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Your Child’s First Teacher

Our babies and toddlers have possibly spent a portion of this school year in a class of some sort. There are swimming, art, music, and gym classes. There are so many options for our children to engage in great learning environments!

As parents we often work hard to be sure our children have these fun learning experiences because we are told that we are their first teacher. We are responsible for the education and learning in the years before our children even enter preschool. This can feel like such a scary responsibility, and we are lucky to live in a state that supports this role so fully, with so many opportunities for families.

What does it mean to be your child’s first teacher? What will help them be prepared for their early school experiences – what will create the strongest foundation for their learning?

The Hopkins early childhood staff would like to assure parents that the natural teaching that happens within parenting is often enough! As parents, we don’t need to put pressure on ourselves or our children to learn early and quickly. What we provide through our relationships with our children helps them to take the lead on the learning they will need to do. We are creating future learners by being present with our children right now!

We teach our children they can trust
At the most basic and beginning level, a child needs to learn to trust those around her. When a parent responds to a crying child, when a parent offers a hug when a child is nervous or scared, when a parent provides for the most basic needs of eating and a space to sleep, then the child has learned that those who love her can be counted on to provide love and care. This is one of the most important early lessons that can be learned – and a parent is able to teach this by being responsive to a young child when she is asking for help.

We teach our children about curiosity
Our young children grow quickly into active and curious creatures! A child needs to learn that the world around him is safe to explore, and that he is supported in learning about his world through exploration. As parents, we need to create limits for mobile babies to ensure their safety. We need to balance this with an encouragement for children to move about the space they are in. It is through concrete, physical experiences that the child learns about the world around him. Find opportunities for your child to move through space and explore in ways that are natural to him – and he will learn that his own curiosity is a valuable tool for better understanding the world. This exploration can happen anywhere that is safe- as all parents of young children know,  there is nothing left untouched and unexplored when a child is nearby!

We teach our children the value of communication
Whether our young children reach out to us with coo’s and babbles, first words or complete sentences, our response to them reinforces that what they have to say is important. When we offer interest in our child’s verbal and nonverbal attempts to communicate, we encourage more communication. Parents begin with eye contact, move to imitation of sounds, end up talking about what is being done or seen, and finally having real conversations with children. All of these communication exchanges are essential to engaging young children and helping them to learn about the world of words and meaningful relationships. Finding the patience to be truly present during these exchanges is so valuable!

We teach our children about limits
As we follow the lead of our children, parents also need to create and reinforce limits on their child’s behavior. This teaches young children that the boundaries created are real and consistent. A young child will not often admit to it – but they feel more secure when they understand that the parent is making the decisions and sticking to them. This limit setting, when upheld in a firm and calm manner, can teach so many valuable lessons. For example, how to be resilient in the face of disappointment, how to delay gratification when necessary, how to regulate emotions in the face of anger. Parents of young children will find multiple ways to teach their young child about limits throughout any given day. Remember that it is such an important lesson to learn in the early years!

We don’t have time to be teachers for everything!
Just these four life lessons are so much work for parents of young children!  When parents are present and connected to young children, and busy teaching these lessons, it is really hard to fit most other things into our busy days. This is ok, for now. Take the time now for the big lessons – the foundational lessons – by focusing on the important early learning young children are looking for. If they understand these lessons, you have been a very successful first teacher indeed!

Is Your Child Slow to Warm Up?

The Hopkins early childhood programs are filled with exciting opportunities for children of all young ages. As parents we are delighted by the variety of playing and learning activities. Not every child reacts the same way to our classrooms, however.  You may have a child who is not inclined to jump in and participate at the art table or during song time. Parents can sometimes become worried that a child who isn’t in the middle of all the activity is learning less than his peers, or not getting the most out of the experience.

The Value of Watching
The early childhood staff for Kaleidoscope preschools would like to offer insight into the child who is “slow to warm up”. The teachers in the preschool programs often meet students who are not yet ready to jump in with both feet; some children would rather take time to get comfortable and learn by observing. The teachers know that the student is not going to have fun in the classroom if he is pushed into activities.  There is also comfort in knowing that lots of children learn from watching, especially at the younger ages when they are not yet used to the routine of preschool. If your child is experiencing a drop-off school for the first time, be patient with him. The difference you will see in his willingness to participate over the course of the school year may be remarkable, once you have had the chance to see the year with hindsight. The year of growth and maturity in the child, as well as their improved understanding of the systems of the school day will result in a much more confident and participatory student!

The Teacher’s Strategy
When a teacher sees that a student is not participating as actively as others, she takes steps to encourage participation by building on the interests of the child. The teacher will observe the child and see what sorts of toys and activities he enjoys, and then build on those things within the classroom to encourage more exploration and interaction with others. For instance, if the teacher sees that a child enjoys playing with a race track during open play, she might dip racing cars in paint and use them as paintbrushes in the art corner. In addition, if the teacher sees that a child hesitates to do an activity the group is working on, she might alter that activity slightly to suit his interests and keep him engaged. Lastly, a teacher may create small groups for activities rather than have the whole group participate. This encourages interactions on a small scale, and can help a hesitant child feel comfortable with a smaller group of children.

How Can A Parent Help?
You can support your child by not pushing him to participate if he isn’t ready. Instead, convey the message “I know you will do this when you are ready.” This shows confidence in your child’s ability to approach something new in his own time.

Lay groundwork for familiarity by setting up some play dates with preschool friends. These play dates can be very simple – a meeting at the local library or park for an hour – and they help your child get to know his peers on a more intimate level.

Try your hardest to be on time to class each day. For the child who is slow to warm up, it is doubly hard to join activities once they are already happening. By being on time or even a bit early, your child will have the chance to get into the room and settle in before being expected to participate.

Sometimes a child is not participating because they have not yet mastered the skill required to do so. Talk to your teacher about skills you can work on at home. For instance, it may help to be singing the songs your child hears in school while you are at home. It may help to have your child use a child-safe pair of scissors for cutting to help him learn this skill. Your teacher can direct you to activities that will help build the skills your child needs to build confidence in the classroom.

Realize how much learning is going on even if your child is not participating in every activity. Learning how to be part of a classroom, interact with new friends, follow directions and structure, and be focused on others for hours is so much social work. This may be taking all the energy your child has. Be proud of his ability to handle the school day, and be confident he will have energy for other things as he masters all these foundations.

Trust Your Child
Very often, your slow-to-warm-up child is doing what feels right for him when he hesitates to participate in the classroom. Trust that he will follow his interests and his curiosity as he becomes more familiar and comfortable with his school. In his own time he will take part in the activities that feel most meaningful to him.

Saturday Family Open Gym

Hopkins ECFE has the cure for the winter wiggles! Fun and energetic activities for children ages birth through 5 years old – the whole family is welcome to these classes! Parents and children play together in the classroom and the gym. Register for one class at a time, or for the whole series.

Register for the series online, or call our front office at 952-988-5000 to register for one class at a time. Please call the office 24 hours prior to the date of the class you would like to attend.

Saturdays, January 16-February 20
Harley Family Center, room 36
125 Monroe Avenue South
Hopkins MN 55343
$5 / family / class


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The service uptime for any cloud hosting account is of crucial importance. If you use a web server which has chronic issues and your website is not available for extended periods of time, it is more likely that site visitors won't return. In case you have an online store, for instance, it will mean lost potential customers and less income. Your sites can even get penalized by search engines like yahoo with lower rankings regardless of how good their content is. To protect yourself from this type of scenario, it is best to always ensure that the hosting service you get is stable. That way, the success of your internet site will depend solely on its content and your advertising and marketing campaigns and won't be affected by hosting-related elements that you've got no control of.

Service Uptime Guarantee in Cloud Hosting

We guarantee 99.9% server uptime for each cloud hosting account on our servers. We take advantage of an avant-garde cloud hosting platform where every part of the web hosting service is handled by a separate set of web servers, thus if one server fails, the other ones within the cluster are going to take over immediately. The cloud platform also minimizes the overall load greatly, so the hosting service is a lot more stable in comparison with a service where everything runs on just a single machine and your sites will perform in the very best way. In addition, we have redundant Internet lines and diesel-powered backup generators to be sure that your websites will stay online no matter what. Software and hardware firewalls ensure the correct functioning of your servers in case of DDoS attacks while in the case of any software trouble, we have professionals checking the machines 24/7.

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Hotel collections in Smokvica

Selection of 1 collections of cheap hotels with an average rate of $108
  • guests
As any city, Smokvica offers cheap hotel rooms of various kinds, that's why we have collected the best of them in theme collections to make it easier for you to choose the hotel you want. Smokvica is a rather small town, so there are only 1 hotel collections here, however there are a lot of interesting variants for booking among them.
Hotellook team
Smokvica hotels with sea view
  • 10
  • $108
    average price
  • 0.9
    average rating
Do you want to enjoy beautiful view out of your window? Out of 55 hotels we have selected the best hotels with sea view with cheap hotel rates starting from $62.
Show collection


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Susan DeKom

Freedom to Go

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House Sitter in San Mateo

I can house sit for you over a weekend or holiday weekend...for animals, plants or just because. I work at Moffett Field during the week and have a busy job there. I also do interventions as a side business. I like getting away to meditate, write and breathe...away from my own environment and figured this is a great way to do it. I love animals and am good with them. I am clean and orderly and will care for your home until you return.

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Day 30.2: Mo’ Ocean in Muxia

Day 30
Date: Wednesday, Oct 5, 2016
Start: Olveiroa
Stop: Bella Muxia Albergue, Muxia     👍👍
Distance (Day/Total): 32/722 km
High Temp: 18 C/64 F (Low:  11 C/52 F)

A single thumbs up or down is simply an indication of whether I would stay there again or not.  It is not a recommendation.  A double thumbs up or down indicates that the place was great and I highly recommend it or absolutely awful and stay away.

Continuing from Day 30.1

I escape the French artist and walk the 1 km stone path along the edge of a hill to the tip of Muxia where the lighthouse is and the Santuario de Nosa Señora da Barca.  The location pre-dates Christianity as a Celtic holy site.  The people in the area resisted Christianity and didn’t convert until the 12th century.  That’s when a chapel was built on the site.  The present day church was built in the 17th century.  In 2013, a fire destroyed the interior and reconstruction is ongoing.

The Nosa Señora da Barca and A Ferida in the background

Next to the church is a 400 ton sculpture “A Ferida” or “The Wound” by Alberto Bañuelos.  In 2002, a tanker sank off the coast of Galicia and spilled 20 million gallons of fuel oil resulting in the largest environmental disaster in the history of Spain and Portugal.  The sculpture symbolizes the wound to the sea caused by this spill.

In front of Nosa Señora da Barca

It is a beautiful location.  I sit on the rocks, watching the ocean and the sun setting.  After a while, I head back into town but this time walking along the road that hugs the coast.

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I settle on a cafe close to the albergue for dinner.  David (Day 25), the British/New Zealand IT guy living in Portugal, and the tall guy in the yellow slicker (Day 27) I had seen having a gin and tonic in Santiago join me.  Yellow slicker’s name is Steve and he is from Oxford, Mississippi.  They’re both heading to Finisterre, tomorrow.

Finally, it seems a little crass to end this post with a picture of a Shell marine station located at the beginning of Muxia.  But there’s a story.  I used to work for Shell and the pecten (Shell logo) still catches my eye nd I will frequently take a picture.  In Finisterre, I was talking to another pilgrim who had also gone to Muxia first, also.  We were talking about what a fantastic walk it was coming over the hill, getting the first sight of the ocean and then walking down the hill to the beach.  She mentioned the Shell station and how much she regretted not taking a picture because she knew someone who worked for Shell and she had wanted to send it to him.  Hey, now!  The Camino Provides.

Muxia is a tiny, touristy fishing village.  Because it’s Fall, there aren’t many tourists.  Mostly pilgrims.  I pass by a couple of hotels.  When I get to the other end of town, I see a seafood restaurant with a sign that they have rooms to rent.  I decide to check out the rooms.  It’s around 3 pm – siesta time – and the restaurant is empty.  No diners.  No employees.  I stick around for a little bit and then move on.  I stumble upon the Bella albergue.  It is huge and modern and I decide that that will be my stop for the night.  It is very nice and the guy manning the front desk is funny and very helpful.  I get my bed, shower and do laundry; they have a washer and a dryer.

I see Sue and Rebecca.  Rebecca has to cut her trip short for an family emergency.  I also talk to the German (I think) and Italian couple I met several days ago.  They were probably in their 60s, had met on a camino several years ago, walked together and gotten married.  They were very sweet.  I met a strange little French guy who was on some year long walk to various holy sites, trying to get his art project funded.  The project involved having people send him bottles of sand.  Didn’t fully understand or why he needed the money.  Had a hard time shaking him but I finally made my escape.

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What city are we located in?

    Schedule a consultation. Our offices offer a discreet and relaxed atmosphere.

    We respect your privacy and adhere to medical HIPAA privacy standards. For more information, read our Privacy Policy Terms of Use.

  • What is a rectocele?
    A rectocele is a bulge of the front wall of the rectum into the vagina. The rectal wall may become thinned and weak, and it may balloon out into the vagina when you push down to have a bowel movement. Most rectoceles occur in women where the front wall of the rectum is up against the back wall of the vagina. This area is called the rectovaginal septum and may be a weak area in the female anatomy. Other structures may also push into the vagina. The bladder bulging into the vagina is called a cystocele. The rectum bulging into the vagina is termed a rectocele. And the small intestines pushing down on the vagina from above may form an enterocele. Although uncommon, men may also develop a rectocele.

    A rectocele may be present without any other abnormalities. In some cases, a rectocele may be part of a more generalized weakness of pelvic support and may exist along with a cystocele, urethrocele, and enterocele, or with uterine or vaginal prolapse, rectal prolapse, and fecal or urinary incontinence.

    What can cause a rectocele?
    The underlying cause of a rectocele is a weakening of the pelvic support structures and thinning of the rectovaginal septum. Certain factors may increase the risk of a woman developing a rectocele. These include birth trauma such as multiple, difficult or prolonged deliveries, the use of forceps or other assisted methods of delivery, perineal tears, or an episiotomy into the rectum or anal sphincter muscles. In addition, a history of constipation and straining with bowel movements, or hysterectomy may contribute to the development of a rectocele. Commonly, these problems develop with age but they may occasionally occur in younger women or in those that have not delivered children.

    What are the symptoms of a rectocele?
    Many women have rectoceles but only a small percentage of women have symptoms related to the rectocele. Symptoms may be primarily vaginal or rectal. Vaginal symptoms include vaginal bulging, the sensation of a mass in the vagina, pain with intercourse or even something hanging out of the vagina that may become irritated. Vaginal bleeding is occasionally seen if the vaginal lining of the rectocele is irritated, but other sources of the bleeding should be checked by your doctor. Rectal symptoms include constipation, particularly difficult evacuation with straining. Often this is associated with bulging in the vagina when straining to have a bowel movement. Some women find that pressing against the lower back wall of the vagina or along the rim of the vagina helps to empty the rectum. At times, there will be a rapid return of the urge to have a bowel movement after leaving the bathroom because stool that was trapped in the rectocele may return to the low rectum after standing up. A general feeling of pelvic pressure or discomfort is often present but this may be due to a variety of problems.

    How is a rectocele diagnosed?
    Most rectoceles may be identified on a routine office examination of the vagina and rectum. However, it may be difficult to assess the size and significance of the rectocele. A more accurate method of assessing the rectocele is an x-ray study called a defecagram. This study shows how large the rectocele is and if it empties with evacuation.

    When should a rectocele be treated?
    You should consider having your rectocele treated when it causes significant symptoms. It takes an experienced doctor to help you decide whether your symptoms are caused by a rectocele. If there are multiple abnormalities present, it may be best to address them all at once as this will result in the best chance for improvement.

    What treatment is available for a rectocele?
    Rectoceles that are not causing symptoms do not need to be treated. In general, you should avoid constipation by eating a high fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluids.

    Medical treatment

    A bowel management program is the best first step. This includes a diet high in fiber and 6 to 8 glasses of fluids each day. Fiber acts like a sponge. It soaks up fluid so that less is removed as the stool travels around the colon. The stools will be larger, softer and easier to pass. You may wish to add a fiber supplement and/or a stool softener to this regimen to improve stool consistency. Most fiber supplements are made of psyllium, a seed product, or of a hydrophilic colloid (gel) that absorbs water. Most stool softeners are composed of docusate. This helps to smooth and lubricate the stool. Active laxatives are best avoided in most cases.

    Avoid prolonged straining. If you cannot completely empty, get up and return later. Holding pressure with a finger to support the rectocele and encourage the stool to go in the correct direction is often helpful. This may be accomplished by pressing against the lower back wall of the vagina or along the posterior rim of the vagina. Avoid placing a finger inside the anus to pull the stool out as this may cause harm. A pessary may be used to support the pelvic organs. It is a ring that is inserted into the vagina and must be individually fit to each woman.

    Surgical treatment

    If symptoms persist even with medical therapy, then surgical repair may be indicated. There are several surgical techniques used to repair a rectocele. A rectocele repair may be performed through the anus, through the vagina, through the perineum between the anus and vagina, or from above through the abdomen. When there is extensive pelvic relaxation and prolapse, the best approach may be a combined repair.

    Who should treat me for this problem?
    Both colorectal surgeons and gynecologists are trained to deal with these problems. If the symptoms are entirely vaginal, then it is appropriate for your gynecologist to address the problem. If your symptoms are rectal, then a colorectal surgeon should be involved. If there is any question, seek opinions from physicians of both specialties.

    Schedule a Consultation at Colorectal Surgical Associates

    For more information about rectoceles and to find out which rectocele treatment may be right for you, contact the Houston Colorectal Surgical Associates today.


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Exploring the origins, ethics and future of changemaking

The ethics of working outside of one’s competence

In Ethics on July 17, 2012 at 9:51 am

It is a basic ethical standard in most professions and industries for one to operate within their field of competence. This is true in law, medicine, psychotherapy, financial advice and more. Professional bodies will often dictate what the minimum standards of competence are, and codes of ethics require or suggest that professionals operate within the individual’s level of competence.

In the first instance, it is up to the individual professional to self-regulate and operate to their level of competence. It is generally accepted that if a professional comes up against the limits of their competence, they refer to the matter to a colleague or someone with the competence to handle the situation.

Professional competence and minimum standards are important ethically in order to protect both the industry from ‘dodgy operators’, and also to protect clients and customers from harm caused by poor practice. This is interesting for the field of ‘doing good’, which is neither regulated nor has suggested minimum standards of competence. It is an area with very low barriers to entry. Basically, anyone can start a charity, community service or business. One does not need a particular set of skills or competence; all they need is an idea. There are bodies like the Australian Community Workers Association that promote and support community workers, including outlining codes of ethics and providing ongoing professional development. Being a member of this body is not a legislated prerequisite for employment in the community sector however.

As a social entrepreneur and long-term do-gooder, I have found myself in numerous situations where I was pushed beyond my level of competence. This was particularly so when I served in the role of CEO. While I had previously built a strong level of competence in service delivery, in taking a leadership and management role there were areas in which I simply had little to no formal experience. As a CEO or entrepreneur, your role is not simply in designing or delivering a service. You engage in financial management, fundraising, governance, people management, conflict resolution and more. Many of the situations one faces in leadership roles can have an ethical dimension to them. In these roles, there are bound to be experiences where one does not know how to respond.

In situations where I was pushed beyond my level of competence, I would in most cases seek out advice from others on how I should approach as situation. In some situations I sought advice from lawyers, in which of course their advice would be almost purely legal in orientation, rather than acknowledge human psychological dimensions to a situation. In other cases I sought advice from other CEO’s. While I could relate to their experience and their advice was generally more rounded, it was still most often informed by and limited to their own past experience. Knowing where to go for sound advice in facing ethical challenges was and can be difficult. It was important to me to have a wide network of people I could turn to, which represented diversity of thinking and experience.

Social entrepreneurship and the community service sector have some particularly interesting ethical dimensions that make this even more significant as an issue. As a lot of community services either explicitly or implicitly focus on improving peoples lives, this can easily cross into areas of vulnerability for both staff and clients.  I have met a number of people in my work who either as staff or clients are seeking to heal aspects of their past. In a workplace, it is easy to find situations whereby people require friends, managers, counsellors, mentors or therapists. It is important to understand the complexity of roles that one may be called to take on in a workplace or social service, and to operate within the bounds of one’s competence. Playing dual or multiple roles for people can be very confusing and ethically tricky. Indeed, many codes of ethics explicitly advise against playing dual roles.

To take a common example, if you come back from a holiday to Cambodia and want to start an orphanage, perhaps you could consider what experience and skills you have that make you competent to do that. What roles might be required of you in operating such a service? What skills or competences would be required to create, operate and deliver a service to children in often vulnerable situations? How might you respond if you find yourself in a situation where you are operating beyond your level of competence? How might you need to have in your team or network to support in situations like this?

I’m not necessarily suggesting that entrepreneurship becomes a regulated industry. It is the openness and freedom to operate which allows a certain dynamism. Being conscious of the limits of our competence is important however, and having strategies in place to be able to refer to others is critical. Above all, as Plato says (and often quoted by @uncompromise) “Know Thyself”. Give some thought to your skills and their limitations. Self-knowledge is essential to all ethics.

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Hub, Mode & Unyson - Carrier Registration System
Registration services provided by RMIS

Thank you for your interest in becoming an approved carrier. Below are some of our key requirements in order for your company to qualify as an approved carrier. All elements identified as 'required' must be completed in order for the qualification process to be completed. If your company is not compliant to one or several of the qualification criteria, you may return at another time to register once the non-compliant items are corrected.

To become an Approved carrier you must provide and meet the following criteria:

  • Provide your MC/MX# or DOT# to begin registration. Intrastate carriers without a DOT# may provide an applicable state registration number to begin registration.
  • Carrier Contact must be authorized to enter into and bind your company to the Transportation Services Contract.
  • Validate or provide the carrier contact information.
  • Submit an electronic W9. (Canadian carriers will download special IRS forms and submit offline.)
  • Complete the Carrier Profile.
  • Read and ACCEPT the "Transportation Services Contract".
  • Provide a Certificate of Insurance that meets the insurance minimum requirements below. Certificates must be submitted from your insurance producer (agent);
    • $100,000 Cargo Coverage
    • $1,000,000 Auto Coverage
    • Worker's Compensation as required by law.
    • General Liability (GL) insurance in a minimum amount of $1,000,000 is preferred.
  • If RMIS does not already have a copy of your certificate on file, we will request one for you from your insurance agent (producer).
  • You will be required to meet the following Carrier Compliance Requirements:
    • Safety Rating must be Satisfactory or None.
    • Active, Operating Authority.
    • All Carriers must have appropriate Federal, State, or Provincial Authority.
    • Financially stable.


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  • Chemistry

What are Copper Peptides?

Updated on October 10, 2017

Copper Peptides are Found in Our Cells

What are copper peptides? Copper is an alloy that is found in very small quantities in our cells. These protein compounds were introduced into the skin care industry in 1997. They have been known for being a great catalyst for skin regeneration as well as the ideal prototype for skin remodeling. This wonderful ingredient also gives the skin a soothing effect and provides the skin with the nourishment that it craves.

Copper Peptides Help with Treating Pimples and Scars

Copper peptides help with treating pimples and scars and actually promotes the synthesis of collagen and increases the activity of antioxidants. Copper has been discovered to help with firming of the skin, enhance elasticity, and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Wow, now that's one compound I don't remember learning in chemistry during high school. What about you?

When this alloy is transformed into copper peptides, the copper compound can be used to help with skin rejuvenation to maximize the appearance of fresh healthy looking skin. This compound can also help with the treatment of fine lines and wrinkles, improves the resilience of the skin, tightens the skin and balances the damaging free radicals in the skin because of its antioxidant properties.

What skin products contain copper peptides?

There are many products that contain this fabulous compound of copper peptides, and it isn't just used for the skin on the face. There are also many eye treatments that incorporate this wonderful compound into their products. I personally can say some positive things about this product and used it a while back in some eye cream, due to my severe dark circles.

Personal Experience with Copper Peptides

Sometimes I would wake up from a nice restful sleep and see these unsightly dark circles and puffiness under my eyes. I remember seeing a commercial that had this new formulation that was said to help with these problems, so I tried it and it did work. My skin was a tad bit sensitive to this product at first, but after a few applications it seemed to take to it nicely and best of all I noticed a huge difference in the appearance of the dark circles as well as the puffiness underneath my eyes.

Copper Peptides in Serums Help to Penetrate the Skin

There are also products that use this valuable scientifically engineered compound in serums for the face. People tend to use serums as opposed to creams because they are said to be able to deeply penetrate the skin slightly better than creams. They are able to get under several layers of the skin as opposed to just the top layer, which is what creams are usually capable of doing. So if you want more of the effect of the key ingredient the serum is the way to go.

What are copper peptides? Is a very common question people ask in today's modern skin care industry, so don't feel like you're the only one who asks this question. I too, at first had no idea what this compound was or what it did, but I am glad that I saw that commercial and tried it for myself because the results were very beneficial to me and my skincare routine.

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  1. Drew Breezzy profile image71
    Drew Breezzyposted 6 years ago

    98-94 mavericks currently. Where are all my dallas fans?

  2. Stevennix2001 profile image91
    Stevennix2001posted 6 years ago

    I'm not a Dallas fan, but I will say this.  They're the best team left in the playoffs, and NOBODY has an answer for Dirk.  Don't get me wrong, I want to see my Bulls win it all, but I know they have no real shot against the Mavericks.  However, I was expecting them to dominate the Heat, but it seems Udonis Haslem and Mike Miller managed to become factors into Miami's bench that the Bulls weren't obviously prepared for.  Add in the fact that the Bulls have executed poorly offensively, then you can see why Miami is winning.  Not to take anything away from how LeBron is playing, but we all knew he was going to do that in the series.  What we didn't expect was the contributions of Mike Miller and Haslem; which really made the difference for the Heat.  Having said all that, I hope the Heat go on. Even if it means seeing my beloved bulls go down, I think it would be better for dallas to see the heat again in the finals.  why?  I'll gladly explain.

    for starters, we both know the media is extremely biased towards the Heat, due to their big 3. and if the bulls did go on and lose to the mavs, then the media would try to say that your mavs only won because they didn't face the Heat.  Therefore, I want them to face the Heat now, so it'll show the whole world just how over rated the heat are, and it'll eliminate all doubt in people's minds who the better team is.  this is the mavericks year, and they deserve a opponent that'll silence their critics.  we know it won't be the bulls because of how biased they are, so why not the heat.  besides, kidd already proven he can still shut down players, and he shut down arguably the best shooting guard in the league in Kobe.  therefore, i doubt wade is going to be much of a problem to kidd to shut down.

    plus, LeBron won't be able to do crap against Dirk, as he doesn't have the height advantage like he does against rose.  As for Bosh, he's a damn wuss if you play him physically.  just let chandler and heywood rough him up a bit on the inside, and he'll be a non factor in the finals.  Anyways, I hope the Heat go on, so the Mavericks can have their revenge on the Heat.  (does evil laugh)

    1. prettydarkhorse profile image63
      prettydarkhorseposted 6 years agoin reply to this

      Evil laugh, hehe

      Hope Mavs will win this season, just bec. am from here!!

    2. LakeShow T profile image80
      LakeShow Tposted 6 years agoin reply to this

      +1 Steven

      Add in the fact that Kidd has shut down Kevin Durant just about every time he's defended him. The guy is incredible at stripping the ball. 17 steals in that 5 game series for Kidd.

  3. Richard83 profile image63
    Richard83posted 6 years ago

    You have one here cause I hate Miami. They are trying to buy a championship. No one can stop Dirk. Point blank. Seven foot and throwing 3's like a shooting guard. Dallas will kill the Heat on the boards and Dallas wins this one.


text:
Posted by: sean | November 1, 2006

International Crisis Group releases paper on Lebanon/Hizbollah/Israel

The International Crisis Group has released a report on avoiding renewed conflict in the region. Here are their reccomendations:

To the United Nations Security Council:

1. Promote effective implementation of Resolution 1701 on Lebanon by passing a follow-up resolution calling for:

(a) comprehensive Lebanese security reform, with the assistance of outside parties, based on the need to effectively assert the state’s sovereignty and defend its territorial integrity;

(b) sustained and substantial international financial assistance;

(c) intensive efforts to address outstanding Israeli-Lebanese issues, including a prisoner exchange, a halt to Israeli violations of Lebanese sovereignty and onset of a process to resolve the status of the contested Shebaa farms by transferring custody to the UN under UNIFIL supervision pending Israel-Syria and Israel-Lebanon peace agreements; and

(d) intensive and sustained efforts to reach a comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace.

To the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL):

2. Accept that its task is essentially to assist the Lebanese Armed Forces, refraining from proactive searches for Hizbollah arms caches.

3. Investigate, publicly condemn and take appropriate action against flagrant violations of Resolution 1701, particularly attempts to resupply Hizbollah and Israeli over-flights or other violations of Lebanese sovereignty.

4. Quickly provide financial and technical support for the clearance of unexploded munitions (UXOs) and other lethal war debris, including cluster sub-munitions that are sinking below the surface due to the onset of winter.

5. Avoid assuming an assertive armed posture in patrolling southern Lebanon so as to minimise anti-UN sentiment among the local population.

6. Complete UN demarcation of the Shebaa farms area and propose to Israel, Lebanon and Syria placing it under temporary UN custody pending final peace agreements between them.

To the Government of Israel:

7. Halt hostile operations in Lebanon, including the capture or assassination of militants and civilians, as well as violations of Lebanese waters and air space.

8. Cooperate with UN efforts to address remaining Israeli-Lebanese issues, including a prisoner exchange, provision of digital records of cluster-rocket launching sequences and logbooks with target coordinates, and resolution of the status of Shebaa farms and Ghajar village.

To the Government of Syria:

9. Engage in an open dialogue with Lebanon aimed at clarifying and addressing both sides’ legitimate interests, in particular by normalising bilateral relations on the basis of mutual respect and exchanging embassies.

10. Cooperate with UN efforts to demarcate the Shebaa farms area and reach agreement with Lebanon on its final status.

To Hizbollah:

11. End all visible armed presence south of the Litani River and avoid provocative actions vis-à-vis Israel or UNIFIL.

12. Work within the context of the national dialogue on a mutually acceptable process that would lead to the end of its status as an autonomous force, notably through enhancement of the LAF?s defence capabilities, reform of the political system and progress toward Arab-Israeli peace.

13. Limit territorial claims to those officially endorsed by the Lebanese government.

To the Government of Lebanon:

14. Undertake, in cooperation with international partners, a thorough security reform aimed at re-establishing and defending the state?s sovereignty over its territory, emphasising defensive capabilities and reinforcing the army as an instrument of national defence.

15. Ensure that such security reform is not used to further any international or partisan domestic agenda.

16. Encourage Hizbollah?s gradual demilitarisation by addressing outstanding Israeli-Lebanese issues (prisoner exchange, violations of Lebanese sovereignty and Shebaa farms); and reforming and democratising Lebanon?s political system.

17. Tighten controls along its border with Syria, using international technical assistance.

To the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF):

18. Confiscate visible weapons south of the Litani River and seek to prevent arms transfers.

To the European Union and its Member States:

19. Provide technical and material assistance to Lebanon?s security reform process, domestic security organs and the Lebanese Armed Forces.

To Arab States:

20. Support the building and equipping of the LAF.

21. Provide additional financial assistance to assist in reconstruction and reduce government indebtedness.

22. Cast off sectarian bias in dealing with Lebanon, ensuring that relations are established with the central government rather than particular communities.

To Members of the Quartet (U.S., Russia, UN and EU):

23. Conduct parallel discussions with Israel, Syria and Lebanon to re-launch Israeli-Syrian and Israeli-Lebanese peace negotiations, making clear that the goal is a comprehensive Arab-Israeli peace.

This touches on a lot of issues and I think ICG is right to advise caution and warn against using Resolution 1701 “as a blunt means of disarming Hizbollah.” We’ll see if any of the parties actually listen.

  1. hey Sean… you’re back in Beirut? Thought you were going to be in Amman for the foreseeable future…
    I lost your e-mailaddress, but then all of the sudden your weblog-name popped up in my head as I was riding my bike and here you are!
    Hope all is well, am planning to come back to the Middle East (Lebanon, Iran and Yemen) in February, so who knows where we’ll run into each other again).

    Good luck!

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Sidra 4 - Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn al-'Arabī

The "Great Shaykh" Muḥyī al-Dīn Ibn al-'Arabī (d. 638/1240) and his diciples and select interpretations of the Lote-Tree motif.

Stephen N. Lambden

In progress, correcting and updating - last revised 1990s and 02-10-2015.

It might be appropriate at the outset to cited Rippins' succinct  EI2 synopsis of the Sufi approach to the mi`raj-lote-tree story and motif:

"In the Sufi՝ description of the quest for the experience of the divine as patterned on the story of the mi'radj, the "lote tree on the boundary" symbolises the point to which knowledge can take the mystic (and up to which point one needs a guide) but beyond which the true experience lies. Other speculations about the tree include the idea that Adam saw-Muhammad's name written on the tree and that the tree is actually composed of the "light of .Muhammad" (nur Muḥammadī")."

This Spanish born central figure in Islamic mysticism was highly influential in numerous post 13th century CE and later Sufi and the Shi`i exegetical and mystical worlds of Islamic discourse.  In the lengthy Futuḥāt al-makkiyya (Meccan Disclosures) Ibn al-`Arabī  mentions the Sidrah/ Sidrat al-Muntahā around 30-40  times.

In the following passage the sidrat al-muntaha is associated with humanity or with al-insan "the [Perfect] Man" and certain related Qur'anic phrases interpreted in line with authoratative Sunni traditions (hadith) and sometimes non-literally:

The passage extracted above from a section of the al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya dealing with the Mi`raj or Night Ascent' ( Beirut: Dar Sadr ed. np.nd. III:350) is of particular interest. The Chodkiewicz (et al.) sometimes loosely annotated translation is headed `The "Lotus of the Limit" and the Culminating Revelation' and reads as follows: 174

So when I had left [the Temple], I came to the Lotus-Tree of the Limit [sidrat al-muntaha] (Qur'an 53:14),175 and I halted amongst its lowest [al-dunya] and its loftiest [al-quswa] branches.176 Now it was enveloped [ghashiyyat] (Qur'an 53:16) in the lights of [good] actions [anwar al-a`mal] , and in the shelter of its branches were singing the birds of the spirits of those who perform [those] actions [tuyur arwah al-a`malin],177 since it is in the form of Man [nishat al-insan].178 As for the four rivers [al-anhar] [flowing from its roots, as described in the hadith],179 they are the four kinds of divine knowledge "granted as a gift" [to man], which we mentioned in a part (juz’) we called "the levels of the forms of knowledge given freely [by God] [maratib al-`ulum al-wahb]."180

Next I saw before me the cushions of the divine Litters” (Q. 55:77) of the [true] Knowers181. Then I “was enveloped by the [divine] lights” [al-anwar] until all of me became Light [kulli nur an], and a robe of honor was bestowed upon me 182 the likes of which I had never seen” trans. Chodkiewicz + William Chittick and James Morris, in `The Meccan Revelations' vol.1 (New York: The Pir Press, 2001), p. 228. I have added transliteration of the original Arabic ( see above) in square brackets.

The Shajarat al-kawn ("The Cosmogonical Tree")

         In his  Shajarat al-kawn ("The Cosmogonical Tree") the great mystic Ibn al-`Arabī (d. 1270)  has much to say  about the celestial universe and the symbolic relationship between aspects of its realities including the Sidrat al-Muntahā.  He speaks of the Sidrat al-Muntahā as a celestial tree which is one of the shoots of the  ideal, archetypal cosmogonical or cosmological Tree.  He further mentions  a fourth "vehicle" (markab) for actualizing a spiritual relationship between the reality of Muhammad and the celestial Throne of God (al-`arsh) aside from (1) the celestial steed Burāq, (2) the Mi`raj (ladder for ascent) and (3) the wings of angelic beings proceeding from heaven to heaven (ajnihat al-malā'ikat  min al-samā' ilā samā');  namely  (4) "the wing[s] (flight) of Gabriel"  (janāḥ jibrā'il) (which incline)  "towards (ilā) the Sidrat al-Muntahā". Having  stated this Ibn al-`Arabī pictures Gabriel as attempting to draw nigh to the Sidrat al-Muntahā (`indahā, cf. Q. 53;13a). The personified  Reality of the  "Lote Tree" then says to Gabriel, "We are the Night" (al-laylat), your guests  (aḍyāfika)". This perhaps indicates the appearance of spectral personifications of the  "darkness" of impenetrability (Shajarat, 350).  ADD

        The Sidrat al-Muntahā also appears as a Reality surrounded by a special class of angels.  All things mundane, the "fruits" of existence, are registered in a related celestial Book (Jeffery tr. 1980: 35). Drawing indirectly on Ibn a-`Arabī   Winter has written,

"it is said that it [the Sidrat al-Muntaha] is a symbol of faith and virtue, and that its fruit represents the experience of the mystic. From its foot four rivers, the Pentateuch, the Psalms, the Gospel and the Qur'ān pour forth; beyond it lie the sphere of the fixed stars and, finally, the lumen gloriae" (Winter tr. 1989: 59 fn.c).

The Kitāb al-isrā' ilā maqām al-asrā... (The Book of the Night Ascent....)

        The Kitāb al-isrā' ilā maqām al-asrā... (The Book of the Night Ascent unto the realm of the Night Ascent...) of Ibn al-`Arabi  (see Osman Yahya, Historie... vol.1: 320-322, no.313, sometimes also known as the  Kitāb al-mi`rāj) contains a brief section headed and entitled  Sidrat al-Muntahā. Partly cast in the form of an allegorical narrative closely related to the traditional accounts of the Isrā (night ascent) and Mi`raj of Muhammad this section is introduced as follows:

The mystic wayfarer ( al-salik) said: "So the Burāq (celestial steed) turned back and went forth from the seventh stratum [of Paradise] (al-sab` al-ṭāq) whereupon the Messenger [Muhammad] cast forth the [miraculous] writhing rod (`aṣā al-tasyār) (cf. Q.        ) into the Lote-Tree of Light (sidrat al-nūr). Then the mystic wayfarer said, `So I enquired of him, "What is this Light and Splendor (nūr wa'l-bahā')? And he replied, `It is the Sidrat al-Muntaha'! ... ADD  (Kitab al-isra, 193).


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Home » Bishops » My Apostolic Apology – Volume 1

My Apostolic Apology – Volume 1

Event Calendar

January 2018
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International Alliance of Bishops

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DMGsideThere is always a need to define, redefine, evaluate where we are concerning our position and our commission, in light of, scripture, history, and tradition. Therefore, I have decided to form The Global Conference of Bishops as a communion of episcopates uniting around true Apostolic tradition. I submit being a bishop is much more than merely looking the part, we must be the part. That means along with titles for status we need a character for example.

The normal responsibility and authority of leadership in the NT rested with the bishops – elders – pastors – deacons; but if we are interested in pursuing biblical patterns of leadership, we must be concerned to demonstrate observable growth not only in our grasp of truth but also in our lived discipline (1 Tim. 4:14 – 16) of the Truth. If you are not familiar with Church history, then you will go off on a tandem fighting everything by scripture only and not recognize the continual growth and pattern changes of the Church over time.

We must comprehend that spiritual leadership, far from lording it over others (Matt. 20:25 – 28), is a balanced combination of oversight (1 Tim. 4:11 – 13; 6:17 – 19; Titus 3:9 – 11) and example (1 Tim. 4:12; 6:6 – 11, 17 – 18; 1 Pet. 5:1 – 4) which, far from being negating are mutually reinforcing.

For instance, If you lived in the first four centuries of the church, being a bishop meant how well you were going to die for the Faith. Since most of the early bishops were martyred for the cause of Christ in this era. If you lived in the Middle Ages, bishops were defined as being both the civil and ecclesiastical authority of the known world. In fact, society functioned under both civil government and canon law during this period, which led to widespread corruption. In the Dark Ages and ultimately, the Reformation period, being a bishop was viewed as what corrupted the Church and represented the failed leadership of a glorious era of Church influence on the society of its’ day.

In our Modern-Day vernacular, being a bishop is almost like being a part of a new trend that rewards us with popularity, authority, wealth, and self-esteem. But are we fulfilling the mandate of Jesus Christ, our King, and leading a dark world to the light of His Glory by the light we shine on ourselves? I am not coming down on the episcopacy, just pointing out some abuses that affect all of us as leaders and hinder our effectiveness for evangelism and stability in the Church of Jesus Christ.

In the last 30 years, I have never seen so many people wanting to become some titled recognizable giant in the Kingdom. If they don’t ascend to the bishopric, it is by some other recognized title or self-appointed title that justifies who they are. Again, I beg, if you are not talking to God, how can you talk for God?

So, the questions are – Who really has the authority in the Church? Is it vested in titles or demonstration? Is it credentialed or simply proclaimed? Is it a product of supernatural sideshow tricks or simply the ability to proclaim through intellectual prowess? Is it based on gender or race? Does one have to believe a certain doctrine or worship in a particular fashion?

I really don’t know if we will settle the authority issues in the Church before Jesus comes or not. All I KNOW – is that we need to get a handle on leadership before the whole Church becomes too fragmented to reassemble and make herself whole.

First, the tradition of the episcopacy is so confusing that one must understand the difference in disciplines as the episcopacy unfolded. Historically, the Church developed what was termed collegiate episcopacy, based on a college of bishops governing the general body of Christ in different regions. As Christianity began identifying itself separate from its’ Jewish roots, it started embracing varying leadership models from the Apostolic leadership to the episcopal rule, beginning late first century on.

Along with the developing role of the episcopacy, also came the emerging role of the archiepiscopacy. Regarding its’ historical origin, some writers wrongly point to Timothy and Titus, the disciples of Paul, as to the first archbishops in the Church. Probably they were metropolitans in the wider sense of the term, one for Asia Minor, the other for the island of Crete. But it remains impossible to assign the exact date when archbishops, as we now use the term, were first appointed. It is true that metropolitans are mentioned as a well-known institution in the Church by the Council of Nicæa (325) in its fourth, fifth and sixth canons, and by the Council of Antioch (341) whose seventh canon is a classical passage in this matter.

It reads: “The bishops of every province must be aware that the bishop presiding in the metropolis has charge of the whole province; because all who have business come together from all quarters to the metropolis. For this reason, it is decided that he should, according to the ancient and recognized canon of our fathers, do nothing beyond what concerns their respective dioceses and the districts belonging thereto”, etc. But it cannot be denied that even at, this period the term “metropolitan” was used indiscriminately for all higher ranks above the simple episcopate. It was thus applied also to patriarchs and primates.

The same must be said of the term “archbishop” which does not occur in the present meaning before the sixth century, although the office of archbishop or metropolitan in the stricter sense, indicating a hierarchical rank above the ordinary bishops but below the primate and patriarch, was already substantially the same in the fifth century as it is today. A peculiar condition obtained in Africa, where the archiepiscopal office was not attached to a certain see, the metropolis, but where it always devolved upon the senior bishop of the province, whatever see he might occupy. He was called “the first or chief bishop”, or also “the bishop of the first or chief see”.

The history of the episcopate developed into at least five major divisions over time:

1. Catholic Episcopacy – Papacy
2. Orthodox Episcopacy – Collegiate order Patriarchal
3. Protestant – AME – Methodist Prelate – Presiding
4. Anglican – Episcopal Archbishop
5. Pentecostal – Convergence Apostles Prelates Presiders

Within the development and major styles of the episcopal office in the Church, it has become universally impossible to have a single code of ethics governing all episcopates. However, accepting uniform guidelines have given some structure to the office. Most of what we see today as episcopal has to established along doctrinal and liturgical practices to make them relevant. The GCOB will establish its’ own discipline and hierarchy for the development of this communion.

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Is Optimism Good in a Keynesian Economy?

  • Persson, Torsten
  • Svensson, Lars E O

Assume that an economy is in a state of Keynesian unemployment. Since production is demand-determined there are bootstraps (multiple) equilibria. Then, the more optimist agents are about the future the higher will be theur demand today and hence current production. In that limited sense optimism turns out to be unwarranted , which forces a download adjustment. Is this unwarranted optimism still good? We analyze this question by help of a general equilibrium model of a small open economy where the sequence of adjustment and readjustment is modeled as two successive temporary equilibria. The question wheter optimism is good is posed in terms of an explicit ( ex post) welfare evaluation. We fine that if the future is Walrasian, the future multiplier is unity, whereas the present multiplier is larger than unity. Then optimism increases ex post welfare. If the future has Keynesian unemployment, optimism still increases ex post welfare, as long as the present multiplier is larger than the future one. A necessary and sufficient condition for this is presented.
(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Suggested Citation

  • Persson, Torsten & Svensson, Lars E O, 1983. "Is Optimism Good in a Keynesian Economy?," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 50(199), pages 291-300, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:econom:v:50:y:1983:i:199:p:291-300

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    1. Barro, Robert J & Grossman, Herschel I, 1971. "A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 61(1), pages 82-93, March.
    2. J. Peter Neary, 1980. "Nontraded Goods and the Balance of Trade in a Neo-Keynesian Temporary Equilibrium," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 95(3), pages 403-429.
    3. Razin, Assaf, 1984. "Capital movements, intersectoral resource shifts and the trade balance," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(1-2), pages 135-152.
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    1. Goldfajn, Ilan & Silveira, Marcos Antonio, 2002. "Should government smooth exchange rate risk?," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(2), pages 393-421, December.
    2. Tarlok Singh, 2007. "Intertemporal Optimizing Models Of Trade And Current Account Balance: A Survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(1), pages 25-64, February.
    3. Benassy, Jean-Pascal, 1993. "Nonclearing Markets: Microeconomic Concepts and Macroeconomic Applications," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 31(2), pages 732-761, June.
    4. van der Ploeg, F., 1987. "Rationing in open economy and dynamic macroeconomics : A survey," Research Memorandum fd411b51-f487-4dde-a0e9-6, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.

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Labor income and risky assets under market incompleteness: Evidence from Italian data

  • Grande, Giuseppe
  • Ventura, Luigi

Theory suggests that uninsurable income risk induces individuals to accumulate assets as a precautionary reserve of value. Most assets, however, bear rate of return risk, that can be diversified only if every asset is traded by a large number of individuals and arbitrage is frictionless. Using Italian micro-data, we find evidence of income and asset risks that affect consumption. Italian households are particularly well insured against illness but not against job losses. Moreover, we detect a positive, yet weak, effect of asset holding on the variability of consumption streams across households.
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Suggested Citation

  • Grande, Giuseppe & Ventura, Luigi, 2002. "Labor income and risky assets under market incompleteness: Evidence from Italian data," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(2-3), pages 597-620, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:26:y:2002:i:2-3:p:597-620

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    1. Mehra, Rajnish & Prescott, Edward C., 1985. "The equity premium: A puzzle," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 145-161, March.
    2. Constantinides, George M & Duffie, Darrell, 1996. "Asset Pricing with Heterogeneous Consumers," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 104(2), pages 219-240, April.
    3. Guiso, Luigi & Jappelli, Tullio & Terlizzese, Daniele, 1992. "Earnings uncertainty and precautionary saving," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 307-337, November.
    4. Kimball, Miles S, 1993. "Standard Risk Aversion," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(3), pages 589-611, May.
    5. Harrison, J. Michael & Kreps, David M., 1979. "Martingales and arbitrage in multiperiod securities markets," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 381-408, June.
    6. Weil, Philippe, 1992. "Equilibrium asset prices with undiversifiable labor income risk," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 16(3-4), pages 769-790.
    7. Mankiw, N. Gregory & Zeldes, Stephen P., 1991. "The consumption of stockholders and nonstockholders," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(1), pages 97-112, March.
    8. Guiso, Luigi & Jappelli, Tullio & Terlizzese, Daniele, 1996. "Income Risk, Borrowing Constraints, and Portfolio Choice," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(1), pages 158-172, March.
    9. Panetta, F. & Violi, R., 1999. "Is there an Equity Premium Puzzle in Italy? A Look at Asset Returns, Consumption and Financial Structure Data Over the Last Century," Papers 353, Banca Italia - Servizio di Studi.
    10. Jordan, James S. & Radner, Roy, 1982. "Rational expectations in microeconomic models: An overview," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 201-223, April.
    11. Orazio P. Attanasio & Guglielmo Weber, 1993. "Consumption Growth, the Interest Rate and Aggregation," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 60(3), pages 631-649.
    12. Martha Starr-McCluer, 2002. "Stock Market Wealth and Consumer Spending," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 40(1), pages 69-79, January.
    13. Madrigal, Vicente & Smith, Stephen D, 1995. "On Fully Revealing Prices When Markets Are Incomplete," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 85(5), pages 1152-1159, December.
    14. Luigi Guiso & Tullio Jappelli, 1998. "Background Uncertainty and the Demand for Insurance Against Insurable Risks," The Geneva Risk and Insurance Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (The Geneva Association), vol. 23(1), pages 7-27, June.
    15. Allen, Franklin & Gale, Douglas, 1994. "Limited Market Participation and Volatility of Asset Prices," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(4), pages 933-955, September.
    16. Gollier, Christian & Schlesinger, Harris, 1996. "Portfolio choice under noisy asset returns," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 47-51, October.
    17. Cochrane, John H, 1991. "A Simple Test of Consumption Insurance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(5), pages 957-976, October.
    18. Mace, Barbara J, 1991. "Full Insurance in the Presence of Aggregate Uncertainty," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(5), pages 928-956, October.
    19. Narayana R. Kocherlakota, 1996. "The Equity Premium: It's Still a Puzzle," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 34(1), pages 42-71, March.
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    1. Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo, 2014. "The social rate of discount, climate change and real options," CEIS Research Paper 309, Tor Vergata University, CEIS, revised 18 Feb 2014.
    2. Becker, Sascha O. & Hoffmann, Mathias, 2010. "Equity fund ownership and the cross-regional diversification of household risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 90-102, January.
    3. Mengus , Eric & Pancrazi , Roberto, 2015. "The Inequality Accelerator," Les Cahiers de Recherche 1108, HEC Paris.
    4. Luca Dedola & Eugenio Gaiotti & Luca Silipo, 2001. "Money demand in the euro area: do national differences matter?," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 405, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    5. Joseph Eisenhauer & Luigi Ventura, 2003. "Survey measures of risk aversion and prudence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(13), pages 1477-1484.
    6. Asdrubali, Pierfederico & Tedeschi, Simone & Ventura, Luigi, 2015. "Household Risksharing Channels," MPRA Paper 65906, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    JEL classification:

    • D52 - Microeconomics - - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium - - - Incomplete Markets
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

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Comparing Active Auditors viewpoints in Public and Private Sector over Determining Basic Materiality Levels in Auditing

  • Ali Asghar Farajzadeh
  • Tahereh Azizzadeh

Materiality is a threshold quality in accounting which has priority over other qualitative characteristics of financial information. In other word, financial information are important in decision-making only when they are important with respect to this to definition, omission or altering these significant information can change the judgments and decisions of logical user over the affairs of a business entity. The purpose of this research was to identify the auditors` ideas in private and public sector over basic materiality levels and compare the perspective of these two groups over these levels. The statistical population of this research is managers in auditing firm, partners in auditing institutions. According to Kukran formula, the sample volumes of this research are 84 people. The results indicate that, there is a meaningful difference between high and low important levels from the viewpoint of active auditors in private and public sectors. This means that there is no consensus between these two groups in determining high materiality level. In other words, in determining the low important level, the average viewpoint of auditors in auditing organization in relation to private sector is minimum. We concluded that public sector's auditors are more conservative than the ones in private sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Asghar Farajzadeh & Tahereh Azizzadeh, 2012. "Comparing Active Auditors viewpoints in Public and Private Sector over Determining Basic Materiality Levels in Auditing," Journal of Global Economy, Research Centre for Social Sciences,Mumbai, India, vol. 8(1), pages 33-45, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:jge:journl:814

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    1. Richard Clarida & Jordi Galí & Mark Gertler, 2000. "Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Oxford University Press, vol. 115(1), pages 147-180.
    2. Dynan, Karen E. & Elmendorf, Douglas W. & Sichel, Daniel E., 2006. "Can financial innovation help to explain the reduced volatility of economic activity?," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 53(1), pages 123-150, January.
    3. Jean Boivin & Marc P. Giannoni, 2006. "Has Monetary Policy Become More Effective?," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 88(3), pages 445-462, August.
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    Public accounts; auditors; public sector; private sector;

    JEL classification:

    • H8 - Public Economics - - Miscellaneous Issues
    • M4 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting

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Sören Scholvin

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First Name:Sören
Middle Name:
Last Name:Scholvin
RePEc Short-ID:psc459
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public]

Institut für Wirtschafts- und Kulturgeographie
Leibniz Universität Hannover

Hannover, Germany

RePEc:edi:ighande (more details at EDIRC)

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Working papers

  1. Sören Scholvin, 2010. "Emerging Non-OECD Countries: Global Shifts in Power and Geopolitical Regionalization," GIGA Working Paper Series 128, GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies.

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2003 Business Dairy Grazing Farm Business Analysis Summary

  • Wittenberg, Eric
  • Wolf, Christopher A.

This report summarizes the financial and production records of 9 dairy grazing farms across Michigan. Intensive grazing implies providing as much of the needed roughages from pasture. These 9 farms indicated that they grazed dairy cows at least three months of the year and that grazing provided more than 30 percent of the forage consumed during the year. To be included, the farms must have produced at least 50 percent of gross cash farm income from milk and dairy animal sales. The farms in this report were located throughout Michigan. The records came from Michigan State Universityï¿½s TelFarm/MicroTel project, the Farm Credit Service system, or by AgriSolutions in Michigan. The values were pooled into averages for reporting purposes. Farm records checked for accuracy. While considerable variation in the data exists, average values are reported in the summary tables and discussion that follow.

Suggested Citation

  • Wittenberg, Eric & Wolf, Christopher A., 2004. "2003 Business Dairy Grazing Farm Business Analysis Summary," Staff Papers 11823, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
  • Handle: RePEc:ags:midasp:11823

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    1. Purvis, Amy & Hoehn, John P. & Sorenson, Vernon L., 1989. "An Economic Analysis of Farmers' Willingness to Participate in a Filter Strip Program," Agricultural Economic Report Series 201393, Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics.
    2. Lynch, Sarah & Smith, Katherine R., 1994. "Lean, Mean and Green ... Designing Farm Support Programs in a New Era," Policy Studies Program Reports, Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture, number 134108.
    3. Tweeten, Luther, 1992. "The Economics of an Environmentally Sound Agriculture (ESA)," Economics and Sociology Occasional Papers 243223, Ohio State University, Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics.
    4. Creason, Jared R. & Runge, C. Ford, 1990. "Agricultural Competitiveness and Environmental Quality: What Mix of Policies Will Accomplish Both Goals?," Reports 50102, University of Minnesota, Center for International Food and Agricultural Policy.
    5. Hoover, Herbert & Witala, Marc, 1980. "Operator and Landlord Participation in Soil Erosion Control in the Maple Creek Watershed in Northeast Nebraska," Economics Statistics and Cooperative Services (ESCS) Reports 143687, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    6. Fox, Glenn & Weersink, Alfons & Sarwar, Ghulam & Duff, Scott & Deen, Bill, 1991. "Comparative Economics Of Alternative Agricultural Production Systems: A Review," Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association, vol. 20(1), April.
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    Livestock Production/Industries;

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Do labor force evolutions affect the work incapacity caseload?

  • Leen Meeusen
  • Annemie Nys

Over the last two decades, the number of individuals entitled to work incapacity (WI) benefits increased strongly in Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. The caseload has consequently increased but this has happened at a very different pace and to a very different degree. In order to draw correct conclusions regarding the actual growth in national caseload and to gain a new perspective on the very large cross-national variation, we introduce corrections on the growth of WI benefit uptake. By controlling for the evolution of the labor force and its respective gender and age components, we are able to formulate an answer to the following question: 'To what extent can the increase and cross-national variation in work incapacity caseload be explained by the evolution of the labor force and its components?' The results show that the evolution of the female labor force, and this mainly in the age brackets 15-49, had the greatest impact on the growth of WI caseload. We conclude that the corrections, based on the evolution of the different components of the labor force, reduce the growth rate of national WI caseload and narrow the gap in cross-national variation. Nevertheless, a proportion of national growth and cross-national variation remains unexplained.

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  • Leen Meeusen & Annemie Nys, 2013. "Do labor force evolutions affect the work incapacity caseload?," Working Papers 1303, Herman Deleeck Centre for Social Policy, University of Antwerp.
  • Handle: RePEc:hdl:wpaper:1303

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    1. Parsons, Donald O, 1980. "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 88(1), pages 117-134, February.
    2. Mark Duggan & Scott A. Imberman, 2009. "Why Are the Disability Rolls Skyrocketing? The Contribution of Population Characteristics, Economic Conditions, and Program Generosity," NBER Chapters,in: Health at Older Ages: The Causes and Consequences of Declining Disability among the Elderly, pages 337-379 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Haveman, Robert H & Wolfe, Barbara L, 1984. "The Decline in Male Labor Force Participation: Comment," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 92(3), pages 532-541, June.
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    1. repec:hdl:wpaper:1402 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Annemie Nys & Leen Meeusen & Vincent Corluy, 2016. "Who cares? A Counterfactual Analysis of Household Work Intensity in Households with Disabled Family Members," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 128(2), pages 675-691, September.

    More about this item

    labor force; female labor force participation rate; work incapacity caseload;

    JEL classification:

    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • Y10 - Miscellaneous Categories - - Data: Tables and Charts - - - Data: Tables and Charts

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Modeling the evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005

  • Kitov, Ivan

The evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005 is analyzed and modeled. There are several versions of personal income distribution (PID) provided by the US Census Bureau (US CB) for this period with various levels of resolution. Effectively, these PIDs result in different Gini coefficients due to the differences between discrete and continuous representations. When all persons of 15 years of age and over are included in the PIDs, Gini coefficient drops from 0.64 in 1947 to 0.54 in 1990. This effect is observed due to a significant decrease in the portion of people without income. For the PIDs not including persons without income, Gini coefficient is varying around 0.51 between 1960 and 2005 with standard deviation of 0.004, i.e. is in fact constant. This Gini coefficient is practically independent on the portion of population included in the PIDs according to any revision of income definitions. The driving force of the model describing the evolution of individual incomes (microeconomic level) and their aggregate value (macroeconomic level) is the change in nominal GDP per capita. The model accurately predicts the evolution of Gini coefficient for the PIDs for people with income. The model gives practically unchanged (normalized) PIDs and Gini coefficient between 1947 and 2005. The empirical Gini curves converge to the predicted one when the number of people without income decreases. Asymptotically, the empirical curves should collapse to the theoretical one when all the working age population obtains an appropriate definition of income. Therefore the model Gini coefficient potentially better describes true behavior of inequality in the USA because the definitions of income used by the US Census Bureau apparently fail to describe true income distribution.

Suggested Citation

  • Kitov, Ivan, 2007. "Modeling the evolution of Gini coefficient for personal incomes in the USA between 1947 and 2005," MPRA Paper 2798, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:2798

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    1. Drăgulescu, Adrian & Yakovenko, Victor M., 2001. "Exponential and power-law probability distributions of wealth and income in the United Kingdom and the United States," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 299(1), pages 213-221.
    2. Ivan O. Kitov, 2005. "A model for microeconomic and macroeconomic development," Working Papers 05, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality.
    3. Ivan Kitov, 2005. "Evolution of the personal income distribution in the USA: High incomes," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 28(12), pages 1.
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    1. Ivan O. KITOV, 2008. "The Driving Force of Labor Force Participation in Developed Countries," Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Financial Management and Accounting Craiova, vol. 3(3(5)_Fall), pages 203-222.
    2. Kitov, Ivan, 2007. "Comparison of personal income inequality estimates based on data from the IRS and Census Bureau," MPRA Paper 5372, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    More about this item

    Gini index; personal income distribution; Pareto distribution; microeconomic modeling; USA; real GDP; macroeconomics;

    JEL classification:

    • E17 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models - - - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
    • D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
    • E64 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - Incomes Policy; Price Policy
    • J1 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics
    • O12 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
    • D01 - Microeconomics - - General - - - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles

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