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Father Serra and the California missions
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa at 751 Palm Street in San Luis Obispo, California. - photo by Daniel Peterson
The oldest historic buildings along the Pacific shore of the United States are the 21 (mostly 18th-century) California missions. Established as remote colonial outposts of a Spanish empire that was in the twilight of its glory, they are young by Middle Eastern or even European standards. By American standards, though, they are venerable.

When Spain emerged unified under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492 after expelling the Muslims who had invaded Iberia nearly eight centuries before, its warrior aristocrats, in whom the spirit of the Crusades still lingered, sought new lands for conversion and wealth. Eventually, they claimed all of Mexico and Central America, the Caribbean, half of South America and much of the present-day United States.

But Californias colonization came relatively late, nearly two centuries after San Diego and Monterey had been mapped. And, even then, the Spanish viceroy acted only when the Russians began to show interest in the region. The assignment to take Christianity to California fell, in 1769, to a Franciscan priest named Junipero Serra.

He succeeded brilliantly. By his death in 1784, he had established nine missions. The first two anchored the port settlements of San Diego and Monterey; the other seven were designed to link them. With the addition of 12 more missions by Father Serras successors, each settlement lay a solid days march from its nearest neighbor. The first missions were built near the coast so they could be supplied by sea. As the Spanish felt more secure, they began to establish missions further inland. A separate string of them was planned for the Central Valley, but the mission system collapsed before they could be built.

While the Catholic padres indisputably intended to spread Christian doctrine and save souls, the Spanish government, which supported them, had political aims. Spain realized that the vast and distant territory of California with about 100,000 Native American inhabitants would be very difficult to settle and control. But Spain found a way of extending its empire that required few men and little money. One or two priests, protected by a few soldiers and given an initial load of supplies, could set up a mission that would soon become self-supporting.

As they appear now, the missions are usually little more than a chapel with some surrounding buildings. In their heyday, though, they were hives of economic activity. The typical mission supported a weavery, a pottery, a winery, a blacksmiths shop and a tannery, along with its church and agricultural plantation. Indian villages soon clustered around each mission settlement, first attracted by bright beads, clothing and food but quickly assimilating into the mission economy. The padres plan and, happily, the governments as well was not only to Christianize the natives, but to teach them basic manual skills along with reading and writing. The intent was to make them genuinely Spanish in both culture and political loyalty.

The political success of the mission system is shown by the fact that a mere 300 soldiers, dispersed along a line more than 650 miles long, were able to control virtually all of modern California. Its religious success appears in the fact that, at the end, when the Mexican government ordered the secularization of the missions in 1833, 60 padres ministered to the spiritual needs of roughly 31,000 Christianized natives.

But it was the very economic success of the missions that led to the end first of Spanish and then of Mexican control. The missions ability to sustain themselves soon led to thoughts of political independence. And the wealth of California drew the attention of others most notably, adventurers from the vigorous new English-speaking nation to the east. The Spaniards first came to California seeking gold, but they never found it. Ironically, Mexico lost control of the area to the United States just two years before the California gold rush, which began only 90 miles from Sonoma where the last mission had been founded. Two years and a few miles prevented California from becoming a rich Mexican province, or perhaps even a wealthy, independent Spanish-speaking nation of its own.

For his labors, Junipero Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1988. Pope Francis declared him a saint on Sept. 23, 2015, at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C. Acclaimed by many as the Apostle of California, Father Serra has also been criticized for allegedly mistreating his Native American converts and suppressing their culture.
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“Open Data and African Research” Special Issue – Call for Papers

Louise Bezuidenhout (University of Witwatersrand and Notre Dame); Louise.M.Bezuidenhout.1[at]
Sabina Leonelli (University of Exeter); S.Leonelli[at]
Brian Rappert (University of Exeter); B.Rappert[at]

Background: This Special Issue aims to explore how, why, and to what end scientists in developing countries, and particularly those in sub-Sahara Africa, share and re-use data, and whether these activities differ from the priorities, practices, and policies associated with research in other conditions. We seek to attract papers that capture the challenges of conducting research in low-resourced environments and the innovative ways in which scientists overcome these challenges and produce/disseminate/use data (whether in digital or other formats).  We would be happy to discuss possible contributions with prospective authors over email.

Abstract submissions should be sent to the Editors via

Venue: The Data Science Journal is produced by CODATA (the Committee on Data for Science and Technology), an interdisciplinary Scientific Committee of the International Council for Science overseeing data handling and data-intensive research across disciplines and countries around the world.  The Data Science Journal has a range of submission types, including standard articles (up to 8,000 words).  See for more details. Data Science Journal speaks to a range of audiences, including researchers across the physical, life and social sciences, and provides inexpensive Open Access publication options.

Provisional Timetable:

Invitation of Submission of Abstract (500 words): 1 September 2016
Deadline for Submissions: 20 December 2016
Reviewers’ Feedback to Authors: 30 March 2017
Deadline for Submission of Revised Papers: 15 May 2017
Potential Publication: July/August 2017

Confirmed Contributors:

Michelle Willmers (UCT)
Louise Bezuidenhout (Exeter)
Sabina Leonelli (Exeter)
Brian Rappert (Exeter)

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Opened 11 years ago

Closed 11 years ago

#8050 closed defect (invalid)

Myth won't build against latest xorg

Reported by: yan@… Owned by: Isaac Richards
Priority: trivial Milestone: unknown
Component: Packaging Version: head
Severity: low Keywords: xorg build
Cc: Ticket locked: no

myth tries to build against libxcb-xlib, which has been removed from xorg at least as far back as April 2009: .

The dependency should be removed.

Change History (1)

comment:1 Changed 11 years ago by stuartm

Priority: majortrivial
Resolution: invalid
Severity: highlow
Status: newclosed

Myth doesn't link libxcb-xlib and AFAIK never has. It's not installed on my system and myth builds just fine.

Please post to the -dev list if you continue to have problems and include the configure args you are using. (Hint: If they don't appear in --help, they aren't valid)

Note: See TracTickets for help on using tickets.


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Email WV Code

Email: Chapter 3, Article 1C, Section 2

§3-1C-2. Findings.

The Legislature makes the following findings:

(1) Microchip and digital technologies are increasingly changing the way Americans vote;

(2) State and political subdivisions are replacing antiquated voting methods and machines with computer- and electronic-based voting systems, but nonvisual access, whether by speech, Braille or other appropriate means is often overlooked in certifying and purchasing the latest voting technology;

(3) Voting technology and systems which allow the voter to access and select information solely through visual means are a barrier to access by individuals who are blind or visually impaired, thereby discouraging them from exercising the right to vote, the most fundamental right of citizenship in a free and democratic society;

(4) Software and hardware adaptations have been created so that voters can interact with voting technology and systems through both visual and nonvisual means allowing blind and visually impaired people to cast a secret ballot and independently verify their vote; and

(5) In promoting full participation in the electoral process, the goals of the state and its political subdivisions must recognize the right of all citizens regardless of blindness or visual impairment to vote and to cast and verify their ballots independently.


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Think in new dimensions

May 19, 2019by BoldThemes0

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Collaboratively administrate empowered markets via plug-and-play networks. Dynamically procrastinate B2C users after installed base benefits. Dramatically visualize customer directed convergence without revolutionary ROI.

Efficiently unleash cross-media information without cross-media value. Quickly maximize timely deliverables for real-time schemas. Dramatically maintain clicks-and-mortar solutions without functional solutions.

Proactively envisioned multimedia based expertise and cross-media growth strategies. Seamlessly visualize quality intellectual capital without superior collaboration and idea-sharing. Holistically pontificate installed base portals after maintainable products.

Phosfluorescently engage worldwide methodologies with web-enabled technology. Interactively coordinate proactive e-commerce via process-centric “outside the box” thinking. Completely pursue scalable customer service through sustainable potentialities.

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Collaboratively administrate turnkey channels whereas virtual e-tailers. Objectively seize scalable metrics whereas proactive e-services. Seamlessly empower fully researched growth strategies and interoperable internal or “organic” sources.

Credibly innovate granular internal or “organic” sources whereas high standards in web-readiness. Energistically scale future-proof core competencies vis-a-vis impactful experiences. Dramatically synthesize integrated schemas with optimal networks.

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Objectively integrate enterprise wide strategic theme areas with functionalized infrastructures. Interactively productize premium mobile technologies.

Keep up to date with latest news and update about Codiqa, simply subscribe with your email address.

Copyright 2019. Bold Themes. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2019. Bold Themes. All rights reserved.


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Closer to God

coffee dates

“I still have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come.” -Jesus

John 16:12-13

If there was one nugget of information you could take away from today’s devo is to never become complacent in your relationship with God. When I say God I mean the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. There is so much to learn and so much to gain from Him. We think we know so much or sometimes we get so comfortable in our relationship that we don’t allow ourselves to grow further.

Jesus promised that the Holy Spirit would reveal what is yet to come. He is already in the future ready to help, equip, and empower us for everything we will need. Why wait when you can know now what He has in store? He wants to talk to you more than you want to hear from Him. We complain we can’t hear God’s voice so we pray to hear Him more clearly and just when He is about to talk back to us we stand up after we say ‘Amen’ and go on with our day. We need to be sensitive to God’s voice in our quiet time but we also need to seek Him in His Word.

Two years ago I challenged myself to read the whole Bible from beginning to end. I’m a huge bookworm and can go through books like popcorn. I had read hundreds of books, but not every chapter the Bible had to offer. I read my favorite books and passages of the Bible like most do and skipped over pages I didn’t think applied to me. I could feel God pressing me to read it all from start to finish. My goal was set to read the whole Bible in one year, which I accomplished in eight months. I was so proud of myself and thought that I had deserved a small break from my hard work. God firmly reminded me that I was not done in my learning. I know He told me, “Well done. Now start again.” It’s amazing how you can read the same passage over and over yet every time it is different. You see it from a deeper perspective with a greater insight than before and uncover hidden revelations. You are never done learning and will always find something you never found before when you read the pages of the Bible. We will spend eternity getting to know God better and I for one don’t want to wait a second longer in my journey to learn! Don’t become spiritually complacent or go through the motions because it’s what you’ve always done. I pray God lights a fire in you that never burns out and your eyes will open to the things unseen. We are living in the greatest time in history and not a moment should be wasted!

Read More Coffee Dates with Jesus!

Seeking Approval

coffee dates

“For am I seeking the approval of man, or of God? Or am I trying to please man? If I were still trying to please man, I would not be a servant of Christ.”

Galatians 1:10

There seems to be an overwhelming need to impress and get the approval of others. We tend to compare ourselves to those around us and even more so with social media on the rise. We do all sorts of strange things because of our need to please and seek the approval of people we don’t even know. Popular opinion can dictate our decisions and lead us astray. The unpopular topics of discussion tend to fall under conservative, biblical, and moral values. It’s not popular to stand up for truth when cultural “tolerance” is relentless in their attack of silencing those who oppose them. It’s hard at times to find firm ground in our beliefs in an uncertain world. The result of our complacent behavior leads to finding ourselves trapped in a sinful society’s norms. God’s desire is to remove us from this sinful mindset. He doesn’t want us seeking the approval of others in fear of their rejection or rebuke. We have nothing to lose and everything to gain when we look to God for His ultimate wisdom. He will strengthen, correct, and uplift you in a firm yet gentle manner when you seek His council above all others. Resist the urge to run with the crowd. When we become rooted in the identity of Christ we no longer seek worldly approval or cultural agendas. Don’t be deceived by worldly doctrines that hold no truth or morals and try to corrupt who you are. Take a stand for what is right in the eyes of God and let the opinions of others fall to the side so that the one true opinion can shine through!

Read More Coffee Dates with Jesus!

Verses for having an Eternity Perspective

Screen Shot 2017-10-06 at 8.49.03 AM

“For he was looking forward to the city that has foundations, whose designer and builder is God.”

Hebrews 11:10

“The beginning of wisdom is this: Get wisdom, and whatever you get, get insight.”

Proverbs 4:7

“If then you have been raised with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth.”

Colossians 3:1-2

“So teach us to number our days that we may get a heart of wisdom.”

Psalm 90:12

“Blessed is that servant whom his master will find so doing when He comes.”

Matthew 24:46

“O Lord, make me know my end and what is the measure of my days; let me know how fleeting I am!”

Psalm 39:4

“For in this tent we groan, longing to put on our heavenly dwelling.”

2 Corinthians 5:2

“Therefore you also must be ready, for the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect.”

Matthew 24:44

Fight the good fight of the faith. Take hold of the eternal life to which you were called and about which you made the good confession in the presence of many witnesses.”

1 Timothy 6:12

“What no eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man imagined, what God has prepared for those who love him.”

1 Corinthians 2:9

He who testifies to these things says, “Surely I am coming soon.” Amen. Come, Lord Jesus!

Revelation 22:20


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