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Tunneling through intercorporate loans: The China experience

  • Jiang, Guohua
  • Lee, Charles M.C.
  • Yue, Heng

This study investigates a particularly brazen form of corporate abuse, in which controlling shareholders use intercorporate loans to siphon billions of RMB from hundreds of Chinese listed companies during the 1996-2006 period. We document the nature and extent of these transactions, evaluate their economic consequences, examine factors that affect their cross-sectional severity, and report on the mitigating roles of auditors, institutional investors, and regulators. Collectively, our findings shed light on the severity of the minority shareholder expropriation problem in China, as well as the relative efficacy of various legal and extra-legal governance mechanisms in that country.

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Article provided by Elsevier in its journal Journal of Financial Economics.

Volume (Year): 98 (2010)
Issue (Month): 1 (October)
Pages: 1-20

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Handle: RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:98:y:2010:i:1:p:1-20
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  1. Simon Johnson & Peter Boone & Alasdair Breach & Eric Friedman, 1999. "Corporate Governance in the Asian Financial Crisis," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series 297, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
  2. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silane & Andrei Shleifer, 2003. "What Works in Securities Law?," NBER Working Papers 9882, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  3. La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Schleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert, 2001. "Investor Protection and Corporate Governance," Working Paper Series rwp01-017, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government.
  4. Allen, Franklin & Qian, Jun & Qian, Meijun, 2005. "Law, finance, and economic growth in China," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(1), pages 57-116, July.
  5. Shleifer, Andrei & Vishny, Robert W, 1997. " A Survey of Corporate Governance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(2), pages 737-83, June.
  6. Cheung, Yan-Leung & Rau, P. Raghavendra & Stouraitis, Aris, 2006. "Tunneling, propping, and expropriation: evidence from connected party transactions in Hong Kong," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 82(2), pages 343-386, November.
  7. Marianne Bertrand & Paras Mehta & Sendhil Mullainathan, 2002. "Ferreting Out Tunneling: An Application To Indian Business Groups," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 117(1), pages 121-148, February.
  8. Faccio, Mara & Lang, Larry H. P., 2002. "The ultimate ownership of Western European corporations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 365-395, September.
  9. Larry H. P. Lang & Mara Faccio & Leslie Young, 2001. "Dividends and Expropriation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 91(1), pages 54-78, March.
  10. Djankov, Simeon & La Porta, Rafael & Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio & Shleifer, Andrei, 2008. "The law and economics of self-dealing," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(3), pages 430-465, June.
  11. Dyck, Alexander & Zingales, Luigi, 2002. "Private Benefits of Control: An International Comparison," CEPR Discussion Papers 3177, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  12. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silane & Guillermo Zamarripa, 2002. "Related Lending," NBER Working Papers 8848, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  13. Michael L. Lemmon & Karl V. Lins, 2003. "Ownership Structure, Corporate Governance, and Firm Value: Evidence from the East Asian Financial Crisis," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(4), pages 1445-1468, 08.
  14. Qiao Liu, 2006. "Corporate Governance in China: Current Practices, Economic Effects and Institutional Determinants," CESifo Economic Studies, CESifo, vol. 52(2), pages 415-453, June.
  15. Fama, Eugene F & MacBeth, James D, 1973. "Risk, Return, and Equilibrium: Empirical Tests," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 607-36, May-June.
  16. Claessens, Stijn & Djankov, Simeon & Lang, Larry H. P., 2000. "The separation of ownership and control in East Asian Corporations," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(1-2), pages 81-112.
  17. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silane & Andrei Shleifer, 1998. "Corporate Ownership Around the World," NBER Working Papers 6625, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  18. Zingales, Luigi, 1994. "The Value of the Voting Right: A Study of the Milan Stock Exchange Experience," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 7(1), pages 125-48.
  19. Sanford J. Grossman & Oliver D. Hart, 1987. "One Share/One Vote and The Market for Corporate Control," Working papers 440, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Department of Economics.
  20. Bai, Chong-En & Liu, Qiao & Lu, Joe & Song, Frank M. & Zhang, Junxi, 2004. "Corporate governance and market valuation in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 599-616, December.
  21. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
  22. Atanasov, Vladimir, 2005. "How much value can blockholders tunnel? Evidence from the Bulgarian mass privatization auctions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(1), pages 191-234, April.
  23. Jensen, Michael C. & Meckling, William H., 1976. "Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 3(4), pages 305-360, October.
  24. Jae-Seung Baek & Jun-Koo Kang & Inmoo Lee, 2006. "Business Groups and Tunneling: Evidencefrom Private Securities Offeringsby Korean Chaebols," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(5), pages 2415-2449, October.
  25. Kee-Hong Bae & Jun-Koo Kang & Jin-Mo Kim, 2002. "Tunneling or Value Added? Evidence from Mergers by Korean Business Groups," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(6), pages 2695-2740, December.
  26. Stijn Claessens & Simeon Djankov & Joseph P. H. Fan & Larry H. P. Lang, 2002. "Disentangling the Incentive and Entrenchment Effects of Large Shareholdings," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(6), pages 2741-2771, December.
  27. Liu, Qiao & Lu, Zhou (Joe), 2007. "Corporate governance and earnings management in the Chinese listed companies: A tunneling perspective," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 881-906, December.
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Forecasting the Chinese Yuan-US Dollar Exchange Rate under the New Chinese Exchange Rate Regime

  • Imad A. Moosa

    (Department of Accounting and Finance, Monash University, Australia)

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    Two models are specified, estimated, and used to generate out-of-sample forecasts over the period since China announced a shift in exchange rate policy from a simple peg to the US dollar to a basket peg. The results show that the model that is based on a crawling peg is far superior to the model that is based on a basket peg. It is also shown that trading the Chinese yuan versus the US dollar is more profitable than otherwise when trading is based on the assumption of a crawling peg, in which case buy and hold is the best strategy. It is concluded that China must be using a crawling peg, which is not good news for the US but may be good news for foreign exchange traders.

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    Article provided by College of Business, and College of Finance, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan in its journal International Journal of Business and Economics.

    Volume (Year): 7 (2008)
    Issue (Month): 1 (April)
    Pages: 23-35

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    Handle: RePEc:ijb:journl:v:7:y:2008:i:1:p:23-35
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    1. Harvey, A C, 1985. "Trends and Cycles in Macroeconomic Time Series," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 3(3), pages 216-27, June.
    2. Ashley, R & Granger, C W J & Schmalensee, R, 1980. "Advertising and Aggregate Consumption: An Analysis of Causality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(5), pages 1149-67, July.
    3. Nouriel Roubini, 2007. "Why China Should Abandon Its Dollar Peg," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 71-89, 03.
    4. Ronald McKinnon, 2007. "Why China Should Keep Its Dollar Peg," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(1), pages 43-70, 03.
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The Use of Exponentially-Smoothed Transition Matrices to Improve Forecasting of Cash Flows from Accounts Receivable

  • A. Wayne Corcoran

    (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)

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    A pioneering application of a Markov chain to forecast account receivable flows (Cyert, Davidson, and Thompson [Cyert, R. M., H. J. Davidson, G. L. Thompson. 1962. Estimation of the allowance for doubtful accounts by Markov chains. Management Sci. (August) 287-303.]) employed an unusual (the oldest balance) method of aging accounts and an assumption that the resulting transition matrix was stable. Forecasting steady state results was the primary focus of the application. The present research uses a commonly found (partial balance) method of aging, an assumption of dynamic changes in the transition matrix, and does not focus on steady state results. A manufacturer's data were analyzed and exponential smoothing was introduced to update the average transition matrix thereby enabling a tracking of changing customer payment behavior. The actual and Markovian estimates of the company's cash collections checked favorably. The paper also discusses how modifications such as the seasonal and trend adjustments introduced by Winters (Winters, P. R. 1960. Forecasting sales by exponentially weighted moving averages. Management Sci. (April) 324-342.) may be incorporated into the model. Extensions to other areas are offered.

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    Article provided by INFORMS in its journal Management Science.

    Volume (Year): 24 (1978)
    Issue (Month): 7 (March)
    Pages: 732-739

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    Handle: RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:24:y:1978:i:7:p:732-739
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Environmental Regulations Under Simple Negligence or Strict Liability

  • Henry van Egteren

  • R. Smith

We use negligence and strict liability as the basis for environmentalregulations and show that, when jurisdictions compete for firms that engagein environmentally risky behaviour, strict liability implements the sociallyoptimal outcome while simple negligence does not, even if the jurisdictionsfully cooperate in setting standards of care. Consequently, we argue that,even if jurisdictions delegate standard setting to a central authority, likein the European Union, this would not implement the socially optimaloutcome. We also demonstrate that harmonization of environmental regulationsmakes more sense if strict liability is used rather than simple negligence. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002

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Article provided by European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists in its journal Environmental and Resource Economics.

Volume (Year): 21 (2002)
Issue (Month): 4 (April)
Pages: 367-394

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Handle: RePEc:kap:enreec:v:21:y:2002:i:4:p:367-394
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  1. Kahan, Marcel, 1989. "Causation and Incentives to Take Care under the Negligence Rule," The Journal of Legal Studies, University of Chicago Press, vol. 18(2), pages 427-47, June.
  2. Markusen, James R. & Morey, Edward R. & Olewiler, Nancy, 1995. "Competition in regional environmental policies when plant locations are endogenous," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 55-77, January.
  3. Steven Shavell, 2003. "Economic Analysis of Accident Law," NBER Working Papers 9694, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  4. Carlo Carraro & Domenico Siniscalco, 1992. "Environmental innovation policy and international competition," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 2(2), pages 183-200, March.
  5. Barrett, Scott, 1994. "Strategic environmental policy and intrenational trade," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(3), pages 325-338, July.
  6. Rauscher, Michael, 1994. "On Ecological Dumping," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 46(0), pages 822-40, Supplemen.
  7. William D. Nordhaus, 1994. "Locational Competition and the Environment: Should Countries Harmonize Their Environmental Policies?," Cowles Foundation Discussion Papers 1079, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
  8. Ulph, Alistair, 1996. "Environmental Policy and International Trade when Governments and Producers Act Strategically," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 265-281, May.
  9. Wellisch Dietmar, 1995. "Locational Choices of Firms and Decentralized Environmental Policy with Various Instruments," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 290-310, May.
  10. Ulph, Alistair, 2000. "Harmonization and Optimal Environmental Policy in a Federal System with Asymmetric Information," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 224-241, March.
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Economic Development from the Perspective of Evolutionary Economic Theory

  • Richard Nelson

Sanjaya Lall saw economic development as an evolutionary process, with technological learning at its heart. This essay lays out the key differences between an evolutionary theory of economic activity and change, and the neoclassical theory as articulated in economic textbooks. It argues that only an evolutionary theory fits what is known about how technological learning progresses. It also argues for recognition, right at the basis of economic theorizing, that modern economic systems contain a rich mix of institutions, not simply the firms, households and markets that are in neoclassical theory, and that the roles of government cannot be adequately understood as simply responses to “market failures”. It develops a view that long-run economic change must be understood as involving the co-evolution of technologies in use and the institutional structures supporting and regulating these.

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Article provided by Taylor & Francis Journals in its journal Oxford Development Studies.

Volume (Year): 36 (2008)
Issue (Month): 1 ()
Pages: 9-21

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Anomalous waiting times in high-frequency financial data

  • Enrico Scalas
  • Rudolf Gorenflo
  • Hugh Luckock
  • Francesco Mainardi
  • Maurizio Mantelli
  • Marco Raberto

In high-frequency financial data not only returns, but also waiting times between consecutive trades are random variables. Therefore, it is possible to apply continuous-time random walks (CTRWs) as phenomenological models of the high-frequency price dynamics. An empirical analysis performed on the 30 DJIA stocks shows that the waiting-time survival probability for high-frequency data is non-exponential. This fact imposes constraints on agent-based models of financial markets.

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Paper provided by in its series Papers with number physics/0505210.

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Date of creation: May 2005
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Publication status: Published in E. Scalas et al., Quantitative Finance, vol. 4, 695-702, 2004
Handle: RePEc:arx:papers:physics/0505210
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Income Smoothing and the Cost of Bank Loans -The Effect of Information Asymmetry-

  • Takasu, Yusuke
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    No abstract is available for this item.

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    Paper provided by Center for Japanese Business Studies (HJBS), Graduate School of Commerce and Management Hitotsubashi University in its series Working Paper Series with number 143.

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    Length: 41 p.
    Date of creation: May 2012
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    Handle: RePEc:hit:hjbswp:143
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    1. Anthony Coleman & Neil Esho & Ian Sharpe, 2006. "Does Bank Monitoring Influence Loan Contract Terms?," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer, vol. 30(2), pages 177-198, October.
    2. Long Chen & David A. Lesmond & Jason Wei, 2007. "Corporate Yield Spreads and Bond Liquidity," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 62(1), pages 119-149, 02.
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Collaboration Structure and Information Dilemmas in Biotechnology: Organizational Boundaries as Trust Production

  • Lynne G. Zucker
  • Michael R. Darby
  • Marilynn B. Brewer
  • Yusheng Peng

Scientists who make breakthrough discoveries can receive above- normal returns to their intellectual capital, with returns depending on the degree of natural excludability - that is, whether necessary techniques can be learned through written reports or instead require hands-on experience with the discovering scientists or those trained by them in their laboratory. Privatizing discoveries, then, only requires selecting trusted others as collaborators, most often scientists working in the same organization. Within organizational boundaries, incentives become aligned based on repeat and future exchange, coupled with third-party monitoring and enforcement. We find that high value intellectual capital paradoxically predicts both a larger number of collaborators and more of that network contained within the same organization. Specifically, same-organization collaboration pairs are more likely when the value of the intellectual capital is high: both are highly productive 'star' scientists, both are located in top quality bioscience university departments, or both are located in a firm (higher ability to capture returns). Collaboration across organization boundaries, in contrast, is negatively related to the value of intellectual capital and positively related to the number of times the star scientist has moved. Organizational boundaries act as information envelopes: The more valuable the information produced, the more its dissemination is limited. In geographic areas where a higher proportion of coauthor pairs come from the same organization, diffusion to new collaborators is retarded.

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Paper provided by National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc in its series NBER Working Papers with number 5199.

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Date of creation: Jul 1995
Date of revision:
Publication status: published as Kramer, Roderick M. and Tom R. Tyler (eds.) Trust in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996.
Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:5199
Note: PR
Contact details of provider: Postal: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A.
Phone: 617-868-3900
Web page:

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

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  1. Darby, Michael R. & Lott, John Jr., 1989. "Qualitative information, reputation, and monopolistic competition," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 87-103, June.
  2. Coase, R H, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Origin," Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, Oxford University Press, vol. 4(1), pages 3-17, Spring.
  3. Klein, Benjamin & Crawford, Robert G & Alchian, Armen A, 1978. "Vertical Integration, Appropriable Rents, and the Competitive Contracting Process," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 21(2), pages 297-326, October.
  4. Lynne G. Zucker & Michael R. Darby & Jeff Armstrong, 1994. "Intellectual Capital and the Firm: The Technology of Geographically Localized Knowledge Spillovers," NBER Working Papers 4946, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  5. Lynne G. Zucker & Michael R. Darby & Marilynn B. Brewer, 1994. "Intellectual Capital and the Birth of U.S. Biotechnology Enterprises," NBER Working Papers 4653, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  6. Geertz, Clifford, 1978. "The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant Marketing," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 68(2), pages 28-32, May.
  7. Darby, Michael R & Karni, Edi, 1973. "Free Competition and the Optimal Amount of Fraud," Journal of Law and Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 16(1), pages 67-88, April.
  8. Jerry A. Hausman & Bronwyn H. Hall & Zvi Griliches, 1984. "Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R&D Relationship," NBER Technical Working Papers 0017, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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International and Intra-national Real Exchange Rates: Evidence and Theory

  • Viktoria Hnatkovska

  • Michael Devereux

In this paper we study two long-standing puzzles in the International Finance literature: the fact that the real exchange rate (RER) is very volatile (RER volatility puzzle) and that it covaries negatively with domestic consumption relative to foreign consumption (Backus-Smith puzzle). To understand the two puzzles we depart from the existing literature by focusing on a disaggregated analysis of consumption and RER. First, using region-level data for a large number of developed and developing economies we document the characteristics of the two puzzles in cross-country and within-country data. We then develop a combined model of inter-regional and international trade. The model exhibits variations in inter-regional as well as in inter-national consumption and real exchange rates. We show that with a combination of within country and across country shocks and endogenous non-tradability the model can rationalize the two puzzles, and does so in both international and intra-national dimensions.

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Paper provided by Society for Economic Dynamics in its series 2009 Meeting Papers with number 1213.

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Date of creation: 2009
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:red:sed009:1213
Contact details of provider: Postal: Society for Economic Dynamics Christian Zimmermann Economic Research Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis PO Box 442 St. Louis MO 63166-0442 USA
Fax: 1-314-444-8731
Web page:

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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:

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  1. Ravn, Morten O, 2001. "Consumption Dynamics and Real Exchange Rate," CEPR Discussion Papers 2940, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
  2. Gianluca Benigno & Christoph Theonissen, 2006. "Consumption and Real Exchange Rates with Incomplete Markets and Non-Traded Goods," CEP Discussion Papers dp0771, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  3. Kanda Naknoi, 2005. "Real exchange rate fluctuations, endogenous tradability and exchange rate regime," International Finance 0509004, EconWPA, revised 07 Nov 2005.
  4. Kollmann, Robert, 1995. "Consumption, real exchange rates and the structure of international asset markets," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 191-211, April.
  5. Alan C. Stockman & Linda L. Tesar, 1990. "Tastes and Technology in a Two-Country Model of the Business Cycle: Explaining International Comovements," NBER Working Papers 3566, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  6. Johri, Alok & Lahiri, Amartya, 2008. "Persistent real exchange rates," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(2), pages 223-236, December.
  7. George Alessandria & Horag Choi, 2005. "Do sunk costs of exporting matter for net export dynamics?," Working Papers 05-20, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
  8. Vincent Labhard & Michael Sawicki, 2006. "International and intranational consumption risk sharing: the evidence for the United Kingdom and OECD," Bank of England working papers 302, Bank of England.
  9. Tesar, Linda L., 1993. "International risk-sharing and non-traded goods," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(1-2), pages 69-89, August.
  10. Backus, David K. & Smith, Gregor W., 1993. "Consumption and real exchange rates in dynamic economies with non-traded goods," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 35(3-4), pages 297-316, November.
Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

This item is featured on the following reading lists or Wikipedia pages:

  1. Canadian Macro Study Group

When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:red:sed009:1213. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Christian Zimmermann)

If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

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If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis using RePEc data.


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Citations for "Technological Imports and Technological Effort: An Analysis of Their Determinants in Brazilian Firms"

by Braga, Helson & Willmore, Larry

For a complete description of this item, click here. For a RSS feed for citations of this item, click here.
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  1. Basant, Rakesh & Mishra, Pulak, . "Concentration and Other Determinants of Innovative Efforts in Indian Manufacturing Sector: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis," IIMA Working Papers WP2013-02-01, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, Research and Publication Department.
  2. Olfa CHEHAIDER, 2009. "Les Déterminants De L’Activité De Recherche Et Développement Des Entreprises Manufacturières Tunisiennes," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 29, pages 159-179.
  3. Mohieddine Rahmouni, 2013. "Innovativeness of Exporting firms in a Developing Country: The Case of Tunisia," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 33(2), pages 914-930.
  4. Galende, Jesus & de la Fuente, Juan Manuel, 2003. "Internal factors determining a firm's innovative behaviour," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(5), pages 715-736, May.
  5. Pamukcu, Teoman, 2003. "Trade Liberalization and Innovation Decisions of Firms: Lessons from Post-1980 Turkey," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 31(8), pages 1443-1458, August.
  6. Michele Cincera & Mehmet Teoman Pamukcu, 2002. "Analyse des déterminants de l'innovation technologique dans un nouveau pays industrialisé: une étude économétrique sur données d'entreprises dans le secteur manufacturier turc," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/843, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
  7. Coronado, Daniel & Acosta, Manuel & Fernández, Ana, 2008. "Attitudes to innovation in peripheral economic regions," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(6-7), pages 1009-1021, July.
  8. Roberto Álvarez, 2001. "External sources of techonological innovation in Chilean manufacturating industry," Estudios de Economia, University of Chile, Department of Economics, vol. 28(1 Year 20), pages 53-68, June.
  9. Belderbos, Rene & Ito, Banri & Wakasugi, Ryuhei, 2008. "Intra-firm technology transfer and R&D in foreign affiliates: Substitutes or complements? Evidence from Japanese multinational firms," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 22(3), pages 310-319, September.
  10. Anja, Breitwieser & Neil, Foster, 2012. "Intellectual property rights, innovation and technology transfer: a survey," MPRA Paper 36094, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  11. Gustavo Crespi & Pluvia Zuniga, 2010. "Innovation and Productivity - Evidence from Six Latin American Countries," Research Department Publications 4690, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
  12. Juan M. Gallego & Luis H. Gutiérrez & Sang H. Lee, . "A Firm-Level Analysis of ICT Adoption in an Emerging Economy: Evidence from the Colombian Manufacturing Industries," Development Working Papers 362, Centro Studi Luca d\'Agliano, University of Milano.
  13. Elvira del Rosario Velarde López & Ma. Zóchitl Araiza Garza & Eunice Saraí Coronado Rojas, 2012. "Factors of the firm and the entrepreneur associated with technological capabilities of some metalworking SMEs in Mexico," Economía, Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (IIES). Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales. Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela, vol. 37(33), pages 85-106, January-j.
  14. repec:hal:journl:halshs-00193398 is not listed on IDEAS
  15. Goldsmith, Peter D. & Ramos, Gabriel & Steiger, Carlos, 2001. "Intellectual Property Protection And The International Marketing Of Agricultural Biotechnology: Firm And Host Country Impacts," 2001 Annual meeting, August 5-8, Chicago, IL 20672, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
  16. Hua Liang & Zongyi Zhang, 2012. "The effects of industry characteristics on the sources of technological product and process innovation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 37(6), pages 867-884, December.
  17. Mohieddine Rahmouni & Murat Yildizoglu & Mohamed Ayadi, 2011. "Export Behaviour and Propensity to Innovate in a Developing Country: The Case of Tunisia," Working Papers halshs-00608239, HAL.
  18. Charbel Macdissi & Syoum Negassi, 2002. "International R&D Spillovers: An Empirical Study," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(2), pages 77-91.
  19. Kresimir Zigic, 2011. "Strategic Interactions in Markets with Innovative Activity: The Cases of Strategic Trade Policy and Market Leadership," CERGE-EI Books, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, edition 1, number b06.
  20. Shin, Inyong & Kim, Hyunho, 2010. "The effect of subsidy policies on the product quality improvement," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 687-696, May.
  21. Sönmez, Alper & Pamukçu, Mehmet Teoman, 2011. "Türkiye Otomotiv Sektöründe Çokuluslu Şirketler Aracılığıyla Ana Sanayiden Yan Sanayiye Yapılan Bilgi ve Teknoloji Transferinin Analizi
    [Analysis of Knowledge and Technology Transfer by Multination
    ," MPRA Paper 39506, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  22. Yan Chen & Wen-Chung Hsu & Chengqi Wang, 2012. "Effects of outward FDI on home-country export competitiveness: The role of location and industry heterogeneity," Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 5(1), pages 56-73, February.
  23. Christine Greenhalgh & Padraig Dixon, 2002. "The Economics of Intellectual Property: A Review to Identify Themes for Future Research," Economics Series Working Papers 135, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.
  24. Keupp, Marcus Matthias & Friesike, Sascha & von Zedtwitz, Maximilian, 2012. "How do foreign firms patent in emerging economies with weak appropriability regimes? Archetypes and motives," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(8), pages 1422-1439.
  25. Pradhan, Jaya Prakash, 2003. "Liberalization, Firm Size and R&D performance: A Firm Level Study of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry," MPRA Paper 17079, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  26. Sasidharan, Subash & Kathuria, Vinish, 2011. "Foreign Direct Investment and R&D: Substitutes or Complements--A Case of Indian Manufacturing after 1991 Reforms," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(7), pages 1226-1239, July.
  27. RenÃƒÂ© Belderbos, 2006. "R&D Activities in East Asia by Japanese, European, and US Multinationals," Microeconomics Working Papers 21887, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
  28. Yang, Chih-Hai & Chen, Ying-Hui, 2012. "R&D, productivity, and exports: Plant-level evidence from Indonesia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 208-216.
  29. Yang, Chih-Hai & Tseng, Yu-Hsuan & Chen, Chiang-Ping, 2012. "Environmental regulations, induced R&D, and productivity: Evidence from Taiwan's manufacturing industries," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 514-532.
  30. Sonali Deraniyagala & Ben Fine, 2000. "New Trade Theory Versus Old Trade Policy: A Continuing Enigma," Working Papers 102, Department of Economics, SOAS, University of London, UK.
  31. Sinha, Uday Bhanu, 2001. "Imitative innovation and international joint ventures: a dynamic analysis," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 19(10), pages 1527-1562, December.
  32. Kumar, Nagesh, 1996. "Foreign Direct Investments and Technology Transfers in Development: A Perspective on Recent Literature," UNU-INTECH Discussion Paper Series 06, United Nations University - INTECH.
  33. Sérgio Kannebley Júnior & Júlia de Oliveira Valeri, 2006. "Persistência E Permanência Na Atividade Exportadora: Uma Análise Empírica Para As Empresas Industriais Brasileiras," Anais do XXXIV Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 34th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 149, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pósgraduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
  34. Chialin Chang & Stéphane Robin, 2006. "Doing R&D and/or Importing Technologies: The Critical Importance of Firm Size in Taiwan’s Manufacturing Industries," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 253-278, November.
  36. Chia Lin, CHANG & Stephane, ROBIN, 2004. "Doing R&D and Importing Technology : an Empirical Investigation on Taiwan’s manufacturing firms," Discussion Papers (IRES - Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales) 2004006, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES).
  37. Elif Bascavusoglu & Maria Pluvia Zuniga, 2005. "The effects of intellectual property protection on international knowledge contracting," Cahiers de la Maison des Sciences Economiques bla05009, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1).
  38. Arora, Ashish, 1996. "Testing for complementarities in reduced-form regressions: A note," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 51-55, January.
  39. Nour, Samia, 2011. "Assessment of industrial performance and the relationship between skill, technology and input-output indicators in Sudan," MERIT Working Papers 030, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
  40. Rene Belderbos & Kyoji Fukao & Hyeog Ug Kwon, 2006. "Intellectual Property Rights Protection and the Location of Research and Development Activities by Multinational Firms," Hi-Stat Discussion Paper Series d06-167, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
  41. Gould, David M. & Gruben, William C., 1996. "The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 323-350, March.
  42. David Gould & William C. Gruben, 1994. "The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth," Working Papers 9409, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas.
  43. Katrak, Homi, 2002. "Does economic liberalisation endanger indigenous technological developments?: An analysis of the Indian experience," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 19-30, January.
  44. Lal, K., 1999. "Determinants of the adoption of Information Technology: a case study of electrical and electronic goods manufacturing firms in India," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(7), pages 667-680, September.
  45. Beneito, Pilar, 2003. "Choosing among alternative technological strategies: an empirical analysis of formal sources of innovation," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 693-713, April.
  46. Waheed, Abdul, 2011. "Size, competition, and innovative activities: a developing world perspective," MERIT Working Papers 052, United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT).
  47. Armando Silva & Ana Paula Africano & Oscar Afonso, 2009. "Which Portuguese firms are more innovative? The importance of multinationals and exporters," FEP Working Papers 326, Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
  48. Figueiredo, Paulo N., 2008. "Industrial Policy Changes and Firm-Level Technological Capability Development: Evidence from Northern Brazil," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 55-88, January.
  49. Pradhan, Jaya Prakash, 2011. "Regional heterogeneity and firms’ innovation: the role of regional factors in industrial R&D in India," MPRA Paper 28096, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  50. Bin, Guo, 2008. "Technology acquisition channels and industry performance: An industry-level analysis of Chinese large- and medium-size manufacturing enterprises," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 194-209, March.
  51. Zigic, Kresimir, 2000. "Strategic trade policy, intellectual property rights protection, and North-South trade," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 27-60, February.
This information is provided to you by IDEAS at the Research Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis using RePEc data.


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July 16, 2013

Commodores impress Lee

Known as the FlyBoyz, Vanderbilt's receiving corps is quickly becoming a factor in both college football and the recruiting world. The Commodores hope that Trevon Lee might be the next to join the rising unit in 2014.

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DOGs of Mars

Paul Maybury
Tony Trov
Johnny Zito

Isolated on the farthest frontier of civilization, nocturnal monsters stalk Captain Zoe and the crew of Mars Base Bowie. Lines are drawn and loyalties are tested as dissent grows within the ranks. Faced with mutiny, death, and dishonor; Zoe must sacrifice her humanity if she hopes to survive.

Collected Editions

DOGs of Mars

DOGs of Mars

Published: May 16, 2012

Digital: $15.99

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Tag Archives: Widget

PS3 Trophies for Android UPDATE to 4.0

PS3 Trophies had a revamped update this week.

All features of the app are easily accessible from the main screen.

Transitions are smooth and graphics looks sharper and brilliant.

Also this version includes support (in development) for vita games
Main Screen shows your  profile and access to most common features
(friends, games, guides, chat, blog, events, profile, ranking and favorites)

To the left of the main screen you can find
Friends, Favorites, Ranking, Search and finally Help/News
To the right of the main screen you can find
Games, Guides, Profile, Events and finally Blogs

Every Icon on the upper left of the screen will display a menu, and some will react to long taps

When looking at games the upper right icon has two functions, tapping will open the sort filter, and long tapping will open the game type filter (Vita / PS3)
If you tap on a game you will get a new screen with all trophies earned
To the left you can see others users with the same game, and to the right you can see users reviews, then guides, then YouTube videos

When looking at friends, tapping a friend will open a new screen with the user profile and all the games he has
To the left there is the App Profile of that user, and to the right you can compare games between the users

Blogs now include Official US Playstation Blog, Official EU Playstation Blog, Official BR Playstation Blog and Official LATAM Playstation Blog.

There is a new Lock Screen option to have your profile and friends online on your phone screen even when the phone is locked.

I will write a Help Page soon, explaining all options of the application

Go download it now
FREE Version
PRO Version

Here are some pictures of the new UI

XBOX Live Statistics for ANDROID Updated

HELP coming soon

XBOX Live Statistics for Android

PRO Version is Live!!

You can download XBOX Live Statistics 1.0 from the Android Market.
Please, try the BETA version before downloading the PRO

What is included int the PRO version?

1. Your Profile, Games & Achievements
2. You can edit your profile from inside the APP
3. You can mark achievements as “in progress”
4. Messages. Send, Receive, Respond to Messages. Multiple Receipients allowed
5. Landscape support on almost all the screen
6. Friend list, games & achievements. Compare your games & achievements againts theirs.
7. Add/accept/dismiss Friend Invitation
8. Friends Widget with notifications
9. Messages Widget with notifications
10. Home widget with any profile (you can choose any gamertag) that launch the main app
11. Feedback Screen. PLEASE send feedback instead of bad ratings on the Market. I will try to fix problems ASAP

What is coming?

1. More Templates for Home Widget
2. Events Organization (Private & Public)
3. Games & Achievements Guides
4. FREE XBOX Codes Giveaway
5. More Languages
6. Friend List of Friends
7. Twitter & Facebook Integration

1. MarketPlace (buy points & games, redeem codes, add downloads to queue)

What is not possible?

1. Audio messages. The site doesn’t allow to send or receive audrio messages.
2. Avatar Animation (those animations are in SivlerLight, not supported on Android)
3. Play XBOX Games (?????)
4. SDCard installation (because the widgets on screen get corrupted)

Is this APP secure? What about my email/password?

1. This app store your credentials in a private area of your phone, that is only accesible to this APP
2. Your email / password are only sent to Microsoft using HTTPS (SSL secure encrypted protocol)
3. I never (NEVER) get (or will get) your email or password

I can’t Login!!!

0. Check if www.xbox.com is up and you can login in there
1. Please, try the BETA version first.
2. Is too difficult to test every phone with every account. I never ask for your email/password, so the problem may be related to that and I wont be able to fixit.
3. I will release any upgrade as soon as I test it.

My Avatar doesn’t REFRESH!!!!!

1. Avatars are refreshed every 24hs.

The HOME widget (achivements) does not REFRESH!!!!

1. Home widget (achievements) has a cache of 1 hour
2. If you choose “Manual” you can refresh the widget taping on it (point 1 applies)

APP will be $0.99 untill the end of the year, so hurry and download your copy today (updates are always FREE!!)

As always you can Donate

PSN Friends Widget

For all you Android and PS3 lovers, there is a new Widget in town

PSN Friends Widget will allow you to see your ps3 friends, if they are online and what they are playing.
Tap the widget and you can see detailed information about your friends.

The PRO version includes Online Friend Notifications, Games & Trophies Detail, and the posibility to compare yourselft against your friends.

Get it on the market, search PSN Friends Widget
LITE Version

PRO Version

I would also like to thank to blitzfire911 for his help , check out his page http://www.steveo-info.com/trophies.html

PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends PRO v1.6

Friends Notifications!!!!

Hello again, its been a long time since my last post

First version of the app was connecting directly to Sony site, and that’s why it took so long sometimes to show your information.

Last versions connects to my new PSN API, improving response time and caching data for fast request. Problem is, I’m running out of space, so I need a new hosting provider.

Good news is v1.6 includes Friends Widget with notifications

Now you can see your friend on the home screen of your phone an be notified everytime a user goes online. You can choose wich friends you want to be notified.

New templates were added to the Trophy Widget, and more are comming (MGS, DMC, Infamous, RDR and more), leave a message on the comments if you want one, and remember that you can create your own at http://www.indiesoftware.com.ar/ps3/widget/customtemplate.aspx

You can download the APP from the market
PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends PRO

I would also like to thank to blitzfire911 for his help , check out his page http://www.steveo-info.com/trophies.html

PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends PRO v1.0

PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends PRO

PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends is finally here

This version includes

  • All the functionality from PS3 Trophies & PSN Friends Free
  • Same HOME Widget found in PS3 & PSN Widget Free
  • A lot of NEW features (custom templates, compare games/friend/trophies, landscape support)

Let me talk about the new features:

HOME Widget

I really improved the widget for portrait & landscape orientation and different resolutions across the phones.

I added new Templates, and more will be coming soon, and you don’t have to update the app to get it. All new templates will appear on the settings menu, so check the help of the widget (just tap it) to see if any template is added.

This widget also include the ability for show your custom templates, just go to http://www.indiesoftware.com.ar/ps3/widget/customtemplate.aspx and create you template there. Then pick “Custom” when you choose templates (is the first one on the list)

Instructions for the creation of custom templates can be found at https://indiesoftware.wordpress.com/custom-templates-instructions/

You can launch Games & Friends from within the widget.

Main App

This version of the app only use your email & password, and get all the data from EU site. US accounts should work OK, but if you have any problem, just log in at http://eu.playstation.com and make sure you can see your friends there.

All information if up to date to that site, so, if you earn a trophy, it will show up when the site updates.

From inside the App you can launch your Game or your Friends.

When looking at your games you can see it sorted by the date on which you won your lasts trophies

Taping on a game will show your trophies order by date earned. (EU site doesn’t show the exact date)

When you look at you friends, you can tap on one of it to show detail information, including games played, or LONG tap and choose to compare with this friend (more on it latter)

When looking at your friend details you can tap the menu key to compare to that friend or tap on a game to see your friend trophies on that specific game. If you LONG tap on a game, you can choose to compare your trophies on that game with your friend’s.

On the Trophies screen, you can tap the menu key to compare your friend trophies to yours.

Comparing with a friend

If you go to the screen to compare with your friend you can look every game played side by side, and taping on a game will reveal the trophies comparison screen.

Comparing with a game

The Compare Game screen will show all the trophies your friend and you earned, compared side by side.

Landscape is supported on every screen, so feel free to rotate you phone.

If you have any problem or question , just leave a message here.

Thanks for all your support
Specials thanks to RTISYOURNEMESIS and blitzfire911 who helped me fix all the nasty bugs.

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acquired disabilities

Why Preventing Pediatric Injury Death Is Only Part of the Puzzle

April 2, 2014
In a letter published today in the Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health, I commend the work being done by my pediatric injury prevention research colleagues in New Zealand to help reduce child injury mortality in their country. They developed injury prevention recommendations that were published late last year in the Australian & New Zealand Journal of Public Health using a well-developed European Child Safety Report Card model as a metric for comparison. However, I believe that it is important to further adapt these Report Card metrics and also measure reduction in non-fatal morbidity from injuries in children.

Poor Quality of Life for Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

December 17, 2013
I recently co-authored a study that identified certain groups of children with poor quality of life outcomes after suffering a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Children from low-income families, with Medicaid insurance, with less educated parents, or of Hispanic ethnicity were more likely to have poor outcomes at follow-up when compared to other children.

Improving Outcomes for Seriously Injured Children

October 24, 2013

When we think about trauma and prevention we often focus on death as the outcome. However, functional disability from trauma is far more common than death and can cause long-term physical and cognitive impairment despite inpatient rehabilitation. In fact, 95 percent of children and young adults survive moderate to severe trauma. How can we best measure these impairments in a standardized manner? What happens to these patients when they leave the hospital and inpatient rehabilitation? Are we doing all we can to ensure these children recover to reach their fullest potential?

Disabling Injuries in Children

February 25, 2013
While injury is still the leading cause of death for children older than 1 year of age, we have made great strides in reducing the number of children killed from trauma, particularly in motor vehicle crashes. This is something the injury prevention community should be proud of and continue to work toward. However, given that the overall survival rate for children with moderate to severe trauma is greater than 95 percent, it is equally as important to understand the burden of disabling injuries in children.
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Category: Belgian Cinema

Waiting For August (Belgium 2014)

Georgiana with her birthday cake and one of her younger brothers.

Georgiana with her birthday cake and one of her younger brothers.

bfi-london-film-festival-2014-title-block-750x680Although this is a film produced in Flanders, all the action is actually set in Romania – and although the film presents itself like a documentary, it is actually a carefully-scripted observational study of a real family (the 2.35:1 ‘Scope presentation also suggests a fiction film). Writer-director Teodora Ana Mihai is herself a Romanian migrant who left the country as a child, growing up in Belgium and then California before film school in New York and a return to Belgium to work in the film industry. This surprising film is her second production and has already won four international prizes, including best documentary feature at Karlovy Vary and the Toronto Hot Docs festival. New prizes are being picked up all the time.

Georgiana is a teenager as Christmas approaches in the Romanian city where she lives with her six siblings in an overcrowded flat. Although she has an older brother who is 18, it appears that Georgiana is the de facto head of household as her single parent mother is in Italy earning the money the family needs as a cook for an elderly Italian family. Georgiana is expected to look after everybody, organising shopping, cooking and cleaning – and trying to achieve the more usual teenage goals of academic success, having fun and possibly finding a boyfriend. Soon it is her fifteenth birthday and the film’s title begins to make sense when we realise that it will have been eight months of struggle when mother finally returns at the height of summer.

Teodora Ana Mihai, <>

Director Teodora Ana Mihai

If this brief outline of the film’s plot suggests that this is going to be some form of ‘grim’ social realism, the reality is quite different. Somehow, Mihai manages to avoid jazzing up her story with dramatic incidents but still to make the everyday lives of the family members interesting. I confess that after the first twenty minutes or so – and feeling very tired – I thought that I might close my eyes and just let the film drift by. But that didn’t happen. Instead I gradually became more engaged with the characters and their daily struggles and minor triumphs. There are some moments of difficulty, e.g. when somebody tells Georgiana that the children should be in an orphanage, but these are faced and talked through with Mum on the phone or through a shaky video link on the computer. As the sun comes out in the spring, the children get to spend more time outside and Georgiana has more opportunity to talk to her schoolfriends about exams – and to catch the eyes of boys at the swimming pool.

The great strength of the film is seemingly down to three factors. The director clearly has a great rapport with these wonderful kids, the camerawork by Joachim Philippe is unobtrusive (and the sound is effective) and the seamless editing never draws attention to itself. This is the opposite of ciné vérité in which filmmakers provoke their subjects. Instead the camera seemingly just records the events as they unfold. The children are remarkably ‘ordinary’ – they don’t seem to play to the camera, but they do play and grouch like most children. This is a real family as explained in the director’s statement on the film’s excellent website:

. . . after many months of searching and numerous interviews, I finally met the Halmacs. Their story particularly touched me; fortunately, they agreed to share their everyday life with me and with the broader public. The Halmac kids literally claimed my empathy. Every single one of them is a real ‘character’, with a fascinating and well-defined personality that I just wanted to get to know better.

Having said that, I was of course also confronted with a crucial question: who was the main character in this story? Who was holding this family together in the mother´s absence? The answer came quite naturally: Georgiana, who was about to turn 15 when we started filming, had obviously taken over the parental responsibilities. She was the new point of reference for the rest of the siblings, despite her age.

As I started following Georgiana, I discovered an extremely strong, uninhibited teenager who accepted her new ‘head-of-the-family’ role with humility, without considering herself a victim. But she did possess the realisation that she — like the rest of her siblings — should have the right to a normal, more protected childhood.

I felt privileged to be allowed into their lives to tell their story of courage and resilience. After spending so much time together we all became like family, which gave this film its intimacy and, I believe, also its strength. Getting to know the Halmacs truly enriched my life.

At the end of the film when mother emerged from the airport to meet her children I had a tear in my eye. Waiting for August is already on screens in LA, San Francisco and New York and it is due to open in Belgium. I hope a UK distributor picks it up. At 88 minutes it’s a gem. Don’t miss it if you get a chance to see it.

Two Days, One Night (Belgium/France/Italy 2014)

Fabrizio Rongione and Marion Cotillard as the husband and wife at the centre of Two Days One Night

Fabrizio Rongione and Marion Cotillard as the husband and wife at the centre of Two Days One Night

The latest film from Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne has got substantial coverage in the UK press and I even heard a cogent analysis of the film on Radio 4’s ‘Thought For the Day’ religious slot last week. Perhaps I shouldn’t be surprised at that. The film deals with a recognisable personal and social quandary and a real moral questions. At a time of austerity when seemingly everything is being ‘cut’, how would you feel if you were a worker offered the choice between receiving a bonus or instead helping a colleague keep her job? And from her point of view how would you feel about spending your weekend trying to persuade your workmates to forego their €1,000 bonus so that you can keep your job? Those are the questions that drive the film narrative. The Dardennes complicate matters further by making their central character Sandra someone trying to return to work after suffering depression. While she has been off work the boss has concluded that his workforce can cope with one less member so he has devised this diabolical choice for his non-unionised workforce. Some commentators (and audiences) have seen the additions of these details as making the narrative more contrived than it needs to be (Sandra also has an almost saintly husband who is super-supportive). The result might be that the film is less about the ‘social issue’ of a fair distribution of income and employment opportunities and more about Sandra’s ‘personal’ struggle to maintain her dignity and sense of self-belief.

A few weeks ago I introduced the film on its first weekend on release and therefore spent some time thinking about how the Dardenne brothers present themselves as filmmakers and how they are generally understood by critics, reviewers and audiences. My notes for that ‘Illustrated Talk’ are downloadable here:

My conclusion was that most commentators are too keen to try and pigeon-hole the brothers as fitting a specific category in terms of approach, styles, themes etc. Certainly all of their films since the mid-1990s have been set in their home town of Seraing in the Meuse Valley of Wallonia, the francophone region of South-Eastern Belgium, and each film focuses on one or two characters facing some kind of problem connected to a current social issue. However, the approach and the style does change and in the DVD ‘extras’ of the previous film Le gamin au vélo (The Kid With a Bike, 2010), the two brothers (who share writing, production anddirection) demonstrate how they set up certain scenes. They discuss these in some detail and explain the differences between the films in terms of how the camera is used etc. So, for instance, Sandra in Two Days, One Night is on a quest which sends her around Seraing over a weekend and we follow her – much as we follow the central character in Rosetta (1999). But the teenage Rosetta is a very different type of character to Sandra and the Dardennes’ camera follows her as if she is a soldier in a war combat film. Rosetta is a strong young woman determined to do anything to get, and keep, a job. She needs to be strong because her single parent mother is an alcoholic who threatens to drink away Rosetta’s earnings. ‘Following’ the embattled Rosetta with the camera requires a different approach to that in The Kid With a Bike in which Cyrille, in a summery Seraing, is like a character in a fairy-tale searching for his ‘lost’ father and oscillating between the ‘bad’ fairy (the local gangleader) and the ‘good fairy’ Samantha who agrees to be his foster-mother. Sandra is different again in a very physical performance by Marion Cotilard as a woman weakened by depression and medication who must find the energy and self-belief to ask difficult questions of her work-mates.

The publicity for the release of Two Days, One Night focused on the presence of Marion Cotillard as the ‘first A List star’ that the Dardennes had cast in their films. Ms Cotillard is certainly a major star of French cinema as well as appearing in major international Hollywood productions. But Cécile de France was also a major star when she accepted the role as Samantha in Le gamin au vélo. The key point is that whereas de France, a Walloon from Namur, is ‘culturally appropriate’, Cotillard was born in Paris and grew up in Orléans. She can play the role of a woman in Seraing and give it authenticity because of her skill – but this is nevertheless a change in the Dardennes’ approach. The ‘star stature’ is also important. In the clips referenced above the Dardennes discuss how they choreographed scenes and used the camera taking into account Cécile de France’s experience when working with a young non-professional on Le gamin au vélo. De France is a leading figure in the film, but not actually the central character. Marion Cotillard is the main focus of Two Days, One Night. She gives a wonderful performance but the question remains as to what extent her star persona – which includes her willingness to represent the tired and ‘worn’ working woman – is read by audiences as an element in the presentation of the narrative. Does it change the sense of authenticity? After two screenings I’m still not sure. As an exercise, it might be worth comparing Cotillard’s performance with that of Julia Roberts in Erin Brockovich (US 2000). The two films are very different but the issue about a star creating a character within a social realist aesthetic is worth pursuing.

Jean-Pierre (left) et Luc Dardenne

Jean-Pierre (left) et Luc Dardenne

The other aspect that Two Days, One Night shares with Le gamin au vélo is the emotional use of music. In the previous film a couple of very short bursts of non-diegetic classical music seem to mark moments in the emotional narrative – whereas the filmmakers have generally avoided music in their earlier films. In Two Days, One Night there are two songs heard on the car radio (i.e. diegetic). The first is Petula Clark’s 1964 French version of the Jackie DeShannon song ‘Needles and Pins’ (1963). The French title is ‘La Nuit n’en Finit Plus’ or the ‘night is never-ending’ and it allows a dialogue exchange about Sandra’s state of mind. Later, in a moment of exultation, Sandra, her husband and a workmate sing along to Van Morrison’s (lead singer of Them) anthemic ‘Gloria’ (1966). In one sense this is a strange choice of songs. Though they certainly work in context you do wonder if the Dardennes are drawing on their own teenage years rather than what might be relevant for Sandra’s generation. The point is that like the casting of Marion Cotillard the use of songs like this ‘fits’ this particular production. The Dardennes make each film very carefully. It might take years for the ideas to develop and the films have come out at regular three-year intervals. They aren’t wedded to one way of making films and that’s what makes each one of their films something to look forward to.

If you haven’t seen the film – and you really should – here’s a trailer (with the Pet Clark song):

BIFF 2014 #18: Shorts

The two brothers in 'Whale Valley'

The two brothers in ‘Whale Valley’

Portrait Without BleedBradford prides itself on its programming of shorts. I’m not really a shorts fan and I do tend to neglect them, though I appreciate the importance of short filmmaking in the ecology of film production generally. BIFF 2014 featured short films in a variety of programming slots. The ‘Shine Short Film Competition’ comprised six films shown as a programme twice and individual entries shown before the main feature elsewhere in the programme. I saw only two of the six, one of which, Cadet (Belgium 2013) won the prize (report to follow). I didn’t see any of the Sydney Underground Shorts which screened before the late night horror films in the ‘Bradford After Dark’ programme. (I couldn’t watch the late-night films as there is no all-night public transport to get me the nine miles home.) I only saw one of the Charles Urban early scientific films – these too had a separate programme.

I did see most of the ‘Cinetrain: Russian Winter’ films that were dotted across the main programme. This funded production programme invited international filmmakers to make films about communities in Northern Russia during the ferocious Russian winter. It’s an interesting project with information available on its website. Bradford showed all seven films which attempted to explore “the most common stereotypes about Russia”. These include excessive drinking, open-air bathing in the depths of winter, traditional Russian crafts etc. I was most intrigued by the village dwellers in one community who complained about the disintegration of local community/collectivist spirit. They viewed the new capitalist Russia with mistrust and felt that today people steal from each other to get by when they used to help each other. That’s a side of the new Russia that doesn’t get as much media attention as it should.

Other than these separate programmes, each of the ‘official features’ was also accompanied by an appropriate short film. I confess that under pressure with several screenings on the same day I sometimes missed the short on purpose to give myself a few extra minutes of breathing space. I’ll just pick out one other short (some are mentioned alongside the feature screenings). The one that impressed me most (i.e. appealed to my interests) was Whale Valley (Iceland-Denmark 2013) directed by Arnar Gudmundsson. This tells a complete and satisfying story about two brothers – a genuine ‘Nordic noir’ – on their farm (see the still above) in 15 minutes of skilled narrative filmmaking. I wasn’t surprised to learn about its success at festivals worldwide.

BIFF 2014 #8: The Joycean Society (Belgium 2013)

A Joycean palimpsest – a text with textual amendments, notes, embellishments, a text upon a text.

A Joycean palimpsest – a text with textual amendments, notes, embellishments, a text upon a text.

Portrait Without BleedI haven’t laughed so much in a cinema for a long time. This ‘mid-length’ documentary (52 mins) is extremely simple. It comprises a single camera roaming, mainly in close-up and shallow focus, around a room in Zurich in which the James Joyce Foundation offers the chance to discuss Finnegan’s Wake on a regular basis. The informative website gives all the background. The participants in the discussion in the film are mainly older people with just a couple younger, and presumably academics. We learn that for some of them this is their third time reading the book a few lines at a time and attempting to find all the possible meanings in this, Joyce’s richest book in terms of allusions.

The group comprises Europeans and at least one North American. The whole conversation is conducted in English and my only gripe about the film is that on the print we saw everything is also subtitled in English. It is certainly helpful to see Joyce’s words in print since so many of them are recondite and spelt in interesting ways. However, to have all the dialogue subtitled is unnecessary and a distraction. Everyone speaks English well enough and the subs aren’t needed. It’s revealing how easily the eye is drawn to read when there is no need. Having said that, Dora Garcia’s film isn’t particularly interested in the image as such, although the cinematographer tries to ring the changes. There are a couple of scenes outside the room in which one of the participants expands on the background to the group. Speakers are often framed in profile or are only seen partially, often out of focus. The words are the important elements.

I think that I laughed most at the naiveté and sensitivity of the participants concerning sex, death etc. – topics Joyce was gleeful about exploring. Mostly it’s like watching University Challenge and enjoying getting question right before the team. But I shouldn’t underestimate these guys and they do know a lot. It’s a pleasure to see people working together without being competitive.

I understand that the work is actually part of a larger project. That makes sense. As it stands I don’t think it fits into the European features competition. I tend to go by the French definition that requires a feature to be 65 mins or more. But if you do get the chance to see it, do take it.


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The Op-Ed That Won’t Go Away!

I really do not get the vitriol directed at Mark Taylor’s op-ed that we discussed here briefly last week.  Elsewhere, in more insane corners of the academic blogosphere, Taylor has been characterized as naive, out-of-touch, anti-specialization, bent on asserting religion’s hegemony in the intellectual world, and in general a moron who never should’ve been given space in the New York Times — I trust that everybody slinging mud at the Times would turn down their invitation on general principle to write an op-ed.

Marc Bousquet’s column in the Chronicle of Higher Education is apparently ground zero of criticism, and he does everybody a service in making Kugelmass’ screeds completely unnecessary.  Consider yourself fortunate.  While I’m very sympathetic to Bousquet’s work in general, and even think he makes very good arguments here, some of his central points ring hollow to me.  He pounces on Taylor’s lede: “Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market.”  Bousequet rightly points out the major problems with this observation, but fails to notice that Taylor’s argument is not wed to his (in my estimation, half-assed) criticism of the labor-situation in the contemporary university.  It seems to me Taylor wanted to do something with the Detroit analogy, and simply didn’t follow through on it very well — something I think happens throughout Taylor’s oeuvre.  It would’ve  been far more effective if he’d just stuck with his observation a little later: “The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations.”  This actually seems to get at the point of his op-ed, and actually seems very uncontroversial — indeed, based on his own column, it looks like Bousquet actually agrees with this!  If this is the case, I don’t see how Taylor’s inflated notion of how much adjunct professors make p/course undercuts his point — Bousquet makes a big deal out of this, but it may simply be that Taylor’s perspective is skewed by his present pay-grade or that Columbia maybe pays really well — time to dust off the CV!)  If anything, the reality on the ground (i.e., that adjuncts get paid much less $5000 p/course) would support Taylor’s broader point that adjuncts are badly utilized. Who, besides administrators (aka, the Enemy), disagrees with this?

Now, obviously Taylor’s contention that the tenure system is to be blamed for this is not readily apparent for all to see.  It is, to be sure, a radical and controversial suggestion, and arguments could definitely be made in defense of tenure.  Indeed, as mentioned above, I think Taylor errs in beginning his argument from the point of view of labor.  He may have sympathies here, but it doesn’t seem this is where his heart is at (certainly not in the degree to which it is for most on this blog or, apparently, Bousquet).  As Adam K. pointed out in a conversation this morning, Taylor very likely would have a problem w/ the current setup even if the labor situation was fine.   Some have “argued” that Taylor makes this point in the spirit of following a fad.  This is ridiculous.  I’ve followed Taylor’s evolution as a thinker since my first year in graduate school, with various degrees of intensity and agreement, and think it accurate to say that if he is guilty of anything it is creating fads, not following them.  Taylor is not jumping on tenure because it is the cool thing to do; more even than his concerns for the exploitation of adjuncts, I would argue that his attack is a natural outgrowth of his philosophical inquiries, esp. as they relate to complexity theory.  Of course, some might say complexity theory itself is already faddish, but I challenge you to show me how it has seriously affected the structure of the contemporary university and/or its curriculum.

Now, personally I have no problem with his take on inter- and cross-disciplinarity, or the restructuring of the university.  Taking aim at over-specialiation is not the same thing as destroying specialization; and interdisciplinarity does not mean the end of disciplines.  As I argue in my dissertation, itself awaiting publication in the woefully misguided academic publishing system, thus participating in the ridiculous game of meritocracy, specialization and disciplines in a complex system would not be eradicated so much as they would actually emerge (and yes, decline) organically.  Again, one could certainly disagree with this notion and come up with solid arguments against or to supplement it, and invite you to do so here, since it doesn’t seem to be happening anywhere else.

7 Responses to “The Op-Ed That Won’t Go Away!”

  1. Thomas J Bridges Says:

    (Random comments to follow, rather than “solid arguments”) While I don’t agree with everything Taylor said, I think much of his discussion is rightfully provocative. I have been surprised at how many people have defended the university against Taylor’s suggestions (in another forum–not this blog), but I suppose those who have “made it” are fine with the current system.

    In regards to (over-) specialization, I think we need to move toward a more inter-disciplinary approach, as Taylor says.

    Also, as a random venting comment: I make way more as a TA this year than I did as an adjunct last year (at a different university). There is something greatly disturbing about this. Incidentally, Marquette has now decided to give full benefits to its adjuncts. This is due to the persistent work of one of our Jesuit profs, Daniel McGuire. You can read about his efforts here:“Seeking the Path to Adjunct Justice at Marquette University,”
    24 THOUGHT & ACTION 47 (2008).

  2. Thomas J Bridges Says:

    I should mention that the “justice for adjuncts” began in the theology department here, and then spread to the rest of the university.

  3. Adam Kotsko Says:

    I wonder to what extent the need for adjuncts is a “dangerous supplement” inherent to the tenure system itself, even when it’s working at its ideal level — that is, you will always need to fill certain curricular gaps that a faculty of specialists can’t cover. So you might bring in someone from the “civilian” world or someone from another school or something like that to fill the gap. But what happens when your specialized faculty feels increasingly discontent teaching the intro courses? Then what’s the harm of having grad students do it, right? Where it gets really toxic, of course, is when the corporate model of cost-cutting and flexibility is imported into the university — but it couldn’t have been imported if there wasn’t already “room” for it in the structure itself.

    In other words, perhaps the university was always-already going to turn into adjunct hell — precisely because it focuses on the production of monadic specialists who can’t see the big picture. That’s why I think that the professoriate is not a profession — all the formal institutions of professions aside, they lack the solidarity specific to a cartel that has to maintain its monopoly over its primary source of income (i.e., university teaching). Doctors and lawyers publish articles, do research, do pro bono work, do lectures, etc., etc., etc., but they never lose sight of where the real gravy train is. Professors, under the actual existing present regime, constitutively and necessarily lose sight of it. Taylor is one of those people, so he has the blinders we’d expect. But maybe something like his plan could lead to removing some of those blinders. MAYBE.

  4. old Says:

    I’m a little concerned about the direction of using the rightfully damnable reality of adjuncting against the tenure system. Isn’t this exactly what The Employer is actually aiming for. Turning laborers’ weapons at each other rather than against the true source of the problem? I mean, I suspect that labor is a much smaller chunk of the pie than building new, technologically advanced buildings in most universities.

  5. bjk Says:

    I don’t see why anyone without tenure would defend it. There are the knee-jerk freedom of speech and thought arguments, which nobody really believes. Tulane fired 1/3 of the faculty, the dead wood, after Katrina. The tenured faculty only exists if they can get somebody to do half of the department’s teaching for a fraction of the pay, which is the equivalent of a raise. Bosquet is right, tenure is disappearing. The best scenario is if tenure is replaced with unionized teachers on contract. That is just a matter of time . . . as a union organizer said over at IHE (I couldn’t find it again) some colleges are so dependent on adjuncts, a strike would in fact shut the school down. I don’t usually support unions, but in some cases they are appropriate.

  6. Brad Johnson Says:

    Update: word is the reaction to Taylor’s op-ed has almost been record-setting at the Times, and consequently he’s been asked by to do a book-length treatment of his column. So it is truly the op-ed that will not go away.

  7. Clint Says:

    Good post.

    “Taking aim at over-specialiation is not the same thing as destroying specialization; and interdisciplinarity does not mean the end of disciplines.”

    I think there are definite benefits that could come from the creation of interdisciplinary, problem-oriented departments. But why go so far, as Taylor does, to say that permanent departments should be eliminated (or have to pass some sort of benchmark)? I think such departments could complement the permanent ones.

    I wrote a longer response to Taylor’s piece here:

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A young and innocent girl is trapped inside a building and you have to help her reach the exit.
Daughter In The Box is a famous oriental puzzle, in which you have to slide tiles of various sizes made from wood, in order to bring the largest tile (The daughter) to the exit.
The game quickly becomes challenging and addictive as you will have to try and solve the puzzle with a minimum number of moves.

The game features beautiful oriental graphics with falling and fading lotus petals and a very relaxing and calming oriental soundtrack. The game is ideal if you are looking for a nice challenge accompanied by a relaxing game environment.

The are 3 different puzzle configurations to play (easy, medium and hard).

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