text:
– Hans Blix,
former IAEA Director-General

U.S. "Negative Security Assurances" At a Glance
Share this

Press Contacts: Daryl Kimball, Executive Director; (202) 463-8270 x107; Tom Z. Collina, Research Director, (202) 463-8270 x104; or Kelsey Davenport, Nonproliferation Analyst, (202) 463-8270 x102.

September 2012

In the April 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), the United States declared that it would not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states that are members in good standing of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Previously, successive administrations had maintained a policy of "strategic ambiguity" by refusing to rule out the use of nuclear weapons in response to biological or chemical weapons attacks, even from NPT member states.

The 2010 NPR states that the United States “will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapons states that are party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and in compliance with their nuclear non-proliferation obligations.”1 This covers the vast majority of states in the world today.

The 2010 NPR updates earlier versions of U.S. "negative security assurances" first enunciated in 1978 and reaffirmed in 1995: "The United States reaffirms that it will not use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons except in the case of an invasion or any other attack on the United States, its territories, its armed forces or other troops, its allies, or on a State towards which it has a security commitment, carried out or sustained by such a non-nuclear-weapon State in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State."2

The 1995 formulation left open the option to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states that were “in association or alliance with” a nuclear-weapon state—generally understood to be a reference to the Warsaw Pact allies of the Soviet Union. The United States also specified at that time that non-nuclear-weapon states had to be in compliance with the NPT to be eligible for this assurance.

In 1995, UN Security Council Resolution 984 recognized the U.S. assurances and similar ones from Russia, China, France and the United Kingdom.  These coordinated assurances were a key part of the multilateral decision to indefinitely extend the NPT that year.

Strategic Ambiguity

Outside of the NPT context, however, senior U.S. officials maintained "strategic ambiguity" about Washington’s military options in key situations.  For example, just before the U.S. war with Iraq in 1991, former Secretary of State James Baker told Tariq Aziz, Iraq's foreign minister, that if "you use chemical or biological weapons against U.S. forces, the American people will demand vengeance and we have the means to exact it."  Baker said that "it is entirely possible and even likely, in my opinion, that Iraq did not use its chemical weapons against our forces because of that warning. Of course, that warning was broad enough to include the use of all types of weapons that American possessed."3

Similarly, in April 1996, in reference to a suspected Libyan chemical weapons facility at Tarhunah, then-Secretary of Defense William Perry said that "if some nation were to attack the United States with chemical weapons, then they would have to fear the consequences of a response from any weapon in our inventory."  Perry noted that "in every situation that I have seen so far, nuclear weapons would not be required for response."

The previous NPR in 2001 maintained the possibility that U.S. nuclear forces could be used against non-nuclear nations.  In addition to nuclear-armed China, the 2001 NPR cited five states that at the time did not have nuclear weapons (Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea and Syria) as driving "requirements for nuclear strike capabilities."  All five states were at the time suspected of nuclear weapons ambitions and were believed to have biological and/or chemical weapons or programs.  In February 2002, then-State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said it was U.S. policy that "[i]f a weapon of mass destruction is used against the United States or its allies, we will not rule out any specific type of military response."

In September 2002, the classified National Security Presidential Directive 17 was signed, which stated that "the United States will continue to make clear that it reserves the right to respond with overwhelming force--including potentially nuclear weapons--to the use of WMD against the United States, our forces abroad, and friends and allies."

2010 NPR

In an April 6, 2010 statement, President Barack Obama said the United States was updating its negative security assurance policy to emphasize “the importance of nations meeting their NPT and nuclear non-proliferation obligations.”

As Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained in an interview broadcast April 11 on CBS’s Face the Nation, negative security assurances are “not a new thing. The new part of this is saying that we would not use nuclear weapons against a non-nuclear state that attacked us with chemical and biological weapons.”

As for chemical weapons, Gates said April 11 that “[T]ry as we might, we could not find a credible scenario where a chemical weapon could have the kind of consequences that would warrant a nuclear response.”  On biological weapons, the 2010 NPR hedges: “Given the catastrophic potential of biological weapons and the rapid pace of bio-technology development, the United States reserves the right to make any adjustment in the assurance that may be warranted by the evolution and proliferation of the biological weapons threat and U.S. capacities to counter that threat.”4

For both scenarios, Gates said April 6 that “[i]f any state eligible for this assurance were to use chemical or biological weapons against the United States or its allies or partners, it would face the prospect of a devastating conventional military response.”  And for states that have nuclear weapons or are not in compliance with the NPT, such as North Korea and Iran, all options are on the table—including the use of nuclear weapons first or in response to a non-nuclear attack.

The NPR notes, however, that the United States would only consider the use of nuclear weapons in “extreme circumstances to defend the vital interests of the United States or its allies and partners.” As Gates put it in his April 6 remarks, nuclear weapons are “obviously a weapon of last resort.”

Under the NPT, the five recognized nuclear-weapon states are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Three other states, India, Pakistan, and Israel, possess nuclear weapons but never joined the NPT. In addition, three NPT members are not in compliance: North Korea has tested nuclear weapons and disavows its nonproliferation obligations, Iran has been found in noncompliance by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and Syria is under investigation for its potential violations.

For states not covered by U.S. negative security assurances, the NPR foresees “a narrow range of contingencies” in which the United States might still use nuclear weapons to deter an attack with conventional, chemical, or biological weapons.5 This contrasts with the 2001 NPR which reportedly said that nuclear weapons “provide credible military options to deter a wide range of threats, including WMD [weapons of mass destruction] and large-scale conventional military force.”

Although the 2010 NPR states that the “fundamental role” of U.S. nuclear weapons is to “deter nuclear attack on the United States, our allies, and partners,” other roles remain. This falls short of a declaration that the “sole purpose” of U.S. nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear attack. The 2010 NPR states that the United States will continue to strengthen its conventional capabilities “with the objective of making deterrence of nuclear attack on the United States or its allies and partners the sole purpose of U.S. nuclear weapons.”6

1. Nuclear Posture Review Report, U.S. Department of Defense, April 2010. p. 15. http://www.defense.gov/npr/

2. http://www.ppnn.soton.ac.uk/bb2/Bb2secK.pdf

3. Testimony before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, May 19, 2010. http://foreign.senate.gov/hearings/hearing/?id=f5997718-5056-a032-5269-3f288513998c

4.  NPR, April 2010. p. 16.

5.  NPR, April 2010. p. 16.

6.  NPR, April 2010. p. 17.

Posted: June 1, 2010


Content-Type: application/http; msgtype=response

WARC-Type: response

text:
Army testing XM-25 'smart' high-explosive weapon for Soldiers
A Soldier aims an XM-25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test Center, Md.

FORT BELVOIR, Va. (Army News Service, Nov. 10, 2009) -- A Soldier successfully shoulder-fired a "smart" High Explosive Airburst, or HEAB, round for the first time Aug. 11 from the XM-25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test Center, Md.

The Army plans on purchasing more than 12,500 XM-25 systems starting in 2012, which will be enough to put one in each Infantry squad and Special Forces team, according to officials at Program Executive Office-Soldier.

At first glance, the XM-25 looks like something out of a Sci-Fi movie. It features an array of sights, sensors and lasers housed in a Target Acquisition Fire Control unit on top, an oversized magazine behind the trigger mechanism, and a short, ominous barrel wrapped by a recoil dampening sleeve.

Unlike a Hollywood prop, however, this weapon is very real and designed to accurately deliver an explosive round that neutralizes targets at distances of up to 700 meters - well past the range of the rifles and carbines that most Soldiers carry today.

"What makes this weapon system truly revolutionary is the ability to target the enemy, pass on this information to the sensors and microchips of its 25mm HEAB round, and have that round detonate over the target," explained Maj. Shawn Murray, a Soldier Weapons assistant product manager in PEO Soldier, the organization responsible for developing the XM-25.

"When the HEAB round explodes, the target is peppered with fragmentation," Murray said. "Our studies indicate that the XM-25 with HEAB is 300 percent more effective at incapacitating the enemy than current weapons at the squad level."

Because of the XM-25's unique TAFC and HEAB round, Soldiers will be able to engage enemy forces located in the open and "in defilade" -behind cover, such as walls, rocks, trenches, or inside buildings. The semi-automatic weapon's magazine holds four 25mm rounds and can be employed at night or during inclement weather thanks to the XM25's built-in thermal sight.

After only five minutes of instruction at the Aberdeen Test Center, Sgt. Logan E. Diveley from the 180th Infantry Regiment was able to put his first HEAB round through a building's window and take out an enemy mannequin at 200 meters.

When asked what he thought of the weapon, Diveley responded, "I've been in over nine contacts with the enemy during my two tours in Iraq. Their ambushes were usually initiated with an IED and followed up with small arms fire from behind walls and buildings, places where it was hard for us to get at them. The XM-25 would have taken care of things and made our jobs much easier."

Once downrange and in the building where the defeated enemy mannequin lay, Maj. Murray noted the limited collateral damage associated with the XM-25.

"Because of its pinpoint accuracy and relatively small warheads, the XM25 can neutralize an enemy without the need to destroy a whole building," Murray said. "For our counter-insurgency operations to be successful, it is important to keep collateral damage to a minimum and to protect the civilian population. I think the XM-25 will prove itself many times over in Afghanistan," Murray said.

The XM-25 is being developed by PEO Soldier, the Army acquisition organization responsible for nearly every piece of equipment worn or carried by Soldiers. This includes items ranging from socks, to weapons, to advanced sensor and communication devices. PEO Soldier bases much of its work on the feedback from individual Soldiers, developing or procuring solutions to meet those needs.

The development of the XM-25 is one such a program, designed to provide Soldiers a solution for dealing with enemies in the open and behind cover that is more precise, quicker to employ, and more cost effective than mortar, artillery, or airstrikes.

A Battlefield Scenario for the XM-25

An American patrol nears a walled, Afghan village when an enemy combatant looks over the wall and fires his AK-47 rifle at the oncoming U.S. Soldiers. The Americans return fire with their rifles and maneuver, but find it difficult to neutralize the enemy rifleman who repeatedly exposes himself for only a second, shoots, then ducks behind the thick wall. At this time, the patrol leader calls for the XM-25 gunner to take action.

Immediately, the XM-25 gunner aims the laser range-finder at the top of the wall where the enemy last ducked down. The gunner presses the laser range finder button on the front of the XM-25's trigger guard and records a distance to the wall of 451 meters. The distance is displayed on the TAFC's optical lens along with an adjusted aim point, or "cross hair," to help the soldier better aim the XM-25.

The adjusted aim point takes into account air pressure, temperature, and the ballistics of the 25mm round for the given range of 451 meters. The soldier then uses the increment button on the trigger guard and adds one more meter to the firing solution since the enemy combatant is about one meter behind the wall.

Upon pulling the trigger, the TAFC programs the HEAB round in the chamber of the weapon, telling the round to explode at 452 meters from launch point. The HEAB round departs the rifled barrel, arms at 30 meters, clears the top of the wall at 451 meters and explodes its two warheads at 452 meters, right above the enemy. The entire firing sequence takes the gunner less than five seconds to aim and fire and another 2.5 seconds for the round to fly and explode over the target, thereby clearing the way for the patrol to resume its mission.

(Lt. Col. Christopher Lehner writes for PEO Soldier - Soldier Weapons)

Page last updated Fri July 22nd, 2011 at 12:16

warcinfo:
robots: classic
hostname: ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal
software: Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0
isPartOf: CC-MAIN-2015-35
operator: CommonCrawl Admin
description: Wide crawl of the web for August 2015
publisher: CommonCrawl
format: WARC File Format 1.0
conformsTo: http://bibnum.bnf.fr/WARC/WARC_ISO_28500_version1_latestdraft.pdf


text:
10th Mountain Division unit marches forward with network training
Photo Credit: Sgt. Javier S. Amador, 10th Mountain Division
A Soldier from the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, boards a Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)- All Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV) equipped with Capability Set 13 network equipment during the brigade's Spartan Peak field exercise in late March 2013 at Fort Drum, N.Y. The purpose of the week-long exercise was to synchronize the brigade's Capability Set 13 assets throughout each of the battalions, as well as certifying platoon-level leadership in combined arms live fires.
Page last updated Tue April 9th, 2013 at 00:00


WARC-Truncated: length

text:
SingTel net profit dips eight per cent to $S827 million

SingTel net profit dips eight per cent to $S827 million

Optus reports EBITDA growth of three per cent, despite a six per cent decline in revenue for the quarter

Singapore Telecommunications Limited (Singtel), has announced a eight per cent decline in net profit to $S827 ($AUD646.3 million) million for its third quarter FY2012/13 financial results.

Its underlying net profit fell two per cent to $S874 million, while its group revenue fell five per cent to $S4.60 billion. Its EBITDA stood at $S1.26 billion.

In Australia, Optus’ operating revenue declined six per cent to $2.28 billion, but its cost efficiencies lifted the EBITDA by three per cent to $576 million. Its total operating expenses decreased by eight per cent.

According to SingTel Group CEO, Chua Sock Koong, the company’s loss was a result of its investment in networks, strengthening its core business, and transformational initiatives to drive long-term growth. She said it resulted in incurred higher depreciation, spectrum amortisation charges, and increased costs from the acquisition of digital companies.

The Group also registered exceptional charges of $S67 million, including Optus’ ex-gratia payments for the restructuring of its workforce and accelerated depreciation charges related to Globe’s network modernisation and IT transformation programs.

Sock Koong said these factors, together with the impact of the weaker foreign currencies, led to its losses.

To improve its results, the company will be executing a transformation plan to grow in the new digital era, as well as exploiting opportunities in mobile data and enterprise ICT services, according to Sock Koong.

“The Group is focused on driving growth in mobile data services with continued investment in its infrastructure, attractive tiered data plans and meeting customer demand for higher speeds and better user experience,” she said.

In Australia, Optus is restructuring the business to drive profitable growth, improve customer experience and capitalise on the growing demand for mobile data.

In mobile, Optus reported an increase in margin and EBITDA despite lower operating revenue. Optus continued its post-paid customer growth with net additions of 58,000 for the quarter. Post-paid customers now comprise 57 per cent of the total base, up three percentage points from a year ago.

However, higher churn from prepaid wireless broadband products, together with reduced prepaid device subsidies, contributed to a decline in the pre-paid customer base by 36,000.

Within the consumer and SMB fixed business, its EBITDA increased by five per cent on lower traffic costs driven by lower mobile termination rates and lower operating expenses.

Sock Koong added the Group will also focus on the roll out of 4G or Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks.

In Singapore, SingTel will achieve island-wide coverage by the end of March, while in Australia, Optus recently extended its 4G coverage to Brisbane and the Gold Coast, and already covers major capital cities.

“We are also actively building and encouraging the necessary culture within the Group to embrace a global mindset and entrepreneurial spirit, and hiring talents from the digital industries to increase our mix of talent,” she added.

Follow Us

Join the ARN newsletter!

Error: Please check your email address.

Tags 4glossEBITDAfinancial resultsmobilesingteloptusTelecommunicationsbroadbandICT

IN PICTURES: VMware's VMworld 2015 day 1 (+13 photos)

IN PICTURES: VMware's VMworld 2015 day 1 (+13 photos)

VMware has kicked off VMworld 2015 in San Francisco and the first day saw keynotes from its president and CEO, Carl Eschenbach; executive vice-president and general manager, Bill Fathers; and executive vice-president and general manager of SDDC, Raghu Raghuram; amongst others. VMware also made Cloud-related announcements and demonstrated its latest technology.

IN PICTURES: VMware's VMworld 2015 day 1 (+13 photos)
IN PICTURES: 2015 Microsoft Australia Partner Awards (+21 photos)

IN PICTURES: 2015 Microsoft Australia Partner Awards (+21 photos)

The achievements of Microsoft’s Australian partners over the past year have been recognised through a number of prestigious awards announced at the 2015 Microsoft Australia Partner Conference (APC) on the Gold Coast. The Microsoft Australia Partner Awards showcased partners delivering innovative solutions and services to customers, with many embracing Microsoft’s Cloud solutions. Awards were presented in 17 categories. The winners were chosen from more than 170 nominations. With more than 11,000 partners in Australia it was a competitive field. Photos by ARN Editor, ALLAN SWANN.

IN PICTURES: 2015 Microsoft Australia Partner Awards (+21 photos) is a channel management ecosystem that automates all major aspects of the entire sales, marketing and service process, including data tracking, integrated learning, knowledge management and product lifecycle management.

Show Comments


text:
ARRL Letter

The ARRL Letter
Vol. 20, No. 38
September 21, 2001

* +New York ARES/RACES volunteers in good spirits
* +Pentagon ARES team stands down
* +ARRL treats FCC to ham radio up close and personal
* +Georgia hams come "up north" to help
* +Brand-new ham is youngest volunteer
* +FCC prohibits automatic control on LA repeater
* +Florida ARES and SKYWARN turn out for storm duty
*  Solar Update
     This weekend on the radio
     Sign up for Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Level II course
     Vietnam War veteran Bill Ruth, W3HRD, killed in Pentagon attack
     AMSAT-NA announces election results
     Disney special event postponed until December
     George Jacobs, W3ASK, to step down as CQ propagation editor
     Guatemala gets 70 cm back
     Kuwait authorizes 9K2USA call sign
     Special event station K5MFJ to commemorate MFJ's 30th anniversary
     Ten-Tec opens retail store, full-line dealership
     WWV survey deadline near

+Available on ARRL Audio News

New York Amateur Radio Emergency Service and Radio Amateur Civil Emergency
Service volunteers generally are in good spirits, but tired, says New York
City-Long Island Section Emergency Coordinator Tom Carrubba, KA2D. "The mood
is positive," he said, more than a week into the grim reality of the World
Trade Center attack response. "Overall, it's going very, very well.
Everybody's settling into the routine of the operation."

Two dozen or more hams per shift are covering communications and logistical
support for the American Red Cross as well as supplementing communication
for the New York City Office of Emergency Management. "It's a great effort
every day, 24/7, and it's expanding as we get more requests." A single,
multi-purpose ARES/RACES net is being maintained on the 147.000 MHz repeater
in Manhattan. New York City District Emergency Coordinator and RACES Radio
Officer Charles Hargrove, N2NOV, is serving as the incident commander.

At this point, Carrubba said, the need for volunteers is being largely
covered by amateurs from the Greater New York City Area--which includes New
York City and Long Island, Eastern New York, Connecticut and Northern New
Jersey. Hams have volunteered from all over, however, including at least
eight Delaware-Lehigh Amateur Radio Club members from from Pennsylvania's
Lehigh Valley.

Hams are deployed to 13 American Red Cross shelters, two OEM sites, several
staging areas, and Red Cross headquarters, and as net controls. At any given
time, up to a half dozen amateurs are posted just outside the secure
perimeter of the so-called "Ground Zero" World Trade Center site, where
Carrubba described conditions as "terrible." Volunteers there have been
asked to provide respirators and other protective clothing. Shifts at all
locations are 12 hours long.

Carrubba explained that Amateur Radio volunteers are being rotated in and
out of areas and duties in an effort to equalize the stress. "The first 30
or 40 hours everybody does 'the iron man act,' I call it, because they're
running on adrenaline," he said. After that, everyone gets some rest and
unwinds a little bit. "The people that are going back are fresh," he said.

Since September 11, more than 350 hams have volunteered in excess of 5000
work hours.

Carrubba anticipates the Amateur Radio support operations to continue for
some time to come, since the normal telecommunications systems remain
disrupted or problematic. "The communications in the shelter are being used
like telephones," he said. Telephone service is available, but it can take
15 or 20 tries to get a call through. Carrubba said net traffic has been
substantial, although there are occasional lulls.

Many more volunteers will be needed before the ARES and RACES operation
stands down "Right now our task is a long-term effort, Carrubba said. "The
schedule is being filled in on a day-by-day basis." To date, more than 200
individuals have signed up via the World Trade Center Disaster Relief
Communications Web site, <>;.

Carrubba expects that Amateur Radio assistance might be needed at least
another week and possibly longer. "As long as there's a need for
communications, we will be there," he said.

In the meantime, REACT International is seeking additional Amateur Radio and
licensed GMRS users, primarily to support the Salvation Army's relief
efforts in New York. "We still need volunteers," said REACT International
Secretary Lee Besing, N5NTG, who added that some shifts on Wednesday went
unfilled. "They're burning out and having to return to their jobs," he said.
REACT is now running 20 volunteers per shift. Volunteers should visit the
REACT International Web site,
<>; or contact Charles Bessels,

The team managed by Virginia Amateur Radio Emergency Service to support the
Salvation Army's disaster relief operation at the Pentagon stood down this
week. Virginia Section Emergency Coordinator Tom Gregory, N4NW, thanked all
who volunteered and turned out to assist following the September 11
terrorist attack.

"With the changes in security, increased shift times and, most of all, the
ability of the Salvation Army to [now] manage their support operations via
telephone, the need for Amateur Radio has ended," Gregory said. "The support
provided here in Virginia, by the hams in New York--where operations
continue--and in Pennsylvania clearly demonstrates the resolve and
commitment by so many hams to meet the needs of our fellow Americans at this
time of great tragedy."

The ARES operation--with Tom Harmon, AK1E, as incident commander--provided
logistical support between the Salvation Army's relief and recovery effort
on site and the agency's Arlington headquarters. The Salvation Army has been
providing food and refreshments to the crews engaged in the Pentagon
investigation and recovery operations. Gregory said many of the more than
100 volunteers who reported for duty between September 11 and September 18
gave up time with their families and their jobs. In a few cases, he said, he
even wrote letters to employers requesting that volunteers be allowed time
off to work the incident.

"Amateur Radio performed exactly as it was supposed to," Gregory said. "We
responded to the need to provide communications where none were available."
He said the Virginia ARES organization stands ready to jump in again "at a
moment's notice" if the need arises.

Another amateur team consisting of Mt Vernon Amateur Radio Club and
Arlington County Amateur Radio Club members was providing communication and
technical support to the American Red Cross relief effort at the Pentagon
site. Arlington County ARES Emergency Coordinator Alan Bosch, KO4ALA, said
his team was running shifts from 8 AM through 1 AM each day, and he expected
the operation to continue at least through week's end.

ARRL President Jim Haynie, W5JBP, visited members of the Pentagon ARES team
on Monday, September 17. Gregory said he appreciated Haynie's encouragement
at a difficult time. Haynie was accompanied by ARRL First Vice President
Joel Harrison, W5ZN, FCC Special Counsel for Amateur Radio Enforcement Riley
Hollingsworth, and ARRL Virginia Section Manager Carl Clements, W4CAC.

The ARRL this week took Amateur Radio's message directly to FCC Headquarters
in Washington, DC. ARRL President Jim Haynie, W5JBP, said the idea behind
the ARRL's "Amateur Radio Demo and Education Day" September 18 was to foster
a positive view of the Amateur Service--especially with three new
commissioners on board who may not be familiar with ham radio and the issues
it faces.

"The FCC is bombarded with paper every day in the form of filings,
briefings, backgrounders and other print materials," said Haynie, who
masterminded the demonstration. "So our purpose was to let the commissioners
and their staff get out of the 'paper chase' for awhile and see Amateur
Radio up close."

The "demo" part of the event included a fully operational HF Amateur Radio
station, which was used to make several contacts, a selection of low-profile
antennas, a PSK31 setup, and a software-defined radio designed and built by
Bob Larkin, W7PUA--and featured in QST
<>;. The "education" facet comprised
informational graphics throughout the room that depicted such topics as
Amateur Radio disaster communication, the Amateur Radio on the International
Space Station (ARISS) program, and deed covenants, conditions and
restrictions--or CC&Rs--as they affect hams subjected to private land-use
regulations. One surprisingly popular poster featured a description of radio
wave propagation. A videotape loop on Kid's Day ran all day long.

The event gave Haynie the chance to chat at length about Amateur Radio
issues with FCC Chairman Michael Powell, commissioners Kathleen Abernathy,
Michael Copps, and Kevin Martin, and key FCC staffers.

Equally enthusiastic was ARRL First Vice President Joel Harrison, W5ZN, who
also represented ARRL at the event. "We wanted to show the continuing--and
maybe even growing--importance of Amateur Radio to the nation's
telecommunications infrastructure, and to demonstrate our role in
technological development and emergency communication," Harrison said.

And that latter aspect did raise a somber note, as the Amateur Radio
demonstration took place only days after the World Trade Center and Pentagon
attacks. Powell asked the FCC to "go on with the show," because of his
commitment to keeping the FCC running on a business-as-usual basis during
the national crisis. News of the tragic situation still pouring in
underscored Amateur Radio's value in providing emergency assistance.

Haynie said the highlight of the event was the interest and involvement of
Chairman Powell and his staff as well as the opportunity personally to meet
the other three new commissioners. Haynie said that some commissioners
seemed particularly interested in information on Amateur Radio antenna
installations that had been erected under the "reasonable accommodation"
provision of PRB-1.

Haynie said he was especially pleased that every commissioner and nearly all
FCC department heads turned out with their staff members--nearly 100
visitors in all. Chairman Powell spent considerable time examining every
display and asked for a personal demonstration of the PSK31 equipment. He
was also interested in Amateur Radio involvement in rescue efforts at the
World Trade Center and Pentagon disaster sites and how the Amateur Radio
Emergency Service operates.

ARRL General Counsel Chris Imlay said he was pleased to see that people did
not just "cruise through" but stayed to discuss various issues and topics.
Imlay said the event set the stage for future productive discussions with
the FCC on a number of important Amateur Radio issues.

On behalf of the ARRL contingent, Haynie deemed the day a huge success.
"This was the first time we have ever had such an opportunity, and in our
collective opinions it was very successful!" he said.--Steve Mansfield,

A group of Georgia amateurs has accompanied Southern Baptist Convention
Disaster Relief crews to the New York City area in the wake of last week's
terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. The hams are providing
communications support to the Convention's mobile kitchens and shower units,
deployed last week at the request of the Federal Emergency Management

The communications van of the Chattahoochee Baptist Association Amateur
Radio team is stationed at a staging area at the Raritan Valley Baptist
Church in Edison, New Jersey. Operating as W4CBA, the volunteers in Edison
are utilizing the nearby New Jersey Institute of Technology Amateur Radio
Club's K2MFF 147.225 MHz repeater in Newark to communicate with deployed
kitchens and showers in the Brooklyn Naval Yard and near Ground Zero in
Manhattan. Amateurs are accompanying volunteers from eight states into the
field as they serve meals to relief workers and displaced residents.

According to Jackie Whitlock, N4JJW, the call from FEMA came on Wednesday.
By last Friday, two kitchens had been deployed, with a third unit in reserve
at Edison. In their first 36 hours on the scene, 89 volunteers had served
more than 7500 meals at the Manhattan and Brooklyn sites.

The Chattahoochee Baptist Association has been supporting Southern Baptist
Convention relief efforts since 1996.

Ten-year-old Beverly Holtz of Huntington, Long Island, New York, was
distraught after hearing of the tragedy at the World Trade Center.

"I slowly explained what the news footage meant," said her father Fred
Holtz, K2PSY. "The first thing she said was that she wanted to help."

Neither of them realized just how soon she would get the chance.

About six years ago Fred Holtz revived his interested in Amateur Radio. Soon
his young daughter showed an interest in the hobby. Together they studied
the electronics and Beverly was especially interested in the questions on
emergency procedures.

"I told her that they were very important and you never knew when you would
need them," Holtz said.

Father and daughter joined the local radio club and started going to
meetings. Eventually she took the FCC exam for the Technician license and
passed! She couldn't wait for her license to arrive and was ready to get on
the air.

Beverly's new ticket finally arrived Friday, September 14, and she was
officially KC2IKT. The next day she and her dad were running errands in the
car, listening to an emergency net being run on a local repeater, when they
heard a call go out for volunteers to staff a shelter as part of the
response to the World Trade Center attack.

"We can do that!" Beverly told her dad. Fred Holtz called net control and
explained that his daughter was only 10 and wanted to help.

"No problem," they were told. That afternoon they reported to the Red Cross
shelter in Valley Stream, New York. Some 40 European students were staying
at the shelter after being stranded when flights were cancelled at the
nearby airports in New York City.

Using her dad's hand-held transceiver, Beverly answered questions from net
control, relayed health-and-welfare traffic and was the only radio operator
for the entire eight-hour shift.

"I was very impressed that [net control] treated her as an equal and that
she was able to do it," her dad said. "She really had a trial by fire!"

Beverly said that the eight hours seemed like one hour. "I can't wait to do
more," she said. "It made me feel good to help."--Diane Ortiz, K2DO

The FCC has terminated the automatic control privileges of the W6NUT
repeater in the Los Angeles, California, area until further notice. An FCC
review into the repeater's operation initiated last winter followed
allegations that the licensee or control operator failed to address "long
periods of jamming by users, broadcasting, music playing as well as a
plethora of other violations."

The latest chapter in the W6NUT saga followed a September 7 letter to
repeater owner Kathryn Tucker, AA6TK, from FCC Special Counsel for Amateur
Radio Enforcement Riley Hollingsworth. Hollingsworth specifically cited
incidents of alleged rules violations in early February on W6NUT and
reiterated that extensive monitoring of W6NUT showed "no evidence that a
control operator even exists for this repeater." The FCC also has reported
receiving numerous complaints about W6NUT.

In her reply to the FCC, Tucker identified her husband, Roy Tucker, N6TK, as
the primary control operator "24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 52 weeks out of
the year." But elsewhere in her response, Tucker noted that he was not on
duty during the alleged misbehavior in early February that prompted the FCC
review. Tucker also told the FCC that it was not the repeater's policy "to
attempt to remove unruly operators" from using W6NUT. As for complaints,
Tucker told the FCC that the W6NUT policy was to let them "go in one ear and
out the other."

The rules do "not exempt the repeater station licensee from responsibility
for the proper operation of his or her station or allow a repeater station
licensee to ignore complaints, Hollingsworth wrote. "Given your response, it
is evident that you do not understand the duties of a control operator."

Hollingsworth asked Kathryn Tucker to document her designation of Roy Tucker
as the W6NUT control operator, and he noted that the rules hold licensee and
control operator "equally responsible for the proper operation of the
station." Automatic control does not absolve the licensee or control
operator of the responsibility for illegal or improper conduct that airs,
Hollingsworth explained. While there's an exception for inadvertent
communications that violate the rules, he said, FCC rules do not consider
improper or illegal conduct that's repetitive or continues for hours or days
to be inadvertent.

Hollingsworth requested that the licensee or the control operator conduct a
time and usage study of W6NUT's operation for 14 consecutive 24-hour periods
to demonstrate that the repeater can comply with FCC rules without a control
operator on duty. The repeater may continue to operate using remote or local
control in the meantime.

As a result of the early February incident, Gregory S. Cook, ex-KC6USO, of
Chico, turned in his license, and the FCC ordered Ted R. Sorensen III,
KC6PQW, of Agoura Hills off all repeaters on the 144, 222, or 440-MHz bands
for the next three years.

Florida amateurs provided the National Weather Service with real-time
reports as Tropical Storm Gabrielle swept across Florida September 14.
Amateurs staffed the Ruskin National Weather Service Amateur Radio station
WX4TBW starting at 9 PM on September 13 and remained on duty throughout the
storm's passage.

Damage reports began streaming in as Gabrielle approached Florida's west
coast September 14. SKYWARN spotters from Sarasota and Manatee counties
reported wind gusts as high as 74 MPH. Flooding generated by Gabrielle also
forced an undetermined number of people from their homes in DeSoto, Hardee
and Hillsborough counties.

Nets were established to pass critical information to the National Weather
Service and to handle local and regional ARES activities. Several shelters
were staffed by ARES operators throughout the ARRL West Central Florida
Section. According to West Central Florida Section Manager Dave Armbrust,
AE4MR, area hams took the event in stride.

"No big deal, our amateurs have been doing exactly this for years," Armbrust
said. "Tropical storms and hurricanes are yearly events for ARES groups
here. There is little need for us to do an annual SET as we generally get
the real thing."

Armbrust was asked if anything made this particular storm different. "The
massive loss of power kind of hit us by surprise," he said, "but it does
prove how important emergency power is to ARES." More than 250,000
Floridians lost power at least temporarily, but operations on the
wide-coverage K4WCF repeater continued for nearly eight hours on emergency

"The flooding and wind actually took three repeaters off the air, but the
ARES groups had trained for the loss of repeaters, and they did not miss a
beat," Armbrust said.

While Gabrielle weakened as it moved eastward across the Florida peninsula,
it still packed a punch. After passing over Florida, Gabrielle reached
Hurricane strength over the Atlantic. The storm continued northeastward off
the US and Canadian Coasts before becoming extratropical south of
Newfoundland on September 19. The Hurricane Watch Net was not activated at
any time.

Solar maven Tad Cook, K7VVV, Seattle, Washington, reports: Solar flux and
sunspot numbers are in a general upward trend since the beginning of August.
Average daily solar flux was down almost 23 points, and sunspot averages
were off nearly 43 points, when compared to the previous week.

The autumn equinox is Saturday, September 22, and right now is the best time
for HF propagation in many months. Ten meters is getting really good at this
time of year and will get better--at least in the northern
hemisphere--during October and November.

Looking at average sunspot numbers for the past two weeks, this could be the
best fall equinox of the current cycle for HF propagation. Average daily
sunspot numbers from September 6-19 were 220, but for the same period last
year, it was only 113, and 132 in 1999. We haven't had sunspot counts this
high prior to the fall equinox since the peak of the last solar cycle, when
the average daily sunspot number was 219 from September 6-19, 1989.
Predicted solar flux for Friday through the middle of next week is around

Sunspot numbers for September 13 through 19 were 223, 216, 183, 169, 159,
215 and 224, with a mean of 198.4. The 10.7-cm flux was 239.7, 236.6, 219.3,
207.1, 199.1, 203.8 and 198.8, with a mean of 214.9. Estimated planetary A
indices were 18, 10, 15, 8, 10, 8 and 8, with a mean of 11.

* This weekend on the radio: The Scandinavian Activity Contest (SSB) and the
Radio Club Panama XXX Anniversary Contest are the weekend of September
22-23. JUST AHEAD: The CQ WW RTTY Contest, and the Louisiana, Texas and
Alabama QSO parties are September 29-30 weekend. See the ARRL Contest Branch
page, and for more info.

* Sign up for Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Level II course:
Registration begins Monday, September 24, at 4 PM Eastern Time for the
on-line ARRL Level II-Intermediate Emergency Communications Course (EC-002).
Visit the ARRL Certification and Continuing Education Registration Page
<>; to take advantage of this continuing
education opportunity. Each class is limited to 50 seats, so don't wait to
register. Answers to most questions are on the ARRL Certification and
Continuing Education home page <>; and the C-CE links
at the right, including the C-CE FAQ page. Stay informed by reviewing these
periodically. To learn more, contact ARRL Certification and Continuing
Education Coordinator Dan Miller, K3UFG,

* Vietnam War veteran Bill Ruth, W3HRD, killed in Pentagon attack: The
terrorists' attack on the US has claimed another ham and ARRL member.
Vietnam and Gulf War veteran and retired Chief Warrant Officer William Ruth,
W3HRD, of Mount Airy, Maryland, is the fifth ham known to have died as a
result of the terrorist attacks. The Army announced September 19 that Ruth,
who worked at the Pentagon, was among the 30 confirmed dead. He was 58. "I
remember Bill from my time with the Rock Creek Amateur Radio Association,"
said Leo Boberschmidt, W3LEO, a close friend. "I still remember the great
slide program he gave on his experiences during the Gulf War; it's hard to
say anything else right now." Four other amateurs are still missing in the
wake of the World Trade Center attack.

* AMSAT-NA announces election results: AMSAT-NA Corporate Secretary Martha
Saragovitz has announced the results of the 2001 elections for the AMSAT-NA
Board of Directors. Barry Baines, WD4ASW; Dick Daniels, W4PUJ, Robin
Haighton, VE3FRH and Bill Tynan, W3XO, will retain their seats on the board
for two years. Bruce Paige, KK5DO, is the first alternate, and Richard
Hambly, W2GPS, is the Second Alternate. They will serve until the next

* Disney special event postponed until December: The W4D special event to
commemorate the 100th birthday of Walt Disney, scheduled for September
30-October 1, will be postponed until December. The new date will be
announced. The event is sponsored by the Disney Emergency Amateur Radio

* George Jacobs, W3ASK, to step down as CQ propagation editor: After more
than a half-century of writing CQ's monthly "Propagation" column, George
Jacobs, W3ASK, will step down at year's end as the magazine's propagation
editor. Tomas Hood, NW7US, will takes over the column in January 2002.
Jacobs will remain on the CQ staff as contributing editor emeritus. "George
Jacobs is an institution at CQ and in Amateur Radio community," said CQ
Editor Rich Moseson, W2VU. "Over the past 50-plus years, he has helped
demystify propagation for amateurs around the world, and has a prediction
accuracy record that can't be beaten." Dayton Hamvention this year named
Jacobs Amateur of the Year. An ARRL Full Charter Life Member, Jacobs was
among the founding fathers of the OSCAR amateur satellite program and served
as CQ's space communications editor prior to the launch of OSCAR I in 1961.
Professionally, Jacobs was instrumental in building the Voice of America's
worldwide short-wave network as well as other short-wave broadcasting

* Guatemala gets 70 cm back: The Amateur Radio Club of Guatemala (Club de
Radioaficionados de Guatemala--CRAG), the Guatemalan International Amateur
Radio Union member society, reports that 430-440 MHz has been returned to
Amateur Radio there. In 1996, the government eliminated amateur access in
the formerly shared bands and auctioned 70 cm frequencies to commercial land
mobile stations. These services reportedly now will be relocated to other
spectrum. CRAG reports that Guatemala will seek a footnote at World
Radiocommunication Conference 2003 to give Amateur Radio primary status at
430-440 MHz in that country. CRAG had petitioned the Guatemalan government
to reverse its decision removing Amateur Radio from the band, and CRAG and
IARU Region 2 officials had met several times with government officials on
the subject. CRAG thanked the IARU Executive Committee for its support. The
IARU Region 2 Conference will be held in Guatemala City September 30 to
October 5.--AMSAT; IARU

* Kuwait authorizes 9K2USA call sign: Bob Furzer, K4CY/9K2ZZ, reports that
the Kuwait Amateur Radio Society--in conjunction with the Kuwait Ministry of
Communications--has authorized the use of the call sign 9K2USA by all radio
amateurs in Kuwait. The authorization is being characterized as "a small
token of the sympathy and support for the people of the United States from
the citizens of Kuwait, and as an expression of deep condolence" following
the deadly terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, DC. The
authorization will continue through the end of September. The Kuwait Amateur
Radio Society will handle QSL chores using a common database, and all QSLs
will be via 9K2RA, e-mail Visit the KARS Web site
<>;.--Bob Furzer, K4CY/9K2ZZ

* Special event station K5MFJ to commemorate MFJ's 30th anniversary: MFJ
Enterprises in Starkville, Mississippi, will sponsor a Mississippi ARRL day
in the park, Saturday, September 29. Special event station K5MFJ will be on
the air to commemorate the company's 30th anniversary. Events include
tailgating and factory tours of MFJ, Ameritron, Hy-Gain, and the MFJ metal
shop and engineering building. ARRL and MFJ have provided door prizes. Lunch
is on the house. Work K5MFJ on 10, 15, 20 or 40 meters and receive a
commemorative certificate. QSL to MFJ Amateur Radio Club, PO Box 494,
Mississippi State, MS 39762. For more information, visit the MFJ Web site

* Ten-Tec opens retail store, full-line dealership: Ten-Tec has opened an
Amateur Radio retail store and full-line equipment dealership. The
1000-square-foot retail store and ham shack are in the lobby of the Ten-Tec
manufacturing facility in Sevierville, Tennessee. "We have a large, loyal
customer base that we'll be able to supply with accessories that complement
our own manufactured equipment," says Ten-Tec Amateur Radio Product Manager
Scott Robbins, W4PA. "Equipment from more than 20 manufacturers is already
in stock and available direct from Ten-Tec." Ten-Tec is planning a grand
opening celebration for its new retail outlet during the annual Ten-Tec
Hamfest, Friday and Saturday, September 28-29. Visit the Ten-Tec Web site

* WWV survey deadline near: The deadline is September 30 for the National
Institute of Standards and Technology survey seeking information on how WWV
and WWVH listeners use the standard time and frequency broadcast services.
The survey remains available on the Web <>;.
It's also available as a printable PDF or HTML file and in a hard-copy,
mail-in version. According to WWV Station Manager John Lowe, the last
WWV-WWVH user survey was done in 1985. He confirmed that the data collected
ultimately could be used to determine whether WWV and WWVH remain on the
air--especially given the popularity of NIST's other outlets, including its
Web-based time server that gets in excess of 3 million hits a day. While
Lowe strongly encouraged all WWV and WWVH users to send in a survey, he has
suggested that more weight will be given to responses from corporate and
institutional users. WWV in Ft Collins, Colorado, and WWVH on Kauai, Hawaii,
broadcast continuous time and frequency information to millions of listeners
worldwide. For more information, contact John Lowe,

The ARRL Letter is published Fridays, 50 times each year, by the American
Radio Relay League--The National Association For Amateur Radio--225 Main St,
Newington, CT 06111; tel 860-594-0200; fax 860-594-0259; Jim Haynie, W5JBP, President

The ARRL Letter offers a weekly e-mail digest of essential news of interest
to active amateurs. The ARRL Letter strives to be timely, accurate, concise,
and readable. Visit ARRLWeb at for the latest news,
updated as it happens. The ARRLWeb Extra at offers ARRL members access to
informative features and columns.

Material from The ARRL Letter may be republished or reproduced in whole or
in part in any form without additional permission. Credit must be given to
The ARRL Letter and The American Radio Relay League.

==>Delivery problems (ARRL member direct delivery only!):
==>Editorial questions or comments: Rick Lindquist, N1RL,
==>ARRL News on the Web:
==>ARRL Audio News: or call

==>How to Get The ARRL Letter

The ARRL Letter is available to ARRL members free of charge directly from

To subscribe, unsubscribe or change your address for e-mail delivery:
ARRL members first must register on the Members Only Web Site, You'll have an opportunity during registration
to sign up for e-mail delivery of The ARRL Letter, W1AW bulletins, and other
material. To change these selections--including delivery of The ARRL
Letter--registered members should click on the "Member Data Page" link (in
the Members Only box). Click on "Modify membership data," check or uncheck
the appropriate boxes, and click on "Submit modification" to make selections
effective. (NOTE: HQ staff members cannot change your e-mail delivery
address. You must do this yourself via the Members Only Web Site.)

The ARRL Letter also is available to all, free of charge, from these

* ARRLWeb, (NOTE: The ARRL Letter will be
posted each Friday when it is distributed via e-mail.)

* The listserver, thanks to volunteers from the Boston Amateur Radio
Club: Send e-mail to (no subject needed). The body of the
message should say "subscribe letter-list" to subscribe or "unsubscribe
letter-list" to unsubscribe. (NOTE: The ARRL cannot assist subscribers who
receive The ARRL Letter via this listserver.)

The ARRL Letter

The ARRL Letter offers a weekly summary of essential news of interest to active amateurs that is available in advance of publication in QST, our official journal. The ARRL Letter strives to be timely, accurate, concise and readable.

Much of the ARRL Letter content is also available in audio form in ARRL Audio News.

Material from The ARRL Letter may be republished or reproduced in whole or in part in any form without additional permission. Credit must be given to The ARRL Letter and The American Radio Relay League.

Back issues published since 2000 are available on this page. If you wish to subscribe via e-mail, simply log on to the ARRL Web site, click on Edit Your Profile at the top, then click on Edit Email Subscriptions. Check the box next to The ARRL email newsletter, the ARRL Letter and you will receive each weekly issue in HTML format. You can unsubscribe at any time.

Delivery problems (ARRL member direct delivery only!):

Editorial questions or comments: Rick Lindquist, WW1ME, at

The ARRL E-Letter e-mail is also available in plain-text version:

Outlook Express

1. From the Inbox view, select the Tools menu and the Options selection.

2. Click the Read tab

3. Check the Read All Messages In Plain Text box.  When you open the e-mail, it will be in plain text without images. Other e-mail programs may be able to make a Mail Rule for e-mail received from the address so that the plain-text-only display is selected automatically.

Outlook 2007

Use the same procedure as for Outlook Express, although the global option is under "Tools/Trust Center/E-mail Security".

Use the menu item "View/Message Body As/Plain Text" or "View/Message Source" options.

OS X Mail (Mac)

Use the "View/Message/Plain Text Alternative" menu item.

Use the "Message text garbled?" link in the drop-down menu at the upper right of the displayed message block. pine, alpine Set "prefer-plain-text" in your ~/.pinerc configuration file: feature-list=..., prefer-plain-text, ...


text:
The ARRL Foundation

Welcome to the ARRL Foundation!

Established in 1973 by the American Radio Relay League, Inc. (ARRL) as an independent and separate 501(c)(3) organization, the ARRL Foundation administers programs to support the Amateur Radio community.

Funded entirely by the generous contributions of radio amateurs and friends, ARRL Foundation programs for Amateur Radio award scholarships for higher education, award grants for Amateur Radio projects, and award special Amateur Radio program grants for The Victor C. Clark Youth Incentive Program and The Jesse A. Bieberman Meritorious Membership Program.

Governed by a nine member volunteer Board of Directors, the ARRL Foundation is devoted to providing valuable programs to serve the Amateur Radio community. The Board of Directors is nominated and elected by the ARRL Board of Directors, five of whom serve on the ARRL Board of Directors. The ARRL Foundation Officers are elected by the ARRL Foundation Board, and include a President, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary.

The ARRL Foundation, Inc. is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization holding IRS Tax identification # 23-7325472. Contributions to the ARRL Foundation are tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law.


text:
Page Banner

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

Identifying Johne's Disease with Accuracy / April 1, 2013 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service
Read the magazine story to find out more.

Photo: Two dairy cows in a field.  Link to photo information
ARS scientists are the first to find a way to specifically identify Johne's Disease, a disease that costs the U.S. dairy industry more than $220 million each year and also affects sheep, goats, deer and other animals. Click the image for more information about it.

For further reading

Identifying Johne's Disease with Accuracy

By Sandra Avant
April 1, 2013

Detecting the costly, contagious Johne's disease in cattle is now easier, thanks to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists.

Johne's disease, also known as Paratuberculosis, is estimated to cost the U.S. dairy industry more than $220 million each year. It also affects sheep, goats, deer and other animals, causing diarrhea, reduced feed intake, weight loss and sometimes death.

Microbiologist John Bannantine and his colleagues at the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Animal Disease Center (NADC) in Ames, Iowa, discovered an antibody that's 100 percent specific in detecting Johne's disease. This is the first time a specific antibody that binds only to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the pathogen that causes the disease, has been discovered. A patent has been awarded to scientists for the antibody, which could greatly benefit the improvement of diagnostic tests that confirm the presence of MAP.

Previous efforts to detect Johne's disease were hindered because all antibodies used to identify MAP strains also reacted to environmental mycobacteria, according to Bannantine, who works in NADC's Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit. Some of those antibodies also reacted to the disease pathogen responsible for bovine tuberculosis (TB) and caused false-positive results.

Other research, conducted by NADC microbiologist Judy Stabel, focused on ensuring that Johne's disease vaccines do not cross-react with tests for bovine TB, a disease problem in states where wild deer infect cattle.

Stabel and her team vaccinated calves with an effective commercial Johne's vaccine to test cross reactivity with TB tests. They took blood samples for a year and then measured immune and serological responses of calves using novel TB tests.

Scientists found no cross reactivity with the TB serology tests, demonstrating that animals could be vaccinated against Johne's disease without interfering with bovine TB testing. Similar results were found with the skin test used to detect TB in cattle.

Read more about this research in the April 2013 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency, and the research supports the USDA priority of promoting international food security.

Last Modified: 4/1/2013


text:
Page Banner

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

2009 Annual Report

1a.Objectives (from AD-416)
The objectives of this study are to:.
1)Compile environmental, water quality, and agronomic data from the Leon River and Riesel watersheds and deliver to the STEWARDS data system in a compatible format;.
2)Measure and quantify hydrologic and water quality effects of conservation practices and management at the field, farm, and sub-watershed scale within the Leon River and Riesel watersheds;.
3)Validate, quantify uncertainties in model output, and conduct land use and climate analyses with the SWAT and ALMANAC models at field, farm, and watershed scales;.
4)Provide proper output and linkages from SWAT to economic models to ensure appropriate environmental and crop yield output at spatial scales compatible with selected economic models; and.
5)Extract relevant components from the ALMANAC and SWAT models for integration into the Object Modeling System (OMS) and assist in the verification of the ALMANAC and SWAT models for major agricultural regions.

1b.Approach (from AD-416)
For Objective 1 we will provide data to the STEWARDS data system from the Leon River and Riesel watersheds. Data will include environmental and agronomic data, measured water quality data, and SWAT output. Socio-economic data will not be collected. Our role in Objective 2 involves quantifying the effects of conservation practices (with emphasis on nutrient and manure management) in the Leon River and Riesel watersheds. It also involves quantifying nutrient and manure management of grasses and pastures for bio-fuels at three field sites in Texas. Although several models are considered in the overall CEAP Objective 3, our focus is solely on the SWAT and ALMANAC models. SWAT will be evaluated and uncertainty analysis will be performed on varying spatial scales in the Leon and Riesel watersheds. Model development will include:.
1)river basin scale processes in SWAT,.
2)plant growth and land management processes in ALMANAC, and.
3)linkage with remotely sensed data. Our role in Objective 4 is to provide proper output and linkages from the SWAT model to economic models. We will ensure appropriate environmental and crop yield output from SWAT at spatial scales that are compatible with the selected economic models. For Objective 5, we will extract relevant components from SWAT and ALMANAC model for integration into the Object Modeling System (OMS).

3.Progress Report
This report documents research for the project Development of Models and Conservation Practices for Water Quality Management and Resource Assessments. Data collection and public outreach have substantially advanced for two projects investigating application of poultry litter and proper fertilizer management. Experimental results on effects of conservation practices in the Leon River and Riesel watersheds have been compiled and are being analyzed. The compartmentalized version of the ALMANAC (Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteris) model is being incorporated into the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to improve SWAT's plant simulation components. Work is progressing on the SWAT and ALMANAC models, to provide linkages to models with different application and scales.

1. Improved guidelines for applying poultry litter: Poultry litter contains significant amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus which are nutrients essential to plant growth. If excess poultry litter is applied to the land as fertizer, nitrogen and phosphorus can run off into streams and lakes making them unsuitable for fishing, swimming, and drinking. Thus, poultry litter application rates for cultivated crops need to maximize the economic return while minimizing the environmental impact. This research defined the optimum annual application rate to accomplish both objectives. The results of this research, summarized in a fact sheet and a published manuscript, have been distributed to more than 250 local producers and third party applicators to assist them in determining appropriate litter application rates. Numerous scientists and extension personnel are also using these results in their education, outreach, and research programs to balance agronomic and economic concerns. This information will help prevent litter-related water quality degradation in the region and promote economic and environmental sustainability.

2. Improved model to simulate water quality in large river basins: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and state environmental agencies have identified approximately 15,000 water-quality-impaired water bodies in the U.S. Agricultural production has been identified as a major nonpoint source of water contamination. At the same time, USDA is mandated to conduct a thorough analysis of the risks and benefits of USDA's conservation programs to human health, safety, and environment; determine alternative ways of reducing risk; and conduct cost-benefits assessments. New algorithms were developed for a river basin scale model called SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to simulate carbon dynamics in soil, landscape routing, septic tanks, and urban runoff and management practices. The new routines are currently being tested at watersheds across the United States. To assess the environmental impact of USDA conservation programs, SWAT was applied and validated in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (490,000 Km**2). Scenario runs are being used to target efficient placement of practices and guide USDA conservation policy. The model is also being used in over 30 states by US EPA and is impacting the selection of land management to resolve water quality concerns.

3. Parameterization of the ALMANAC (Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria) Model for Grasses: Simulation of the growth and yield of grasses for conservation and biofuels assessment requires an accurate, realistic simulation model that describes various grass types as well as competition among species when simulating complex grass mixtures. The ALMANAC model was parameterized for the major improved grass species and several common native grasses, including the major grasses for biofuel. This involved field measurements to determine potential leaf area index, optimum nutrient concentrations, and radiation use efficiency. The model was parameterized for switchgrass cultivars in Texas and in the Upper Midwest, and validated using measured data at a wide range of latitudes, from Texas to North Dakota and Wisconsin. Parameters derived for these important grass species, when incorporated into the ALMANAC model, provided realistic simulations of grass growth and productivity in a wide range of soils and climatic conditions. The model is being used by the Department of Energy and university scientists to assess potential biofuel productivity and sustainability of grasslands across the United States.

6.Technology Transfer

Number of Web Sites Managed1
Number of Other Technology Transfer2

Review Publications
Rossi, C.G., Dybala, T.J., Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Amonett, C., Marek, T. 2008. Hydrologic calibration and validation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for the Leon River watershed. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 63(6):533-541.

Harmel, R.D., Rossi, C.G., Dybala, T., Arnold, J.G., Potter, K.N., Wolfe, J., Hoffman, D. 2008. Conservation Effects Assessment Project research in the Leon River and Riesel watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 63(6):453-460.

Harmel, R.D., Qian, S., Reckhow, K., Casebolt, P. 2008. The MANAGE database: Nutrient load and site characteristic updates and runoff concentration data. Journal of Environmental Quality. 37(6):2403-2406.

Kiniry, J.R., Schmer, M.R., Vogel, K.P., Mitchell, R. 2008. Switchgrass biomass simulation at diverse sites in the northern Great Plains of the U.S. BioEnergy Research. 1(3-4):259-264.

Toor, G.S., Harmel, R.D., Haggard, B.E., Schmidt, G. 2008. Evaluation of regression methodology with low-frequency water quality sampling to estimate constituent loads for ephemeral watersheds in Texas. Journal of Environmental Quality. 37(5):1847-1854.

Wachal, D.J., Harmel, R.D., Banks, K.E., Hudak, P.F. 2008. Evaluation of WEPP for runoff and sediment yield prediction on natural gas well sites. Transactions of the ASABE. 51(6):1977-1986.

Harmel, R.D., Smith, D.R., King, K.W., Slade, R.M. 2009. Estimating Storm Discharge and Water Quality Data Uncertainty: A Software Tool for Monitoring and Modeling Applications. Journal of Environmental Modelling and Software. 24(7):832-842.

Wachal, D.J., Banks, K.E., Hudak, P.F., Harmel, R.D. 2009. Modeling erosion and sediment control practices in RUSLE 2.0: A management approach for natural gas well sites in Denton County, TX, USA. Environmental Geology. 56(8):1615-1627.

Veith, T.L., Sharpley, A.N., Arnold, J.G. 2008. Modeling a Small, Northeastern Watershed with Detailed Field-Level Data. Transactions of the ASABE. 51(2):471-483.

Weltz, M.A., Jolley, L., Nearing, M.A., Stone, J.J., Goodrich, D.C., Pierson Jr, F.B., Speath, K., Kiniry, J.R., Arnold, J.G., Bubenheim, D., Hernandez, M., Wei, H. 2008. Assessing the benefits of grazing land conservation practices. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 63:214-217.

Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Vazquez-Amabile, G.G., Engel, B.A., Rossi, C.G. 2009. Incorporation of a new shallow water table depth algorithm into SWAT 2005. Transactions of the ASABE. 52(3):771-784.

Last Modified: 9/1/2015
Footer Content Back to Top of Page


text:
Page Banner

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

2012 Annual Report

1a.Objectives (from AD-416):
The fundamental goal of this research program is the development of sustainable methods from the control of soilborne diseases of fruit trees. Thus, the objectives are to define the mechanism(s) of action for brassicaceae seed meals in the control of the pathogen/parasite complex which incites orchard replant disease, and develop and evaluate in the field novel formulations or integrated systems to attain the necessary spectrum of pathogen/parasite suppression for control of orchard replant disease to develop molecular markers for rootstock disease resistance to enhance biocontrol.

1b.Approach (from AD-416):
This program will develop a systems approach to disease management which exploits the biological resources resident to orchard ecosystems and utilizes minimal inputs beyond that commonly employed during orchard renovation or management. This will be achieved through acquiring an understanding of the biological and chemical mechanisms involved in the brassicaceae seed meal induced suppression of the pathogen complex contributing to apple replant disease. New tools will be developed to efficiently monitor fungal community structure in these soils to garner a more complete understanding of the functional elements contributing to disease suppression and the temporal nature of the response. Enhanced efficacy of bio-active plant residues for the control of soilborne pathogens will be obtained by clarifying the role of soil microbial communities in eliciting the inhibitory activity of these plant tissues. Information from these studies will be utilized to develop and field validate biologically sustainable management strategies for control of replant diseases in conventional and organic production systems.

3.Progress Report:
Studies continued to monitor microbial community composition and tree performance of apple plantings established in spring 2010 on multiple replant sites in Washington State which seek to determine the efficacy of composite mustard seed meal amendments in concert with host tolerance for apple replant disease control. Two seed meal formulations were utilized in concert with the highly susceptible apple root stock M9 or Geneva 11 rootstock which is tolerant of the lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. Both seed meal formulations provided disease control that was equivalent or superior to pre-plant soil fumigation based upon microbial analysis and tree growth increment attained over three years at all study sites. The Sunrise orchard autumn seed meal application proved superior to spring applications due to extensive tree mortality resulting from phytotoxicity of the amendment, but spring applications proved to be effective at other study sites. At Stormy Mountain Ranch, a single seed meal formulation applied during the spring was evaluated and was dramatically superior to pre-plant soil fumigation for control of replant disease. The superior tree growth in seed meal treated soils was correlated with superior and prolonged lesion nematode suppression over multiple growing seasons relative to that attained in response to pre-plant soil fumigation. The differential plant response to spring seed meal applications at the study sites were associated with differences in soil type and organic matter content. The Sunrise orchard possessed a sandy soil with very low organic matter (OM) content; which was approximately 30% of that at the Stormy Mountain Ranch test site. In addition, the low OM test site possessed soil microbial populations that were significantly lower. Based upon the level of tree mortality attained in the different seed meal formulation treatments it appears that a prolonged plant back period will be required in sandy soils to allow for degradation of seed meal derived herbicidal chemistries. An assay system was established for examination of gene expression profiles in root tissues in response to challenge by plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Apple seedling root tissues were collected and expression of candidate genes previously shown to function in plant defense responses was monitored under normal and biotic or abiotic stress conditions. DNA sequences of gene families within the jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway (a pathway associated with plant defense/resistance mechanisms), was utilized to design gene-specific primers which provide the capacity to explicitly monitor expression of the target genes. Tissue-specific expression patterns were initially identified by regular polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and studies were initiated to examine changes in gene expression profiles in root tissues of young seedlings in response to cold treatment by use of quantitative real-time PCR.

1. Induction of nematode suppressive soil system. Effective non-chemical strategies for long-term control of plant parasitic nematodes are desired within the tree fruit producer community due to an absence of nematicides available for post-plant application. Researchers at the Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, Washington, examined pre-plant application of Brassicaceae seed meal formulations used in conjunction with a virtually impermeable film for control of apple replant disease and suppression of lesion nematode in two organic orchard systems. Seed meal formulations provided multi-year suppression of the lesion nematode densities in apple roots to levels significantly below the no treatment control. Although soil fumigation significantly suppressed densities of this nematode during the initial growing season, extensive re-infestation of fumigated soil by the nematode was observed during the two growing seasons to densities dramatically higher than the control or seed meal treated soils. Nematode suppression in the seed meal treated soil was associated with significant changes in soil biology including increased densities of nematode parasites and predators. This research indicates that a biologically viable alternative to chemical nematicides or soil fumigants can provide extended long-term suppression of plant parasitic nematodes in orchard production systems.

Review Publications
Spies, C.F., Mazzola, M., Botha, W.J., Langenhoven, S., Mostert, L., Mcleod, A. 2011. Molecular analyses of Pythium irregulare isolates from grapevines in South Africa suggest a single variable species. Fungal Biology. 115:1210-1224.

Mazzola, M., Reardon, C.L., Brown, J. 2012. Initial Pythium species composition and Brassicaceae seed meal type influence extent of Pythium-induced plant growth suppression in soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 48:20-27.

Weerakoon, D.M., Reardon, C.L., Paulitz, T.C., Izzo, A., Mazzola, M. 2012. Long-term suppression of Pythium abappressorium induced by Brassica juncea seed meal amendment is biologically mediated. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 51:44-52.

Handiseni, M., Brown, J., Zemetra, R., Mazzola, M. 2012. Use of Brassicaceous seed meals to improve seedling emergence of tomato and pepper in Pythium ultimum infested soils. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 45:1204-1209.

Lamprecht, S.C., Tewoldemedhin, Y.T., Hardy, M., Calitz, F.J., Mazzola, M. 2011. Effect of cropping system on composition of the Rhizoctonia populations recovered from canola and lupin in a winter rainfall region of South Africa. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 131:305-316.

Last Modified: 9/1/2015
Footer Content Back to Top of Page


text:
Page Banner

United States Department of Agriculture

Agricultural Research Service

Related Topics

Location: Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit

2011 Annual Report

1a.Objectives (from AD-416)
To demonstrate the ability of an oligonucleotide microarray to detect and differentiate plant viruses from random amplification of plant total nucleic acid extracts, and to provide education, through training, of undergraduate interns, and the incorporation of macroarray and microarray techniques into curricula.

1b.Approach (from AD-416)
ARS will acquire the lists of viral taxa to be represented on the viral detection microarray, and virus-infected samples from which to amplify nucleic acids to validate the microarray. This information and material will be utilized by both ARS and the Cooperator to jointly develop and validate the microarray for detection of target viruses, and to make validation results available to collaborators via a web server. The COOPERATOR will perform analysis of viral sequences to identify suitable sequences for the development of oligonucleotides, and participate in analysis of microarray hybridization results to determine with a high degree of confidence which viruses were present in validation samples. The COOPERATOR will also integrate macroarray and microarray techniques into curricula, and educate students on the theory and application of macroarrays and microarrays.

3.Progress Report

We have demonstrated that the Universal Plant Virus Microarray (UPVM) can detect a number of characterized plant viruses, including differentiation of the components of mixed infections, and work to validate the UPVM for a larger number of viruses continues. Detection of high-titered viruses is possible without sample amplification, and work is in progress to develop suitable non-specific amplification techniques to allow detection of viruses occurring at low concentration in host tissues. Random amplification for sample labeling yielded poor results with Potato spindle tuber viroid, possibly due to the high secondary structure of the viroid RNA. Including a generic viroid-specific primer in the amplification improved labeling of the sample, but may also lead to interaction of the labeled DNA with other viroid probes. We are currently seeking to determine whether there is any correlation between the levels of dsRNA produced by different virus groups and the efficiency of sample labeling; virus groups that will be tested to examine this possibility include ilarviruses and potyviruses (low dsRNA) in comparison to tobamoviruses and cucumoviruses (abundant dsRNA). Results also suggest that RNA quality and concentration are both critical for efficient sample amplification and labeling, and that extracts from frozen or senescent material of some plants, such as grapevine, are of lower quality than fresh tissue.

Communications to monitor progress were carried out by e-mail and conference calls between the various partners, and by written and oral reports to the NRI Plant Biosecurity Program. The Cornell scientist made a site visit to Beltsville in May, and the PIs also met and discussed the project in person during the NRI project directors meeting in July, and at the American Phytopathological Society annual meeting in August.

Last Modified: 9/1/2015
Footer Content Back to Top of Page


text:
Hiroshi Sugimoto

Hiroshi Sugimoto was born in Tokyo, Japan, in 1948, and lives and works in New York and Tokyo. His interest in art began early. His reading of André Breton’s writings led to his discovery of Surrealism and Dada and a lifelong connection to the work and philosophy of Marcel Duchamp. Central to Sugimoto’s work is the idea that photography is a time machine, a method of preserving and picturing memory and time. This theme provides the defining principle of his ongoing series, including "Dioramas" (1976–), "Theaters" (1978–), and "Seascapes" (1980–). Sugimoto sees with the eye of the sculptor, painter, architect, and philosopher. He uses his camera in a myriad of ways to create images that seem to convey his subjects’ essence, whether architectural, sculptural, painterly, or of the natural world. He places extraordinary value on craftsmanship, printing his photographs with meticulous attention and a keen understanding of the nuances of the silver print and its potential for tonal richness—in his seemingly infinite palette of blacks, whites, and grays. Recent projects include an architectural commission at Naoshima Contemporary Art Center in Japan, for which Sugimoto designed and built a Shinto shrine, and the photographic series, "Conceptual Forms," inspired by Duchamp’s "Large Glass: The Bride Stripped Bare by her Bachelors, Even." Sugimoto has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts; in 2001, he received Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography. He has had one-person exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the Museum of Modern Art, New York; the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; Contemporary Arts Museum, Houston; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; and Hara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo; among others. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC, and Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, were joint organizers of a 2005 Sugimoto retrospective.

Hiroshi Sugimoto's website
The Pace Gallery, New York
Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco
Hiroshi Sugimoto on the Art21 Blog


text:
Report errors and broken links here

Edward S. Curtis Art Gallery Guide

More options

Edward S. Curtis

Commercial Art Gallery Guide

The more galleries that participate, the more useful this service will be. So if you buy or bid on anything after finding their listing on our website, be sure to tell the seller you found them on Artcyclopedia. Thanks. :-)

Galleries: Please register to list your site on this page at no cost

Edward S. Curtis in Museums and Public Art Galleries
Edward S. Curtis in Commercial Art Galleries:
 Fine Early California & American Paintings, Palm Desert, California, USA
Edward S. Curtis Gallery
"Canyon de Chelly". We specialize in fine Edward Curtis vintage photographs of the American Indians, Birger Sandzen western landscapes, and much more! 949-981-0070.

 Bruce Kapson Gallery, Los Angeles, California, USA
An Oasis In The Badlands
The Bruce Kapson Gallery, established in 1982, is the expert source for the vintage works of Edward S. Curtis. For over 25 years, the Bruce Kapson Gallery has been the Curtis specialist for private collectors nationally and internationally.

Edward S. Curtis in Artnet Galleries:
 Artnet homepage for this artist
23 artworks in total
 Flury & Company, Seattle, Washington
7 works listed

 Zaplin-Lampert Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico
6 works listed

 Etherton Gallery, Tucson, Arizona
3 works listed

 Afterimage Gallery, Dallas, Texas
3 works listed

 Fenton Fine Arts, Fort Worth, Texas

 Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery, Santa Fe, New Mexico
The Medicine Man

 Marcia Rafelman Fine Arts, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Portrait of a Woman (from album of West Coast Canadian Indians)

 Shiprock Santa Fe, Santa Fe, New Mexico
At The Old Well At Acoma

NEW!   Google Custom Searches

Commercial Art Gallery Search Engine
Full-text search of hundreds of leading commercial art gallery websites worldwide, list compiled by Artcyclopedia

Art Auction House Search Engine
Full-text search of 700+ auction house websites worldwide, list compiled by Artcyclopedia
Edward S. Curtis in Museums and Public Art Galleries

Search Artcyclopedia:
Or, browse artists.. by Movement by Medium
by Subjectby Nationality
by Namelist all Women Artists

All images and text on this Edward S. Curtis page are copyright 2010 by John Malyon/Artcyclopedia, unless otherwise noted. Note that the listings on this site are a unique compilation of information and are protected by copyright worldwide.

Top 30 Artists
Art News
Art Museums Worldwide
About Us


text:
fruit Posters and Art Prints

You are looking on ARTFLAKES for fruit . Here you find poster, art prints, prints on canvas and greeting cards about . Works that are tagged with fruit only make up a small part of our range of high quality art works Of course on fruit items we offer customer satisfaction guarantee as well.
Images per page:  24 | 48 | 96


text:
Skip to content

Asian art

View More:

Bottle with design of landscape and flowering plants

circa 1650-1660

Arita ware/Ko-Kutani style

Ko-Kutani or 'old Kutani' wares are distinguished by their brightly coloured and graphically strong decoration. This square-shaped sake bottle, painted in overglaze enamels, is dominated by four panels of similar but not identical landscape and flower designs. The bright and unexpected green, blue and yellow mountains and rocks; the red trees and green pagodas, set against a brilliant white, are startling in their effect, as are the two panels of flowering 'nadeshiko' pinks. Ko-Kutani ware takes its name from the village of Kutani on the west coast of Japan's main island, Honshu, in Kaga prefecture. It was here, reputedly in 1661, that the Maeda clan began producing porcelain that was distinguished by its colourful overglaze enamel decoration. By around 1700 the industry had lost its vitality and the kilns closed. Early in the nineteenth century they were re-established to produce a later variant known as Ao-Kutani, or 'green' Kutani ware.

Art Gallery Handbook, 1999. pg. 272.

Other Title

Ko-Kutani style

Place where the work was made

Arita Japan

circa 1650-1660

Media category

Materials used

porcelain with overglaze enamel

3.6 cm diam.of rim; 20.1 x 8.9 cm

Signature & date

Not signed. Not dated.

Purchased 1979

Not on display

Accession number

Artist information

Arita ware/Ko-Kutani style

Works in the collection

Where the work was made

Shown in 1 exhibition

Exhibition history

Referenced in 11 publications

Chiaki Ajioka, The world of Antiques & Art, 'The Origins of Ko-Kutani Porcelain', pg. 90-92, Bondi Junction, Jul 2002-Dec 2002, 90 (colour illus.).

Edmund Capon, The Connoisseur, 'Far Eastern Art in the Art Gallery of New South Wales', pg. 22-29, London, May 1980, 28 (colour illus.).

Edmund Capon and Jan Meek (Editors), Portrait of a Gallery, 'Asian Art', pg. 106-113, Sydney, 1984, 110 (colour illus.).

Motosuke Imaizumi, Shoki Arita to Ko-Kutani, Tokyo, 1974, 135 (colour illus.), 134, 485. 66 Catalogue description: 'Early Arita ware square bottle with design of landscape on red enamel pattern background, height 20.5cm, Collection of Mr de la Mare: Decorated with landscape in the same style as the early Arita ware underglaze blue plates, skillfully composed within the lectangular space with spectacular result. This is one of the works which have long been referred to as Ko-Kutani ware, but I believe it is early Arita [ware]. It must have been fired at Arita during the same period when Kutani-style underglaze blue porcelain was being produced.' [trans. by Chiaki Ajioka, curator of Japanese art)

Bruce James, Art Gallery of New South Wales handbook, 'Asian Collection: East Asia', pg. 246-287, Sydney, 1999, 272 (colour illus.).

Soame Jenyns, Japanese Porcelain, London, 1956, not paginated. 57 Catalogue Description: 57. Bottle of square section with narrow neck, decorated with landscapes and flowering plants on a read arabesque ground. Height 8.0 in. Mr and Mrs Richard de la Mare

Jackie Menzies, The Australian Antique Collector, 'Recent Japanese Acquisitions at the Art Gallery of New South Wales', pg. 90-95, Chippendale, Jan 1981-Jun 1981, 95 (colour illus.).

Jackie Menzies, Three years on: a selection of acquisitions 1978-1981, 'Asian Art', pg. 85-103, Sydney, 1981, 92 (colour illus.). 10

Jackie Menzies and Edmund Capon, Asian Collection Handbook, Art Gallery of New South Wales, 'Japanese Art', pg. 70-82, Sydney, 1990, 76, 77 (colour illus.).

Jackie Menzies (Editor), The Asian Collections Art Gallery of New South Wales, 'Ceramics', Sydney, 2003, 263 (colour illus.).

Jacqueline Menzies, Art Gallery of New South Wales handbook, 'Asian', pg. 72-93, Sydney, 1988, 86, 87 (colour illus.).


text:
Skip to content

  1. Artist A-Z

view artists beginning with:

artists beginning with A (0)

View works from all artists (2)

Artists with profiles

Works cited in the document “The Sydney Morning Herald 25 Nov 1995”
sorted by artist surname
viewing 0 works on display in the Gallery (view all 2 results, including works in storage)

Sorted by


text:
Arthritis-friendly Workouts

Simple Workout Routines

Studies show that just a few minutes of exercise daily is enough to ease pain. Read More >>

Walking With Arthritis

Learn why this arthritis-friendly activity should be part of your exercise regimen. Read More >>

Yoga for Arthritis

Practicing yoga regularly can reduce pain, increase flexibility, improve function and lower stress. Read More >>

Other Activities for Arthritis

Try these other activities for arthritis to keep the joints flexible. Read More >>

Predict Your Joint Pain

Predict your joint pain level based on the local weather.


text:
car22 How to Save Money on Common Car ExpensesWe may not all have the colossal garages and beautiful automobile collections of some of our favorite celebrities, but we love our cars all the same. The car is our modern day horse; our trusted mode of transportation with which we develop unspoken bonds out on the road. Of course, our cars can end up costing us quite a bit as well. Everything from maintenance to gas to insurance depletes our bank accounts every month. If we’re not careful, auto repair bills can start to pile up quicker than we can pay them. Luckily, there are a few great ways to save money on common car expenses.

The first things to look at are your tires. Many people don’t realize this, but car tires are designed for optimal performance at a certain pressure level. Too little air in your tires reduces the pressure and causes them to sag and flex, which increases rolling resistance. This amounts to more drag on your car and higher consumption of gas. When your tires are not properly inflated, the engine has to work overtime to push the car forward. Keep a pressure gauge in your glove compartment and check all of your tires once a week to ensure they’re at the recommended pressure level to save money on gas.

Lots of the most common mechanic jobs are actually relatively simple tasks that you can do on your own. Your car has a few filtration systems that are set in place to keep the engine clean. Most notably you have an air filter and an oil filter. Changing these periodically extends the life of your engine, keeping it clean and efficient. Changing an air filter is one of the easiest jobs you can do for your car, and often doesn’t even require any tools. Changing oil and the oil filter is slightly more involved, but can easily be done on a free afternoon. Regular attention to these things will help keep your car out of the shop.

Many motorists are intimidated by all but the most simple maintenance jobs for their cars, but in fact most of them are within your scope. Even working on brakes can be done at home with just a little know-how and a few tools. Brake pads are relatively simple to replace once you know what to look for, and understanding the way brake bleeders work to keep hydraulic fluids working optimally can help you improve your car’s braking performance dramatically. Before heading to the mechanic, look up how to do these things yourself.

Remember, your car mechanic isn’t a magician, and he’s not endowed with any superhuman powers that allow him to fix cars. He simply has more tools and knowledge about cars than you. You can save yourself a bundle on these common car expenses by learning a little about how cars work and putting your knowledge to practical use. You’ll find yourself making less trips to the mechanic and extending the life of your car at the same time.


text:
Private luxury tours in Cambodia

(800) 214-8144

Luxury Cambodia Tours

Highlights of Cambodia
(6 Days)
Phnom Penh, Siem Reap

Jewels of Angkor
(4 Days)
Siem Reap

Romantic Cambodia
(9 Days)
Phnom Penh, Song Saa Island, Siem Reap (Angkor)

Multi-Country Tours

Best of Vietnam & Cambodia
(10 Days)
Saigon, Hoi An, Hanoi, Siem Reap

Best of Angkor & Thailand
(13 Days)
Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, Siem Reap

Highlights of Vietnam & Cambodia
(14 Days)
Saigon, Hue, Hoi An, Hanoi, Halong Bay, Siem Reap

Journey Through Indochina
(14 Days)
Saigon, Hoi An, Halong Bay, Hanoi, Luang Prabang, Siem Reap

Mekong Experience
(17 Days)
Hanoi, Hoi An, Saigon, Mekong Cruise, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap

Southeast Asia in Style
(21 Days)
Hong Kong, Hanoi, Hoi An, Saigon, Siem Reap, Chiang Mai, Golden Triangle, Bangkok

Family Tour of Southeast Asia
(13 Days)
Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Siem Reap, Hong Kong

Active Tour of Vietnam & Cambodia
(16 Days)
Hanoi, Halong Bay, Hoi An, Saigon, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap

Bangkok, Angkor & Chiang Mai
(10 Days)
Bangkok, Siem Reap (Angkor), Chiang Mai

Journey Through Southeast Asia
(23 days)
Saigon, Hoi An, Hanoi, Siem Reap, Bangkok, Yangon, Bagan, Luang Prabang, Chiang Mai

Family Tour of Southeast Asia

(13 days - Departs Daily on a Private Basis)
Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Siem Reap, Hong Kong

Southeast Asia is a wonderful destination for family travel, and this private tour features the best of the region, including extraordinary cultural sites, great food, fascinating cities, incredible hotels and resorts, and activities family members of all ages can enjoy.

Begin in Bangkok, Thailand, one of Asia’s great cities. During flexible touring with your private guide, explore the city according to your family’s interests. Some of our favorite family-friendly activities in Bangkok include riding a longtail boat through the canals to see how the locals live, listening to monks chanting at temples covered in sparkling tiles, attending a Thai puppet show or dance performance, learning about the Thai silk industry, or perhaps watching a muay Thai (Thai kickboxing) tournament.

Next, fly to Chiang Mai in northern Thailand, and stay at a luxurious resort built in traditional Thai style that has serene views of rice fields and mountains. With your private guide, visit the best local markets and tour interesting Buddhist temples, including one on top of a mountain. Perhaps ride on the back of an elephant, one of Thailand’s national symbols, during an excursion to an elephant training camp. During free time, enjoy your resort’s many facilities or opt for activities such as river rafting or hiking.

Next, fly to Siem Reap, Cambodia to explore incredible Angkor, the ruins of the ancient Khmer empire. With your private guide, tour the most interesting parts of this UNESCO World Heritage Site, including Angkor Wat, an enormous temple city built as a model of the Hindu universe in stone; Angkor Thom, an ancient capital filled with iconic sites such as the Bayon, Terrace of the Elephants and Terrace of the Leper King; Ta Prohm, a temple being devoured by the jungle; and serene Preah Khan, a former monastery and school. Also visit Banteay Srei, a petite temple with elaborate carvings in pink sandstone, and other lesser-known temples. If desired, enjoy special activities customized to your family’s interests, such as riding bikes to temples and local villages, a private Khmer cooking class, visiting children's centers, touring local villages, photography excursions, visiting traditional Cambodian art centers, specialized shopping, private yoga, a helicopter ride to remote jungle temples, or attending traditional Khmer dance performances. Another option is an excursion to Tonle Sap, Southeast Asia’s largest freshwater lake and an ecological wonder. Enjoy a boat cruise among the lake’s floating villages, markets and gardens. Also cruise through the flooded forest to learn about the Tonle Sap ecosystem and spot birds and other wildlife.

Next, fly to Hong Kong, one of Asia’s most attractive and exciting cities. During touring with your expert private guide, take in Hong Kong’s spectacular skyline, beautiful harbors and beaches, superb restaurants, bustling markets and much more. See incredible skyscrapers in Central, ride the Peak Tram to the top of Hong Kong Island, tour interesting residential neighborhoods in the hills, dine on dim sum at teahouses, explore local markets to learn about traditional Chinese medicine and unusual food products, and ride in a traditional sampan boat across Aberdeen Harbor. Opt to visit Hong Kong Disneyland or Ocean Park, a favorite local theme park, or go for a hike together in the lush green hills of the New Territories. Throughout your stay in Hong Kong, enjoy unbeatable views across Victoria Harbor from your luxurious room in the city’s finest hotel.

This tour can be fully customized or combined with other destinations in the region, including Japan and China.

Itinerary Overview
Day 1

Arrive Bangkok, Thailand
VIP airport assistance on arrival. Private arrival transfer to hotel for 3 nights

Day 2

Full-day private city tour, including private longtail boat ride

Day 3

Half-day private city tour or half-day excursion to train and lunar floating markets

Day 4

Bangkok – Chiang Mai
Private transfer to airport for flight to Chiang Mai. Private arrival transfer to resort for 3 nights. Afternoon private tour

Day 5

Chiang Mai
Option for sunrise alms-giving. Half-day private tour. Private round-trip transfer to night market

Day 6

Chiang Mai
Half-day private tour with option for city touring or excursion to elephant camp

Day 7

Chiang Mai – Siem Reap, Cambodia
Private transfer to airport for flight to Siem Reap. Private arrival transfer to resort for 3 nights. Sunset private tour of ruins

Day 8

Siem Reap
Private touring of temples and ruins with option to tour by bicycle

Day 9

Siem Reap
Morning private market visit and cooking class or full-day private excursion to Tonle Sap Lake and floating villages

Day 10

Siem Reap – Hong Kong
Private transfer to airport for flight to Hong Kong. Private arrival transfer to hotel for 3 nights

Day 11

Hong Kong
Full-day private city tour

Day 12

Hong Kong
Half-day private city tour or option for visit to theme park or private hiking excursion

Day 13

Depart Hong Kong
Private airport transfer

Bangkok: Mandarin Oriental Bangkok
Chiang Mai: Four Seasons Resort Chiang Mai
Siem Reap: Amansara
Hong Kong: Peninsula Hong Kong

$16,150 Per person (2 pax, double occupancy)
$13,115 Per person (3 pax, triple occupancy)
$14,995 Per person (4 pax, double occupancy)


text:
Shopping Cart - $0.00

You have no items in your shopping cart.

By the mid-1900’s, the popularity of oolong teas had grown so much that oolong tea production began in Taiwan. Because of the variable weather and terrain throughout Taiwan, the profiles and overall quality of teas grown there are rather unpredictable and can change dramatically from season to season.

Although the cultivation of oolong tea has spread through various parts of Asia and all the way to India and Nepal in the past decade, the best oolongs today still tend to come from the Anxi and Fujian regions of China or Taiwan and are still best enjoyed using the methods that were crafted during its early inception.


text: BEGIN:VCALENDAR PRODID:-// iCalcreator 2.6// VERSION:2.0 X-WR-CALNAME:Calendar of X-WR-CALDESC:In this calendar you will find information about events that y ou did save X-WR-TIMEZONE:US/Pacific BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTAMP:20150901T172358Z CATEGORIES:Personal CLASS:EVENT DESCRIPTION:Event Name: Transition\nEvent Url: ent/detail/441656382/Transition\nEvent Date Begin: 2013-02-22\nEvent Date End: 2013-02-22\n\nTransition is an absurd yet addictive mix of stereophon ic effects\, live video\, geometric movement and improvisation created by comedic musician Reggie Watts and playwright/director Tommy Smith. Watts' many talents&mdash\;standup comedian\, former front man of rock band Maktu b\, R&B soul singer and experimental performer&mdash\;have made him an aud ience favorite at venues and festivals around the world. In recent years h is collaborations with Smith\, including performances at The Public Theate r's Under the Radar Festival (NYC) and the 2009 Sydney Festival\, have rec eived rave reviews from critics and audiences. DTSTART:20130222T000000 DTEND:20130222T000000 LOCATION: SUMMARY:Transition TRANSP:TRANSPARENT END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR