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FFmpeg is a complete solution to record, convert and stream audio and video.

Its components include:

  • ffmpeg – Converts one video file format to another and supports grabbing and encoding in real time from a TV card.
  • ffserver – HTTP (RTSP is being developed) multimedia streaming server for live broadcasts that supports time shifting.
  • ffplay – simple media player based on SDL and the ffmpeg libraries
  • ffprobe – a media file prober
  • libavcodec – library containing all FFmpeg audio/video encoders and decoders (most developed from scratch for best performances and high reusability)
  • libavfilter – video and audio filtering library
  • libavformat – library of parsers and generators for all common audio/video formats
  • libavutil – utility library containing functions used by all FFmpeg components
  • libswscale – video scaler and pixel format converter
  • libswresample – audio resampler and sample format converter
  • libpostproc – video post-processing library

HandBrake is a graphical video converter.

  • Title / Chapter selection
  • Queue up multiple encodes
  • Chapter Markers
  • Subtitles (VobSub, Closed Captions CEA-608, SSA, SRT)
  • Constant Quality or Average Bitrate Video Encoding
  • Support for VFR, CFR and VFR
  • Video Filters: Deinterlacing, Decomb, Detelecine, Deblock, Grayscale, Cropping and scaling
  • Live Video Preview

MediaCrush is a media sharing server and Web service. You can upload images, sound and videos in convenient ways.

Many free clients are available for it, as well as browser add-ons.

Natron is a video compositing software, developed by the INRIA.

Shotcut is a video editor.

→ Features

→ Roadmap

SimpleScreenRecorder is a graphical tool that lets you record videos, with or without sound, of your desktop, of your games… It can record in various formats, with different quality settings.

Totem is the official movie player of the GNOME desktop environment based on xine-lib or GStreamer.

It features a playlist, a full-screen mode, seek and volume controls, as well as keyboard navigation. Features include:

  • Play any xine or GStreamer supported file (depending on the backend chosen, defaults to xine)
  • LIRC support
  • Shoutcast, m3u, asx, SMIL and ra playlists support (also usable from a shipped LGPL library)
  • DVD (with menus), VCD and Digital CD (with CDDB) playback, disc-type automatically detected
  • TV-Out configuration with optional resolution switching
  • 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, 5.1, stereo and AC3 Passthrough audio output
  • Full-screen mode (move your mouse and you get nice controls) with Xinerama, dual-head and Viewport support
  • Remote operation mode to control a running Totem
  • Seek and Volume controls
  • Aspect ratio changing, Scaling based on the video's original size
  • Full keyboard control
  • Playlist with Repeat and Shuffle modes, with saving feature and drag'n'drop reordering
  • Gnome and Nautilus integration (Totem registers the file-types, adds a menu item, uses the proxy configuration, saves sessions, and registers pnm, mms, uvox and rtsp schemes, removes playlist items from a disc that's getting ejected)
  • Video thumbnailer for the file manager
  • Webcam utility (in development)
  • Nautilus properties tab
  • A Mozilla plugin
  • Properties window (information about the current movie)
  • Drag'n'drop and mousewheel actions
  • Screenshot feature
  • Brightness, Contrast, Hue and Saturation control
  • Visualisation plugin when playing audio-only files
  • Telestrator mode using Gromit
  • Video thumbnailer
  • Nautilus properties page
  • Works on remote displays
  • Optional GTK+-only build
  • Automatic external subtitle load, or manual (only on the command-line, use like: totem file:///
  • DVD, VCD and OGG/OGM subtitles and languages support
  • Dialog for more accurate seeking
  • Authentication dialogs when location requires it
  • Right-to-Left languages support

UnTV is a DRM-free media center platform for home theater computers, allowing users to browse a large catalog of content available via BitTorrent and instantly stream that content, providing an experience similar to that of Netflix. UnTV is controllable via touchscreen devices on the same local network or the keyboard and exposes an API for developing extensions and plugins.

UnPlug scans web pages and tells you where media players are getting their data from, and allows you to easily save the media file. UnPlug works for lots of sites including,,,, and lots, lots more. UnPlug your Plug-Ins and view media however you want!

VLC media player
VLC (initially VideoLAN Client) is a highly portable multimedia player for various audio and video formats (MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264, DivX, WebM, WMV, MP3, Ogg, as well as numerous others) as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols.

It can also be used as a server to stream in unicast or multicast in IPv4 or IPv6 on a high-bandwidth network.

… further results

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the page “GNU Free Documentation License”.

The copyright and license notices on this page only apply to the text on this page. Any software or copyright-licenses or other similar notices described in this text has its own copyright notice and license, which can usually be found in the distribution or license text itself.

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Axiom Envy - Neutron

MSRP: $21.00

Our Price: $16.90

The Axiom Discs Envy is a slightly overstable putter and approach disc. The Envy has a smooth modern feel that fits in the hand perfectly, lending confidence for both putt and approach duties. The Envy exhibits reliable high-speed stability and a minimal fade. With a slightly lower profile and cruising speed than the Ion and Anode class, the Envy is a uniquely “lid-like” stable putter.

The Envy’s defining flight characteristic is its ability to hold a straight flight for power throwers, but also be a dependably stable approach disc for lower power throwers. Its medium depth offers a healthy balance of straight flight paired with an easy clean release. While its flight stability is largely similar to the MVP Ion, the Envy offers an entirely new feel. Its versatile stability on any type of shot will help the Envy find its way into every Axiom thrower’s bag.

The Envy has a 21.1 cm diameter and 10.0 mm rim width. It was released on 1-31-2014.

Available in
Neutron and Soft Neutron in weights: 165g – 175g

Write a review

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  • Innova
  • Discraft
  • DGA
  • Lightning
  • Discmania
  • Fade-Gear
  • ABC
  • NutSac
  • MVP
  • Latitude
  • Dynamic Discs
  • Westside
  • Aerobie
  • Ching
  • Prodigy
  • Vibram
  • Gateway
  • PDGA

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text:
4 Replies Latest reply: Jan 15, 2009 9:30 AM by Jim VanLeeuwen
potus08 Level 1 Level 1 (0 points)
how do i change my itunes id on my iphone

  • neuroanatomist Level 7 Level 7 (31,690 points)
    Note that downloaded content (apps, some music) are linked to the AppleID used to purchase them, so changing your AppleID can cause difficulties with that purchased content. If you only want to change your +email address+ you can keep the same AppleID (even though you're no longer using that email account). To change your email contact information, _do not_ change in iTunes on your computer. Instead, go to the site below and click on email to edit that information.

    Should you want to change your AppleID anyway, you can also do that using the link below, or via iTunes on your computer.

  • potus08 Level 1 Level 1 (0 points)
    i just purchased the phone and did not have itunes account. My friend used his account to download apps. I now have account and want to change to mine.
  • neuroanatomist Level 7 Level 7 (31,690 points)
    You can do that, but you'll need to re-purchase those apps (and redownload the free ones, since those are also linked to the iTunes Store account used to download them).

    Once you change the AppleID in iTunes, sync the phone - the iTunes login information used by the iPhone is taken from the active account in iTunes at the last sync.
  • Jim VanLeeuwen Level 6 Level 6 (18,820 points)
    Sign in to your store account in iTunes, then sync your phone.

    "When you sync your iPhone or iPod touch with your computer, the account last used to access the iTunes Store from the computer is synced to the mobile device for use in the iTunes Store from the device as well. This same account is used for the App Store as well. This account will be used on the device for both stores until you sign in from your computer to the iTunes Store with a different account, and then resync your mobile device with the computer."


text:
Previous 1 2 3 4 Next 51 Replies Latest reply: Aug 27, 2015 11:58 AM by Incredulocious
davemendoza Level 1 Level 1 (0 points)

I have tried to completely reboot my iphone and after all that trouble I still show 3.5 gb of 'other' storage I cannot free up. It is really irritating. Why hasn't apple found a fix for this issue,

WHat else can I do short of having to completely clear out my iphone again - which I do not want to do again?

Previous 1 2 3 4 Next


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Configuring Gmail For Thunderbird 3.x+ (Windows)

For the latest version of Thunderbird, go to the following address:

To print these instructions, select File in the Google Docs window and click Print

Set Your Google Apps Password

Go to after your account has been activated to set your Google Apps Password.  After you have set your Google Apps Password you can set up your desktop e-mail client or mobile device.

1. Open Thunderbird.

2. Click the Tools menu, and select Account Settings..

3. Select Add Mail Account... from the drop-down list located under the account list on the left.

4. The first dialog in Thunderbird’s Automatic Account Configuration will be displayed. Enter your name, your and your Google password. Click Continue.

5. Click on Manual Conf. in the lower left hand corner of the Automatic Account window. Wait until the system has verified your information. Then, click on Advanced Config in the lower left hand corner.

6. From this option, it should take you to Account Settings. Click on Server Settings underneath the account you created.

7. In the Server Settings dialog enter in the Server Name field.

8. In the User Name field enter your

9. In the Connection Security field select SSL/TLS

You may skip steps 10-15 if you previously setup your NYU mail on Thunderbird.

10.  From Account Settings click on Outgoing Server (SMTP).

11. Select the entry that reads and click Edit.

12. In the SMTP Server dialog select Connection security and pick SSL/TLS.

13. In the Port field enter 465.

14. In the User Name field enter your NetID.

15. Click Ok to save your changes.

16. The first time you send an email you will be prompted for your password, you will need to use your NYU Home password.

17. Navigate to the ‘Copies & Folder’ option

18. Make sure the “Place a copy in:” option is NOT checked.

19. Click OK and save your settings.

Additional Settings

Occasionally users may experience an error related to IMAP limits.  To avoid these errors complete the following:

1. Open Thunderbird, select Tools, and then Account Settings.

2. Click on Server Settings under your email account.

3. Click on the Advanced button.

4. Change the Maximum number of server connections to cache to 2.

5. Click OK, click OK again.  Your settings have been saved


text:
Changes related to "Pizza Bugs and Fun September 22, 2012"

Pizza Bugs and Fun September 22, 2012

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I need to want less.

I’m going through a super strong WANTS phase. This usually happens with the changing of seasons and also when I’m really trying to not spend.

I have good self control when it comes to spending on STUFF (clothes, books, decor etc). My weakness in spending is on food. I like the fancier items like a great cheese in lieu of a brick of Kraft for instance. I like to eat out for lunch. I prefer fresh produce to frozen or canned. That kind of stuff.

I have a strict budget in place so I can do things like pay my rent and bills and debt and feed my kids. I am good at sticking to this but it doesn’t make me WANT things any less. Here I’m going to list the things I’m really wanting lately in an attempt to just put it out there and let it go. I don’t like having this greed and consumerism simmering within me.

-A set of decent quality carving gouges and chisels along with a sharpening kit (tools, sharpening)
-A pair of fall shoes that won’t show my socks but that aren’t boots (1, 2)
-New undergarments (sometimes a lady just needs some new things to feel all sexymaphone)
-A new tattoo (sometimes a lady just needs to permanently etch her body with some cool stuff)
-A few nice snuggly blankets for various spots in my house (like so)
-Some knee socks because it’s getting clod out and they are fun
-Some leggings because I think I lost mine in my move

[EDITED TO ADD] Bitch Magazine – I love it.

So nothing is anything I really NEED. What I need is to let go of my desire to HAVE.

On this day:
In 2009 – …
In 2007 – I have excellent vision but I want glasses for the fashion of it
In 2006 – On whose terms are you living?
In 2005 – ” my biggest concern was finding self-conscious looking boys who would give me cigarettes”

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KDE e.V. Publishes Final Report for 2010

KDE e.V., the non-profit organization that supports the KDE community in legal and financial matters, has just published its report for the fourth quarter of 2010 (pdf).

The report summarizes KDE activities in the last three months on 2010, including sprints and trade shows attended by KDE contributors with the support of KDE e.V. It features the individual supporting membership campaign 'Join the Game', and how KDE benefits from it. There is a showcase for community artwork, including the report itself. New KDE e.V. members are presented, as is an overview of KDE e.V.'s finances.

Check out KDE's latest report (pdf)!

Why don't you use part of those 265,840€ to fix some long standing bugs? I would even donate some money for a goal like that.

By trixl.. at Tue, 2011/05/03 - 3:22pm

As you can see the eV makes around 60K€ a year, that's the salary of a skilled developer in europe (give or take a few thousands) so it would mean the eV would stop doing anything it does just to hire someone, not a good idea if you ask me. Also the eV has a mandate of not driving KDE development, and hiring someone will probably be against that.

By Albert Astals Cid at Tue, 2011/05/03 - 5:57pm

How about creating a bug auction?
Users can vote bugs by giving 1 euro, and every 6 months, the 3 bugs with the more votes give their money to the person who solve them!

By nickkefi at Tue, 2011/05/03 - 6:16pm

That actually sounds like a really good idea. It gives users another way to contribute to development and entices more people to help us out with bug-fixing since there's a financial incentive. I'd imagine some of the more long-standing bugs could get decent bounties and as long as the e.V. is just setting up the platform for the auction and holding/distributing the money they shouldn't run afoul of any 'driving development' issues. Maybe we could try something like that in a smaller way (top 10 bugs or something)? Or at least start talking about.

By Aaron Reichman at Tue, 2011/05/03 - 11:59pm

I agree, it's really a great idea!
More people could be involved even if they can't code, while coders could have some more motivation on working on boring bugs, for example. Everybody win!

By gerlos at Wed, 2011/05/04 - 10:50am

And because this is a free community, someone who knows how to create a web page (I don't know) can create it, and just ask the kde e.v. for an account to put the money in.

I think some bugs can easily escalate to 1.000 euros or more...

By nickkefi at Wed, 2011/05/04 - 9:57pm

Looking at, I've 5 noob questions about the 5 most bugged KDE softwares:

  1. Konqueror - it's the most buggy kde software. Couldn't KDE make it deprecated and improve Rekonq?
  2. KMail - When KMail2 will be ready?
  3. Plasma - Why is so problematic? There will be a QML transition? Could it make Plasma less buggy?
  4. Kopete - The situation seems a bit stagnant. What about Telepathy?
  5. Kdelibs - I've read that it could be merged into Qt. Is this only a dream or is there a roadmap?

Thanks for your work :)

By frafra at Wed, 2011/05/04 - 10:55am

1) Konqueror's job is to embedd other components into itself. Most of the bug reports against it belong to other components (kparts).

2) KMail2 would be released very soon I guess.

3) Plasma seems very mature atm. Move to QML happens on Plasma Active project mostly. Im sure it will benefit plasma-desktop as well.

5) Kdelibs is not going to be 'merged' into Qt, as far as i know. However, its going to be restructured, maybe more modularized, to make it more Qt-friendly.

Platform 11 is the sprint taking place in Randa, Switzerland, next month, dedicated to this issue.

Also, kdelibs now supports different profiles, so it builds only necessary parts on each profile (eg mobile).

(And, im not really the best trusted source for all the above. I hope im not wrong about any of it)

By emilsedgh at Wed, 2011/05/04 - 3:46pm

Thanks for your answers :)

By frafra at Thu, 2011/05/05 - 9:33am

Wow, checkout the current issue versus the first issue of the eV Quarterly Report that I put together in 2005. The new editors are doing a fabulous job.

By Allen Winter at Tue, 2011/05/03 - 6:07pm

Actually one of my university professors (Germany/Duisburg) today told us how happy she was to have Konqueror installed because Firefox failed at some internal website for her.

By Dennis Martin Herbers at Wed, 2011/05/04 - 5:37pm


text:
Making a List – and That’s Just the Beginning

You know, it usually starts with “How did you know that?”

The answer inspires many people to get their Twitter account and then ask “OK, what’s next?”

Well, then you build your PLN by following people and reading their tweets and further engage.  Then you continue to add users and …

That’s where I love this quote from Jenny Luca’s blog.

This “drink” is often what drives people to drink – or at least away from Twitter.  If you go off the deep end and follow everybody or everything in sight, it truly can be overwhelming.  So, you could be a bit smart about it and make your reading manageable.  There are a lot of ways to do this.  For me, it’s through the use of lists.

A long time ago, I ditched the Twitter web interface in favour of a browser that allowed me to manage lists and have them constantly displayed on my screen.  For the longest time, Seesmic was my tool of choice.  It went away and I moved to Hootsuite.  (which ironically was the service that bought Seesmic!)  I haven’t looked back.  Within Twitter, I created lists for various things.  In my case, it was a way to organize the number of people that I follow into manageable groups.  To take Ms. Luca’s quote further – we all did this as a child – we put our thumb over a garden hose to focus the spray.  I like to think that lists focus the conversations that I follow.

For me, absolutely the two lists that I follow all the time are those of Ontario Educators

A question that I commonly get asked is “How did you find these people?”  The best, honest answer is through dumb luck but I’m glad that I did!  Since lists are public, clicking on either or both of those links will get you immediate access to 677 folks involved in Ontario Education.  I make my own rules as to who (or what) makes the list.  You’re welcome to follow those lists or follow individuals within there if they somehow appeal to you.

So, honestly, my Hootsuite desktop absolutely looks like this.

The two leftmost columns are my big news feed (big fire hose), a column where I just might get mentioned (@dougpete) and then the last two columns constantly filter and display the messages only from those who fall into one of the two Ontario educator lists.

Inevitably, I look there just to see what other Ontario folks are chatting about.  You can make those columns anything you want – math teachers, other kindergarten teachers, computer science teachers, sports figures, news services, … The possibilities are endless.

Even then, though, lots of information gets through the fire hydrant without me noticing.  After all, you can’t be sitting at the screen watching everything that passes.

Plus, I don’t want all that work.  Why not let the web work for you?

A long time ago, I found a solution that works nicely for me. lets you create and publish your own publications.  The key and importance for me is “automatic” once you’re set up.  And, you guessed it, it can create the publication from your Twitter lists.

So, my source look like this:

Selection_097and I publish it once a day…

Selection_098 does a random promotion part with some of the stories that make the publication.  I can wait until a new edition comes along or go to my news stand and click on the newspaper to see what’s up.  I like this as a summary of the great things that Ontario Educators are sharing.  So, if I don’t get a chance to read the Twitter message as it happens, I can always view the link at my leisure and get caught up.  If you have a classroom Twitter account and are following all kinds of engaging sources, your monthly newsletter could be created and posted to your class wiki daily!  What a great way to encourage curated subject reading.  Just choose those who you follow wisely.

In a word, the use of Twitter lists has made my productivity online shoot through the roof.  For me, it literally leveraged all that was coming from the fire hydrant into a manageable daily process.  Very quickly, I get to the good stuff.

If you’re looking for the mechanics of creating a Twitter list, check out this page from Twitter support.

One thought on “Making a List – and That’s Just the Beginning

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text:
Felicity Ford

My blogs

Blogs I follow

About me

Gender Female
Industry Arts
Occupation Artist
Location Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
Links Audio Clip
Introduction I just completed a PhD concerning our imaginative relationship with everyday sounds. This means I spent 3 years at Oxford Brookes University exploring in many creative ways how I could use the sounds of everyday life as a creative and expressive material. I am especially interested in taking everyday things - recipes, shopping lists, wallpaper, gardening, cooking, etc. - and using these situations and materials as contexts for making and experiencing Art. I do not think creative/imaginative/cultural experiences should be limited to Museums, Galleries and Concert Halls; sometimes an expressive idea requires an unofficial context to be heard or seen in its best light. Sometimes the best symphony is heard in the kitchen pot, and the best colours are found in the laundry basket. I like working with sounds because they evidence the actual time in which life is lived. A photograph can contain only a tiny flicker of a moment, but recorded sound contains the background noises in minutes, hours and seconds. And those background sounds evidence this life that we are living which - in the words of John Cage - "is so excellent."
Interests listening, knitting, baking, gardening, home-improvements, outdoors, birds, accordions, old biscuit tins, bakeware, bricks, beans, wheatpaste, wool, sheep, sticks, making money as an artist, dreaming up ultimate gardens, feminism, Gill Sans, letterpress, paper, physicality, sounds.
Favorite Movies Vera Drake - the soundtrack is incredible for the way that it describes, so understatedly, the cramped and sparsely furnished nature of the rooms which the characters live in.
Favorite Music The dishwasher turning on and the thunk when the tablet is spat out of its compartment into the main body of the machine; Birdsong - especially the pigeon who coos on the chimney and the blackbird who sings at 3am in the early spring; My partner sleeping; Fireworks on bonfire night; The crackle of a good fire; James Wyness's Figure and Ground CD; The Breadwinner, by Jason Lescaleet and Graham Lambkin.


text:
Synchronicity is a wonderful thing; one of my friends sent me a text to see if I had four 12″ saucepans I could lend her for the Los Angeles Food and Wine Event in Santa Monica…in exchange she gave me a ticket to the event!

I arrived before the event actually began, so there weren’t any crowds yet for the tables; it was nice to meander and see who was there before it was open.

Waiters and waitresses circulated with small bites as people arrived. This fellow had a chorizo and pork belly mini slider.

My friend Molly finally donned her chef whites in the 90 degree heat and looked every bit the professional.

My pans were used for the Kerry Heffernan booth, and it turns out he was the guest chef from NY at the event!

Kerry’s dish was a crab and pasta ragu with green beans and micro cilantro.

Graham Elliot‘s presentation of fresh sea urchin, scallop, seaweed, and ocean foam was the most beautiful of the venue (he is about to taste Joe’s watermelon BBQ plate in this pic).

graham elliot on Urbanspoon

There was even an option for vegans from Real Food Daily.

Real Food Daily on Urbanspoon

A sesame croquette.

Nyesha Arrington from Wilshire had beautiful flowers in her hair. And a beautiful snapper with peaches and mirco greens on her plates.

Wilshire on Urbanspoon

A very popular booth was Joe’s Stone Crab, where Andre Bienvenu presented me with a BBQ watermelon taste which was followed with a hard lemonade shot that danced in my mouth!

Joe's Stone Crab on Urbanspoon

Of course he also had stone crabs at his table!

My favorite bites of the night came from Bar Pintxos, their Paella with truffles and pork had the longest line at the venue for good reason, and their Jamon Iberico was the ultimate decadent snack (sorry no pictures, I was too busy eating to take photographs:)

Bar Pintxo on Urbanspoon

There were wonderful wineries pouring at the venue, including some I had never seen before, like Ackerman Family Vineyards.

Alexander Vineyards‘ Cyrus was my favorite of the night, but J Ludlow, Bernardus, Saintsbury, and Rombauer also offered very good wines.

There were live DJ’s spinning tunes all night long.

There were desserts from Fonuts (I loved the strawberry buttermilk and the booth loved the coconut chocolate), sweets from Godiva (in convenient to go packages), and even ice cream at one vendor!

Summers at the shore are marvelous, especially with great wine & food on a balmy night; tonight was indeed a testament to “all true benefits are mutual”.


text:
Favorite (vegetarian) Recipes

July 26, 2010 § 2 Comments

Here are a few in our usual rotation:

  • Black bean and pasta soup: obviously with veggie broth instead of chicken
  • Black bean soup: again, veggie broth and try adding avocado and liquid smoke
  • Bruschetta
  • Eggplant parmesan: close enough to the recipe we use; if you haven’t had eggplant parmesan, make it!
  • Fusilli with spinach & asiago: I prefer frozen spinach to fresh in this recipe
  • Greek salad: I won’t post the recipe (copyright), but pick up this book and make this salad! Quintessential greek salad.
  • Lucky black-eyed peas: without ham hock; I highly recommend the chips, avocado, and spinach!
  • Pesto: close enough to my recipe (which just generally blends basil, olive oil, garlic, parmesan, salt & pepper until it tastes right); great on pasta, pizza, grilled cheese (mozzarella), sweet corn (?!?!?! – don’t knock it ’til you try it!), etc.
  • Red Coconut Curry: veggie broth and we use tofu instead of chicken

Last night’s dinner: pesto pizza – mmmmm. We made our own crust in the bread maker (milk, oil, salt, flour, and yeast) and added pesto (from basil we picked last week), tomatoes (that we just picked), basil (freshly picked), garlic, and real mozzarella & parmesan. It was delicious! We also made one with tomato sauce.

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'' as a referrer, could it be more specific?

  1. drummingpariah

    I'm just curious if it's possible to get a more specific referral from Right now it's my #1 referrer, and for all I know I could be featured on the main page and not know it. I really have no way of knowing. Since they're my biggest singular contributor to traffic, I'd think breaking it down per-article, or per-url referrals. Does this make sense, or has it been discussed already?

  2. You can always check by going to Refresh the page a few times, because it does change. If they're your #1 referrer, that's probably what's going on.

    Other "" referrals can be from the Latest Posts on people's dashboard and we THINK but are not SURE, from Possibly Related Posts.

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Need help? Check out our Support site, then

Year End Stats Improvement?

  1. Thank you for providing me with my year-end stats. I have just one suggestion for making this information more useful to me. Would it be possible to put the total number of views for my blog into the context of all WordPress blogs? I myself had 35,000 views in 2012 but it doesn't mean much without knowing how that compares to others. A simple percentile rank would be infinitely more informative than a static number without context. I can see for myself that my views have grown significantly in 3.5 years of posting but a comparison to all other WP blogs would give me a measuring stick. In my particular case, I have made no effort to use any SEO techniques because I wanted the writing to stand alone. As I go forward, it would be helpful to understand where I stand without the assistance of SEO.

    As always, you all have earned my highest respect for the way you run your site. WordPress continues to be a fun experience for me and a tremendous outlet for my creative side. Hopefully, you will see my request as another useful improvement to an already first-rate site. Thanks again.
    Guy Horst

    The blog I need help with is

  2. All of the past stats seem to have been deleted with your "improvement". What happened and why? it is Czar Donics blog

  3. Guy,
    Thanks much for the kind words and the excellent suggestion. We'll add it to the list for next year and hopefully be able to offer an elegant and compelling way to compare your metrics with other sites and the network as a whole.

    Happy New Year!

  4. @jblz
    I have blogged here for almost 7 years. I'm fully aware of the Google page ranks my blogs have and of their quancast and alexa stats. I have been using sitemeter for longer than the stats program has been in existence. Additionally, I have tried every other third party stats program I could locate that can be run on blogs. Throughout that time myself and other Volunteers answering support forum question have told the new bloggers who post looking for such "apples to oranges measuring stick" ie. comparisons that they don't exist and that we would assign no value to them if they did.

    I'm not supportive of this idea because the raw number ranking of my blogs out of for example 38 million blogs is of zero interest or consequence to me or my blogs. Comparisons of my blogs' page view numbers across all of the various niches of blogs with dis-similar content, both new blogs and well established, would be an apples to oranges comparison lacking any real value ie. usefulness.

    However, if what is being suggested is comparison of blogs of a similar age, with similar content ie. within in the same niche, then and only then, would I derive any value from Staff devoting their time to coming up with such figures. If that's not what is proposed, then IMHO it would be a colossal waste of Staff time.

  5. Hi, @timethief:

    For the most part, I agree. Because there are a _lot_ of variables in play with regard to web metrics (& their resultant analytics), direct comparison with other sites usually doesn't provide a significant amount of actionable insight. There are innumerable external influences on web traffic in general which are outside of anyone's control.

    It's most informative to compare your own metrics to themselves across time so you can understand the impact of your work.

    That being said, I'm hopeful we'll be able to do something along these lines for the Annual Report because:

    • The timeframe of a year better lends itself to a generalized comparison than does the real-time stats page
    • As you mentioned, the most important aspect of this sort of comparison is using a proper cohort. I'm hopeful we can :)

    And _that_ being said, we'll only work on it if it's compelling.

  6. @jblz
    I'm smiling. :) Thanks for your cogent response and very best wishes for a Happy New Year.

  7. Timethief,
    Thanks for giving me another view. I can clearly see now, how many variables are actually at play here and in that context it really is apples to oranges. The last thing I want is time wasted on data that most people would find useless. If it's easy to produce a percentile rank then great but only if it doesn't take much time.
    Guy Horst

  8. Hi Guy,
    I'm glad you understand what I mean. For example any statistical comparison of my 5 year old blogging tips blog to a new or even 5 year old sports blog would be useless to me. Any statistical ranking that blog of mine has among 38 million blogs that vast and overwhelming majority of which contain unrelated content has no value to me. Also any comparison of statical data re: that same blog of mine The Daily Post would also be useless to me as that blog is a prestigious multi-author Staff blog that's highly promoted throughout the site and beyond.

  9. P.S. I apologize for the typos and missing words. I'm visually challenged and working with only one eye today.

  10. Well, I finally found my data, somehow, but would have to use my "History" bookmark to find it again. I'm not really worried about comparing my readership to that of others, either in the same field or in general, but I do like to keep track. This, of course, is because I write simply because it is an impulse or need with me, not a contest. I don't get a cent, either. I Have enjoyed this forum, however, the first one I've joined. I thank all of you for that.

  11. @czardonic
    Hi there,
    To be clear I'm not "worried". I'm also not in the least interested in monetized blogging and have purchased a No-Ads upgrade to keep all advertising off my blog. I choose to answer support forum questions free of charge for hours almost everyday rather than hanging out a Shingle and paid offering support by Skype.

    I was attempting to articulate the fact that no apples to oranges comparisons would hold any value for me. I apologize for my lack of clarity.

  12. I should have said "concerned" rather than "worried," but if an apology is in order, I hereby offer it. I meant no offense. I did get the "apples to oranges" point, however, and support it. Thanks alot, timethief. I have to steal time as well. :)

  13. @czardonic
    Hey there,
    No offense taken and no apology needed. Best wishes for an excellent New Year. :)

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Cookbook:Black Forest Torte

From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
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Black Forest Torte
Category Dessert recipes
Servings 12
Time about two hours

Cookbook | Ingredients | Recipes | German cuisine | Dessert

Black Forest Torte

  1. Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C).
  2. In a small bowl, combine wafer crumbs and sugar; stir in butter.
  3. Press onto the bottom and up the sides of a lightly greased 11-inch (30 cm) tart pan with removable bottom.
  4. Place pan on baking sheet.
  5. Bake for 8 to 10 minutes or until lightly browned.
  6. Cool on a wire rack.
  1. In a microwave safe bowl, melt butter and chocolate; stir until smooth.
  2. Cool for 10 minutes.
  3. In a large mixing bowl, Beat the eggs, sugar, vanilla, and salt until thickened, about 4 minutes.
  4. Blend in chocolate mixture.
  5. Add the flour and mix well.
  6. Pour into crust; spread evenly.
  7. Bake 25 to 30 minutes or until a toothpick inserted in center comes out clean.
  8. Cool completely on a wire rack.
  1. Spread pie filling over the top.
  2. In a small microwave bowl, combine chocolate and cream.
  3. Microwave on high for 20 to 30 seconds or until chocolate is melted; stir until smooth.
  4. Cool for 5 minutes, stirring occasionally.
  5. Drizzle over tart.
  6. Chill until set.

see also: Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte


text:
Armand Louis de Gontaut

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Armand Louis de Gontaut
Armand Louis de Gontaut (1747-1793), French nobleman.jpg
Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Lauzun, and Duc de Biron
Born 13 April 1747 (1747-04-13)
Died 31 December 1793 (1794-01-01) (aged 46)
Allegiance Flag of France.svg France
Service/branch French Army
Awards Order of Cincinnati
Order of St. Louis

Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Lauzun, later duc de Biron, and usually referred to by historians of the French Revolution simply as Biron (13 April 1747 – 31 December 1793) was a French soldier and politician, known for the part he played in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1773, he was Grand second warden of Grand Orient de France.[1]

Early life[edit]

Born in Paris, he bore the title of Duc de Lauzun, which had passed, on the death of Antoine Nompar de Caumont, duc de Lauzun (1633–1723), to his niece, the wife of Charles Armand de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1663–1756). In 1788, he succeeded to the duchy of Biron on the death of his uncle, Louis Antoine de Gontaut, duc de Biron (1700–1788).[2] He married Amelia de Boufflers, only daughter of Charles-Joseph de Boufflers (1731–1751) and Mary Anne Philippine de Montmorency Logny (1732–1797), a young woman described as a paragon a gentle, virginal shyness, a combination of shrewdness and simplicity. Similarly the Duke was a popular companion and house guest.[3]

American Revolution service[edit]

After, for a while, spending his fortune in various parts of Europe, he attracted attention by an essay on the military defences of Great Britain and her colonial empire (État de defense d'Angleterre et de toutes ses possessions dans les quatres parties du monde). This led to his appointment to a command against the British in 1779. In February he commanded the troops that captured Fort St Louis, in Senegal, from the British.[4] After raising an army of volunteer hussars and infantry, subsequently known as Lauzun's Legion, for service in North America. He arrived with 600 of his men in Rhode Island; the remainder were in France, prevented from leaving. Despite having only a portion of his force, he engaged in several active skirmishes, including one near Gloucester, Virginia on 4 October 1781.[4]

In 1781, he took an important part in the American War of Independence by being the advance party of the main French army of Rochambeau sent to reinforce General George Washington at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. Lauzun's Legion left their winter quarters in Lebanon, Connecticut on 9 June 1781 and marched south through Connecticut known as the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route. Their main function was to be an advance party but also to remain ten to fifteen miles south of the main army to protect the flank against any British located in the many Tory towns in lower Fairfield County. While in Connecticut, the French made camps in Middletown, Wallingford, North Haven, Ripton and North Stratford. They arrived at North Stratford, now Nichols on 28 June and stayed for two days.[5] From the hilltop in North Stratford, now Abraham Nichols Park, one could easily see for seventy miles past Long Island Sound to New York and beyond. The French used this time to spy on British ships in New York harbor. After the successful campaign at Yorktown and subsequent British surrender, Lauzun returned to France a hero and was made maréchal de camp.[2]

French Revolution service[edit]

In 1789, he was returned as deputy to the Estates-General by the noblesse of Quercy, and affiliated with the Revolutionary cause. In 1791, he was sent by the National Constituent Assembly to receive the oath of the army of Flanders, and subsequently was appointed to its command. In July 1792, on the wake of the revolutionary conflict, he was named commander of the Army of the Rhine, with the duty of watching the movements of the Habsburg Monarchy troops.

In May 1793, he was transferred to the command of the French Revolutionary Army on the La Rochelle front, operating against the Vendéan insurgency. He gained several successes, among them the capture of Saumur and the victory of Parthenay, but the insubordination of his troops and the suspicions of his political supervisors made his position intolerable and he sent in his resignation.[2]

He was accused by the notorious Jean-Baptiste Carrier of incivisme ("lack of civic virtue", the equivalent of treason[citation needed] under the Reign of Terror) and undue leniency to the insurgents, deprived of his command (July), imprisoned in the Abbaye, sentenced to death by the Revolutionary Tribunal and guillotined.[2] His wife, Amélie de Boufflers, was herself executed on 27 June 1794.

His Memoires, which come down to 1783, were published under his name in 1822 (and reprinted in a new edition of 1858), and letters were published in 1865, said to have been written by him in 1789 to friends in the country, describing the Estates-General.[2]

  1. ^ Dictionnaire de la Franc-maçonnerie, page 143 (Daniel Ligou, ed. Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)
  2. ^ a b c d e  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Biron, Armand de Gontaut, Baron de s.v. Armand Louis de Gontaut". Encyclopædia Britannica 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  3. ^ Gaston Maugras, The Duc de Lauzun and the Court of Louis XV. Osgood, McIlvaine & Company, 1895, de Boufflers%2C&f=false pp. 129–130.
  4. ^ a b Asa Bird Gardiner, The Order of Cincinnati in France, Rhode Island State Society of Cincinnati, 1905. p. 74
  5. ^ Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Major General in the Continental Army and Chief Judge of the Northwestern Territory 1737 — 1789, Charles S. Hall 1905, page 364 [1]

  • Hall, Charles S., Life and Letters of Samuel Holden Parsons, Ostenigo Publishing Co., Binghamton, NY, 1905

External links[edit]


text:
Bernoulli process

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of binary random variables, so it is a discrete-time stochastic process that takes only two values, canonically 0 and 1. The component Bernoulli variables Xi are identical and independent. Prosaically, a Bernoulli process is a repeated coin flipping, possibly with an unfair coin (but with consistent unfairness). Every variable Xi in the sequence is associated with a Bernoulli trial or experiment. They all have the same Bernoulli distribution. Much of what can be said about the Bernoulli process can also be generalized to more than two outcomes (such as the process for a six-sided die); this generalization is known as the Bernoulli scheme.

The problem of determining the process, given only a limited sample of the Bernoulli trials, may be called the problem of checking whether a coin is fair.

A Bernoulli process is a finite or infinite sequence of independent random variables X1X2X3, ..., such that

  • For each i, the value of Xi is either 0 or 1;
  • For all values of i, the probability that Xi = 1 is the same number p.

In other words, a Bernoulli process is a sequence of independent identically distributed Bernoulli trials.

Independence of the trials implies that the process is memoryless. Given that the probability p is known, past outcomes provide no information about future outcomes. (If p is unknown, however, the past informs about the future indirectly, through inferences about p.)

If the process is infinite, then from any point the future trials constitute a Bernoulli process identical to the whole process, the fresh-start property.

The two possible values of each Xi are often called "success" and "failure". Thus, when expressed as a number 0 or 1, the outcome may be called the number of successes on the ith "trial".

Two other common interpretations of the values are true or false and yes or no. Under any interpretation of the two values, the individual variables Xi may be called Bernoulli trials with parameter p.

In many applications time passes between trials, as the index i increases. In effect, the trials X1X2, ... Xi, ... happen at "points in time" 1, 2, ..., i, .... That passage of time and the associated notions of "past" and "future" are not necessary, however. Most generally, any Xi and Xj in the process are simply two from a set of random variables indexed by {1, 2, ..., n} or by {1, 2, 3, ...}, the finite and infinite cases.

Several random variables and probability distributions beside the Bernoullis may be derived from the Bernoulli process:

The negative binomial variables may be interpreted as random waiting times.

Formal definition[edit]

The Bernoulli process can be formalized in the language of probability spaces as a random sequence of independent realisations of a random variable that can take values of heads or tails. The state space for an individual value is denoted by 2=\{H,T\} .

Specifically, one considers the countably infinite direct product of copies of 2=\{H,T\}. It is common to examine either the one-sided set \Omega=2^\mathbb{N}=\{H,T\}^\mathbb{N} or the two-sided set \Omega=2^\mathbb{Z}. There is a natural topology on this space, called the product topology. The sets in this topology are finite sequences of coin flips, that is, finite-length strings of H and T, with the rest of (infinitely long) sequence taken as "don't care". These sets of finite sequences are referred to as cylinder sets in the product topology. The set of all such strings form a sigma algebra, specifically, a Borel algebra. This algebra is then commonly written as (\Omega, \mathcal{F}) where the elements of \mathcal{F} are the finite-length sequences of coin flips (the cylinder sets).

If the chances of flipping heads or tails are given by the probabilities \{p,1-p\}, then one can define a natural measure on the product space, given by P=\{p, 1-p\}^\mathbb{N} (or by P=\{p, 1-p\}^\mathbb{Z} for the two-sided process). Given a cylinder set, that is, a specific sequence of coin flip results [\omega_1, \omega_2,\cdots\omega_n] at times 1,2,\cdots,n, the probability of observing this particular sequence is given by

P([\omega_1, \omega_2,\cdots ,\omega_n])= p^k (1-p)^{n-k}

where k is the number of times that H appears in the sequence, and n-k is the number of times that T appears in the sequence. There are several different kinds of notations for the above; a common one is to write

P(X_1=\omega_1, X_2=\omega_2,\cdots, X_n=\omega_n)= p^k (1-p)^{n-k}

where each X_i is a binary-valued random variable. It is common to write x_i for \omega_i. This probability P is commonly called the Bernoulli measure.[1]

Note that the probability of any specific, infinitely long sequence of coin flips is exactly zero; this is because \lim_{n\to\infty}p^n=0, for any 0\le p<1. One[who?] says that any given infinite sequence has measure zero. Nevertheless, one can still say that some classes of infinite sequences of coin flips are far more likely than others, this is given by the asymptotic equipartition property.

To conclude the formal definition, a Bernoulli process is then given by the probability triple (\Omega, \mathcal{F}, P), as defined above.

Binomial distribution[edit]

The law of large numbers states that, on average, the expectation value of flipping heads for any one coin flip is p. That is, one writes

for any one given random variable X_i out of the infinite sequence of Bernoulli trials that compose the Bernoulli process.

One is often interested in knowing how often one will observe H in a sequence of n coin flips. This is given by simply counting: Given n successive coin flips, that is, given the set of all possible strings of length n, the number N(k,n) of such strings that contain k occurrences of H is given by the binomial coefficient

N(k,n) = {n \choose k}=\frac{n!}{k! (n-k)!}

If the probability of flipping heads is given by p, then the total probability of seeing a string of length n with k heads is

E[X_i=H\mbox{ k out of n times}]=
P(k,n)={n\choose k} p^k (1-p)^{n-k}

This probability is known as the Binomial distribution.

Of particular interest is the question of the value of P(k,n) for very, very long sequences of coin flips, that is, for the limit n\to\infty. In this case, one may make use of Stirling's approximation to the factorial, and write

n! = \sqrt{2\pi n} \;n^n e^{-n}
 \left(1 + \mathcal{O}\left(\frac{1}{n}\right)\right)

Inserting this into the expression for P(k,n), one obtains the Gaussian distribution; this is the content of the central limit theorem, and this is the simplest example thereof.

The combination of the law of large numbers, together with the central limit theorem, leads to an interesting and perhaps surprising result: the asymptotic equipartition property. Put informally, one notes that, yes, over many coin flips, one will observe H exactly p fraction of the time, and that this corresponds exactly with the peak of the Gaussian. The asymptotic equipartition property essentially states that this peak is infinitely sharp, with infinite fall-off on either side. That is, given the set of all possible infinitely long strings of H and T occurring in the Bernoulli process, this set is partitioned into two: those strings that occur with probability 1, and those that occur with probability 0. This partitioning is known as the Kolmogorov 0-1 law.

The size of this set is interesting, also, and can be explicitly determined: the logarithm of it is exactly the entropy of the Bernoulli process. Once again, consider the set of all strings of length n. The size of this set is 2^n. Of these, only a certain subset are likely; the size of this set is 2^{nH} for H\le 1. By using Stirling's approximation, putting it into the expression for P(k,n), solving for the location and width of the peak, and finally taking n\to\infty one finds that

H=-p\log_2 p - (1-p)\log_2(1-p)

This value is the Bernoulli entropy of a Bernoulli process. Here, H stands for entropy; do not confuse it with the same symbol H standing for heads.

von Neumann posed a curious question about the Bernoulli process: is it ever possible that a given process is isomorphic to another, in the sense of the isomorphism of dynamical systems? The question long defied analysis, but was finally and completely answered with the Ornstein isomorphism theorem. This breakthrough resulted in the understanding that the Bernoulli process is unique and universal; in a certain sense, it is the single most random process possible; nothing is 'more' random than the Bernoulli process (although one must be careful with this informal statement; certainly, systems that are mixing are, in a certain sense, 'stronger' than the Bernoulli process, which is merely ergodic but not mixing. However, such processes do not consist of independent random variables: indeed, many purely deterministic, non-random systems can be mixing).

Dynamical system[edit]

Main article: Bernoulli scheme

The Bernoulli process can also be understood to be a dynamical system, specifically, a measure-preserving dynamical system. This arises because there is a natural translation symmetry on the (two-sided) product space \Omega=2^\mathbb{Z} given by the shift operator

TX_i = X_{i+1}

The measure is translation-invariant; that is, given any cylinder set \omega\in\Omega, one has

and thus the Bernoulli measure is a Haar measure.

The shift operator should be understood to be an operator acting on the sigma algebra (\Omega, \mathcal{F}), so that one has

In this guise, the shift operator is known as the transfer operator or the Ruelle-Frobenius-Perron operator. It is interesting to consider the eigenfunctions of this operator, and how they differ when restricted to different subspaces of (\Omega, \mathcal{F}). When restricted to the standard topology of the real numbers, the eigenfunctions are curiously the Bernoulli polynomials![2][3] This coincidence of naming was presumably not known to Bernoulli.

Bernoulli sequence[edit]

The term Bernoulli sequence is often used informally to refer to a realization of a Bernoulli process. However, the term has an entirely different formal definition as given below.

Suppose a Bernoulli process formally defined as a single random variable (see preceding section). For every infinite sequence x of coin flips, there is a sequence of integers

\mathbb{Z}^x = \{n\in \mathbb{Z} : X_n(x) = 1 \} \,

called the Bernoulli sequence[verification needed] associated with the Bernoulli process. For example, if x represents a sequence of coin flips, then the associated Bernoulli sequence is the list of natural numbers or time-points for which the coin toss outcome is heads.

So defined, a Bernoulli sequence \mathbb{Z}^x is also a random subset of the index set, the natural numbers \mathbb{N}.

Almost all Bernoulli sequences \mathbb{Z}^x are ergodic sequences.[verification needed]

Randomness extraction[edit]

Main article: Randomness extractor

From any Bernoulli process one may derive a Bernoulli process with p = 1/2 by the von Neumann extractor, the earliest randomness extractor, which actually extracts uniform randomness.

Basic Von Neumann extractor[edit]

Represent the observed process as a sequence of zeroes and ones, or bits, and group that input stream in non-overlapping pairs of successive bits, such as (11)(00)(10)... . Then for each pair,

  • if the bits are equal, discard;
  • if the bits are not equal, output the first bit.

This table summarizes the computation.

input output
00 discard
01 0
10 1
11 discard

For example, an input stream of eight bits 10011011 would by grouped into pairs as (10)(01)(10)(11). Then, according to the table above, these pairs are translated into the output of the procedure: (1)(0)(1)() (=101).

In the output stream 0 and 1 are equally likely, as 10 and 01 are equally likely in the original, both having probability pq = qp. This extraction of uniform randomness does not require the input trials to be independent, only uncorrelated. More generally, it works for any exchangeable sequence of bits: all sequences that are finite rearrangements are equally likely.

The Von Neumann extractor uses two input bits to produce either zero or one output bits, so the output is shorter than the input by a factor of at least 2. On average the computation discards proportion p2 + (1 − p)2 of the input pairs, or proportion p2 + q2, which is near one when p is near zero or one.

The discard of input pairs is at least proportion 1/2, the minimum which occurs where p = 1/2 for the original process. In that case the output stream is 1/4 the length of the input on average.

Iterated Von Neumann extractor[edit]

This decrease in efficiency, or waste of randomness present in the input stream, can be mitigated by iterating the algorithm over the input data. This way the output can be made to be "arbitrarily close to the entropy bound".[4] In short, the algorithm can be described as: For every pair (xy) of bits consumed from the input stream append one of them to the input again; it does not matter which bit from (xy) is appended, either bit x or y may be used. This way, for each iteration, two bits are first removed from the input and then one bit is added to the input again, so that, as a result, the input is only shortened by one bit per iteration as opposed to two bits in the original approach. The table from above thus changes with this approach:

input output appended
00 none 0
01 0 1
10 1 0
11 none 1

(In this case, from each pair (xy) the y bit is appended, but the x bit could have been chosen alternatively without affecting the randomness of the output.)

Example: The input stream from above, 10011011, is processed this way:

step input output appended
1 10011011 1 0
2 0110110 0 1
3 101101 1 0
4 11010 none 1
5 0101 0 1
6 011 0 1
7 11 none 1
8 1 terminate none

The output is therefore (1)(0)(1)()(0)(0)() (=10100), so that from the eight bits of input five bits of output were generated, as opposed to three bits through the basic algorithm above.

  1. ^ Klenke, Achim (2006). Probability Theory. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-1-84800-047-6.
  2. ^ Pierre Gaspard, "r-adic one-dimensional maps and the Euler summation formula", Journal of Physics A, 25 (letter) L483-L485 (1992).
  3. ^ Dean J. Driebe, Fully Chaotic Maps and Broken Time Symmetry, (1999) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Netherlands ISBN 0-7923-5564-4
  4. ^ Peres, Yuval (March 1992). "Iterating Von Neumann's Procedure for Extracting Random Bits" (PDF). The Annals of Statistics 20 (1): 590–597. doi:10.1214/aos/1176348543. Retrieved 30 May 2013.

Further reading[edit]

  • Carl W. Helstrom, Probability and Stochastic Processes for Engineers, (1984) Macmillan Publishing Company, New York ISBN 0-02-353560-1.
  • Dimitri P. Bertsekas and John N. Tsitsiklis, Introduction to Probability, (2002) Athena Scientific, Massachusetts ISBN 1-886529-40-X

External links[edit]


text:
Bible paper

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A book of the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. The thinness of bible paper allows books with a large number of pages to remain fairly compact.

Bible paper is a thin grade of paper used for printing books which have a large number of pages. Technically it is called lightweight offset paper and is a type of woodfree uncoated paper. This paper grade often contains cotton or linen fibres to increase its strength in spite of its thinness.

It is used for making Bibles, encyclopedias and dictionaries; as well as some fiction books such as the ones published by the Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. The Norton Anthology of English Literature is also known for using Bible paper (an essayist from the New York Times referred to it as "wispy cigarette paper"[1]).

  • "Bible paper" in Matt T. Roberts and Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology.

See also[edit]


text:
Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Roman SPQR banner.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ancient Rome
Roman Constitution
Ordinary magistrates
Extraordinary magistrates
Titles and honours
Precedent and law

The constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar were a series of laws pertaining to the Constitution of the Roman Republic enacted between 49 and 44 BC, during Caesar's dictatorship. Caesar died in 44 BC before the implications of his constitutional actions could be realized.

Julius Caesar's constitutional framework[edit]

During his early career, Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become. The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism, the central government had become powerless, the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors, and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of accomplishing political goals. With a weak central government, political corruption had spiraled out of control, and the status quo had been maintained by a corrupt aristocracy, which saw no need to change a system which had made all of its members quite rich.

Between his crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, and his assassination in 44 BC, Caesar established a new constitution, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals.[1] First, he wanted to suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and thus bring order back to the Republic. Second, he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome. And finally, he wanted to knit together the entire Republic into a single cohesive unit.[1] The first goal was accomplished when Caesar defeated Pompey and his supporters.[1] To accomplish the other two goals, he needed to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed,[2] and so he assumed these powers by increasing his own authority, and by decreasing the authority of Rome's other political institutions. To increase his own powers, he assumed the important magistrates,[2] and to weaken Rome's other political institutions, he instituted several additional reforms. He controlled the process by which candidates were nominated for magisterial elections, he appointed his own supporters to the senate, and he prevented hostile measures from being adopted by the assemblies.[2]

Julius Caesar's reforms[edit]

Julius Caesar, accepting the surrender of Vercingetorix, was the final Dictator of the Roman Republic

Caesar held both the Dictatorship and the Tribunate, but alternated between the Consulship and the Proconsulship.[2] His powers within the state seem to have rested upon these magistracies.[2] He was first appointed Dictator in 49 BC by the Praetor (and future Triumvir) Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, possibly in order to preside over elections, but resigned his Dictatorship within eleven days. In 48 BC, he was appointed Dictator again, only this time for an indefinite period, and in 46 BC, he was appointed Dictator for ten years. In February 44 BC, one month before his assassination, he was appointed Dictator for life. The Dictatorship of Caesar was fundamentally different from the Dictatorship of the early and middle republic, as he held the office for life, rather than for six months, and he also held certain judicial powers which the ordinary Dictators had not held.[3] Under Caesar, a significant amount of authority had been vested in both the Master of the Horse, as well as in the Urban Prefect, which had not been the case under earlier Dictators.[3] They held these additional powers under Caesar, however, because Caesar was frequently out of Italy.[3] Earlier Dictators, in contrast, were almost never allowed to leave Italy.

In October 45 BC, Caesar resigned his position as sole Consul, and facilitated the election of two successors for the remainder of the year, which, in theory at least, restored the ordinary Consulship, since the constitution did not recognize a single Consul without a colleague.[4] However, this also set a precedent which Caesar's imperial successors followed,[4] since under the empire, Consuls served for several months, resigned, and then the emperor facilitated the election of successors for the remainder of that Consular term. Caesar's actions, therefore, further submitted the Consuls to the Dictatorial executive. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers,[5] which made his person sacrosanct, allowed him to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. Since Tribunes were always elected by the Plebeian Council, Caesar had hoped to prevent the election of Tribunes who might oppose him,[5] although on at least one occasion, Tribunes did attempt to obstruct him. The offending Tribunes in this case, C. Epidius Marullus and L. Caesetius Flavus, were brought before the senate and divested of their office, and as such, Caesar used the same theory of popular sovereignty that Tiberius Gracchus had used against Marcus Octavius in 133 BC.[5] This was not the first time that Caesar had violated a Tribune's sacrosanctity, since after he had first marched on Rome in 49 BC, he forcibly opened the Treasury in spite of a seal placed on it by a Tribune. After the impeachment of the two obstructive Tribunes, Caesar, perhaps unsurprisingly, faced no further opposition from other members of the tribunician college.[5]

In 46 BC, Caesar gave himself the title of "Prefect of the Morals" (praefectura morum), which was an office that was new only in name, as its powers were identical to those of the Censorship.[5] Thus, he could hold Censorial powers, while technically not subjecting himself to the same checks that the ordinary Censors were subject to, and he used these powers to fill the senate with his own partisans. He also set the precedent, which his imperial successors followed, of requiring the senate to bestow various titles and honors upon him. He was, for example, given the title of "Father of the Fatherland" ("pater patriae") and "imperator" (an honorary title, not to be confused with the modern title of "emperor").[3] Coins bore his likeness, and he was given the right to speak first during senate meetings.[3] Caesar then increased the number of magistrates who were elected each year, which created a large pool of experienced magistrates, and allowed Caesar to reward his supporters. This also weakened the powers of the individual magistrates, and thus of the magisterial colleges.[4] Caesar even took steps to transform Italy into a province, and to more tightly link the other provinces of the empire into a single cohesive unit. This addressed the underlying problem that had caused the Social War decades earlier, where individuals outside Rome, and certainly outside Italy, were not considered "Roman", and thus were not given full citizenship rights. This process, of ossifying the entire Roman Empire into a single unit, rather than maintaining it as a network of unequal principalities, would ultimately be completed by Caesar's successor, the emperor Augustus.

Augustus as a magistrate; the statue's marble head was made c. 30–20 BC, the body sculpted in the 2nd century AD

When Caesar returned to Rome in 47 BC, the ranks of the senate had been severely depleted, and so he used his Censorial powers to appoint many new senators, which eventually raised the senate's membership to 900.[4] All of these appointments were of his own partisans, which robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made the senate increasingly subservient to him.[6] While the assemblies continued to meet, Caesar submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment, which caused the assemblies to become powerless and unable to oppose him.[6] To minimize the risk that another general might attempt to challenge him,[3] Caesar passed a law which subjected governors to term limits: Governors of Praetorial provinces had to abdicate their office after one year, while governors of Consular provinces had to abdicate their office after two years.[3] Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own Consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates in 43 BC, and all Consuls and Tribunes in 42 BC.[4] This, in effect, transformed the magistrates from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the Dictator,[4] while this conferred a significant amount of political influence on himself, Caesar saw this as necessary in order to contest the domineering influence of the Senate and Equestrians within the Plebeian councils.[4]

Caesar's assassination and the Second Triumvirate[edit]

Caesar was assassinated in March 44 BC. The motives of the conspirators were both personal as well as political.[1] Many of Caesar's ultimate assassins were jealous of him, and unsatisfied as to the recognition that they had received from him.[1] Most of the conspirators were senators, and many of them were angry about the fact that he had deprived the senate of much of its power and prestige.[1] They were also angry that, while they had received few honors, Caesar had been given many honors. There were also rumors that he was going to make himself king, and transfer the seat of government to Alexandria. The grievances that they held against him were vague,[1] and as such, their plan against him was vague. The fact that their motives were vague, and that they had no idea of what to do after his assassination, both were plainly obvious by the subsequent course of events.[1]

After Caesar's assassination, Mark Antony, who had been Caesar's master of the horse, formed an alliance with Caesar's adopted son and great-nephew, Gaius Octavian. Along with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate. They held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution, and as such, the senate and assemblies remained powerless. The conspirators were defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. Lepidus became powerless, and Antony went to Egypt to seek glory in the east, while Octavian remained in Rome. Eventually, however, Antony and Octavian fought against each other in one last battle. Antony was defeated in the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and committed suicide in 30 BC. In 29 BC, Octavian returned to Rome, as the unchallenged master of the state. In 27 BC, Octavian offered to give up the Dictatorial powers which he had held since 42 BC, but the senate refused, and thus ratified his status as master of the state. He became the first Roman Emperor, Augustus, and the transition from Roman Republic to Roman Empire was complete.

See also[edit]

  • Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics (ISBN 0-543-92749-0).
  • Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23.
  • Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841). The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.
  • Lintott, Andrew (1999). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press (ISBN 0-19-926108-3).
  • Polybius (1823). The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek. By James Hampton. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.
  • Taylor, Lily Ross (1966). Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar. The University of Michigan Press (ISBN 0-472-08125-X).

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Abbott, 133
  2. ^ a b c d e Abbott, 134
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Abbott, 136
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Abbott, 137
  5. ^ a b c d e Abbott, 135
  6. ^ a b Abbott, 138

Further reading[edit]

  • Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9–13.
  • Cameron, A. The Later Roman Empire, (Fontana Press, 1993).
  • Crawford, M. The Roman Republic, (Fontana Press, 1978).
  • Gruen, E. S. "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)
  • Ihne, Wilhelm. Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution. William Pickering. 1853.
  • Johnston, Harold Whetstone. Orations and Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.
  • Lintott, A. "The Constitution of the Roman Republic" (Oxford University Press, 1999)
  • Millar, F. The Emperor in the Roman World, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
  • Mommsen, Theodor. Roman Constitutional Law. 1871-1888
  • Parenti, Michael. "The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome". The New Press, 2003. ISBN 1-56584-797-0.
  • Tighe, Ambrose. The Development of the Roman Constitution. D. Apple & Co. 1886.
  • Von Fritz, Kurt. The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.
  • Polybius. The Histories.

Primary sources[edit]

Secondary source material[edit]

External links[edit]


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Curcuma longa (Haldi) W IMG 2440.jpg
Curcuma longa
Turmeric BNC.jpg
Processed turmeric
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids LP
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Zingiberaceae
Genus: Curcuma
Species: C. longa
Binomial name
Curcuma longa

Curcurma domestica Valeton

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) /ˈtɜrmərɪk/ or /ˈtjuːmərɪk/ or /ˈtmərɪk/[2] is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.[3] It is native to southwest India. It needs temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive.[4] Plants are gathered annually for their rhizomes and propagated from some of those rhizomes in the following season.

When not used fresh, the rhizomes are boiled for about 30–45 minutes then dried in hot ovens,[5] after which they are ground into a deep-orange-yellow powder commonly used as a spice in Bangladeshi cuisine, Indian cuisine, Pakistani cuisine and curries, for dyeing, and to impart color to mustard condiments. One active ingredient is curcumin, which has a distinctly earthy, slightly bitter, slightly hot peppery flavor and a mustardy smell.

Botanical view of Curcuma longa
Turmeric field in an Indian village

India, a significant producer of turmeric,[6] has regional names based on language and country.

History and etymology[edit]

Turmeric has been used in Asia for thousands of years and is a major part of Siddha medicine.[7] It was first used as a dye then later for its medicinal properties.[8]

There have been many theories and much speculation about the origin of the name. Some have thought that the name appears to derive from Middle English/early modern English as turmeryte or tarmaret having uncertain origin. There was speculation that it may be of Latin origin, terra merita (merited earth).[9] However, William Guthrie has examined a large amount of historical evidence and concludes "that the original form of the word was, or is very close to, "turmeric", a spice traded to the west for centuries... a word that still exists... and remains whole in a few places, including in Afghanistan.[10]

The name of the genus, Curcuma is from an Arabic name of both saffron and turmeric (see Crocus).

Turmeric can be pronounced with or without the initial "r".[2] Many people pronounce it as (/juː/ ew or // oo rather than /r/ oor), as if it were spelled "Tu-mer-ic". This is the result of a dissimilation effect whereby having two "r"s close to each other causes one to change for ease of pronunciation, as is the case with the word February.

Botanical description[edit]

Turmeric is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches up to 1 m tall. Highly branched, yellow to orange, cylindrical, aromatic rhizomes are found. The leaves are alternate and arranged in two rows. They are divided into leaf sheath, petiole, and leaf blade.[11] From the leaf sheaths, a false stem is formed. The petiole is 50 to 115 cm long. The simple leaf blades are usually 76 to 115 cm long and rarely up to 230 cm. They have a width of 38 to 45 cm and are oblong to elliptic narrowing at the tip.

Inflorescence, flower, and fruit[edit]

Native turmeric in the bush near Cooktown, Queensland, Australia

In China, the flowering time is usually in August. Terminally on the false stem is a 12- to 20-cm-long inflorescence stem containing many flowers. The bracts are light green and ovate to oblong with a blunt upper end with a length of 3 to 5 cm.

At the top of the inflorescence, stem bracts are present on which no flowers occur; these are white to green and sometimes tinged reddish-purple and the upper ends are tapered.[12]

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The three 0.8- to 1.2-cm-long sepals are fused, white, have fluffy hairs and the three calyx teeth are unequal. The three bright-yellow petals are fused into a corolla tube up to 3 cm long. The three corolla lobes have a length of 1.0 to 1.5 cm, and are triangular with soft-spiny upper ends. While the average corolla lobe is larger than the two lateral, only the median stamen of the inner circle is fertile. The dust bag is spurred at its base. All other stamens are converted to staminodes. The outer staminodes are shorter than the labellum. The labellum is yellowish, with a yellow ribbon in its center and it is obovate, with a length from 1.2 to 2.0 cm. Three carpels are under a constant, trilobed ovary adherent, which is sparsely hairy. The fruit capsule opens with three compartments.

Biochemical composition[edit]

Curcumin keto form
Curcumin enol form

The most important chemical components of turmeric are a group of compounds called curcuminoids, which include curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin. The best-studied compound is curcumin, which constitutes 3.14% (on average) of powdered turmeric.[13] In addition, other important volatile oils include turmerone, atlantone, and zingiberene. Some general constituents are sugars, proteins, and resins.[14]

Turmeric powder is used extensively in South Asian cuisine.
Curry of fresh turmeric, referred to as "Haldi ki Sabji", is a dish from Rajasthan (India).

Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia. It is one of the key ingredients in many Asian dishes. Indian traditional medicine, called Siddha, has recommended turmeric for medicine. Its use as a coloring agent is not of primary value in South Asian cuisine.

Turmeric is mostly used in savory dishes, but is used in some sweet dishes, such as the cake sfouf. In India, turmeric plant leaf is used to prepare special sweet dishes, patoleo, by layering rice flour and coconut-jaggery mixture on the leaf, then closing and steaming it in a special copper steamer (goa).

In recipes outside South Asia, turmeric is sometimes used as an agent to impart a rich, custard-like yellow color. It is used in canned beverages, baked products, dairy products, ice cream, yogurt, yellow cakes, orange juice, biscuits, popcorn color, cereals, sauces, gelatins, etc. It is a significant ingredient in most commercial curry powders.

Most turmeric is used in the form of rhizome powder; in some regions (especially in Maharashtra, Goa, Konkan and Kanara), turmeric leaves are used to wrap and cook food. Turmeric leaves are mainly used in this way in areas where turmeric is grown locally, since the leaves used are freshly picked. Turmeric leaves impart a distinctive flavor.

Although typically used in its dried, powdered form, turmeric is also used fresh, like ginger. It has numerous uses in Far Eastern recipes, such as pickle that contains large chunks of soft turmeric, made from fresh turmeric.

Turmeric is widely used as a spice in South Asian and Middle Eastern cooking. Many Persian dishes use turmeric as a starter ingredient. Almost all Iranian khoresh dishes are started using onions caramelized in oil and turmeric, followed by other ingredients.

In India and Nepal, turmeric is widely grown and extensively used in many vegetable and meat dishes for its color, and is also used for its supposed value in traditional medicine.

In South Africa, turmeric is used to give boiled white rice a golden colour.

In Vietnamese cuisine, turmeric powder is used to color and enhance the flavors of certain dishes, such as bánh xèo, bánh khọt, and mi quang. The powder is also used in many other Vietnamese stir-fried and soup dishes.

The staple Cambodian curry paste kroeung, used in many dishes including amok, typically contains fresh turmeric.

In Indonesia, turmeric leaves are used for Minangese or Padangese curry base of Sumatra, such as rendang, sate padang, and many other varieties.

In Thailand, fresh turmeric rhizomes are widely used in many dishes, in particular in the southern Thai cuisine, such as the yellow curry and turmeric soup.

In medieval Europe, turmeric became known as Indian saffron because it was widely used as an alternative to the far more expensive saffron spice.[15]

Folk medicine and traditional uses[edit]

In India, turmeric has been used as a remedy for stomach and liver ailments, as well as topically to heal sores, basically for its supposed antimicrobial property.[16] In the Siddh system (since around 1900 BCE), turmeric was a medicine for a range of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders. A fresh juice is commonly used in many skin conditions, including eczema, chicken pox, shingles, allergy, and scabies.[17]

The active compound curcumin is believed to have a wide range of biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, which indicate potential in clinical medicine.[18]

Preliminary medical research[edit]

Turmeric rhizome and powder.
See also: Curcumin

According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, "there is little reliable evidence to support the use of turmeric for any health condition because few clinical trials have been conducted."[8]

Although trials are going on for the use of turmeric to treat cancer, doses needed for any effect are difficult to establish in humans.[19]

Some research shows compounds in turmeric to have antifungal and antibacterial properties; however, curcumin is not one of them.[20]

Turmeric is under study in several human diseases, including kidney and cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, cancer, irritable bowel disease,[21] Alzheimer's disease,[22] diabetes,[23][24] and other clinical disorders.[25][26]

Turmeric makes a poor fabric dye, as it is not very light fast, but is commonly used in Indian and Bangladeshi clothing, such as saris and Buddhist monks's robes.[27] Turmeric (coded as E100 when used as a food additive)[28] is used to protect food products from sunlight. The oleoresin is used for oil-containing products. A curcumin and polysorbate solution or curcumin powder dissolved in alcohol is used for water-containing products. Over-coloring, such as in pickles, relishes, and mustard, is sometimes used to compensate for fading.

In combination with annatto (E160b), turmeric has been used to color cheeses, yogurt, dry mixes, salad dressings, winter butter and margarine. Turmeric is also used to give a yellow color to some prepared mustards, canned chicken broths, and other foods (often as a much cheaper replacement for saffron).

Turmeric paper (paper steeped in a tincture of turmeric and allowed to dry) is used in chemical analysis as an indicator for acidity and alkalinity.[29]

Ceremonial uses and myths[edit]

Turmeric is considered auspicious and holy in India and has been used in various Hindu ceremonies for millennia. It remains popular in India for wedding and religious ceremonies.

Turmeric has played an important role in Hindu spiritualism. The robes of the Hindu monks were traditionally colored with a yellow dye made of turmeric. Because of its yellow-orange coloring, turmeric was associated with the sun or the Thirumal in the mythology of ancient Tamil religion. Yellow is the color of the solar plexus chakra which in traditional Tamil Siddha medicine is an energy center. Orange is the color of the sacral chakra.

The plant is used in Poosai (Tamil)|poosai to represent a form of the Tamil Goddess Kottravai. In Eastern India, the plant is used as one of the nine components of navapatrika along with young plantain or banana plant, taro leaves, barley (jayanti), wood apple (bilva), pomegranate (darimba), asoka, manaka, or manakochu and rice paddy. The Navaptrika worship is an important part of Durga festival rituals.[30]

It is used in poosai to make a form of Ganesha. Yaanaimugathaan, the remover of obstacles, is invoked at the beginning of almost any ceremony and a form of Yaanaimugathaan for this purpose is made by mixing turmeric with water and forming it into a cone-like shape.

Haldi ceremony (called Gaye holud in Bengal) (literally "yellow on the body") is a ceremony observed during Hindu wedding celebrations in many parts of India including Bengal, Punjab, Maharashtra and Gujarat. The 'ceremony takes place one or two days before the religious and legal Bengali wedding ceremonies. The turmeric paste is applied by friends to the bodies of the couple. This is said to soften the skin, but also colors them with the distinctive yellow hue that gives its name to this ceremony. It may be a joint event for the bride and groom's families, or it may consist of separate events for the bride's family and the groom's family.

During the Tamil festival Pongal, a whole turmeric plant with fresh rhizomes is offered as a thanksgiving offering to Suryan, the sun god. Also, the fresh plant sometimes is tied around the sacred Pongal pot in which an offering of pongal is prepared.

Turmeric flower in Maharashtra, India

In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, as a part of the Tamil/Telugu marriage ritual, dried turmeric tuber tied with string is used as opposed to the Mangalasutra of Hindus in India. Thali necklace is the equivalent of marriage rings in western cultures. In western and coastal India, during weddings of the Marathi and Konkani people, Kannada Brahmins turmeric tubers are tied with strings by the couple to their wrists during a ceremony called Kankanabandhana.[31]

Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind reported in 1896 that in Micronesia, the preparation of turmeric powder for embellishment of body, clothing, and utensils had ceremonial character.[32]

Possibility of lead contamination[edit]

As turmeric and other spices are commonly sold by weight, the potential exists in modern times for powders of toxic, cheaper agents with a similar color to be added, such as lead(II,IV) oxide, giving turmeric an orange-red color instead of its native gold-yellow.[33][34]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ "Curcuma longa information from NPGS/GRIN". ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
  2. ^ a b http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turmeric
  3. ^ Chan, E.W.C.; Lim, Y.Y.; Wong, S.K.; Lim, K.K.; Tan, S.P.; Lianto, F.S.; Yong, M.Y. et al. (2009). "Effects of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of leaves and tea of ginger species". Food Chemistry 113 (1): 166–172. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.090.
  4. ^ Prasad, S; Aggarwal, B. B.; Benzie, I. F. F.; Wachtel-Galor, S (2011). "Turmeric, the Golden Spice: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine". PMID 22593922.
  5. ^ Indian Spices. "Turmeric processing". kaubic.in. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
  6. ^ Tahira JJ et al. (2010). "Weed flora of Curcuma longa" (PDF). Pakistan J Weed Sci Res 16 (2): 241–6. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  7. ^ Chattopadhyay, Ishita; Kaushik Biswas; Uday Bandyopadhyay; Ranajit K. Banerjee (10 July 2004). "Turmeric and curcumin: Biological actions and medicinal applications" (PDF). Current Science (Indian Academy of Sciences) 87 (1): 44–53. ISSN 0011-3891. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Herbs at a Glance: Turmeric, Science & Safety". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), National Institutes of Health. 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  9. ^ Dictionary.com Unabridged based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2013."Turmeric". Dictionary.com. 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  10. ^ p. 89. William Bruce Guthrie. 2009. The trade-language of "turmeric. Word: Journal of the International Linguistic Association 60: 79-90.
  11. ^ Curcuma longa A Modern Herbal, M Grieve. Accessed November 2013
  12. ^ Curcuma longa Linn. Description from Flora of China, South China Botanical Garden. Accessed November 2013
  13. ^ Tayyem RF, Heath DD, Al-Delaimy WK, Rock CL (2006). "Curcumin content of turmeric and curry powders". Nutr Cancer 55 (2): 126–131. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5502_2. PMID 17044766.
  14. ^ Nagpal M, Sood S (2013). "Role of curcumin in systemic and oral health: An overview". J Nat Sci Biol Med 4 (1): 3–7. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.107253. PMC 3633300. PMID 23633828.
  15. ^ Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors (2011). Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition; Chapter 13: Turmeric, the Golden Spice. From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439807132. PMID 22593922. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  16. ^ Chaturvedi TP (2009). "Uses of turmeric in dentistry: an update". Indian J Dent Res 20 (1): 107–109. PMID 19336870.
  17. ^ Khalsa SVK. "Turmeric, The Golden Healer". healthy.net. Retrieved 2013-07-07.
  18. ^ Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H (2007). "Curcumin: the Indian solid gold". Adv Exp Med Biol 595 (1): 1–75. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1. PMID 17569205.
  19. ^ "Turmeric". American Cancer Society. 7 December 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  20. ^ Ragasa C, Laguardia M, Rideout J (2005). "Antimicrobial sesquiterpenoids and diarylheptanoid from Curcuma domestica". ACGC Chem Res Comm 18 (1): 21–24.
  21. ^ "Clinical trials on turmeric". National Institutes of Health, Clinical Trials Registry. December 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
  22. ^ Mishra S, Palanivelu K (January–March 2008). "The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer's disease: An overview". Ann Indian Acad Neurol 11 (1): 13–9. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.40220. PMC 2781139. PMID 19966973.
  23. ^ Maithili Karpaga Selvi, N., Sridhar, M. G., Swaminathan, R. P., & Sripradha, R. (May 2014). "Efficacy of turmeric as adjuvant therapy in type 2 diabetic patients.". Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 30 (2): 180–186. doi:10.1007/s12291-014-0436-2.
  24. ^ Boaz M, Leibovitz E, Bar Dayan Y, Wainstein J (2011). "Functional foods in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: olive leaf extract, turmeric and fenugreek, a qualitative review" (PDF). Func Foods Health Dis 1 (11): 472–81.
  25. ^ Henrotin Y, Clutterbuck AL, Allaway D et al. (February 2010). "Biological actions of curcumin on articular chondrocytes". Osteoarthr. Cartil. 18 (2): 141–9. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2009.10.002. PMID 19836480.
  26. ^ Gregory PJ, Sperry M, Wilson AF (January 2008). "Dietary supplements for osteoarthritis". Am Fam Physician 77 (2): 177–84. PMID 18246887.
  27. ^ Brennan, James (15 Oct 2008). "Turmeric". Lifestyle. The National. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
  28. ^ UK food guide
  29. ^ Ravindran, P. N., ed. (2007). The genus Curcuma. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. p. 244.
  30. ^ "Nabapatrika or Navapatrika – Nine leaves of plants used during Durga Puja". Hindu Blog. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  31. ^ Singh KS, Bhanu BV (2004). People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 1. Popular Prakashan. pp. 2130 pages(see page:487). ISBN 9788179911006.
  32. ^ Ratzel, Friedrich. The History of Mankind. (London: MacMillan, 1896). URL: www.inquirewithin.biz/history/american_pacific/oceania/oceania-utensils.htm accessed 28 November 2009.
  33. ^ Kaul, Gitika. "FDA Cracks Down on Imported Spices After Turmeric Tests Positive for Lead". Yahoo! News. ABC News. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  34. ^ "Lead Poisoning From Imported Asian Spices" (PDF). Arizona Department of Health Services. Arizona Department of Health Services. Retrieved 27 September 2014.

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text:
Enjoy Eternal Bliss

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Enjoy Eternal Bliss
Yndi Halda - Enjoy Eternal Bliss.jpg
EP by Yndi Halda
Released January 23, 2007
Genre Post-rock, Instrumental rock
Length 65:50
(w/ A Song for Starlit Beaches)
Label BSM Records (UK), Burnt Toast Vinyl (US), XTAL Records (Japan)
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Drowned In Sound (9/10)[1]
Pitchfork Media (5.1/10)[2]
Tiny Mix Tapes 3/5 stars[3]
The Silent Ballet (8/10)[4]
sputnikmusic 5/5 stars[5]

Enjoy Eternal Bliss is the debut EP by English post-rock band Yndi Halda released on the Big Scary Monsters Recording Company in the UK; Burnt Toast Vinyl in the USA and XTAL Records in Japan. It was first made available online on November 13, 2006 before being released in shops in February 2007. The EP was previously self-released as a 3-track demo through the band's website and live performances. This version of the EP did not include the track "A Song For Starlit Beaches".

The title "EP" is often called into question due to the record's length. Indeed, only the UK edition of "Enjoy Eternal Bliss" was titled as such - in all other territories it was renamed as an LP or full-length album on behalf of the band.

It ranked second in The Silent Ballet's Top 50 Instrumental Releases of 2005.[6]

Track listing[edit]

  1. "Dash and Blast" - 16:51
  2. "We Flood Empty Lakes" - 11:41
  3. "A Song For Starlit Beaches" - 19:38
  4. "Illuminate My Heart, My Darling!" - 17:31

External links[edit]