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California Municipal Bond Fund

Updated Aug 31, 2015

    Fixed Income
    $7 MM
    (as of 07/31/2015)
    $7 MM
    (as of 07/31/2015)
    Fixed Income

The Fund seeks high current income exempt from Federal and California income tax

Primary Portfolio

Investment grade municipal securities, with average portfolio duration normally varying within (negative) 2 years to positive 4 years of the portfolio duration of the securities comprising the Barclays California Municipal Bond Index

Fund Overview

Tax-advantaged income potential

Investing primarily in high-quality California municipal bonds, the fund aims to deliver attractive tax-free income at the federal and California state level, with capital appreciation as a secondary goal.

Why Invest In This Fund

Potential for attractive tax-efficient income

The fund pursues tax-efficient income for investors in higher tax brackets, generating interest that is typically exempt from federal and California state income taxes. The fund’s average portfolio duration normally varies within -2 to +4 years of the portfolio duration of the securities comprising the Barclays California Municipal Bond Index.

Targeting opportunities in a transformed municipal market

PIMCO is uniquely qualified to respond to recent changes in the municipal bond market, with an extensive network of credit research capabilities to address concerns about creditworthiness, which is critical to municipal bond investing. Additionally, PIMCO has the market presence to provide access to the new issue and secondary markets.

Active management

PIMCO has been managing municipal bonds since 1997. Today we are among the largest investors in the market, with an expert municipal bond team constantly analyzing macro-economic, technical, and fundamental trends within the marketplace.

Our Expertise

PIMCO California Municipal Bond Fund is managed by Joe Deane, PIMCO’s head of municipal bond portfolio management and a 40+ year veteran of the municipal bond market, and David Hammer, a municipal bond expert with 12 years of investment experience. They are supported by PIMCO’s dedicated municipal bond portfolio team, robust credit resources and significant market presence.

Barclays California Municipal Bond Index

The Barclays California Municipal Bond Index is the California component of the Barclays Municipal Bond Index, which consists of a broad selection of investment-grade general obligation and revenue bonds of maturities ranging from one year to 30 years. It is an unmanaged index representative of the tax-exempt bond market. The index is made up of all investment-grade municipal bonds issued after 12/31/90 having a remaining maturity of at least one year. It is not possible to invest directly in an unmanaged index.

Monthly with Daily Accrual

David Hammer began managing the fund on 20 August 2015.

Joseph Deane

Head of Municipal Bond Portfolio Management

View Profile

David Hammer

Portfolio Manager, Municipal Bonds

View Profile

Yields & Distributions

Historical Prices & Distributions

Distribution Yield (At NAV)1 as of 7/31/2015 2.69%
30 - Day SEC Yield2 as of 7/31/2015 2.43%
30 - Day SEC Yield2 as of 8/31/2015 2.62%
Latest Dividend Distribution ($ Share)3 as of 8/31/2015 $0.024759707
Dividend Distribution (YTD)4 as of 8/31/2015 $0.182959333
Yields & Distributions Footnotes & Disclosures

1The distribution yield for monthly paying Funds is calculated by annualizing actual dividends distributed for the monthly period ended on the date shown and dividing by the net asset value on the last business day for the same period. The distribution yield for quarterly paying Funds is calculated by taking the average of the prior four quarterly distribution yields. The quarterly distribution yields are calculated by annualizing actual dividends distributed for the quarterly period ended on the most recent quarterly distribution date and dividing by the net asset value for the same date. The distribution yield for annual paying Funds is calculated by taking the annual distribution divided by the Fund’s net asset value on ex-date. The yield is annualized if the Fund incepted less than a year ago. The yield does not include long- or short-term capital gains distributions.
2The 30-Day SEC yield is an annualized yield based on the most recent 30 day period.
3Data does not include special cash dividends.
4Data is based on distributions since the most recent calendar year end and does not include special cash dividends.
Unless stated, the Fund does not have an unsubsidized yield.

Fees & Expenses

Total Annual Operating Expenses 0.44%

Prices & Performance

Daily Statistics

All data as of 8/31/2015

NAV $10.33 One Day Return 0.11%
Daily Change $0.01 Daily YTD Return 0.61%
Click here to view Historical Prices
  • Average Annual Returns
  • Cumulative Returns

All data as of

  • Daily
  • Month End
  • Quarter End

All data as of

  • Daily
  • Month End
  • Quarter End
Performance quoted represents past performance and is not a guarantee or a reliable indicator of future results. Investment return and the principal value of an investment will fluctuate. Shares may be worth more or less than original cost when redeemed. Current performance may be lower or higher than average annual returns shown. Performance quoted does not reflect any sales charges, if applicable, and performance would be lower if it did.

Calendar Year Returns %

All data as of

Growth of $10,000 (hypothetical)

Since inception 5/31/2012 to 7/31/2015 = $11,135

Morningstar and Lipper

  • Morningstar Ratings
  • Lipper Rankings
Prices & Performance Footnotes & Disclosures

Performance figures presented reflect the total return performance after fees and reflect changes in share price and reinvestment of dividend and capital gain distributions on the payable date. All periods longer than one year are annualized.
Daily YTD return is from the most recent calendar year end.
Growth of $10,000 is calculated at NAV and assumes that all dividend and capital gain distributions were reinvested. It does not take into account sales charges or the effect of taxes. Results are not indicative of future performance.
Past performance is not a guarantee or a reliable indicator of future results. For funds with at least a 3-yr history, Morningstar calculates a Morningstar Rating based on a risk-adjusted return measure that accounts for variation in a fund’s monthly performance (including the effects of sales charges, loads and redemption fees) with an emphasis on downward variations and consistent performance. The top 10% of funds in each category receive 5 stars, the next 22.5% receive 4 stars, the next 35% receive 3 stars, the next 22.5% receive 2 stars and the bottom 10% receive 1 star. The Overall Morningstar Rating is a weighted average of the performance figures for its 3-, 5- and 10-yr (if applicable) Morningstar Rating metrics. Morningstar, Inc.® 2015. All rights reserved. The information contained herein; (1) is proprietary to Morningstar and/or its affiliates; (2) may not be copied or distributed; (3) is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely. Neither Morningstar nor its content providers are responsible for any damages or losses arising from any use of this information. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Hollow stars represent a class of shares with inception dates that is different than the inception date of the fund. For the period prior to the inception date of these shares, performance information is based on the performance of the fund’s Institutional Class shares, adjusted to reflect the actual distribution and/or service (12b-1) fees and other expenses paid by the newer share class.
The Lipper Category returns and rankings are calculated by Lipper Inc., a Reuters Company, which is a nationally recognized organization that compares the performance of mutual funds with similar investment objectives. The Category returns represent the average performance of included funds, while rankings compare an individual fund's returns to those of the other funds in its category. Both are based on total return performance, with capital gains and dividends reinvested, with annual operating expenses deducted, but without including front- or back-end sales charges. Rankings begin with the actual share class inception. Rankings are relative to a peer group and do not necessarily mean that the fund had high total returns.

Portfolio Composition

All data as of unless otherwise stated

Maturity %

0-1 yrs 25.44
1-3 yrs 0.00
3-5 yrs 0.00
5-10 yrs 59.89
10-20 yrs 26.91
20+ yrs -12.23
Effective Maturity (yrs) 4.10

Duration in Years

Effective Duration (yrs) 5.65

Sector Allocation Market Value %

State/Local GO 10.97
Pre-Refunded 0.00
Education Rev. 7.57
Hospital Rev. 10.03
Housing Rev. 0.00
Ind Dev/Pollution Ctrl 0.00
Lease Rev. 0.00
Power Rev. 8.04
Resource Recovery 6.07
Special Tax 11.20
Transportation 7.90
Water & Sewer 25.02
Tobacco 2.65
Net Other Short Duration Instruments Muni 0.00
Other Muni 0.00
US Government Related5 -14.89
Mortgage 0.00
Invest. Grade Credit 0.00
High Yield Credit 0.00
Non-USD Developed 0.00
Emerging Markets6 0.00
Other7 0.00
Net Other Short Duration Instruments ex-Muni 25.44
Portfolio Composition Footnotes & Disclosures

5May include nominal and inflation-protected Treasuries, Treasury futures and options, agencies, FDIC-guaranteed and government-guaranteed corporate securities, and interest rate swaps.
6Short duration emerging markets instruments includes an emerging market security or other instrument economically tied to an emerging market country by country of risk with an effective duration less than one year and rated investment grade or higher or if unrated, determined to be similar quality by PIMCO. Emerging Markets includes the value of short duration emerging markets instruments previously reported in another category.
7May include municipals, convertibles, preferreds, and yankee bonds.
Portfolio information in the charts is based on the fund's net assets. These percentages may differ from those used for the fund's compliance calculations, including the fund's prospectus, regulatory, and other investment limitations and policies, which may be based on total assets of the fund or other measurements, may include or exclude various categories of investments from those covered in the portfolio allocation categories shown in this report, and may be based on different classifications and measurements of the fund’s investments and other criteria.
References to specific sectors, securities or issuers are for illustrative purposes only. All holdings are subject to change daily. All share classes have the same portfolio but different expenses.
Duration is a measure of a portfolio’s price sensitivity expressed in years. Effective duration is the duration for a bond with an embedded option when the value is calculated to include the expected change in cash flow caused by the option as interest rates change.

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Investors should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses of the funds carefully before investing. This and other information are contained in the fund’s prospectus and summary prospectus, if available, which may be obtained by contacting your investment professional or PIMCO representative.  Click here for a complete list of the PIMCO Funds prospectuses and summary prospectuses. Please read them carefully before you invest or send money.
A word about risk:

Investing in the bond market is subject to risks, including market, interest rate, issuer, credit, inflation risk, and liquidity risk. The value of most bonds and bond strategies are impacted by changes in interest rates. Bonds and bond strategies with longer durations tend to be more sensitive and volatile than those with shorter durations; bond prices generally fall as interest rates rise, and the current low interest rate environment increases this risk. Current reductions in bond counterparty capacity may contribute to decreased market liquidity and increased price volatility. Bond investments may be worth more or less than the original cost when redeemed. Mortgage and asset-backed securities may be sensitive to changes in interest rates, subject to early repayment risk, and their value may fluctuate in response to the market’s perception of issuer creditworthiness; while generally supported by some form of government or private guarantee there is no assurance that private guarantors will meet their obligations. High-yield, lower-rated, securities involve greater risk than higher-rated securities; portfolios that invest in them may be subject to greater levels of credit and liquidity risk than portfolios that do not. Investors will, at times, incur a tax liability. Income from municipal bonds may be subject to state and local taxes and at times the alternative minimum tax; a fund concentrating in a single state is subject to greater risk of adverse economic conditions and regulatory changes. Equities may decline in value due to both real and perceived general market, economic, and industry conditions. Derivatives may involve certain costs and risks such as liquidity, interest rate, market, credit, management and the risk that a position could not be closed when most advantageous. Investing in derivatives could lose more than the amount invested. Diversification does not ensure against loss.
This material has been distributed for informational purposes only and should not be considered as investment advice or a recommendation of any particular security, strategy or investment product. No part of this material may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any other publication, without express written permission.
PIMCO Investments LLC, distributor, 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019, is a company of PIMCO.


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  • Francis Lammé

    SAUL STEINBERG with himself as a little boy, long island, 1978 photo by Evelyn Hofer

  • The New Yorker

    The artist Saul Steinberg holds hands with a cutout photograph of himself as a boy. Ian Frazier remembers the artist: (Photograph by Evelyn Hofer)

  • Tyler Robbins

    Saul Steinberg, with himself as a Little Boy, Long Island, New York, United States, 1978, photograph by Evelyn Hofer.

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Saul Steinberg in Nose Mask 1966, Irving Penn. - Saul Steinberg, en la nariz de la máscara de 1966, Irving Penn.

man sniffing flower, simple black & white sketch by Saul Stienberg (similar drawing style to Shel Silverstein)

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My Third Place Writing Campaign

My ThirdPlaceThe 2012 deadline has passed.

The Third Place is a concept espoused by Urban Sociologist Ray Oldenberg in his book The Great GoodPlace (1989, 1991) which refers to the notion that social surroundings are separate from the tacit social environments of home and work; the first two places. Oldenberg's premise is that third places provide for and contribute to civil society, democracy, civic engagement, and creating a sense of place

As part of the 2011-2012 writing campaign, the Division extended the question to its membership and other like-minded professionals:

"What is your Third Place"?

All submissions were due by January 31, 2012. The winning author Mike Agnew, AICP, of Wausau, Wisconsin, received and iPad2 wi-fi courtesy of the Urban Design and Preservation Division for his submission Tom's Skelly Service.

"My Third Place": A compilation of the top submissions (pdf)

My One City

 The UDP 2010-2011 My One City writing campaign sought to expose and stimulate planners to discovering, in 300 words or less, their favorite city. Following is the campaign message distributed.

Discovering new cities and places is something planners' embrace. Please consider contributing to "My One City" by sharing your favorite city, from your perspective, in 300 words or less. Tell us about your favorite city, what makes it special, and what planners should know about it.

The winning submission was "St. Louis" by Alexandra Reisman. Ms. Reisman was awarded a free registration for the April 2011 National APA Conference in Boston.

Other select entries will be published in the Division's quarterly newsletter.

All My One City submissions (pdf)

My One City Submissions
St. Louis, Missouri
Alexandra Reisman
JinHua, Zhe Jiang, CHINA
Ya Wang
Annapolis, Maryland
Jason Beske
Greenfield, Massachusetts
Jaimye Bartak
William Mackey
Edinburgh, SCOTLAND
Carl Leith
Silver Spring, Maryland
Margaret Rifkin
Akshali Gandhi
Boston, Massachusetts
Scott Templin
Detroit, Michigan
Kaushambi Shah
Poughkeepsie, New York
Emily Johnson
Davis, California
Siam Pewsawant
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Jillian Penrod-Krause
Burlington, Vermont
Raymond Hayhurst
Miami, Florida
Melissa Hege
Washington, D.C.
Lee Edgecombe, AICP


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Eficiencia Legal Para La Inclusión Social in Lima, Peru

La Eficiencia Legal para la Inclusión Social's (ELIS) Rimac Reborn Project focuses on the revitalization of downtown Lima's historical Rimac District. The Rimac District is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site designated in Lima. Slum housing is especially prevalent in older historic neighborhoods. Ninety-five percent of the buildings are not occupied by the property owners. Titleholder abandonment of properties causes the area to fall into disrepair and become unsanitary public health hazards. ELIS is working diligently to change the neighborhood dynamics in the Rimac District. ELIS successfully advocated the passage of national law that mandates any new residential urban development in the historic core to include a social inclusion component. To ELIS social inclusion is achieved by the acquirement of property rights and community led redevelopment.

The American Planning Association (APA) and ELIS will assist at least 60 families in the Rimac District to gain access to credit, acquire property rights to the current buildings they inhabit, and attract builders to invest in the redevelopment projects. ELIS coordinates with various governmental agencies to smoothly transfer property rights from the current deed-holders to the current residents, and upgrade the abandoned properties. The redevelopment process not only requires establishing relations with government agencies and the current residents, but with the private sector as well. ELIS will develop a dossier, or a marketing portfolio for each property to attract private sector redevelopment firms to invest in the newly established property owners.The outcomes of the Rimac Reborn Project will set the methodological standards for replication in the other 43 districts of Metropolitan Lima.

Update: November 12-16, 2013

Thomas Bassett and ELIS

ELIS received its first technical visit from Ana Cutts, director of Habitat for Humanity, Argentina. Cutts was chosen because of her housing experience in Buenos Aires, which is very similar to ELIS's Rimac Renace project. Her project in Buenos Aires's historic la Boca neighborhood is working within the confines faced by ELIS; they are creating affordable housing in a prime location for employment. Cutts, along with APA's Senior Program Associate, Thomas Bassett, visited Lima for a week to work intensively with ELIS's team, meeting with community members, and present at a conference.

Cutts and ELIS shared each other's experiences and brainstormed for a few days to find solutions for these complex housing projects. Both gained lots of ideas from this knowledge exchange. The group also toured the Rimac neighborhood, visiting various potential sites, had three community meetings, and met with various stakeholders. The week's visit culminated in presentations from the ELIS team, Cutts, and Bassett at the international seminar "Social Responsibility and the Complex Society," held at Peru's Catholic Pontific University.

The group was able to identify the next technical expertise needed: real estate finance. The ELIS project is moving forward but is poised to figure out the details of financing a renovation. APA's team will start to look for and arrange the next technical visit with the best candidate for ELIS.

Eficiencia Legal Para La Inclusión Social in Lima, Peru


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In Hollywood, it takes an army to equip one. For Robin Hood, out May 14, designers needed to create an authentic-looking army fresh from the Crusades and outfit it with weapons. To make sure it was historically accurate, designers hit the books—and the museums, including the British Museum in London and the Royal Armories in Leeds. They even drew from unusual sources, like effigies in churches.

Once the designs were drawn up and approved by director Ridley Scott, it was time to create the weaponry. While everything would have been made by hand back in the day, the process was sped up by using machined pieces, says armorer Simon Atherton. "We have two months to make 700 swords," he says. "Instead of making them by hand, we receive the components 90 percent finished. Then it's our job to bring them back down and make them look as if they were handmade." The materials used were also altered for speed and safety: Most swords used in the film were made of bamboo, not steel, while the battering ram created by production designer Arthur Max was made of fiberglass.

More From Popular Mechanics

Though designers tried to stay accurate to the look of the ancient weapons, there were times when they strayed from historical convention. Crowe's helmet, for example, is a combination of several different types of helmets available at the time. Likewise, Max's team took liberties with the ram. "Most of the battering rams are much simpler than this," he says. "We did the homework and from what was described as happening, we invented this whole design."

The team's attention to detail results in weapons that look like the real thing, even if they aren't quite. And that's exactly how it should be. "The only time you think about this stuff is when it goes wrong," Atherton says. "If we did our job well, you should be thinking, 'God, I'm there.' You should be thinking this is real."

What do you think?


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The New Food Anxiety

Food shapes our identity and influences how we see the world.

By Paul Roberts, published on March 1, 1998 - last reviewed on June 13, 2012

Our food is better than ever. So why do we worry so much about what we eat? An emerging psychology of food reveals that when we swap sit-down for take-out, we cut our emotional ties to the table and food ends up fueling our worst fears. Call it spiritual anorexia.

Early in the 1900s, as America struggled to digest yet another wave of immigrants, a social worker paid a visit to an Italian family recently settled in Boston. In most ways, the newcomers seemed to have taken to their new home, language, and culture. There was, however, one troubling sign. "Still eating spaghetti," the social worker noted. "Not yet assimilated." Absurd as that conclusion seems now—especially in this era of pasta—it aptly illustrates our long-standing faith in a link between eating and identity. Anxious to Americanize immigrants quickly, U.S. officials saw food as a critical psychological bridge between newcomers and their old culture and as a barrier to assimilation.

Many immigrants, for example, did not share Americans' faith in large, hearty breakfasts, preferring bread and coffee. Worse, they used garlic and other spices, and mixed their foods, often preparing an entire meal in a single pot. Break these habits, get them to eat like Americans—to partake in the meat heavy, superabundant U.S. diet—and, the theory confidently held, you'd have them thinking, acting, and feeling like Americans in no time.

A century later, the link between what we eat and who we are is not nearly so simple. Gone is the notion of a correct American cuisine. Ethnic is permanently in, and the national taste runs from the red-hot spices of South America to the piquancy of Asia. U.S. eaters are in fact inundated by choice--in cuisines, cookbooks, gourmet magazines, restaurants, and, of course, in food itself. Visitors are still struck dumb by the abundance of our supermarkets: the myriad meats, year-round bonanza of fresh fruits and vegetables, and, above all, the variety--dozens of kinds of apples, lettuces, pastas, soups, sauces, breads, gourmet meats, soft-drinks, desserts, condiments. Salad dressings alone can take up several yards of shelf space. All told, our national supermarket boasts some 40,000 food items, and, on average, adds 43 new ones a day—everything from fresh pastas to microwavable fish-sticks.

Yet if the idea of a correct American cuisine is fading, so, too, is much of that earlier confidence we had in our food. For all our abundance, for all the time we spend talking and thinking about food (we now have a cooking channel and the TV Food Network, with celebrity interviews and a game show), our feelings for this necessity of necessities are oddly mixed. The fact is, Americans worry about food--not whether we can get enough, but whether we are eating too much. Or whether what we eat is safe. Or whether it causes diseases, promotes brain longevity, has antioxidants, or too much fat, or not enough of the right fat. Or contributes to some environmental injustice. Or is a breeding ground for lethal microbes. "We are a society obsessed with the harmful effects of eating," grouses Paul Rozin, Ph.D., professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and a pioneer in the study of why we eat the things we eat. "We've managed to turn our feelings about making and eating food—one of our most basic, important, and meaningful pleasures—into ambivalence."

Rozin and his colleagues aren't just talking here about our frighteningly high rates of eating disorders and obesity. These days, even normal American eaters are often culinary Sybils, by turns approaching and avoiding food, obsessing over and negotiating (with themselves) what they can and can't have—generally carrying on in ways that would have flabbergasted our ancestors. It's the gastronomic equivalent of too much time on our hands.

Liberated from the "nutritional imperative," we've become free to write our own culinary agendas--to eat for health, fashion, politics, or many other objectives—in effect, to use our food in ways that often have nothing to do with physiology or nutrition. "We love with it, reward and punish ourselves with it, use it as a religion," says Chris Wolf, of Noble & Associates, a Chicago-based food marketing consultancy. "In the movie Steel Magnolias, somebody says that what separates us from the animals is our ability to accessorize. Well, we accessorize with food."

One of the ironies regarding what we eat—our psychology of food—is that the more we use food, the less we seem to understand it. Inundated by competing scientific claims, buffeted by conflicting agendas and desires, many of us simply wander from trend to trend, or fear to fear, with little idea of what we're seeking, and almost no certainty that it will make us happier or healthier. Our entire culture "has an eating disorder," argues Joan Gussow, Ed.D., professor emeritus of nutrition and education at Teachers College, Columbia University. "We are more detached from our food than at any time in history."

Beyond clinical eating disorders, the study of why people eat what they eat remains so uncommon that Rozin can count his peers on two hands. Yet for most of us, the idea of an emotional link between eating and being is as familiar as, well, food itself. For eating is the most basic interaction we have with the outside world, and the most intimate. Food itself is almost the physical embodiment of emotional and social forces: the object of our strongest desire; the basis of our oldest memories and earliest relationships.

Lessons from Lunch

As children, eating and mealtimes figure hugely in our psychic theater. It's through eating that we first learn about desire and satisfaction, control and discipline, reward and punishment. I probably learned more about who I was, what I wanted, and how to get it at my family dinner table than anywhere else. It was there that I perfected the art of haggling—and had my first major test of will with my parents: an hours-long, almost silent struggle over a cold slab of liver. Food also gave me one of my first insights into social and generational distinctions. My friends ate differently than we did—their moms cut the crusts off, kept Tang in the house, served Twinkies as snacks; mine wouldn't even buy Wonder bread. And my parents could not do Thanksgiving dinner like my grandmother.

The dinner table, according to Leon Kass, Ph.D., a culture critic at the University of Chicago, is a classroom, a microcosm of society, with its own laws and expectations: "One learns self-restraint, sharing, consideration, taking turns, and the art of conversation." We learn manners, Kass says, not only to smooth our table transactions, but to create a "veil of invisibility," helping us avoid the disgusting aspects of eating and the often violent necessities of food production. Manners create a "psychic distance" between food and its source.

As we reach adulthood, food takes on extraordinary and complex meanings. It can reflect our notions of pleasure and relaxation, anxiety and guilt. It can embody our ideals and taboos, our politics and ethics. Food can be a measure of our domestic competence (the rise of our souffle, the juiciness of our barbecue). It can also be a measure of our love—the basis of a romantic evening, an expression of appreciation for a spouse—or the seeds of a divorce. How many marriages begin to unravel over food-related criticisms, or the inequities of cooking and cleaning?

Nor is food simply a family matter. It connects us to the outside world, and is central to how we see and understand that world. Our language is rife with food metaphors: life is "sweet," disappointments are "bitter," a lover is "sugar" or "honey." Truth can be easy to "digest" or "hard to swallow." Ambition is a "hunger." We are "gnawed" by guilt, "chew" over ideas. Enthusiasms are "appetites," a surplus, "gravy."

In fact, for all its physiological aspects, our relationship with food seems more a cultural thing. Sure, there are biological preferences. Humans are generalist eaters—we sample everything—and our ancestors clearly were too, leaving us with a few genetic signposts. We're predisposed to sweetness, for example, presumably because, in nature, sweet meant fruit and other important starches, as well as breast milk. Our aversion to bitterness helped us avoid thousands of environmental toxins.

A Matter of Taste

But beyond these and a few other basic preferences, learning, not biology, seems to dictate taste. Think of those foreign delicacies that turn our own stomachs: candied grasshoppers from Mexico; termite-cakes from Liberia; raw fish from Japan (before it became sushi and chic, that is). Or consider our capacity to not only tolerate but cherish such inherently off tastes as beer, coffee, or one of Rozin's favorite examples, hot chilies. Children don't like chilies. Even youngsters in traditional chili cultures like Mexico require several years of watching adults consume chilies before assuming the habit themselves. Chilies do spice up the otherwise monotonous diet—rice, beans, corn—many chili cultures must endure. By rendering starchy staples more interesting and palatable, chilies and other spices, sauces, and concoctions made it more likely that humans would eat enough of their culture's particular staple to survive.

In fact, for most of our history, individual preferences were not only probably learned, but dictated (or even subsumed entirely) by the traditions, customs, or rituals a particular culture had developed to ensure survival. We learned to revere staples; we developed diets that included the right mix of nutrients; we erected complex social structures to cope with hunting, gathering, preparation, and distribution. This isn't to say we had no emotional connection with our food; quite the contrary.

The earliest cultures recognized that food was power. How tribal hunters divided their kill, and with whom, constituted some of our earliest social relations. Foods were believed to bestow different powers. Certain tastes, such as tea, could become so central to a culture that a nation might go to war over it. Yet such meanings were socially determined; scarcity required hard and fast rules about food—and left little room for differing interpretations. How one felt about food was irrelevant.

Today, in the superabundance that characterizes more and more of the industrialized world, the situation is almost entirely reversed: food is less a social matter, and more about the individual—especially in America. Food is available here in all places at all times, and at such low relative cost that even the poorest of us can usually afford to eat too much—and worry about it.

Not surprisingly, the very idea of abundance plays a large role in American attitudes toward food, and has since colonial times. Unlike most developed nations of the time, colonial America began without a peasant diet reliant on grains or starches. Faced with the New World's astonishing natural abundance, especially of fish and game, the European diets many colonists brought over were quickly modified to embrace the new cornucopia.

Yankee Doodle Diet

Gluttony this wasn't; our early Protestantism allowed no such excesses. But by the 19th century, abundance was a hallmark of American culture. The portly, well-fed figure was positive proof of material success, a sign of health. At the table, the ideal meal featured a large portion of meat—mutton, pork, but preferably beef, long a symbol of success—served separately from, and unsullied by, other dishes.

By the 20th century, this now-classic format, which English anthropologist Mary Douglas has dubbed "1A-plus-2B"—one serving of meat plus two smaller servings of starch or vegetables--symbolized not only American cuisine but citizenship. It was a lesson all immigrants had to learn, and which some found harder than others. Italian families were constantly lectured by Americanizers against mixing their foods, as were the rural Polish, according Harvey Levenstein, Ph.D., author of Revolution at the Table. "Not only did [Poles] eat the same dish for one meal," Levenstein notes, "they also ate it from the same bowl. They therefore had to be taught to serve food on separate plates, as well as to separate the ingredients." Getting immigrants from these stew-cultures, which extended meat via sauces and soups, to adopt the 1A-plus-2B format was regarded a major success for assimilation, adds Amy Bentley, Ph.D., professor of food studies at New York University.

The emerging American cuisine, with its proud protein emphasis, effectively reversed eating habits developed over thousands of years. In 1908, Americans consumed 163 pounds of meat per person; by 1991, according to government figures, this had climbed to 210 pounds. According to food historian Elisabeth author of The Universal Kitchen, our tendency to top one protein with another—a slab of cheese on a beef patty, for example—is a habit many other cultures still regard as wretched excess, and is only our latest declaration of abundance.

There was more to America's culinary cockiness than mere patriotism; our way of eating was healthier—least according to the scientists of the day. Spicy foods were overstimulating and a tax on digestion. Stews were non-nutritious because, according to the theories of the time, mixed foods couldn't efficiently release nutrients.

Both theories were wrong, but they exemplify how central science had become to the American psychology of food. The early settlers' need for experimentation—with food, animals, processes—had helped feed a progressive ideology that, in turn, whetted a national appetite for innovation and novelty. When it came to food, newer nearly always meant better. Some food reformers, like John Kellogg (inventor of corn flakes) and C. W. Post (Grape-Nuts), focused on increasing vitality through newly discovered vitamins or special scientific diets--trends that show no signs of fading. Other reformers lambasted the poor hygiene of the American kitchen.

Twinkies Time

In short order, the very concept of homemade, which had sustained colonial America—and is so prized today--was found unsafe, obsolete, and low class. Far better, reformers argued, were heavily processed foods from centralized, hygienic factories. Industry was quick to comply. In 1876, Campbell's introduced its first tomato soup; in 1920, we got Wonder bread and in 1930, Twinkies; 1937 brought the quintessential factory food: Spam.

Some of these early health concerns were valid—poorly canned goods are deadly—but many were pure quackery. More to the point, the new obsessions with nutrition or hygiene marked a great step in the depersonalization of food: the average person was no longer deemed competent to know enough about his or her food to get along. Eating "right" required outside expertise and technology, which American consumers increasingly embraced. "We just didn't have the food traditions to hold us back from the helter-skelter of modernity," says Gussow. "When processing came along, when the food industry came along, we didn't put up any resistance."

By the end of the second World War, which brought major advances in food processing (Cheerios arrived in 1942), consumers were increasingly relying on experts—food writers, magazines, government officials, and, in ever-greater proportions, advertisements—for advice on not only nutrition but cooking techniques, recipes, and menu planning. More and more, our attitudes were being shaped by those selling the food. By the early 60s, the ideal menu featured plenty of meat, but also concocted from the growing pantry of heavily-processed foods: Jello, canned or frozen vegetables, green-bean casserole made with cream of mushroom soup and topped with canned french-fried onions. It sounds silly, but then so are our own food obsessions.

Nor could any self-respecting cook (read: mother) serve a given meal more than once a week. Leftovers were now a blight. The new American cuisine demanded variety—different main courses and side-dishes every night. The food industry was happy to supply a seemingly endless line of instant products: instant puddings, instant rice, instant potatoes, gravies, fondues, cocktail mixers, cake mixes, and the ultimate space-age product, Tang. The growth in food products was staggering. During the late 1920s, consumers could choose among only a few hundred food products, only a portion of them branded. By 1965, according to Lynn Dornblaser, editorial director at the Chicago based New Product News, nearly 800 products were being introduced every year. And even that number would soon seem small. In 1975, there were 1,300 new products: in 1985 there were 5,617; and, in 1995, a whopping 16,863 new items.

In fact, in addition to abundance and variety, convenience was rapidly becoming the center of American food attitudes. As far back as Victorian times, feminists had eyed central food processing as a way to lighten the homemakers' burdens.

While the meal-in-a-pill ideal never quite arrived, the notion of high-tech convenience was all the rage by the 1950s. Grocery stores now had freezer cases with fruits, vegetables, and--joy of joys—pre-cut french fries. In 1954, Swanson made culinary history with the first TV dinner—turkey, cornbread stuffing, and whipped sweet potatoes, configured in a compartmentalized aluminum tray and packaged in a box that looked like the TV set. Although the initial price—98 cents—was high, the meal and its half-hour cooking time were hailed as a space-age marvel, perfectly in synch with the quickening pace of modern life. It paved the way for products ranging from instant soup to frozen burritos and, as importantly, for an entirely new mind-set about food. According to Noble & Associates, convenience is the first priority in food decisions for 30 percent of all American households.

Granted, convenience was, and is, liberating. "The number-one attraction is spending time with the family instead of being in the kitchen all day," explains Wenatchee, Washington, restaurant manager Michael Wood, of the popularity of take-out home-cooked meals. These are called "home meal replacement" in industry parlance. But convenience's allure wasn't limited to the tangible benefits of time and saved labor.

Anthropologist Conrad Kottak has even suggested that fast-food restaurants serve as a kind of church, whose decor, menu, and even conversation between counter-clerk and customer are so unvaried and dependable as to have become a kind of comforting ritual.

Yet such benefits aren't without considerable psychic cost. By diminishing the wide variety of social meanings and pleasures once associated with food—for example, by eliminating the family sit-down dinner--convenience diminishes the richness of the act of eating and further isolates us.

New research shows that while the average upper-middle class consumer has some 20 contacts with food a day (the grazing phenomenon), the amount of time spent eating with others is actually falling. That's true even within families: three-quarters of Americans don't breakfast together, and sit-down dinners have fallen to just three a week.

Nor is convenience's impact simply social. By replacing the notion of three square meals with the possibility of 24-hour grazing, convenience has fundamentally altered the rhythm food once bestowed upon each day. Less and less are we expected to wait for dinner, or avoid spoiling our appetites. Instead, we eat when and where we want, alone, with strangers, on the street, on a plane. Our increasingly utilitarian approach to food creates what the University of Chicago's Kass calls "spiritual anorexia." In his book The Hungry Soul, Kass notes that, "Like the one-eyed Cyclops, we, too, still eat when hungry, but no longer know what it means."

Worse, our increasing reliance on prepared foods coincides with a diminished inclination or capacity to cook, which in turn, only further separates us—physically and emotionally—from what we eat and where it comes from. Convenience completes the decades long depersonalization of food. What is the meaning—psychological, social, or spiritual—of a meal prepared by a machine in a factory on the other side of the country? "We're almost to the point where boiling water is a lost art," says Warren J. Belasco, head of American studies at the University of Maryland and author of Appetite for Change.

Add Your Own... Water

Not everyone was satisfied with our culinary progress. Consumers found Swanson's whipped sweet-potatoes too watery, forcing the company to switch to white potatoes. Some found the pace of change too quick and intrusive. Many parents were offended by the pre-sweetened cereals in the 1950s, preferring, apparently, to spoon the sugar on themselves. And, in one of the true ironies in the Age of Convenience, lagging sales of the new just-add-water cake mixes have forced Pillsbury to un-simplify its recipes, excluding powdered eggs and oil from the mix so that homemakers could add their own ingredients and feel they were still actively participating in cooking.

Other complaints weren't easily assuaged. The post-WWII rise of factory food sparked rebellions by those who feared we were becoming alienated from our food, our land, our nature. Organic farmers protested the rising reliance on agri-chemicals. Vegetarians and radical nutritionists repudiated our meat passion. By the 1960s, a culinary counterculture was underway, and today, there are protests not just against meat and chemicals, but fats, caffeine, sugar, sugar substitutes, as well as foods that are not free-range, that contain no fiber, that are produced in an environmentally destructive way, or by repressive regimes, or socially unenlightened companies, to name but a few. As columnist Ellen Goodman has noted, "Pleasing our palates has become a secret vice, while fiber-fueling our colons has become an almost public virtue." It has fueled an industry. Two of the most successful brands ever are Lean Cuisine and Healthy Choice.

Clearly, such fads often have a scientific basis--the research on fat and heart disease is hard to dispute. Yet just as often, evidence for a particular dietary restriction is modified or eliminated by the next study, or turns out to have been exaggerated. More to the point, the psychological appeal of such diets has almost nothing to do with their nutritional benefits; eating the right foods is for many of us very satisfying--even if what's right may change with the next day's newspapers.

In truth, humans have been assigning moral values to foods and food practices forever. Yet Americans seem to have taken those practices to new extremes. Numerous studies have found that eating bad foods--those prohibited for nutritional, social, or even political reasons—can cause far more guilt than any measurable ill-effects might warrant, and not just for those with eating disorders. For example, many dieters believe they have blown their diets simply by eating a single bad food—irrespective of how many calories were ingested.

The morality of foods also plays a huge role in how we judge others. In a study by Arizona State University psychologists Richard Stein. Ph.D., and Carol Nemeroff, Ph.D., fictitious students who were said to eat a good diet—fruit, homemade wheat bread, chicken, potatoes—were rated by test subjects as more moral, likable, attractive, and in shape than identical students who ate a bad diet—steak, hamburgers, fries, doughnuts, and double-fudge sundaes.

Moral strictures on food tend to be heavily dependent on gender, with taboos against fatty foods strongest for women. Researchers have found that how much one eats can determine perceptions of attractiveness, masculinity, and femininity. In one study, women who ate small portions were judged more feminine and attractive than those who ate larger portions; how much men ate had no such effect. Similar findings turned up in a 1993 study in which subjects watched videos of the same average-weight woman eating one of four different meals. When the woman ate a small salad, she was judged most feminine; when she ate a big meatball sandwich, she was rated least attractive.

Given the power that food has over our attitudes and feelings for ourselves and others, it's hardly surprising that food should be such a confusing and even painful subject for so many, or that a single meal or a trip to the grocery store can involve such a blizzard of contradictory meanings and impulses. According to Noble & Associates, while just 12 percent of American households demonstrate some consistency in modifying their diets along health or philosophical lines, 33 percent exhibit what Noble's Chris Wolf calls "dietary schizophrenia": trying to balance their indulgences with bouts of healthy eating. "You'll see someone eat three slices of chocolate cake one day and just fiber the next," Wolf says.

With our modern traditions of abundance, convenience, nutrition science, and culinary moralizing, we want food to do so many different things that just enjoying food as food has come to seem impossible.

The New Pornography?

In this context, the welter of contradictory and bizarre food behaviors seem almost logical. We're bingeing on cookbooks, food magazines, and fancy kitchenware—yet cooking far less. We chase the latest cuisines, accord celebrity status to chefs, yet consume more calories from fast food. We love cooking shows, even though, Wolf says, most move too fast for us to actually make the recipe at home. Food has become a voyeuristic pursuit. Instead of simply eating it, says Wolf, "we drool over pictures of food. It's food pornography."

There is evidence, however, that our obsession with variety and novelty may be on the wane or at least slowing down. Studies by Mark Clemens Research show that the percentage of consumers who say they're "very likely" to try new foods has dropped from 27 percent in 1987 to just 14 percent in 1995—perhaps in response to the overwhelming variety of offerings. And for all that magazines like Martha Stewart Living lend to culinary voyeurism, they may also reflect a yearning for traditional forms of eating and the simpler meanings that go with them.

Where can these impulses lead us? Wolf has gone so far as to rework psychologist Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" to reflect our culinary evolution. At the bottom is survival where food is simply calories and nutrients. But as our knowledge and income grow, we ascend to indulgence—a time of abundance, 16-ounce steaks, and the portly ideal. The third level is sacrifice, where we begin removing items from our diet. (America, says Wolf, is firmly on the fence between indulgence and sacrifice.) The final level is self-actualization: everything is in balance and nothing is dogmatically consumed or avoided. "As Maslow says, nobody ever really gets to be completely self-actualized—just in fits and starts."

Rozin, too, urges a balanced approach, particularly in our obsession with health. "The fact is, you can eat almost anything and grow and feel good," Rozin argues. "And no matter what you eat, you will eventually face deterioration and death." Rozin believes that to resign enjoyment to health, we've lost far more than we know: "The French have no ambivalence about food: it's almost purely a source of pleasure."

Columbia's Gussow wonders whether we simply think too much about our food. Tastes, she says, have become far too complex for what she calls "instinctive eating"—choosing foods we really need. In ancient times, for example, a sweet taste alerted us to calories. Today, it may indicate calories, or artificial sweetener; it may be used to hide fat or other flavors; it may become a kind of background flavor in nearly all processed foods. Sweet, salty, tart, spicy—processed foods are now flavored with incredible sophistication. One national brand of tomato soup is sold with five different flavor formulations for regional taste differences. A national spaghetti sauce comes in 26 formulations. With such complexities at work, "our taste buds are constantly being fooled," Gussow says. "And that forces us to eat intellectually, to consciously assess what we eat. And once you try to do that, you're trapped, because there's no way to sort through all these ingredients."

And how, exactly, are we to eat with more pleasure and instinct, less anxiety and less ambivalence, to regard our food less intellectually and more sensually? How can we re-connect with our food, and all the facets of life that food once touched, without simply falling prey to the next fad?

We can't--at least, not all at once. But there are ways of beginning. Kass, for example, has argued that even small gestures, such as consciously halting work or play to fully focus on your meal, can help recover an "awareness of the deeper meaning of what we're doing" and help mitigate the trend toward culinary thoughtlessness.

University of Maryland's Belasco has another strategy that begins with the simplest of tactics. "Learn to cook. If there is one thing you can do that is very radical and subversive," he says, "it is either starting to cook, or picking it up again." To create a meal from something other than a box or can requires reconnecting—with your cupboards and refrigerator, your kitchen utensils, with recipes and traditions, with stores, produce, and deli counters. It means taking time—to plan menus, to shop, and, above all, to sit and enjoy the fruits of your labors, and even invite others to share. "Cooking touches a lot of aspects of life," says Belasco, "and if you are really going to cook, then you're really going to have rearrange a lot of the rest of how you live."


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Once upon a time, the field of medicine was riddled with danger. Doctors made up cures based on individual experience, inflicting horrors on patients—lobotomy, anyone?

Everything changed with the advent of evidence-based medicine. With randomized, controlled trials and careful longitudinal studies, we learned about effective treatments and risky behaviors. We discovered that smoking causes lung cancer and ibuprofen reduces pain.

Today, the field of management is not far from where doctors were before evidence-based medicine. We have leaders and managers choosing practices based on their own intuition and experience, when it’s much more reliable and valid to make decisions based on many data points and experiences. The good news is that over the past few decades, driven heavily by psychological research, a new field of evidence-based management has emerged. We can now use the power of controlled experiments and rigorous long-term studies to abandon ineffective practices and choose better ones.

Here’s a taste of what we know:

Unfortunately, many leaders and managers are unaware of this evidence. Even HR managers often miss out. In one study of nearly 1,000 HR professionals, 56% reported that being very intelligent is a disadvantage for excelling in a low-skilled job. Yet extensive research shows the opposite: intelligence predicts higher performance in simple as well as complex jobs. And 82% incorrectly believed that involving employees in decisions is more important for improving organizational performance than setting difficult, specific performance goals. Again, the evidence supports the opposite. (Participation can be useful, but is often unnecessary and can undermine efficiency; goal-setting has consistent benefits in focusing attention, encouraging effort and persistence, and motivating the development of new knowledge, skills, and strategies.)

To make organizations more effective, we need to educate leaders in evidence-based management. Several universities have taken major strides in this direction. For example, at Carnegie Mellon, Denise Rousseau issued a presidential call for building a field of evidence-based management and has spearheaded numerous initiatives compiling and disseminating evidence to practitioners. At Stanford, Jeff Pfeffer and Bob Sutton wrote an entire book about how organizations can profit from evidence-based management. Both universities, among others, support the Center for Evidence-Based Management, which exists to advance knowledge, provide education, and consult around using data to make better decisions.

Although I’m thrilled that we’re following the lead of evidence-based medicine, management is missing one critical ingredient. We don’t have the equivalent of medical doctors.

In medicine, physicians are trained to review evidence and base their practices on the latest scientific discoveries. In business schools, we have a chasm between two types of degrees. In MBA programs, we teach students about evidence, but never train them in the research methods and statistics necessary to evaluate the quality of others’ data or conduct their own rigorous studies.

In PhD programs, we provide these skills, but typically prepare students to focus on academic research rather than applying their capabilities to help leaders make better decisions. Sometimes they do put their PhDs to good use in the business world. Contrary to the common belief that those who can't do teach, a carefully controlled study showed that companies with former business professors as executives outperform similar companies that don’t have former professors in their executive ranks. Unfortunately, it’s relatively rare that individuals with doctoral training have the skill and interest to become leaders and managers.

It’s time to create a new degree in business schools that mirrors the medical doctor degree. A doctorate in evidence-based management will prepare students to become data-driven leaders. Graduates will be in a stronger position to make decisions by embracing Pfeffer and Sutton’s definition of wisdom: act on the best information you have, “while doubting what you know.”

Last month, I had the pleasure of serving as one of the hosts of the first Wharton People Analytics Conference, which was led by Cade Massey and Lisa Donchak. The conference featured presentations by leaders from organizations on the frontier of using data to make HR decisions, including Google, Teach For America, and the Philadelphia Eagles. In my closing speech, I suggested that the next generation of great leaders will have degrees in evidence-based management. The responses have been surprisingly enthusiastic, and I wonder which university—or employer—will be the first to take the initiative to create the degree.

Some attendees were appropriately skeptical. They said that medicine is a hard science, and research on human behavior will never be as clear-cut. If you think that’s true, think again.

Consider the everyday choices that we make about health and people. In health, if you want to know if someone will get lung cancer, smoking is a leading cause: the correlation between the two is .08. In hiring, if you want to predict which applicants will achieve high performance, just give a 12-minute cognitive ability assessment, and then score their answers in a structured interview. On average, the correlation between your evaluation of candidates and their objective job performance is .63.

This is one of many cases in which evidence-based management compares favorably to medicine. People and organizations are complex, but that doesn’t mean we can’t use evidence to inform better practices. Of course, medicine is leaps and bounds ahead of management in many areas. If we can train leaders to take evidence seriously and apply it effectively, we might start catching up.

Adam Grant is a Wharton professor and the author of Give and Take, New York Times bestseller that uses evidence to examine how motivations toward others shape our success. Follow him on Twitter @AdamMGrant and sign up for his free newsletter at www.giveandtake.com.

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The Involvement of Conspiracist Ideation in Science Denial

There is growing evidence that rejection of science is often linked to the propensity to engage in conspiratorial thinking. Sometimes this can be observed even in the public response to research that identifies conspiratorial thinking.

Thinking, Memory, and Blog Comments

Online blog comments don't seem like a big deal. But in fact, they may be a globally-relevant concern: They affect how you think and how your feel about controversial issues. We are only just beginning to understand their role.

Real Analogy or Emotive Shortcut? Two Types of Reasoning

Sometimes just mentioning an emotional "hot button" word can trigger unwarranted conclusions. This happened recently in Australia, when the national media stumbled over the mere mention of pedophilia and climate change in the same radio show that interviewed me about my research.

The Pivotal Role of Perceived Scientific Consensus

What determines whether people accept scientific evidence?


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  • Motorola Guy Kawasaki Twitter X Phone Customizable Rumor Motorola's Guy Kawasaki sparked rumors with a post about custom cars

    In the world of mobile gadgets and accessories, it doesn't take much these days to start the rumor mill turning. So when Motorola advisor Guy Kawasaki made a Google+ post last week about a customizable car, the internet naturally started speculating about what that could mean regarding the rumored upcoming Google-Motorola X Phone.

    The one line post, which reads, "Wouldn't it be great if you could personalize your phone like this," has prompted many to wonder whether the X Phone will itself be customizable. (The X Phone hasn't yet been officially announced, by the way.)

    Some are really running with the rumor. AndroidAndMe posited that "customers will be able to customize their devices," choosing their color, as well as "some of the hardware specs like RAM and internal storage."

    Going even further, AndroidAndMe proposes the possibility that the X Phone won't just be one smartphone, but an entire line, designed to compete with Samsung's Galaxy brand.

    So, is this taking Kawasaki's Tweet way too far? Maybe so and maybe not. As CNET points out:

    "Surely, the timing of Kawasaki's comments is not coincidental. Or is it? In the age of Reddit and Internet trolling, I begrudgingly must reserve some skepticism for the rumor. Is Guy having a bit of fun with his fan base or is he legitimately gauging public interest?"

    If there's truth to the speculation, this could be a major follow-up to Google's previous smartphone offering, the more or less standard Nexus 4. But we'll probably find out for sure soon enough. As CNET notes, "should there be fire behind the smoke, this is the sort of rumor that won't be contained for long."

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  • Google X phone rumors shatter proof flexible display Google's CEO has been fuelling rumors of a Motorola-made shatter-proof Google X phone

    According to some recent rumors, Google and Motorola may just be working on a phone that that can go without the usual protective cases and accessories.

    Mashable reported recently on a rumored Motorola-made Google phone termed the Google X, which has been stirring up speculation since at the Wall Street Journal broached the topic this past fall. Still, there's been little information as to what the new phone's specs might be.

    But in a recent interview with WIRED magazine, Google CEO Larry Page gave us a pretty fresh hint – the Google X may be unbreakable:

    "There’s a lot of room for innovation in hardware [...] The phones we use now have glass that everyone worries will break if they drop the device. Five or 10 years from now, that will be different."

    Needless to say, Page is a reliable source when it comes to what we can expect from a Google-backed phone. And some are positing theories that the Google X may sport a flexible display or may, at the very least, be shatter-proof.

    "The benefits of a 'bendy' phone are questionable, but using a flexible display would result in a phone that's much more immune to shattering, unlike the relatively fragile touch screens of today," says Mashable.

    If these theories hold any water, Google may have a product on its hands that doesn't even need the shock-absorption of a case. And while that's bound to make users happy, third-party accessories makers probably wouldn't be thrilled.

    But all this is moot anyway, since Google hasn't officially confirmed the existence of the Google X, much less its design specs. Until they do, the talk of a case-less, shatter-proof, bendy Google  phone will have to remain squarely in the realm of speculation.

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  • Amid the slew of smartphones being released right in time for the holiday shopping season, Google's new LG-made Nexus 4 is winning the popularity contest.

    Within hours of going on sale on the U.K.'s Google Play store on Monday, the latest nexus smartphone sold out. Same story in Australia, except that the successor to Google's Nexus 7 Tablet, the Samsung-made nexus 10, was also listed as "out of stock" before the day's end.

    Meanwhile,  BGR reported that in the U.S., it took only minutes before all available units of both the 8GB and 16GB models of the Nexus 4 sold out on Google Play. And before long, 32GB models of the Nexus 10 were out of stock, with only 10 units of the 16GB model remaining.

    To use the old adage, tehy're selling like hotcakes. But it's not hard to see why.

    Starting at $299 for the unlocked Nexus 4, the pricing is pretty competitive compared to other smartphones, especially considering its specs: Snapdragon S4 quad-core processor, 4.7-inch True HD IPS screen with a resolution of 1280×768 resolution, and Android 4.2 Jelly Bean to boot.

    However, it doesn't have LTE – if it did, people would probably be killing each other for it at that price – but TechCrunch is right in saying that it's essentially "a high-end 3G device for a mid-range price."

    Likewise, there's no reason that demand for the Nexus 10 Tablet should cool down anytime soon. Starting at $399.99, it's greatest draw is its super-sized 10.1" 330PPI display, one of the biggest tablet screens out there.

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  • Carphone Warehouse leaked, well, everything about the next Nexus smartphone

    As writer Ernest Hamlin Abbott once put it, "rumors are not news; but they sometimes foreshadow news."

    And, boy, have the rumors ever been stacking up concerning Google's next Nexus device, even though Google's expected to be saving any official news about it until their October 29 event.

    Still, between the speculation that the new Android phone will be LG-made, the pictures, and even a premature review, we've already learned quite a bit about the upcoming Nexus 4.

    And today, a new leak from retailer Carphone Warehouse revealed pretty much everything else, right down to the LG phone's specs, price and expected release date.

    Advertising pre-orders for the phone, Carphone Warehouse has listed a price of £389.95. And their description boasts that the new smartphone has a 4.7" LCD display, and "the fastest and smoothest version of Android yet," Android OS 4.2 Jelly Bean, as well as some new features:

    "Search gets smarter with Google Now. You ask. Google answers, instantly, and with all the detail you want... Stay in touch with Gesture Typing, a faster way of typing that lets you spell words by dragging your finger across the screen from letter to letter."

    Meanwhile, Carphone Warehouse sets October 30 as the start date for delivery, just one day after Google's event. Though, after this last and possibly most comprehensive leak, there isn't much Google could tell us about their latest smartphone that we don't already know.

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  • A couple of weeks ago a jury agreed with Apple in their latest lawsuit against Samsung, awarding Apple over $1 billion supporting its claim that Samsung infringed on their patents in the design of eight Samsung mobile phones and one tablet. But, there is method to Apple’s madness, and it isn’t putting Samsung out of business.

    What this verdict does give Apple is the upper hand in “negotiations” that are being conducted through the courts all over the world. Apple’s opponents include five of their largest competitors in the global war for smartphone and tablet dominance. It’s not just Apple claiming patent violations. Most of the mobile behemoths are fighting amongst themselves over license agreements.

    Apple big beef with its device-making rivals like Samsung, it that they use the Android operating system that Google gives away for free. According to Bloomberg Industries, Android accounts for about 60 percent of the mobile market, three times as large as Apple’s iOS. The big prize Apple has its sights on is having the dominant operating system in the device market. The problem many consumers, app designers and device manufacturers should have with Apple’s OS is that it’s a closed-garden operating system while Google’s (and Microsoft’s) is an open system. This means that Apple controls everything. (This was a point that Steve Jobs was always fanatical about.)

    U.S. District Judge Lucy Koh will probably deny a request by Samsung to throw out the verdict. Samsung’s lawyers will file an appeal in a higher court.

    Koh will still have to decide whether to issue an injunction blocking the sale in the U.S. of the nine Samsung devices in the latest lawsuit. If she decides in favor of Apple, Samsung will have to make some design changes, eliminating the offending features or pull them from the market. Samsung probably won’t expend too much effort on this since the nine devices are older ones, and they can still sell them outside the U.S. The hit to their bottom line should be minimal.

    Once the competitors get some legal satisfaction, they’ll make their financial deals over supplying products and components to one another. Even Apple will play nice. (Apple is Samsung’s biggest customer for mobile-device components).In the meantime, the companies are still doing business as usual with one another while they keep their lawyers busy in court.

    Telecom companies and consumers aren’t going to put up with a clearing out of the competition by Apple. Many of us like Android devices like Samsung’s, and Microsoft’s Windows Phone OS is a welcome addition to the competition. Bottom line: what ultimately happens from all this bickering is up to us.

    This post was posted in Apple, General, News and PR, Samsung, Smartphones and was tagged with patent lawsuits, patent wars, android os, Samsung, Google, Apple

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  • Google Earth 3D app

    Google has released the latest version of its Google Earth app with 3D imaging. You can download the app to the new iPad, iPad 2, iPod touch and iPhone 4S. The app is available in the iTunes store.

    As Peter Birch, Google Earth product manager, blogged, “With today’s release of Google Earth for iOS you can literally fly through breathtaking 3D city landscapes and images and follow virtual tours of places you’ve never been — all with a simple swipe of your fingertip.”

    Birch’s blog post highlighted the app’s Tour Guide feature that lets users browse through thumbnails to explore any city or landmark. Some of the photos are user generated.

    Birch writes that Google is adding new locations “as fast as we can.” The cities that are 3D-viewable right now are Boulder, Boston, Charlotte, Lawrence (KS), Long Beach (CA.), Los Angeles, Portland (OR), San Diego, Santa Cruz, Tampa, Tucson, and the San Francisco Bay Area. On the international scene, the Google Earth app will show you Rome in 3D.

    By the end of 2012, Google plans to have the 3D imaging available in metropolitan areas with a combined population of 300 million people or more.

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  • By Aldo Panessidi

    The best price out there for an unlocked GSM Samsung Galaxy Nexus just got even more attractive. Google dropped the price of the unlocked HSPA+ version of the Galaxy Nexus by $50 to $349 – comparable to what you’d pay for many devices on contract. According to the Google Play ad, the unlocked smartphone can be used on AT&T, T-Mobile, or “more than 200 GSM providers worldwide.”

    Samsung Galaxy Nexus HSPA+ price drops to $349

    Before those of you who already purchased your Galaxy Nexus from Google Play start complaining that your timing sucked, if you made your purchase within the 15 days prior to this price reduction announcement, Google will refund you the extra $50.

    The Galaxy Nexus features a 4.65-inch 720p HD display and dual-core processor. It runs Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, and will be one of the first phones to get the new Android 4.1 Jelly Bean OS next month. Orders for the Galaxy Nexus can be placed directly through the Google Play Store now.

    Protect your devices with  top brand cell phone accessories  from Bags and Sleeves, Batteries, Bluetooth Headsets and Bluetooth Car Kits, Car Holders, Cases and Skins, Data Cables, Earbuds and Headsets, Keyboard and Protectors, Memory Cards, Screen Protectors, Speakers and Docks as well as Stylus and Pens.

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  • By Aldo Panessidi

    It only took Android app developer Philippe Hausler 12 hours to load Swords and Soldiers onto the brand-spanking new Google Nexus Q media hub, the first social streaming media player:

    Granted, the Android game isn’t functional yet, but that just might be a new hacking record. Some app gurus are touting the feat as an indicator of the potential of the device.

    Right now the Nexus Q only works with devices running Google's new Android 4.1 Jelly Bean operating system. The only available Jelly Bean device there is right now is the Nexus 7 tablet. Of course, Google promises more Jelly Bean products available in the coming months. Google says it the Nexus Q will eventually work with devices running older versions of Android, but with a $299 price tag, Google has to work faster on its compatibility.

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  • By Aldo Panessidi

    Google kicked off its annual Google I/O developer keynote in a big way Wednesday by announcing a new version of the Android operating system, a new tablet, a media streamer, and Google+ updates, along with news on the company's Project Glass. We don’t have much in the way of details right now, but here is what we know so far:

    The first news from the Google I/O 2012

    Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

    Jelly Bean is the next update to the Android OS (Given the revision number 4.1 versus the 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich release of a couple of months ago.). Project Butter is the first phase of Google's attempt to improve Android's performance. With Project Butter, scrolling and swiping animations should be smoother than they are on older Android versions.

    Jelly Bean uses a new search interface its calling "cards" to make it easier to read and digest certain types of information. As an example, if you search for the weather forecast, search cards will provide an attractive display that shows the weather conditions, temperature, and forecast in a Siri-like display.

    Search cards can show things like answers to questions and image search results. It also works with Android's voice search feature.

    Other Jelly Bean 4.1 improvements include an upgraded camera app and the ability to send photos and videos from one phone to another via Google Beam.

    Google also announced that Jelly Bean will come to the Galaxy Nexus, Galaxy S3 and Galaxy S2 smartphones and to the Motorola Xoom tablet in mid-July.

    Android O/S Activations

    The first news from the Google I/O 2012

    Google began its keynote address with some figures on Android activations. So far, it’s hardware partners have sold in excess of 400 million Android-based devices, and that number is increasing with more than 1 million Android phone or tablet activations every day. At last year’s Google I/O, the company announced that 100 million Android devices had shipped so far.

    We have a lot more information to come, so stay tuned!

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  • Nexus 7 tablet update
    Posted on June 28, 2012 by Pure Mobile

    By Aldo Panessidi

     Nexus 7 tablet update

    The Samsung Nexus is a Google based device that has gained much market following and praises.   Goggle is now attempting this coup with the Nexus 7 tablet.   The Google Nexus 7 tablet is still scheduled for its market debut next month, and it’s moved to the top of the rumor pile with a newly released document. A Nexus 7 training document that was apparently sent to third-party retailers confirms the specs that we’ve been hearing about for awhile:

    • 1.3 GHz Tegra 3 processor
    • 1GB RAM
    • 8GB of storage (with a 16GB option)
    • Android, Jelly Bean (4.1)
    • 1.2 megapixel front-facing camera
    • NFC
    • 7″ IPS display with a 178 degree viewing angle and 1,280 by 800 resolution

    It looks like the tablet will have a black slate with an engraved Nexus logo on the reverse. Apparently, ASUS is the Nexus 7 manufacturer of choice.

    The Nexus 7 also comes with a super-cheap $199 price tag. A version with 16GB of storage will be available for $249.

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OPI finds new home at spaQ!

OPI nail polish is now being used at spaQ. OPI nail polish is one of the most durable and longest lasting nail polishes available.

We love that it is long lasting and there is a fantastic array of colors to compliment your mood and special effects like shatter and glitter to make a statement.

You can check out this awesome video on ‘tips for the perfect OPI polish’ and see what your gorgeous nails will look like once you have enjoyed your mani and pedi!

Enjoy selecting your OPI shade at spaQ!

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Magazine article Oceanus

Unique Vehicles for a Unique Environment: New Autonomous Robots Will Pierce an Ice-Covered Ocean and Explore the Arctic Abyss

Magazine article Oceanus

Unique Vehicles for a Unique Environment: New Autonomous Robots Will Pierce an Ice-Covered Ocean and Explore the Arctic Abyss

Article excerpt

Imagine you have inherited a magnificent medieval castle. You wander its corridors, climbing spiral staircases to hidden towers, delving purposefully into subterranean caverns, and delighting in the details of its architecture, history, and artistic treasures. Over time yon come to realize there is a great North Wing that has long been sealed off from the rest of the castle.

You've found old documents in the library describing construction of the North Wing, and it appears as though it was built using rare materials that are not found anywhere else in the castle. As best as you can tell the castle's main thermostat is inside the North Wing, which adds some urgency because lately the castle seems to be getting inexplicably warmer. And, perhaps most intriguing, recent evidence suggests that something--perhaps even something unusual--might actually be living in there.

Even so, it might be more accurate to confess that you've just got to gain entrance to the North Wing--because not being able to enter rooms in your own house is unbearable.

Puma and Jaguar are autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) designed to overcome the technical challenges that now preclude under-ice operations in the Arctic Ocean. They will home in to an acoustic beacon and latch onto a wire suspended from a hole in the ice. Puma has sonars and sensors to search wide areas and detect temperature, chemical, or turbidity signals from hydrothermal vent plumes (the green lasers detect particulates in the water). Puma can track the plume back to its seafloor source, where Jaguar then will be deployed to hover with camera and lighting systems, high-resolution sonar, and a manipulator arm for close-up imaging, mapping, and sampling.

Finding a way in

You come to realize, however, that you're not the first to try. Numerous intrepid individuals have dedicated themselves to the pursuit over the years, their stories comprising a veritable tome of frustration and failure. And why? Because the North Wing is hidden under a moat of water more than two miles deep, which, in turn, is covered by a permanent layer of ice.

Moreover, it is so far north that the compasses and gyroscopes typically used for navigation are essentially useless. The tools required to get through ice and into the abyss to explore the North Wing cannot be bought at any price. You will have to make them yourself.

You have probably guessed by now that the castle in this mental exercise is Earth, and the North Wing is the vast, ice-covered Arctic Ocean Basin. If the old adage is true that we know more about the surface of our neighboring planets than we do about Earth's ocean basins (and it is), then nowhere is it more true than the Arctic Basin.

A blank spot on the map of Earth

Deep-sea research is hard enough as it is. But cover the ocean you're trying to explore with a permanent ice cap, limit your available field season to a few months that are not too cold and dark, and factor in a generally inaccessible location at the very top of the world, and you can begin to appreciate why we know so little about the Arctic Basin.

In fact, were it not for a few Russian and American scientists whiling the months away in camps on drifting ice floes, we would know almost nothing at all about the Earth's great North Wing. (Actually, U.S. and Soviet navies also gathered data about the Arctic during the heyday of Cold War submarine warfare, but this information is generally classified.)

The human spirit cannot abide a puzzle with a missing piece. But this is especially so when the missing piece could fill in crucial details about the origin of Earth's oceans, the evolution of life, and our planet's susceptibility to climate change.

An unexplored frontier

For climatologists and physical oceanographers, it is often said that the Arctic is a canary in the environmental coal mine. In a warming world, the Arctic's delicately balanced ocean circulation and sea ice appears vulnerable to disruptions that could have dramatic impacts on Earth's oceans and climate. …

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My Self --- Self Confident... Neva Cry for what i dont have... Alwas Happy wid what i have... Try to be Caring But cant... Neva Hesitate my self to say right abt some one...

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[–][deleted] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted on

They are not tossing rockets at Australia as we don't keep taking their land with illegal settlements. By your logic they are defending themselves.


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[–]Skynet2029 0 points1 point  (0 children)

sorry, this has been archived and can no longer be voted on

Damn, I've had to turn fog off to be able to even see all of the upper heights for all these tall buildings.


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Analysis and Forecast of China Smart Meter Market, 2013-2017

Analysis and Forecast of China Smart Meter Market, 2013-2017

At present, for the meters being used including the industry, commercial and household meters in the world, the users are numerous, with about 1.7 billion sets of meter. If all these meters are upgraded into the smart meter, the market scale is quite considerable. For 2012, the global shipments of smart meter reached 100 million sets rising by 31.6% compared with 2011; the market scale of global smart meter reached USD 7 billion in 2012.

In 2012, the total shipments of China’s meters were 110.6 million sets including 98.5 million sets of smart meter. As the smart meter market developed rapidly in 2010 and 2011, the manufacturers of energy meter sequentially expanded the production capacity; now in order to guarantee the utilization rate of production capacity, they accelerate to expand the overseas market one after another.

In 2013, the output of China’s meters is estimated to increase to 120 million sets and 91% of them will be smart meter. In the next few years, China’s smart meter market will continue to grow with the compound annual growth rate of 9.5%; with the acceleration of replacement speed, the output of ordinary meters will rapidly decline and it will nearly disappear by 2016.

Now the replacement of domestic meters is mainly led by the State Grid. According to the 2010 Planning of the State Grid, in order to meet the replacement demand of domestic meter, the State Grid will accomplish the installation bidding of 222 million sets of smart meter before 2014 and achieve the full coverage of users in the direct-supply and direct-management regions. But the actual bidding progress far exceeds the plan issued at the beginning of this year by the State Grid; at present, 192 million sets of meter accomplish the bidding including about 184 million sets of smart meter.

As the 12th-Five-Year Planning puts the smart grid as the key development direction, the State Grid will also comprehensively accelerate the development of strong smart grid. For smart meter, as the important part of the smart grid, the demand for them will rapidly expand; China will install 230 million sets of smart meter by 2015.

With the deepening of rural grid transformation, the basis for the rural region to implement the price ladder is forming following the urban region. The 250 million sets of smart meter bidding plan for the rural grid is expected to be launched in 2013H2; the bidding volume is equivalent to that of urban grid meter bidding from 2010 up to now. It is estimated the bidding will sustain about three years until 2016. According to the usual replacement cycle of meters, at that time the new round of urban grid meter replacement will begin.
1. Overview of Smart Meter Industry
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Product Overview
1.1.2 Working Principle
1.1.3 Main Categories
1.1.4 Application Advantages of Smart Meter
1.2 Industrial Chain

2. Development Overview of Global Smart Meter
2.1 Development Status Quo
2.2 Market Regional Distribution
2.3 Development in Major Countries
2.4 Development Forecast of World Smart Meter Industry

3. China's Smart Meter Environment
3.1 China's Economic Development Environment
3.2 Industry Related Policies, Standards, Laws and Regulations
3.2.1 The State Grid Issuing Smart Meter Technology Standards
3.2.2 Suggestions on Accelerating to Promote the Construction of Strong Smart Grid
3.2.3 Smart Meter to Implement New Standards
3.3 Chinese Domestic Smart Meter Technology Level

4. Development Status Quo of China's Smart Meter Industry
4.1 Development Characteristics
4.1.1 Electronic Energy Meter Occupying the Leading Position of China's Energy Meter Market
4.1.2 Smart Meter to Become the Future Development Mainstream of the Industry
4.1.3 International Market Having Become the Important Sales Market of China's Energy Meter
4.1.4 Industry Competition Becoming Increasingly Fierce; Mergers and Acquisitions to Be Imperative
4.2 Supply Status Quo and Trends
4.3 Demand Status and Forecast
4.4 Development Limitation Factors

5. Competition Status of China's Smart Meter Industry
5.1 Competitive Pattern
5.1.1 Market Concentration Ratio of Level 2 Single-Phase Smart Meter
5.1.2 Market Concentration Ratio of Three-Phase Smart Meter
5.2 Competitive Trends
5.2.1 Industry Standards Formulation: Competing in the Technology Upgrading
5.2.2 Industrial Chain Integration: Competing in the Improvement of Industry Concentration Ratio
5.2.3 Smart Grid Construction: Competing in the Product Upgrading

6. Upstream and Downstream of the Smart Meter Industry
6.1 Upstream Raw Materials Industry
6.1.1 IC (Integrated Circus)
6.1.2 Electronic Components
6.1.3 Magnetic Materials
6.2 Chinese Domestic Smart Grid Industry
6.2.1 Development Status Quo
6.2.2 Conglomeration Development Status Quo and Planning
6.2.3 Development Trends

7. Import and Export Statistics of Smart Meter Products
7.1 Imports and Exports of Single-Phase Induction Meter, 2010-2012
7.2 Imports and Exports of Three-Phase Induction Meter, 2010-2012
7.3 Imports and Exports of Single-Phase Electronic (Static) Meter, 2010-2012
7.4 Imports and Exports of Three-Phase Electronic (Static) Meter, 2010-2012

8. China's Major Manufacturing Enterprises of Smart Meter
8.1 LINYANG Electronics Co., Ltd.
8.1.1 Company Profile
8.1.2 Main Business
8.1.3 Competitive Advantages
8.1.4 Business Performance
8.1.5 Future Development Strategy
8.2 Shenzhen Haoningda Meters Co., Ltd.
8.2.1 Company Profile
8.2.2 Main Business
8.2.3 Competitive Advantages
8.2.4 Business Performance
8.2.5 Future Development Strategy
8.3 Shenzhen Clou Electronics Co., Ltd.
8.3.1 Company Profile
8.3.2 Main Business
8.3.3 Competitive Advantages
8.3.4 Business Performance
8.3.5 Future Development Strategy
8.4 Shenzhen Kaifa Technology Co., Ltd.
8.4.1 Company Profile
8.4.2 Main Business
8.4.3 Competitive Advantages
8.4.4 Business Performance
8.4.5 Future Development Strategy
8.5 Ningbo Sanxing Electronic Co., Ltd.
8.5.1 Company Profile
8.5.2 Competitive Advantages
8.5.3 Business Performance
8.5.4 Development Strategy

9. Investment and Development Trends of Smart Meter Industry
9.1 Investment Opportunities
9.1.1 Policy Support
9.1.2 4 Trillion Investment to Stimulate the Smart Meter Development
9.2 Investment Risks
9.2.1 Market Competition
9.2.2 Marketing
9.2.3 Policies
9.3 Access Barriers
9.3.1 Strict Equipment Requirements
9.3.2 High Talent and Technology Requirements
9.3.3 High Industry Experience Accumulation Requirements
9.3.4 High Continuous Service Capability Requirements
9.4 Development Trends of China's Smart Meter Industry
9.4.1 Industrial System of Smart Meter Becoming More Perfect
9.4.2 Modularization of Function Setting
9.4.3 Interface Integration
9.5 Technology Development Trends
9.6 Investment Suggestions
9.6.1 Strengthening the Technology Innovation
9.6.2 Improving the Industrial Operation Capability of Smart Meter
9.6.3 Implementing the User-Side Energy Management Engineering
9.6.4 Paying Attention to Promotion and Popularization

Companies Mentioned

LINYANG Electronics Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Haoningda Meters Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Clou Electronics Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Kaifa Technology Co., Ltd.
Ningbo Sanxing Electronic Co., Ltd.

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Luxe Faux Fur Baby Animal Hoods

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Inclement weather is no match for this playful yet practical hat, sewn from our luxuriant faux fur with ears. Expertly woven from finely spun strands, it captures the natural weight, depth of color and indulgent softness of genuine fur.

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