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List of Full Metal Panic! characters

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This is a list of fictional characters from the light novel, manga, and anime series Full Metal Panic!. Not all information may traverse all of these media, such as country of origin, nationality, country names, etc.

Main characters[edit]

Sousuke Sagara[edit]

Voiced by: Tomokazu Seki (Japanese), Chris Patton (English)

Sousuke Sagara is the male protagonist of the series. He grew up in Helmajistan, a region in Afghanistan that was caught up in political strife. At age 8, he joined a guerrilla movement to survive, and eventually found his way into Mithril. Sousuke only knows military life, so he is suspicious of everything out of the ordinary and even some ordinary if he just doesn't understand it. He also has a tough time integrating into high school life, as his social skills are not quite up to par; earning the nickname of 'Military Maniac'. The basic problem this causes is, for instance, how he blows up the shoes lockers if there is any clue that someone has tampered with them. Sousuke can be quite insensitive at times, for example in volume 7 he bought a pregnancy test while out with Kaname and did not understand what was wrong, though his intentions are always in the right place. His deep feelings for Chidori Kaname are unavoidably clear by the beginning of TSR when he punches his fist through a laptop with the message of his direct order to not contact her anymore.

Kaname Chidori[edit]

Voiced by: Satsuki Yukino (Japanese), Luci Christian (English)

Kaname Chidori is the female protagonist of the series. She is often described as, 'The kind of girl everyone looks up to, but no even a boy wants as their girlfriend', as a male, fellow student put it. She's very much the loud mouth, speak your mind kind of girl; a trait she picked up when she studied abroad in the United States. Still, Kaname has a softer side, having a crush on Sousuke if he'd just for once open up emotionally. Until then, she feels like she must protect him from the harsh, cruel world of high school - a place where he doesn't quite fit. She often uses a paper fan to hit Sousuke, besides berating him on how the kinds of weapons he uses are not exactly proper for a high school student.

Teletha "Tessa" Testarossa[edit]

Voiced by: Yukana (Japanese), Hilary Haag (English)

Tessa is the Captain of the Tuatha de Danaan. She is a young girl of 16 who has a crush on Sousuke and bears the weight of Mithril's mission - to make the world safer by destroying terrorist organizations and drug facilities. Tessa is young, and therefore, hasn't lost that optimism that she can make a difference. She is also stubborn and will try her hardest to prove wrong those who tell her she can't do something. Still, most of her crew sees her as weak and frail - someone who never got her hands dirty on the battle field and therefore can't defend herself.

Kurz Weber[edit]

Voiced by: Shin'ichiro Miki (Japanese), Vic Mignogna (English)

Kurz first appears to your typical lady's man, yet he often is the one giving Sousuke advice about life and love. He's a laid back kind of guy who won't dodge responsibility if it comes his way, and is one of the finest snipers in Mithril. Kurz is shot down by his mentor Casper in Volume 13 of the Manga. Later on it was found out that he survived.

Melissa Mao[edit]

Voiced by: Michiko Neya (Japanese), Allison Keith (English)

Melissa Mao is the superior officer of both Sousuke and Kurz and demands respect for her role. She is also a spunky woman who loves beer, smokes a lot, and wishes she could be free spirited and optimistic like Tessa. She was originally a member of the Marines, signing her recruitment contract on the day she was supposed to marry a businessman her father had pushed onto her. Eventually, she left the Marines and joined Mithril, where she met Kurz and Sousuke as new recruits. The two were downplaying their skills intentionally, Kurz pretending to be a terrible shot and Sousuke purposefully scoring low on written exams. Eventually, she realized what they were doing and picked them out of the camp to be her new teammates.

Voiced by: Masahiko Tanaka (Japanese), Mike MacRae (English)

Gauron is Full Metal Panic's main antagonist. He's an especially twisted and violent mercenary deeply involved in the black market and global terrorism. Despite possessing an extremely vile personality, his ruthless cunning and mastery of the Lambda Drive system make him a force to be reckoned with on the battlefield. In combat, his vehicle of choice is the super AS called Venom.

Andrei Sergeivich Kalinin[edit]

Voiced by: Akio Ōtsuka (Japanese), Mike Kleinhenz (English)

Andrei Sergeivich Kalinin (Russian: Андрей Серге́евич Калинин) is Sagara's commanding officer and one of Tessa's military strategists with the rank of Lieutenant Commander, fulfilling the role of Operations Director. He is also the foster father of Sagara. He and Sousuke were once enemies, as mentioned in a two-part episode by Sagara himself. The foster father status may be on the school's official papers only but Kalinin is certainly a very fatherly figure to Sagara. Kalinin was formerly of the Soviet special forces - Spetsnaz - and was the leader of the team that found a crashed Japanese airliner. There was only one survivor: a three-year-old child by the name of Sagara Sousuke. His wife is deceased [1] and the whereabouts and status of the rest of his family is unknown. There is speculation that Kalinin has betrayed Mithril to Amalgam, due to his meeting with Leonard Testarossa at the end of the book 'Dancing Very Merry Christmas' and also due to his mysterious disappearance and attitude during the raid by Amalgam on Mérida Island. Kalinin later appears in 'Tsudou Make My Day' at Leonard's villa, apparently as one of Leonard's subordinates. He later shoots Leonard in the chest before Leonard could detonate the TARTAROS system along with Mérida Island. In a final knife-battle with Sousuke, he is mortally wounded by Sousuke just before the nuclear missile hits the island.

Kalinin mentioned that he had difficulty maintaining family ties, mostly with his wife, due to his time spent with the Spetsnaz. He seems to be of a family man sort and loves his wife so much that he made the Borscht (that Sousuke avoids at all costs) that his wife made him as he returns from missions.[2] He operates under the codename Perth 1.[3]

Richard Mardukas[edit]

Voiced by: Tomomichi Nishimura (Japanese), Andy McAvin (English)

Richard Mardukas is an overly protective aide of Tessa's who insists on guarding her with his life. He holds the rank of Commander and is in charge of Mithril's TDD-1 when the Captain, Testarossa, is not on board; appropriate, given that Mardukas' position is that of Executive Officer. Mardukas is often seen wearing a hat bearing the name of HMS Turbulent, a real British submarine.

Prior to joining Mithril, Mardukas was the Commanding Officer of HMS Turbulent, and a graduate & instructor of the Royal Navy's "Perisher" course: the submarine equivalent to the US Navy's famed "Top Gun" Fighter Weapons School. According to the FMP novel A Dancing Very Merry Christmas, Mardukas was known to the submarine community as a genius of submarine warfare, leading to his nickname "Duke"; he also served on HMS Conqueror when it sank the General Belgrano, and while commanding the Turbulent saved Tessa's father and his submarine on a secret mission. Many of his peers in the submarine community, such as Commander Killy B. Sailor, CO of the USS Pasadena, believe Mardukas to be working in a shipping firm after his retirement. A running gag throughout the series is that he usually ends up giving sermons to lower officers on deck.

Belfangan Clouseau (Ben)[edit]

Voiced by: Rikiya Koyama (Japanese), James Reed Faulkner (English)

SRT team's current team leader, callsign Urzu-1, first appearance in the novel 'End of Day By Days' and the 2nd anime series Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, replacing Captain Gail McAllen after his death near the end of the novel 'Rocking into The Blue' (and subsequently, the 1st anime series). Pilot of the M9D Falke and was a part of MITHRIL's Mediterranean Sea Fleet.[4] His first introduction into the team was kind of unorthodox, ticking off Kurz Weber and Sousuke Sagara by saying McAllen was a coward after sitting on the chair he used to sit on while in reality, McAllen was one of his most trusted teammates and a good friend.[5] Proved himself to be an expert martial artist by incapicitating Kurz with just one move [6] and defeating Sousuke and the Arbalest during the 'test' which he conducted. He also proved to be a capable leader when he made Sousuke understand why he lost and told him that it wasn't his skill as they were actually evenly matched in that aspect but rather his hatred for the Arbalest [7] and tells him that an Arm Slave is like a part of their own bodies.[8] Since then Kurz and him don't really see eye-to-eye, though they have developed a grudging respect for each other's abilities. It is also known that he & Melissa Mao have known each other since way back. His nickname from Mao was 'Ben'. He was also one of the few remaining survivors of the attack on Melida island, along with Melissa Mao, Kurz Weber, Richard Mardukas, Teletha Testarossa and most of the crew of the Tuatha de Danaan at the end of the novel 'Continuing on My Own'.

In the TSR OVA, it is revealed that he is an anime otaku in his spare time.

His surname is also known as Grouseaux.[9] In the Ending of Day by Days novel, Belfangan states to the bartender in Mérida Island that he was a Muslim.

Vincent Bruno[edit]

Voiced by: Hozumi Gôda (Japanese), Jason Douglas (English)

An American [10] MITHRIL officer in Intelligence with the rank of Captain, he was supposedly responsible for communications maintenance in the Nanjing hostage rescue operation.[11] He, however, leaked it to Gates and several Amalgam commandos, using the information to ambush SRT/PRT members, killing some of them. In return, Admiral Borda allowed a snatch operation to take place, which resulted in his capture and some strains in the relationship between the Tactical and Intelligence divisions.[12] During his interrogation in Sydney, Vincent confesses that Amalgam had hired him to botch the Nanjing operation.[13] He previously operated under the codename Ogma-1.

His surname can also be spelt as Blueno.[9] Vincent speaks Italian aside from English.[14]

Gavin Hunter[edit]

Voiced by: Bin Shimada (Japanese), Mike Vance (English)

A supposed native of Hong Kong and an officer in MITHRIL Intelligence's Hong Kong division, he was responsible for providing tactical support for Melissa, Sousuke and other SRT/PRT personnel deployed in Hong Kong to locate a rogue Amalgam Codarl Arm Slave that went berserk in Hong Kong and Kowloon. Gavin is also married and has a family.[15]

He's known to the Hong Kong public as a businessman with multiple businesses in operation, such as the Hunter Cleaning Company Ltd. that Gavin used when he provided Melissa's squad with Hunter Cleaning Company Ltd. Toyota Hiace vans and uniforms to infiltrate Hong Kong and Kowloon without being caught by the North and South Chinese army and police.[16]

He can be considered to be MITHRIL's humor character as Gates is to Amalgam's since he always smile and almost never gets angry, except when he was instructed by General Amit to cease Intelligence operations in Hong Kong territory.[17]

Nora Lemming[edit]

Voiced by: Yuriko Yamaguchi (Japanese), Monica Rial (Full Metal Panic)/Kelly Manison (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid)

An engineer based in Mérida Island with the rank of Second Lieutenant,[18] Nora has worked on the Lambda Driver, particularly on its potential continuous application after MITHRIL realizes that Amalgam's Arm Slaves has the ability to continuously use their own Lambda Driver.

Previously, Nora had conducted some studies on the Chodarl Arm Slave when it was captured from Gauron. She is a graduate of MIT and was responsible for the Arbalest after Bunny Morauta had died.[15]

It is hinted at in the novels that she is in an intimate relationship with Lieutenant Commander Kalinin.

Jerome Borda[edit]

Voiced by: Kazuhiko Kishino (Japanese), Josh Grelle (English)

The leader of Mithril's Operations department with the rank of Admiral. He was the one to order Sousuke to give up his position as a high school student at Jindai High in The Second Raid and the book 'The End by Day by Day'. He is presumed dead after an explosion rocked through Operations Headquarters in Sydney following the beginning of Amalgam's attack on Mithril, however it was eventually revealed he survived and is intending to rebuild Mithril. Borda is intended to be an homage to the late Admiral Jeremy Michael Boorda, the 25th Chief of Naval Operations of the US Navy.[19] His surname can also be spelt as Boda or Voda.[9]

Tessa calls him "Uncle Jerry" in the Second Raid, hinting Borda's familiarity with Tessa and her family as Borda was the superior to Tessa's late father.[20]

Roy Seals[edit]

A retired NAVSPECWAR officer, Seals was one of the founding members of Mithril. His role in the organization is unknown, but he was one of the few members of Mithril's inner circle to survive assassination. He acquires an M6A3 Dark Bushnell, a USSOCOM M6, for Sousuke to use in his assault on Leonard's lair. Sousuke describes Seals as " Kurz, fifty years old, and more perverted."

Mayer Amit[edit]

Voiced by: Takayuki Sugo (Japanese), Matt Culpepper (English)

The leader of Mithril's Intelligence department with the rank of General and of Israeli descent. He was the one to order Wraith to discretely observe and passively protect Kaname Chidori.

Before joining MITHRIL, Mayer was supposedly a top agent for Mossad.[15]

Voiced by: Sayaka Ohara (Japanese, Normal Voice), Christopher Ayres (English, Voice Changer)

A North Korean ex-spy, who is also a master of disguise. As a member of the Intelligence Department, she was ordered to watch Kaname and protect her from serious threats. Although appearing cold at first, following her 'rescue' by Kaname from Leonard Testarossa, she has opened up slightly and secretly meets with Kaname. She also saved Sousuke and Kyoko's lives from Amalgam members on the Jindai High School rooftop and aided in the defusing of the bomb planted on Kyoko. She even went as far to perform emergency surgery on Kyoko after a piece of shrapnel embedded itself inside her diaphragm and then took her to the hospital. Showing further compassion, she also allowed Kaname Chidori to give herself up to Leonard so Sousuke's life would be spared, despite violating her orders. After the events in "Continue On My Own", she is still helping Mithril, helping Gavin Hunter to complete the construction of ARX-8 Laevatein at the end of the novel 'Burning One Man Force', and has actually helped to transport the completed Laevatein to Sousuke in the progress of "Get Together and Make My Day". Though serious about her duties, she seems to enjoy making Sousuke react by putting him on edge, like pointing a laser sight at Kagurazaka-sensei as "revenge" for having to watch over Kaname during the winter while Sousuke gets to stay indoors.

Lord Mallory[edit]

Voiced by: Chikao Ōtsuka (Japanese), Rick Piersall (English)

The current head of MITHRIL's General Council. He is also responsible for overseeing MITHRIL's day-to-day operations. During the Second Raid series, he was the one who gave the order to MITHRIL officers to devise anti-infiltration countermeasures when he learned of Vincent Bruno's defection after the Nanking disaster.

Based on his mannerisms, his clothing (monocle on right eye) and his title, it is safe to assume that Lord [21] Mallory is of British descent.

Leonard Testarossa[edit]

Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese), Blake Shepard (English)

A child prodigy and Whispered like his younger twin sister, Teletha, he is known as "Mr. Silver" in the executive circle of the Amalgam organization. He also claims to be in love with Kaname Chidori, and has earned her contempt by stealing her first kiss.[22] In The Second Raid he is chaperoned by two miniature ASs. It is speculated[citation needed] that his special Whispered knowledge has allowed the creation of the Codarl and Codarl-m (Mithril codename Venom) type AS types (as Bunny Murata was to the Arbalest), the miniature Alastor types and the Leviathan-type underwater fighter/AS hybrids. In the novel, Continuing On My Own, he is seen piloting the near invincible Belial type AS, and shows the strength of the machine and himself as a pilot by completely obliterating the Arbalest (Sousuke managed to survive with minor injuries),[23] and taking away Kaname. In Always, Stand By Me part II, Kalinin kills him before he can detonate the TARTAROS system along with Mérida Island.

Admiral Borda is familiar with him, aside from Tessa and their parents. However, Admiral Borda doesn't know about Leonard's ties to Amalgam.[24]

Xia Yu Lan[edit]

Voiced by: Miyuki Sawashiro (Japanese), Kira Vincent-Davis (English)

A Chinese-born assassin, raised by Gauron alongside her twin sister Xia Yu Fan.[25] She and her elder sister, Xia Yu Fan, were ordered by Gauron to finish off Kaname Chidori in order to mentally break down Sousuke since Gauron knew that he was attached to her ever since Sousuke was assigned to be Kaname's bodyguard. Later in Japan, she was killed by Leonard's man-size Arm Slave bodyguard named Alastor by strangling her to death, her corpse being used by Gates to mock Xia Yu Fan. She wears a vest with red linings on it.

Early on, Yu Lan raises her disgust with Gates, the earliest in Balic when Gates shoves the barrel of his CZ-75 pistol on her mouth when Yu Lan mocked his sympathy for a dead Amalgam commando when he shot him in the head without a second thought.[26]

In combat, she used dual machetes. Aside from this, she is an expert in using throwing knives and is fairly proficient in the use of small arms. She is sixteen years old.[27]

Xia Yu Fan[edit]

Voiced by: Emi Shinohara (Japanese), Christine Auten (English)

Another Chinese-born assassin raised by Gauron and the "eldest" with the Xia siblings.[28] She and Xia Yu Lan were given the last orders by Gauron to finish off Kaname after being crippled by Sousuke's Arbalest. Yu Fan is a proficient Arm Slave pilot, using a Zy-98 Shadow Arm Slave before using a stolen Chodarl in central Hong Kong. However, she is also good in using small arms and is an expert in unarmed combat. She wears a trench coat with green linings on.

In the last episode, Yu Fan reveals that the Xia siblings were at odds with Amalgam, mostly for wiping out their town in China during the Second Chinese Civil War.[29] She is sixteen years old.[27]

Voiced by: Hōchū Ōtsuka (Japanese), John Swasey (English)

An original character for the television animation 'Fulll Metal Panic! The Second Raid'. He takes over the character Mr K from the light novels.

An Amalgam agent and the head of Amalgam's Execution Squads,[30] Gates seems to have two personalities. He is known to kill his subordinates whenever he messes up an operation, hears that an Amalgam-sponsored mission is a failure and (for the most part) when he is angry. Gates kills through a variety of methods including shooting an Amalgam commando in the head when he back talked and crushing Xia Yu Fan's Shadow Arms Slave with extreme ferocity. He is also shown to be highly abusive of his subordinates with him kicking his second in command off a helicopter and nearly drowning him in a pool.

Despite such brutality, Gates showed his intelligence by being able to deduce accurately the tactics that MITHRIL's Special Response Team utilised in their intervention of the Balic civil war. At one point, Gates began to sing Ave Maria while Xia Yu Lan and a group of Amalgam commandos began to kill every armed Balic soldier.[26] One light side about Gates is that he is protective about himself, especially about being bald since the front of his head shows no hair present.[31] Gates is killed by Sousuke when he uses the Arbalest's Lambda Driver in full power to defeat his Codarl Arm Slave. Gates is shown to be accepting of his fate by playing with a strand of his hair saying "Maybe I cut it too long?" while his machine was facing total destruction.

It can be assumed that Gates was known as "Mr. Kalium" throughout Amalgam, as in the light novel, A Dancing Very Merry Christmas. It is said that Gauron (otherwise known as Mr. Iron) was responsible for the death of Mr. Kalium (Gauron does put into motion a series of events that end with Gates's death, though Gauron's only intention seems to have been to lure Sousuke to himself).

It is shown that he is also a sexual deviant. He proves this by saying how even though Xia Yu Lan and Xia Yu Fan were underage he did not hold back to "satisfying" them as well as himself leading him to being a pedophile. He also calls them Lolita-kun (lolita is an unofficial term for a child in pornography) when taunting them for escaping. When he manages to acquire the body one of the girls it makes references to the idea that he will dabble in a spot of necrophilia with either or both of the girls bodies. In the same scene where he finds out that the girls have escaped, it depicts him being interrupted in the process of masturbating over the image of kittens on his wide screen TV. A truly twisted individual, that when concluding his communication with Xia Yu Lan and Xia Yu via his television he returns to his previous channel which is now depicting squirrels. It would seem that on top of pedophilia he has a penchant for bestiality, at least so far with small "cute" mammals. Gates can speak some Mandarin aside from English.[32]

Steven Harris[edit]

A Caucasian man with a beard and captain of the ship, Pacific Chrysalis. However, he and some of the ship's personnel are secret agents of Amalgam.

Mr. Gold[edit]

Very little is known about this mysterious character yet, but it is assumed he is the leader of Amalgam. He activated Captain Steven Harris as an agent of Amalgam aboard the ship the Pacific Chrysalis. He also gave Harris the order to deploy the Alastors aboard the ship.

Civilians (Jindai High)[edit]

Kyoko Tokiwa[edit]

Voiced by: Ikue Kimura (Japanese), Monica Rial (English)

Kyoko Tokiwa (常盤恭子 Tokiwa Kyōko?) is Kaname's best friend. She wears glasses and has a humble and polite personality.[citation needed] She tries to bring Kaname and Sousuke together, however impossible it may seem. In the novel Continuing On My Own, she is held hostage by Amalgam's agents as bait to lure Sousuke. During the rescue attempt, Kyoko is seriously injured, but is saved by Wraith.[citation needed]

Shinji Kazama[edit]

Voiced by: Mamiko Noto (Japanese), Greg Ayres (English)

Shinji Kazama (風間信二 Kazama Shinji?) is Sousuke's Arm Slave loving classmate. He shares the same amount of passion to AS as Sousuke and could be considered Sousuke's best school friend besides Kaname. His father is Shintaro Kazama and a secretary of Narashino's Assault Machine Troop. Shinji's love for AS began when his dad failed to become an AS pilot. As a result of his father's failure, Shinji strives to discover the result of the failure and to fulfill his father's dream of becoming a pilot. There is no indication as to what happened to his mother, but it's assumed that Shintaro is a widower before the series started.[33]

Mizuki Inaba[edit]

Voiced by: Sayuri Yoshida (Japanese), Mandy Clark (Full Metal Panic!)/Jessica Boone (Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu) (English)

Mizuki Inaba (稲葉瑞樹 Inaba Mizuki?) is a classmate of Chidori who initially blames her for having stolen her boyfriend. She becomes one of her closer friends later on in the series. Mizuki is easily infatuated with various men, who usually take an interest in Kaname instead.

Eri Kagurazaka[edit]

Voiced by: Rio Natsuki (Japanese), Allison Sumrall (English)

Eri Kagurazaka (神楽坂恵理 Kagurazaka Eri?) is an English teacher at Jindai High and is the class advisor to Sousuke, Kaname, Kyoko, Shinji and Mizuki at Class II-4. She is a kind and understanding teacher, who is willing to put the interest of her students over her own, as shown when she confronted Gauron and some North Korean secret agents over taking Kaname from her seat in the hijacked Boeing 747 in Sunan Air Base.[34] However, she's known to get a mean temper whenever she finds Sousuke to be responsible for disastrous things in the school (which she always is a victim of).

Atsunobu Hayashimizu[edit]

Atsunobu Hayashimizu (林水 敦信 Hayashimizu Atsunobu?) is the president of the Jindai High's Student Council and a third year student. He is highly intelligent and seems to be able to deal with any situation - no matter how difficult. His behavior is always calm and he is never seen angry. He often considers Sousuke's behavior a reasonable response to the kind of situations he finds himself in, much to the frustration of Kaname. He assigns Sousuke to be the head of security in the Student Council, and Sousuke and Atsunobu share mutual respect for each other. On many occasions involving the school, Sousuke tends to treat Atsunobu just as he would a senior officer in the military. Atsunobu is also known for holding a white fan, on which various Japanese characters are written. In addition, he is seen reading famous books - Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince among them. As with the Japanese characters on his white fan, the books often change even within the same scene - a reference to his high intelligence and calm attitude that provides a comic aspect to the character. Atsunobu is voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa in the original Japanese anime and by Christopher Ayres in the English version by ADV Films.

Ren Mikihara[edit]

Ren Mikihara (美樹原 蓮 Mikihara Ren?) is the Secretary of Jindai High's Student Council, friend of Kaname's and daughter of a Yakuza boss. She is an example of Yamato Nadeshiko - Japanese ideal of femininity - and as such, she is beautiful, dependable and caring. She seems to have feelings for Atsunobu Hayashimizu, the Student Council's president. However, much about her is still unknown. Because women in the time of the Tokugawa shogunate were given names with two syllables only (usually adding the prefix "O-" to refer to someone of a higher social standing and considered an honorific), Kaname prefers to address her as Oren-san. She is voiced by Rie Tanaka in the original Japanese anime and by Nancy Novotny in the English version by ADV Films.

Issei Tsubaki[edit]

Issei Tsubaki (椿 一成 Tsubaki Issei?) is the black belt leader of Jindai High's Karate Club. However, he is extremely nearsighted and can see clearly only when wearing his glasses, which leads to several comic incidents. His sense of pride cannot accept the fact that he was defeated by Sousuke and is constantly challenging him to rematches, which Sousuke usually avoids. He has a huge crush on Kaname and in the short story Irrelevant Emotion accidentally indicates Sousuke when confessing his love for her. In the Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu anime, Mizuki falls in love with him in the last episode. In Irrelevant Emotion, however, she falls for him after he saves her from falling out of a window. He is voiced by Jun Fukuyama in the original Japanese anime and by Nomed Kaerf in the English version by ADV Films.

Minor characters[edit]

Seina joined terrorist organization A21 a long time ago when it was a refuge for delinquents. Now that the world has turned against her, she uses anyone close to her to aid her in revenge - complete destruction. She is voiced by Mayumi Asano in Japanese and Kelli Cousins in English.

Takuma Kugayama[edit]

Takuma is the unstable experiment of the terrorist organization, A21. All he wants out of life is to please who he thinks is his big sister, Seina, (since he killed his actual one) but she's been scarred and vowed revenge against society long ago. Now, the only thing that seems to please her is Takuma piloting the mech, Behemoth, and wreaking as much havoc as possible. He is voiced by Susumu Chiba in Japanese and Spike Spencer in English.

When Sousuke joined a guerrilla movement at age 8, he was befriended by Zaied, who was only 3 years older. Zaied became his mentor and taught him the art of combat and survival. He was later believed by Sousuke to have been killed by a raid made by Gauron on the guerilla village. Eight years later, it is revealed that he had instead teamed up with Gauron to deliver a nuclear warhead, and Sousuke meets him again during his mission to assassinate Gauron. He is voiced by Takehito Koyasu in Japanese and Illich Guardiola in English.

Commander Killy B. Sailor[edit]

Commanding Officer of the US Navy attack submarine USS Pasadena, Sailor crosses paths with Mithril twice: first, during Gauron's hijack of Tuatha de Danaan, he launches torpedoes at TDD-1 in retaliation for Gauron's missile strike on the USS Bunker Hill. Secondly, during the events of the novel Dancing Very Merry Christmas, Sailor is a passenger aboard the Pacific Chrysalis when Amalgam activates Harris and a force of Alastors. What little is known about him is that he was an enlisted Chief Petty Officer who served with Tessa's father, who encouraged him to enter OCS. He holds Mardukas in high regard, having met him in the incident where Turbulent saved them. His Codename is "McClane".

  1. ^ Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid OVA
  2. ^ Andrei: "My wife and I were often at odds over the amount of time I would have to spent away from home on missions." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid OVA)
  3. ^ Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid MITHRIL Report included on Volume 3 (Act III, Scece 10 + 11)
  4. ^ Belfangan: "I come to you fresh from the Mediterranean Sea Fleet. Lieutenant Belfangan Closeau. (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 8: Jungle Groove)
  5. ^ Belfangan: "No one needs to know that McAllen and I used to be war buddies." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 8: Jungle Groove)
  6. ^ In the TSR OVA, Closeau is an expert in melee combat when he uses a broom stick to block a projectile from Kurz's single shot grenade pistol.
  7. ^ Belfangan: "Skill doesn't have a thing to do with it. You have a problem that's going to kill you unless you deal with it."
    Sousuke: "Oh really, what do you know?"
    Belfangan: "Well, it's obvious to me that you hate the Arbalest. I can see it as soon as we started. In your footwork, in your mechanics, and in every single one of your attacks. You were rushing your moves, full of self-doubt." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 8: Jungle Groove)
  8. ^ Belfangan: "Sagara, listen. The AS system that we use is more than just a lifeless machine. A properly trained soldier makes it an extension of his entire body. And your ability to handle it says a great deal about you. And when the stakes are highest, your lack of heart will get you killed." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 8: Jungle Groove)
  9. ^ a b c This is only used from Japanese anime sources.
  10. ^ Melissa (Disguise): "I guess you're American, aren't you?"
    Vincent: "So how do you know that?" (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 5: Beautiful Sicily)
  11. ^ In Full Metal Panic Sigma, a woman who had the same surname Bruno was the Secretary of MITHRIL's Human Relations Department, who was indirectly responsible for the TDD-1 incident. However, she was in Sicily hiding in her father's mansion, unlike Vincent's relation with Barbara, who was his friend. Also, the woman was portrayed as a lesbian.
  12. ^ Admiral Borda: "But it seems like that they're bent out of shape that we went in and got him without their say-so." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 6: Edge of Heaven.)
  13. ^ Vincent: "All they said was they were from... Amalgam, yeah, Amalgam!"
    Interrogator: "Amalgam?"
    Vincent: "They didn't let me in on any more than that." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 6: Edge of Heaven.)
  14. ^ See Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 5: Beautiful Sicily.
  15. ^ a b c Ending Day by Days novel.
  16. ^ Melissa: "Man. Hunter sure has his hand on a lot of businesses around here." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 10: Two Hong Kongs)
  17. ^ See Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 11: His Issues.
  18. ^ In the Full Metal Panic: The Anime Mission Fan book, it said that Nora's rank was ensign.
  19. ^ Gatou, Shojji (2011). Ending Day by Day, Part 1. Tokyopop. p. 200. ISBN 1-4278-0246-7.
  20. ^ Tessa: "I apologize, uncle. Everyone here is important to me. I can't consider leaving."
    Admiral Borda: "If Leonard were here, I think that he would probably take half of the responsibility that you're feeling right off your shoulders." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 5: Beautiful Sicily).
  21. ^ In the Ending Day by Days novel, his title was also addressed as Earl.
  22. ^ See Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 9: Her Issues.
  23. ^ "Continuing On My Own" Novel
  24. ^ Admiral Borda: "If Leonard were here, I think that he would probably take half of the responsibility that you're feeling right off your shoulders. You know, I wonder what he's up to these days?" (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 5: Beautiful Sicily).
  25. ^ In the novel version, the original role belonged to a boy named Fei Xiu. It's assumed that he was taken out during production of the Second Raid for fanservice.
  26. ^ a b See Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 2: Scenes Underwater.
  27. ^ a b Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid MITHRIL Report included on Volume 4, Scene 06+07
  28. ^ In the novels, her role was done to replace a boy named Fei Won. Like Yu Lan, Yu Fan was in the Second Raid for fanservice.
  29. ^ Xia Yu Fan: "I know that Amalgam has caused the civil war that destroyed our hometown." (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 13: Continuing Day by Day)
  30. ^ This was said by Gauron in Episode 12 of The Second Raid.
  31. ^ Gates: "But helmets make you go... bald. (Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 3: The Dungeon and The Dragon.)
  32. ^ See Full Metal Panic: The Second Raid, Episode 3: The Dungeon and The Dragon.
  33. ^ No further details are known as of 2007.
  34. ^ In the Full Metal Panic anime, it takes place in a Khanka Air Force base.


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Soyuz TM-2

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the spacecraft. For the expedition which it launched, see Mir EO-2.
Soyuz TM-2
Mission duration 174 days, 3 hours, 25 minutes, 56 seconds
Orbits completed ~2,810
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type Soyuz-TM
Manufacturer NPO Energia
Launch mass 7,100 kilograms (15,700 lb)
Crew size 2 up
3 down
Members Aleksandr Laveykin
Launching Yuri Romanenko
Landing Aleksandr Viktorenko
Muhammed Faris
Callsign Taimyr
Start of mission
Launch date 5 February 1987, 21:38:16 (1987-02-05UTC21:38:16Z) UTC[1]
Rocket Soyuz-U2
Launch site Baikonur 1/5
End of mission
Landing date 30 July 1987, 01:04:12 (1987-07-30UTC01:04:13Z) UTC[2]
Landing site 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Arkalyk
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric
Regime Low Earth
Perigee 341 kilometres (212 mi)
Apogee 365 kilometres (227 mi)
Inclination 51.6 degrees
Period 91.6 minutes
Docking with Mir

Soyuz programme
(Manned missions)
← Soyuz T-15 Soyuz TM-3

Soyuz TM-2 was the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir, which was unmanned at the time. TM-2 was launched in February 1987, and it was first manned spaceflight of the Soyuz-TM spacecraft,[3] and the second manned spaceflight to Mir (the first being Soyuz T-15). The crew of the long duration expedition, Mir EO-2, who were launched by TM-2 consisted of Soviet cosmonauts Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin.

The spacecraft remained docked to Mir, functioning as a lifeboat for the EO-2 crew, until July 1987 when it returned to Earth carrying Laveykin and the two man crew of Mir EP-1. Romanenko later returned to Earth in Soyuz TM-3 at the end of EO-2.

Position Launching crew Landing crew
Commander Soviet Union Yuri Romanenko
Mir EO-2
Third spaceflight
Soviet Union Aleksandr Viktorenko
Mir EP-1
First spaceflight
Flight Engineer Soviet Union Aleksandr Laveykin
Mir EO-2
First spaceflight
Research Cosmonaut None Syria Muhammed Faris
Mir EP-1
First spaceflight

Mission parameters[edit]

  • Mass: 7100 kg
  • Perigee: 341 km
  • Apogee: 365 km
  • Inclination: 51.6°
  • Period: 91.6 minutes

Mission highlights[edit]

Main article: Mir EO-2

Early in the expedition EO-2, the module Kvant-1 was launched to automatically dock with Mir. The docking system, known as the "Igla system", was not behaving as expected. On April 5 the EO-2 crew retreated to the Soyuz TM-2 spacecraft so that they could escape in the event the module got out of control. About 200 m out, the docking system lost its lock on Mir’s aft port antenna. The cosmonauts watched from within Soyuz-TM 2 as the Kvant/ FSM combination passed within 10 m of the station.[1] Following an emergency spacewalk, Kvant fully docked to the station on April 11.

  1. ^ a b "Mir EO-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  2. ^ "Mir EP-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  3. ^ "Soyuz TM". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Retrieved 11 November 2010.

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text:
The Old Guitarist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Old Guitarist
Old guitarist chicago.jpg
Artist Pablo Picasso
Year 1903–04
Type Oil on panel
Dimensions 122.9 cm × 82.6 cm (48.4 in × 32.5 in)
Location Art Institute of Chicago

The Old Guitarist is an oil painting by Pablo Picasso created late 1903–early 1904. It depicts an old, blind, haggard man with threadbare clothing weakly hunched over his guitar, playing in the streets of Barcelona, Spain. It is currently on display in the Art Institute of Chicago.[1]

At the time of The Old Guitarist’s creation, Modernism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Symbolism had merged and created an overall movement called Expressionism which greatly influenced Picasso’s style. Furthermore, El Greco, Picasso’s poor standard of living and the suicide of a dear friend influenced Picasso’s style at the time which came to be known as his Blue Period.[1] Several x-rays, infrared images and examinations by curators revealed three different figures hidden behind the old guitarist.

Blue Period[edit]

At the time, having renounced his classical and traditional education and searching for fame, Picasso and his friend Carlos Casagemas moved to Paris. A year later, Casagemas became hopelessly miserable from a failed love affair and committed suicide. Picasso was greatly afflicted by this event and was soon depressed and desolate. In addition, Picasso was very poor. His poverty made him identify and relate to beggars, prostitutes and other downtrodden outcasts in society.[1]

These events and circumstances were the impetus for the beginning of Picasso’s Blue Period which lasted from 1901 to 1904. The Blue Period is identified by the flat expanses of blues, greys and blacks, melancholy figures lost in contemplation, and a deep and significant tragedy. After the Blue Period came Picasso's Rose Period, and eventually the Cubism movement which Picasso co-founded.[1]

Elements in The Old Guitarist were carefully chosen to generate a reaction from the spectator. For example, the monochromatic color scheme creates flat, two-dimensional forms that dissociate the guitarist from time and place. In addition, the overall muted blue palette creates a general tone of melancholy and accentuates the tragic and sorrowful theme. The sole use of oil on panel causes a darker and more theatrical mood. Oil tends to blend the colors together without diminishing brightness, creating an even more cohesive dramatic composition.[2]

Furthermore, the guitarist shows no sign of life and appears to be close to death, implying little comfort in the world and accentuating the misery of his situation. Details are eliminated and scale is manipulated to create elongated and elegant proportions while intensifying the silent contemplation of the guitarist and a sense of spirituality. The large, brown guitar is the only significant shift in color found in the painting;[1] its dull brown, prominent against the blue background, becomes the center and focus. The guitar comes to represent the guitarist’s world and only hope for survival. This blind and poor subject depends on his guitar and the small income he can earn from his music for survival. Some art historians believe this painting expresses the solitary life of an artist and the natural struggles that come with the career. Therefore, music, or art, becomes a burden and an alienating force that isolates artists from the world.[3] And yet, despite the isolation, the guitarist (artist) depends on the rest of society for survival. All of these emotions reflect Picasso’s predicament at the time and his criticism of the state of society. The Old Guitarist becomes an allegory of human existence.[1]

Infrared discoveries[edit]

Detail showing an image beneath

Recent x-rays and examinations by curators found three figures peering behind the old guitarist’s body. The three figures are an old woman with her head bent forward, a young mother with a small child kneeling by her side, and an animal on the right side of the canvas. Despite unclear imagery in crucial areas of the canvas, experts determined that at least two different paintings are found beneath The Old Guitarist.[4]

In 1998, researchers used an infrared camera to penetrate the uppermost layer of paint (the composition of The Old Guitarist) and clearly saw the second-most composition. By using this camera, researchers were able to discover a young mother seated in the center of the composition, reaching out with her left arm to her kneeling child at her right, and a calf or sheep on the mother’s left side. Clearly defined, the young woman has long, flowing dark hair and a thoughtful expression.[5]

The Art Institute of Chicago shared its infrared images with the Cleveland Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., where curator William Robinson identified a sketch by Picasso sent to his friend Max Jacob in a letter. It revealed the same composition of mother and child, but it had a cow licking the head of a small calf. In a letter to Jacob, Picasso reveals he was painting this composition a few months before he began The Old Guitarist. Despite these discoveries, the reason Picasso did not complete the composition with a mother and child, and how the older woman fitted into the history of the canvas, remain unknown.[4][5]

See also[edit]

External links[edit]


text:
To the Lighthouse

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from To The Lighthouse)
Jump to: navigation, search
To the Lighthouse
First edition
Author Virginia Woolf
Cover artist Vanessa Bell
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Genre Modernism
Publisher Hogarth Press
Publication date
5 May 1927
Preceded by Mrs Dalloway
Followed by Orlando: A Biography

To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf. The novel centres on the Ramsays and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.

Following and extending the tradition of modernist novelists like Marcel Proust and James Joyce, the plot of To the Lighthouse is secondary to its philosophical introspection. Cited as a key example of the stream-of-consciousness literary technique, the novel includes little dialogue and almost no action; most of it is written as thoughts and observations. The novel recalls childhood emotions and highlights adult relationships. Among the book's many tropes and themes are those of loss, subjectivity, and the problem of perception.

In 1998, the Modern Library named To the Lighthouse No. 15 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[1] In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels from 1923 to present.[2]

Plot summary[edit]

Part I: The Window[edit]

The novel is set in the Ramsays' summer home in the Hebrides, on the Isle of Skye. The section begins with Mrs Ramsay assuring her son James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day. This prediction is denied by Mr Ramsay, who voices his certainty that the weather will not be clear, an opinion that forces a certain tension between Mr and Mrs Ramsay, and also between Mr Ramsay and James. This particular incident is referred to on various occasions throughout the section, especially in the context of Mr and Mrs Ramsay's relationship.

The Ramsays and their eight children have been joined at the house by a number of friends and colleagues. One of them, Lily Briscoe, begins the novel as a young, uncertain painter attempting a portrait of Mrs. Ramsay and James. Briscoe finds herself plagued by doubts throughout the novel, doubts largely fed by the claims of Charles Tansley, another guest, who asserts that women can neither paint nor write. Tansley himself is an admirer of Mr Ramsay, a philosophy professor, and his academic treatises.

The section closes with a large dinner party. When Augustus Carmichael, a visiting poet, asks for a second serving of soup, Mr Ramsay nearly snaps at him. Mrs Ramsay is herself out of sorts when Paul Rayley and Minta Doyle, two acquaintances whom she has brought together in engagement, arrive late to dinner, as Minta has lost her grandmother's brooch on the beach.

Part II: Time Passes[edit]

The second section gives a sense of time passing, absence, and death. Ten years pass, during which the four-year First World War begins and ends. Mrs Ramsay dies, as do two of her children - Prue dies from complications of childbirth, and Andrew is killed in the war. Mr Ramsay is left adrift without his wife to praise and comfort him during his bouts of fear and anguish regarding the longevity of his philosophical work.

Part III: The Lighthouse[edit]

In the final section, “The Lighthouse,” some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section). The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off. As they travel, the children are silent in protest at their father for forcing them to come along. However, James keeps the sailing boat steady and rather than receiving the harsh words he has come to expect from his father, he hears praise, providing a rare moment of empathy between father and son; Cam's attitude towards her father changes also, from resentment to eventual admiration.

They are accompanied by the sailor Macalister and his son, who catches fish during the trip. The son cuts a piece of flesh from a fish he has caught to use for bait, throwing the injured fish back into the sea.

While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel. She reconsiders her memory of Mrs and Mr Ramsay, balancing the multitude of impressions from ten years ago in an effort to reach towards an objective truth about Mrs Ramsay and life itself. Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work.

Major themes[edit]

Complexity of experience[edit]

Large parts of Woolf's novel do not concern themselves with the objects of vision, but rather investigate the means of perception, attempting to understand people in the act of looking.[3] To be able to understand thought, Woolf's diaries reveal, the author would spend considerable time listening to herself think, observing how and which words and emotions arose in her own mind in response to what she saw.[4]

Complexity of human relationships[edit]

This examination of perception is not, however, limited to isolated inner-dialogues, but also analysed in the context of human relationships and the tumultuous emotional spaces crossed to truly reach another human being. Two sections of the book stand out as excellent snapshots of fumbling attempts at this crossing: the silent interchange between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay as they pass the time alone together at the end of section 1, and Lily Briscoe's struggle to fulfill Mr. Ramsay's desire for sympathy (and attention) as the novel closes.[5]

Narration and perspective[edit]

The novel lacks an omniscient narrator (except in the second section: Time Passes); instead the plot unfolds through shifting perspectives of each character's stream of consciousness. Shifts can occur even mid-sentence, and in some sense they resemble the rotating beam of the lighthouse itself. Unlike James Joyce, however, Woolf does not tend to use abrupt fragments to represent characters' thought processes; her method is more one of lyrical paraphrase. The lack of an omniscient narrator means that, throughout the novel, no clear guide exists for the reader and that only through character development can we formulate our own opinions and views because much is morally ambiguous.

Whereas in Part I the novel is concerned with illustrating the relationship between the character experiencing and the actual experience and surroundings, the second part, 'Time Passes' having no characters to relate to, presents events differently. Instead, Woolf wrote the section from the perspective of a displaced narrator, unrelated to any people, intending that events be seen related to time. For that reason the narrating voice is unfocused and distorted, providing an example of what Woolf called 'life as it is when we have no part in it.'[6][7]

Allusions to autobiography and actual geography[edit]

Woolf began writing To the Lighthouse partly as a way of understanding and dealing with unresolved issues concerning both her parents[8] and indeed there are many similarities between the plot and her own life. Her visits with her parents and family to St Ives, Cornwall, where her father rented a house, were perhaps the happiest times of Woolf's life, but when she was thirteen her mother died and, like Mr. Ramsay, her father Leslie Stephen plunged into gloom and self-pity. Woolf's sister Vanessa Bell wrote that reading the sections of the novel that describe Mrs Ramsay was like seeing her mother raised from the dead.[9] Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled.[10] Lily Briscoe's meditations on painting are a way for Woolf to explore her own creative process (and also that of her painter sister), since Woolf thought of writing in the same way that Lily thought of painting.[11]

Woolf's father began renting Talland House in St. Ives, in 1882, shortly after Woolf's own birth. The house was used by the family as a family retreat during the summer for the next ten years. The location of the main story in To the Lighthouse, the house on the Hebridean island, was formed by Woolf in imitation of Talland House. Many actual features from St Ives Bay are carried into the story, including the gardens leading down to the sea, the sea itself, and the lighthouse.[12]

Although in the novel the Ramsays are able to return to the house on Skye after the war, the Stephens had given up Talland House by that time. After the war, Virginia Woolf visited Talland House under its new ownership with her sister Vanessa, and Woolf repeated the journey later, long after her parents were dead.[13] They published it together at their Hogarth Press in London in 1927. The first impression of 3000 copies of 320 pages measuring 7.5 inches by 5 inches was bound in blue cloth. The book outsold all Woolf's previous novels, and the proceeds enabled the Woolfs to buy a car.

  • Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse, (London: Hogarth, 1927) First edition; 3000 copies initially with a second impression in June.
  • Virginia Woolf, To the Lighthouse, (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1927) First US edition; 4000 copies initially with at least five reprints in the same year.

  1. ^ "100 Best Novels". Random House. 1999. Retrieved 11 January 2010.  This ranking was by the Modern Library Editorial Board of authors.
  2. ^ "All Time 100 Novels". Time. 16 October 2005. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
  3. ^ Davies p13
  4. ^ Davies p40
  5. ^ Welty, Eudora (1981). Forward to To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf. New York: Harvest. pp. vii–xii.
  6. ^ Woolf, V. 'The Cinema"
  7. ^ Raitt pp88-90, quote referencing Woolf, Virginia (1966). "The Cinema". Collected Essays II. London: Hogarth. pp. 267–272.
  8. ^ Panken, Virginia Woolf and the "lust of creation", p.141
  9. ^ New York Times article
  10. ^ The preceding paragraph is based on facts in Nigel Nicolson, Virginia Woolf, Chapter One, which is reprinted here. These facts can also be found in Phyllis Rose, Introduction to A Voyage Out, Bantam Books, 1991, p. xvi
  11. ^ Panken, op.cit., p.142
  12. ^ Davies p1
  13. ^ Woolf 1980, p. 123.

  • Davies, Stevie (1989). Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse. Great Britain: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-077177-8.
  • Raitt, Suzanne (1990). Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse. New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. ISBN 0-7450-0823-2.
  • Dick, Susan; Virginia Woolf (1983). "Appendix A". To the Lighthouse: The Original Holograph Draft. Toronto, Londo: University of Toronto Press.
  • Woolf, Virginia (1980). Bell, Anne Olivier; McNeillie, Andrew, eds. The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Volume III: 1925–1930. London: Hogarth. ISBN 0-7012-0466-4.

External links[edit]


text:
Tom Westman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tom Westman
Born (1964-01-04) January 4, 1964 (age 51)
Sayville, New York, U.S.
Television Survivor: Palau (winner)
Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains

Tom Westman (born January 4, 1964) is a reality TV personality and was the winner of the tenth season of the U.S. reality show Survivor, Survivor: Palau.

Survivor: Palau[edit]

Starting the game of Survivor, Westman was not immediately targeted. When the game began with all 20 castaways on the same island, it was revealed later in the show that Westman was in an early alliance with Ian Rosenberger, Katie Gallagher and Stephenie LaGrossa. However, when it came time to pick tribes, LaGrossa ended up on Ulong, whereas Westman, Rosenberger, and Gallagher all ended up on Koror. The alliance between Westman, Rosenberger, and Gallagher stayed strong on Koror, despite the loss of LaGrossa.

Originally planning to hide behind the younger males of his tribe, Westman soon became known for leadership skills. Koror team-members secured early immunity wins in Episodes 1-4. Westman, Rosenberger, and Gallagher joined together with Gregg Carey and Jenn Lyon to control the numbers on Koror. In Episode 5, both tribes faced tribal council regardless of the challenge outcome, and Tom joined the rest of his tribe to vote out tribal annoyance Willard Smith.

In Episode 7, Westman caught a shark for his tribe. Ulong continued to suffer until only LaGrossa remained. She joined Koror in Episode 9 in an unofficial merge. Together with LaGrossa, Westman's alliance controlled the game and voted out Coby Archa.

At the Final 8, Westman's allies Carey and Lyon decided to vote out LaGrossa, despite Westman's campaigning for her. But Janu Tornell unexpectedly quit the game at tribal council after LaGrossa broke down once. At the Final 7, LaGrossa tried to organize an alliance of women against Westman, but Caryn Groedel would not commit and informed Westman of the plan, leading to LaGrossa being unanimously voted out.

At the Final 6, Westman was comfortable with his immunity wins and his alliance. However, he received a shock when Rosenberger informed him that Carey and Lyon had swayed Gallagher to their side to turn on Westman at the Final 5. When Carey, Lyon and Gallagher were enjoying a reward, Tom, Ian and Caryn conspired to get rid of Carey instead. They even contemplating drawing rocks in random elimination. But it never came to that stage as Rosenberger informed Gallagher of the plan minutes before tribal council and she had no choice but to comply or risk elimination by random rock drawing, and Carey was voted out.

At the Final Five, the alliance of Westman, Rosenberger and Gallagher were on shaky ground due to the betrayal of Westman and Rosenberger instigating Carey's departure. Gallagher and Lyon agreed to team up with Caryn to control the game. This was further pushed when Rosenberger took Westman on a reward, despite promising to take Gallagher. This angered Gallagher and led to an argument with Rosenberger after he returned. But after the two reconciled, they agreed to get rid of Caryn instead, abandoning the all-female alliance. At the Final Four, Rosenberger contemplated turning on Westman and siding with Gallagher and Lyon to vote off Westman. But when Westman enjoyed another immunity win, Rosenberger agreed that Lyon would be the next to go. However, when Westman found out about Rosenberger's plan, he sided with Lyon and voted for Rosenberger. But Gallagher stayed true to Rosenberger, resulting in a 2-2 tie. Both Rosenberger and Lyon participated in a fire-building tie-breaker competition. Rosenberger won, and Lyon was voted out.

At the Final 3, heavy arguments took place, especially between Rosenberger and Westman. Rosenberger felt as if he had betrayed his friends, and protested that he did not come to play the role of the villain. In the endurance immunity challenge, after close to 12 hours, Rosenberger agreed to step down and be voted off in a sign of repentance for betraying Westman and Gallagher. Westman accepted and Rosenberger was voted out. This immunity win was Tom's fifth out of only seven individual immunity challenges, a feat matched only by Colby Donaldson (Survivor: The Australian Outback), Terry Deitz (Survivor: Panama), Oscar "Ozzy" Lusth (Survivor: Cook Islands), and Mike Holloway (Survivor: Worlds Apart).

In the end, Westman defeated Gallagher in a 6-1 vote to become the Sole Survivor. He managed to gain the votes of Tornell, LaGrossa, Carey, Groedel, Lyon and Rosenberger.

Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains[edit]

Westman participated on the Heroes tribe. He had discovered several chickens on Day 1, which all of his tribe was able to surround and catch. At the beginning of the game, he made an alliance with Colby Donaldson and Stephenie LaGrossa. The tribe beat the villains at the first reward challenge, but lost at immunity. On Day 3, Westman and the rest of the tribe voted out Jessica Kiper because of her emotions and her weakness. After going to tribal council a second time, Tom was one of only three people who attempted to vote out Amanda Kimmel, but failed to do so when fellow Survivor: Palau contestant Stephenie LaGrossa was voted out. Tom found the hidden immunity idol at the Heroes campsite and got a target on his back. At the fourth (third for the Heroes) tribal council, Tom played the idol which negated three votes cast against him which ended up sending Cirie Fields home. After James Clement had injured his leg at the following reward challenge, Westman attempted to ensure the elimination of Clement. After losing their fourth immunity challenge, Westman attempted to vote out Amanda, however the Heroes tribe elected to keep Kimmel and Clement over Westman, and he was voted out 5-2. He played Survivor for a combined total of 53 days.

In 2011, Westman was officially inducted into the Xfinity "Survivor Hall of Fame," alongside Ozzy Lusth and Panama' contestant Cirie Fields.[1] In a 2015 interview, host Jeff Probst declared Westman to be one of his top 10 favorite Survivor winners ever, and one of his top 6 favorite male winners.[2]

Survivor stats[edit]

Year Season Place
Reward challenges won Immunity challenges won Votes cast
Votes cast
Tribal Individual Tribal Individual
2004 Survivor: Palau 1 / 20 39 / 39 * 5 / 8 0 / 2 7 / 7 5 / 7 0 / 43 6 / 7 Sole Survivor ($1,000,000)
2009 Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains 15 / 20 14 / 39 2 / 5 1 / 5 5 / 31
Red italicized text = lead castaways in category, red italicized text with * = tied for lead

Personal life[edit]

A former New York City firefighter of twenty years, Westman retired from Ladder Company 108 in August 2005 to pursue a career as a motivational speaker.[3] He has a deaf daughter.[4]

External links[edit]

Preceded by
Chris Daugherty
Winner of Survivor
Survivor: Palau
Succeeded by
Danni Boatwright


text:
Trick 'r Treat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Trick or treat (disambiguation).
Trick 'r Treat
Trick r treat.jpg
Promotional poster
Directed by Michael Dougherty
Produced by Bryan Singer
Written by Michael Dougherty
Music by Douglas Pipes
Cinematography Glen MacPherson
Edited by Robert Ivison
Distributed by Warner Premiere
Release dates
  • December 9, 2007 (2007-12-09)
Running time
82 minutes
  • United States
  • Canada
Language English
Budget $12 million[1]
Box office $6.8 million[2] (domestic video sales)

Trick 'r Treat is a 2007 American-Canadian anthology horror film written and directed by Michael Dougherty. The film stars Dylan Baker, Brian Cox and Anna Paquin, and centers on four Halloween-related horror stories. One common element that ties the stories together is the presence of Sam, a mysterious child trick-or-treater wearing shabby orange pajamas with a burlap sack over his head, that makes an appearance in all the stories whenever someone breaks Halloween traditions.

Despite being delayed for two years and having a very limited theatrical release, the film received much critical acclaim and has since garnered a strong cult following.[3] In October 2013, the filmmakers announced that a sequel, Trick 'r Treat 2, is in the works.

Emma (Leslie Bibb) and her holiday-obsessed husband, Henry (Tahmoh Penikett), have set up numerous ghost-scarecrows for Halloween in their yard, although she is mostly uninterested in Halloween. After returning home from a Halloween party, Emma tries to blow out a jack-o'-lantern, but Henry tells her not to because it is against tradition to extinguish a jack-o'-lantern on Halloween; she blows it out anyway. While Henry is inside waiting for Emma to take down the decorations, she is murdered by an unknown assailant whom later in the movie was revealed to be Sam with a large blade-shaped pumpkin lollipop in front of the kids who were trick and treating, who ran away in horror. Later, Henry goes outside and notices limbs hanging out of wires. Just then, one of the scarecrows lights up. He approaches it and takes down the cover, only to see Emma's body stuck onto the stick and wrapped in decorative lights, with her limbs chopped off and her mouth stuffed with a large lollipop, and screams in horror.

The Principal[edit]

Steven Wilkins (Dylan Baker), the town principal, spots his young neighbor Charlie (Brett Kelly) stealing candy from his yard as he returns from the store. Smiling, he places him down at his front door and talks to him about candy and stealing, carving out a jack-o'-lantern, and he gives him a candy. Charlie eats the candy, which turns out to be poisoned with cyanide, and throws up large amounts of chocolate and blood before he dies. Wilkins buries Charlie in his backyard, along with another unknown body, and has a run-in with his neighbor, Mr. Kreeg (Brian Cox), and his dog. After finishing the burial, Wilkins sees Kreeg screaming from his window, begging for help; Wilkins disregards this and Kreeg is knocked down by an unknown assailant. Later, Wilkins arrives in his basement, where he helps his son Billy carve a "jack-o'-lantern" in their basement, which is revealed to be Charlie's severed head. The sequence ends with Billy saying "But don't forget to help me with the eyes."

The School Bus Massacre Revisited[edit]

Five kids, Macy (Britt McKillip), Schrader, Sara, Chip and Rhonda, a savant, journey to the local rock quarry where Macy tells them the local urban legend of "The Halloween School Bus Massacre". Thirty years ago, in 1977, there was a group of mentally retarded kids. Their parents were embarrassed by their conditions and saw them to be a burden to them, and as such, they were sent off to a school in another town so they would not face the townspeople's mocking. One day, on Halloween, they paid the bus driver to kill the kids so they would be freed of their burden. He drove the bus to the quarry, chained the kids to the seats, and while he was checking them, one kid managed to get free and he went to the steering wheel, wanting to drive back home. However, he set the gear in forward instead of reverse and drove into the lake, drowning them all. However, the bus driver managed to get out alive & was never heard from again. Some say the school bus sank so deep it couldn't be found. Others say the town didn't want the school bus to be found.

The group plays a prank on Rhonda in which they pretend to be the undead children and chase Rhonda until she trips and knocks herself out. Macy kicks a jack-o'-lantern into the lake, whereafter the school bus children suddenly rise from the water. The undead children chase the group, and manage to grab hold of the chains which Sara is wearing as part of her costume, dragging her away to be killed. Meanwhile, Rhonda who was possessed by Sam has locked herself in the elevator leading out of the quarry. Despite the others begging her to open it, she ignores them and rides it up herself as the School Bus children corner them as a revenge for the prank. As Rhonda steps out of the elevator, the other kids are heard being dismembered and eaten alive. While Sam looks on at a distance.

Surprise Party[edit]

Laurie (Anna Paquin), a self-conscious 22-year-old virgin, is getting ready for a party with her older sister Danielle (Lauren Lee Smith) and their two friends Maria (Rochelle Aytes) and Janet (Moneca Delain). Annoyed by their talk about boys, she stays behind and plans to join them later. The other girls find local men to bring along with them. Later, alone on her way to the party, Laurie is attacked by a vampire dressed in black. Meanwhile, Danielle, Maria, and Janet party at a bonfire with the men they brought, with Danielle worried about Laurie. The vampire's body suddenly drops from a tree onto the party and Laurie appears. The "vampire" is revealed to be Principal Wilkins in disguise wearing fake fangs. The girls at the party, along with Laurie, suddenly transform into werewolves, removing their skin. It is revealed that Laurie's "virginity" actually signifies that she has never killed anyone before. The girls then proceed to devour their dates along with Wilkins, while Sam Looks on.

Kreeg, a Halloween-hating man, lives alone with his dog, Spite, as his only companion. Kreeg shows his disgust for Halloween by scaring away trick-or-treaters. While at his house, Kreeg is attacked by Sam (Quinn Lord), a small human being dressed in an orange jump suit and with a smiley face on a sack he is wearing over his head. During the struggle, Kreeg rips off the sack over Sam's head to reveal his head to be a cross between a jack-o-lantern and a human skull. Kreeg runs to his window calling for Mr. Wilkins to help him, but is tackled by Sam. Kreeg gains the upper hand when he manages to fire his shotgun at Sam, seemingly killing it, in the process shooting off one of Sam's hands. As Kreeg dials 9-1-1, Sam re-attaches his hand and rises. Sam then attacks him again, stabbing at him with a large pumpkin lollipop out of which he has taken a bite, rendering it sharp. Sam finds that the lollipop has lodged itself into a piece of chocolate from which Kreeg had earlier taken a bite. Sam takes the lollipop wedged into the chocolate and walks away, revealing that Sam was trying to punish Kreeg for scaring away the kids and wanted candy for compensation. Meanwhile, pictures burning slowly in a nearby fireplace show a class photo of the masked children from the "School Bus Massacre" and the bus driver, who is revealed to be Kreeg.

Bandaged and bruised from his encounter with Sam, Kreeg answers his door to give candy to trick-or-treaters. While on his porch, he spots Sam walk over to Emma and Henry's house just after she blows out the jack-o'-lantern, revealing himself as Emma's killer in order to punish her for not following Halloween's rules. Rhonda walks across the street in a trance and is almost hit by the laughing, human-form werewolf girls in their car, on their way back from the surprise party. Billy is sitting on his porch handing out candy, unaware that his father is now dead. Kreeg then walks back inside when there is another knock at the door. He opens the door to find the kids from the School Bus Massacre standing there with their bags outstretched, saying, "Trick 'r Treat", and, suddenly recognizing them, stares in shock. A series of comic strip panels shows Kreeg being murdered and dismembered by them.

Season's Greetings[edit]

Season's Greetings is an animated short created by Trick 'r Treat writer and director Michael Dougherty in 1996 and was the precursor of the film.[4] The movie featured Sam as a little boy dressed in orange footy pajamas with his burlap sack head covering, as he is being stalked by a stranger on Halloween night. The short was released as a DVD extra on the original release for Trick 'r Treat and was aired on FEARnet in October 2013 as part of a 24-hour Trick 'r Treat marathon on Halloween.[5]

Trick 'r Treat[edit]

Trick r' Treat was filmed on location in Vancouver, British Columbia. Originally slated for an October 5, 2007 release, it was announced in September 2007 that the film had been pushed back.[1]

Theatrical screenings[edit]

The first public screening took place at Harry Knowles' Butt-Numb-A-Thon film festival in Austin, Texas, on December 9, 2007. Subsequent screenings included the Sitges Film Festival on October 7, 2008, the 2008 Screamfest Horror Film Festival on October 10, 2008, a free screening in New York sponsored by Fangoria on October 13, 2008, and another free screening in Los Angeles co-sponsored by Ain't It Cool News and Legendary Pictures on October 23, 2008. The film was also screened at the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con International, the Fantasia Festival on July 29 and 30, 2009,[6] the film festival Terror in the Aisles 2 in Chicago on August 15, 2009, and the After Dark film festival in Toronto on August 20, 2009 at The Bloor.

Home media[edit]

Warner Bros. Pictures and Legendary Pictures released the film direct to DVD and Blu-ray on October 6, 2009 in North America, October 26 in the UK, and October 28 in Australia.

  • Sideshow Collectibles created a 15" vinyl figure based on the film's scarecrow-like character Sam.
  • NECA created a 5½" scale figure of Sam that has been released as part of NECA's "Cult Classics" line of movie figures; the figure includes a stand, pumpkins, "candybar," lollipop, sack, and interchangeable, uncovered head.[7]
  • Palace Press and Insight Editions published a 108-page coffee table book entitled Trick 'r Treat: Tales of Mayhem, Mystery & Mischief. It documents the making of the film, and includes storyboards, concept art, cast and crew biographies, and behind-the-scenes photographs.

Comic books[edit]

DC Comics partner Wildstorm Comics had planned to release a four-issue adaptation of Trick 'r Treat written by Marc Andreyko and illustrated by Fiona Staples, with covers by Michael Dougherty, Breehn Burns and Ragnar.[8] The series was originally going to be released weekly in October 2007, ending on Halloween, but the series was pushed back due to the film's backlisting. The four comics were instead released as a graphic novel adaptation in October 2009.[9] Legendary Comics set the second Trick 'r Treat comic book, titled Trick 'r Treat: Days of the Dead, for an October 2015 release date,[10] and features Arts of Artist Fiona Staples.[11] The comic will be released alongside the graphic novel adaptation of Dougherty's Krampus.[12]

Critical reaction[edit]

Despite only a handful of public screenings, the film has received critical acclaim. Based on 20 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall "Fresh" approval rating from critics of 85%, with an average score of 7.4/10 and a critical consensus that the "deftly crafted tribute to Halloween legends, Trick 'r' Treat hits all the genre marks with gusto and old fashioned suspense."[13] Dread Central gave it 5 out of 5 stars, stating, "Trick 'r Treat ranks alongside John Carpenter's Halloween as traditional October viewing and I can't imagine a single horror fan that won't fall head over heels in love with it."[14] The film earned 10 out of 10 from Ryan Rotten of[15] IGN called it a "very well-crafted Halloween horror tribute is a scary blast," rating it a score of 8 out of 10.[16] Bloody Disgusting ranked the film ninth in their list of the 'Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade', calling it "so good that its lack of a theatrical release borders on the criminal."[17]

Michael Dougherty announced in October 2009 that he is planning a sequel,[20] but later stated that there were "no active development nor an attempt at a pitch."[21] He went on to say that "[the] more fans continue to support and spread the movie, the more likely it is that Sam will rise from the pumpkin patch once more."[22] Dougherty helped create a short promotional Easter trailer for FEARnet's Trick 'r Treat 24-hour marathon for Halloween 2011; the trailer showed a family's Easter celebration turning into one of horror, with Sam watching the chaos outside whilst wearing rabbit ears.[23] In October 2013, Dougherty and Legendary Pictures officially announced a sequel, titled Trick 'r Treat 2. Dougherty said he plans to "shake it up a little bit" with the sequel. As of July 10, 2015, no sequel plans have been announced yet.[24]

  1. ^ a b Barone, Matt (2013-10-28). "The Scary-Good Afterlife of "Trick 'r Treat," The Movie That Should Be Halloween's Answer to "A Christmas Story"". Complex. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
  2. ^ "Trick 'r Treat - Box Office Data, DVD and Blu-ray Sales, Movie News, Cast and Crew Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
  3. ^ "Cult-Favorite Halloween Flick Trick ‘r Treat Streams on Facebook Tonight". Retrieved 2013-02-11.
  4. ^ "Cool Horror Videos: Michael Dougherty's Season's Greetings - the short that inspired Trick 'R Treat". JoBlo. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  5. ^ Lane, David. "FEARnet Airing a 24-Hour Marathon of TRICK ‘R TREAT’s on Halloween with Giveaways and New Content by Director Michael Dougherty". Collider. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
  6. ^ â€” translation: Rupert Bottenberg. "Fantasia 2009 Schedule". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  7. ^ [1][dead link]
  8. ^ "00's Retrospect: Bloody Disgusting's Top 20 Films of the Decade". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  9. ^ "Trick 'r Treat: Tales of Mayhem, Mystery and Mischief by John Griffin, Insight Editions, 110 pages". 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  10. ^ "Legendary Comics Haunt Your Holidays With Trick ‘r Treat and Krampus Graphic Novels". 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  11. ^ "Legendary Comics to Run “PACIFIC RIM,” “TRICK R’ TREAT” Sequel Tie-ins". 2009-10-18. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  12. ^ ‘Trick ‘r Treat’ and ‘Krampus’ Get Graphic Novel Adaptations!
  13. ^ Trick r' Treat at Rotten Tomatoes
  14. ^ "Dread Central Review of Trick r' Treat". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  15. ^ Turek, Ryan (2008-10-16). "Review of Trick r' Treat". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  16. ^ Cindy White. " Review of Trick r' Treat". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  17. ^ "00's Retrospect: Bloody Disgusting's Top 20 Films of the Decade...Part 3". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  18. ^ 2008 Screamfest Winners[dead link]
  19. ^ "2009 Toronto After Dark Film Festival Winners". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  20. ^ "'Trick 'r Treat' Sequel in the Pipeline?". Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  21. ^ "Michael Dougherty Talks Potential ‘Trick ‘r Treat’ Sequel!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  23. ^ "Half Way To Halloween". FEARnet. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  24. ^ Li, Shirley. "'Trick 'r Treat' gets a sequel: Michael Dougherty talks what's next | Inside Movies |". Retrieved 2013-10-29.

External links[edit]


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Greenfield

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GREENFIELD, a township and the county-seat of Franklin county, in N.E. Massachusetts, U.S.A., including an area of 20 sq. m. of meadow and hill country, watered by the Green and Deerfield rivers and various small tributaries. Pop. (1890) 5252, (1900) 7927, of whom 1431 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 10,427. The principal village, of the same name as the township, is situated on the N. bank of the Deerfield river, and on the Boston & Maine railway and the Connecticut Valley street railway (electric). Among Greenfield's manufactures are cutlery, machinery, and taps and dies. Greenfield, originally part of Deerfield, was settled about 1682, was established as a “district” in 1753, and on the 23rd of August 1775 was, by a general Act, separated from Deerfield and incorporated as a separate township, although it had assumed full township rights in 1774 by sending delegates to the Provincial Congress. In 1793 part of it was taken to form the township of Gill; in 1838 part of it was annexed to Bernardston; and in 1896 it annexed a part of Deerfield. It was much disaffected at the time of Shays's Rebellion.

See F. M. Thompson, History of Greenfield (2 vols., Greenfield, 1904).


text:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities/Preface to the Third Edition

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The first Edition of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities was published in 1842; the second, improved and enlarged, appeared in 1848, since which time the work has been reprinted from the stereotyped plates without alteration. The fact that forty-two years have elapsed since any change was made in the work shows of itself that a new Edition has become necessary. Moreover, these years have been a period of quite exceptional activity both in classical research and exploration; and in most, and indeed nearly all, the subjects treated in this work, recent treatises and recent discoveries have amplified or superseded much of the information which was available for the writers of the articles in the former Editions. These are especially subjects relating to constitutional history and law, religious offices and festivals, architecture and arts in general, coins, dress, and domestic life. The views held on many of these subjects have been greatly altered by newly discovered inscriptions, by additions to museums in this country and elsewhere, and by the labours of recent scholarship bestowed upon such collections.

Epigraphy alone has revolutionised several departments of knowledge. The inscriptions known to Boeckh and Orelli forty years ago are almost insignificant in amount compared with the wealth of material which has accumulated under their successors. In many cases the discovery of single inscriptions has had results of unexpected importance. We may instance the new light thrown upon the laws of Crete by the inscription at Gortyn, and upon Roman municipal law by those at Malaca and Salpensa, in Spain. Nor has epigraphy been the only department of archaeological research. The excavations of ancient sites have not only thrown new light upon the temples, tombs, theatres, and domestic architecture of the Greeks and Romans, but have yielded many treasures of art, pottery, and ornaments, illustrating the domestic life of the ancients. It is only necessary to allude to the excavations of the pre-historic sites of Troy, Mycenae, and Tiryns, of Olympia, Halicarnassus, and Ephesus, of the Acropolis of [ viii ] Athens, and of many others which cannot be enumerated in the limits of a Preface.

The literary activity of the period, in reference to classical subjects, has been scarcely less marked than the vigour of its archaeological explorations. The constitutional histories both of Greece and Rome have been rewritten. When the last edition was published, only a small part of the great work of Grote had appeared: this, since its completion, has now been supplemented by the researches of Ernst Curtius, Busolt, and others, while the works of Mommsen and his school have opened up new views of Roman constitutional law and provincial government. At the same time, the life of the Greeks and Romans, so long treated as the only ancients worth studying, has come to be regarded less and less as an isolated group of phenomena. The application of the comparative method to history (including the history of religions) and philology has furnished a key to much that before seemed arbitrary and inexplicable. The phrases Ancient Law and Primitive Culture have acquired a new meaning in the hands of eminent writers: much that had been thought characteristic of man only in the savage state has been shown to have coexisted with, and even to have survived, the flowering-time of Graeco-Roman, not to say of modern civilisation. Political changes, too, have not been without influence upon the modern representatives of the two great nations of antiquity. The Italians of the Kingdom are pursuing with renewed vigour and originality the studies which they had never suffered to fall into decay: the Greeks, in the happier circumstances of the last few years, have thrown themselves with zeal, if not always with discretion, into the records of their glorious past. It is not surprising, therefore, that the archaeological hand-books, to which the former editions of this work were so much indebted, have either been rewritten (as, for instance, the Attische Process, the Antiquities of K. F. Hermann and the Becker-Marquardt series), or altogether superseded by later works.

Accordingly, it has been found necessary to rewrite a great part, and remodel the remainder, of the articles in the present Edition, which may therefore be regarded, to a great extent, as a new work. It contains eight hundred pages more than the old Edition. One-third of the articles has been entirely rewritten. The remaining two-thirds have been in all cases greatly altered: scarcely twenty have been reprinted as they originally stood. There are, besides, about two hundred additional articles which did not appear in the old Edition, many of considerable length and importance, by which it is hoped that all omissions have been supplied. The subjects are more extensively illustrated than formerly: there are upwards of four hundred and fifty new woodcuts in the present Edition.

It would take up too much space to give a list of even the most important works which have been used in the preparation of the articles, [ ix ] nor is it necessary, as they are in all cases quoted in their proper places. We may be allowed to mention, as illustrations of the difficulties under which works like the present are produced, and in explanation of the length of time during which it has been in progress, that the "Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines" edited by Daremberg and Saglio, commenced in 1877, has as yet only reached the letter D; that the new series of Hermann's Antiquities, edited by Blümner and others, was announced for completion in 1884 and is still unfinished in 1890; and that the valuable work of Iwan Müller is still incomplete. From all these, so far as they have been available, the greatest assistance has been derived, and is here thankfully acknowledged.

To the Keepers of Classical Antiquities in the British Museum we must also express our obligations for much assistance and advice in the course of the work.

It remains to say a few words respecting the references to ancient writers. These references are now brought as much as possible to a uniformity, though an absolute uniformity cannot be claimed for them. Following recent German (and English) works, we have quoted the Greek and Latin authors, wherever practicable, from the Editions published by Teubner. There is only one way, among, scholars, of quoting such authors as Plato, Strabo, Plutarch, and Athenaeus; yet even this amount of uniformity was not attained by our predecessors. In these, it is believed, absolute uniformity has now been introduced. In Thucydides and Herodotus, when the chapters are long, the sections also have been added, though not uniformly. Such authors as Polybius and Diodorus are now for the first time quoted from the Teubner editions, in which the fragments discovered by Mai and others are now incorporated; whereas in the former Edition there were many references to Mai and other collections not easily to be procured.

In the Orators we follow all German and most recent English scholars in quoting by the § § of Bekker's Berlin edition, which differ from those in the Oxford. In the less voluminous orators this single reference has been deemed sufficient; but as few students could find their way among the sixty Demosthenic orations without further help, in these the usually cited pages (Reiske's) have been added.

Of the numerous references to Cicero, some were to the larger, others to the smaller chapters in the old edition; the double reference, deemed essential by most scholars, has now been supplied throughout.

In Plautus and Terence contributors have been allowed to quote either by the lines of the play, or by acts and scenes, both being marked in recent editions. But Pliny's Natural History is now quoted, according to the modern fashion, uniformly by the marginal sections of Sillig and Jan.

The references to Clemens Alexandrinus were sometimes difficult to verify, when only a chapter of twenty or more pages was named; they [ x ] are now all to Potter's pages, marked in the margin of all subsequent editions.

The Comic Fragments, to which the references are unusually copious, are cited by Meineke's numbers (omitting the name of the play), so as to be verified either in his larger or smaller editions. The more recent edition of Kock was incomplete while our work was in progress; there are a few references to it.

The case of Aristotle's works is peculiar. The books of the Politics, as is known, are arranged in different orders; and where contributors have referred both to Bekker's and Susemihl's arrangement, this has been allowed to stand. But in most cases (though not quite in all) the works of Aristotle are cited by the pages and lines of Bekker's Berlin Edition, which removes all uncertainty.

In conclusion, I have to express my warm thanks to my two colleagues for the unwearied labour and assiduity which they have bestowed upon the Work. Mr. Wayte undertook the direction of Vol. I., and Mr. Marindin that of Vol. II. They have, under my superintendence, selected the contributors, revised the articles and the proofs as they went through the press, and have themselves written a large number of important articles.

November, 1890.


text:
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Gifford

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Archbishop of Reims; b. in Hampshire, 1554; d. at Reims, 11 April, 1629. He was the son of John Gifford, Esquire, of Weston-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir George Throckmorton, Knight, of Coughton, Warwickshire (Wood, "Athen. Oxon.", below). He was sent to Oxford in 1569, where he was entrusted to the care of John Bridgewater, President of Lincoln College, who was a Catholic at heart. Gifford remained at Oxford for about four years, part of which time he spent in the celebrated boarding school kept by the Catholic physician Etheridge, whither he had been removed on the compulsory retirement of Bridgewater for refusal to conform. After this period, Gifford, accompanied by his tutor, proceeded to Louvain (1573), resumed there his studies, and took the degree of M.A. (Athen. Oxon.). After having also obtained his baccalaureate in theology on the completion of a four year's course in that science under Bellarmine, Gifford was forced to quit Louvain owing to the disturbances in the Low Countries. Proceeding thence, he pursued his ecclesiastical studies at Paris, at Reims, which he visited (1577) at the invitation of Dr. Allen, and at the English College at Rome, of which he was admitted a member on 15 Sept., 1579 [Foley, "Records of the English Province", etc., VI (London, 1880), 139; but compare statement there given as to age with date of birth above]. Having been ordained priest in March, 1582 (Foley, "Records", lee. cit.), he was recalled to Reims by Allen as professor of theology at the English College ("Douay Diaries", infra: Diarium Primum, 11; Diarium Secundum, 189 — note statement as to age). The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him in December of 1584 at Pont-à-Mousson in Lorraine, after which, returning to Reims, Gifford taught theology at intervals for nearly twelve years.

On Allen's elevation to the cardinalate, Gifford accompanied him to Rome in the capacity of chaplain, and it is said that during this visit he resided for a time in the household of St. Charles Borromeo. About this time (1597) Gifford was preferred to the deanery of Lille, which office Clement VIII conferred on him at the instance, it is alleged, of the Archbishop of Milan. This dignity he retained for about ten years, and, after his withdrawal from Lille (c. 16O6), he was made "rector magnificus" of Reims University. In 1608, Gifford, who had always held the Benedictines in high esteem and befriended them in many ways, took the habit of that order and subsequently became prior at Dieulouard (Dieulewart). In 1811, Father Gabriel of St. Mary, as Gifford was known in religion, went into Brittany and laid the foundation of a small community of his order at St. Malo. He was favourably received by the bishop, and a chair of divinity was assigned to him (Petre, op. cit. infra). He was one of the nine definitors chosen in 1617 to arrange the terms of union among the Benedictine congregations in England, of which province he was elected first president in May of the same year. In 1618, Gifford was consecrated coadjutor to Cardinal Louis de Lorraine, Archbishop of Reims, with the title of Episcopus Archidaliæ (Bishop of Archidal). On the death of Guise, he succeeded to the archbishopric, becoming also, by virtue of his office, Duke of Reims and First Peer of France.

Before his death, which occurred in 1629 he had acquired a high reputation as a preacher. His writings include: "Oratio Funebris in exequiis venerabilis viri domini Maxæmiliani Manare præpositi ecclesiæ D. Petri oppidi Insulensis" (Douai, 1598); "Orationes diversæ" (Douai); "Calvino-Turcismus", etc. (Antwerp, 1597 and 1603). The latter work, begun by Dr. Reynolds, Clifford completed and edited. He translated from the French of Fronto-Ducæus, S.J., "The Inventory of Errors, Contradictions, and false Citations of Philip Mornay, Lord of Plessis and Mornay". He also wrote, at the request of the Duke of Guise, a treatise in favour of the League. The "Sermones Adventuales" (Reims, 1625) were a Latin rendering by Gifford of discourses originally delivered in French. He assisted Dr. Anthony Champney in his "Treatise on the Protestant Ordinations" (Douai, 1616); other of Gifford's MSS. were destroyed in the burning of the monastery at Dieulouard in 1717.

WOOD, Athenæ Oxoniensis, ed. BLISS, II (London, 1815). col, 453 sqq., essays an orderly narration of the events in Gifford's life; COOPER in Dict. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Records of the English catholics, I — Douay Diaries (London, 1878), passim; GILL0W, Bibl. Dict. Eng. Cath., s. v. Giffard; PETRE, Notices of the Eng. Colleges and Convents on the Continent, etc. (Norwich, 1849). 28, 30 sqq.; MARLOT, Histoire de Rheims, IV (1846), 450 535 sqq.; SNOW, Benedictine Chronology, 37; DUTHILLOEUL, Bibliographie Douaisienne (Douai, 1842), 46-47 (no. 119); LEWIS OWEN, Running Register (1626), 91: PITS, De Angliæ Scriptoribus, 809; GARDINER, History of England, I, 140; WELDON, Chron. Notes, 105, 159. For a more intimate insight into certain phases of Gifford's character, see BUTLER in The Month, CIII (1904); POLLEN, ibid. (1904); KNOX, Letters of Card. Allen (1882); private documents and letters, some of which are published in the Appendix Documentorum lneditorum (Douay Diaries), xxii (326), lxi (395), etc.; and DODD, Church Hist. of England, ed. TIERNEY (London, 1839), II.

P. J. MacAuley.