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29 And to them which were in Rachal, and and to them which were in Chor-ashan, asto 1 to them which were in the cities of the Jerah | them which were in Athach, meelites, and to them which were in the cities 31 And to them which were in oron, and of the Kenites,

to all the places where David hisself and his 30 And to them which were in Hormah, men were wont to haunt.

Verse 1. The Amalekites had invaded the south.' - The / treated with great kindness in the East; but it does still strength of the country, both of the Hebrews and of the not unfrequently happen that, in rapid journeys over the Philistines, having been drawn northwards to the battle deserts, slaves are abandoned, and often perish, because in Esdraelon, the Amalekites, as might be expected, the inhuman master, or his party, will not consent to en. eagerly availed themselves of the opportunity of invading cumber themselves with the necessary conveyance of, or the defenceless south. In this expedition, which has en attendance on, a sick man. If he can, by his own exertirely the character of a nomade incursion into a settled tions, keep up with his company, it is well ; but if not, country, they were not likely to overlook David's town, or there is little hope for him.' Old slaves—that is, those to fail of avenging his recent expedition against themselves. who have long been the property of a particular master, or

2. Slew not any,'— The men capable of bearing arms have been reared in his family--are, we believe, scarcely having gone to the war, there were probably none of those ever thus treated; but slaves newly purchased or acquired remaining in the town whom it was usual to put to death, do not often meet with equal indulgence. This young In most cases the women and boys were spared, to be used man of Egypt' would seem not long to have been a slave as slaves, and the old people from the prevailing sentiment to his Amalekite master. of respect to age. David, in his recent expedition against 27. To them which were in Beth-el,' etc.-Bethel and the southern tribes, did not spare any; while the Amale the other principal towns in this list have already been kites spared all. The reason of this difference, apparently noticed. to the disadvantage of David's humanity, is obviously - South Ramoth' is mentioned in Josh. xix. 8, among that David had to do with armed men, whom it was not the cities of Simeon. usual to spare, whereas the Amalekites found none but - Jattir' is included in Josh. xv. 48, among the towns those whom it was unusual to destroy. This, and other of Judah in the mountains. Jerome reads it Jether,' as war practices which occur in this chapter, such as the he well might, and identifies it with a large village, which division of spoil, etc., have already been fully considered existed in his time under the name of Jethira. It was in in the notes to Num. xxxi. and Deut. xx. To this we the interior of Daroma, near Malatha, about twenty miles cannot here abstain from adding the excellent illustration (south-east, of course) from Eleutheropolis, which places to be derived from the instructions which the Khalif it among the mountains, as the text referred to requires, Abubekr addressed to Yezid, when about to send him at to the south of Hebron, among the well-known haunts of the head of an army into Syria. After advising him to David. behave kindly to his own troops, he says: “When you 28. * Aroer' was hardly the Aroer on the other side meet your enemies, quit yourselves like men, and don't Jordan, as all the places mentioned seem to have been in turn your backs; and if you get the victory, kill no little the tribe of Judah or on its borders: the Septuagint reads children, nor old people, nor women. Destroy no palm • Arouel' instead of · Adamah' in the list of Judah's trees (see note on Deut. xx. 19), nor burn any fields of towns given in Josh. xv. (v. 22); and this may be the corn. Cut down no fruit-trees, nor do any mischief to place intended. cattle, only such as you kill to eat. When you make any - Eshtemoa' is mentioned next to Jattir in the list covenant, stand to it, and be as good as your word,' etc. (Josh. xxi. 14) of the towns which Judah gave to the (Ockley's Conquest of Syria, p. 24).

Levites, and, like it, is among the towns enumerated in 9. The brook Besor. The winter torrent now called the mountains of Judah. Jerome says that it was in his Wady-Gaza, which is mentioned by Dr. Richardson as time a Jewish village of Daroma, to the north of another falling into the Mediterranean, a little to the south of village called Anem (probably the Anim mentioned after Gaza, agrees exceedingly well with the situation which Ashtemosh in Josh. xv. 50), which he seems to place to the history would seem to assign to the brook Besor. the east of Hebron, but modifies his statement by saying, That so many of the men were tired by the time they got that it was near another village of the same name, south to the brook Besor proves that Ziklag, and consequently of Hebron, which may make the result south-east, or even Gath, was a good distance to the north, and furnishes south-south-east. (For Anim, see Map of Ancient Palestine.] another argument for not placing it so far to the south as 29. · Rachal' is nowhere else mentioned in the Bible, Calmet, T. H. Horne, and others, have done. The vicinity neither is Atach. of a river was naturally selected as the resting-place of 30. Chor-ashan' is doubtless the Ashan given to the those who were unable to proceed farther.

tribe of Simeon in Josh, xix. 7, and perhaps the same as 13. My muster left me, because three days agone I fell the village of Beth-Asau of Jerome's time, fifteen miles sick.'—This Egyptian had probably been taken prisoner from Jerusalem. These presents, sent to the elders of so by the Amalekites in one of their predatory incursions many important places, shew that David had a party of into the Egyptian territory, and retained as a slave. We powerful friends in his own tribe. have often had occasion to observe that slaves are usually

armourbearer, and all his men, that same day 1 Saul having lost his army, and his sons being slain, he

together. and his armourbearer kill themselves. 7 The Philis. 7 And when the men of Israel that were tines possess the forsaken towns of the Israelites on the other side of the valley, and they that 8 They triumph over the dead carcases. 11 They of were on the other side Jordan, saw that the Jabesh-gilead, recovering the bodies by night, burn

men of Israel fled, and that Saul and his sons them at Jabesh, and mournfully bury their bones.

were dead, they forsook the cities, and fled; Now the Philistines fought against Israel : , and the Philistines came and dwelt in them. and the men of Israel fled from before the 8 | And it came to pass on the morrow, Philistines, and fell down *slain in mount when the Philistines came to strip the slain, Gilboa.

that they found Saul and his three sons fallen 2 And the Philistines followed hard upon | in mount Gilboa. Saul and upon his sons; and the Philistines 9 And they cut off his head, and strippeu slew Jonathan, and Abinadab, and Melchi off his armour, and sent into the land of the shua, Saul's sons.

Philistines round about, to publish it in the 3 And the battle went sore against Saul, house of their idols, and among the people. and the Rarchers ‘hit him; and he was sore 10 And they put his armour in the house wounded of the archers.

of Ashtaroth : and they fastened his body to 4 Then said Saul unto his armourbearer, the wall of Beth-shan. Draw thy sword, and thrust me through there 11 | And when the inhabitants of Jabeshwith ; lest these uncircumcised come and thrust gilead heard of that which the Philistines had me through, and 'abuse me. But his armour done to Saul ; bearer would not; for he was sore afraid. 12 All the valiant men arose, and went Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon | all night, and took the body of Saul and the it.

bodies of his sons from the wall of Beth-shan, 5 And when his armourbearer saw that and came to Jabesh, and 'burnt them there. Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, 13 And they took their bones, and buried and died with him.

them under a tree at Jabesh, and fasted seven 6 So Saul died, and his three sons, and his days. 1 Chron. 10. 1.

Or, wounded. 3 Heb. shooters, men with bows. 4 Heb. found him. 5 Or, mock me. 6 Or, concerning him.

7 Jer. 34. 5.

8 2 Sam. 2. 4.

Verse 4. Therefore Saul took a sword, and fell upon it.' | bearer was Doeg the Edomite, who had been promoted to -The account bere given is very materially different that office for his alacrity in obeying the king when comfrom that which the Amalekite gives in the first chapter manded to slay the priests. They also suppose that the of the following book. The moral difference between the sword which Saul took was that of the armour-bearer, and two accounts is however only the difference between two that the latter enuployed the same weapon, so that both forms of suicide. The account of Josephus reconciles the Saul and Doeg died by the very weapon by which the two statements by supposing that Sanl claimed the assist priests of the Lord had been slain, by the order of the ance of the Amalekite, after having made an ineffectual one and by the hand of the other. That the weapon with attempt at self-destruction. But there remain other dis which Saul slew himself was that of the armour-bearer, crepancies which are not obviated by this explanation; seems highly probable from the context; but we have no and, upon the whole, the general impression is more pro authority but this ancient tradition for supposing that the bably correct, in receiving the statement in the present armour-bearer was Doeg. chapter as the accurate account; and in regarding the 10. · They fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan,' story told by the Amalekite as trumped up with the view and the bodies of his sons also, as appears by verse 12. of recommending himself to the favour of David. The Josephus understands that the bodies were gibbeted on plain account therefore is, that Saul, being wounded, and crosses outside the walls; but others conceive, as the text fearing the most grievous insults if he fell alive into the seems to require, that the bodies were fastened to, or sushands of the Philistines, chose rather to die by his own pended against, the wall by nails or hooks. It was a hand. This is one of the very few instances of suicide custom among some ancient nations to punish criminals which occur in the Scriptures. It is still a practice ex convicted of capital crimes, by throwing them from the ceedingly rare among the Orientals, even in the most wall, so that they should be caught by hooks which were adverse circumstances of life, and with only prospects of inserted in the wall below, and by which they often hung death and misery before them. This appears to have for a long time in exquisite tortures. Very possibly the been always the case in the East; the ancient history of remains of these unhappy princes were fastened by such which affords very few instances of self-murder, compared hooks to the wall of Beth-shan. with that of the Western nations—the study of which has,

Beth-shan.'- This place was known to the Greeks unhappily, rendered the modern mind but too familiar by the name of Nysa, and afterwards by that of Scythowith the historical celebrity of, and false principles con polis, from the Scythians, who, when they overran Western nected with, a crime by which men affected to dare and Asia, took this city and retained it in their possession as to be superior to the calamities from which they shrank. long as they continued in that region. It is known at

5. His armour-bearer ... fell likewise upon his sword, present by the name of Beisan, which is merely a softened and died with him.'—The Jews think that this armour form of its ancient Hebrew name. It is situated about

twelve miles to the south of the sea of Tiberias, and surprised to hear that in these countries the dwellers in nearly two miles west of the Jordan. It was a place of tents look on the dwellers in towns as an inferior class of such high repute among the Jews, that the Talmud says, beings.' He also says that his party found the weather that if the garden of Eden were in the land of Israel, Beth hotter at Beisan than in any other part of Judæa. Masses shan was its gate; and it is added, that its fruits were the of ejected lava lie scattered around the village, and the sweetest in Israel. It remained a place of considerable mountains have much the appearance of extinguished vol. importance in the fourth century, according to Jerome; canoes. Captains Irby and Mangles found traces of the but at present its site is only marked by a miserable vil walls of the ancient fortress, on the hill mentioned by lage in the midst of extensive ruins. Burckhardt describes Burckhardt. They also discovered other remains, which Beisan as situated upon rising ground, on the west side of appear to have escaped his researches, and which suffithe valley of the Jordan, where the chain of mountains ciently attest the ancient importance of the place, when it (Gilboa) declines considerably in height and presents was the largest city of the Decapolis, being also the only merely elevated ground, quite open towards the west, and one west of the Jordan, the mountains do not begin again till one hour's journey 12. · Burnt them,' etc.....and took their bones, and buried to the south. The ancient town was watered by a river them.'This agrees with what was a common and honournow called Moiet Beisan, or the Water of Beisan, which able rite of sepulture among the nations of classical antiflows in different branches towards the plain. The ruins quity. This is the first time it is, as such, mentioned in of Scythopolis are of considerable extent, and the town Scripture; and from the Law we should certainly infer built along the banks of the rivulet and in the vallies that it was considered ignominious by the Hebrews. Per. formed by its several branches, must have been nearly haps it was resorted to in the present instance to preserve three miles in circuit. The only remains are large heaps the remains of Saul and his sons from any further insult, of black hewn stones, many foundations of houses and This rite, however, ultimately became honourable among fragments of a few columns. In one of the valleys there the Jews; and perhaps the present instance gave the first is a large mound of earth, which appeared to Burckhardt | impulse to the change of opinion (see the note on Jer. to be artificial, and which was probably the site of a castle xxxiv. 5). But after the Captivity the practice was disfor the defence of the town. On the left bank of the continued, and the ancient aversion of the Hebrews to this stream there is a large khan, where the caravans repose rite revived with such vigour, that their learned men spent that take the shortest route from Jerusalem to Damascus. much ingenuity in proving that it never had existed The village of Beisan contains seventy or eighty houses. among them. Thus the Chaldee paraphrast alleges that Its inhabitants are in a miserable condition from being the text means only that they burnt a light or lamp over exposed to the depredations of the Bedouins, to whom they them at Jabesh, such as they were accustomed to do over also pay a beavy tribute. Dr. Richardson also, who calls the bodies of kings. This, although a manifest misconthe place 'an abominable sink of dirt and iniquity,' de struction of the plain sense of the words, is very curious, scribes the village as a collection of the most miserable as shewing that the subsisting Oriental practice of burning hovels, containing about 200 inhabitants, and, in looking | lights over the remains of princes and great men existed in at their wretched accomniodation, and a Bedoween en- | the time of the Chaldee paraphrast, and was regarded by him campment that was spread out in the valley, we were not 1 and his contemporaries as being even in their time ancient

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told him, How knowest thou that Saul and

Jonathan his son be dead? . 1 The Amalekite, who brought tidings of the overthrow, and accuseth himself of Saul's death, is slain. 17

6 And the young man that told him, said, David lamenteth Saul and Junathan with a song. As I happened by chance upon mount Gilboa,

behold, Saul leaned upon his spear; and, lo, the OW it came chariots and horsemen followed hard after him. to pass after / 7 And when he looked behind him, he saw the death of me, and called unto me. And I answered, Saul, when! Here am I.

David was 8 And he said unto me, Who art thou ? { returned from And I answered him, I am an Amalekite. 'the slaughter 9 He said unto me again, Stand, I pray of the Ama thee, upon me, and slay me : for 'anguish is lekites, and come upon me, because my life is yet whole David had in me. abode two 10 So I stood upon him, and slew him, bedays in Zik cause I was sure that he could not live after

that he was fallen : and I took the crown that A 2 It came was upon his head, and the bracelet that was A even to pass on his arm, and have brought them hither unto

on the third my lord.

day, that, be 11 | Then David took hold on his clothes, hold, a man came out of the camp from Saul and 'rent them; and likewise all the men that with his clothes rent, and earth upon his head : were with him : and so it was, when he came to David, that he 12 And they mourned, and wept, and fasted fell to the earth, and did obeisance.

until even, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, 3 And David said unto him, From whence and for the people of the LORD, and for the comest thou ? And he said unto him, Out of house of Israel ; because they were fallen by the camp of Israel am I escaped.

the sword. 4 And David said unto him, "How went the 13 | And David said unto the young man inatter? I pray thee, tell me. And he an- | that told him, Whence art thou? And he swered, That the people are fled from the answered, I am the son of a stranger, an Amabattle, and many of the people also are fallen lekite. and dead; and Saul and Jonathan his son are 14 And David said unto him, "How wast dead also.

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thou not afraid to stretch forth thine hand to 5 And David said unto the young man that destroy the LORD's anointed ? Sam. 30. 17. ? Heb. H'hat was, &c. Heb. Behold me. Or, my coat of mail, or, my embroidered coat hindercth me, that my, &c. 5 Chap. 3. 31, and 13. 31,

6 Psal, 105, 15,

15 And David called one of the young Saul, as though he had not been anointed with men, and said, Go near, and fall upon him. | | oil. And he smote him that he died.

22 From the blocd of the slain, from the 16 And David said unto him, Thy blood fat of the mighty, the bow of Jonathan turned be upon thy head; for thy mouth hath testified not back, and the sword of Saul returned not against thee, saying, I have slain the LORD's empty. anointed.

23 Saul and Jonathan were lovely and 17 And David lamented with this 'pleasant in their lives, and in their death lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his they were not divided : they were swifter than son:

eagles, they were stronger than lions. 18 (Also he bade them teach the children 24 Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, of Judah the use of the bow : behold, it is who clothed you in scarlet, with other dewritten 'in the book of Jasher.)

lights, who put on ornaments of gold upon your 19 The beauty of Israel is slain upon thy apparel. high places : how are the mighty fallen! 25 How are the mighty fallen in the midst

20 Tell it not in Gath, publish it not in of the battle! O Jonathan, thou wast slain in the streets of Askelon ; lest the daughters of thine high places. the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of 26 I am distressed for thee, my brother the uncircumcised triumph.

Jonathan : very pleasant hast thou been unto 21 Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there be me : thy love to me was wonderful, passing no dew, neither let there be rain, upon you, the love of women, · nor fields of offerings : for there the shield of 27 How are the mighty fallen, and the the mighty is vilely cast away, the shield of weapons of war perished ? 7 Josh. 10, 13. 8 Or, of the upright.

9 Micah 1. 10.

10 Or, sweet.

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INDIAN ARMLETS. D'Herbelot, in mentioning the investiture of Malek Rahim in the dominions and honours of his father (Alp Arslan) by the Khalif, Kayem Bemrillah, observes that the ceremony of investiture was in such cases effected by sending to the Sultan, who received that honour, toge. ther with his patent, a crown, bracelets, and a chain. In India the armlet was a mark of sovereignty at the court of the Grand Moguls. It still is such in Persia, where no man but the king wears armlets. They figure corspicuously on the person, and even in the pictures of that potentate, and are, for their size, probably the most splendid and costly articles of jewellery in the world, the two

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARMLETS. a mere personal ornament of value which the king happened to wear. This conclusion is amply supported by the ancient and still subsisting customs of the East. When

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NOTE 21, p. 2.—The view taken by Dr Kitto of the character and plan of the Book of Judges, requires some modification; and we propose to give in this note a brief statement with regard to these points, as also some remarks on the chronology, supplementary of those in the text. The Book of Judges naturally divides itself into three parts. The first part (chap. i.-ii. 5) contains a brief statement of the results of the war between the Israelites and the former inhabitants of Canaan, carried on by the individual tribes after their dispersion over the land. In this section we are informed, not so much of what was accomplished, as of what remained unaccomplished: we are told how far short the tribes fell of the entire conquest of those possessions whose allotment and boundaries are narrated in the Book of Joshua. For this shortcoming, they were rebuked by God, who sent his angel down to Bochim, to remonstrate with them for failing to execute the Divine commands in regard to the nations of Canaan (chap. i. 1-5). Such are the contents of the first part: it exhibits in detail the extent to which each tribe failed in the performance of its duty, and relates how God remonstrated with them on account of their delinquency. The second part of the book extends from chap. ii. 5 to the end of chap. xvi. The scope of this part is to illustrate, by historical examples, the operation of the principle so forcibly stated in the introductory section (chap. ii. 11-19-namely, that so long as Israel sought the Lord, they prospered, and when they forsook him, they fell into the hands of the oppressor. It is important, however, to observe, that it is expressly stated (chap, ü. 18, 19), that the periods of Israel's faithfulness to God were coincident with, and terminated by, the lives of the judges who ruled them; so that it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers.' It follows from this circumstance, that there is no large gap in the chronology of the period whose history is contained in the second portion of the book. To shew what we mean, let us consider the narrative of the first deliverance (chap. iii. 8-12). Israel served Chushan-rishathaim eight years—was delivered by Othniel, the son of Kenaz, and enjoyed rest (during his lifetime) for forty years. After his death,

the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord,' in consequence of which they became the subjects of Eglon, king of Moab, and continued in this condition for eighteen years. Now, we might not unnaturally suppose, that between the forty years of rest and the eighteen years of servitude, a considerable space of time intervened, during which the people only gradually fell away from God; and, indeed, we might even suppose, that the good example of their judges would sometimes operate on them so salutarily, as to keep them comparatively free from idolatry for many years. According to chap. ii. 18, 19, this could not have been the fact. Of course, we are not entitled to press that general and preliminary statement VOL. II.

2 R

so far as to infer, that the relapse into idolatry, and consequent subjection to foreign dominion, followed on the very day, or even within the year, of the judge's death; but we are entitled to infer, that the change took place in a short space of time—short absolutely, and short in comparison with the periods of rest and servitude. It is, in fact, doubtful whether we should not regard the transition period as included in the numbers which represent the duration of the periods of subjection. Be this as it may, we conclude that, since the whole of the second part consists of the narrative of a series of deliverances and rests, alternating with periods of subjection to foreign powers (see the end of each of the sections of this part), the history is strictly continuous; and the chronological data, if they do not collectively represent the entire duration of the time of the Judges, are, at all events, not separated from each other by any undetermined interval of importance. A corroborative proof of the continuity of the history may be found in the circumstance, that in the case of five out of the twelve judges (Tola, Jair, see x. 2, 3; Ibzan, Elon, Abdon, see xii. 8_15), our information is almost confined to the length of time during which each ruled. If the object of the writer was merely to give illustrations of God's method of dealing with Israel, without any ulterior regard to historical completeness, why should he have introduced such notices as those referred to, which have no value except what arises out of the chronological data which they contain ?

The third part of the book is generally viewed as forming an appendix, supplementary of the preceding historical sketch. It consists of two interesting narratives, which throw great light upon the character of the time when they were transacted, but which, being entirely unique in their nature, could not well be incorporated with the history of the judges, and were consequently appended by themselves at the end of the history, without regard to chronological order. The existence of such an appendix argues strongly in favour of a regular plan pervading the Book of Judges; for he who has no method in writing, cannot be anxious to preserve unity in his materials.

The idea, then, which pervades and gives unity to the Book of Judges, is the following:-God had commanded the Israelites to drive out the Canaanites, and to take possession of the land, according to the boundaries defined in the Book of Joshua; to keep themselves separate from those heathen nations, and remain faithful to the God of their fathers. How far had they complied with these commands? To answer this question is the grand object of our book; and the answer which it affords contains a continuous, though very summary, history of the Israelitish commonwealth throughout several centuries.

We come now to speak of the chronology of the Book of Judges. It has been stated that the history contained in our book is continuous; it remains to state that it is also consecutive. In order to get rid of the difficulties attending

the adjustment of the chronology of the period, several during its course. The latter fact, that the period was writers have had recourse to the expedient of making somebounded by the life of the judge, suggested the idea of of the judges contemporaneous; ruling not in succession a generation; and the idea of a generation suggested that over all Israel, but at the same time over parts of the of 40 years. This view of the use of the number 40 is nation, The judges certainly exercised their authority confirmed by the consideration that, with one exception, and influence more particularly in individual tribes, and | it is applied only in reference to the times of peace; and only indirectly over the whole nation; but it is decidedly that, too, only in the case of those judges whose history is contrary to the meaning of the book, to represent any two given at length. The periods of oppression are evidently of the judges as ruling in different parts at the same time. strictly determined by the numbers 8, 18, 20, 7, 18; and At the commencement of each new section, it is always the the duration of the rule of the judges who are little nation collectively which is spoken of. (See, for examples, more than mentioned, by the numbers 23, 22, 7, 10, 8. chap. ii. 12; iv. 1; vi. 1; and more particularly chap. According to the above view, the chronology of the x. 1-3, where Tola, a man of Issachar, is said to have period of the Judges is in itself indeterminate ; and it judged Israel 23 years, and Jair, a Gileadite, is also must be fixed by reference to the historical number in said to have judged Israel for 22 years.) The history 1 Kings vi. 1, in the following way :-From the Exodus to being both continuous and successive, it would at first the beginning of the period of the Judges, we must reckon sight appear as if all that was necessary, in order to fix 65 years-namely, 40 till the death of Moses, and 25 till with tolerable accuracy the duration of the entire period the death of Joshua. From the building of the Temple to of the judges, were to sum up the various chronological | the anointing of Saul, we must reckon backwards 63 yearsitems. This done, there results 410 or 430 years (according 3 of Solomon's reign, 40 to David's reign, and 20 to Sanl's. as Samson ruled 20 or 40 years), plus an unknown number Adding these two numbers together, we get 128, which of years during which Shamgar ruled. But this result is taken from 480, leaves 352 years for the time of the inconsistent with the datum of 1 Kings vi, 1, according to Judges, including Samuel in that period. Again: the which the whole period from the Exodus to the building of statement made by Jephthah, contained in Judges xi. 26, the Temple was only 480 years. This is the great difficulty presents a chronological datum of some importance in to be removed. Some, and amongst these Dr Kitto, have this inquiry, Reckoning backwards from Samuel to sought the solution in rendering suspicious the authority Jephthah, and allowing 20 years for the time during which of i Kings vi. 1 (see Dr Kitto's note at page 80), or in the former ruled Israel, we obtain in all 111 years-6 for altering the number of years, so as to correspond with the Jephthah, 7 for Ibzan, 10 for Elon, 8 for Abdon, 20 for numbers in Judges. This method, however, must always Samson, 40 for Eli, and, as already stated, 20 for Samuel. remain unsatisfactory. Accordingly, others have turned This number taken from 352, leaves 241 years as the their attention to the numbers in Judges, and have sought, time intervening between the beginning of Jephthah's rule by arbitrary combinations, to force the two chronological and the death of Joshua. Now, the territory east of the sources into agreement. Such a procedure, as already Jordan was in the possession of the Israelites before the stated, is out of the question; but although nothing can death of Moses, and therefore the whole period of their be gained by mere arbitrary combinations, the nature of occupation could not, at the time of Jephthah, be less than the numbers themselves suggests a probable solution. It is 266, or, in round numbers, 270 years. Jephthah stated it certainly very remarkable, that the number 40 should as 300 years-sufficiently accurate for a general statement recur so often, not only in the Book of Judges, but also in of time, and especially so when we consider that it was application to other periods of the history of Israel. We Jephthah's interest to exaggerate the length of time during find 40 years assigned as the period of the Wandering ; | which the Israelites held the territory in question. If, 40 years for the rest under Othniel ; 80, or twice 40, for however, we take all the numbers before Jephthah literally, the rest under Ehud; 40 for the peace under Deborah and we will have from the death of Moses to the end of the Barak; 40 for the peace under Gideon ; 40 years for the oppression by Ammon at least 350 years, in which case it servitude under the Philistines ; 40 years during which Eli is impossible to account for Jephthah's limiting it to 300 exercised the office of judge in Israel; and, finally, 40 years | years, otherwise than by supposing that he really did not for the respective reigns of Saul (see Acts xiii. 21), know how long the time was, but spoke very much at David, and Solomon. This so frequent recurrence of random. This supposition, of course, is inadmissible; the number 40 suggests the thought, that the latter is not and the statement made by Jephthah to the Ammonites employed to indicate a precise number of years, but some must be regarded as a confirmation of the views above natural period of time, which, on the whole, is fairly repre indicated. sented by the number 40. There cannot possibly be any The other methods of treating the chronology of our objection on principle to this view of the matter, for it is book recently propounded-for example, by Bertheau a very generally received opinion amongst commentators, (Das Buch der Richter und Rut Erklärt), Lepsius (Egypt, that there are at least two distinct classes of cases in Ethiopia, and Sinai), and Bunsen (Egypt's Place in Uniwhich the numbers employed to indicate time are not to versal History)-need only be generally referred to. Berbe taken strictly and literally. We refer to the use of the theau applies the view that the number 40 is used to number 7 as the perfect or sacred number, and to the represent a generation to 1 Kings vi, 1; and accounts for prophetic practice of indicating a period of years by a the number 480, by supposing that it is founded on a number of days. What natural period, then, may we suppose calculation of 12 generations, from the Exodus to the 40 years to represent? The duration of one generation of building of the Temple. In order to make out 12 forties, men naturally suggests itself to one's thoughts. No doubt, he is obliged to reckon the generation after Joshua (see We are accustomed in our own time to reckon only 30 Judges ii. 10) as one of them (see on this point note 23, years to a generation; but that the Israelites did actually below), and to reckon twice 20 years to Samson (see assign 40 years as the natural duration of a generation, we | chaps. xv, 20, and xvi. 31). Those who desire to see at know from the history of the Wandering in the Wilderness. length Bertheau's ingenious, but somewhat forced calculaThe children of Israel were to wander, and actually did tion, are referred to the above-mentioned commentary. wander, until all the generation that came out of Egypt The investigations of Lepsius and Bunsen, on the other had perished; and the time during which that took place is hand, are not confined to the data of Scripture; their stated as 40 years. It may be assumed, therefore, that in object being to correct the Scriptural chronology by the Book of Judges 40 years has been reckoned for periods reference to that of Egypt-a very uncertain method of time of considerable, or what might be called long truly, as may be seen from the fact, that the former of duration, whose continuance was not determinately known; / these illustrious men finds it necessary to allow only the general reason for the adoption of this number being about 90 years from the entrance of Jacob to the that it represented the period of a generation, and the exodus of Moses,' whilst the latter allows an interval of particular reason, in most cases, that the time in question 1440 years ! (See Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sinai, p. 475, and was co-extensive with the life of the judge who ruled | the note there.)

NOTE 22, p. 10.-We propose in this note to make 3. In verse 13, Othniel is called the son of Kenaz, and some observations on several points connected with this younger brother of Caleb. An epithet similar to the son chapter which require explanation.

of Kenaz,' is likewise applied to Caleb in Numbers xxxi. 1. From the beginning of the 1st verse of the chapter: 12; Joshua xiv. 6, 14, where he is called the son of Now after the death of Joshua,' &c., it would seem to Jephunneh the Kenezite. In Genesis xxxvi, 11, Kenaz is follow, that all the transactions therein narrated took place mentioned as a descendant of Esau; and therefore neither subsequently to the death of that distinguished servant of he nor his posterity belonged to the children of Israel. the Lord. On examination, however, it is found that the Caleb was thus, at the same time, the head of a tribe in chapter contains several accounts, which are found in Israel, and somehow connected with a people who did not nearly identical terms in the Book of Joshua. The account belong to the Israelitish community. Doubtless, this contained in Judges i. 10–15, is given also in Joshua xv. points to an intermixture of the families of Judah with 14–19; the statement in v. 21 appears likewise in Joshua those of the Kenezites, of which, indeed, the narrative xv. 63; that in vv. 27, 28, is substantially the same with before us presents an interesting example. Joshua xvii. 12, 13; and v. 29, with Joshua xvi. 10. The 4. The clause, 'for thou hast given me a south land,' in reader is here reminded also of the conquest of Leshem by verse 15, would be more correctly rendered, 'for thou Dan, contained in Judges xviii., and referred to in Joshua xix. hast given me away into the land of the south.' The 47. In order to account for the appearance of these sections Kenezites dwelt in the southern country, about the bounin both books, some have supposed that they were taken daries of Judah. As this region was an unfruitful wilder. out of the Book of Joshua by the author of the Book ness, Achsah thought with regret of leaving her father's of Judges; others, as Bertheau, Hävernick, &c., have fertile and well-watered territory for such a home as she upheld the reverse opinion; whilst a third party have tried was about to go to, and urged her husband to ask the to account for the phenomenon, by supposing the existence field' (not a field) from her father. He refused to do so, of a third historical authority, which the authors of both however; and therefore she asked this portion from her books consulted in common. All these are violent, and father herself, and obtained from him the field with the therefore unsatisfactory expedients, and contrast unfavour two springs, the upper and the nether. ably with the simple view set forth by Keil in the introduction to his Commentar über das B. Josua). That view NOTE 23, p.11.—The passage, chap. ii. 11. to chap. ii. 6, regards the sections as independent of each other, although has been generally regarded as a sort of introduction to referring to the same events, and represents these events the second part of the Book of Judges. Bertheau, however,

t as having happened before either book was written. From maintains that the section in question refers to one partithis it follows, that the Book of Joshua cannot have had for cular generation—that, namely, referred to in verse 10: its author the individual from whom it received its name, And there arose another generation after them, which for, as already hinted, we must regard the entire contents knew not the Lord, nor yet the works which he had done of the 1st chapter of Judges as referring to events which for Israel.' It seems to favour this opinion, that verse 6 happened after the death of Joshua. The author of Joshua, begins the history anew from the death of Joshua, and gives however, was certainly a contemporary of the events which a simple historical account of the latter event, and of the he narrates, as appears from the occasional use of the religious condition of the contemporary and following first personal pronoun (see, for example, Joshua v. 1, 6); generations of the Israelites. But not to mention that, and in all probability was one of those elders that on the supposition of Bertheau, Othniel would be made to outlived Joshua, who had seen all the great works of the die at a greater age than he probably attained, see chap. Lord that he did for Israel, Judges ii. 7. Regarding, then, iii. 11, compared with chap. i. 13, the whole character of the incidents in question as having happened after Joshua's the section militates against the idea of a special genedeath, but before the composition of the two historical ration being described throughout it. We must rather books in which they are narrated, everything becomes understand the matter as follows :—The writer does proceed, immediately clear. The sections in question were intro erse 10, to mention the generation after Joshua, and to duced in the Book of Joshua, as it were, parenthetically, contrast it with the generation which preceded it; but in

cause, though not strictly belonging to the general con characterising its degeneracy, he was conscious that he nection of the narrative, they were of too much intrinsic was merely describing the first exhibition of a phenomenon interest (enhanced by their recent occurrence) to be entirely that was continually repeated in all its leading features ; omitted. In Judges, these same incidents fell to be noticed, and, consequently, his account of that generation forthwith not merely as interesting facts, but as forming part of a merges into a picture of the general character of the whole group of facts collected into one view for a special purpose. period of the judges. This is clearly seen in verses 16-19,

2. After the death of Joshua, symptoms of renewed which evidently depict the general facts underlying every hostility on the part of the enemies of Israel soon made part of the succeeding history. their appearance. The Canaanites--not the inhabitants of Palestine in general, but those who dwelt by the sea, NOTE 24, p. 16.—These verses, taken in connection and by the coast of Jordan' (see Numbers xiii. 29)-muster | with verses 3 and 21-23 of the preceding chapter, reveal their forces at Bezek, and the tribe of Judah is appointed the various designs of God in permitting the Canaanites by God to lead the attack against them. Having defeated still to remain in the land. 1. He wished to try Israel. the enemy there assembled, and taken captive their king, the Had there been none of the former inhabitants of Palestine Judahites next proceed southward to Jerusalem. (Verse 8 left behind, it would have been put out of the power of the should be translated: And the children of Judah fought,' | Israelites to disobey God's injunction to keep themselves &c., in the imperfect and not pluperfect tense. The pre from intercourse with these peoples, and to eschew their sent translation has arisen from the circumstance, that the idolatrous practices. 2. The presence of these nations succeeding part of the narrative is contained in Joshua.) acted as a punishment (chap. ii. 3) to Israel. Whenever They take Jerusalem, and thence proceed, still southward, they turned their hearts from God, and were unfaithful, to complete the conquest of their own territory, by fighting they invariably were allowed to fall into the hands of their

against the Canaanites that dwelt in the mountain, and in enemies. 3. But God wished not only to make provision the south, and in the valley -the three natural divisions for punishing disobedience, He desired also to have an of the lot of the children of Judah (see Joshua xv. 21, &c.), opportunity of doing Israel good when it turned its face arranged in order from north to south. The course followed towards Him. This is shewn in chap. iii. 2, which we thus by the children of Judah in this expedition, shews that render: 'Only that He (Jehovah] might know the children Bezek was not a town in the territory of that tribe, and we of Israel (how they stood towards him—this is the first cannot do otherwise than identify it with the Bezek men- | design, trial], and might teach them war—that is, those tioned by Jerome as lying seven miles from Shechem, on who before had not known them' [from experience). The the road to Neapolis (Bethshan). (See Kitto's note to them, which we have put instead of thereof, as the original 1 Sam. xi. 8.)

requires, evidently refers to the wars of Canaan' spoken

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of in the first verse. What wars were these ?-doubtless the regarded as defiled by being consecrated to Baal. Although, great wars, the celebrated wars of Joshua. God designed, however, the latter could not be used in sacrifice, it might therefore, to cause the after-generations of Israel to know be used as a beast of burden, and was probably employed these renowned wars. What does this mean? It means to transport the materials from the place where the altar that God desired to have an opportunity of displaying His of Baal stood to the spot where the new altar was about power again in behalf of the people of Israel, as He had to be erected. done in times bygone in behalf of their fathers; that He might be to them, when they turned to Him unfeignedly, NOTE 27, p. 52.-There is one argument, advanced the same powerful deliverer, the same God of battles, as first by Hengstenberg, to prove that Jephthah did not take He had been in the days of old.

away the life of his daughter, which we shall here state,

particularly as it refers to a subject on which, so far as we NOTE 25, p. 34.-The Ophrah mentioned here (verse know, Dr Kitto has made no remarks in his notes. Hengil) and in other parts of Gideon's history, must be stenberg shews, from several passages of Scripture, that there distinguished from the Ophrah in Benjamin, enumerated existed among the Israelites an institution of holy women of amongst the cities of that tribe in Joshua xviii. 23, and a strictly ascetic order, who had relinquished worldly cares, mentioned in 1 Samuel xiii. 17 as situated in the land of and devoted themselves to the Lord. The first passage is Shual; which last is probably identical with the land of in Exodus xxxviii. 8: 'And he made the laver of brass, and Shalim,' spoken of in 1 Samuel ix. 4. The present Ophrah the foot of it of brass, of the looking-glasses of the women was in the tribe of Manasseh, in the district which belonged assembling, which assembled at the door of the tabernacle to the family of Abiezer (see Joshua xvii. 2), and was of the congregation. These services, according to the called, by way of distinction, Ophrah of the Abi-ezrites, as ancient Jews, and the Alexandrian Septuagint (which tranappears from chap. vi. 24, and viii. 32, and also Gideon's slates the Hebrew by των μηστευσασών, the mirrors of the city, as in chap. viii. 27. The exact position of both these fasting women), were not of an external kind, but entirely towns is unknown.

spiritual or devotional. That they were of an ascetie It is worthy of notice, that in verse 1], the original character, is shewn by the fact, that the freewill-offering Hebrew speaks not of an oak, but of the oak (97887), of these women consisted in the brazen mirrors which were which was in Ophrah. This implies that the oak was

employed by females to direct them in the decoration of still to be seen at that place in the days of the writer of

their persons. The giving up these mirrors was an act of Judges, and in accordance with this, we find it ac

similar significance to that of allowing the hair to grow on tually stated respecting the altar which was built under

the part of the Nazarite. Both indicated, by the neglect the oak, that 'unto this day it is yet in Ophrah of the

| of the personal appearance, a disregard of the means of Abi-ezrites.'

pleasing the world, and established a palpable separation

between the parties and the general community. This We note also on this verse, that at first the angel appeared to Gideon as being only a wayfaring-man, with

institution is referred to again in 1 Samuel ii. 22, and a

third time in Luke ii. 37, where it is said of Anna that she a staff in his hand (verse 21), who had sat down under the shadow of the oak to snatch some refreshment and repose.

departed not from the temple, but served God with fastings He enters into conversation with Gideon on the topic that

and prayers night and day. This last passage indicates is uppermost in the minds of all the people dwelling in that

clearly the nature of the occupations of these female part of the land--the grinding oppression of the plundering

servants of the Lord. Hengstenberg points out the existence Midianites; and urges him to exert his well-known valvur

of a similar institution in Egypt, referring to Herodotus's in the behalf of his country. Gideon, in reply (verse 13),

account of the founding of the two oracles in Egypt and

in Greece; and the account, by the same author, of the calls the angel 978; which is equivalent to sir, or my

bed-chamber in the Temple of Belus, at Babylon, in which master. In verse 15, however, he addresses him as 978;

a woman always slept, &c. (For further particulars on which is generally applied only to God.

this head, see Hengstenberg —Egypt and the Books of

Moses, section on the Institution of the Holy Women.') NOTE 26, p. 35.---The expression out no, need not

Hengstenberg contends that Jephthah's daughter really mean the bullock to whom the epithet 'second' belonged;

became a member of this order of sacred females. His

proofs, however, are very unsatisfactory; and after what is but merely a second bullock, in addition to the first men

said in the text by Dr Kitto on the general subject, it will tioned. The following view of the matter gives the most

be sufficient here to remark, that the argument from the probable explanation of the various points requiring notice.

use of a word meaning to celebrate, in regard to the yearly On the night of the same day on which the previously

commemoration of the virgin, is utterly futile, or rather, related transaction took place, the Lord appeared again

indeed, tells in favour of the opinion that she was sacrificed. unto Gideon, to give him more particular instructions in

It is evident that the Israelites were excessively prone, regard to the commencement of the work of deliverance

throughout the whole period of the judges, to adopt the Idolatry was the cause of the people's sufferings; that,

idolatrous practices of their heathen neighbours. Now, therefore, must first be publicly and signally denounced by Gideon. His father had an altar consecrated to Baal,

human sacrifices were actually performed by the latter, with an Asherah attached, which at the same time served

and may, as readily as any other bad practice, have become

customary among the Israelites. In such a case, their as altar for the whole city (verses 28, 29), Joash being the

view of the transaction would be very different from ours; head of the community. This altar, with the Asherah,

and though they might not certainly celebrate the death of must be destroyed, and, raised on high so as to be in the

Jephthah's daughter for its own sake, or viewed by itself, view of all, an altar must be erected to Jehovah on the

they might quite well celebrate the praises of the virgin summit of the fortress of the city (verse 26).

heroine who had freely offered herself up as a thank-offering The occasion chosen for the accomplishment of these

for the deliverance of her country. We might well ask, designs is one on which Joash is about to offer up a

generally, Why so much ado about the matter?--wby sacrifice to Baal-doubtless in order to obtain from that

relate it at such length, and commemorate it by an annual false divinity protection for the city against the impending

festival, if all that took place was merely the trifling and attack of the Midianites (verse 33). For that solemnity,

common-place occurrence of a virgin passing from Joash has a bullock set apart-'thy father's young bullock;'

ordinary occupations of the world into a religious retire. and the materials necessary for the sacrifice are lying ready

ment? The whole tone and contents of the narrativeat the altar. (1791792, in verse 26, refers to the prepared

the very fact of its being thought worthy of such promi. materials; these Gideon was to take away, and with them nence in the history-produce an irresistible conviction in to build an altar to the Lord.) Gideon is instructed to our mind that the virgin daughter fell a sacrifice to the take a second bullock, in order to offer up a sacrifice to blind and heathenish zeal of her fatally conscientious God; probably because the bullock of his father was parent.

simply ) . It is also מסכה) and in Deuteronomy ,עגל המסכה

NOTE 28, p. 72.-In these two chapters, mention is | 'If these analogies in themselves do not amount to actual made of four sacred things-an ephod, a massekah, a proof that the teraphim of Scripture are identical with the pesel, and teraphim. What were these? Hengstenberg secreted idols of the Assyrian palace, they are, at all events, (Genuineness of the Pentateuch, vol. ii.) makes the pesel curious and plausible ; but when supported by what we a graven image; massekah, its pedestal; the ephod, its know of the existing characteristics and superstitions of clothing or covering; and the teraphim, the substitute for Eastern nations-of the pertinacity with which all Orientals the twelve stones in the breastplate, occupying the same adhere to ancient traditions and practices of the strongly place, and serving the same purpose. Except the first, implanted prejudices entertained in the court of Persia these interpretations are extremely doubtful, and the respecting the going out and coming in of the shah to his grounds on which they are founded are far-fetched and palace-and of the belief in unseen agencies, and the unsatisfactory. There is no reason why we should not influences of the Evil Eye, which has prevailed in all here, as in Exodus xxviii., regard the ephod as the itwuis, countries, and still exists in some, more especially in those or shoulder-garment, which was the high-priest's badge of of Asia and the south of Europe-our conjecture seems office. Instead of serving as a garment to cover Micah's to amount almost to certainty.'-Nineveh and its Palaces, graven image, the ephod mentioned in these chapters was p. 158. doubtless the official garment of his household priest.

On the whole, then, we may reasonably conclude, that As for the massekah, it is to be observed that the same the teraphim, so frequently mentioned in Scripture, were word is applied to the golden calf in Exodus xxxii. tutelary gods of the household. This view, besides being

borne out and illustrated by the remarks just quoted from

Bonomi, suits very well the passages in which teraphim are used in reference to the calves set up by Jeroboam, as in

mentioned. We must not be surprised if we find these 1 Kings xiv. 9; 2 Kings xvii. 16. Hence it may be

images spoken of in the Bible as being used by those who inferred, that massekah here denotes a molten image of

were worshippers of the one true and living God, for some creature; but whether of a calf, as the symbol of God

substantially the same thing may be found among ourselves. (as Bertheau and others allege, founding on the passages

The influence which some persons attribute to charms, is just cited), or of some other animal, must remain doubtful.

of the same kind as that which was supposed to reside in The pesel was evidently closely connected with the ephod,

tutelary images; and therefore, practically, he who bears as in chap. xviii. 18 it is spoken of as 7ERT 709 ng; that charms about his person may be said to believe in strange is, the graven image of the ephod. It may not improbably gods. have been a small image carved upon the surface of the ephod, presenting to the eye a prominent object on the breast NOTE 29, p. 107.-Sculptures representing this Dagon of the priest, and serving an analogous purpose with the god have been found amongst the ruins of Nineveh, both image of the goddess Thinei, which was worn suspended at Khorsabad by M. Botta, and at Kouyunjik by Mr from the neck, by the persons who filled the office of chief

Layard. The representation of this monster, which judge in ancient Egypt. In addition to what Dr Kitto has appears among the sculptures of Khorsabad, is nearly written regarding the teraphim (see his note at Gen. xxxi.), identical with that given by Dr Kitto in the text as the following explanation of them, given by Bonomi appearing on medals of Philistine towns. The sculptures (Nineveh and its Palaces, Illustrated London Library, 1852), at Kouyunjik present a somewhat different appearance: may not be unacceptable. In a certain part of the ruins at each of two entrances into one of the chambers of of Khorsabad-namely, the King's Court-in front of the the Kouyunjik palace, Mr Layard found two colossal bassdoors of a porch, were found holes in the pavement, the size reliefs of the so-called fish-god, of which the upper part of one of the bricks of which the latter is composed, and had been destroyed, so that what remained could only give about 14 inches in depth. "These holes are lined with tiles, an idea of the form of the lower parts of the body. Means and have a ledge round the inside, so that they might be of restoring the entire form, however, were fortunately covered by one of the bricks of the pavement without obtained by the discovery of an agate cylinder on which the betraying the existence of the cavity. In these cavities, same form reappeared. The form of a fish was so combined Botta found small images of baked clay, of frightful aspect, with that of a human being, that 'the head of the fish sometimes with lynx head and human body, and sometimes formed a mitre above that of the man, while its scaly back with human head and lion's body; and, in short, exhibiting and fan-like tail fell as a cloak behind, leaving the human a variety of hideous shapes and attitudes.

limbs and feet exposed. The figure wore a fringed tunic, The thresholds of the entrances, before which these holes and bore the two sacred emblems—the basket and the cone.' were found, consisted of single slabs of gypsum, covered Mr Layard identifies this mythic form with the Oannes of with long cuneatic inscriptions. What purpose were these the Chaldeans, referred to in Dr Kitto's note. Certainly cavities and inscriptions designed to subserve? Bonomi the form on the cylinder, and on the broken slabs, corresuggests that they were designed for the protection of the sponds exactly with the description given in the fragment apartments into which the entrances led. We find of Berosus, according to which the monster had the entire the principal doorways guarded either by the symbolic | body of a fish; but under the head of the fish, was that bulls, or by winged divinities. We next find upon the of a man, and attached to the tail were human feet. In bulls themselves, and on the pavement of the recesses of the ruins at Nimroud, at the entrance to a small temple, Mr the doors, long inscriptions, always the same [and containing Layard found sculptures of fish-gods, of a different form the same name], probably incantations or prayers; and, from that of those above described. The fish's head here finally, these secret cavities, in which images of a compound also formed (part of) the cap of the figure, but the tail character were hidden. Thus the sacred or royal precincts reached no further than the waist of the man. This figure were trebly guarded by divinities, inscriptions, and hidden also held in its left hand a basket, and in its right a cone. gods, from the approach of any subtle spirit, or more With regard to the significance of these mythic forms, a palpable enemy, that might have escaped the vigilance of recent writer in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society the king's body-guard,' p. 157. Bonomi further identifies (vol. xvi., part 1, 1854) advances the view, that the fishthe clay images with the teraphim, founding partly on the god represented the constellation of Pisces. This view is meaning of the root of the latter word-to terrify, coupled connected with a system of interpreting the symbolical with the hideous aspect of the images ; partly on the plural figures from Nineveh, according to which the Assyrian form of the word, in connection with their compound form ; | mythology is made to rest upon an astronomical basis. also following a different etymology, on the signification of This system will be more fully explained in a subsequent the Arabic word 'tarf, which means a boundary or note on 2 Kings xxi., and the reader is referred to that margin (if derived from this word, teraphim would be the note for some additional observations on the Dagon god. guardians of the thresholds); and, lastly, on the evident identity of teraphim with telefin, the name by which the NOTE 30, p. 110.-In this note we shall make a few modern Persians call their talismans. Bonomi concludes: | remarks on certain parts of this chapter which require

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It’s Monday! What are you reading? July 9, 2018

“It’s Monday! What are you reading?” is a weekly meme hosted by Book Date. The folks at Teacher Mentor Texts and Unleashing Readers have given #IMWAYR a new lens on books for kids & teens. Check out their blogs to see what they’re reading!

I’ll be using #IMWAYR mostly to organize my reading list for the week and set out my book goals. I hate making decisions and find it so much easier to map out my reading at the beginning of the week rather than having to decide what to read next after each book I finish.

Here’s what I read/listened to last week:

This year I’ve been trying to read more graphic novels, and have been slowly working through the Harry Potter audiobooks (since I’m apparently the only librarian ever who hasn’t read them).

Here’s my TBR for the week:

51q2whyCIkL._SX329_BO1,204,203,200_Things Jolie Needs to Do Before She Bites it by Kerry Winfrey

Jolie can’t wait to have jaw surgery to fix her underbite, but she also can’t help but wonder if she’ll die during surgery. As she counts down to the big day, she and her BFFs race to finish her bucket list.

As a former teen-with-an-underbite who got jaw surgery like Jolie (and the author!), I preordered this book as soon as I heard about it and am so excited that its release date (7/10) is this week. Just like Jolie, I had a totally ridiculous fear that I would die during my jaw surgery. I know I’ll relate to Jolie so much, making this one of my most anticipated 2018 reads.

35230429Invisible Ghosts by Robyn Schneider

Rose Asher’s life hasn’t been the same since her brother’s death, but not for the reason you’d assume. Logan has been appearing as a ghost for four years, and even though this means they can still binge-watch shows together after school, it also means that Rose has missed out on a lot of normal things, which she’s pretty much okay with. But when a childhood friend moves back to town, Rose’s life gets shaken up one more time.

I’m currently listening to the audiobook version of Invisible Ghosts on my commute and am hoping to finish it this week. It’s not something I’d normally read, but  I love ghost stories that aren’t scary, and I’m always so happy to see more Jewish and Filipino representation in YA. Also, that pink and purple pastel cover is swoon-worthy.

chaos of standing stillChaos of Standing Still by Jessica Brody

Stuck in an airport during a blizzard, Ryn and Xander accidentally swap phones and find themselves pulled into a night of adventures. Through their night, Ryn is forced to confront her grief over the death of her best friend.

This was a 2017 release that I’m finally trying to get to this week. I normally don’t care for books that take place in one night (I’m a sucker for long story arcs and character development), but books about grief always get me. Plus, Jessica Brody will be visiting a local bookstore near me later this month, so I wanted to read it before I see her there.

What are you reading this week?

10 thoughts on “It’s Monday! What are you reading? July 9, 2018

  1. Nice bunch of books. I read all the Harry Potter books as they were released. My students and I enjoyed the excitement of the lead ups to each release. I haven’t read them since. I’ve enjoyed some books by Jessica Brody but haven’t read this one yet. I hope you enjoy it. Come see my week here. Happy reading!

  2. While I’ve read all of the Harry Potter books, I’ve not yet gotten to any of the books you’ve shared this week. And what a clever title for a book about jaw surgery! Thank you so much for sharing and have a wonderful reading week!

  3. Glad that you’re finally making your way through the Harry Potter series! I need to be as organized as you with my to read list haha. The jaw surgery book sounds amazing. Let us know how it is when you get around to reading it!

  4. I liked Anya’s Ghost and had it in my class library before I retired. I never got into the Harry Potter books because when I read the first one to my class it failed miserably. Mind you they weren’t a book loving class, little did I know it was going on to be a set of very famous books!

    1. People have been trying to get me to read Harry Potter since I was a kid and I could never get into it! I was never much into fantasy. But now that I’m finally working through the audibooks, I’m enjoying them much more than I thought I would!

  5. I read Harry Potter so long ago that I probably need to re-read, at least one or two. I work at a used bookstore & they still fly off the shelves! Thanks for all the titles, new to me except for Anya’s Ghost. My son had that surgery, though I doubt he would like to read the book. I will put it on my list, though.

  6. It looks like you had a wonderful reading week! I read one Harry Potter book and haven’t seen one of the movies and I was a librarian for 10 years. I just couldn’t get into them.
    I really enjoyed Spill Zone and am looking forward to the sequel which is supposed to be coming out some time this fall.

  7. I really loved Anya’s Ghost and my ‘junior’ book club of middle graders at the time enjoyed it too when we had it for our monthly book club discussion. Enjoy the rest of your reading week!

  8. I am so excited for you to be reading Harry Potter for the first time, and the audiobooks are brilliant. And the two graphic novels you read are so good also.

    Hope you had a good reading week 🙂

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Detailed Celestron Cavalry 10×50 Review (And How It Works for Birding!)

This Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review will take a look at one of those binoculars that have grown in stature due to their list of features.

However, at Born for Pets, the goal is to assess whether or not these binoculars are even worth it in real life! Should you take the time to invest in the Celestron Cavalry 10×50 for bird watching?

This Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review is going to have all the answers.

Before doing this, let’s take a look at what the review is going to consider. There are certain variables that play a role in your bird watching experience when it comes to using the right type of binoculars.

The variables include:

  • Dependability
  • Performance in Different Conditions
  • Durability
  • Ergonomics

This Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review is going to assess all of these variables and more.

If you are thinking about getting the Celestron Cavalry 10×50 for birding, you want to know what it brings to the table.

This Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review will take a look at what the product is all about, its pros, cons, and whether or not you should go down this path in the first place.

Celestron Cavalry 10×50 Binoculars (EDITOR’S CHOICE)

Celestron 71424 Cavalry 10x50 Binocular (Olive Green) with...
  • BaK-4 Prisms: Increased contrast and resolution for sharper, more detailed images
  • Fully Multi-Coated Optics: Increased light transmission through the optical path for brighter images with increased...
  • The smartphone Adapter connects your smartphone to your telescope, so you can capture images and video through the eyepiece.

Last update on 2021-05-06 / Affiliate links / Images from Amazon Product Advertising API

Pros of Celestron Cavalry 10×50

Pro #1: Impressive Clarity

It’s essential to think about clarity when it comes to overall performance.

If there is no clarity, the binoculars become a waste of time and impossible to use for bird watching. Based on performance metrics used for this Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review, the clarity is impressive.

It can cover extensive distances without breaking a sweat and is perfect for keeping up with flying birds.

Experts Say...
The 10×50 optical magnification is a noted winner among birdwatchers due to its performance in different conditions without a sudden drop in clarity.

This performance is amplified when you are working in wet conditions as it rains.

Most binoculars become unusable as soon as it starts pouring. However, in this case, you are getting a set of binoculars that will breeze through heavy rain without breaking a sweat.

This is essential and a major plus point for this Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review.

Celestron Cavalry 10x50 review

Pro #2: Tremendous Build Quality

What about the build quality?

The reason the Celestron Cavalry 10×50 is good for bird watching has to do with the build quality. This is where the plus points start to shine through for birding purposes.

You are going to use it roughly from time to time even with the best of intentions. This is just a part of life. However, this is going to hold up well.

Binoculars go through rigorous use and it’s essential for them to last for a long time while bird watching making build quality a necessary requirement.

The outer shell is robust and doesn’t crack easily.

You will know it’s going to work well as soon as you put it to use and that’s fascinating. It is waterproof and perfect for those who want to keep using it in all conditions.

Pro #3: New-Age Smartphone Integration

Using it with a smartphone is always beneficial when it comes to storing your birding experiences.

In the past, this wasn’t always possible, but Celestron has given you the opportunity to hold onto those memories. With smartphone integration using the adapter, you can quickly and seamlessly take pictures using the binoculars.

You can quickly hook the adapter to the binoculars and then set up your smartphone to take pictures. It’s a joy to behold and one of the more underrated qualities of these binoculars.

Celestron Cavalry 10x50 review

Pro #4: Well-Designed for Bird Watching and Handling

For this Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review, it’s also important to dig into the ergonomics.

If you want something that is easy to handle then it’s best to start here. At this price point, you are getting the real deal and it’s excellent for bird watching.

Experts Say...
Ergonomics play a critical role in how the binoculars do when it’s time to go bird watching.

Even when you are on the move, the Celestron Cavalry 10×50 will hold up well.

It’s going to remain compact in your hands and the general build quality won’t let you down either. Everything is made to appeal to birdwatchers and that’s what allows it to shine.

Cons of Celestron Cavalry 10×50

Con #1: Average in Closer Distances

One of the concerns with the Celestron Cavalry 10×50 has to do with its in-close results.

Yes, it does exceptionally well across fields because of the Bak4 Prisms and fully multi-coated optics, but what about birds that are nearby?

The clarity is not as substantial and it does let you down at times.

In most cases, you are going to want to stay far away to enjoy the experience more. Of course, you can make small adjustments and still enjoy the birdwatching session as the birds stay close.

It’s just a hurdle that you don’t like dealing with most of the time.

Celestron Cavalry 10x50 review

Con #2: Below-Par Cover for Lens

Another con for this Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review involves the cover.

Yes, the cover is not fun to use.

It’s not as robust and it doesn’t stay in place at times. When there is a bit of rain around, you might start to realize how difficult it is to keep the cover where it needs to be.

Experts Say...
The finer details always matter when it is time to judge the merits of binoculars due to the standard set in the industry among competitors.

This is tedious at times, especially when you are in a rush.

The idea of fiddling around with the lens cover is unappealing and it is a design flaw for Celestron.

Final Verdict

In the end, this Celestron Cavalry 10×50 review shows the value of a high-grade product that has been made well and performs beautifully for bird watching.

If you are into birding and want budget-friendly binoculars then it’s time to start here.

The general quality and performance won’t let you down.

Here’s more on binoculars and birding – comparing binoculars for bird watching, best optical zoom for bird watching, review of Swarovski binoculars for bird watching, and how to get birds to talk.


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College softball: BPCC’s Fagan, Favela selected as NJCAA All-Americans

A week after being named an All-American by the National Fastpitch Coaches Association, Bossier Parish Community College infielder Chelsea Fagan today was a First-Team Division I All-America selection by the National Junior College Athletic Association. Teammate Elisa Favela was selected to the Third-Team as the designated player.

“What an incredible honor for both Chelsea and Elisa,” said BPCC head coach Amanda Nordberg-Hamilton. “We preach to our players that good things will come if they work hard, dedicate themselves to the game and possess a commitment to excellence. Chelsea and Elisa embody those traits and are reaping their just rewards.”

Courtesy of BPCC
Chelsea Fagan

Fagan, who was the Region XIV Player-of-the-Year, led the NJCAA’s Division I in home runs with 38. She batted .454 and drove in 86 runs for the Lady Cavaliers this season. The Bastrop High School product, helped lead BPCC to a school record 44 wins and a share of the conference’s regular season title. Fagan, who was a catcher throughout her freshman campaign in 2017, made the transition to third base this season. She led the team in total chances with 209 and assists with 40. She finished the season with a .938 fielding percentage.

Courtesy of BPCC
Elisa Favela

Favela, a sophomore from Ewa Beach, Hi., led the Lady Cavs with a .478 batting average and in hits with 88. She hit 19 home runs and drove in 73 runs, while posting a 17-7 record with a 2.01 earned run average in the circle. This season Favela struck out 162 batter in 153.1 innings. She finished her career with a school-record 309 strikeouts.

“Chelsea and Elisa have set the bar very high for future Lady Cavaliers,” said Nordberg-Hamilton. “They are two of the greatest softball players to ever wear a BPCC jersey.”

Fagan has signed a National Letter of Intent with Southern Arkansas University, while Favela will continue her career at the University of Hawaii.

– Charlie Cavell, BPCC athletic coordinator


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Obituary: Lester L. Meyers

BOSSIER CITY – Lester L. Meyers born September 5, 1929 in Shreveport, LA went to be with the Lord on October 8, 2014 in Bossier City. It was a peaceful homegoing.

He is survived by his wife of 63 years, Bonnie; one son, Lee and wife Jenny; grandchildren, Owen and Ivey; special grandchild Beki Bozeman Elledge; great grandchildren, Annabelle and Elijah Elledge; one sister, Vada Jones and nieces and nephews.

He was preceded in death by his parents, Henry and Margie Meyers; brother, Lewis and sister, Vetta Blake.

Lester retired with the Shreveport Fire Department after 25 years of faithful service. He also owned and operated a TV repair business for 50 years. He enjoyed fishing, camping and gardening in past years and was always trying to find a bargain at garage sales and flea markets.

Lester was known by many for his generosity and sense of humor; a man who loved the Lord and his family. He will be missed by all who knew him. He has been a member of Shreveport Community Church for many years.

Pastor Brian Opbroek of SCC will officiate the graveside service which will be held at 1:00 p.m. on Saturday, October 11, 2014 in Centuries Memorial Park in Shreveport. Visitation will be at Centuries Memorial Funeral Home on Friday, October 10, 2014 from 5-7 p.m.

Pallbearers will be: James Schwartz, Tom Bozeman, Cliff Bozeman, Wade Bozeman, Billy Meyers, Eddy Meyers and David Norcross.

You may share words of comfort with the family by visiting


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Translation In Allentown

Bostico International provides professional translation in Allentown. We have been providing professional translations to the United States, including Allentown, since 2003 so we have all the experience you require. We provide Spanish translations, French translations, German translations, Italian translations, and many more. Our translation services cover every apect of industry including industrial, technical, medical, scientific, and legal translations. By using our database of over 2500 linguistst worldwide, we are able locate an interpreter that specializes in the field you require. These translators ofter have a masters degree or higher in their chosen field which ensures you of an accurate translation service. Our document translation service (legal, medical, technical, financial, and others) is oftern returned to you within just 24 hours! We also provide website translation and software localization and in most cases, we are able to provide you with ready to use scripts and html code. Our translation service in Allentown is quite possibly the best in the USA.

Allentown's diverse economy is growing and an influx immigrants has made the need for accurate translations essential, now more than ever before. The international activity in Allentown's has made it essential to keep your business flowing by translating documents, manuals, fliers adverts and other promotional material which will allow you to remain competitive. Our translators are all highly qualified and ensure that precision and competence are mandatory for all clients. Translation and translating is what we do best.

Bostico International USA is proud to offer its services to the residents and workforce of Allentown. We are offer bespoke language solutions by tailoring our services to your particular project requirements. Thanks to the internet and email, we can often return your documents within the same day and we offer the same level of service to each and every customer.

Bostico International USA also provides multilingual transcription, voiceovers, proof reading, and cultural consultation in Allentown by using the best translators in the world. Eliminate the language barriers that slow expansion and hold you back by choosing a professional translation service from Bostico International. If you are looking for a translation in Allentown then look no further. We cover over 150 languages and we have over 10 years experience so order your Allentown translation today and see how simple it is to make your business international!

About Allentown

Allentown (Pennsylvania Dutch: Allenschteddel) is a city located in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, after Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and the 215th largest city in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 118,032 and is currently the fastest growing city in Pennsylvania. It is also the county seat of Lehigh County.

Located on the Lehigh River, Allentown is the largest of three adjacent cities that make up a region of eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey known as the Lehigh Valley, Allentown is 60 miles (97 km) north of Philadelphia, the fifth most populous city in the United States, 80 miles (130 km) east of Harrisburg, the state capital, and 90 miles (140 km) west of New York City, the nation's largest city.

[source: Wikipedia]


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2021 Outlook: FBNQuest Research sees modest GDP Growth for Nigeria

Must Read

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Forecasts another positive year for equities…

After slipping into its second recession in 5 years, Nigeria’s economy is projected to expand by 2.0% in 2021 on the back of a modest fiscal stimulus and targeted private investment.

This is the view of the Research team at FBNQuest and was a key talking point during the Leading Conversations with FBNQuest webinar hosted by the firm to elaborate on its 2021 Outlook report published earlier this month.

FBNQuest: Driving Women Economic Empowerment Initiatives

With the theme “Tentative emergence from the shadow of COVID-19”, the outlook report captured the firm’s view on the Nigerian economy, socio-political environment and traditional asset classes (fixed income and equities) against the backdrop of the economic contraction that followed the COVID-19 pandemic which started last year.

The report notes that the second term of Nigeria’s President, Muhammadu Buhari, has been “hijacked” by COVID-19, with a sharp decline in oil prices and unprecedented lockdowns spurring a recession in 2020.

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However, Nigeria’s government, unlike its counterparts in many advanced economies, has limited ammunition to catalyse a robust recovery in 2021. The report also highlights that the combined monetary and fiscal stimulus amounts to just 4% of GDP, compared to over 10% of GDP in large economies such as Brazil, Turkey, the United States, Canada, and Japan.

As Nigeria comes to grips with the challenges brought about by COVID-19, the report cites the speedy passage of the federal budget for the second year in a row and the end of fuel subsidy payments as positive reforms.

However, the insecurity in many parts of the country and the slow pace of oil sector legislative reforms were recognised as negatives for an economy desperate for strong and inclusive growth.

Nevertheless, FBNQuest expects low-interest rates in the United States and an average Bonny Light Crude price of US$56 per barrel to support Nigeria’s economic recovery in 2021. In addition to fiscal stimulus and private-sector investment, the report identifies financial technology, agriculture, and ICT as primary drivers of growth in 2021.

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With regards to asset prices, FBNQuest projects another positive year for equities in 2021. The research team notes that lower yields and the elevated liquidity available to domestic institutions buoyed stocks in 2020.

The impact of lower rates is expected to carry over into 2021, albeit with less dramatic impact, as domestic institutions are swayed by dividend yield offered by bank stocks. A number of non-financial stocks such as Seplat, Flour Mills, Nestle Nigeria and UAC of Nigeria are also expected to outperform in 2021.

FBNQuest projects that the NSE All-Share Index will rise 20% in 2021, while in the fixed income market, yields are projected to rise by 3 percentage points to 10% to 11% on most bonds by the end of the year.

According to the firm, however, these comments are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any stocks, as the report only seeks to present projections based on analyses.

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On the exchange rate, the FBNQuest view is that a combination of higher oil revenue, multilateral loans and Eurobond sales should underpin reserves this year and allow the CBN to contain NGN exchange-rate depreciation. The forecast for average I&E/NAFEX rate is NGN419 per USD at end-2021.

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A Guide to Professional Mold Removal Services in Sonoma County

Professionals are critical in all stages of the assessment and removal process for mitigating the impact of black mold within the home. A common mistake homeowners make is trying to remove mold alone without expert assistance. This can often be dangerous and lead to significant issues throughout the property. To help highlight the value of professional mold removal, we’ll provide our guide to the services provided by mold removal companies in Sonoma County in this latest post.

The most important stage of the black mold removal work by mold removal companies in Sonoma County is the identification process. During their identification work, mold removal teams in Sonoma County will work to ensure that any issues are examined closely. They will complete lab tests on potential mold samples to ensure that homeowners have swift guidance for the road ahead. Without this level of analysis, homeowners can’t be sure whether the mold carries health risks or is a benign element within the property.

  • Tracking the Cause

Another important element within professional mold removal services in Sonoma County is the tracking down of the cause of the problem. Professionals can ensure that the root cause of the mold issue within the home is found with precision. They can analyze all the elements involve and ensure that the source of the mold is located and then resolved. Often, the problem is a leaking pipe within a bathroom space, which can be quickly fixed by professional repair teams.

  • Effective Removal

A difficult part of the mold removal work is ensuring that all spores are effectively taken out of the home through the remediation process. The removal team will take their time and analyze all elements of the home structure for mold intrusion. They will carefully extract all mold-impacted elements so that the environment is safe for the family’s return. After their removal work has been completed, the company will then take on the drying process and ensure the structure is in peak condition and all potential health issues are mitigated.

  • Long-Standing Guidance

Partnering with a mold removal company in their area, families in Sonoma County can ensure they have guidance long into the future when they suspect a mold problem. They can quickly call the mold experts to determine the extent of a potential issue within their home. This will help ensure families are protected for many years to come.

Bravo Restoration & Construction Can Help

To discover more on the benefits of professional mold removal in Sonoma County, call our team directly today!