馘斬王雙；今歲爰征，郭淮遁走；降集氐、羌，興復二郡，威鎮凶暴，功勳顯然。方今天下騷擾，元惡未梟，君受大任，幹國之重，而乆自挹損，非所以光揚洪烈矣。今復君丞相，君其勿辭。」) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  31. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 72.
  32. ^ ([建興]九年，亮復出祁山，以木牛運， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  33. ^ (明年，諸葛亮寇天水，圍將軍賈嗣、魏平於祁山。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  34. ^ (漢晉春秋曰：亮圍祁山，招鮮卑軻比能，比能等至故北地石城以應亮。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  35. ^ (乃使帝西屯長安，都督雍、梁二州諸軍事，統車騎將軍張郃、後將軍費曜、征蜀護軍戴淩、雍州刺史郭淮等討亮。 ... 遂進軍隃麋。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  36. ^ (於是魏大司馬曹真有疾，司馬宣王自荊州入朝， ... 乃使西屯長安，督張郃、費曜、戴陵、郭淮等。宣王使曜、陵留精兵四千守上邽，餘衆悉出，西救祁山。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  37. ^ (亮聞大軍且至，乃自帥衆將芟上邽之麥。 ... 於是卷甲晨夜赴之，亮望塵而遁。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  38. ^ (亮分兵留攻，自逆宣王于上邽。郭淮、費曜等徼亮，亮破之，因大芟刈其麥，與宣王遇于上邽之東，斂兵依險，軍不得交，亮引而還。宣王尋亮至于鹵城。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  39. ^ (進次漢陽，與亮相遇，帝列陣以待之。使將牛金輕騎餌之，兵才接而亮退，追至祁山。亮屯鹵城，據南北二山，斷水為重圍。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  40. ^ (張郃曰：「彼遠來逆我，請戰不得，謂我利在不戰，欲以長計制之也。且祁山知大軍以在近，人情自固，可止屯於此，分為奇兵，示出其後，不宜進前而不敢偪，坐失民望也。今亮縣軍食少，亦行去矣。」宣王不從，故尋亮。旣至，又登山掘營，不肯戰。賈栩、魏平數請戰，因曰：「公畏蜀如虎，柰天下笑何！」宣王病之。諸將咸請戰。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  41. ^ ([建興九年]五月辛巳，乃使張郃攻无當監何平於南圍，自案中道向亮。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  42. ^ (漢晉春秋曰：亮使魏延、高翔、吳班赴拒，大破之，獲甲首三千級，玄鎧五千領，角弩三千一百張，宣王還保營。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  43. ^ (帝攻拔其圍，亮宵遁，追擊破之，俘斬萬計。天子使使者勞軍，增封邑。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  44. ^ (縱其後出，不復攻城，當求野戰，必在隴東，不在西也。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  45. ^ (時宣王等糧亦盡) Huayangguo Zhi vol. 7.
  46. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 72.
  47. ^ (糧盡退軍)Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  48. ^ (六月，亮以糧盡退軍)Zizhi Tongjian vol. 72.
  49. ^ (魏略曰：亮軍退，司馬宣王使郃追之，郃曰：「軍法，圍城必開出路，歸軍勿追。」宣王不聽。郃不得已，遂進。蜀軍乘高布伏，弓弩亂發，矢中郃髀。) Weilüe annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  50. ^ (亮每患糧不繼，使己志不申，是以分兵屯田，為乆駐之基。耕者雜於渭濵居民之間，而百姓安堵，軍無私焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  51. ^ ([建興]十二年春，亮悉大衆由斜谷出，以流馬運，據武功五丈原，與司馬宣王對於渭南。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  52. ^ (遣將軍胡遵、雍州剌史郭淮共備陽遂，與亮會于積石。臨原而戰，亮不得進，還于五丈原。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  53. ^ (會有長星墜亮之壘，帝知其必敗，遣奇兵掎亮之後，斬五百餘級，獲生口千餘，降者六百餘人。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  54. ^ (時朝廷以亮僑軍遠寇，利在急戰，每命帝持重，以候其變。亮數挑戰，帝不出，因遺帝巾幗婦人之飾。帝怒，表請決戰，天子不許，乃遣骨鯁臣衞尉辛毗杖節為軍師以制之。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  55. ^ (漢晉春秋曰：亮自至，數挑戰。宣王亦表固請戰。使衞尉辛毗持節以制之。姜維謂亮曰：「辛佐治仗節而到，賊不復出矣。」亮曰：「彼本無戰情，所以固請戰者，以示武於其衆耳。將在軍，君命有所不受，苟能制吾，豈千里而請戰邪！」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  56. ^ (先是，亮使至，帝問曰：「諸葛公起居何如，食可幾米？」對曰：「三四升。」次問政事，曰：「二十罰已上皆自省覽。」帝既而告人曰：「諸葛孔明其能久乎！」) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  57. ^ (魏氏春秋曰：亮使至，問其寢食及其事之煩簡，不問戎事。使對曰：「諸葛公夙興夜寐，罰二十以上，皆親擥焉；所噉食不至數升。」宣王曰：「亮將死矣。」) Wei Shi Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  58. ^ (相持百餘日。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  59. ^ a b (其年八月，亮疾病，卒于軍，時年五十四。) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  60. ^ (及軍退，宣王案行其營壘處所，曰：「天下奇才也！」) Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  61. ^ (漢晉春秋曰：楊儀等整軍而出，百姓奔告宣王，宣王追焉。姜維令儀反旗鳴鼓，若將向宣王者，宣王乃退，不敢偪。於是儀結陣而去，入谷然後發喪。宣王之退也，百姓為之諺曰：「死諸葛走生仲達。」或以告宣王，宣王曰：「吾能料生，不便料死也。」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 35.
  62. ^ (與之對壘百餘日，會亮病卒，諸將燒營遁走，百姓奔告，帝出兵追之。亮長史楊儀反旗鳴皷，若將距帝者。帝以窮寇不之逼，於是楊儀結陣而去。經日，乃行其營壘，觀其遺事，獲其圖書、糧穀甚衆。帝審其必死， ... 追到赤岸，乃知亮死審問。時百姓為之諺曰：「死諸葛走生仲達。」帝聞而笑曰：「吾便料生，不便料死故也。」) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  63. ^ a b c Yi Zhongtian. Analysis of the Three Kingdoms, Vol. 2, Vietnamese translation. Publisher of People's Public Security, 2010. Chapter 41: Attacks for Defenses
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • Fang, Xuanling (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
  • Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.


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 -Official Site of Telchina
Home > News Center > Industry Trends

Mar.22, 2017, co-hosted by CALI (China Association of lighting Industry), Outdoor Lighting Professional Committee of CIES (China Illuminating Engineering Society) and Urban Lighting Professional Committee of China Municipal Engineering Association, “2017 China Road Lighting Forum (13th)”was held in Chengdu. Taking “intelligence, application, standard, and quality” as the theme, this forum started with an in-depth study about the new technology and R&D standard development in the field of domestic and abroad road lighting, and summed up the lighting standard development, comprehensive design, technical implementation and engineering experience in china. Telchina Smart Industry Group Co., Ltd (“Telchina”) came out with its road lighting systems and products, which caught the eyes of all participants and got a high opinion. As the domestic leading smart city overall solutions operator and the best smart infrastructure solutions and products provider, Telchina has been devoted to the development and promotion of smart lighting system. Based on Internet technology and combined with GIS, Telchina builds up an integrated lighting management system to serve the urban lighting in monitoring, operation and maintenance, safety, and energy-saving, and that makes the urban lighting more intelligent and efficient, green and eco-friendly so as to promotethe double development of lighting management and energy saving.

With the development of Internet of Things (“IoT”), the technology of low power wide area network (“LPWAN”) used to the remote control in lighting field has become the wave of future. As a member of China LoRa Application Alliance (“CLAA”), Telchina and other members co-construct an eco system of CLAA to achieve the innovative mode of IoT sharing and co-building with “one network, sharing platform and multi businesses”. In this forum, Telchina showed its lighting products and systems which were based on LPWAN, and enjoyed wide attention.

des actively promoting the LoRa technology, from the 2nd half year of 2016, research center of Telchina is developing related products based on the cloud computing IoT platform and NB-IoT communication technology. Meanwhile, Telchina has been expanding a more in-depth cooperation with HUAWEI to jointly drive the industry application of NB-IoT in smart city, promote the rapid and healthy development of NB-IoT eco chain, and boost the IoT market promotion.

  • Telchina Smart Industry Group Co. Ltd.
  • Addr: 9/F, Building D Inhi Tech Square, No. 2008, Xinluo Ave., High-tech Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, China
  • Phone：86-531-81922777
  • Fax：86-531-81922788
  • Website：www.telchina.com.cn
  • Zip：250101

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Mercedes AMG G63 Rocket 900 Edition (2022) By Brabus

For decades, the label ‘BRABUS Rocket’ has meant both uncompromising power and next-level capabilities. With the BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition, we are expanding our Rocket product program by combining the performance of a track-ready supercar with the space and practicality of the Mercedes-Benz G-Class in signature BRABUS fashion. Based on the Mercedes-AMG G63, this sports SUV redefines the top-end of the BRABUS supercar catalogue.Equipped with a newly developed Widestar aerodynamic-enhancement concept, 24-inch aero-disc wheels, a valve-controlled sports exhaust system, an exceptional bespoke BRABUS Masterpiece interior andthe latest in cutting-edge performance courtesy of the 4.5 liter BRABUS 900 twin-turbocharged V8 engineproducing its namesake 662 kW / 900 hp, the BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition is ready for take-off.

Defining the bold looks of the brand new BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition is a tailor-made, newly developed variant of the signature BRABUS Widestar exterior concept. Designed not only to give the SUV its extra athletic appearance but also its hyperspace aerodynamics, this purpose-built design features a special, all-carbon front spoiler enhanced by custom side flaps which reinvents the car’s iconic face while reducing front-axle lift at its staggeringly high speeds which, in turn, results in immaculate handling stability. In the rear, an emphatically sporty, roof-mounted wing as well as a custom diffuser maximize the full aerodynamic potential of the all-new BRABUS 900.

Defined not only by its hallmark BRABUS paintwork in either “Signature Black” or “Stealth Gray”, this unique bodywork conversion is also characterized by its attention to detail. Carbon fiber trim elements around the fender flares on the front and rear axles accentuate the re-imagined Widestar exterior design. Matching its rocket ship flair are the restyled signature twin sidepipes framed by an exposed carbon trim with integrated ROCKET Launch Ambience Light for an extra sporty and extravagant appearance. Last but not least, the hallmark radiator grille with integrated RAM-AIR intakes, ROCKET Startup Glow and an illuminated ROCKET logo as well as our red signature stripes ensure the unmistakable BRABUS look.

Mercedes AMG G63 Rocket 900 Edition (2022) By Brabus

Ready for launch – Strap in and let the countdown begin. The BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition plays in a league of its own; it embodies the spirit of a modern supercar. It is the definitive combination of optimum power delivery and flawless durability. It is a spaceship – and rest assured, it does not just have spaceship looks. Under its full-carbon hood, the trademark 4.5-liter twin-turbo BRABUS 900 ROCKET V8 engine in combination with special high-performance turbochargers produces 662 kW / 900 hp and thus offers incredible power. With significantly increased displacement and 1,250 Nm of unrelenting torque transmitted via a nine-speed automatic transmission, this all-wheel drive super-sports SUV accelerates from 0 to 100 km / h in just 3.7 seconds. The top speed is electronically limited to 280 km / h.

Let the deep baritone of the twin-turbocharged V8 amaze you as you fly over the horizon. The newly developed BRABUS stainless-steel high-performance exhaust system with actively controlled valves and integrated ROCKET Launch Ambience Light ensures the proper acoustics and looks while further perfecting power delivery by reducing the exhaust backpressure. Active sound management enables the driver to switch between an exceedingly throaty V8 sound in ‘Sport’ mode and a subtle whisper in ‘Coming Home’ mode at the touch of button.

The exclusive design of the BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition is emphasized by 24-inch BRABUS Monoblock “PLATINUM EDITION” Z high-tech forged wheels, which, through the use of state-of-the-art manufacturing processes, offer a unique look as well as maximum strength. In line with the signature Rocket design language, the wheels are fitted with the BRABUS ROCKET 900 Aero Discs for enhanced aerodynamics and an extra thrilling appearance. Combined with the BRABUS RideControl suspension system specifically designed for this model, this power SUV is as agile as it is stunning, defined by limitless driving fun and ravening determination. The optimal high-performance tires are provided by BRABUS technology partners: Continental, Pirelli and Yokohama.

Fortune favors the bold – as indicative by the red framed rear badge; our master artisans developed a bespoke, fully hand-crafted BRABUS Masterpiece interior specifically for this brand new model to match its sporty, vigorous appearance as well as its uncompromising performance. Refined down the last detail, the black leather design impresses with its immaculate finish, complete with crest-shaped quilting applied through pinpoint precision on the seats, trim elements and the footwells, which are likewise upholstered in the finest leather. Highly precise, colored decorative topstitching adds intriguing contrast. Unique for the variant painted “Stealth Gray,” these and all the controls feature a finish matching the vehicle color. The topstitching in the BRABUS 900 ROCKET Edition in “Signature Black” features red yarns. All 216 cockpit elements from switches to speaker covers and air vents as well as all trim and handles feature the signature “ROCKET RED” glazing so you can feel truly at home on your way through the stratosphere.

The high-gloss carbon trim in the cabin emphasizes the extra sporty flair of this special model – as do the aluminum pedals and door lock pins, as well as the stainless-steel scuff plates complete with backlit BRABUS logo, which can change color in sync with the ambient lighting. In the rear, two bucket seats with numerous comfort functions such as multi-contour adjustment, memory and integrated seat ventilation as well as heating replace the standard bench seats, rounding off the spaceship feeling of the BRABUS 900 Rocket Edition. Of course, every buyer of a BRABUS 900 ROCKET EDITION can configure their supercar individually in every detail, which naturally also includes the color scheme of the bodywork and the interior.

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Glenn Flear

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Glenn Flear
Flear Glenn.jpg
Glenn Flear, 2006
Full nameGlenn Curtis Flear
Born (1959-02-12) 12 February 1959 (age 63)
Leicester, England
TitleGrandmaster (1987)
FIDE rating2422 (August 2022)
Peak rating2555 (July 1999)

Glenn Curtis Flear (born 12 February 1959 in Leicester, England) is a British chess grandmaster now living in Montpellier, France. He is the author of several books, some on chess openings and some on the endgame.

He was awarded the International Master title in 1983 and Grandmaster title in 1987.

Flear created one of the greatest-ever chess tournament upsets when, as a last minute substitute, he won the very strong London 1986 event (ahead of Chandler, Short, Nunn, Ribli, Polugaevsky, Portisch, Spassky, Vaganian, Speelman, and Larsen, amongst others). To round off the happy occasion, he married five-time French Women's Champion Christine Leroy during the event. They have two sons, James and Nathan.

He also represented England at the 1986 Dubai Olympiad (earning a team silver medal) and at the European Team Chess Championship at Plovdiv in 2003.

Selected writings[edit]

  • Improve Your Endgame Play, 2000, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-246-6.
  • Open Ruy Lopez, 2000, Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1857442618.
  • Mastering the Endgame, 2001, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-233-4.
  • Test Your Endgame Thinking, 2002, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-305-5.
  • The ...a6 Slav: The Tricky and Dynamic Lines with...a6. 2005, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1857443209.
  • Starting Out: Pawn Endings, 2004, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-362-4.
  • Starting Out: Slav & Semi-Slav, 2005, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1857443934.
  • Practical Endgame Play – Beyond the Basics: the Definitive Guide to the Endgames that Really Matter, 2007, Everyman Chess. ISBN 978-1-85744-555-8
  • Starting Out: Open Games, 2010, Everyman Chess. ISBN 1857446305.
  • Tactimania: Find the Winning Combination, 2011, Quality Chess. ISBN 1-90655-298-3.

External links[edit]


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Retirement community

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(Redirected from Retirement communities)
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Spring Harbor Retirement Community in Columbus, Georgia in the United States

A retirement community is a residential community or housing complex designed for older adults who are generally able to care for themselves; however, assistance from home care agencies is allowed in some communities, and activities and socialization opportunities are often provided.[1] Some of the characteristics typically are: the community must be age-restricted or age-qualified,[2] residents must be partially or fully retired, and the community offers shared services or amenities.[2]

There are various types of retirement communities older adults can choose from, and new types of retirement communities are being developed as the population ages. Examples of retirement community types include:

  • Assisted Living Communities, also known as Assisted Living and Memory Care assisted living communities, which provide all the daily services seniors need in an apartment or condominium style environment - such as activities, dining, housekeeping, nursing, and wellness - usually in a locked and secured building.
  • Congregate housing, which includes at least one shared meal per day with other residents.[3]
  • Continuing Care Retirement Communities, which are further defined below.[4]
  • Elder/Senior cohousing
  • Independent senior living communities, also known as Independent Living Communities, which offer no personal care services.[5]
  • Leisure or lifestyle oriented communities or LORCs, which include various amenities.[4]
  • Mobile homes or RV's for active adults.[5]
  • Subsidized housing for lower income older adults.[3]

Retirement communities are often built in warm climates, and are common in Arizona, California, Florida, and Texas, but they are increasingly being built in and around major cities throughout the United States. The oldest known and longest continuously running retirement community in the United States is Ryderwood, Washington. Ryderwood was originally established in 1923 as a Long-Bell logging camp, then was sold to Senior Estates, Inc. in 1953 to create a retirement community.[6] Senior Estates, Inc. converted the town into a retirement community. Time Magazine covered the event in the Real Estate section with the article "Old Folks at Home[7]". As of 2019, Ryderwood remains a retirement community. Del Webb opened Sun City, Arizona, with the active adult concept, in 1960.[8] In 2011, The Villages, Florida became the largest of these communities.[9] While new retirement communities have developed in various areas of the United States, they are largely marketed to older adults who are financially secure. Lower income retirement communities are rare except for government subsidized housing, which neglects a large proportion of older adults who have fewer financial resources.[10]

Retirement communities have been around since the 1920s and 1930s.[11]

Continuing Care Retirement Communities[edit]

The term Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) is the primary term for a major part of the retirement scene, in books, magazines, accreditation and legislation, in parallel with the categorization just presented. A typical definition, from a New York Department of Health website [12] is "Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs) and fee-for-service continuing care retirement communities (FFSCCRCs) are residential alternatives for adults that offer, under one contract,[13] an independent living unit (an apartment or cottage), residential amenities and access to a continuum of long-term care services, as residents' health and social needs change over time." The accrediting agency CCRC/CARF [1] uses the term CCRC with the same meaning.

In 2010, over 2,000 CCRCs existed in the United States with an estimated 640,000 residents. The popularity of CCRCs is increasing, as the number of older adults in such retirement communities has more than doubled during the last decade.[14] The primary benefit of the CCRC model is that it allows people to age in one community even if they need additional healthcare services with time.[15] Additionally, CCRCs embody a general sense of community and offer peace of mind for couples with the assurance that they will always be near each other, even if one spouse needs more care.

There are three levels of care in most CCRCs, where as residents' health needs increase, they will transition from one level to the next. The levels are:

  1. Independent living, in which residents live on their own and have access to a wide array of amenities
  2. Assisted living, which provides help with daily tasks such as bathing and dressing
  3. 24-hour nursing home-style care.

Most CCRCs include an entrance fee and a monthly fee, and these costs vary widely depending on several factors: the luxuriousness of the facility, the size and type of housing unit, whether the person enters alone or with a spouse, and how much future care is covered (this could be through insurance, government plans, or out of pocket). Fees tend to be expensive and usually do not include additional services such as phone and television. Additionally, residents should plan on a 3-6% increase in monthly fees each year.

CCRC's usually offer various payment plans, which are listed below:[16]

  1. Life care: Residents pay a large entrance fee (average $270,000) and pay a set monthly fee (average $2,750) that does not increase if additional healthcare is needed
  2. Modified: Residents pay a lower entrance fee (average $239,000) and their initial monthly fees (average $2,400) cover a certain amount of higher-level care. The monthly fees rise when further care is needed (assisted living average $4,400; nursing care average $8,200).
  3. Pay as you go: Residents pay a lower entrance fee (average $238,000), but initial monthly fees (average $2,000) increase when additional care is needed (assisted living average $4,300; nursing care average $7,700)

One risk of entering a CCRC is that most will refund only a portion or none of the entrance fee if a resident chooses to leave the community. The same refund policies exist when a resident passes away. Persons considering moving into a CCRC may wish to research existing CCRCs before committing to one.[17]

Elder/Senior cohousing[edit]

Elder cohousing, also known as senior cohousing, is a living arrangement in which multiple individually owned housing units are oriented around a common open area and a common house. Residents actively cooperate to live in a neighborhood characterized by socialization and mutual support.[18] The idea for elder cohousing originated in Denmark, where intergenerational cohousing was successfully implemented; intergenerational housing communities are planned, owned, and managed by the residents, who all share in many daily activities together.[19] This idea spun off the idea of an age-specific cohousing model for active elders, in which community designs permit easy access for all levels of physical ability. There may also be options to include studio residencies in the common house to provide living quarters for home health aids, whose services may be shared by several residents.[20]

To be considered a "cohousing community" the following six defining characteristics must be present:[21]

  1. Participatory process – the future residents participate in the design so that it meets their needs,
  2. Neighborhood design – the physical layout and orientation of the buildings encourage a sense of community,
  3. Common facilities,
  4. Resident Management,
  5. Non-hierarchical structure and decision making,
  6. No shared community economy,

Age requirements[edit]

At least 80% of the units in the community must include an individual aged 55 or older, to meet the age requirements to qualify as "senior housing".[22]

As previously stated, the cohousing living model was first observed in Denmark. There, the communities are known as bofoellesskaber, which translates to "living communities".[23] K. McCamant and C. Durrett coined the term "cohousing", and launched it in the United States in the 1970s.[24] Since its introduction to the U.S. intergenerational cohousing communities have been developed in at least 21 states.[25]

Niche retirement communities in the United States[edit]

Niche retirement communities target retirees who "share a common interest, hobby or trait".[26] By 2011, niche retirement communities or "niche senior communities' - known as "'affinity' retirement communities" by industry professionals - [27] had become "one of the biggest trends in retirement living."[26] These communities attract those over 55 who want to be in communities of like-minded individuals from the same ethnic background (for example, Aegis Living for Asian-Americans in Fremont, California or first-generation Indian immigrants (55-and-over) in Tavares, Florida, in the Greater Orlando area, Lake County, Florida), sexual orientation (RainbowVision in Santa Fe, New Mexico, or for those who share an interest such as academia and lifelong learning (in dozens of university-based retirement communities (UBRC) for example at Eckerd College, Holy Cross Village at Notre Dame, Indiana), Penn State University, Stanford University, University of Florida, creative expression and artists (for example the Burbank Senior Artists Colony, the Long Beach Senior Arts Colony, Meta Housing and EngAGE in California[28]), astronomers, golf, RV aficionados (Escapees CARE center in Livingston, Texas)s, veterans, vegetarians, fans of Big 10 football games and country music (Nashville, Tenn)."[26][27][29]

In the United States alone there are approximately 80 million people who were born between 1946 and 1964 - the baby boomers - who control about $25 trillion in wealth.[29] By 2011 there were already over 100 niche communities.[27][30]

Andrew Carle, founding director of the Program in Senior Housing Administration at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia observed that the baby boomers " ... set the record for embracing fad products, and that'll likely translate over into the niche retirement community as well ... targeted toward people with specific interests and backgrounds, from Big 10 football games and country music to gay-friendly lifestyles."[26][29]

In Florida alone there are niche retirement communities for Polk County retired letter carriers (which was union-built); for car buffs and RVers, such as Lake Weir Preserve in Marion County; for first-generation Indian immigrants (55-and-over) in Tavares, in the Greater Orlando area, Lake County, Florida. The Villages, in Sumter County, Florida- Florida's most well-known and fastest-growing retirement community development[31][32] is the state's "biggest example of a culturally and ethnically homogeneous retirement community"[30] with a 98.4% white population.[33] The Villages, a gated community with low crime rates,[34] offers "free golf for life" on their executive golf courses.[35]

Colleges have created options for retired alumni who enjoy campus life, for example, at the University of Florida in Gainesville and Eckerd College in St. Petersburg's College Harbor Retirement Community, with its Academy of Senior Professionals.[30]

There are downsides to living in niche retirement communities.[26] According to research by Harvard Law professor Cass Sunstein, "[p]eople who surround themselves by like-minded people are more likely to become more extreme in their views.[26][36] Sunstein observed increasing polarization in the United States in "ideologically-homogeneous communities" where groups composed of exclusively like-minded people isolate themselves from the wider, mainstream community and have limited exposure to alternative viewpoints.[36] Carle also noted that residents in affinity communities can get burnt out with their life centered around what was once a favorite hobby.[26]

LGBT retirement communities in the United States[edit]

Currently, there are over 3 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons over the age of 65 in the United States, and this number is estimated to rise to 4 million by the year 2020. LGBT elders face many additional issues concerning their future retirement plans and their choice of a retirement residence. Approximately two-thirds do not have children, and up to one-half live alone, so LGBT persons may have a lack of support in their retirement years.[37] Since LGBT couples are often not legally recognized, spouses are often excluded in late-life decisions, inheritance claims, and spousal pension and social security plans.[38] Several healthcare concerns exist for older LGBT adults, including increased incidence of illness and disease, lack of disclosure about sexual orientation to health providers, and lack of support for individual needs. And LGBT persons have increasing concern about discrimination as they age and fear that most retirement communities do not recognize the special needs of LGBT elders or offer supportive services;[39] one study found that LGBT persons are least likely to choose a retirement community as a residence due to fears of unmet needs and heterosexism that occurs in many retirement communities.[40]

Naturally occurring retirement communities[edit]

The NORC model allows people to retire in their existing homes and encourages communities of seniors to band together to provide mutual assistance.[41] NORCs can be very effective mechanisms to identify populations of people who need government-provided services and then provide those services in cost-effective ways. They may serve people of all income levels, e.g., those who get together to furnish cost-effective transportation services; they may involve low-income residents receiving a richer mix of public services through a NORC model; or they may serve relatively affluent households and charge $1,000 or even more in annual dues to support staffers who provide a rich variety of support services and cultural enrichment activities.[42]

"Seven focus groups were conducted to examine leisure perceptions of 44 Anglo women, age 64 and older, living in retirement communities. Participants reported extensive involvement in numerous activities throughout their lives. Their comprehension of recreation and leisure mirrored many of the traditional definitions. Recreation was viewed as refreshment, renewal, and reward for work. Some described feelings of guilt when idle. Others characterized recreation as activity requiring effort. Overall, the women believed that recreation was a positive experience. Leisure was perceived as freedom from purpose and demands. Most also perceived leisure to be activity and positive."[43] There are many forms of recreation within each retirement community:[44]

  • Bingo
  • Outdoor parties
  • Live music
  • Dancing
  • Yoga
  • Walking
  • Aerobics
  • Strength Training
  • Sports
  • Talent shows
  • Game nights
  • Movie nights
  • Book club
  • Arts and Crafts

Recreation Therapy:

"As per the American Therapeutic Recreation Association, recreation therapy can be defined as 'a systematic process that utilizes recreation and other activity-based interventions to address the assessed needs of individuals with illnesses and/or disabling conditions, as a means to psychological and physical health, recovery and well-being.'

In simple terms, a recreational therapist helps his patients take part in recreational activities that they enjoy. Recreational therapy has been shown to improve cognitive skills, social interactions and reduce depression in seniors living in several senior cares and assisted living facilities across the country."[45]

"Overall, recreational therapy is a tool that should be utilized by all seniors. This form of therapy allows seniors to socialize, stimulate their brains, and participate in activities that help build overall health and self-confidence."[46] Theraputic Recreation can add value to retirement communities in ways of achieving goals like no other program can. A certified therapeutic recreation specialist [47]undergoes extensive training on how to rehabilitate and help individuals in their perspective field. They achieve this through a series of different interventions complied from evidence based research such as:

  • Art Therapy
  • Music Therapy
  • Equine Therapy
  • Aqua Therapy
  • Cognitive- behavioral Therapy
  • Psychodynamic Therapy
  • Family Therapy

Best places to retire lists[edit]

Although the total number of retirement communities continues to increase as the elderly population continues similar growth, certain places, cities, and locations are considered higher rated than others. A number of publishers have created lists of the 100 best retirement communities or "100 best places (or towns) to retire".[48] For the most part these lists are helpful in terms of finding desirable communities to live in. The extent to which desirable amenities are "priced" in labor markets (lower wages in nice places) or housing markets (higher housing prices in nice places) will have a large impact on their appeal elderly retirees who no longer have to pay in the labor market.[49] Generally, the more amenities and services offered, the more you may expect to pay for retirement living in a senior community. Living in a highly desirable area where senior housing options are limited could also push up the final price tag[50]

Some non-U.S. retirement communities[edit]

In India, the traditional family system in which elders would be cared for by their children is still in vogue but a new generation of elders who value their independence has evolved. This has necessitated the development of retirement homes and communities in India. In response, one recent trend beginning to emerge in the Indian retirement industry is the "retirement resort": a long-term rental unit within a resort-like community that features many of the amenities of a traditional vacation resort.

United Kingdom[edit]

Retirement village in Ilkley, England

In the United Kingdom retirement villages have become increasingly prevalent; according to a BBC report of August 2009, there were approximately 25,000 people across the UK living within a retirement village model at that date.[55] Another growing trend, witnessed recently, is the emergence of Holiday Retirement Community Living.

Models vary, from local authority funded and charitable schemes such as Hartrigg Oaks in York, led by the Joseph Rowntree Trust,[56] to privately funded projects and retirement communities such as Audley Cooper's Hill in Englefield Green by Audley Villages, Roseland Parc in Cornwall by Retirement Villages Ltd, Fleet house retirement village in Devon, and Boughton Hall in Chester.

The ExtraCare Charitable Trust operates 14 retirement villages across the UK. Founded in 1988, ExtraCare has collaborated with numerous universities to develop their services.[57][58] Research projects have included working with local nurseries to bring groups of children into retirement villages, as documented on the Channel 4 series Old People’s Home For 4 Year Olds.[59][60][61]

An umbrella organisation called the Associated Retirement Community Operators works to collaborate thinking and best practice in the retirement homes market.[62]

A study of 2,799 residents from 81 retirement communities run by 15 operators, compared with 1000 people considering moving into a community carried out in 2019 found that community residents stayed healthier for longer, were more active, less lonely and felt more secure.[63]

In popular culture[edit]

  • In the HBO series The Sopranos, Tony Soprano, Paulie Gualtieri, and several other Mafiosi move their mothers to Green Grove, an upscale retirement community in New Jersey, which figures prominently in the plot lines of several seasons.[64] In multiple episodes, characters correct those who refer to Green Grove as a nursing home, advising that it is a "retirement community".[65] Additionally, Junior Soprano seems sharp and gets up to his old tricks while incarcerated at an upscale residence, where he undergoes court-ordered evaluation and which stay is financed by Tony, but in season 6 Junior is moved to a downscale government-run home, and his mental condition has shown to have considerably worsened.[66][67]
  • The British sitcom Waiting for God is set at the fictional Bayview Retirement Home (more accurately a retirement village, with a main house and separate living areas for residents), with the main characters being home's residents, their families, and the home's staff.

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External links[edit]