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News Health

A boom in hepatitis C

Others at risk

In addition to baby boomers, other people are also at increased risk for hepatitis C. They include:

•Anyone who received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992.

•Anyone who used intravenous drugs, even once.

•Anyone who received a piercing or tattoo using unsterile equipment.

•Anyone who has HIV.

•Anyone who works in health care and has been exposed to infected blood.

•Anyone who was born to a woman with a hepatitis C infection.

•Anyone who has had unprotected sex with multiple partners.

Protect yourself from hepatitis C infection by taking the following precautions:

•Avoid using intravenous drugs or sharing needles.

•If you get tattoos or body piercings, ensure the environment and tools are clean and sterile.

•Avoid unprotected sex with multiple partners or with any partner whose health status is uncertain.

— J.B.

Know your ABCs

Hepatitis A, B and C are all contagious viruses that can cause liver disease. Here’s how they differ:

Hepatitis A

How is it spread? By either direct contact with an infected person’s feces or by indirect fecal contamination of food or water.

How long does it last? Infection can range in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a severe illness lasting several months.

Is it curable? Yes. Patients usually improve without treatment and the virus is not chronic.

Is a vaccine available? Yes.

Hepatitis B

How is it spread? By contact with an infected person’s blood or body fluids. It may also be passed from mother to child during birth.

How long does it last? Infection can range in severity from a short, mild illness to a serious, lifelong illness.

Is it curable? No, the virus remains in your body.

Is a vaccine available? Yes.

Hepatitis C

How is it spread? By contact with an infected person’s blood. It may also be passed from mother to child during birth.

How long does it last? Without treatment, it can progress in severity over decades and cause severe liver damage, liver failure or liver cancer.

Is it curable? Yes, in some cases.

Is a vaccine available? No. — J.B.

5 million

Approximate number of Americans who have hepatitis C.

Number of U.S. deaths per year at least partly caused by hepatitis C.

of American boomers who do not consider themselves at risk for the disease.

The baby boomer generation is associated with a number of notable events, including the advent of the Beatles, the civil rights movement and the first moon landing. Now, medical experts are adding hepatitis C infections to that list.

Recently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended that everyone born from 1945 through 1965 have a one-time screening for hepatitis C virus, a serious liver disease that is spread through direct contact with infected blood. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to serious and life-threatening liver problems and is the leading cause of liver damage, cirrhosis or scarring of the liver tissue, liver failure or liver cancer. It is the most common reason for liver transplants, and responsible for about 15,000 deaths annually in the U.S.

According to the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), 82 percent of the nearly 5 million Americans with hepatitis C are baby boomers. Moreover, 75 percent of those infected are unaware that they have the virus.

Why is the prevalence so high among baby boomers?

“The epidemic really took place in the United States during the 1960s and ’70s. The population born between 1945 and 1965 was receiving untested blood transfusions, going to Vietnam, using IV drugs, having multiple sex partners and they were inadvertently infected with hepatitis C,” explained Dr. Paul Pockros, head of gastroenterology/hematology at Scripps Clinic. “The number of new infections started to decline in the 1990s, when blood began to be tested.”

Though medical experts have long known that baby boomers are more likely to have hepatitis C, the conventional screening tactics have not been effective.

“The current screening method of asking patients if they’ve ever used IV drugs or had a blood transfusion wasn’t working,” said Pockros, noting that many primary care physicians weren’t asking the questions or testing those patients who should have been tested. ”So we knew roughly 75 to 80 percent of the infected population was not being screened.”

The new blanket screening guidelines resulted from several factors. It is much more cost-effective to proactively screen all patients and treat those who are infected than to treat them for serious liver disease later; treatment for liver disease patients can cost between $60,000 to $100,000 per year. Additionally, researchers previously believed that only 20 percent of infected baby boomers would develop cirrhosis of the liver. However, because many boomers have been infected for decades and liver damage from hepatitis C worsens over time, that number is now proving to be much higher.

Compared with the current method of screening, age-based screening could identify more than 800,000 additional cases of chronic hepatitis C and, when followed by treatment, could reduce total deaths by 121,000.

Hepatitis C is often referred to as a “silent killer” because it frequently goes undetected, progressing without symptoms for decades until the liver is severely damaged. Up to 70 percent of newly infected patients have no symptoms; others may have very mild, general symptoms such as fever, fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, dark urine or jaundice. Because many patients with these vague symptoms are unlikely to seek medical care, they don’t know they are at risk for chronic liver disease. Moreover, they may spread the virus to others for decades after contracting it.

That’s why screening is so important, especially for baby boomers and others at increased risk. Through a simple blood test, your doctor can determine whether you have the hepatitis C virus, measure the amount of virus in your blood, and establish treatment options. If you test positive, your doctor also may recommend a liver biopsy to evaluate the extent of any liver damage and make further treatment decisions.

While biopsy is still the standard to determine the extent of damage and make treatment decisions, it may not be necessary in the future.

“We’re doing liver biopsy because therapy is less than ideal right now and we’re deciding who needs to be treated and who doesn’t,” Pockros said. “As therapy improves we’ll stop doing biopsies altogether and just treat everybody.”

Approximately 15 percent to 25 percent of persons diagnosed with hepatitis C clear the virus from their bodies without treatment.

“These are the people who actually self-cure because they have a genetic predisposition to clear the virus with their robust immune response,” said Dr. Robert Gish, chief of hematology at UC San Diego Health System. “This is the main factor in whether it becomes chronic. If you have HIV, or have had an organ transplant, or are immune-suppressed, the risk for chronicity is much higher.”

The majority of hepatitis C patients who need treatment are treated with antiviral medications that work to clear the virus from the body. Often, patients take a combination of medications for up to 48 weeks. However, some of these medications, such as interferon injections, can cause depression and flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, fever and headache. Should these side effects become intolerable, treatment may be stopped. Patients who can’t tolerate treatment must make very healthy lifestyle decisions, such as avoiding alcohol, marijuana and drugs that can harm the liver, Gish said.

Moreover, even after a person is treated for hepatitis C, they can become reinfected. There are at least six different genotypes or genetic forms of the virus, and more than 50 subtypes. The virus can mutate and replicate very quickly, which may explain how it becomes chronic. This makes both treatment and the development of a vaccine very challenging.

“Hepatitis C is curable in the sense that the virus can be eliminated from the body completely in some patients with the right treatment. Not everybody right now is getting cured,” Gish said. “The good news is, with the new drugs coming out, therapy will be changed from injectable therapy with a lot of pills to pills only, and instead of 48 weeks of treatment for most patients, the duration might drop as low as 12 weeks quite soon. The cure rate will go much, much higher in the next five years.”

Gish expects the next phase of new drug treatment to reach the market in late 2014 or early 2015.

“There are currently 40 to 50 drugs in development, and as therapies improve we are going to be able to cure the majority of patients without interferon-based therapy,” Pockros said. “We’ll likely treat everybody, because you’d rather not be infected than be infected. So it will become much more compelling to identify this population now than in prior years.”

Mary S., who asked that her last name not be published for privacy reasons, is currently undergoing hepatitis C treatment. Diagnosed by her primary care doctor after routine blood tests indicated that her liver enzymes were elevated, Mary believes she contracted the virus from a past roommate who worked in health care and was exposed to a great deal of blood.

Mary is now completing a 12-month treatment regimen of oral antivirals and interferon injections. Though she has experienced a number of side effects including flu symptoms, rash, fatigue, thinning hair and anemia, she says they’re “not that bad.” The 56-year-old has continued to work throughout her treatment and recently ran a 5K.

Mary stresses the importance of testing, and wants to eliminate the stigma associated with the virus. “Anyone can have hepatitis C. You can get it from helping a kid with a scraped knee,” she says. “Absolutely get tested. I lost somebody very close who did not know they had it and didn’t have treatment. It was horrible, and it doesn’t have to end that way.”

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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California, Japan advance in Little League WS

Grant Holman almost gave away a crucial victory with his arm, then took it back with his bat.

After being victimized for a three-run homer that put his Chula Vista, Calif., team in a hole on Wednesday night, the tall right-hander hit a three-run homer in the top of the ninth, and California rallied for a 6-3 victory over New England champion Westport, Conn., to earn a berth in the U.S. championship game at the Little League World Series.

"All I wanted to do was hit it hard," Holman said, his right arm in ice after a 10-strikeout performance and winning reliever Rennard Williams smiling at his side.

Micah Pietila-Wiggs laced a one-out single to left, his third hit of the game, to start the ninth and Jake Espinoza followed with a double to right-center before Holman connected off reliever Alex Reiner.

Chula Vista's bullpen came up big, shutting down Westport over the final five innings.

"It was fabulous," Chula Vista manager Rick Tibbett said about his relief corps. "That's what they do."

Matt Brown hit a three-run homer in the bottom of the fourth for Connecticut, and the Northeast champions seemed headed for a big victory.

But California shortstop Nick Mora hit his second homer of the game to make it 3-2 with one out in the top of the sixth and Chula Vista tied it when Reiner threw a wild pitch with the bases loaded.

The victory snapped Connecticut's 20-game winning streak.

"It's disappointing, of course, to lose," Westport manager Tim Rogers said. "It's painful to be so close to winning and lose. Obviously, they're a very talented team. There's no holes in their lineup whatsoever. We'll play tomorrow."

Westport plays Northwest champion Sammamish, Wash., on Thursday. Sammamish (3-1) moved on to the matchup in the U.S. bracket by eliminating Nashville, Tenn., 6-5 on Tuesday. Westport was coming off a 9-7 victory over Sammamish on Sunday.

Holman pitched 3 2-3 strong innings. Chasing his second no-hitter of the World Series, Holman had struck out nine - including the first six batters he faced, swinging - and was cruising when Max Popken drew a leadoff walk to start the fourth. Harry Azadian broke up Holman's no-hit bid with a single to right field and Brown then homered.

The big bats of Tijuana, Mexico, were silenced by Tokyo, Japan, in the first game Wednesday.

When Brandon Montes crushed a home run off Japan starter Kazuki Ishida, the big bats of Mexico seemed ready to rumble again.

"I definitely felt chills," Ishida said. "But I made sure to keep my composure and keep on throwing."

And hitting.

Taken out after three innings with an eye on a future game, Ishida slammed a tie-breaking home run in the bottom of the fifth inning and unbeaten Tokyo rallied past powerful Tijuana 5-2 on Wednesday to earn a berth in the international championship game at the Little League World Series.

Westport, Conn., faced powerful Chula Vista, Calif., under the lights in Wednesday's other game in the double-elimination tournament.

Ishida's blast came off Tijuana starter Ramon Mendoza. Kouyou Mizushima followed with an RBI single and pinch-hitter Kyousuke Kobayashi capped the winning rally for Japan (3-0) with an RBI double off the left-center field wall.

"I'm glad that we won. Everybody's starting to get their groove back," said Seiya Nishino, whose pinch-hit home run tied it at 2 in the fourth.

Mexico (2-1) still has a shot. It will play Aguadulce, Panama, on Thursday in a rematch. Mendoza hit two of Tijuana's five home runs in a 13-0 four-inning win over Panama on Sunday in the winners' bracket. That game was stopped because of Little League's 10-run rule, the second time Mexico had done that in the World Series.

Not on this day, though.

Ishida and winning reliever Ryutarro Takeo kept the Mexican players off-balance with a variety of off-speed pitches, never allowing the Tijuana offense to get untracked. Mexico, which also beat Perth, Australia, 12-0 in 4 innings last week, managed just five hits against Japan.

"They handle their pitchers well," Tijuana manager Francisco Fimbres said. "They paint the corners, a lot of breaking balls down low. I'll have to congratulate Japan's pitchers. The first two games we hit great. It might have been a little bit of nervousness with the importance of the game."

Mexico took a 1-0 lead in the top of the second. Axcel Mandujano reached on an error by third baseman Shunpei Takagi, who bobbled Mandujano's bouncer and threw wide of first as the Mexican player ducked under the tag.

The call stood as ruled after a challenge by Japan, and after Jorge Romero bounced into a fielder's choice, eliminating pinch-runner Luis Manzo, left-handed hitting shortstop Jorge Rodriguez doubled down the left-field line over the outstretched glove of Kobayashi to score Romero from first.

Japan evened the score in the bottom of the second. Kouyou Mizushima had a hustling double to right center and scored on a two-out single up the middle by Ryusei Hirooka.

Montes, who homered on the fifth pitch of the game in Mexico's rout of Panama, struck again in the top of the third. He slammed an 0-1 delivery well over the fence in left-center for a 2-1 lead.

Mendoza got out of a big jam in the bottom of the inning as his pitch count mounted. He walked Ishida to start the inning and Sho Miyao followed with an infield single that caromed off Mendoza's glove. That gave Japan two men on and nobody out, but first baseman Jorge Rodriguez robbed Shunpei Takagi with a beautiful stop behind the bag as the runners moved into scoring position and Mendoza induced two weak popups to escape.

Mendoza ran out of luck in the bottom of the fourth when Nishino crushed a 1-0 pitch far over the fence in center to tie it again.

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune

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Ex-FCC official joins S.D. wireless health institute

The former director of digital health care for the Federal Communications Commission, Dr. Mohit Kaushal, has joined the West Wireless Health Institute as executive vice president of business development and chief strategy officer.

At the San Diego nonprofit organization, Kaushal will work on initiatives that advance the institute’s goals of lowering health care costs and speeding the delivery of wireless medical devices to patients, the institute said.

“Dr. Kaushal is a globally renowned authority working at the intersection of wireless technology and clinical practice,” said Gary West, the founder and chairman of the institute.

At the FCC, Kaushal oversaw the health-care chapter of the agency’s National Broadband Plan. He also worked with the Food and Drug Administration on streamlining the regulation of wireless medical devices.

Kaushal is an emergency room physician who holds a master’s degree in business administration. Before joining the FCC, he worked as a life sciences investment adviser.

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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PADRES: Luebke gets guaranteed $12 million through 2015

PEORIA, Ariz. ---- Even with the future of the team's ownership unclear, the Padres locked up another young player on Friday night when Cory Luebke signed a contract extension through at least the 2015 season.

The pitcher is the third Padres player to sign an extension in a tumultuous month in which Jeff Moorad withdrew his application to buy the club and then stepped down as the team's CEO to make room for majority owner John Moores to re-assume power.

The deal, which could be worth $27.75 million if club options for 2016 and 2017 are exercised, guarantees Luebke $12 million and potentially buys out his first year of free agency. Luebke was 6-10 with a 3.29 ERA in 46 games, including 17 starts. The deal includes a $500,000 signing bonus and has buyouts of $1.75 million for 2016 and $250,000 for 2017.

Luebke struck out 154 batters in 139 2/3 innings and figures to be the No. 2 starter in the Padres' rotation this season. Including the deals for Cameron Maybin and Nick Hundley, the Padres have committed $46 million in future contracts this month with another $28.75 million available in options.

"It's a good statement," general manager Josh Byrnes said. "We've tried to emphasize business as usual. This is a topic we've had, but it was obviously the third of these contracts this spring.

"Obviously, John Moores approved all these expenditures. From an organizational standpoint, these are good decisions. We know there's risk, but we feel like there's a real benefit to these, too."

Byrnes said negotiations between himself and Luebke's agent, Barry Meister, picked up in the middle of the week. The Padres informed Luebke they were interested in keeping him for the next five years about three weeks ago. Luebke said he's glad he no longer has to pitch with the distraction of a potential deal.

"This has swept me off my feet a little these last three weeks," Luebke said. "I tried to wrap my head around it. It was kind of a whirlwind."

The Padres feel good things are on the way for Luebke. Padres manager Bud Black and pitching coach Darren Balsley have worked closely with Luebke to further develop his changeup and curveball this season to complement his fastball and slider.

In his last start, Luebke said he has never felt more comfortable with his changeup, after he had induced four or five outs with it when he was behind in the count. Luebke was a supplemental first-round choice of the Padres in 2007 when they selected him No. 63 overall.

"Cory has been a little bit of a late bloomer," Byrnes said. "He did very well in the bullpen and adapted very well to the rotation. (With) the things we've asked him this spring (change and curve), he's a guy who seems to be getting better and better. As good as 2011 was, we feel like he has more weapons now."

Earlier this month, Maybin received a five-year deal worth at least $25 million with a $9 million option for 2017. Hundley later received a three-year deal worth $9 million with a $5 million option for 2015.

"These guys we view as very good players, core players and now we have a chance to keep them beyond the six years," Byrnes said.

Padres notes

2B Orlando Hudson (groin strain) plans to play seven or eight innings on Saturday after he went 0-for-2 with a run and a walk in Friday's 8-7 win over the San Francisco Giants. Hudson was tested immediately and responded well as he scored from first base on OF Kyle Blanks ' first-inning double. "It always happens like that," Hudson said. "I'm up to game speed now. We have got a few more days left." ... Blanks, who made his first start since March 18, went 3-for-4 with a run and an RBI. ... RHP Dustin Moseley allowed seven runs (only four earned) and nine hits in five innings. ... C Nick Hundley went 3-for-4 with two doubles and two RBIs. ... OF Jeremy Hermida hit a two-run homer in the bottom of the eighth inning to give the Padres the lead.

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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Political philanthropy of landlord questioned

A wealthy landlord who’s played an integral role in Chula Vista elections for the past four years spent tens of thousands of dollars on candidates in Tuesday’s primary election.

Earl Jentz, who shies away from public speaking and interviews, has bankrolled three propositions and multiple candidates since 2006. In all, he has spent about $1 million to maintain what he says is the local “quality of life.”

In the most recent campaign, Jentz, 67, and his wife, Karen, spent about $50,000 each on city attorney candidate Robert Faigin and City Council candidate Patricia Aguilar and to a lesser degree mayoral candidate Steve Castaneda, who is a councilman.

Faigin ran against Glen Googins for the city attorney position, and Aguilar competed against Humberto Peraza, Gill Galvez and Larry Breitfelder for City Council Seat Two. Castaneda challenged Mayor Cheryl Cox and Jorge Dominguez.

More than $80,000 was spent through a recently formed political action committee called San Diego Citizens for Representative Government.

Candidates running against those on the financial receiving end of Jentz’s philanthropy complain that he is the equivalent of a special interest.

Googins and Galvez, for example, both complained about the extent of his financial reach.

“I’m the only candidate in the race for Chula Vista City Council that has not had an independent expenditure funding my race,” she said in an e-mail message.

Googins said Jentz was trying to buy the city attorney’s office.

“Most people are completely unaware of the extent of his influence,” Googins said.

Individual contribution limits in Chula Vista are $300 each or $600 per couple. Independent expenditures have no limits.

Jentz is not the only one making large independent expenditures. The Lincoln Club, political parties, union organizations and large businesses routinely spend high levels of cash on their candidates of choice.

Jentz has previously supplied most if not all of the funding for recent ballot initiatives that went before Chula Vista voters, including elected city attorney, height limits and eminent-domain restrictions. All but the height limits passed.

“It was a lot of work and it was expensive to give the people a voice in how their city is run,” Jentz said in a statement.

Jentz, who was a chemical engineer before moving to California, has sued the city a number of times, mostly over land-use and public records matters. The city has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars defending the lawsuits. He owns about 49 rental properties in the city.

John Moot, a former city councilman and private attorney supporting Googins, said Jentz’s financial support differs from interests such as the Lincoln Club, union organizations or political parties.

“Here we have one person with a direct landholding interest that is interjecting himself at and above what the parties are contributing,” Moot said.

Jentz said he is standing up for Chula Vista.

“My family and I have been fortunate to live in such a beautiful area,” he said. “We want to maintain the quality of life here. It takes people who are willing to stand up and take on the special interests to make that possible.”

Unlike the race for mayor and City Council, which is headed to a runoff in November, the city attorney’s race was decided on Tuesday because there are only two candidates.

The new elected city attorney will earn $202,739 annually.

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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Regime clamps down in Damascus for anniversary

Syrian authorities on Friday beefed up security measures in Damascus as rebels fighting to topple President Bashar Assad urged supporters to mark the second anniversary of the country's uprising by stepping up attacks against the regime.

The revolt against Assad's authoritarian rule began in March 2011 with protests in the southern city of Daraa, after troops arrested teenagers who scrawled anti-regime graffiti on a wall. It has since morphed into a civil war with an estimated 70,000 people killed, according to the U.N.

On Friday, some rebels called for stepped-up attacks to mark the anniversary. The banned Islamist Muslim Brotherhood group urged supporters for a "week of action" on the occasion but didn't specify what it would do.

A Damascus-based activist who identified himself as Abu Qais said troops increased patrols and security searches in the country's capital. He spoke on condition his real name not be used for security concerns.

Meanwhile, in neighboring Lebanon, gunmen set fire to three fuel tankers with Syrian license plates to prevent them from crossing into Syria, the state-run National News Agency said.

The Lebanese agency said the incident occurred in the northern city of Tripoli, and that the tankers were carrying fuel when they were stopped by the protesters and later set on fire. No casualties were reported.

Protesters have in the past closed roads to keep tankers from crossing into Syria, where there are severe gasoline and diesel shortages. They claim diesel exported to Syria is being used by regime tanks.

Many among Lebanon's Sunni Muslims have backed Syria's mainly Sunni rebel forces, in which radical Islamists have become increasingly active. Lebanese Shiite Muslims, including the militant Hezbollah group, have leaned toward Assad, whose tiny Alawite sect is an offshoot of Shiite Islam.

Separately, the Syrian Foreign Ministry complained in a letter sent to the Lebanese government on Thursday that armed groups have tried to infiltrate Syria from Lebanon repeatedly in the past 36 hours, triggering clashes with border guards.

Damascus said Syrian troops have exercised "utmost self-restraint" until now but warned that "this would not continue endlessly."

Also Friday, at least eight Syrians were killed and 29 were injured when the bus they were traveling in from Syria overturned in the mountains in central Lebanon, officials said. The bus was headed to the Lebanese capital, Beirut, when the accident occurred in the Kahhaleh region.

George Kettaneh, operations director for the Lebanese Red Cross, said the casualties included women and children. He said it's unclear why the bus overturned.

It was not immediately known whether the Syrians where refugees fleeing the violence at home. The bus had Syrian license plates from the northeastern Hassakeh province, which recently witnessed heavy clashes.

More than 1 million Syrians have fled the country's civil war to seek shelter in neighboring countries. In Lebanon alone, the U.N. has registered more than 360,000 Syrian refugees.

Copyright © 2017, The San Diego Union-Tribune


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Be a part of the "More Than Wonderful" 30th Anniversary Choir!

Cruising with Sandi and her friends is a special enough reason to cruise the Caribbean next February. But, next year marks a very special occasion and we wanted to do something extra special to celebrate. Next year marks the 30th Anniversary of the Grammy and Dove Award winning song “More Than Wonderful,” the classic duet by Sandi Patty and Larnelle Harris. In honor of this iconic song, we’re putting together a “More Than Wonderful” Anniversary Choir. Participating in this choir will cost $100 and will include exclusive opportunities throughout the week, culminating in the recording and performance of a new, stellar arrangement of “More Than Wonderful. Choir Track Participants will: • Participate in the recording choir with Sandi Patty and Larnelle Harris on the 30th Anniversary Recording of the Grammy and Dove Award-Winning song “More Than Wonderful!” • Receive a free souvenir edition of the recording! • Sing in concert on the cruise with Sandi, Larnelle and many of your favorite Christian Artists that will be joining the cruise! • Attend inspiring and inspirational workshops for choir members, praise team members and church music directors! (optional) This special Choir Track is designed specifically for people who have some choir experience. You will receive your music and pertinent information weeks before the cruise. Since space is limited, we encourage you to sign up today to reserve your spot for this incredible experience! The choir will be directed by Dove Award Winning Producer/ Composer Phil Barfoot. To reserve your spot in the choir, talk to our friends at Inspiration Cruises by calling 855-700-4966 or visit

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This is a blessing above and beyond words. I have been a Sandy Patty fan for about 30 years. I started listening to her music when I was in my early 20s. My dream is someday sing a duet with Ms. Patty.My favorite song is “His Eye is on the Sparrow”. I day dream and see myself on stage singing with Ms. Patty. I would truely love to be able to be part of the “More Than Wonderful Choir”. I have singing expierence in my church choir, the “Cultural Center Choir” at my work and I sing solo also. I love to sing GODS word to others.Unfortunatly, I am not able to take this opportunity at this time. My husband is going through chemo treatments for metestatic colon cancer. I need to be here for him for care and support. Please know I will be with you all in my heart.

Jenny Root

Fabulous! What an incredible opportunity for all music lovers. We have followed Sandi for all of those 30 years and now my youngest daughter, Hannah sings all of Sandi’s songs. Sandi has inspired Hannah to also become a singer for her Lord and use her God-given talent for His glory. I am amazed at this opportunity to meet Sandi Patty, Hannah’s mentor. Thank you for providing this event. Jenny and Hannah

Liz Santa Ana

I started my journey to Jesus when I heard Sandi’s “They could not”..I had to find out who is singing it! Next thing I was singing on a worship team, became a Christian Hula Director, a Christian sign language and drama Director, and now doing missions and homeless outreaches! I had the honor of singing with a choir onstage with Kirk Franklin and Ron Winan…..I’ve suffered many challenges over the years, and what comforts me is sitting back and listen to Sandi Patty’s music to get me back in focus. I will be praying to have the opportunity to support Sandi in this adventure!!!

Robert Keil

I soooooooo want to do this!!!!!!! I heard it the other morning on Pandora and was trying to sing Larnelle’s part (as loud as you could at 2:30a without waking the whole house up)

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Presidio : San Francisco Neighborhoods

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Now: A large swath of the eastern side of the Presidio (bordering the Marina) has been redeveloped as a grassy park adjacent to office complexes. Very twisty roads fill the middle area, through gorgeous wooded areas and streets lined with former military housing. The west side meets the Pacific Ocean and encompasses the popular Baker Beach and some scenic battery installments leading north toward the Golden Gate Bridge.

Then: A base for the U.S. military since 1846 (and Spain and Mexico prior to that, dating back to 1776), the Presidio was turned over to the public under the Presidio Trust (created by the U.S. government to manage the property) in 1996. Since then, the buildings that formerly housed military personnel have been leased for use by businesses and residences.

How To Get There: Some Muni bus lines do run through the Presidio, though mostly around the perimeter and toward Golden Gate Bridge. The east side of the Presidio, including the recently developed park area, can easily be entered from Chestnut Street, or any street on the west edge of the Marina. The scenic areas on the west side can be reached by entering at 25th Avenue, which turns into Lincoln Boulevard. Mountain Lake Park can be entered from Lake Street at 12th Avenue.

  • Presidio, on the east side, near Lincoln Boulevard

  • Presidio building on Funston Avenue, near Lincoln Boulevard

  • East side of the Presidio, facing the Palace of Fine Arts

  • Fountain near the eastern edge of the Presidio

  • Pres a Vi Restaurant and Wine Bar, at the intersection of Lombard Street and Letterman Drive in the Presidio

  • Chestnut Street entry to the Presidio

  • Residences inside the Presidio

  • House in the Presidio

  • Offices in the Presidio

  • Houses on Storey Avenue in the Presidio

  • Log Cabin, built in 1937, on Storey Avenue in the Presidio

  • Inspiration Point, where Arguello Boulevard intersects with Washington Boulevard in the Presidio

  • Baker Beach, at the end of Gibson Road, off of Lincoln Boulevard at the west edge of the Presidio

  • West toward the ocean, from Baker Beach

  • Baker Beach, north view toward Golden Gate Bridge

  • Baker Beach

  • Picnic tables in the park grounds at Baker Beach

  • Battery Godfrey, at Langdon Court, off Lincoln Boulevard on the northwest edge of the Presidio

  • Pacific Ocean, from the cliff edge at Battery Godfrey

  • View from Battery Godfrey, toward Golden Gate Bridge

  • Walking path at Battery Godfrey

  • Ocean view from the edge of Battery Godfrey

  • Concrete structure at Battery Godfrey

  • North view, from Battery Boutelle

  • Battery Cranston, near the Golden Gate Bridge in the Presidio

  • Cliffs near the Coastal Trail, south of the Golden Gate Bridge

  • Coastal Trail at the west edge of the Presidio, leading toward the Golden Gate Bridge

  • Looking south from the cliffs near the Coastal Trail

  • Ocean surf at the bottom of the cliffs near the Coastal Trail

  • Looking south on the Coastal Trail near the Golden Gate Bridge

  • The west side of the Presidio, near the ocean

  • Mountain Lake Park, at the south edge of the Presidio

  • Entrance to Mountain Lake Park, at Lake Street and 12th Avenue

  • Playground at Mountain Lake Park

  • Mountain Lake Park

  • Walkway in Mountain Lake Park, leading out to Lake Street

  • The lake in Mountain Lake Park

  • Inside Mountain Lake Park

  • Lawn in Mountain Lake Park

  • Plaque marking camp site of colonists in Mountain Lake Park

  • Walking path on the north edge of the lake, in Mountain Lake Park

  • Benches at the north edge of Mountain Lake Park


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Saroyan Jump Bomber
Production information
Manufacturer Saroyan Special Productions[1]
Equipment Rating
Use Bomber[1]
Tech Base Inner Sphere[1]
Introduced 3096[2]
Technical specifications
Mass 25[1]
Engine (Type) Rawlings 200 (Fusion)[1]
Fuel 4 tons[1]
Communications System Ceres MaserCom 8 with Guardian ECM Suite[1]
Targeting Tracking System Dwyerson Mark XI with TAG[1]
Armament External hardpoints only[1]
Armor Hellespont Aerolite Stealth[1]
BV (1.0)
BV (2.0) 192[1][3]

The Saroyan Jump bomber was designed by Saroyan Special Productions of Sian to meet demand for a new conventional fighter to fill the need for cheap airframes for private militias and Home Guard units that would face a long wait for true AeroSpace Fighters. The Saroyan was based on mature technologies from the latter half of the thirty-first century and was introduced just before the turn of the century, during the decades-long rebuilding program the Confederation underwent to recover from the losses of the Jihad.[1]

Unfortunately, the Saroyan wasn't quite the tiger it appeared to be on paper, and was the subject of constant complaint from those who bought, flew, or maintained the aircraft - in large part due to the poor workmanship with which the aircraft was manufactured. Although the bomb payload the Saroyan could carry was acceptable, the ton and a half of Stealth Armor wasn't enough to protect the Saroyan from even light damage, and many operational commanders mistook stealth armor for true stealth capabilities - something the Saroyan didn't possess.[1]

Weapons and Equipment[edit]

The Saroyan carried no built-in weapons, having been built to carry external bomb payloads.[1] The craft has five external mountings for any bombs, missiles, or anything externally mountable equipment.[4]

The Saroyan had no internal cargo bays.[1]

No variants of the Saroyan had been introduced to service by 3145.[1]

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 Technical Readout: 3145 Capellan Confederation, p. 48-49, "Saroyan Jump Bomber"
  2. MUL Profile for Saroyan Jump Bomber - Including BV2 and Introduction Date.
  3. Record Sheets: 3145 Unabridged, p. 105
  4. Total Warfare, p. 245 Bombing - Article describes Bombs can be carried in 5 ton blocks, Saroyan being 25 tons in weight allows for 5 bombs.


text:
Prince William & Kate Middleton: Vanity Fair July 2011 Cover

| 31 May , 2011 | Reply

The Daily Mail reveals this never-before-seen photograph of the newly married Duke & Duchess of Cambridge aka Wills and Kate at their engagement, showing them incredibly relaxed and happy, on the cover of the July 2011 issue of Vanity Fair.

Photographed by Mario Testino at William & Kate’s engagement at St James’ Palace in November 2010, the July 2011 issue also includes further portraits by Testino such as the iconic pictures of Princess Diana in 1997.

Testino shared at a gala held in his honour last week in New York, that he understood why he was chosen to take the photographs:

â€˜I guess it was a way for them to keep William\’s mother in the whole process of it.\’

The issue will also lift the lid on their house-hunting and who does the chores around their home as well as discusses the surprise requests they had for their honeymoon suite of cream cheese and brussel sprouts.

The July issue of Vanity Fair will be on newsstands on June 3rd, ahead of the newly-weds\’ trip to Canada and California in July.

This issue is sure to be a sell out, I think I’ll ask my sister to pick up one for me.

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Tavern at Kingdom's Edge

The Tavern at Kingdom's Edge hosts feasting and revelry—but also devilry. Located in the Shire of Port Oasis, the Tavern at Kingdom's Edge hosts a faire November 18, 19 and 20, the weekend prior to the feast of Thanksgiving.

Tournaments abound, including Heavy Weapons, Rapier, Youth Rapier, and thrown weapons. Archers test their skill. Artists display their crafts. Bards sing and entertain.

As evening falls a tavern sideboard will be served. Travelers will gather in the commons room for period games, entertainment and music. Witness a display of fire dancing; bards compete for your approval. All are encouraged to bring crafts to display and to share their talents, whatever they may be!

But take heed! Here in the Port Oasis borderlands no one is who they seem. Spies and brigands lurk in shadow; all have ulterior motives for visiting the Kingdom's Edge. Daggers glimmer by firelight and the bitter taste of poison awaits some. All who arrive will be given an assignment… but few may live to complete it…

Tavern brawls are not unheard of when pockets are empty and rapiers are sharp. When conditions are right the wooded trails are known to be ripe for the rustling of cattle and sheep…

Some cabins -sleeping up to 18- remain available by advance reservation. Bunks are available on a first-come-first-serve basis for $2, with separate accommodations for lords and ladies. There are numerous motels within four miles of the site.

Co-autocrats are John Macpherson of Badenoch and Ian Dunbreck. Bruce MacCulloch is tavern-master in charge of feast. Archery by Master Robert the Grey. For reservations or information contact the autocrats at garde_ecossaise@yahoo.com . Find out more at www.portoasis.org. Merchants are encouraged to contact the autocrats for floor space.

Tavern at Kingdom's Edge fare is as follows: Adults on board $15, off board $9.00. Children 12 and under: on board $8, off board $5.00. Babes-in-arms are free. The required non-member surcharge of $3 will be collected from those without proof of membership. The site is discretely damp (period containers, please) and opens 5:00 p.m. Friday evening. Site must be vacated by noon Sunday. Make checks payable to: SCA, Inc. - Shire of Port Oasis.

The Tavern at Kingdom's Edge is located on 4-H Camp Road in Huntington, WV.

Take Interstate 64 to Barboursville, West Virginia (between Huntington and Charleston). Take Exit 18 (Barboursville, Rt. 60 and Rt. 2). At the end of the ramp turn south toward Route 60. Go .2 miles and turn right on Rt. 60 West towards Barboursville. Go 1.5 miles. At the fourth stop light, turn left on Alt. 10 South. Go one mile and turn left onto 4-H Camp Road. The site is .2 miles on your left. The physical address is: 4-H Camp Road, Barboursville, WV 25504. The site telephone number is 304-736-4590.


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Catalogs & Code of Conduct

Credit Course Catalog

Download the 2016-12017 catalog

Previous Catalogs
Code of Conduct

Click here to view SCC's Code of Conduct
SCC is now tobacco-free. This policy covers all SCC-owned and operated property including grounds, buildings and vehicles.  On July 1, 2008, the Iowa Smokefree Air Act of 2008 was implemented. Per the Act, SCC is now 100% smoke-free.  Also effective July 1, 2008 The SCC Board of Trustees adopted a 100% tobacco-free policy. This policy includes all forms of tobacco, including smoking and smokeless. This tobacco-free policy covers all property, including buildings, grounds, and vehicles owned or operated by SCC.

In addition to smoking being banned in our facilities, it is extended to our grounds. Smoking and chewing tobacco are not allowed in or outside of any building, anywhere outdoors - including inside personal vehicles parked on campus - and on any property owned or operated by SCC.

Iowa Smoke-Free Air Act

Persons in violation of SCC's tobacco-free policy may be subject to actions as outlined by the College Code of Conduct found inside the current SCC College Course Catalog, and/or the Iowa SmokeFree Air Act of 2008.

Southeastern Community College is registered as a private institution with the Minnesota Office of Higher Education pursuant to Minnesota Statutes, sections 136A.61 to 136A.71. Registration is not an endorsement of the institution. Credits earned at SCC may not transfer to all other institutions.

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SCF Manatees Basketball Team Headed to State Championship Tournament March 7

(Bradenton, Fla., February 26, 2013) — State College of Florida Manatee-Sarasota (SCF) Manatees Basketball Team is headed to the FCSAA State and NJCAA Region VIII Men’s Basketball Tournament held March 7 – 9 after defeating St. Petersburg College on Monday, Feb. 25.

SCF will play the College of Central Florida in a first round game of the state tournament at 1 p.m. on March 7 hosted at Chipola College in Marianna, Fla.

To follow an up-to-date account of SCF’s progress at the state tournament, become a Manatees fan on Games are available to watch online at

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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.110 issue5-6Ubiquitous modelling: In honour of Tony Starfield's 70th anniversaryEcological consequences of global climate change for freshwater ecosystems in South Africa author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

South African Journal of Science

On-line version ISSN 1996-7489
Print version ISSN 0038-2353

S. Afr. j. sci. vol.110 n.5-6 Pretoria Mar. 2014

Further response to Govinder et al. (2014): Flaws in the equity index

Tom A. Moultrie; Rob E. Dorrington

Centre for Actuarial Research (CARe), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Keywords: transformation; demographics; equity profile; Euclidean distance formula; higher education; South Africa

We note the response of Govinder et al.1 to our comments2 on an earlier article of theirs3 on the proposed Equity Index (EI) to measure the transformation of higher education in South Africa. Despite their attempts to allay concerns about the intrinsic weaknesses of the EI, many concerns remain. The purpose of this brief response is not to attempt to re-argue each and every point - we leave most to readers to decide - but to highlight some of the more fundamental issues with which the authors failed to deal adequately.

On the mathematics of the equity index

Govinder et al. claim that the mathematics of the EI is not and has not been shown to be flawed.1 This is simply not true. We have pointed out that the formulation preferred by Govinder et al. is not only mathematically incorrect, but also that it leads to double counting. Apart from this, as pointed out by others4, the underlying logic of using a Euclidean distance as a measure of this sort is both inappropriate and wrong. The authors seem to think that mathematical criticism can be dismissed by simply saying it is not so. And it is this point, above all others, that has not been adequately addressed.

Secondly, the authors' understanding of distance - vide the assertion in their response that 'Els are calculated using the distance formula, mathematically they can indeed be added together or subtracted from each other (as can distances in general)' - is quaint. If one takes Johannesburg as the origin, and one notes that the distance from Johannesburg to Bloemfontein is 400 km, while that from Johannesburg to Durban is 600 km, nothing can be inferred from this information about the distance from Bloemfontein to Durban (650 km). Distances can only be added or subtracted if all relevant points are located on the same straight line passing through the chosen origin. Nonetheless, the authors pursue a red herring by insinuating that we claimed that Table 5 of their paper demonstrated their addition of EIs. On the contrary, we never refer to Table 5, but to Figure 2, which does indeed present the EIs for institutions as being the sum of the respective staffing component EIs. Poor presentation of the data in Figure 2 cannot be attributed to the vagaries of 'greyscale' as the authors suggest. The contradiction between the assertion above that the EIs can be added, and their vigorous (to the point of misrepresenting our argument) defence of their not having added EIs in Table 5 is puzzling.

Thirdly, although as we pointed out, and as was repeated by the authors1, the relative ranking of the higher education institutions (HEIs) does not change when using the correct version of the EI, the authors quietly ignore the point that the range and hence the designation of objective quadrants do change.

Finally, the authors confuse the undoubted utility of being able to decompose the EI by race and sex with mathematical correctness. The fact that on their - mathematically incorrect - version, the EI can be decomposed offers no proof of its mathematical validity, and a 'useful' result is not actually useful if it is premised on flawed logic.

On transformation and legislation

Govinder et al. claim that the EI is 'based on the Constitution' of South Africa. This is trite. The Constitution requires all South Africans to work towards the transformation of our society, with transformation seen as representing the process of change, rather than a defined end-point. We certainly do not contest that transformation is a national imperative or argue that HEIs are exempt from the broader need to transform South African society.

However, labour legislation in South Africa, which also has to be consistent with the Constitution, protects the rights of employed workers. All else being equal, transformation can be expected to be slower in institutions where staff turnover is low. It is not clear whether the authors are proposing raising staff turnover rates (perhaps through making working conditions unpleasant, or perhaps paying people to take on a form of employment that is not counted in the EI) in order to bring about transformation faster. But even if this were the case, the authors seem to have adopted a peculiarly ahistorical stance on the issue of the staffing of South Africa's universities. In our initial comments, we demonstrated (in our Figure 1) that it is likely that much of the poor pace of transformation in South African HEIs might be rooted in South Africa's past. While this is in no way a justification for future lack of transformation, it is naïve to disregard the pernicious legacy of apartheid in terms of who got access to higher education; who got higher degrees; and therefore who is currently qualified to be employed as academic staff at HEIs in South Africa. As we noted, the distribution by race and sex of the South African population aged 25-64 with higher degrees is overwhelmingly skewed towards white South Africans. While this must change, and is changing, it is not helpful during this change to blame the slow pace of demographic change of HEIs on these institutions alone or even on the sector as a whole.

On the data and other aspects of the Equity Index

Govinder et al. suggest that the issue of inclusion of foreigners is a matter that is not yet settled. But as we noted in our Commentary, the germane issue is that the Employment Equity Act defines the classes of employee for transformation purposes more specifically than that currently captured by demographic data in a census or on the HEMIS database.

Apart from this, Govinder et al. have misused the census data, treating those with unstated race in the census as foreigners (which most are not) and those born outside South Africa (with stated race) as being South African. However, until the data collection in the census and the HEMIS data is changed to permit the identification of foreigners (as required by EE legislation), the utility of the EI is highly questionable. In addition, in order to compare El and 'quality', the data on research output (or any other measure of output, such as numbers of graduates) would also have to be equivalently classified, which they are not. Finally, although in society as a whole, foreign-born residents may be comparatively rare, in some HEls they can constitute a significant minority of staff. Any system that rewards not employing foreign academics implicitly would seem to weight a narrow parochialism and nationalism more highly than the transfer or production of knowledge.

ln spite of the length of their rebuttal, readers of this correspondence will note that the authors have largely failed to engage with the major theoretical considerations raised in the commentaries. We re-iterate that the mathematics of their El is incorrect. We, with other commentators, also repeat that demographic transformation is but one of many aspects of transformation. The danger of an index such as this is that those other aspects are sidelined. Our approach would be to be more inclusive - to build a 'dashboard of indicators' of the multiple dimensions of transformation that can be appraised simultaneously, rather than privileging one (supposedly quantifiable) aspect of transformation over those which are less analytically tractable, such as the apparent tension between high research output and being less transformed, or the role of universities in serving the developmental needs of a society at a critical juncture, or the need to balance quality of education against quantity of education, or the need to massify higher education. lt is our view that the El as it currently stands adds little value to the debate on the transformation of higher education in South Africa. Much more careful and rigorous thought is required before such metrics should be applied.

1. Govinder KS, Zondo NP Makgoba MW. Taking the transformation discourse forward: A response to Cloete, Dunne and Moultrie and Dorrington. S Afr J Sci.2014;110(3/4), Art. #a0060, 8 pages. sajs.2014/a0060        [ Links ]

2. Moultrie TA, Dorrington RE. Flaws in the approach and application of the Equity Index: Comments on Govinder et al. (2013). S Afr J Sci. 2014;110(1/2), Art. #a0049, 5 pages.        [ Links ]

3. Govinder KS, Zondo NP, Makgoba MW. A new look at demographic transformation for universities in South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 2013;109(11/12), Art. #2013-0163, 11 pages.        [ Links ]

4. Dunne T. Mathematical errors, smoke and mirrors in pursuit of an illusion: Comments on Govinder et al. (2013). S Afr J Sci. 2014;110(1/2), Art. #a0047, 6 pages.        [ Links ]

Tom Moultrie
Centre for Actuarial Research
University of Cape Town
Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

Creative Commons License All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.98 issue4Auto-amputation of a breast due to ductal carcinomaPetrus Nicolaas Smith author indexsubject indexarticles search
Home Pagealphabetic serial listing

SAMJ: South African Medical Journal

On-line version ISSN 2078-5135
Print version ISSN 0256-9574

SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.98 n.4 Cape Town Apr. 2008

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy - a case report

Mala Modi

Dr Modi is a senior radiologist and senior lecturer in the Department of Radiology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg. She is author of numerous papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals and is assistant editor of the South African Journal of Radiology.

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease caused by the human neurotropic JC (John Cunningham) virus, a polyomavirus.1,2

Following on the worldwide HIV/AIDS pandemic there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of PML. However, cases of PML, an AIDS-defining illness, have rarely been reported from Africa, an area where HIV-1 clade C infection predominates.3-5

Clinical and imaging details

A 27-year-old woman presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, with new-onset seizures. She was heterosexual, did not abuse intravenous drugs, and was retroviral therapy-naïve. On examination in the medical ward she was found to be encephalopathic and pregnant. Further investigations revealed that she was HIV-positive with a very low CD4+ count of 7 cells/µl, and a viral load greater than 750 000 copies/ml. She was referred for imaging, and PML was diagnosed on the basis of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances.

The lesions on CT imaging were typical; they were scalloped in appearance, involved the white matter of the frontal, parietal and occipital lobes, were hypodense, had no mass effect, and were non-enhancing (Fig. 1). On MRI the lesions were hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2-weighted MRI scans (Fig. 2, a and b).

The very low CD4+ count of 7 contributed to the diagnosis of PML. The diagnosis was confirmed on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification of the JC virus.

The patient died in hospital within a few days, and the diagnosis of PML was confirmed at autopsy.

This is a rare case of autopsy-proven PML from a clade C HIV-1 infected area.6 It is pertinent to highlight this demyelinating opportunistic viral infection as access to antiretroviral therapy is currently improving, and the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) that occasionally results following the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may in rare instances induce a paradoxical clinical deterioration in patients suffering from PML.7 It has been documented that HAART-induced paradoxical aggravation of AIDS-related PML due to IRIS is reversible in most cases with the use of prolonged steroid therapy.7,8

Imaging can be particularly helpful when managing patients with PML and IRIS. PML lesions in patients not on HAART generally do not enhance, while in patients with IRIS contrast enhancement of the lesions may be seen.7

It therefore behoves us to be more vigilant when managing our patients with PML on HAART, as the early diagnosis and timely management of IRIS is critical.8

1. Del Valle L, Pina-Oviedo S. HIV disorders of the brain: pathology and pathogenesis. Front Biosd 2006; 11: 718-732.         [ Links ]

2. Berger JR, Levy RM. AIDS and the Nervous System. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997.         [ Links ]

3. Berger JR, Houff S. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: lessons from AIDS and Natalizumab. Neurol Res 2006; 28: 299-305.         [ Links ]

4. Shankar SK, Satishchandra P, Mahadevan A, et al. Low prevalence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in India and Africa: is there a biological explanation? J Neurovirol 2003; 9: suppl 1, 59-67.         [ Links ]

5. Puren AJ. The HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa. Oral Dis 2002; 8: suppl 2, 27-31.         [ Links ]

6. Modi G, Hari K, Modi M, Mochan A. The frequency and profile of neurology in black South African HIV infected (clade C) patients - a hospital-based prospective audit. J Neurol Sci 2007; 254(1-2): 60-64.         [ Links ]

7. Gray F, Bazille C, Adle-Biassette H, Mikol J, Moulignier A, Scaravilli F.Central nervous system immune reconstitution disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients receiving highly active antiretroviral treatment. J Neurovirol 2005; 11: suppl 3, 16-22.         [ Links ]

8. Nuttall JJ, Wilmshurst JM, Ndondo AP, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a child with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23: 683-685.         [ Links ]

M Modi

Creative Commons License All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License


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SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

vol.100 número10KwaBaka. A story of compassionate care in a rural Zulu communityMental health advocacy: lessons from HIV activism índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
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SAMJ: South African Medical Journal

versão On-line ISSN 2078-5135
versão impressa ISSN 0256-9574

SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j. vol.100 no.10 Cape Town Out. 2010

Kenneth Weinbren (5 march 1923 - 21 may 2010)

Professor Kenneth Weinbren, distinguished pathologist, passed away in London on 21 May 2010.

He qualified MB BCh at Wits in 1946. As a student he was president of the SRC for two years.

In 1950 he emigrated to England where he had a brilliant academic career. Much of his motivation for leaving South Africa was his strong anti-apartheid stance. In 1957 Wits awarded him an MD degree.

In 1963 he was appointed Reader in Anatomical Pathology at the Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith. From 1965 to 1966 he worked at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and Stanford University Medical School. In 1967 he was appointed Foundation Professor of Pathology at the new medical school in Nottingham, England. In 1972 he was appointed to the Chair of Anatomical Pathology at the Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith.

His special field of research was the mechanism and control of growth and differentiation of cells, with particular reference to the liver.

Kenneth was a cultured man who loved art and theatre. Friends and colleagues remember him as a man of exceptional kindness, who would go to great lengths to help those in need.

Kenneth was married for many years to Valerie, who predeceased him. He leaves four sons and grandchildren.

Professor C Isaacson

Creative Commons License Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons