text:
Lodhas of West Bengal : A Case Study

Santanu Panda
Abhijit Guha

Demographic scenario of the Lodha population in the three blocks

The age-sex composition

About the schemes Development Inputs and their Utilisation
About the Lodhas Patta Land
Objectives of the study House
Materials and Methods Solar Cell
  Case Study 1 & 2

In this article, we have made an attempt to study the impact of various types of development inputs on the socioeconomic life of the Lodha community in the three administrative blocks of Paschim (West) Medinipur district in West Bengal. The study was conducted in connection with an Impact Assessment Survey under the Rastriya Sama Vikas Yoyona (RSVY) and Indira Awas Jojana (IAY) Schemes. The present study revealed that the major constraints of the implementation of the developmental inputs among the Lodhas lie in their landlessness and poverty. It was found that the distribution of patta land to landless Lodha families by the Government was not done properly. On the other hand, developmental inputs like brick built houses were not properly planned and suffered from lack of maintenance. Some of high technology developmental inputs like solar cells distributed to the poor and landless Lodha families were found to be of no use to the beneficiaries since many of them sold the solar cells to the wealthy neighbours. Finally, we recommended some suggestions in the concluding section of the article for better implementation of developmental inputs given under the RSVY and IAY schemes.

Keywords: Rural development; Development inputs, Implementation, Lodhas, Marginalised community.

In India about seventy percent of the population lives in rural areas. To improve the socio-economic conditions of the rural people, Government of India launched many schemes through the planning commission of India such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY), Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), etc. All these schemes are aimed to reduce the gap between rural and urban people, which would help reduce imbalances and speed up the development process.

In this article, we would present our empirical findings and analysis on the implementation of macro-level development programmes like Rastrya Sanma Bikas Yojana (RSVY) and Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) schemes in a micro situation. The micro-level situation consists of three administrative blocks of Paschim (West) Medinipur district of West Bengal, under a specific development scheme, which was launched by the Planning Commission of India and is known as the Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojna (RSVY). It may be relevant to point out that the Government of India has earmarked Paschim (West) Medinipur district of West Bengal as a ‘Backward district’ Another scheme launched by the Social Welfare Department of Government of India to provide housing for the rural poor is known as the Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). The Paschim (West) Medinipur District being identified as a backward district and to it was released a grant from the RSVY scheme during the annual plan period 2003-2004 (Planning Commission 2004). Another component of our micro situation is a scheduled tribe of West Bengal, named Lodha. This tribe, among others, was put under the category, viz. Primitive Tribal Group (PTG) since 1971 (Verma 1990: 277). In the following section, we describe as to how the two above said rural development schemes were implemented on the marginalized Lodha community.

About the schemes

RSVY ( Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana)

The scheme was launched during the period 2004-2005. The scheme aimed at focused development programmes for backward areas, which would help reduce imbalances and speed up development. Under the RSVY scheme, the Central Government aimed to cover 100 backward districts in India. Already 50 backward districts were covered during 2003-2004 and a sum of Rs.15.00crore per year was provided to each of the district for a period of three years, that is a total of Rs. 45.00 crore per district have been released to the State Governments on hundred percent grant basis in installment. The plan document revealed that the main objective of the RSVY scheme would be to address the problems of low agricultural productivity, unemployment in the rural areas, and to fill in the critical gaps in the physical and social infrastructures of the ‘Backward region’. There is a scope in the scheme to make plans to improve the socio-economic conditions of the ‘poorer pockets’ and/or specific disadvantaged groups and communities.

The RSVY plan document has mentioned the special focus areas of development, which should be undertaken in the district plan. These special focus areas are: (i) Land and water management including check dams, revitalization of traditional water structures, small lift irrigation projects, mini diversion weirs, etc. (ii) Health infrastructure, particularly strengthening of women and child development centers and provision of facilities for institutional deliveries. (iii) Educational infrastructure, which would aim towards vocational training and skill development (iv) Increase in income from agriculture and allied activities through intensification of agricultural and horticultural practices. (v) Rearing of domestic animals, poultry birds and pisciculture, etc. through back-up of veterinary facilities and marketing infrastructure. (RSVY, Planning Commission doc. Govt. of India. Accessed through Google on 06.07.2011).

IAY (Indira Awas Yojana)

This scheme started operation since 1985 as a sub-scheme of Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) and continued as a sub-scheme of Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) since it’s launching from April 1989. But later it was delinked from the JRY and was made an independent scheme with effect from January 1, 1996.

It is a Government of India social welfare programme to provide housing to the rural poor. It is one of the major flagship programs of the Rural Development Ministry to construct houses for BPL (Below Poverty Line) population in the villages. Under the scheme, financial assistance worth Rs. 45000/- in plain areas and Rs. 48500/- in difficult areas (high land area) is provided for the construction of houses. The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or in the joint names of the husband and wife. The construction of the houses is the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited. The guideline of IAY scheme is very explicit about it when it says: The construction of the houses should be done by the beneficiaries themselves from the very beginning. The beneficiaries may make their own arrangement for the construction, engage skilled workmen on their own and also contribute family labour. The beneficiaries will have complete freedom as to the manner of construction of the house, which is their own. This will result in economy in cost, ensure quality of construction, lead to satisfaction on the part of beneficiaries and acceptance of the house. The responsibility for the proper construction of the house will thus be on the beneficiaries themselves. No contractor is allowed in the construction of IAY houses. If any case of construction through contractors comes to notice, Government of India will have a right to recover the allocation made to the State for those IAY houses. The house should not also be constructed by any Government department. Government departments or organizations can, however, give technical assistance or arrange for coordinated supply of raw materials such as cement, steel or bricks if the beneficiaries so desire. The spirit of the IAY is that the house is not to be constructed and delivered by any external agency; on the other hand, the house is to be constructed by the ultimate occupier of the house. (pib.nic.in/achieve/flagship/faq_iay.pdf?. Accessed through Google on26.10.2013) the broad purpose of the scheme is to provide financial assistance to some of the weakest sections of society to upgrade or construct a house of respectable quality for their personal living. The vision of the Government is to replace all temporary (kutchcha) houses from Indian villages by 2017. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Awaas_Yojana. Accessed on 09.11.2012)

About the Lodhas

The Lodhas are now treated as one of the denotified communities by the Central Government. In West Bengal, Lodhas are mainly concentrated in the districts of Paschim (West) Medinipur and Purba (East) Medinipur. In the pre-Independence period they were treated as a Criminal Tribe till the revocation of the Criminal Tribes Act in 1952. In the first Census of India after Independence, the Lodhas were recorded as a scheduled caste and their total population was returned to be 8,346 only in West Bengal (Mitra 1953: 89). According to the Census of 1951 the Lodhas were found to be distributed in the districts of Burdwan, Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapore, Hooghly, Howrah, 24 Parganas, Calcutta, Murshidabad and Jalpaiguri. In 1951, they were not found in the North Bengal districts like Nadia, Maldah, West Dinajpur, Darjeeling and Cooch Behar. In the same Census the total number of Lodhas in erstwhile Midnapore was 7040, that is 84.35 percent of the then total population of Lodhas in West Bengal. (Ibid: 89-90). The Lodhas of Midnapore are said to be identical with Savars and Sahars but in Orissa they are different. They marry young but they do not practice widow remarriage or divorce. Their traditional occupation is collection of jungle produce, but in Midnapore they also work as agricultural labourers and firewood collectors and sellers (Ibid: 77).

The Census of 1981 shows that the total population of the Lodhas including the Kharias and the Kherias of West Bengal was 53,718. The Lodhas were concentrated in erstwhile Midnapore District and their total number according to the Census of 1981 was 16,534. Besides West Bengal, they are also found in the Mayurbhanj and Baleswar districts of Orissa, Originally, they inhabited hilly rugged terrains covered with jungle. Their mother tongue is Lodha, which is close to Savara, an Austro-Asiatic language. They are fluent in Bengali. Traditionally, they were forest dwellers but now they have started cultivation either as owners of land or as agricultural labourers and are also engaged in hunting and fishing. More than 80 percent of them follow Hinduism with traditional belief in spirits and nature (Mandal, H.et.al. 2002:32).

At present the Lodhas do not live exclusively in the forest covered areas, but have spread out in other deforested regions where they are found to be working as agricultural and non-agricultural labourers. But their main economy is still based on collection of minor forest products, such as leaves for preparing leaf-plates for sale. According to Bhowmick, the Lodhas were found to collect edible roots and fruits for household consumption and sell the surplus in the local markets. They are also found to be engaged in the collection of tussore cocoons and sell them in the market for cash. Lodhas also catch snakes and lizards and sell their hides and consume the flesh of these animals. They also catch fish and tortoises from the water bodies for domestic consumption as well as for sale. (Bhowmick, 1981: 6).

Objectives of the study

1. To identify the beneficiaries who received some development input under RSVY and IAY.

2. To assess the impact of the various developmental inputs under the two rural development schemes and their implementation.

Materials and Methods

The primary data for the study have been collected from the three administrative blocks of Paschim (West) Medinipur district in West Bengal, viz., Binpur II, Nayagram and Narayangargh. The fieldwork was conducted during 2005-06 and 2008-2011. The total number of Lodha households covered in our sample is 332 and the total population turned out to be 1382 souls.

The quantitative data collected for this research have been analysed by using simple descriptive methods (e.g. frequency distribution tables, bar graphs, histograms and polygons) with the help of Microsoft excel programme. The qualitative data have been analysed through descriptions supported by some representative case studies.

Demographic scenario of the Lodha population in the three blocks

These Lodha settlements have recorded an overall small household size (4.2), which is generally found among all the hunter-gatherer and landless poor families of the rural areas. Among the three blocks, Narayangarh shows the highest mean household size, which is higher than the overall mean household size of our sample. (Table 1).

Table 1 Block-wise household and population of Lodhas

Figures in parentheses represent percentages out of the column total

The age-sex composition

The age-sex composition of the sample population reveals higher number of younger persons including children belonging to 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 age groups. The female population in the higher age groups, particularly beyond the reproductive age, i.e. after 49 years, is, in general, larger, than the male population in the corresponding age groups. l. But no female beyond the age group 65-69 has been found, whereas only 10 males beyond the age of 69 are found in the male population of the chosen sample. The interesting aspect about the demography of the Lodhas in this sample is the preponderance of females in almost all the age groups (the sex ratio being 1100). This fact is most revealing in all the younger age groups from 0-4 up to 35-39. Only in the age groups, 40-44 and 45-49, we find a predominance of males over females. The population pyramid of our surveyed households is given below.

Fig-1: Population Pyramid of the Lodhas in the study area

Development Inputs and their Utilisation

In the following table we have identified all the development inputs given to the Lodhas under RSVY and IAY schemes in terms of their source and percentage of the beneficiary families. It is notable that only 24.53 percent of the Lodha families’ out of total population in the study area received some kind of development inputs from the Government under the RSVY and IAY, more than half of the Lodha populations were not being covered by the developmental schemes. It is revealed from the scenario of development inputs that Government’s attention was mostly directed to provide house, digging pond and installation of solar cells to the beneficiary families. More than fifty one percent of the beneficiaries (nearly thirteen percent of the total population) were given financial assistance to build their houses and around thirty one percent of the beneficiaries received solar cells (Table.3). The developmental inputs under the Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY) and Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) schemes included (i) patta land[1] (ii) non-refundable cash loan for building house, (iii) solar cells for domestic use and (iv pond.

The nature of distribution of developmental inputs by the Government shows that emphasis was given to cash loan for house building and high technology solar cells. Through our observation and interviews with the beneficiaries we have found that most of the houses were built in a hurried manner and seemed to be weak in structure. The beneficiaries also expressed their dissatisfaction with the newly built houses. We have also found that the majority of the beneficiaries who received solar cells either sold them against cash to well-to-do neighbours belonging to other communities or could not use them properly (Panda & Guha, 2009:69-75).

Patta Land

Only fifty five households (16.22%) received patta land out of three hundred thirty two households but 61.81 percent beneficiary families utilized the patta land out of the total number of beneficiaries, whereas 38.18 percent beneficiaries could not utilise the patta land (Table 2 Fig. 2). During our fieldwork, we have found two major factors behind the non-utilisation of patta land by the beneficiary families, viz., (i) in a number of cases it was found that the patta holder has received the official papers but could not cultivate it since the land is being utilised by members of other powerful and dominant communities, and (ii) the patta holder is not being able to cultivate the land owing to lack of agricultural implements, irrigation facilities and training. (Case study 1)

The financial assistance for the construction of house presents a better scenario than distribution of patta land to the Lodhas. A little more than half of the total number of beneficiary families received financial assistance for house building. But what is interesting is the percentage of full utilisation of this development input. More than fifty eight percent of the families have fully utilised the aforesaid financial assistance while 41.71 percent of the households could not use the financial help properly. The major reason behind the non-utilisation of constructed houses lay in poor and non-participatory nature of planning towards the construction of the houses by the concerned department of the Government. In most of the cases, the houses in which the Lodhas were found to live properly were being planned in a participatory manner. There were cases of Lodhas living in houses not planned in a participatory manner as though they were given directly the financial assistance either by the Government officials or by some NGOs, they were not given the liberty to plan and construct the houses according to their needs and demand. (Table 2, Fig.2 and Case study 1).

Solar Cell

The solar cells were distributed to the Lodha beneficiaries in the study area under the RSVY scheme for using them for domestic purpose. We have found during our fieldwork that out of 105 families 64 were found to use the solar powered cells to glow lamps in their house but at the same time it was also found that about 39.05 percent of the families have either sold them at a low price or those gadgets were lying non-functional. Solar plates containing very costly batteries required good maintenance and none of the beneficiary families who were given this sophisticated gadget had undergone any training as regards their maintenance.

Moreover, since the Lodha families were very poor and were badly in need for cash for their daily subsistence, sale of these solar cells served them very well. Many of the Lodha beneficiaries reported to us that these solar cells fetched them a good amount of money, since their well-to-do Santal and Mahata neighbours were ready to purchase those gadgets (Table 2, Fig. 2 Case study 2)

Table 2 Utilisation of Development Inputs under the RSVY and IAY Schemes Among the Lodhas of three Administrative Blocks of Paschim Medinipur District

[ ] Represents percentage out of total beneficiaries ( ) Represents percentage out of column total.

Sl. No

Name of Development inputs

Number of Beneficiary Who received the inputs

Utilised the Development inputs

Could not utilise the Development inputs

Patta Land

[61.81] 34(16.66)

[60.95] 64(31.37)

Fig-2: Utilisation of development inputs

An incomplete house of a Lodha family in Nayagram block constructed with mud & bricks under the IAY

A landless Lodha of the Binpur II block showing his patta record who had never seen his plot.

Case Study 1

Name of informant: Tapan Sabar (First name changed) Age: 44 Sex: Male

Village: Amlasole, JL. No: 25 Block: Binpur-II

According to the respondent there are six members in his family. They are dependent on forest resource collection and daily labour. He had received a record of right on patta land from the Block Land and Land Reforms Department in 2004. The family has also received financial assistance for house building in 2004. All the family members are living in the house but it is not suitable for living as the roof is damaged. Tapan said : ‘Our house is in a very poor condition because it was built by bricks with mud and thatched by tin with a single door made by plain sheet of tin and there is neither any window nor any ventilation system. The house was constructed by a contractor under the supervision of some government official and they did not consult us regarding the planning of the house. Moreover, if the house requires repair we will not be able to do it without the help of the contractors who made the construction.’ Tapan also added: ‘I have received patta land on paper in 2004 and the amount of the land is 0.15 acre only, but till now I have not seen the land or the plot which has been allotted under my name. May be some other person is cultivating the land. The government official who gave the patta paper to me did not show the actual spot where my piece of land is located’.

Case Study 2

Name of informant: Madhu Sabar (First name changed) Age: 43 Sex: Male

Village: Chirakuti, JL. No: 91 Block: Binpur-II

According to Madhu Sabar there are four members in his family. The family did not possess any agricultural land and no patta was given to this family by the government. They totally dependent on minor forest produce collection for survival. Madhu, told that he is not a member of the Forest Protection Committee under the joint forest management programme of the forest department. He received a solar cell in 2004 from the Government under the RSVY scheme although he had to deposit Rs. 500/- to the Panchayat Pradhan for receiving the solar cell. No money receipt was given to him. Madhu did not think that it was illegal. He frankly admitted ‘Once I received the solar cell, I decided to sell it. After a few days, two men came to me from Ghatshila of the neighbouring Jharkhand state and wanted to buy the cell. I agreed to sell it at a price of Rs. 1000/- . Then there was a bargain and finally I sold it at a price of Rs.700/- since I was badly in need of some money. Already I deposited Rs.500/- to the Panchayat Pradhan.’ Madhu further added ‘I sold this gadget because it had no use for a poor man like me. My net gain was Rs.200/- and still I was happy because I decided to purchase some utensils which was more useful for the family and I was looking for the money since long.’ However, when I pointed out that the actual price of the solar cell was between Rs. 8000/- to Rs.10, 000/-, Madhu was really surprised. In fact, he had no idea about its price, since nobody told him about the market price of the gadget and the government officials did not give him any training for using the gadget.

Solar cell kept in an unprotected place in front of the house of a Lodha beneficiary at Nayagram

The rainwater harvesting pond without water under RSVY scheme at Sankhabhanga village in Binpur in 2006

Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. This study reveals that the implementation of development inputs under some rural development schemes is in a very poor state, in the three administrative blocks of Paschim (west) Medinipur district. The distribution of land by the Land and Land Reforms Department to the landless Lodha families has largely remained an unfinished task. Our finding in the field shows that the distribution of land to the Lodhas by the Government was rarely taken up seriously as one of the major and fundamental tasks towards their socio-economic development. The Government land department issued patta to the Lodha families without any follow-up as regards the utilisation of those lands. The Land and Land reforms department officials had also neglected in providing any guidance to the beneficiary families about the location of the land. So the Lodhas have received the patta record in paper. In this context it may be recommended that the Lodha families to whom patta land has been issued on paper should immediately be given by the district administration the actual right of possession and the panchayat should be responsible to provide l protection to such lands against all kinds of encroachment.

This study also reveals that the house building schemes were not properly implemented as per guidelines of the IAY. Contractors were employed by the concerned Government department to construct houses for the Lodhas and the beneficiaries were not even consulted as regards the plan of the house. As a result, the houses under this scheme in most of the cases were not suitable for living. It is recommended that the financial assistance for house building under IAY scheme should be made in consultation with the beneficiaries themselves to give honour and importance to their specific needs.

The landless marginalized Lodha community received solar cells as a development input from the Government under RSVY scheme, but they had no idea or knowledge of the use of this high technology gadget. It is therefore recommended that solar cells should not be given to individual Lodha families without enquiring into their socioeconomic conditions. Only those families who have some land and belong to a better economic condition may be given solar cell after providing a basic training regarding the proper use and maintenance of the gadget. (Unpublished Report, 2006).

We are grateful to the members of the Lodha community of the selected blocks for their help and cooperation while the first author collected the data in the field and we also express our gratitude to the government officials of Paschim Medinipur district. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the editor of Tribal Tribune for their valuable comments and criticisms on the first draft of the article.

  • Bhowmick P.K. 1981. Rehabilitaion of a ‘Denotified Community’ The Ex-Criminal Lodhas of West Bengal. Royal Anthropological Institute Newsletter. 44: 6-8.

  • Mandal, H., Mukherjee, S. and Datta, A. 2002. West Bengal, in India: An Illustrated Atlas of Tribal World. Anthropological Survey of India: Kolkata.

  • Mitra, A. 1953. The Tribes and castes of West Bengal: Census 1951. Calcutta: Land and Land Revenue Department Govt. of West Bengal.

  • Panda, S. and Guha, A. 2009. Development Inputs among the Lodhas in a District of WestBengal: Problems of Implementation and Recommendations. Journal of the Indian Anthropological Society. 44: 69-75.

  • Panda. S and Majumder, A. 2013 A Rural Development Programmes in India, International Journal of Research in Sociology and Social Anthropology, 1(2): 37-40, 2013.

  • Report on the Assessment of the Impact of Developmental Programmes on the Socioeconomic Condition of the Lodha/ Sabar Community of Binpur-II & Nayagram Block of Paschim Medinipur, 2006. (Unpublished): Department of Anthropology, Vidyasagar University.

  • Verma. R.C.1990. Indian Tribes through the ages. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Govt. of India.

Web References

  • en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Awaas_Yojana.

  • pib.nic.in/archieve/flagship/faq_iay.pdf?

  • RSVY, Planning Commission doc. Govt. of India

Corresponding author: Dr. Abhijit Guha. E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

[1] Patta is a Persian word which is still in vogue in the Land Records Departments in West Bengal.It refers to a kind of land in which the record of ownership right is given to a landless poor family by the government as part of land reform measure.Patta land however cannot be sold by the beneficiary family.


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#FactOfTheDay 08/03/2018: International Women’s Day, what is wrong in Europe ?

#FactOfTheDay 08/03/2018: International Women’s Day, what is wrong in Europe ?

Today, March 8th, 2018, is International Women’s Day. This year, International Women’s Day is part of an unprecedented global movement for women’s rights, equality, and justice. Sexual harassment, violence, and discrimination against women have been on the front page of the media and have generated a lot of public debate enhanced a strong commitment to change. People are mobilising for a more equitable future around the world. This mobilisation took the form of global marches and campaigns, including the #MeToo campaign in the United States of America, #BalanceTonPorc in France and equivalent actions in other countries, protesting against sexual harassment and violence. The EU defined gender equality as a core principle and enshrined it in article 8 of TFEU as: « In all its activities, the Union shall aim to eliminate inequalities, and to promote equality, between men and women. ». However, is the situation of women in Europe as « not that bad » as pretended?

Last February 23rd, the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality published a report on gender equality in the media sector in the EU. It listed a lot of inequalities still remaining in the media but lasting in every field and sectors. For example, the gender pay and pension gaps are a persistent problem in the EU and are evident in different economic sectors, including the media, where the gender pay gap is of 17 %. The Committee particularly stresses the role of the media as an agent of social change and its influence in the shaping of public opinion and calls on the Member States to promote content on gender equality in public media.

Today, still, abortion is banned in Poland except when a woman’s life or health is endangered by the continuation of pregnancy, when the pregnancy is a result of a criminal act, or when the foetus is seriously malformed. In Denmark, 70% of reported rapes do not result in a conviction. Only 11 out of the 28 EU Member States launched campaigns for the prevention of sexual violence since 2011 and victim-blaming in cases of sexual violence or rape is still the norm in Europe. However, one in three women has experienced physical and/or sexual violence since the age of 15; 50 women die every week from male domestic violence; every second a woman faces sexual harassment, 75% of women in top management positions have already experienced sexual harassment at work; 1 in 4 women experiences physical and/or sexual violence during pregnancy.

Yet, the situation is worse outside Europe as more than one billion women worldwide are not protected by law if they come to experience sexual violence in their homes. The pay gap between men and women is 23% worldwide. It can reach up to 40% in rural areas, and the unpaid work that many women do is not recognised. On average, women occupy less than a quarter of the seats in national parliaments and even fewer on the boards. If we do not act together, millions of girls will undergo genital mutilation in the next decade.

Nevertheless, hope for a better future is possible. It is an ongoing battle that should be fought by women and men side by side. The struggle of domestic violence is not natural but structural, which means that it can be terminated. It is the same with sexual harassment either in the street or at work. Fighting for Women’s Rights is not a question of privileging women over men. Gender equality is not only a matter of respect for fundamental rights but a progress for all of us.

Jean-Hugues Migeon

For further information:

UN Website: https://www.un.org/en/events/womensday/

EP Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality – Report on gender equality in the media sector in the EU (2017/2210(INI)): http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&reference=A8-2018-0031&format=XML&language=EN#title5

European Women’s lobby website : https://www.womenlobby.org/-Violence-against-Women-451-?lang=en

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a factory girl in a factory

Eurofound launched the third round of its survey regarding the consequences of COVID-19 in the way people live and work in Europe.

Two rounds of the online survey have already been conducted, one in April 2020 and one in July 2020. Eurofound had released a report with the preliminary results of the first two rounds last September, elaborated from answers of 87,477 respondents from across the European Union.

The “Living, working and COVID-19” survey is conducted online, and its third round will be open until 29 March 2021. The questionnaire is composed of four main sections – well-being, work and telework, living conditions and financial situation of European, socio-demographic and the household composition of the respondent and it is open for the general public.

This survey is a crucial tool to understand how the current pandemic has affected and transformed the way we live and work across Europe in unforeseen (and problematic) ways. From the beginning of the crisis – a year ago- particular sectors have seen massive job losses, workers have faced reduced working hours or furloughing, others have continued their essential labours under difficult circumstances, or had to adapt to teleworking.

Currently, while the vaccination programmes are progressing, most European countries are still experiencing strong restrictions. The social consequences of the crisis are still unfolding and the long-term impacts on citizens and their families, countries and societies are still unknown. Thus, the data from the survey will be essential to generate evidence-based and timely policy responses for equal recovery from the crisis.

Eurodiaconia has also contributed to assessing the wide impacts of the pandemic. Our second report on the impact of COVID-19 in diaconal services, based on our member’s on-the-ground experience, is a rich source of evidence of the state of social services in the midst of the pandemic. The EU must ensure that no one is left behind, especially in the social services sector. You can read our full report here.

Should you want to take part in the third round of the survey, please go to the e-survey.

To access the data from the first two rounds of the survey, you can visit Eurofound’s website.


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FIFA inquiry recommends life ban for Rafael Callejas

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FIFA inquiry recommends life ban for Rafael Callejas
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FIFA may slap a life ban on participating in football in any capacity on the former president of the Honduran football association Rafael Callejas.

A formal FIFA inquiry looked into allegedly illegal payments made to Callejas by sports marketing companies, that had previously been part of a court case in America.

Callejas pleaded guilty to racketeering conspiracy and wire fraud conspiracy in front of the federal court in Brooklyn, New York on 28th of March 2016.

FIFA’s investigatory chamber of the Ethics Committee has passed the recommendation of a life ban to its adjudicatory chamber, which will make the final decision. Until then Callejas is presumed innocent.


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Congo's new leader to meet Pompeo, senior officials in first U.S. visit -spokesman

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Congo's new leader to meet Pompeo, senior officials in first U.S. visit -spokesman
FILE PHOTO: Felix Tshisekedi holds up the constitution during his presidential the inauguration ceremony in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, January 24, 2019. REUTERS/Olivia Acland   -   Copyright  Olivia Acland(Reuters)
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) – Democratic Republic of Congo’s new President Felix Tshisekedi will visit Washington in early April to discuss strengthening economic and security ties, the State Department said on Tuesday.

Spokesman Robert Palladino said Tshisekedi will visit Washington from April 3 to 5 for meetings with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and other senior cabinet officials in the Trump administration.

It was not immediately clear whether he will meet with President Donald Trump.

“We share President Tshisekedi’s interest in developing a strong partnership between the United States and the Democratic Republic of Congo,” Palladino told a briefing.

He said efforts to contain the Ebola outbreak in the violence-plagued eastern region of Congo would also be discussed.

The country’s Ebola epidemic has now exceeded 1,000 cases, according to the country’s health ministry, with a death toll of about 629 in the world’s second-worst ever outbreak.

Washington has imposed sanctions against senior officials for fraud and corruption in Congo’s Dec. 30 presidential election, won by Tshisekedi, which led to Congo’s first ever transfer of power via the ballot box.

While the sanctions have targeted the country’s electoral commission chief and advisors, Washington has stopped short of calling into question the legitimacy of Tshisekedi’s victory.

(Reporting by Lesley Wroughton in Washington; Editing by James Dalgleish)

euronews provides breaking news articles from reuters as a service to its readers, but does not edit the articles it publishes. Articles appear on for a limited time.


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Slain Russian gay-rights activist had received threats - campaigner

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MOSCOW (Reuters) – A Russian activist for LGBT rights who was fatally stabbed in St Petersburg had regularly received death threats and reported them to police, who did nothing to protect her before she was murdered, a fellow campaigner said.

Elena Grigoryeva, 41, was found dead with multiple knife wounds on Sunday evening, according to a statement from the Investigative Committee, the state body that investigates major crimes.

“Recently she had been a victim of violence and was regularly threatened with murder,” Dinar Idrisov, a rights activist who said he knew Grigoryeva, wrote on Facebook.

“Lena and her lawyer appealed to law enforcement both on account of violence and on account of threats, but there was no noticeable reaction.”

Police in St Petersburg confirmed she had reported being threatened repeatedly, but said the threats had not seemed a risk to her life and were related to domestic conflicts with people she knew, the RBC media portal reported.

Grigoryeva campaigned for gay rights and also took part in anti-war protests and rallies on other issues.

The Investigative Committee’s St Petersburg branch said late on Monday it was working to establish the identity of the suspect or suspects responsible for the murder.

Local online news outlet Fontanka reported on Monday a 40-year-old male suspect from the region of Bashkortostan had been detained.

(Reporting by Tom Balmforth; Editing by Peter Graff)

euronews provides breaking news articles from reuters as a service to its readers, but does not edit the articles it publishes. Articles appear on for a limited time.


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For more detailed information on our CPA commission plan and how commissions are calculated, please refer to our terms and conditions.

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Breitling Navitimer and then start a new, high-tech ceramic bezel with black steel case, with the same color of the dial and rubber strap Brilliance. Performance and elegant natural, confirmed as genuine special captain’s extraordinary mission to watch again.

Breitling replica classic design drawn from the nineteen fifties and sixties inspiration, launched aviation chronograph stainless steel and red gold limited edition version, the deep black color to re-interpretation of paragraph three o’clock zone chronograph again the timeless highlight its extraordinary design. High-strength steel case by carbonization process, supplemented satin matte skills, and distribute elegant light of the ultra-rugged scratch ceramic bezel formed delicate sheen contrast.

Deep black color also continuity on the dial, with the color of the cumulative timer and perfect blending of the entire disk; at the same time, the original rubber strap also inherited replica Breitling Aero Classic woven steel bracelet aviation classic design features. Silver time zone on the eye-catching black dial, large luminous hands and hour markers to ensure that under no circumstances are clearly readable, these designs have continued the excellent tradition to watch the pilot. Waterproof case up to 100 meters (330 feet), the bottom of the table decorated with swoop arts aircraft, which was used for many years Breitling brand identity.

As an ideal companion with a long flight, aviation Breitling chronograph combines the flight for professional people and globetrotter most useful two functions: recording time of flight, and three time zones around the world time at a glance the time display. Red triangular tip of the pointer to the 24-hour (circadian legible) when indicating the second time zone, 24 hour numerals engraved star bidirectional rotating bezel not only provide a third time zone reading, bring more convenient handling experience. Core power high performance, is derived by the Swiss official Observatory certified (COSC) self-winding chronograph movement, in order to ensure accurate and reliable watch. The ultimate performance under control.

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Movement: Breitling Caliber 24, the Swiss official Observatory certified (COSC), automatic winding, 28,800 high wobble; 25 jewels
Function: timing accuracy of 1/4 second, with 30 minutes and 12 hours totalizer; dial a 24-hour second time zone display, bezel to provide a third time zone display; calendar display.
Case: steel with black ceramic bezel; cambered sapphire crystal, double-sided anti-glare treatment; bi-directional rotating bezel
Water resistance: 100 meters (330 feet)
Table diameter: 46 mm.
Dial: black.
Strap: Aero Classic Aviation Classic rubber strap.


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Free Access
Europhys. News
Volume 12, Number 8-9, 1981
Page(s) 1 - 2
Published online 13 July 2017

© European Physical Society 1981

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

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Free Access
Europhys. News
Volume 30, Number 5-6, 1999
Page(s) 127 - 129
Published online 12 July 2017

© Springer-Verlag 1999

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.

First page of the article


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Alan Stitt

Alan Stitt portrait

Queen's University Belfast

Alan Stitt is a Professor of Ophthalmology at Queen’s University Belfast.  His research is focused on retinal diseases that are major causes of blindness worldwide.  One such condition is diabetic eye disease and he is seeking to identify the cellular and molecular basis for retinal vascular pathology as diabetes progresses.  Professor Stitt has been researching ways to prevent or reverse diabetic retinopathy and is particularly interested in the regenerative potential of vascular stem cells. His team is currently exploring ways to translate basic science discoveries into benefits for patients.


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EvanstonRecruiter Since 2001
the smart solution for Evanston jobs

Service Cloud Salesforce Administrator (Evanston)

Company: Arrow Electronics
Location: Evanston
Posted on: May 7, 2021

Job Description:

*Position:* Service Cloud Salesforce Administrator *Job Description:* *What you will be doing:** Leverage knowledge of industry best practices and work with business functions to uncover opportunities for business improvement through SFDC enhancement.* Evaluate new business project requests, assess business value, and prioritize.* Define, document and groom user stories and business processes, especially for customer support and success.* Develop detailed business requirements and acceptance criteria for target improvements.* Build, test, deliver and provide post-deployment support for solutions delivered, from small enhancements to large projects.* Leverage knowledge of best practices for key performance indicators and build reports and dashboards for business functional teams.* Perform user support and account maintenance* Communicate and train impacted organizations on process and system changes.*What we are looking for:** Minimum two years of experience as a Salesforce.com Service Cloud administrator* Salesforce.com Admin ADX201 or ADM201* Service Cloud certifications* Strong understanding of the platform functionality and best practices* Strong data management abilities* Excellent project management skills and a positive attitude* Excellent verbal and written communication skills* Creative and analytical thinker with strong problem-solving skills* Ability to critically evaluate information gathered from multiple sources, assess impact of new requirements on Salesforce.com and upstream and downstream applications, systems, and processes* Ability to meet deadlines, handle and prioritize simultaneous requests*Additional Preferred Skills:** Salesforce.com Admin ADX211 or ADM211 strongly preferred* Experience with Agile methodology and Jira* Experience with Salesforce.com Sales Cloud*Experience / Education** Typically requires 2-4 years of related experience with a 4 year degree.*What s In It For You*At Arrow, we recognize that financial rewards and great benefits are important aspects of an ideal job. That s why we offer competitive financial compensation, including various compensation plans, and a solid benefits package ([* Medical, Dental, Vision Insurance* 401k, With Matching Contributions* Paid Time Off* Health Savings Account (HSA)/Health Reimbursement Account (HRA) Options* Short-Term/Long-Term Disability Insurance* Wide Variety of Growth Opportunities *Annual Hiring Range/Hourly Rate:* $72,000.00 - $88,000.00Actual compensation offer to candidate may vary from posted hiring range based upon geographic location, work experience, education, and/or skill level. The pay ratio between base pay and target incentive (if applicable) will be finalized at offer. *Location:* US-CO-Denver, Colorado (Panorama Arrow Building) *Time Type:* Full time *Job Category:* Information Technology *EEO Statement:* Arrow is an equal opportunity employer. All applicants will be considered for employment without attention to race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, veteran or disability status. [(Arrow EEO/AAP policy)](

Keywords: Arrow Electronics, Evanston , Service Cloud Salesforce Administrator (Evanston), Other , Evanston, Illinois

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Lockhart Illustration

Portfolio • Thesis • About • Contact

This illustration was a collaborative assignment for the VIsual Representation of Medical Knowledge course at the University of Toronto Mississauga Biomedical Communications (UTM BMC) master’s program. The project was cooperatively researched, illustrated and designed with Deniz Kaya, a fellow BMC student; final rendering touches were performed independently. Working with our content advisor (Dr. Hinic-Frlog, Asst. Professor of Biology at UTM), we compared the biomechanics of knee extension between humans and grasshoppers, illustrating the different lever mechanism classes in action.

Undergraduate biology students

Prof. Michael Corrin

Content Advisor:
Prof. Sanja Hinic-Frlog

October 2018

Adobe Illustrator

1.  Agur, Anne, and Arthur F. Dalley. 2017. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy (14th Edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2.  Bennet-Clark, H.C.. “The energetics of the jump of the locust Schistocerca gregaria.” Journal of Experimental Biology 63, no.1 (1975): 53-83.
3.  Burrows, Malcom and Genevieve Morris. “The kinematics and neural control of high-speed kicking movements in the locust.” Journal of Experimental Biology 204, pt. 20 (October 2001): 3471-3483.
4.  Heitler, William J. “How Grasshoppers Jump.” www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wjh/jumping/index.html
5.  Lippert, Lynn. 2011. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy (5th Edition). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
6.  Miyake, Yuto, Tadashi Suga, Mitsuo Otsuka, et al. “The knee extensor moment arm is associated with performance in male sprinters.” European Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 3 (2017): 533-539.
7.  Moore, Keith L., Agur, Anne M.R., and Arthur F. Dalley. 2015. Essential Clinical Anatomy (5th Edition). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
8.  Moyes, Christopher D., and Patricia M. Schulte. 2016. Principles of Animal Physiology Third Edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education.


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Classical Sounds Entertainment Agency

74 Rothbury Cres, Suite 1, Ottawa, ON

About Classical Sounds Entertainment Agency

We specialize in bringing beautiful live music to a wide range of private, corporate and government functions. Our celebrated Festival String Quartet has performed at receptions for Prince Phillip, the Queen Mother, Prime Ministers of Canada, the Governor General, U.S. President Bill Clinton and the President of China. Classical Sounds Entertainment offers combinations of Quartets, Trios, Duos and Solo performers to satisfy all of your musical needs. Our roster of talent includes some of the finest players in the region, including members of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the chamber orchestra Thirteen Strings and the Gatineau Symphony Orchestra. Although the agency is based in Canada ’s capital, Ottawa, our various groups have performed throughout Canada and the US. For years our ensembles have performed at hundreds of weddings! Perhaps your wish is for a beautiful Harp and Flute Duo for your cocktail hour, an elegant String Quartet for your wedding ceremony, or a magnificent Symphony Orchestra for your Corporate or Charitable Event. Classical Sounds Entertainment will provide the finest music, the most talented musicians, and the perfect performance for every occasion! Whether you need live classical, popular or jazz music for your wedding, corporate or personal function, our musicians at CSEA are available to share their talents and enthusiasm to make your day an unqualified success.


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Global menu

Our global pages

James Lawson, Principal Associate

James Lawson

Principal Associate

French – basic

Practice areas

  • Real estate development and regeneration

Practice notes

James Lawson leads our residential development team in Yorkshire and the North-East.Whilst James’ particular focus is on transactions in this region, he also regularly advises on deals across the country including development schemes in London.

James is a residential development specialist covering all aspects of residential development, acting for housebuilders, landowners and mixed use developers.

James’ expertise covers acquisitions, disposals, site set ups, site assembly, joint ventures, options and consortium agreements.

Recent experience includes advising:

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  • Urban Splash on mixed use development schemes across the North, including its award winning Lister Mills scheme in Bradford
  • a consortium of landowners on a disposal of a 120 acre development site
  • a developer on an £18m acquisition of a mixed use development scheme site on London
  • a developer on a joint venture development agreement for a 240 unit modular housing scheme


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Monday, 12 April 2021

 If you follow me on my art insta (julietpaint), you'll see I've had a wee flurry of Animal Crossing inspired activity!

I'm really enjoying finding my feet in instagram's art community (although I am such a tiny fish in a huge pond), but I'm keen to share some of my favourite paintings on this blog too - I always thought of it as my little corner of the internet, and now this little corner is obsessed with drawing!

The trend of drawing Animal Crosssing characters as if they were people, was definitely a big thing in 2020 when Animal Crossing New Horizons came out (I'm just going to assume you know what the game is!), so when I started thinking about this I did wonder if I'd missed my chance... but then I reasoned that yeah, sure, others have done it, but I haven't done it yet!

I've spent most of this year practising portraits, so this felt like a fun step to keep practicing faces and poses, but this time add a bit of creative thinking into the mix, as I tried to capture the spirit of each little animal character.

I tried not to look at what other people had done (I wanted to use my own interpretation, not be influenced by others), but the few Coco-as-a-person drawings I had seen were pretty creepy! In the game she is obviously quite a spooky character, with big black eyes and an empty head... but her personality is pretty chill! I imagined her as more of a hippy girl, with big round sunglasses, and I thought the peace sign was a nice nod to her rabbit ears.

Pango is one of my original villagers, so I felt obliged to paint my girl! She's a peppy character that wants to be a pop star, so I pictured her as a very cool girl, super sure of herself, with bright bold eye make up.

On each painting I tried to include a little detail that was a specific nod to Animal Crossing or the character, so human Pango is wearing ant earrings (a little nod to AC Pango being an anteater). On reflection, while there's a lot I like about this painting, I think it's the least successful - the pose is a bit too stiff. Wah, sorry Pango! I still think you are cool.

Celeste, the star-gazing owl, is an Animal Crossing fan favourite, and there's loads of beautiful Celeste art out there! I really like the wistful expression, I think it captures her vibe, and it was easy to include the character's outfit (the big pink bow and argyle top). I added a star earring and necklace inspired by her wing feathers. It took me a while to get her nose right, that is a surprisingly tricky angle to draw!

Finally, it's Merengue! I think this is my favourite painting - the sketch was pretty hard to do (eyes! Mouth! Hand!), but it just feels so friendly and full of life. Definitely a good lesson to pick reference photos that aren't super serious staged shots!

In the game, Merengue is a baking loving rhino that looks a bit like a strawberry shortcake, so it was an easy theme to translate to human Merengue. I kept the colours pink and peppy, added a strawberry hair clip, and drew the fruit on the cupcake in the same style as the cherries in the game.

This little series was SO FUN to do, I could probably just keep going, but I know it's good for me to mix things up, so I don't get bored. I'm just feeling so lucky I found this hobby! Keeping me sane while lockdown goes on and on.

1 comment :

  1. Aw this is amazing! I'm new into Animal Crossing but loving it!

Thank you so much for commenting, it is lovely and really makes my day!

If you have any questions I will do my best to answer them quickly, or you can also tweet me @eversojuliet


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Black Legend

DATE: Oct 2020
CLIENT: Warcave
STORE PAGE: Click here

We helped Warcave get a gameplay trailer together very rapidly for their game Black Legend. They already had some beautiful cinematics made for a previous trailer so we leant heavily on them to bookend a montage of core gameplay mechanics. By piecing these all together with some dark orchestral music and some gritty voiceover, we ended up with a trailer both the client and us were very pleased with.

Services provided: Concepting, scripting, editing, light vfx, sound design, music sourcing.

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Contact us if you want some PR that doesn’t totally suck.


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COVID 19Here at Exclusive Bedrooms we are working hard to adapt our business and our customer requirements to meet the challenges faced by the current crisis which are in line with the government guidelines. As our showroom is currently closed due to the social distancing rules we are still operating our design and quotation services via e mail and telephone to answer any questions or provide a quotation. Please do not hesitate to contact us.
Tel. 01752 – 408086
E mail


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Iveco Daily 4x4 4 passengers

Camper conversion in 2012 Ex-firefight truck Only 23.000km from new! 4 homologated seat (2+2) Wheel base 3200 mm Transfer case with off-road gear reduction (low gear) Rear wheel drive with engageable front wheel drive Differential lock 5 Bf Goodrich Mud 255/85 R16 Tubeless Tires Fuel tank 75L (possible to mount another 75L) Spare Wheel support on the back Driver and passenger seat with suspension Internal dimension (living cell) Length 3100mm, width 1880 mm, height 1880 Living Cell construction made by professional Sandwich plate panels of fiberglass composite 50mm and 30mm Windows Seitz S4 Double insulated thermal window Black-out and mosquito blinds Skylights Seitz Double insulated thermal, Fiamma (bathroom) Seating area for 4 persons Removable table Seating unit converts to additional bed (1880×900 mm) 2 permanent beds in the rear (800x1880mm) Sanitary room with stainless steel base shower and Fiamma Bi-pot 39 Toilet Kitchen with stainless steel sink and 2-flame stove (gas) New Waeco Fridge Several storage compartments All furniture is built in Plywood Vinyl floor TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT Electrical equipment Control panel for power management and monitoring of liquid levels Battery main switch, fault current breaker, safety cut out Battery capacity: 12 V “Ultracell” AGM 150Ah 230 V Charger Power plugs for 12 V DC and 230 V AC Solar power system 12V – 140W External input from 220v LED Lighting Water supply 100 liters water tank Instant hot water with gas heater Waste water tank, capacity 80 liters Place for 2 gas bottles Fiamma Water pump Others Retractable stainless steel stairs Several OEM new parts Clutch Kit Mirrors Drum Breaks shoe kit Oil and diesel filters Air filters Break pumps New starter battery Weight GVWR: 4050Kg (can be changed to 3500kg in most countries)
To contact the seller please click here


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This awning the the culmination of a collaboration between two 4×4 gear companies: Rhino Rack and Oztent.

Known variously as Foxwing awnings, Hawkwing awnings, and Batwing Awnings, the Oztent Rhino Rack Foxwing Awning is the original ‘wing’ style awning – Oztent is where the whole thing started.

The Oztent Rhino Rack Foxwing awning is something very different from most vehicle awnings – Rather than a standard rectangle with two legs, this vehicle awning utilizes an entirely different formula. This vehicle awning attaches to your vehicle or roof rack the same as most other 4×4 awnings – and looks exactly the same when packed down – however it is pivot-hinged at the back with four pole struts mounted on the hinge. After unzipping the PVC cover, the vehicle awning can be swung outwards on the pivot. In doing so, the Foxwing awning opens right up like a wing. The result is a 5 segmented awning which extends right around the side and back of the vehicle, including, crucially over the back door of the vehicle, giving 10 square meters of shelter or shade. After folding out the awning itself, extend the four vertical poles and slot them into the ends of the pole struts, peg out the guy ropes, and that’s it.

We found the setup to be simple enough – Rhino Rack advise that setup can be done with only one person. This is possible, but we strongly recommend two people set this vehicle awning up – The design of the Foxwing awning is such that when unfolding, a lot of pressure is placed on the pivot hinge before the four supporting legs are deployed, and despite the robust construction, we think it would be all too easy for one person to make a wrong move while attempting to support the awning and deploy the legs at the same time, which could result in the pivot hinge breaking. Deploying the Foxwing awning took us around 5 minutes with two people, which for the amount of shelter this vehicle awning gives, we think is very respectable.

The Rhino Rack Foxwing awning’s base mounts up to the side of the vehicle or roof rack like any conventional 4×4 awning, it bolts up nicely and easily, requiring requires fixing points at least 800mm apart. It took us about half an hour to fix this up to a regular roof rack.

Regarding build quality, the Foxwing awning is constructed in high quality aluminium, the poles are all high quality and awning fabric itself is ripstop polycotton canvas, impregnated with a UV and mould resistant coating and a water protection rating of 1500mm – making this extremely resistant to even the heaviest downpours. Overall the feel of this 4×4 awning is of high quality, and everything from the poles and pivot hinge to the stitching on the canvas is built to last. When you’re packing up, everything packs into a drawstring bag, and there is a small strap to pull everything tight before going into the outer storage bag.

[amazon_link asins=’B00KGLA5OY,B01MDQQSSZ,B01966C7VS,B004VKHMW4,B0080X8CTK,B018RQ42N4,B01M31NBNH,B01MFC623N,B004Z8SNKW’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’followthehoun-21′ marketplace=’UK’ link_id=’d3a7805a-384c-11e8-9623-f73adeefb7af’]

The Oztent Foxwing Awning is 2.6m in length, and there is now a smaller ‘Eco’ version available for smaller vehicles, which is 2.1m. Another great feature when choosing this Foxwing awning is that it is available in left hand and right hand versions, so you can pick your preferred side at point of purchase – This is very handy if you have a side door you want to cover, or a roof tent mounted on a particular side. Additional accessories can be purchased for the Foxwing awning such as lean-to sides, but it is worth mentioning that as yet, no full room sides are available for this vehicle awning, meaning that it’s not possible to create a fully enclosed space to either keep the heat in, or the mosquitos out.

As regards price, the original sized awning retails at around £600, the smaller version at about £350. This puts the Rhino Rack Foxwing awning up there on the more expensive side of the 4×4 vehicle awning market, however when you consider the excellent build quality and the amount of technical detail which has gone into the Foxwing awning, we think this price tag is justified.

Overall, we like the Rhino Rack Foxwing awning. It does a specific job very well, and is excellent for around vehicle cover – perfect for example, for campers who like remain dry and shaded whilst cooking, changing, or moving in and out of rear of their vehicle, whilst retaining useful awning space around the side simultaneously. The pivot hinge is of slight concern to us, particularly if using this in adverse windy conditions, but as long as care is taken when deploying the Foxwing awning, and in windy weather, the Rhino Rack Foxwing Awning will suit weekend campers and expedition-minded travellers alike.

  • Quick & Easy to set up and pack down (can be set up by 1 person)
  • UV Protected Waterproof MouldShield™
  • Rust Proof or Corrosion resistant Aluminium Poles
  • Approximately 10.0m coverage with an opening span of 270 degrees
  • Fits all Rhino-Rack, Thule and Yakima roof racks with specific fitting kits
  • Fits Pioneer trays and other leading brands

[amazon_link asins=’B00KGLA5OY,B01MDQQSSZ,B01966C7VS,B004VKHMW4,B0080X8CTK,B018RQ42N4,B01M31NBNH,B01MFC623N,B004Z8SNKW’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’followthehoun-21′ marketplace=’UK’ link_id=’d3a7805a-384c-11e8-9623-f73adeefb7af’]


text:
Tuesday, December 4, 2012

Games Are Not Toasters

Image from Flickr user Thinkbots.com
Like most folks, I'm willing to trade the some personal ownership in exchange for Steam's convenience. I'm fine with ceding some traditional notions of ownership in exchange for its service-based approached to selling games because the service itself is so valuable. However, I'm not fine with false analogies. Check this passage out:
A Steam gift purchase is a one-time transfer—after the recipient has activated and installed the game, it is a non-refundable game in his or her Steam games collection. Also note that you may only gift new purchases—you may not transfer games you already own. That’d be like wrapping up and presenting the toaster you’ve used every morning for the past year. (Steam Support)
This is precisely the wrong way to think about digital goods.

A toaster degrades: the coils wear out, the lever gets jammed, the casing gets stained. You wouldn’t wrap up a toaster and re-gift it or resell it at full price because it’s no longer worth what it was when it was new. As a physical product, it's form and function degrades over time, thereby changing its value.

A digital game never degrades. Whether you use it three times or three thousand times, it will always function the same way. There is no difference between downloading a "new" copy of Half Life and using someone else's digital copy. All those 1s and 0s are as pristine as the day it was released.

Theoretically, there's no reason why you shouldn't be able to gift Steam games you bought for yourself. A gift code could be generated and sent to a new person. Once the new person activates it, your license to run the copy of the game would be revoked, thus completing the transaction.

Steam's explanation regarding why you can't gift old games is cloaked in pro-customer rhetoric, but that's not the real reason the policy exists. Games are expensive to make and distribute, and this policy is Steam's way of trying to find a balance between creator's and customer's rights while still making a profit. Trying to disguise it in terms of the content as opposed to the access and delivery system in which that content resides is dangerous.

"Dangerous?" you might say, "Isn't that a little alarmist?" Maybe, but such rhetoric is insidious. Trying to bolt the logic of physical goods onto digital media is what spawns things like the DMCA and SOPA/PIPA. Attempting to run an industry as if it were still the 1950s is what the RIAA and MPAA do. Media companies have a vested interest in maintaining the idea of tangible "things" in the digital age. If you can get people to agree to treat digital media like physical toasters, it's much easier to maintain old, product-based business models.

Digital games will only become more important and prevalent as we prepare for a new console generation, and I highly doubt that Sony and Microsoft will let you relinquish your licenses to other players. When it comes to the transition from physical to digital goods, we're already stuck with the toaster model: even though they never lose functional value, we can no longer trade, sell, or gift the games we payed money for.

I often worry that it's too late. Everyone (myself included) is deeply invested in this system and it's hard to fight the good fight for unrestricted content when we all have bills to pay and lives to live. I hope that, at the very least, we can remember that games are not toasters.

  1. I remember when digital distribution was still a dream on the horizon, and we were led with promises of lower prices thanks to reduced distribution costs and such. Though, through avenues like Steam Sales, we can obtain cheaper games, on the whole we were fed illusions of a much more accessible hobby. It is quite unfortunate that almost all digital releases on console, and even many on PC, are the same price as the physical copies, but without the added benefits of trading, re-selling, etc...

  2. Things games are not:
    - Clocks
    - Toasters
    - Art (?)

  3. The fact that they're selling games at retail-price on XBLA and PSN suggests to me that:

    1. Sony/Microsoft is just trying to see what they can get away with
    2. People are willing to pay a lot of money to avoid putting on pants and leaving the house.
    3. We have been severely underpaying for games in relation to what it costs to produce them. If $50-60 is still what's necessary for them to be competitive after you've taken most of physical costs out of the equation, maybe that price range has been kept artificially low?

    I suspect it might be some combination of the three.

    Still, if anyone is going to change this system, it will probably be Valve. They seem to be very interested in flexible pricing and community interaction, so we can hope...

  4. Good article. Good comments. Prices are unlikely to drop with Microsoft, Sony and
    Nintendo all -as you say- testing "what they can get
    away with" and continuing to conduct themselves as very closed systems. I
    don't think it will be as soon as everyone seems to suggest, but
    eventually we will cross a tipping point where retail largely goes away
    and digital is the only viable means of access. At that point one of
    two things will likely happen: The consoles will start playing ball with
    more aggressive sales promotions and decreasing price points over a game's life cycle to compete for users with each other and Steam, or -heaven forbid- Steam will gradually raise prices once the need to compete with physical media
    fades away. More likely it will be a combination of the two. Prices
    won't be going down in the next generation, of that we can be certain,
    but competition will be as fierce as ever, so sales and promotions will
    be necessary to capture consumer attention. I think we'll see the "evergreen" pricing structures that Microsoft and Sony have long employed continue to erode, but I don't think -even in the face of very stiff competition- we'll see any of the big players ever dip their toe into "used" digital sales.

  5. Great insight; thanks for the comment!

    One thing that just occurred to me: "AAA" style games have gotten radically more expensive and all signs point to this trend continuing. I wonder how this will factor into the way digital games are priced?

  6. I think we'll see early on in the next generation if some of the major players are willing to buck the standard plateaued pricing structure and their attendant budgets. We've started to see it much more on Steam already with games like Torchlight 2, Hard Reset and others while consoles have remained locked into the $60 retail/$15 downloadable model. I think publishers are scared of being the first to go against the grain of consumer expectations and perhaps rightly so. If you released a $30 experience today it would likely be perceived as "budget" without a relatively robust ad campaign to convince people otherwise. I saw somewhere that the long delayed XCOM shooter might actually release as a $30 downloadable title. 2K dipping the toe?

  7. Digital games will never gets old. The demand gets more highly increasing. It can never be like other things as it gets old it doesn't come into use anymore.
    Fun Games

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You do not have to be a resident of Iowa to place a legal sports bet, but you must be within State lines to create a betting account and place a bet with an operator licensed in Iowa.

At first bettors had to register for online betting in-person at a casino, but that rule was abolished at the start of 2021 and bettors can now register for online betting using their any mobile device.

There are no restrictions in place that prevent betting on professional sports and college sports, but betting on High School sports is prohibited in the State.

Player prop bets involving in-State schools are also banned, as is betting on trophy awards like the Heisman Trophy.

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            In-person betting in the State of Iowa was legalized in August 2019. The following venues currently offer sports betting on site:

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Welcome User

B.k. Engineering Tools Corp.

Manufacturer / Exporters / Suppliers / Retailer Of alloy steel bright bars, silver steel rods, Blue Rod and Tempered Pins, Spring Steels, Die Steel, Alloy Steel Ground Bars, Free Cutting and Low Carbon Steel Bright Bars, Carbon Steel Bright Bars, Constructional Steel Bright Bars, Case Hardening Steel Bright Bars , ball bearing steel bright bars, Blue Rod

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  • Nature of Business Manufacturer / Exporters / Suppliers / Retailer
  • Contact Person Mr. Rajeev Grover
  • Registered Address 5051, Bazar Sirkiwalan, Hauz Qazi, Delhi, Delhi - 110015, India
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Equipment and vehicle finance to help you grow

Emmetts Finance offer its customers one of the most flexible agricultural equipment and vehicle finance solutions in the market. Farmers and rural businesses can access finance for new and used equipment of any age and mileage. We offer a range of finance options and can tailor a solution to suit the specific needs of the customer. We work closely with a range of rural businesses to provide quotes and pre-approvals in a timely manner and to fit in with the purchase cycle.

Our established relationships with lenders over 20 years, allows us to fast track applications and in some cases provide full approvals with limited financials within 24 hours.

Tax benefits

Full tax deductibility on income producing assets where you can claim up to 100% deduction of the rental payments - for assets that are producing an income.

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We structure payments to suit you and even take into account seasonal cash flow adjustments. You have total control and flexibility - aim is to ensure you maintain adequate cash flow, gain a tax benefit and upgrade your equipment to help profitability.

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Honda is synonymous with reliability. Believe me. I know. I drove two different Hondas until almost 200,000 miles! Honda owners know they can count on their vehicles to get them where they need to go. But even Hondas break down sometimes. What will you do when your Honda breaks down? Even if your Honda warranty hasn’t expired yet, do you have roadside assistance to get your car to the repair shop? And if you have an expired Honda warranty, are you ready to pay the full repair bill, towing to the shop, and more?

Why You Shouldn’t Drive with an Expired Honda Warranty

 Here are three reasons why you should never drive with an expired Honda warranty:

  1. You don’t have $1,000 (or more!) in emergency funds available to pay for repairsThe older your Honda gets along with higher mileage, the more likely it is that you’ll have an expensive repair bill! If you don’t have an extended vehicle warranty or vehicle protection plan, then you will have to pay out-of-pocket for all repair costs after your Honda warranty expires. If you don’t have an emergency fund (which most Americans don’t), then you may need to go into debt to pay for the repairs.
  2. You don’t have roadside assistance and/or emergency funds to pay for a tow truckWe’ve all been there – your car breaks down and is not drivable. You need a tow truck, but unless you have roadside assistance with your Honda warranty or through another service, you will need to pay an average of $75 – $125 just to be towed 5 to 10 miles! This cost is on top of the repair bill you might not be able to afford.
  3. You won’t have peace of mind if you don’t have extended coverage for your HondaCar repairs, tow truck expenses, etc. can cost a lot of money. Many people worry about the what-ifs of having to deal with these situations and will experience unneeded stress and worry because of them.

How autopom! Can Help You Find a Replacement

What is the answer to all of these concerns? A Honda extended vehicle warranty or vehicle protection plan, of course! An extended auto warranty or vehicle protection plan can supplement your current Honda warranty and then eventually replace your expired Honda warranty. Extended vehicle protection can provide coverage for the costs of most repairs (after a deductible), saving you from unneeded stress and debt. Plus, an extended vehicle warranty or vehicle protection plan often includes roadside assistance to tow your Honda to the repair shop. Also, if repairs will take a few days, some plans include rental car assistance! The top plans include even more features and benefits to save you money and time. How’s that for automotive peace of mind?

It’s time to explore your options for an extended vehicle warranty or vehicle protection plan to replace your expired Honda warranty! Take some time to get a few quotes! Many different companies offer lots of types of coverage for different prices. autopom! welcomes the chance to speak with you and provide you with a free quote.


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When you buy a luxury vehicle like Cadillac, an extended Cadillac warranty or vehicle protection plan is a great way to protect your investment.

Cadillac is synonymous with class and sophistication. The brand may not carry the same prestige as BMW or Lexus, but it does exist for the sole purpose of producing luxury vehicles. This fact alone separates it from the massive pack of average cars clogging American roads. There is just something about a Cadillac that distinguishes it from all the others. It’s recognizable. It’s refined. It stands out in a crowd.

History of the Cadillac

If you are of a certain generation, you may think of Cadillac as your grandparents’ type of car or the choice of the wealthy. Perhaps there was a time when this was true. For many years young families were not putting Cadillac on the top of their wish lists.  However, things seem to be changing, albeit slowly. Younger people still tend to gravitate to other luxury brands, but Cadillac is making some inroads.

Although the brand has a reputation for super-sized vehicles worthy of the Presidential State Car, it has come a long way in its efforts to create models that appeal to a broader group of people. It now offers sedans and SUVs of every size and shape, all equipped with the latest technology and Cadillac’s distinctive style.

Cadillac has been around since 1902, so it’s safe to say that when it comes to building cars, they know what they are doing. Despite a struggling economy and a bankruptcy that resulted in GM closing down their well-known Saturn, Pontiac, and Oldsmobile brands, Cadillac continues to stand. While the quality and reliability of some models is shaky, the manufacturer has worked hard on improving their ratings in an effort to compete with German imports and other popular luxury brands.

What to Expect When You Own a Cadillac

When you own a Cadillac, you can expect comfort and refinement. But, upscale features are also expensive to repair. If you are going to spend the extra money on a higher-end vehicle, it makes sense to protect your investment with an extended Cadillac warranty or vehicle protection plan. Just the convenience of roadside assistance and a rental vehicle while yours is being repaired is worth the minimum monthly payment of mechanical breakdown coverage. After all, you want to drive in style – not stress. When it comes to your driving experience, an extended Cadillac warranty or vehicle protection plan can give you the peace of mind you are looking for.

What are the Pros of Owning a Cadillac?

  • Luxury
  • Class, refinement
  • Great safety ratings
  • State-of-the-art technology
  • A lot of bells and whistles and extra features
  • Size and comfort
  • Some models have very high-reliability ratings

What are the Cons of Owning a Cadillac?

  • Some models have low-reliability ratings
  • Higher than average repair and maintenance costs
  • Poor fuel economy
  • Low quality and performance ratings

4 Models You Should Protect with an Extended Cadillac Warranty

Cadillac has some models that stand head and shoulders above the competition; however, they also have some vehicles that have a history of both dependability and mechanical issues, making an extended Cadillac warranty a safe investment.

  • Cadillac Escalade: This full-size SUV is one of Cadillac’s most popular vehicles, but it has a reputation for low reliability and a high cost of ownership. Some of the most prominent problems include poor braking and handling, electrical issues, and trouble with the engine.
  • Cadillac CTS: This model has improved a lot in the last couple of years, but it does have a history of low reliability. While the 2010 models seem to be especially bad, other model years are also known for having issues with the transmission, timing chain, electrical system, steering column, ignition, engine, and accessories.
  • Cadillac STS: Although this model was discontinued in 2011, it is still an available used car option. Most model years received a two circle rating for both quality and dependability, with the most common problems being related to the electrical and braking systems. Yes, it has its issues, but it is a comfortable, classy car that can give you years of driving pleasure….if you have extended coverage.
  • Cadillac SRX: Despite being Cadillac’s best selling model since 2010, the SRX only receives a two circle rating for both quality and dependability. The SUV has had several recalls over the years, with its long list of problems including the engine cooling system, powertrain, electronic stability control, faulty power steering, ignition, sloppy driveshafts, and the electrical system. This is one of Cadillac’s most attractive models – the perfect mix of luxury and practicality. Like the STS, it can be a great vehicle to own, but it is also an ideal candidate for a vehicle protection plan.

An extended Cadillac warranty – sold by autopom! as a Cadillac vehicle protection plan – is an affordable way to own a North American made luxury vehicle without the stress and worry of having to pay for the expensive repairs often associated with upscale cars.


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Diamond canna

Diamond Canna is an OLCC licensed, Tier 1, Indoor Only, Producer based in Grants Pass. Their company is owned AND operated by Julian and the help of a few amazing employees. Diamond Canna utilizes the absolute best indoor growing procedures and technologies available to the industry, and they are constantly changing as our knowledge grows. This includes the lights, media, nutrients, beneficial, atmospheric controls, and more. Predatory insects, beneficial bacteria, microbes, and media management are just some of the tools in our arsenal to prevent pests and diseases while increasing quality. They NEVER use chemical pesticides or fungicides. The optimum environment and nutrition are what produce a superior product that is clean, safe, tasty, and potent. Diamond Canna focuses on growing incredible genetics to their maximum potential. This means increasing resin production, potency, flavor, terps, and yield.  They continually strive to improve and perfect our methods to guarantee that we produce nothing but the best Craft Cannabis available today and in the future.

Flower and Strain Information

Strain: Frozen Lemonade

Frozen Lemonade, made in house is an explosion of lemon, fuel and pine. The extract, Rind Plus Extractioneering created has notes of orange, mint and hard candy along with the burst of lemon in every jar. Make sure to grab some while it lasts.

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Renault's exhaust blown floor explained, MGP and McLaren looking into it

By on

Renault GP set Formula One design on its head yesterday after it was found out that the new R31 features engine exhausts that exit in front the sidepods, rather than at the rear. It is already becoming clear that many teams are looking into the new system.

Renault's front exhausts are a complicated matter, but when they get it working might prove key to the success of their car, similar to what double deck diffusers were in 2009.

To implement the system, the team routed the exhaust pipes - limited to one on each side of the car - forward, from the engine along the fuel tank, exiting under the cooling inlet in the sidepod. Considering the exhausts can go up to 650°C during running, shielding was probably the biggest concern for the team as the pipes are bound to pass closely along the fuel tank and the KERS battery pack.

At their exit, the pipe makes a sharp turn and directs the gases partly around the sidepod, and partly under the car's floor. As such, Renault make sure there is plenty of high-energy airflow under the car, allowing the diffuser to suck more from under the car and create more downforce. The exhaust gases passing around the sidepod will eventually end up flowing over the rear diffuser, further adding to its downforce like the more common blown diffusers work.

With the concept so interesting, German magazine "auto motor und sport" has heard the new McLaren MP4-26, which is to be launched next Friday, will likely feature a similar exhaust system, coupled to a massive undercut of the sidepods similar to Toro Rosso's STR6 design.

Mercedes GP's Ross Brawn meanwhile has also confirmed his team was already working on a similar system, while Red Bull Racing is expected to be into something similar as they are adamant their launch package is just a start for testing.


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04 January 2021

The Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur Wanted Dean / Director

         Job Post Date: 04th January 2021

The Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur has advertised on the Website for the recruitment of Dean / Director job vacancies. Interested and eligible job aspirants are requested to apply online on or before 30.01.2021. Check out further more details below.

Name of the Institute:
The Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur

About InstituteThe Central Agricultural University has been established by an act of Parliament, the Central Agricultural University Act, 1992 (No.40 of 1992). The Act came into effect on 26th January, 1993 with the issue of notification by the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Govt. of India. The University became functional with the joining of first Vice-Chancellor on 13th September, 1993. The jurisdiction of the University extends to seven North-Eastern Hill States viz., Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura, with headquarters at Imphal in Manipur.

Name of the Posts:
Dean of Constituent Colleges of CAU,
Imphal along with Director of Research,
Registrar and Comptroller of CAU, Imphal

Details: Click here

Job Location:  Imphal, Manipur.

How to Apply:
 Applications are invited in the prescribed form for filling up the posts of Dean, Director, Registrar, Comptroller of Central Agricultural University, Imphal. The application can be submitted online in the website The duly completed application form with prescribed fee of Rs. 1000/- (Rs.500/- in case of SC/ST/PWD)
should be submitted on or before 30.01.2021. Payment of fee may be made through State Bank Collect SBI (payment guideline may be downloaded from website Hard copy of the same may be submitted to Liaison Office, Central Agricultural University (Imphal), Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-II, Room No.202 Pusa, New Delhi - 110012.

Application Link: Click it

Postal Address:
Lamphelpa, Imphal West,
Imphal, Manipur-795004,

Last Date: on or before 30.01.2021.

Reference: Recruitment Notice on Websites like dated today 04th January 2021
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