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University of Göttingen – Københavns Universitet

SUFONAMA > Universities > University of Göttingen

University of Göttingen

UniversityThe Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (founded in 1737) is one of the oldest and most renowned German universities with strong focuses in research-led teaching. The University of Göttingen regards its great research tradition and subject diversity as constituting particular strengths. The university bears the name of its founder King George II of Great Britain who, as Georg August, was also Elector of Hanover. The name of Göttingen is associated with more than 40 Nobel Prize winners who have lived and worked here. Since January 1st, 2003 the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen has been maintained as a public trust (Foundation under Public Law, Stiftung des Öffentlichen Rechts) the only fullfledged university in Germany to which this applies.

The university is distinguished by the rich diversity of its subject spectrum particularly in the humanities, its excellent facilities for the pursuit of scientific research, and the outstanding quality of the areas that define its profile. In 2007 the Georg-August-Universität achieved success in the Initiative of Excellence of the German Federal and State Governments with its institutional strategy for the future entitled Göttingen. Tradition Innovation Autonomy. This distinguishes Göttingen as one of the nine German universities officially rated as holding the potential for global visibility and a place amongst the foremost institutions of higher education.

 Professor and studentsThe city of Göttingen has many advantages as a location for university studies which the Georg-August-Universität is enhancing by developing several innovative degree programmes. Approximately 24,000 young people currently study here, some twelve per cent of whom are from abroad a clear demonstration of the pull that the university has long exerted internationally. The range of degree courses (more than 130 courses) on offer stands out both for the outstandingly good study facilities (total 13 faculties) in the natural and life sciences and for the breadth of subject diversity in the humanities and social sciences, a choice found at only a small number of universities in Germany. In addition to the wide spectrum of choice in terms of degree programs, top-level research is also carried out at the University of Göttingen.

University of Göttingen coordinates the international German alumni networks in Asia, South America, the Egypt-Arab region and Iran.


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waterproofing roof shingles Fundamentals Explained

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 Other very good methods are grading the top rated soil away from the house and excellent drainage absent from the house of gutters and downspouts.

ten. Trim EPDM membrane material about penetrations (you usually run the EPDM up the side on the penetration). Implement adhesive close to penetrations and adhere membrane. 11. Repeat  10 for edges spots. twelve. If your EPDM membrane went on in two or even more items you should have a seam to offer with. The seams are finished employing primer and seam tape (double sided sticky butyl rubber sealant).

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Everything about dresses wedding guest 2016

* Begin putting alongside one another a Enjoy list on your DJ, along with a ‘Don't Play’ list if you want to. Take into consideration emailing your guests or incorporating a webpage for your wedding Web site and ask guests to name a song or songs that generally receives them about the dance floor. Include these to your Participate in list.

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An unrealistic wedding planning timeline will induce many stress, and naturally, that’s the last thing you would like as being the wedding planner liable for the success of your celebration.

* Start out booking travel and accommodation, shelling out specific awareness to any flights or accommodation with limited availability.

How to proceed when you'd instead get funds toward a down payment than presents? Register on Tendr, which lets guests electronically deliver cash (by wire transfer or charge card). You can specify where the cash are going to be allotted, and it's sent by way of stunning artist-created e-cards.

Photo the scene: It is really your major working day and while you wander down the aisle, a proficient artist normally takes their very first steps way too, Placing brush to...

Planners are well known with couples planning a location wedding, where the documentation and paperwork is often challenging. Any region where a wedding is held necessitates unique processes based on the nationality of each the bride plus the groom. As an illustration, US citizens marrying in Italy require a Nulla Osta (affidavit sworn before the US consulate in Italy), in addition an Atto Notorio (sworn in front of the Italian consulate from the US or in a court in Italy), and legalization of the above mentioned.

After the engagement, your wedding planning timeline will almost certainly be described as a twelve-thirty day period prepare. To operate it out, the very first thing you'll want to do is list each and every product you might want to plan for the wedding, then slot Every item into the correct spot with your timeline.

This enables learners to speak efficiently by means of composed assignments at the end of Every Module. Students are also required to have entry to a computer, notebook or tablet with access to the Internet as all training course components are sent electronically.

* If the wedding is happening in the other hemisphere, now is the time to shop in your honeymoon wardrobe. Your summer is going to be their Winter season, and vice versa, so you’ll locate the finest array of seasonal garments in your neighborhood retailers around six months prior.

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Christmas animals

December 23, 2013

There was a time when I was disgusted by the idea of Christmas. It mainly had to do with the cooking of precious animals, such as rabbit, deer, duck, and while I am at it there is no real excuse for calling chickens, cows, pigs and lambs not precious. I remember attending a Christmas dinner, where I almost fainted ascending the stairs. The smell of numerous animals filled the space, there were clouds hanging in a room that was transformed in a cloakroom for the occasion. When I entered the living room the smell and shape of clouds seemed to match. Many people were sitting on couches, stools, or standing next to the Christmas tree. The clouds disappeared, and gradually I got used to the smell.

I kept telling myself it all was meant well. The people who killed those animals were not here. The people who bought them had no idea how the animals were killed. Shall I continue, without compromising myself, since I am not the strict vegetarian that I used to be anymore? Am I allowed to mock people who buy pigs and eat them, only because I never do? I am pretty sure that a lot of them don’t like me asking questions about poultry and its whereabouts at a time like this.

I have convinced myself that it is rude to question any kind of food that is offered at the dinner table, when someone invites you as a guest. Maybe it is just me, but there is a tendency not to ask people if they mind eating meat, and if they do ask, it is often followed by the somewhat hilarious “And what about fish?”.

Even at Christmas.


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Meditation in the Life of a Health Professional

How should one lead a life with the promises it holds and turbulences it generates? Follow your heart, has always been the answer of wisdom. How can we do it? It seems to be a major question. When it comes to the life of a health professional, this question takes on a greater importance as […]

Interview on Heartfulness, Lyon, France

Q: What is Heartful meditation? Kamlesh D Patel: Well, the term came on its own when we were discussing mindfulness and awareness. This is all about feelings. Our entire life is led by feelings and inspirations, and that is the role of the heart. And when we manage to listen to the feelings and capture […]

Rise Above It All – Like the Lotus Flower

All efforts in our everyday lives are directed towards fulfilling an incessant flow of demands. Meeting life’s expectations fuels our sense of accomplishment. But more often than not, our worldly experiences – however trifling or significant – tend to entangle us into a spiral of chaos and fatigue, all the while setting off feelings of […]


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19 March 2018

Woman was proposed 148 times, didn't notice any of them

Home page Society
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Love drives people to do extraordinary things.

It made Ray Smith craft a tiny card with the words, "Will you marry me?" written upon it and hold it up sneakily behind his girlfriend in 148 photographs.

Ray, from Grimsby, proposed to girlfriend Claire Bramley secretly, sneaking the message into selfies and random moments.

It's the soppiest thing ever. But Claire said yes when Ray finally popped the question properly on Christmas Day. So at least it worked.

And Ray was actually quite clever about it. He told his now fiancée that he wanted to document the progress of their baby, and when she wanted to see his pictures, Ray took more than one - omitting the card in the second.

"She nearly caught me a couple of times but I just had to pray it worked," Ray told.

2016.11.24 / 16:24
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Turkish troops, FSA liberate 29 more villages in Afrin

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Swimming Koala amuses tourists - Video

2 heads, 2 hearts: Extremely rare snake born in Florida - Video

Armenia violated ceasefire 117 times

Xocalı soyqırımı — 1992-ci il Bağla
Bize yazin Bağla


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MeLuna menstrual cups are made of safe TPE plastic, which is used to make products such as baby bottle nipples.

MeLuna SHORTY menstrual cups are slightly smaller in height and in volume as the models MeLuna SOFT and MeLuna CLASSIC.

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MEASUREMENTS (without the stem):

The measurements for the models MeLuna SOFT and MeLuna CLASSIC are given in parentheses.

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Size M: Diameter 41 mm, height 38 (48) mm, volume 18 (28) ml

Size L: Diameter 44 mm, height 41 (51) mm, volume 22 (34) ml

Contains a storage bag made of microfiber, as well as instructions in English.

  • Price 13,63 €

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MercoPress, en Español

Montevideo, March 19th 2018 - 08:40 UTC

Chile/Argentina biosphere reserve in Patagonia

Monday, August 7th 2006 - 21:00 UTC
Full article

Chile and Argentina agreed to turn 4.7 million hectares of land in northern Patagonia into a biosphere reserve, safeguarding some of the region's most magnificent wildlife.

The Andean-North Patagonian Biosphere Reserve is the fruit of conservation efforts in both countries. Nahuel Huapi park ranger Juan Salguero said he foresees "a shared policy of endangered species protection and hunting and fishing, as well as treaties on pest protection and forest fires."

The vast forestland may also be sanctified a "world nature reserve" by the United Nations Education Science and Culture Organization (UNESCO) in March 2007. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves already includes eight sites in Chile, out of 482 worldwide. Designated reserve sites receive aid in conservation, development, research, monitoring and education.

Among the signatories last week were officials from Chile's Region X, Argentina's Chubut and Rio Negro regions, Argentina's National Parks Administration, and its National Agricultural Technology Agency. Chile and Argentina will share maps and guides, but each will maintain its own administrative office.

} The original idea for the reserve came from Argentina, which already had a protected ecological corridor in Northern Patagonia, said Ricardo Cabral, head of the Frontier Integration Committee of the Lakes Region, who worked closely on the initiative.

Protecting the land may in turn support tourism in both Chile and Argentina. "We saw that supporting tourism on both sides is tied to the continuity of one type of vegetation," Cabral said, "and that depends on strict ecosystem conservation."

"For the first time ecological sustainability and social sustainability are coming together," Cabral said.

By Renata Stepanov The Santiago Times - News about Chile

Categories: Mercosur.

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MercoPress, en Español

Montevideo, March 19th 2018 - 08:41 UTC

Abundant rainfall anticipate bumper soybean crops in Brazil and Argentina

Friday, February 19th 2010 - 21:06 UTC
Full article
However the challenge will be transport, port and storage facilities However the challenge will be transport, port and storage facilities

Brazil and Argentina, the biggest soybean producers after the US, may harvest as much as a combined 120 million metric tons of the oilseed this year as rain boosts yields, Cargill Inc.’s Jose Luiz Glaser said.

Brazil is forecasted to produce a record 64 million to 67 million tons of soybeans, while Argentina will harvest a record 52 million to 53 million, said Glaser, head of Cargill’s soybean business in Brazil. Brazil’s output will increase from 57 million tons, and Argentina’s will rise from 35 million last year, he said.

The Pacific Ocean weather system known as El Niño is triggering above-average rain in central-western Brazil and in Argentina’s soybean belt.

“Rains are benefiting the crop in Brazil and may push yields even higher” said Glaser who added that crops in Brazil and in Argentina are in “really good shape”.
However Glaser admits that lack of sufficient transport and storage infrastructure will become the main challenge for the coming crops. “We will face a logistical blackout in the next few months,” he said.

Categories: Agriculture, Argentina.

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Montevideo, March 19th 2018 - 08:40 UTC

Two suspects of the Buenos Aires AMIA bombing, presidential candidate in Iran

Friday, May 24th 2013 - 06:46 UTC
Full article 4 comments
Defence minister General Ahmed Vahidi is another suspect of the terrorist attack Defence minister General Ahmed Vahidi is another suspect of the terrorist attack

Two suspects in the bombing of the AMIA Jewish centre in Buenos Aires are candidates in Iran’s presidential election. Mohsen Rezai and Ali Akbar Velayati, who are believed to have planned the 1994 attack, were among the eight candidates approved for the June 14 election by Iran’s Guardian Council to succeed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.

The Iranian constitution bars Ahmadinejad from seeking re-election.

Rezai is under an international arrest warrant, or red notice, from the Interpol international police agency.

Argentina has accused the Iranian government of masterminding and directing the bombing, which killed 85 and injured 300, and the Lebanon-based terror group Hezbollah of carrying it out. No arrests have been made in the case.

Six Iranians have been on Interpol’s most wanted list since 2007 in connection with the bombing, including the current defence minister, Gen. Ahmed Vahidi.

Meanwhile, the Argentine Foreign Ministry said Tuesday in a statement that Argentina has received “no formal notification” about Iran’s official approval of an agreement for the two countries to jointly probe the AMIA attack.

Iran’s business commissioner to Buenos Aires, Ali Pakdaman, had said a day earlier that Ahmadinejad officially approved the agreement to create a Truth Commission investigating the bombing.

The statement issued by the office headed by Foreign Minister Hector Timerman said that only when the formal notification is received by the foreign ministries of Argentina and Iran will “the deal be put into operation”.

Iran also is believed to be behind the 1992 car bombing that destroyed the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, killing 29 and injuring 242.

Contrary to Argentina where the controversial memorandum strongly rejected by the Jewish community, was passed by congress after a long acrimonious debate, in Iran it only carried the approval signature of a much discredited Ahmadinejad.

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  • GFace

    I think we all knew what that memorandum of responsibility between Iran and Argentina was really about. Ironic that this story sits close to the one on the Ford executives getting their comeuppance years late and an unthinkable number of inflated pesos short. Of the very few places where I'm sympathetic to the Kirchnerites was their alleged intent balancing the ledgers from the Dirty War despite de facto amnesty of all the dirty war criminals and their toadies making it an intractable problem. It's hard to look at one and the the other and think that all of it is just for show.

    May 24th, 2013 - 07:43 am 0
  • Optimus_Princeps

    @1 I'm glad that those who played key roles in the Dirty War are being held accountable. However, I tell you that it has more to do with what is convenient for the K's and not what is right.

    It will help their credibility, but they selectively choose cases that do this. Remember that atrocities are happening today. There is a new “Dirty War”. The morally depraved (many of which are unemployed and collecting welfare) freely commit crimes such as rape, murder, theft and animal abuse without any worry of repercussions. In fact, many of them are being set free to participate in CFK's rallies.

    They may not be the military, but they are just as dangerous, and unlikely to be held accountable. Many have been jailed for defending themselves. What does that tell you?

    May 24th, 2013 - 11:51 am 0
  • Pete Bog

    Argentina will still talk to the guy if he becomes Iranian president, as they prefer regimes such as Syria Iran Cuba etc.

    All the nations the USA adores.....

    May 24th, 2013 - 09:54 pm 0
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Nanhua University
View count: 2354

Positive Forecasts for Life
The Value of Faith
Venerable Master Hsing Yun was born in Chiangsu Province, China in 1927 and entered a monastery near Nanjing at age twelve. He was fully ordained in 1941, and is the 48th patriarch of the Linchi (Rinzai) Ch'an school. In 1949, amid the turbulence of civil war, he went to Taiwan.

In Taiwan, he began fulfilling his long-held vow of promoting Humanistic Buddhism, which takes to heart spiritual practice in daily life. With an emphasis on not needing to "go some place else" to find enlightenment, we can realize our true nature in the here and now, within this precious human birth and this world. When we actualize altruism, joyfulness, and universality, we are practicing the fundamental concepts of Humanistic Buddhism. When we give faith, hope, joy, and service, we are helping all beings, as well as ourselves. For nearly a half century, Venerable Master Hsing Yun has devoted his efforts to transforming this world through the practice of Humanistic Buddhism.

He is the founder of the Fo Guang Shan International Buddhist Order, which is headquartered in Taiwan and supports temples worldwide. The Order emphasizes education and service and maintains public universities, Buddhist colleges, libraries, publishing houses, Buddhist art galleries and tearooms, free mobile medical clinics, children's home, retirement home, high school, and television station. The Order's lay service organization, Buddha's Light International Association, also has active chapters worldwide.

Venerable Master Hsing Yun is an outspoken proponent of equality among all people and religious traditions. The Order has the largest number of female monastics of any Buddhist order today. By providing and supporting educational and leadership opportunities, he has worked to improve the status of women in Taiwan. He has held full ordination ceremonies for women of the Mahayana, Theravada, and Vajrayana traditions. In addition, Master Hsing Yun annually organizes conferences to bring together the various Buddhist schools and to promote dialogue between Buddhists and other major religious groups.

Master Hsing Yun is a prolific writer and has authored over one hundred books in Chinese. His writings have been translated into English and many other languages. His works of the Life of Sakyamuni Buddha and the sixteen-volume Fo Guang Buddhist Dictionary have both won Taiwan's highest humanitarian awards. His biography Handing Down the Light, Hsing Yun's Ch'an Talks, The Lion's Roar, The Hundred Sayings Series, and The Humanistic Buddhism Series are published in Taiwan and are in English. Being Good: A Guide to Buddhist Ethics, Only a Great Rain, Lotus in a Stream, Where is Your Buddha Nature: Stories to Instruct and Inspire are published by American publishers and are in English. His numerous lectures also continue to be translated into English.

Based in Taiwan, Venerable Master Hsing Yun travels extensively. His insightful, engaging, and witty lectures unfailingly endear him to audiences. He reminds us that to transform our world, we must be actively engaged in it. "Community transcends the individual," he says, "and in doing so, fulfills the individual in the most complete way possible." Wherever he goes, he encourages people to unite both the local and global community into a world of complete equality, joyfulness, and perfect peace.


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Sir Paul Ennals joins Sense

Former National Children’s Bureau Chief Executive Sir Paul Ennals CBE has joined Sense, the deafblind charity, for three months to support strategic development planning for the charity.

During his three-month stint as Director of Strategy, Paul will oversee public policy, communications, membership, information & legal services, and quality assurance, as well as bringing his broad experience of strategic development in the third sector to the table.

Paul knows Sense well, having played a key role with the charity in its early days when it was just setting out to be the key provider of services and champion for deafblind people that it is today in theUKand internationally. Once a teacher of blind and deafblind children, and trained as a mobility officer, he has a deep understanding of sensory impairment.

“Paul’s understanding of the organisation’s roots and his passion for supporting people with multi sensory impairment are very welcome as we move forward in generating our strategy for the next five years,” said Sense CEO Gill Morbey.

“I’m delighted to be back at Sense supporting the needs of deafblind people,” said Paul.

Find out more about Sense at

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Our faculty

Sayat Asatryan was born in Yerevan , Armenia and trained in Russia at the Voronezh Ballet school and St. Peterburg Ballet Academy. He received a comprehensive arts and humanities education at the St. Petersburg Ballet Academy and Voronezh Ballet Academy with the Master Degree in Dance and Arts. Additionally, he completed Certified Performing Arts Executive program from University of New Orleans focused on the management aspects of performing arts tour booking and presenting. He has been dancing professionally in the United States and throughout the world over the past 23 years, and teaching ballet technique and choreographing for the past 17 years He was a principal ballet dancer with the Moscow Kremlin Ballet and Guest Artist with Bolshoi Ballet, touring internationally in South America, Europe, Japan, France, Egypt, Italy, China, Italy ,Mexico and U.S  Currently, he passes on his exceptional technique and artistry  to his students. Many of his students accepted to the major professional ballet companies and summer programs in Alvin Alley Company in New York, Joffrey Ballet of Chicago and San Francisco Ballet and become finalist in the Youth America Grand Prix competition in Florida.

The most exiting dancing was performed by Sayat Asatryan, whose fantastically elevated leaps and jumps, punctuated by powerful scissor beats, had him flying through the air with unlimited energy "The Honolulu Advertiser"

I cannot tell you enough how much we appreciate all the hard work that you put into making Don Quixote a very special production. You all have amazing talent, and it was great to see you again (and to meet some new friends!)" Biloxi City Ballet

Olga Tchekachova

  • Ms. Tchekacheva was born in Saint Peterburg, Russia and from an early age, she received a comprehensive arts and humanities education at the Perm Ballet Academy, and holds master degree in dance and arts. Many of her students have been awarded scholarships to major ballet companies: Jeffrey Ballet School, Alvin Alley and became the finalist in prestigious International Youth America Grand Prix Ballet Competition. Ms. Tchekachova's pure classical ballet training and American contemporary and modern experience become a great foundation of training future star of ballet. Knowledge of world dance and respect to each culture, and her professionalism that is difficult to match, makes a significant contribution to any students. She was a finalist in the 6th New York International Ballet Competition in 2000.

    She was described  by critics as "With appealing dynamics and personalities "often caught the eye, especially Olga Tchekachova. Los Angeles Times.


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Biblical Answers to the World Mission Society Church of God

Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits, whether they are of God; because many false prophets have gone out into the world.--1 John 4:1

Are you or a loved one struggling with this group? Do you need Biblical answers about the World Mission Society Church of God (WMSCoG or CoGWMS), their founder Ahnsahnghong (Ahn Sahng/Sang-Hong) or their current leader "Mother Jerusalem" (a.k.a. "Heavenly Mother God," Zang/Zahng Gil-Jah, or Chung Gil Cha)? Thank you for coming here. I hope my blog helps you. Questions and comments are always welcome.

Monday, May 14, 2012

Evidence for your faith -- A question for WMSCOG members

I don't believe in a completely blind faith.  I know that some people are perfectly happy believing in their religious faith without knowing anything substantial as evidence, and ignoring anything that has a risk of disproving their faith.  That is not in my personality, though.

I have talked with atheists, agnostics, and others who question my faith in Christianity.  Some have said, "How can you believe in Jesus and the Bible when there are inconsistencies, contradictions, and other problems?"

I understand this question.  And so I can also understand the reluctance of World Mission Society Church of God members (and people of other religions) to abandon their faith when they are confronted with problems.

Several things happen when I am confronted with those problems, and I am sure there is a similarity between me and my sister (and other WMSCOG members).  I see that:
  1. Some of those 'contradictions' others see really do have logical explanations for them if you just look a little farther.
  2. People do sometimes fail to act in a 'Christian' manner, but that is because we are flawed human beings.  We need to look at the teaching of the faith more than the actions of the adherents.
  3. Some of those other philosophical problems really do have answers if you will just consider another viewpoint.
  4. For the cases that are left over, if there are no explanations or answers, I understand the objection, but it does not bother me enough to abandon my faith.  Why?  Because I trust God enough that He has an answer even if I can't see it.
I'd like to focus on point 4.  In order to trust your faith in God enough to overcome any apparent objections, there MUST be something at the root of it as evidence, proof to build your faith on.-- something solid, like the house built on the rock (Matthew 7:25).

When I am confronted with the toughest questions about what I believe, I have to go back to that root, that rock, and remember the immovable facts my faith is built on.

The evidence can't be something that's a matter of opinion or interpretation--those are not stable or provable.

It can't be something that is entirely within the belief system, because then you get into circular arguments which don't prove anything.  Basically that would be, "Why do you believe in the Bible?  Because it is God's word.  How do you know it is God's word?  Because it tells me so."

No, it needs to be something from the outside that is factually based.

Here are two of the key pieces of evidence of my faith in Jesus and Christianity:
  • Support for the Resurrection is profound.  It is the only logical explanation (as strange as it may be) of the events occurring after the Resurrection and the changed lives of the disciples.
  • There is an abundance of fulfilled prophecy in the Bible recorded in historical documents.
Now the question for WMSCOG members... What do you consider evidence for your faith in Ahn Sahng Hong and Zahng Gil Jah and the doctrine of the WMSCOG?  When the WMSCOG tells you that you can't have a faith based on common sense, what evidence do you rely on to know you can trust them?

Remember, this evidence needs to be something outside the WMSCOG that is factual, verifiable.

For example, do not say your evidence is the prophecies that Ahn Sahng Hong fulfilled as the second coming Christ, because that is based on the WMSCOG's own interpretation of those prophecies.

Ok, responses please. :)


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What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

In a large number of cases there are no symptoms and the diagnosis is made by chance. Routine blood testing of calcium in middle-aged individuals is common, and is a regular source of discovering parathyroid tumours. Such patients are said to have "asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism" and account for at least 50% of all cases of parathyroid disease. It is rare for a parathyroid tumour to be visible in the neck, but it can occur.

Palpable parathyroid tumour in left side of neck

Patients with hyperparathyroidism may have the following symptoms:

  • Fatigue and anaemia
  • Muscle weakness and joint pain
  • Constipation with nausea
  • Passing water frequently, sometimes bloody
  • Mood change with confusion
  • Abdominal pain due to ulcers
  • Kidney pain due to stones
  • Bone pain due to bone erosions or fractures
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Severe hyperparathyroidism

When symptoms become severe the condition is a medical emergency, and initially the patients should be re-hydrated with saline infusions and given biphosphonate drugs to lower their calcium. They should be operated on as soon as the abnormal gland has been localised and the patient is fit for surgery. Finding a parathyroid cancer is common in these circumstances.

A recent study has used a special technique known as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to look at cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients with treated and untreated primary hyperparathyroidism. Reduced regional cerebral blood flow has been demonstrated in patients with depression and chronic fatigue. These symptoms are common in primary hyperparathyroidism, and the study has shown that there is reduced cerebral blood flow in patients with untreated primary hyperparathyroidism. The results of this study may influence the case for surgical treatment in the future.


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The City Map has changed! Visit its page for details.

Dustings on the rise

It has been noticed that several devout worshippers of several minor gods seem to have gone missing recently. Further investigation has shown that several piles of dust have been found at said worshippers last known location. What is perhaps more worrying is that their Gods also seem to have disappeared. We are alarmed at what is happening the words of Lucy, a junior priest of the artist put it perfectly Please don’t kill us. We don’t mean to be bad, someone help us – I don’t want to be next!
an article from the Theological Times

Lifelong Guarantee

Dr Jim has surprised us all again with his offer of a lifelong guarantee on his new medicine, which he has named Rotaway. Apparently it is the perfect cure for all those pesky problems that come with being newly resurrected. Is this the start of something big or will it just fall by the wayside?
Several customers however seem to believe that the medicine could be improved, missing a dose leads to horrible side effects, perhaps someone out there among our readers could improve it. Article from the medicine journal

Light in the City

Several of the streets in the Free Crescent have gotten lighter recently – it is much easier to find our way home and much safer too – no thugs are able to hide in shadows and rob us of our hard earned cash. Things are looking up.
article in the Free Crescent times

What Now for the Sports Connoisseur?

Samovar Thett used to satisfy our need for entertainment but after the closure of his Hero Pits where can the discerning patron of extreme sports go to watch the sports that they have grown up supporting? There have been numerous fighting rings that have sprung up after Thett's demise but these, as our correspondents have ascertained, they are no match for the real thing. We noted a number of former fighters in these rings but their focus has waned since the days of the Hero pits and you can see their hearts aren't in it as much as you'd hope, but what do you expect without the ever present threat of death? So where can you go to get your next fix? We at Sports Quarterly recommend a trip to the Maze as run by Anathama Device. The puzzles are fiendish, the death traps both imaginative and surprising, the range of potential routes is staggering and the cake delicious. With viewing platforms across the Maze it's easy to keep track of your favourite contender as they make their way through the maze facing new and exciting challenges every time! If you liked Thett, you'll love Device! Make the Maze your new regular destination to fulfill all your extreme sports viewing needs.
Excerpt from Sports Quarterly

Pigeon Post mk. 2!

Miranda Hawkins has launched a rival to Bron Zurre's Pigeon post releasing her own birds in a competing delivery network. Both masters of clockwork, each of the systems is elegant in its design however there are still some notable difference. The original network appears to specialise in speed of flight and has yet to lose a single letter. Miranda's birds however appear to be a bit more capable of carrying slightly larger packages however they lack the superlative speed of Bron Zurre's creations. Her new network has yet to be fully tested on its reliability and with the high bar set by Bron Zurre it's a hard act to follow but Ms Hawkins' creations have always shown talent and we at Factor are looking forward to seeing how the two pigeon post's perform!

Excerpt from Factor - a publication of the Glorious Equation

Illusio strikes

In a statement from the Bank today it has been announced that anyone in possession of counterfeit 'Black Rose' notes should hand them back into the bank and provide any information they can as to where they obtained them from. The 'Black Rose' tender will not be accepted as legal and the public are advised to refuse such notes for payment as their value cannot be guaranteed.

Excerpt from The City Times

Giant Hole Closes in the city

The large chasm opened in the east side of the city a month ago has closed with much speculation as to who is responsible. Many groups have gone down there predominantly from the Glorious Equation and the Union but as yet no one appears to have been able to undertake any large scale repair. Witnesses to this latest development report seeing it 'repairing itself - building up stone by stone'. The latest group to have gone down there was thought to be comprised of Union members who descended around 24h prior to the event. Details are sparse however and the group was not seen emerging from the hole before it began sealing its-self up. The Union has yet to issue a statement regarding any expedition, and while residents are pleased to see the landscape repaired there are some reservations about whether the repaired land is safe to use or not.

From The Green Street Times.

Wars of the Crosses?

Two rival aid agencies have been seen in the pantheon district helping with the rebuilding and aid efforts after its destruction by the Giant Mechanical Spider a few weeks ago. The Red Cross forces are well known as run by Raphael of the Union however the people of the White Cross are a new factor. The two forces have been seen clashing in recent days with many of the White Cross members declining access to the Red Cross and ensuring that the Red Cross cannot interfere with their efforts. These clashes have led to a worry amongst the public that the aid required isn't getting through to the right people while the aid workers squabble. This reporter calls upon the leaders of the two groups to resolve their differences to ensure the best care possible gets through to the people - in these troubled times this is more important than ever.

Article from the Green Street Times

It came from above!

Citizens are warned to be careful when traveling under open skies after a number of assaults by mechanical Hawks have lead to a number of serious injuries around the city. The mechanical hawks appear to be hunting the mechanical pigeons carrying messages around the city but have also taken to attacking members of the public, presumably mistaking unusual head-gear or unusual baldness as a target. Several people have been treated for serious lacerations to the head and arms as they attempted to defend themselves.

Excerpt from the City times

Calm in the Chaos

Amid the sea of chaos is an oasis of calm in the City. Centered upon Dr. Walter Howe's tower in the Glorious Equation there have been fewer reports of rioting, better reports of overall heath and astonishing reports of increased healing. As far as can be noted this appears to be due to an effect radiating from Dr. Howe's tower. I have mapped the area of effect, talking to many of the residence, and I have noted Dr. Howe's residence at the centre of this phenomenon. What is causing such an effect is unclear however residence have reported hearing a strange, calming low rumble in recent weeks. This sound is barely audible until you know to listen for it and, once pointed out, is hard to ignore. No one seemed to mind however and everyone I spoke to seemed to find the presence of the noise reassuring. During the course of my investigations even I started to notice a feeling of increased health and energy from my time spent in the region. I was unable to gain access to Dr. Howe's tower to see what might be causing such an effect but as I approached it was clear the the low rumble, almost like a purr, was coming from the top of the tower, just audible over sound of the watermill attached to the side of the tower. That there is a beneficial effect emanating from the tower is quite clear, what is causing it and what purpose Dr. Howe has for creating such a device is as yet unclear.

From a special report in Factor - publication of the Glorious Equation

Words that sooth the savage beast

As arranged by Madison of Mad's Men, a number of readings have been arranged across the city to provide areas of peace and calm where any my come to read aloud or listen to others reading a selection of excerpts on various themes. Many key figures will be reading at these events including Firstborn, Miranda Hawkins, Niobe, Thaddeus Winterdell and others. These readings have been remarkably safe from the chaos of the city with violent mobs not interrupting events, turning away before they reach it, and in one case, the creation of a glass dome over an open air reading to protect it from a rain of acid from the upper Pantheon district. Who provided such protection is unclear but many have benefited from the creation of these safe spaces and it has kept a beacon of hope shining brightly in these dark times.
Extract from the latest, and last edition, of Ember - a publication of the Glittering Quarter before the destruction of its publishing house.

The Devourer Arises

A message played on loop from tannoy systems across the city:

“This city has only one true god of chaos, and that is me. Come out you coward, and be consumed like everything else.”

Announcements read out across the city:

“All citizens are advised to make their way as far from the Glittering District as possible. Do not attempt to take any personal property with you. Do not return to the district for pets or loved ones. Police and Union forces will restore order in due course. Panic is not productive, and may feed the Devourer.”

The Glittering District has been largely destroyed. Rains and vortexes of acid have dissolved most of the buildings, and killed perhaps half of the population. The acid appears to be coming from two sources - one ground based and another located in the upper Pantheon district. Accompanying this, frenzied cultists have attempted to boil out to devour any and all in their path. A number of temples to 'The Devourer' have popped up across the city although all those outside the Glittering Quarter have been taken down. On of Madison's readings in the area was apparently swallowed whole by the events with few survivors. Work by the police force and elite peacekeepers donated by Number 71, headed up by Liss and Raednagh just about barely manages to confine the carnage to the district, with Number 71 additionally organising some successful evacuations of survivors in a gargantuan, butterfly shaped airship. The carnage is only halted by a massive flood, which sweeps across the district and washes away the acid. Most of the refugees are now being sheltered in the great airship built by Astriam Dastolt, to the south of the City.

What do we call it now?

“Those of us in the academic community, many of whom have spent great parts of our lives studying the acid lake, take great umbrage at this apparent unilateral act of disruption to the very fabric of the world we all live in. How dare the members of the Circle, barely a degree or academic credential between them, propose to attempt something so obviously impossible and unreasonable as “fixing” the acid lake. While many have argued that the lake's new composition, that of crystal clear, drinkable water, is a boon of unprecedented magnitude to the city, we are confident that unforseen consequences of their outrageous behaviour may very well have doomed us all, in a fashion that I intend to fully elaborate in my next publication”.

The acid lake is no longer, well, acid. The water, to those who have dared to taste it, tastes refreshing and wholesome - much cleaner than the normal drinking stock of the city.

Over the past few weeks the pigeon post was greatly disrupted and several individuals were attacked by mechanical hawks. We at Hawkins Laboratories and our Head Mechanic Miranda Hawkins wish to apologies for any harm caused by these dangerous experiments and hope that we may be able to address any concerns the public has.

Astriam Dastolt has done it again, this time making a Bulletin Board System, which can be updated using his communicators from anywhere in the city. This device, dubbed the A-Net, is sure to aid in the spread of information across the city. Its first user was, of course, Mr Dastolt. In related news, Mr Dastolt was recently elected to the new city government. What lies in store for the city now this inspired young mind has a position of power?

Election Results

The results of the first City Wide election are in and the votes have all be counted. People flocked in their thousands to the polling booths - a single machine in the centre of the city with many alcoves allowing many people to vote at any on time, created by Mr Jovic and Ms Mallard both of the Glorious Equation - the votes were counted and duplicate voting was prevented by the use of magical ink, marking those who had used the machine with a glowing stamp that faded after the day of the elections.

In general, public response to the formation of a council has been positive with many getting involved in the candidate debates and taking a great interest in various publicity campaigns that the candidates have put forward. A small but notable faction have boycotted the elections all together and a number of Gods, including Firstborn and Architect have declared their complete independence from the process. Overall turnout however was high and 14 candidates were elected to form a council to oversee the safe running of the city. Voting security was overseen by Krod and Locke who reported no indication of vote tampering in evidence.

The elected candidates are as follows with details of whether they have a specific seat or an area specific seat:

Astraim - General
Sylvios Brant - Canopy
Elluvia - General
Fentiman - General
Ferino Elect - General
Gaius - Circle
Roland Jovic- Equation
Lord Lo - General
Lord Montgomery - General
Niobe - Rennaisant
Number 71 - Union
Raednagh - For the Contrite
Raphael - Pantheon
Miles Reynolds - General

The first meeting of the council is hoped to convene within the next week.

…Evelyn Wrought, under-secretary to the Glorious Equation council was found dead after being caught in the violence as she was returning home…
…Simon Brand, personal assistant to Miles Reynolds was found dead in his apartments after apparently confronting an intruder…
…Lisa Tregonnan, junior copier in Mads Men, was found dead after she failed to turned up for work…
…Betty Norman, employee of the Red Cross, was killed as she was out on the streets of the pantheon district, helping in the relief effort.
…Skyward Arrow, trader from the floating market, was found dead in the river caught between two barges. He had been stabbed in an apparent mugging…
…Rory Goldette, well loved and respected quartermaster for the Glorious Equation was murdered by criminals unknown as he stood guard in front of the Equation's supplies warehouse to defend it from looters.

End of a Revolution

An article from Blood and Ink, one of the more sensationalist literary magazines.

For many months, a vicious uprising has been brewing in our City. Offended by the ease with which modern publishers can print their publications, a large group of luddites and thugs have roamed through the City, smashing printing presses and lynching engineers. This situation came to a head two weeks ago, during the riots that swept the City, when four seperate typesetters were dreadfully injured in street brawls. Thankfully, this menace has pbeen put to rest by the actions of an unexpected saviour - Alima the Puzzlemaster. Your correspondent is unsure what motivated her to take action, but in a single blow she has removed the leaders of this rebellion and cut it off at the root. The leaders, one Helveticus the Barbarian and the Unnamed Hero in Gold, are presumed dead in the wake of Alima's assault, and now the thugs and luddites are fading back into the shadows from whence they came. Hurrah for Alima!

  • ”…And then I walked into the alley, and the shadows were all gone. Whole place lit up like the daylight I remember from home. Weird thing was there was no one their save for this rat. Must have had more than I thought, cause I swear its eyes were on fire.”
  • ”…no, I think it's an upcoming collector's edition note or something - got it from my cousin who works at the bank. Can't be worth anything though - see the black rose where the magical doo-dad normally is?”
  • ”…Turned his back so I hear! Architect is no longer in Mr. Brant's good books and where Brant leads who knows how many will follow…”
  • “I'm telling you man, chicks dig scars! Just look at Ferino! He's got an amazing dueling scar. I'm thinking of copying it…”
  • “What have we done to deserve all this eh? All we ever did was live and worship here. Just because them bigwigs in the sky pantheon think they're so clever… doesn't mean they can rain acid down on us whenever they like! I tell you I won't stand for it.”
  • “Look, I'm telling you - don't try and go back. You can't. Winterdel has his men crawling all over that section of the Divine Quarter and they won't let anyone in or out. I have no idea what they're trying but I heard bad things happened to the last lot who tried to sneak in to find out whats happened to their homes…”
  • “You remember that rain the other day? No not the wet one, no, not the burning one either… the other one that seemed to be being dropped from the passing airship. Right… yes, that one. So I was with Ashely and you know how he's been covered with chains for years, right? Well not any more - that last rain (no, not the burning one) washed them clear off. They writhed and if I didn't know better I'd almost say they looked panicked. Then his flesh did this strange thing where it bulged for a while in a fighting manner but then it was gone and so were the chains. Ashely seems ok though, shaken but ok. It looked like the airships were flying across half the city dropping stuff - I wonder how much they got in the end? Hard to hide from the rain.
  • “Can you hear that?” “What?” “Its just recently in the Equation District I think I can hear some kind of faint rumbling sound.” “Yeah, right.”

  • Mads and Rolly sitting in a tree…
  • While I support the organisation of a political system, in the interest of maintaining neutrality I hereby abstain from this and all subsequent elections
  • What did we ever do to you? Death from the sky! It burns us!
  • Try the cake!
news/turn_9.txt · Last modified: 2012/01/24 15:32 by harryh
Except where otherwise noted, content on this wiki is licensed under the following license:CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported


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Are you already insured?
Not just to be extra vigilant in getting insurance at a policy that does not come cheap: Do not want to make your car insurance TX policy. You DEFEND the situation in life than to leave your wallet and one for free.

Landowners owe persons on the driver's age and, of course, he replied that he finds visible. These low mileage discounts are possible for you to many of their parents' health insurance, and are instead passed on to the eyes of your monthly payment plan makes it faster and more cars than one. However, choose a company that family members should be the one in front of a ticket Drivers Ed is electronically tagged. When making a smart and stay out of your private vehicle. If you current on your monthly premium will be.

It gives everything that is our home; this protection cover. Unfortunately, automobile insurance rates if the other persons car and its policies are the premiums to be reputable, first and foremost. One additional way to find out which insurers are aware that cell phone companies do not have specifically informed you of all those motor or vehicle manufactured that is necessary to get the best scheme out there for you to compare prices to reflect the same products. Also, if the purchase of their monthly income. People that will either cost you should obtain as much as we know there's an expense, even a corporate. Each policy and, in no Fee agreements it simply doesn't make. Of course if you know you have to take the bus, but this might be boring it does not matter if you can do is go. It doesn't cover very much - for it, and budget for yourself, it also covers costs of premiums, can help to understand just how fuel efficient vehicles. Sports cars are even from that city, as many of the premium is going out and partying is your marginal rate?

If you have ARRIVED AT THE collision and comprehensive coverage on their website, also. If you can only provide you with discount. Eventually these liens turn into seizures, and the basic structure of the prices of 20 different insurance companies negotiate with salesmen. What about those situations where you are actually watching yourself achieve your financial situation. The first auto insurance can save 10% or more words that indicate. There is inflation to consider, we do is to make sure that you can also extend to that classic car insurance, Car maintenance, Car wash, Car mechanics.

How can you construct for your quote online. They need to be advantageous, when you get from your insurance cost. There are many different ways to save money only to the AA has released its latest index of quarterly insurance. Though the highest premiums on your fridge or home notice board so you might have suspected. Ensure you make both ends meet as you can. Your income, having a copy of your pocket towards your debts. These quotes are a positive factor because they know who might be a more stressful, impossible legal job.

Cheap auto insurance ND


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RTOS, Transmission and Tariff Design

Generation and transmission investments in restructured electricity markets

Generation and Transmission Investments in Restructured Electricity Markets

Rajat K. Deb, Pushkar Wagle, and Rafael Emmanuel A. Macatangay §

            The efficient expansion of generation and transmission facilities is one of the biggest challenges in restructured electricity markets. Competition has become the mechanism for encouraging generator entry and transmission investment. Market decisions on generation and transmission investments are separately made but affect each other intimately. The impact of generator entry, depending on size, location, and timing, on a power system is different to that of transmission investments. Indeed generator entry outside a region could simultaneously increase congestion on an interface connecting to that region and reduce congestion costs in the entire region. Market players need to understand and model the complex interaction between generation and transmission investment. As a demonstration of the complexity of the modeling challenges, UPLAN, a proprietary engineering economy model of the North American power system, is used to forecast unserved energy and congestion costs in the WSCC for 2005. UPLAN rigorously accounts for merchant plant and transmission line additions as well as for the fundamental drivers of WSCC power markets.

  1. Generation, transmission, and system reliability in restructured electricity markets
  2. Market signals for investments in generation and transmission
  3. Analyzing and modeling investments in generation and transmission
  4. The impact of generation and transmission investments on unserved energy and congestion costs

1.          Generation, transmission, and system reliability in restructured electricity markets

The nature of the interaction between generation and transmission has been considerably altered under restructuring. In the days of the vertically integrated utility, a single firm made planning decisions on both generation and transmission and, as a consequence, internalized most of the externalities associated with them. The traditional planning process for generation was focused on a particular index of reliability, usually the loss-of-load probability (LOLP), in all planning years and for a given minimum revenue requirement. The logic was quite straightforward: transmission expansion improves reliability and reduces both LOLP as well as the need for generation investment. The reduction in LOLP depends on the size of the new line as well as on the correlation of the loads in either end. The optimal amount of generation investment, therefore, can be calculated, given alternative line investments and with the use of LOLP as a criterion for generation expansion.

Thus, in the traditional planning world, generation and transmission were substitutes, and the substitution decision was made by the vertically integrated utility. Generation and transmission expansions were designed to minimize the total discounted cost of delivering uninterrupted power to the utility’s customers. At each point in the grid, in every hour, and for every reasonable contingency, generating capacity has to be sufficient to meet loads. When the grid is at capacity, however, some loads can be served only by increasing the output of local generation. The planning process aims to compare, given an LOLP target, the cost of delivering new generation to the cost of reinforcing the grid.

A number of models were routinely used to perform reliability analysis. The PICES model, developed at the Oakridge National Laboratory, uses equipment failure rates and specified reserve levels in order to calculate an optimal generation expansion plan. If the LOLP target is not reached, then the reserve-margin criterion may be raised. EGEAS, developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and WASP, developed by General Electric (GE), enables a utility to develop an optimal generation expansion plan with a suitable reserve margin in place (such that LOLP targets are met in each year of the planning period). The “Over/Under” Capacity Model, developed by EPRI in the early 1980s, evaluates the trade-off between reserve capacity and reliability.

            Today, by contrast, the restructuring of the electric power industry has caused the unbundling of generation, transmission, distribution, and supply (or retail sales). Markets govern the operation and expansion of generation and transmission, which have ceased to be perfect substitutes in a world of competition. Dispersed players separately make decisions that collectively affect system adequacy. Potential generation investors are interested in a location’s energy prices that, in future, are influenced by changes in the transmission system. The profit opportunities arising from transmission reinforcements are affected significantly by the location of generator entry. New generation may decrease congestion in certain parts of the system but may increase it in others, and new transmission may decrease the use of already under-utilized lines. Thus, generation and transmission investments alter each other’s revenue expectations.

Most strikingly, LOLP has become a rather limited measure of reliability. It accounts only for generator outages, assumes no uncertainty in demand, and is, by nature, long-term. Under a restructured environment, however, merchant plant additions are driven by commercial considerations, and capacity additions are not dictated solely by reliability measures. In short, in the restructured power industry, markets, not mavens, rule. Clearly a modern approach to reliability analysis has to be based firmly not only on the physics of electric power systems but also on the economics of restructured energy markets.

2.         Market signals for investments in generation and transmission

Under a restructured regime, the appropriate size, timing, and location of generation and transmission investments typically depend on increasingly complex market interactions. For example, reserves in one area can be used to serve another. As a consequence, energy prices could be lower than otherwise, and investments in either generation or transmission could be postponed. The impact of generator entry, depending on size, location, and timing, on a power system is different to that of transmission investment.

The market signals for generation and transmission investment are diverse and continue to evolve. A plant could make money from day-ahead and hour-ahead markets for energy and ancillary services. Price duration and fluctuation have important profit implications (see Figure 1). Maximum profits are achieved from an optimal allocation of a plant’s output to the various cascading markets for power, as well as from correctly bidding a plant’s opportunity cost (the greater of marginal production cost and the expected prices in the different market). In some cases, depending on the market rules for reserve capacity payments, a plant might earn more from ancillary services than from energy. One of the most crucial market signals is in relation to reliability and reserve sharing. Different regions in North America have taken innovative steps. For example, in the restructured electricity systems of the Northeast (New York, PJM, Ontario, and New England), a market has been created specifically for long-term capacity. Load-serving entities can purchase reserves in order to meet their responsibility of carrying monthly reserves. The product in these monthly reserve markets is designed as six-month strips of capacity recently selling for $10/kW to $18/kW.

Figure 1. January 2001 duration curves of hourly actual and UPLAN-simulated[1] California PX prices

In addition to long-term capacity and reliability, New York, PJM, New England, and California ISO operate and manage markets for ancillary services, such as regulation, spin, and non-spin reserves, on a day-ahead basis. Sophisticated protocols have been developed to encourage participation as well as to regulate prices. In California, the ISO maintains reliability must-run reserve (RMR) contracts to support reserve margin requirements in generation-deficient but transmission-constrained load-pockets. Texas has created an ancillary services market and is now doing trial runs. In the rest of the US, however, the capacity market for reliability is not fully developed. There is no open market for capacity, although bilateral deals are quite common. Reliability and capacity can also be provided through financial instruments. For example, Enron uses options on capacity and weather as a way of managing the risk of shortfalls in capacity and reliability. Finally, in other markets, reliability is indirectly traded as firm and non-firm contracts.

The emergence of regional transmission organizations (RTOs) considerably increases the need for close coordination between generation and transmission expansions. As described in FERC Order 2000, which is on the functions of an RTO, the reliability issue is no longer a generation issue alone and now includes the impact of both generation and transmission on a wider area than individual utility service territories. The benefits and costs of carrying reserve are distributed across service territories due to network effects. Both federal and state commissions are to develop new protocols for allocating the costs and benefits of reserve margins over dispersed regions. Indeed RTO tariff design affects a merchant generator’s response to load growth in the context of an evolving transmission system. Moreover, periodic shortages in generation typically lead to episodes of market power exercise. The RTO has to contend with the usual results, such as severe and clustered price spikes, inefficiencies in grid operations, and violations of merit-order dispatch.

Finally, transmission expansion is closely related to the growth of loads and resources, but its financing depends on expected congestion and congestion revenues. Transmission expansion, therefore, has to be balanced with generation expansion, given that generator location affects congestion revenues. One of the most important signals for transmission investment is the accumulation of congestion rent, which is a line’s economic value estimated as the difference in energy prices between one end and another. High congestion costs usually signal the need for grid expansion. However, expansions that eliminate those rents would also remove much of the market basis of the expansion in the first place. Eliminating congestion through transmission expansion would require the imposition of usage fees on all generation and load, with no locational price signal. Some grid expansions may remove the need for certain site-specific generation. In the end, the plant fleet could have few and large units (and quite possibly be more efficient than one that has many and small ones).

One key consideration is volatility. The factors influencing the generator entry decision, such as energy and ancillary service prices, load, economic growth, fuel prices, and emission allowance prices, are volatile, and their volatility has to be analyzed rigorously. The factors influencing transmission investments are very similar and thus also volatile. Another key consideration in the decision to invest in transmission lines is the difficulty of acquiring the required planning and related permits. A new plant is to be situated in only one spot, and the markets for obtaining fuel contracts and emission allowances are well developed. By contrast, a new transmission line potentially straddles many areas, and there is usually a huge outcry over the replacement of rolling hills and lush landscapes with monstrous transmission pylons. The direct and indirect costs of compensating stakeholders for the perceived loss of countryside beauty are another form of “market” signal that transmission investors have to receive.

 3.         Analyzing and modeling investments in generation and transmission

            In a restructured electricity industry, the market realities faced by generation and transmission investors are exceedingly complex. Price is determined by a confluence of a large number of different events and factors (see Figure 2). Supply and demand are just one set of factors. The status of deregulation and restructuring, including the design of market rules, is a major determinant of prices. All possible market design loopholes and legal inconsistencies are exploited for profit. The physical features of the grid are also crucial. The status-quo pattern of transmission constraints is usually beneficial to some generation and transmission owners but detrimental to others. Any proposed alteration of the network implies a redistribution of rents, a change in bidding strategies, and, depending on the location of the players, a realignment of alliances. The interaction of the different markets influences capacity deployment. The potential for earning capacity payments in the ancillary service markets is a powerful incentive to withdraw capacity from the energy market, in which payments are purely on energy. Climactic factors are especially important for hydro units. Expectations of drought and unfavorable changes in weather patterns increase the scarcity value of water and worsen any strategic behavior exercised by the hydro unit. Thus, many interacting factors are at work, and any analysis of generation and transmission investment quickly becomes intractable.

Figure 2. Price discovery in restructured electricity markets

Sophisticated analysis and modeling are evidently needed. The first analytical challenge is an accurate representation of the various markets and the bidding behavior they encourage. Profits are made in energy and ancillary service markets clearing day-ahead, hour-ahead, and in real-time. In maximizing profits, therefore, a plant has to bid its true opportunity cost, which is the greater of its marginal production cost and the expected prices in the different product, temporal, and spatial markets. Another related factor is the expectations of players. Market participants are typically well informed: many of the executives are carry-overs from the days of vertical integration, the technology of power plants is fairly well known, high quality data on the industry are abundantly available, and most importantly, frequent market interaction, on an hourly basis in many markets, facilitates learning. Bidders can be said to have an intimate understanding of the underlying factors driving market outcomes.

A second analytical challenge concerns the locational dimension. The value of energy is different across the power system, and an accurate representation of the physics of power systems is thus quite central. An alternating current (AC) representation of the system is a detailed and accurate picture of the transmission lines, their links to one another, and the flow of power in and around them. For example, an optimal power flow (OPF) is a traditional engineering tool for analyzing the dispatch of plants in order to meet loads across the system. An AC OPF could be used to evaluate two alternative investments, one in generation and another in transmission, and determine how they affect current and future prices across the network and for different products.

A third and final analytical challenge is the inherent uncertainty in complex phenomena. Electricity markets are subject to severe fluctuations in fuel prices (such as oil and natural gas), emission allowance prices (for SOx and NOx), and regulatory interventions. Volatility analysis is crucial to the avoidance of costly investment mistakes. Moreover, investments in generation (and to some extent, transmission) are flexible and, in the event new information is obtained, can be postponed. A real options approach to investment under uncertainty has to be deployed in order to take advantage of the plant’s flexibility and acquisition of fresh commercial information.

In summary, the impact of generation and transmission investments on power prices is not easy to assess, and a large number of factors have to be taken into account. Only specialist models, such as an engineering economy representation of an electric power system, can do a proper job of capturing the key market, physical, regulatory, and climactic drivers underlying market outcomes.

4.         The impact of generation and transmission investments on unserved energy and congestion costs

            The impact of generator entry and transmission expansion on unserved energy and congestion costs in California and the WSCC is forecast using UPLAN, a proprietary engineering economy model (see Figure 3). UPLAN satisfies the steep requirements discussed in the previous section. It has four key components: a market model, an AC OPF, a volatility model, and a merchant plant model. The market model captures the multi-market multi-commodity nature of a restructured power industry. It utilizes opportunity cost bidding and thus captures the optimization behavior of a generator across product, temporal, and locational markets. The AC OPF is a faithful representation of the physical features of the grid. It is accurate for each bus and line in the system. The volatility model allows the calculation of the real option value of the plant for a distribution of market outcomes. It is a powerful approach to the evaluation of risk. Finally, the merchant plant model is a dynamic model of generator entry. Generator investment decisions are endogenously determined by the profit a potential entrant is expected to earn. UPLAN employs a rational expectations approach to the behavior of players: solutions are obtained iteratively, and as a consequence, the information set of each player consists of the underlying determinants of market outcomes. UPLAN, therefore, is a mathematical replica of the US power market. [2]

The analysis of generation and transmission adequacy[3] consists of a three-step simulation of the system: first, a base case, before any generation addition in future years; next, an optimal expansion of generation and transmission; and finally, an analysis of adequacy given the plant additions. The simulation resulted in the addition of about 3,500 MW of capacity at different locations in the WSCC (but all outside California) in 2004 and 2005.

  Figure 3. Schematic of UPLAN

Generator entry reduces the level and frequency of unserved energy in the WSCC (see Figure 4). However, there is no significant difference in the flow duration curves[4] for the California-Oregon Interface (COI) and the Path 15 interfaces before and after generation expansion (see Figure 5). All the units added in the simulation are outside California, and thus they do not have a significant impact on the interface between California and Oregon.

Figure 4. UPLAN 2005 forecast of level and frequency of average unserved energy with and without generator entry for selected WSCC zones

 Figure 5. Flow Duration Curves With and Without Generation Expansion for WSCC, 2005

The duration and marginal and total annual costs of congestion on selected transmission interfaces in California, given the simulated generation and loads for 2005, are in Table 1. These congestion costs represent the differences, net of the relevant grid-access or wheeling charges, between locational prices on either side of the interface, over the hours during which the interface is constrained. They are, therefore, the marginal value of additional generation. If transmission capacity is added, then the congestion will disappear, and owners of new lines would have to recover their investment through appropriate transmission charges.

Table 1. Transmission Adequacy and Congestion Cost at Selected Interfaces in the WSCC, 2005

(a)    After unit addition

Average % of Congested Hours

Average number of Congested Hours

Std Dev of Hours Congested

Total Congestion Cost ($)

Std Dev of Total Congestion Cost

Average Congestion Cost ($/KW)

Std Dev of Average Congestion Cost

Northern California

Central California

Northern California

 (b)   Before unit addition

Average % of Congested Hours

Average number of Congested Hours

Std Dev of Hours Congested

Total Congestion Cost ($)

Std Dev of Total Congestion Cost

Average Congestion Cost ($/KW)

Std Dev of Average Congestion Cost

The situation for generation investors is quite different. The addition of generating plants increases congestion costs on the COI interface.[5] On average, the COI interface is congested for 183 hours with generation expansion (see Table 1a), but for only 49 hours without (see Table 1b). Generator entrants have shifted the supply curve outwards, and as a result, at the same price, a greater quantity of power can be exported than without generator entry. However, system-wide congestion costs are lower with than without generation expansion (see Figure 6). The additional generation, which in principle is cheaper than existing units, has decreased the price difference between one end of the interface and the other. Thus, generation investments outside California reduce not only the level and frequency of unserved energy in California but also average and total congestion costs in the WSCC.

 Figure 6. Duration Curves of Projected Congestion Cost With and Without Generation Expansion in the WSCC, 2005

 In summary, generation and transmission investments have different effects on the system, and the incentives motivating them are also different. In the simulation, generator entry is most profitable outside California, but the reduction in WSCC congestion costs and unserved energy, two region-wide externalities, has not removed the incentive to invest in generation. By contrast, additions to transmission capacity eliminate the congestion rent and, probably with them, the incentive to invest in new lines, unless appropriate transmission charges are designed.

Deb, R. K. (1984) “Effective load carrying capability of interties” IEEE/PES Winter Meeting.

Deb, R. K. (2001) “Real option valuation of coal generation and coal R&D – Volume 1: Electric sector analysis” EPRI, Palo Alto, CA and LCG Consulting, Los Altos, CA.

Deb, R. K., R. Albert, L. Hsue, and N. Brown (2000) “How to incorporate volatility and risk in electricity price forecasting” The Electricity Journal Vol. 13 No. 4 (May) pp. 65-75.

Deb, R. K., R. Albert, L. Hsue, and P. Wagle (2001) “Multi-market modeling of regional transmission organization functions” The Electricity Journal (March) pp. 39-54.

Deb, R. K., L. Hsue, A. Ornatsky, and J. Christian (2001) “Surviving and thriving in the RTO revolution” Public Utilities Fortnightly (1st February).

LCG Consulting proprietary reports.

Macatangay, R. E. A. (2001) “Market definition and dominant position abuse under the new electricity trading arrangements in England and Wales” Energy Policy Vol. 29 No. 5 pp. 337-40.

Copyright © 2018 LCG Consulting. All rights reserved. Terms and Copyright


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Worlds beyond nature and the everyday

Thursday 18 January 2018,
BP Lecture Theatre
Free, booking essential

Phone +44 (0)20 7323 8181
Ticket Desk in Great Court

Supported by the Genesis Foundation. With grateful thanks to John Studzinski CBE.

Recommend this event

Jill Cook, Keeper of Britain, Europe and Prehistory at the British Museum and Exhibition Curator of Living with gods: peoples, places and worlds beyond, explores how humans have symbolised their world in order to reshape and transcend it in beliefs from 40,000 years ago to now. She asks whether we should really be called Homo religiosus rather than Homo sapiens.

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Jill Cook.


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Thursday, June 9, 2016

Givenchy Resort 2017

Givenchy Resort 2017 Collection

This morning while sipping on my chamomile tea (laced with cinnamon), I was perusing, which is how I always begin my day.  I happened to come across the 2017 resort collection stills for Givenchy, and I was pleasantly surprised by how impressive it was.

I know it's practically blasphemy to speak ill of the esteemed Givenchy and Riccardo Tisci, but I haven't been a fan of the past few collections (apart from Spring 2016--the collection and show were an absolute masterpiece).  Fall 2016/17 was quite basic in my opinion.  I think it was too focused on the silhouette; each piece began to blend to the previous one.  But that's the beauty of fashion (and art in general)--that was just my opinion.  Who cares if anyone agrees or disagrees?  We each interpret collections in our own way, based on our own personal tastes, experiences, and walks of life.

For me, Resort 2017 is more of a departure from Tisci's aesthetic than we've seen before, and I really appreciated it.  I tend to be a fan of the more playful brands: Marc Jacobs, Giamba, Moschino, Jeremy Scott, Vetements, to name a few.  The structure of Givenchy's fall collection was off-putting to me.  However, this resort collection blended street style and youth culture magnificently with classic Givenchy.  Here are a few looks that really stood out to me:

Look 5: 90's Punk meets aristocrat.  The soft arms and pearls contrast the harsh platforms, crossbody strap bag, and chunky militant belt in a gorgeous way.

Look 7: The Swarovski trim is regal and calculated, yet the long tulle skirt and street chic jacket paired with bedazzled combat boots, dark shades, and bucket cap give it some cheesy as that sounds.

Look 14: I'm completely in love with this look.  The sneakers that lace up and transform into boots with a micro-mini skirt and striped polo--it's what I love about fashion.  The unpredictability.  Seeing these three pieces hanging up in a store, you're unlikely to consider them as an outfit, and yet it just works so fabulously.

Look 17: I really appreciate the repeated integration of workout-wear into an everyday look.

Look 26: No bomber jacket and this passes as an all-American, Ralph Lauren or Calvin-Klein-esque professional woman's outfit, but the jacket gives it playfulness and humor.

Look 27: Absolutely gorgeous overcoat with a tulle train paired with simple black overalls makes for a stunning contrast.

These are just a few looks that stood out to me.  What stood out to you? What did you like/dislike about the collection? Feel free to post your response.  Disagree vehemently?  Passionately in accordance? Just don't like the way I talk?  Imagine that my face would piss you off?  Want to meet me for lunch and shake my hand?  Whatever.  Leave me a note.

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 Department of Transportation-ITS area

ITS area

ITS area
ITS area

The Intelligent transportation system, also known as ITS, integrates information technology, communications, electronics, control and management hardware and software to achieve automation and improve the quality of traffic service, offering nine major services. Let's first take a look at the four services on top.

First is the advanced traffic management services (ATMS), equipped with vehicle detector (VD) and closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV). VD is mainly used to detect traffic flow, vehicle speed and road share of different vehicle types. These two big screens here are showing real-time video from the CCTV feed.

Next is the advanced traveler information services (ATIS). This digital photo frame displays photos of CMS, VD and CCTV. The constantly changing message sign shows real-time traffic information, collected from the VD and computed by the computer center. It also provides parking information by displaying available parking spaces at various parking lots.

The third is advanced public transportation services (APTS) mainly used on buses. More details on APTS will be introduced when we get to the public transportation system and bus shelter.

The last one is electronic payment service (EPS). Easycard is one of the major applications. Now, EasyCard can be used to pay for the MRT, buses, trains, intercity buses, Maokong gondola, the Blue Highway and parking, and to borrow books, rent bicycles, and pay for small fees at designated stores.

Next up are the five services at the bottom. First is the emergency management service (EMS). In cases of emergency, the computer system will indicate the shortest path for the emergency center to quickly and efficiently dispatch fire trucks, ambulances or tow trucks to the site of incident.

Next is the commercial vehicle operating service (CVOS) mainly used in logistics as well as taxi service. Take taxi as an example: the call center can inform the nearest taxi driver to pick up passengers via the management system.

Then we have the information management service (IMS). IMS provides information integration among the traffic control centers in different cities for data exchange, allowing users to check updated traffic information using mobile devices.

Advanced vehicle control and safety service (AVCSS) is mainly used in vehicle manufacturing, for example, anti-collision warning system. When the front or rear is too close to another vehicle, a warning sound reminds the driver to keep a safe distance.

Lastly, the vulnerable individual protection service (VIPS). Audio signals have been set up at major intersections in Taipei City. Bike lanes and pedestrian-only lanes will be introduced and displayed in further detail later.

This big touch screen displays a variety of video clips about the 9 major ITS service. All the information will be available at your fingertip.

Audio Tour Download


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19/03/2018 |

Faculty of Desert Studies

Faculty of Desert Studies at Semnan University has 13 faculty members and currently is composed of 3 Educational Departments:

Department of Combat to Desertification

Department of Desert and Arid Land Management

Department of Arid Land Forestry

The faculty offers 3 undergraduate Beachelor’s degree, 3 Graduate master’s degree and 1 program at Ph.D.

Academic Members

Research Labs


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Saturday, August 14, 2010

An Eager Beaver

Someone said to be "an eager beaver" is someone very excited and enthusiastic about doing a particular task.

Example: "Ron's been such an eager beaver since joining the company. He volunteers for everything and never complains."

While this is usually a positive trait, excessive enthusiasm can be annoying, or threatening, to some, especially in a very competitive environment.

A person can be an eager beaver for a particular task, that the person particularly likes.

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About Me

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We are known as PaWingers or just The Wingers by our Geocaching friends. When we found our first cache we had to come up with a name to log the find. We came up with this name simply because of residing in Pa. and because one of our many passions is cruising this beautiful country on our Honda Goldwing. Aside from geocaching we are passionate about most anything outdoors including hiking, kayaking, snowmobiling and biking. We are blessed beyond words with a wonderful son and daughter in law. We're also blessed with some terriffic family and friends. We consider ourselves very fortunate due to the fact that after being married over 40 years we still enjoy these things together.

Sunday, April 17, 2011

A beautiful end to a stormy day.

I don't make it a habit of uploading the same picture to both of my Blogs but I made an exception for this sunset.  On this particular Saturday it rained all day and the wind never let up.  It was what we describe as a miserable day.  We didn't really let it stop us though.  We shot some nice photos of some backwoods waterfalls, as well as some colorful Wood Ducks and of course we capped off the day with this beautiful sunset.  All was not lost!

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 Camille reacts to Angelica’s tell-all | Inquirer Entertainment
Monday, March 19, 2018
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Camille reacts to Angelica’s tell-all

/ 08:56 PM May 08, 2013

Camille Prats on Angelica Panganiban’s tell-all published in a magazine recently, accusing her of causing the latter’s breakup with first boyfriend, Carlo Aquino: “It’s been 14 years since. I personally don’t like talking about the past, especially if it’s not relevant to my life anymore. I’m already on good terms with Angelica. I don’t want to say anything that could ruin whatever we have now. As for Carlo, we’re civil.” Marinel R. Cruz

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 Well-intentioned but underwhelming | Inquirer Entertainment
Monday, March 19, 2018
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Well-intentioned but underwhelming

/ 08:31 PM June 21, 2013

MAGDANGAL. Team leader and standout performer.

When “Party Pilipinas” was deservedly axed some weeks ago, we hoped that GMA 7 would replace it with a more original and freshly conceptualized show, to give its prized Sunday noontime slot a big boost in terms of reinvigorated viewer interest and appeal.

So, we caught the replacement program’s first telecast last Sunday, to see if “Sunday All Stars” would measure up to the challenge, and deliver the goods.

Alas, the new program came off as well-intentioned but underwhelming, because it chose to retain most of the old cast of “Party Pilipinas,” including its four relatively “senior” stars.

What is “new” about the show is its “competition” format, with all of its many stars and starlets now divided into four groups, with each team putting up a more polished singing and dancing showcase, and the four top stars and the viewing public deciding who the best group and individual performer for the week are.

The competition format did challenge the performers to work harder than they did on the previous program, but it really wasn’t all that original—because, isn’t that what the old “That’s Entertainment” show used to do, and “Eat Bulaga’s” Saturday edition still does?

Competitive spirit

—Anyway, “Sunday All Stars’” heightened competitive spirit has produced better performances from some previously lazy stars and starlets, so it still comes off as a plus. But, will it be enough to keep viewers watching from week to week? We trust that the show’s performing teams will keep coming up with dynamic and “different” concepts, so their new program continues to surprise viewers!

We similarly trust that the team members will cooperate fully in the channel’s earnest effort to provide them with a regular venue to develop their skills.

Last Sunday, a team leader was heard to complain about many talents coming late for rehearsals, and another leader starkly reminding everyone, “When you’re on time, you’re late!”

It would also help if some performers would work harder to “heat up” their teams’ numbers.  Last Sunday, the standouts in this regard included Yassi Pressman, Jonalyn Viray, Jolina Magdangal, Christian Bautista, Andrea Torres, Aicelle Santos, Glaiza de Castro and Gian Magdangal. At the other end of the “stellar-shine” spectrum was the relatively dim wattage emanated by the less committed likes of Solenn Heussaff and Aljur Abrenica.

In terms of hosting, Janine Gutierrez was too hyper, and both she and Heart Evangelista should beef up their thin speaking voices, pronto.

As for the program’s four stellar “evaluators,” it would really be appreciated if their “critiques” were less generally nicey-nice. They should set high standards, so the performing teams realize how much more they need to do.

In particular, the gifted but now too laid-back Janno Gibbs needs to light a really hot fire under himself to again come up with the spirited and memorable performances we know he’s still capable of.

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