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Wednesday, 28 September 2011

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The Commons

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Patent Title: Tool for building documents for commerce in trading partner networks and interface definitions based on the documents

Assignee: Open Invention Network, LLC
Patent Number: US6542912
Issue Date: 04-01-2003
Application Number: 044450
File Date:01-10-2002

Abstract: Machine readable documents connect businesses with customers, suppliers and trading partners. The self defining electronic documents, such as XML based documents, can be easily understood amongst the partners. Definitions of these electronics business documents, called business interface definitions, are posted on the Internet, or otherwise communicated to members of the network. The business interface definitions tell potential trading partiers the services the company offers and the documents to use when communicating with such services. Thus, a typical business interface definition allows a customer to place an order by submitting a purchase order or a supplier checks availability by downloading an inventory status report. Also, composition of the input and output documents, coupled with interpretation information in a common business library, programs the transaction in a way which closely parallels the way in which paper based businesses operate.

Link to USPTO

Link to OIN


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Tag Archives: Fuss

Flamin' Great! Surviving the Original Mountain Marathon…

By Regular Guest Writer, Richard Dunne…

"At the ill fated OMM (Original Mountain Marathon) in the Lakes last October, many people needed rescuing and others stayed in the fells overnight. The deep low pressure that hit was some sort of freak weather event.

The rain was sideways and frozen like sand in your face, the gusts of wind were lifting people off their feet and the flood waters that swelled so quickly were sweeping huge rocks and cars away. It really did turn the 2 day event into a nightmare and it was cancelled half way through day 1 as the storm raged. This video shows what it was really like that day:

However me and my buddy were properly equipped and well prepared and actually enjoyed the challenge of getting back to the starting point safely and unassisted. We had reached the day 1 finishing point on time, unaware of the cancelled status of the event and it was just a case of get yourself back.

While other people stood around, wrapped up in emergency space blankets peering from the safety of farm sheds, we stepped out into the storm with many others and walked back, following the road which was mainly underwater at the time, with regular brew stops and energy bars to keep us going. If we had to, we could have stayed out through the night but it wasn’t necessary.

A Fast Boiler When You Need It – MSR Pocket Rocket

One thing that really helped us that day was my great ‘MSR pocket rocket’. A simple item in your kit that is easy to use, folds up and boils up water really quickly. A real morale booster – when things are too extreme or serious for other methods. The flame is intense, adjustable and won’t blow out. This is a great back up item to have without overloading yourself. We used it too in the Brecon Beacons in January on a 12 mile walk. There’s nothing like a hot drink in -10 winds. For canoeing and wild camping, it’s perfect too. Fast and efficient if you’re in the mood for a no fuss warming up. Recommended. It was about £30 and the gas canisters are a few quid. My one doesn’t have an ignition but that’s where my striker comes in. Flaming Great, and just what you need when things go bad like they did that day.

See http://www.penrithsurvival.com/ for details.


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Research finds celiac risk rises with infant infections

Swedish researchers said children who experienced at least three infections during the first six months of life faced a significantly higher risk of developing celiac disease. Researchers also found a link between celiac disease and infant diets that included large quantities of gluten after stopping breastfeeding. Medscape (free registration) (12/20)

Full Story


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$12,000 21258 N Red Mountain Dr White Hills, AZ

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Wednesday, December 28, 2016

The Price Of Peace

It's $40 billion, in case you are wondering. The United States gives Israel $40 billion, bear in mind, we have no money for Social Security, people living on the streets, a heroin epidemic, people who can't afford healthcare, but we are all up in Israels grill, throwing money at them. Why?
Strange how the US "colluded" with and now the UN has handed down some 'harsh" criticism of Israel, God forbid! Anybody say anything about Israel.
The UN resolution demands that Israel stop all settlements in Palestinian Territory and East Jerusalem, and that the settlements that are there, are, basically, illegal.
Palestinian leaders say they will use this decision, to litigate in International Criminal Court.
This UN resolution is just basically a statement. It doesn't do anything, back in February, they handed down a decision about Julian Assange and he's still holed up in the Ecuadorian Embassy. I am not sure what exactly the UN actually does, except try and remain relevant.
There's a huge refugee crises and the UN says it's broke, They have a budget of "$19.52bn (£12.84bn), but only $7.15bn of that has been raised from international donors."
 Let that sink in.
The pricetag for the United States is $8 billion. It looks like the refugee problem is taking up the entire allotment of US money. And well it should, since we have caused so many problems for the Middle East, we will probably never stop paying.
The United Nations humanitarian budget is somewhere between $20 billion and $30 billion.
We give Israel, $40 billion to buy what exactly?
Military aid, bombs and other weapons. We willingly give billions for weapons that make war, but money to take care of displaced, traumatized people?
Well sorry, we need to give way more to countries willing to keep our war corporations flush.
But we supposedly, desperately want peace.
Why is the go-to for every leaving administration in the US, a peace agreement with Israel? I mean why is that our job? Isn't there another country out there that could do better? Because we have failed at this again and again.
Looks like that didn't work out.
What about this time?
                                                      What could possibly go wrong?
Here we are in 2016, will Obama get his Israel photo shoot? It's like a presidential rite of passage. So now, Ketchup Kerry is jetting his way around the world, trying to keep Netanyahu calm in an effort to stop a machine built to cause chaos and mayhem, known as the US military industrial complex in Israel.
Why is Netanyahu angry about this UN Resolution? He's got everything he wants and more, he does whatever he wants, that's pretty obvious. The UN can only pass a resolution, it can't stop Israel from doing whatever it wants to do.
Will we put sanctions on Israel, the way President Obama is planning to do with Russia over the supposed "hacking" of our election? Which was really a leaking and we don't know who did that.
It's completely confusing.
The US can go into multiple countries and bomb the crap out of them, Israel does the same thing to the Palestinians, we don't have a leg to stand on when it comes to credibility or peace talks or treaties. Why not let Switzerland negotiate with Israel, aren't they neutral?
These are the burning issues for President Obama, with the little time he's got left in office. Another useless gesture, there's no hope and change you can sell us this time, Mr. President, what we sell are weapons of mass destruction. What we need to sell are weapons of mass construction.
 I think Jimmy Carter had the right idea there, with Habitat For Humanity.
We are the worlds greatest sales force for weaponry, polluting the planet and securing our own and everyone else's demise.
 No matter what we say, our actions give us away, it's a joke.
We spend $598 billion dollars on our military. We give billions in military aid to other countries, we are global weapons trafficers. Americans don't even know what is done with all the money in our own military budget, because of the nature of  their covert, classified operations. Our supposed reason for giving so much money to other countries is to help keep them "stable". Our biggest war markets are Israel and Egypt. Jordan, also loves buying our military crap.
You can't sell all of this violence and then act like you want peace, it doesn't quantify. It needs to stop. But what would happen to all those lovely corporations, if we cut our sales force? What if we stopped paying other countries to buy our weapons? Because that is what we are doing. You can't give Israel billions of dollars in military equipment and then tell them that they can't use it on Palestinians, not after what we've done in Iraq or South America or Iran causing coups and chaos. If we really want peace we've got to stop our meddling in other countries affairs, saying we want"stability" while we go about destabilizing on a global level. The UN can pass all the resolutions it wants, Here's a resolution for you, UNSC Resolution 1441, giving Iraq an "opportunity" to comply, back in 2002, and give up their weapons of mass destruction, they never had. That should tell you everything you need to know about the UN, peace on earth and goodwill towards men.
It'll cost you.

Thursday, December 15, 2016

Make America Grate Again With Trumps Band Of Brigands

There's this saying in art school; you have to break it down before you can build it up again. I believe that is what's going on in the US now.
If we can go  back (I know we aren't supposed to) to an example I have used many times.
Watch President Obama's face when this woman asks him basically, what in the hell are you doing? She's confused by President Obama's actions because they don't match his words.
What does he do? He laughs.
This is just one example of why the Democrat Party is the shambles it is, and the Republicans aren't better off either. I think that unfortunately, for America, Trump had to happen. Everything he does is in your face, Check out all the people he will be filling his cabinet with. This isn't much different from Obama's choices. We now know that Obama's choices were  influenced by Citigroup (see email here) How is it there is so much complaining about Trump? Seriously, it's weird.
Next is the "Russian Hack" of our election that "sources say" went on. Here's what I want to know; if Russia influenced our election, where was the NSA, Homeland Security, CIA, FBI? How is it when all my text messages, phone calls and emails can be swept up and dissected, Russia can just swoop in and hack our election? Who's watch would be responsible for protecting the American people from this? Is anyone stepping up saying they were derelict in their duty or why or how it could have happened?
Here's one, of the more cogent articles on the supposed Russian Hack, from The Intercept, stating that we need proof, Bearing in mind the CIA also told us there were weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, sending the US into one of the worst debacles in its history of war on the Middle East. Who are you supposed to believe anymore?
Certainly, not any mainstream media sources.
There's been a lot of "Chicken Little's" crying about Trumps choices for his cabinet. Rick Perry for Energy Secretary, Ben "I can't remember Running For President" Carson, HUD Secretary. Yes, it's all laughable. But Jack Lew, CEO at Citigroup was in Obama's cabinet. Eric Holder, who represented Swiss bank UBS, in private practice. Billionaire John Ketchup Kerry, Secretary of State, I don't have enough time to look up all these people. They are all corporatists, Trumps not any different, he's just lousy at finesse and nuance.
Hillary, and her shady Clinton Foundation connections would be no different.
Does anyone even remember George W. Bush's disastrous presidency and Haliburton, Blackwater-Dick Cheney? It just blows my mind that no one can see this trajectory of failure leading right to the election of Trump.
There has been nothing but status quo in this country for decades, resulting in a vanished and vanquished middle class, with half the country in poverty and half the country doesn't even vote. Coincidence? I don't think so.
So the only people that care who Trump is going to put in his cabinet, are the people who didn't vote for him. Even though Presidents have been doing what he's doing for a long, long time. He's not going to drain the swamp. He's having a laugh, the same way Obama laughed at that woman in that video.
If you don't get by now that the system is broken, that the government is a moneymaking opportunity and getting voted in can solve all of your financial problems permanently, then by all means keep voting.
 I won't comply with this system by voting, thereby giving my approval to walls and wars and all manner of nonsense that has nothing to do with every day Americans just trying to get by. Apparently, there haven't been enough examples of politicians ripping off the citizenry and they are endlessly surprised that things stay the same or get even worse. Go figure.
The whole thing needs to be taken apart and built from scratch again. We are living in a different technological age than the quill scratchers of over 200 years ago. It's not that they didn't have good ideas but we need to change, and that's not going to be easy. We have automation that's laying waste to millions of jobs and manufacturing is gone. No economist or the government has even begun to face the fact that the concept of work has changed and all this technology was supposed to make life easier, not harder! Yet, we are constantly told to bootstrap it. It's like running around quoting Socrates while you get into your Uber ride, that's driverless, as if that's going to explain the complicated chaotic life Americans are negotiating on a daily basis. This disconnect, like Obama laughing at that woman's confusion is what we are all up against, only it's just not very funny. We are living through a time unlike any other, maybe the dawn of the Industrial Age, but we seem to be no smarter, dealing with drastic social upheaval than we were 200 years ago. Enter Trump, to make America great again. Moving forward isn't happening, because voting is like getting into a driverless car that's going to get us to some magical destination. Where picnics and apple pie are waiting for us. Looking at the past to take us to the future.
I can't even pretend to know what it is going to take to change this country for the better, But I do know this, doing things the way we have been for the last thirty years or more hasn't made America great. The ideas I have would probably make FDR blush. I bet there are a lot of people out there, just like me, they have ideas, that won't be heard, because that would require change and that's not going to least not yet.

Monday, December 5, 2016

#NoDAPL Won The Battle, The War Is Not Over

I wanted to congratulate all the brave water protectors at Standing Rock. I have been reading with horror, the absolute madness that has been going on there for far too long. Those people endured violations to their safety and civil rights in the name of clean water, on their own sacred land, while Obama decided "Let's play it out a few more weeks."
Since that time, countless injuries from rubber bullets, pepper spray, concussion grenades and water cannon, reminiscent of the Civil Rights protests from the 60's scenes were playing in most sane people's heads, who actually have a memory of that time. Unbelievable.
Once I saw that 2,000 veterans were heading to Standing Rock, I thought that this was a pivotal point. When the military gets involved in a revolution, that's a game changer. Is it any coincidence that now we hear from the government? The Army Corps of Engineers denied the permit to keep this abomination of a pipeline going. That's all it took to stop it. Why so long?
It's a disgrace.
Most Americans that I cross paths with could care less, they are too busy watching TV "reporters" decipher Trumps tweets. They have very little knowledge and are engaged in a battle for their financial lives, they don't have the time or energy to research what is really happening at Standing Rock or anywhere else, but their own dinner table. There was not much I could do besides blog about it, sign petitions, try and explain this situation to normal people just trying to get through their day, and for the most part they just think I am just some crazy old lady who paints and draws, you know, one of those weird 'artsy" types. Like anyone else, I just want a peaceful life, with time to pursue my work and enjoy nature. Unfortunately, I have a weird sense of justice, when I see people getting taken advantage of it pisses me off. Standing Rock, was one such situation. Their war isn't over, but they won this battle.
Most days, when I am going about my business, I have this weird question in my mind of what it is to be an American? It is a strange thing to live in a country that causes so many problems worldwide, in an attempt to prop up the Petrodollar with misadventures in violence based on lies, everywhere. We give billions of dollars to Israel while we bleed out our own country, and millions of Americans are living in poverty. Drone wars and military hardware sales to Saudi Arabia rule the day, while Native Americans who don't have anything, live on land this country keeps trying to take back, gave enough pushback to finally get some sort of satisfaction.
We will see for how long. This country is so screwed up,
No civilized nation should act this way, denying healthcare and safe clean drinking water to it's citizens, who have the potential to be harassed or even killed just walking down the street, by a militarized police force.
This is a weird place, it makes no sense.
The only thing that finally made some sort of sense to me was that the Native American people we have abused for centuries, finally have something to celebrate on their sacred land in North Dakota.That maybe, just maybe, there is still hope for the American people. That there is hope for the Native American people who live in abject poverty. That there may be justice in Detroit, for people still dealing with a massive water crises.
 However, until we all start getting real and stop thinking we are going to magically have a fair and just country, where basic human rights are inalienable, where all people are created equal and we stop pillaging this country of resources and trashing the entire planet with our insane out of control policies, while our government just takes what it wants whenever and where ever it sees fit.
There can be no justice.
This is just a step, but thousands of Native Americans and American veterans came together and something happened. I can only hope this is the beginning of real change. I hope they are all dancing and cheering in North Dakota. They deserve it. Thank you, for your courage.


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Saturday, 17 September 2011

Google Chrome and Chromium add protection against malicious downloads

google chrome malicious download
Google Chrome already sports a number of security-minded features, from Incognito mode to a software sandbox which makes exploiting the browser a Herculean task. Now, Google has announced additional protection for Chromium and Chrome users.

Built upon the Safe Browsing API, the new feature introduces protection against malicious downloads. If a download link appears in the Safe Browsing blacklist, Chrome and Chromium will warn users against downloading -- a save button is still presented, of course, in case you're convinced a file is perfectly safe to download.

We'd like to see something a bit more eye-catching than the red warning icon -- like perhaps painting the entire bar red. Many of the people a feature like this aims to protect probably won't notice the icon or change in wording as they'll be focused on clicking the save button.

Google is initially making download protection available to Chrome dev channel users, and you'll likely see it in Canary and Chromium snapshot builds as well. After thorough testing, beta and stable users will be next in line.

Google Chrome and Chromium add protection against malicious downloads originally appeared on Download Squad on Tue, 05 Apr 2011 15:00:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.

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Wednesday, July 9, 2014

Cheesy Zucchini Rice Recipe

Now the rice recipe which I tweaked a little bit and I will revise some more next time.  The rice and the wings my family called the recipes "Keepers". I am going to add it to the recipes in my huge book, and will make and eat them in the future.  I have a huge 3-ring binder for the recipes I keep.  The ones I tried and rejected are thrown away.  My binder is huge and will become two quite soon.

Here is the recipe from Buns In My Oven:

My tweaks are: I used two zucchinis; low fat shredded cheddar; and two cups with one large bouillon cube of Knorr Caldo con Sabor de Pollo.  You can find the bouillon cube in the Mexican food section. I buy mine at Walmart.  It turned out great!  Next time I will used brown rice and maybe a little less butter.  I did add fat-free milk to rice at the end.  I will tell how that modified recipe turns out.

Sunday, July 6, 2014

Zaycon Foods

Now here is an interesting meat fact. I am starting to buy most of my meat from Zaycon Foods. They sell farm fresh, no hormones added chicken, ground beef and more. The meat is sold in 40 pound cases. Yes 40 pounds! I started with bacon which I split with a friend. In early June I bought chicken thighs, and my friend bought wings and thighs. The thighs are meatier, and we are going to double the order next time. Since I drove she gave me some wings that I used in the wing recipe. I didn't have 3 pounds of wings, so I had to buy some from the grocer. The Zaycon wings were much meatier than the ones from the grocery store. You do have to watch out for feathers, because Shane got one! I think next time they sell wings I might get some, because my family loved them that much.  Chicken Breasts are on sale next! I am getting two cases (80 pounds), and I hear they are huge! If you are interested in getting meat from Zaycon here is my referral link: I get a discount on my order, when you place an order from them.

Friday, July 4, 2014

Slow-Cooker Buffalo-Barbecue Chicken Wings and Cheesy Zucchini Rice

I promised you that I would tell you how the Slow-Cooker Buffalo-Barbecue Chicken Wings and Cheesy Zucchini Rice recipes turned out. They both were awesome. Here are the wing pictures (one in the Crockpot and the other after the broiler. The wings recipe today, and the rice recipe tomorrow. I tried posting the Pillsbury recipe as a link, but I must doing something wrong. It doesn't show up. The recipe is called "Slow Cooked Buffalo-Barbecue Chicken Wings. Please go on their site and print it off. It is a great one! I had to double recipe and add some honey to the sauce. Patrick and I tried the sauce before adding it to the wings in the Crockpot. It was way too spicy for the kids, so we added honey to it to suit our taste. I suggest trying the sauce first. And I didn't use the barbecue sauce they wanted; I used the one we had in the cupboard. I am all about using what I have in the cupboards. Well the post is long enough. I will post the Cheesy Zucchini Rice recipe tomorrow. I will also talk about where I buy my meats and it is not a grocery store! By the way, they are major changes in my blog-land coming up. I hope the changes will be made within the next two weeks, so stay tuned! Happy Fourth of July!


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Shoulds and Supposed to’s

Just a Bud - 8 x 8
Just a Bud

To me, “should” and “supposed to” are two total creativity downers. It will kill a creation faster than a cold shower will kill…well we all know what that will kill.    After all, those of us that are creatives, are just that…creative.   We aren’t here to follow the rules.  We are here to make the rules, to bring in the new ideas, to change the way people look at things.   We agreed to do this, (why, sometimes I ask) but we did.

Especially now….now more than ever, we are being asked to bring in new, fresh, interesting, thought-provoking, beautiful, colorful (in all ways!), happy, gorgeous, intriguing, messages and ideas that we are getting from our higher self (or Creator, or God, or the Universe or what ever phrase you use to denote a higher consciousness).   It may seem that all we are doing is playing, and perhaps you could look at it that way, but we are doing oh so much more.   We committed to this path. We committed to this incredible calling.  We committed to create. (or – another way to say it is we SHOULD be committed…..Just Kidding!!!).

All kidding aside….   When someone tells you what you “should” or “shouldn’t do” (trust me, everyone has their opinion, and doesn’t hesitate to speak their mind about what they think you “should” be painting), it’s hard as a creator to not take it personally and somedays more that others – it is easy to second guess one’s purpose when people always put in their two cents worth (which, by the way, is worth just that – two cents!).

So, what I am here to share with you is my latest AHA moment….   I realized I am here to create what I am being asked to create – what my inner genius is asking me…, begging me to create, no, demanding that I create. Sometimes it’s the animals, sometimes the abstracts……sometimes the angels…..and, they are already meant for the one who has already prayed for that message, that sign, that piece of art that they look at every morning when they are drinking coffee, that always makes them smile and get in touch with their higher self.

Bless those who tell you what you “should” do, and what you are “supposed” to do, for they are confused about what they are “supposed” to do, or “should” do…..which is why they focus on you rather than themselves.

Paint, Create, Sing, Dance, Feel joy, compassion and love.  Do it because you love the process…not because you need to make money….and the abundance will flow.

After all – we are doing “God’s” work.   We are doing our work.  The work of Spirit….

Whisperings of love,

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January 2015

The Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

Dr. M. P. Trivedi

Associate Professor and Coordinator (M.Com) in B.J. Vanijiya Mahavidyalaya BJVM), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat

E-mail -

Ashok Gaur

Assistant Professor

B.J. Vanijiya Mahavidyalaya BJVM), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat.

Entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as an important driver of economic growth, productivity, innovation and employment, and it is widely accepted as a key aspect of economic dynamism. The role of entrepreneurship and an entrepreneurial culture in economic and social development has often been underestimated. The idea and practice of women entrepreneurship is a recent phenomenon. Until the 1980’s little was known. Even though we observe a number of women entrepreneurs in the business, recent studies show that most of them are found in Micro and Small Enterprises (MSMEs.) Women should create their own jobs and become entrepreneurs since opportunities of getting employment in either government, non government or a private organization is currently almost declining. This article shows the factors that affect the performance of women entrepreneurs in MSMEs. It also addressed the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in MSMEs and their enterprises and the supports they acquire from government or other institutes.

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Women Entrepreneurship, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), Government Incentives

The Role of Women Entrepreneurs in Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMSs)

 In developing countries like India, micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have a crucial role to play because of their potential contributions to employment creation, improvement of income distribution, poverty reduction, export growth of manufactured products, and development of rural economy. Beside these contributions, MSMEs are also considered as an important place for women, especially in rural areas, to be actively involved in economic activities, not only as hired workers but, more importantly as entrepreneurs. In other words, MSMEs can provide an avenue for the testing and development of women ability as entrepreneurs. It is also generally believed that, together with other actions to improve access to opportunities and resources (e.g. education, healthcare, technology, credit, employment), women’s entrepreneurship development in Asian developing countries, as in other parts of the developing world, has also a tremendous potential in empowering women and transforming society in the region.

The role of the MSME is primarily to assist the States/Union Territories in their efforts to promote growth and development of MSMEs. The main focus of the schemes/programmes undertaken by the Organisations of the Ministry is thus to provide/facilitate a wide range of services and programmes required for accelerating the development of MSMEs. Nevertheless, there are a few schemes/programmes which are individual/ beneficiary oriented. While, there are several schemes, wherein women are provided extra benefits/concessions/assistance, M/o MSME is implementing two specific schemes for women i.e. the scheme of TREAD and Mahila Coir Yojana. The details of concessions for women may be seen in the respective scheme guidelines as available on the Ministry’s website The details of TREAD and Mahila Coir Yojana are explained in the following paragraphs. The policies of the Government announced from time to time have laid considerable emphasis on promotion of women entrepreneurship particularly among first generation women through various training and support services. Special attention is given by organizing exclusive Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) for women.

Women Entrepreneurship

Women’s productive activities, particularly in industry, empower them economically and enable them to contribute more to overall development. Whether they are involved in small or medium scale production activities, or in the informal or formal sectors, women’s entrepreneurial activities are not only a means for economic survival but also have positive social repercussions for the women themselves and their social environment United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). In many societies women do not enjoy the same opportunities as men. In many transitional economies progress has been achieved in opening doors to education and health protection for women but political and economic opportunities for female entrepreneurs have remained limited. Concerted efforts are needed to enable female entrepreneurs to make better economic choices and to transform their businesses into competitive enterprises, generating income and employment through improved production (OECD).

Nature of women entrepreneurs

There is no agreement among researchers with regard to the differences in the characteristics of male and female entrepreneurs. Some groups of researchers agree that there are no differences. But some others state differences. For example, Green & Cohen (1995) stated, “An entrepreneur is an entrepreneur is an entrepreneur,” and it should not matter what size, shape, color, or sex the entrepreneur might be. If so, good research on entrepreneurs should generate theory applicable to all. While research shows similarities in the personal demographics of men and women entrepreneurs, there are differences in business and industry choices, financing strategies, growth patterns, and governance structures of female led ventures (p.106) these differences provide compelling reasons to study female entrepreneurship – looking specifically at women founders, their ventures, and their entrepreneurial behaviors as a unique subset of entrepreneurship. Just as we have found that clinical trials conducted on an all-male population do not necessarily provide accurate information about the diagnosis or treatment of female patients, we see that scholarly research focused only on male entrepreneurial ventures leaves many questions unanswered for their female counterparts. Birley (1987) stressed on the differences even in their background and personal characteristics. He found the female entrepreneurs to be the first born; from a middle or upper class family; the daughter of a self employed father; educated to degree level; married with children; forty to forty-five at start-up; and with relevant experience in their desire in starting new businesses, researchers identified a number of reasons for women to become entrepreneur.

Categories of women entrepreneurs (by reasons/motivations for starting the business)

Main reason/motivation

Chance entrepreneurs

·         to keep busy

·         was hobby/special interest

·         family/spouse had business

Forced entrepreneurs

·         financial/needed the money

Created or pulled entrepreneurs

·         control over time/flexibility

·         Challenge, try something on one’s own, show others I could do it.

·         to be independent

·         self satisfaction  and employment to others /do something

 Source: Das (2000)

Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs’ Performance

Women Entrepreneurs have grown in large number across the globe over the last decade and increasingly the entrepreneurial potentials of women have changed the rural economies in many parts of the world. But this does not mean that the problems are totally resolved. In support of this The Centre for Women’s Business Research in the United States as sited in UNECE (2004) and Mahbub (2000) identified the following factors that affect women entrepreneurs.

A. Access to finance

Access to finance is a key issue for women. Accessing credit, particularly for starting an enterprise, is one of the major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs. Women often have fewer opportunities than men to gain access to credit for various reasons, including lack of collateral, an unwillingness to accept household assets as collateral and negative perceptions of female entrepreneurs by loan officers (Mahbub, 2000).

B. Access to markets

The ability to tap into new markets requires expertise, knowledge and contacts. Women often lack access to training and experience in on how to participate in the market place and are therefore unable to market goods and services strategically. Thus, women-owned SMEs are often unable to take on both the production and marketing of their goods. In addition, they have often not been exposed to the international market, and therefore lack knowledge about what is internationally acceptable. The high cost of developing new business contacts and relationships in a new country or market is a big deterrent and obstacle for many SMEs, in particular women-owned businesses. Women may also fear or face prejudice or sexual harassment, and may be restricted in their ability to travel to make contacts (UNECE, 2004).

C. Access to training

Women have limited access to vocational and technical training in India . In fact, women on average have less access to education than men, and technical and vocational skills can only be developed on a strong foundation of basic primary and secondary education. There is low enrolment among women in education, high dropout rates and poor quality of education. There is the existence of gender discrimination in building capacity of women and providing them with equal opportunities (UNECE, 2004).

D. Access to networks

Women have fewer business contacts, less knowledge of how to deal with the governmental bureaucracy and less bargaining power, all of which further limit their growth. Since most women entrepreneurs operate on a small scale, and are generally not members of professional organizations or part of other networks, they often find it difficult to access information. Most existing networks are male dominated and sometimes not particularly welcoming to women but prefer to be exclusive. Even when a woman does venture into these networks, her task is often difficult because most network activities take place after regular working hours. Lack of networks also deprives women of awareness and exposure to good role models

E. Access to policymakers

Most women have little access to policymakers or representation on policymaking bodies. Large companies and men can more easily influence policy and have access to policymakers, who are seen more as their peers. Women tend not to belong to, and even less reach leadership positions in, mainstream business organizations, limiting their input into policymaking through lobbying. Women’s lack of access to information also limits their knowledgeable input into policymaking (UNECE)

Women entrepreneurs in SMEs

Women Entrepreneurs in MSEs are important to almost all economies in the world, but especially to those in developing countries and, within that broad category, especially to those with major employment and income distribution challenges. As the global marketplace continues to develop, women entrepreneurs in MSMEs provide an effective tool for economic growth through participation in global supply chains (World Bank).Benefits of women entrepreneurs in MSEs. With various definitions by various countries; sometimes it becomes a difficult task for an individual to understand importance of women entrepreneurs in MSMEs. One may not know the important role that women entrepreneurs in SMMEs plays in developing any particular sector, economy of any country, alleviating poverty, increasing  employment, and, above all providing various items of daily use at an affordable cost. Within the last few years many developed and developing countries have realized the importance of the sector. According to World Bank Report, Women Entrepreneurs in MSEs are the engine of growth; essential for a competitive and efficient Market; critical for poverty reduction; and play a important role in developing countries. The private sector and in particular women entrepreneurs in MSMEs form the backbone of a market economy and for the transition economies in the long-term might provide most of the employment. Support for women entrepreneurs in MSMEs will help the restructuring of large enterprises by streamlining manufacturing complexes as units with no direct relation to the primary activity are sold off separately. Thus women entrepreneurs in MSEs can generate important benefits in terms of creating a skilled industrial base and industries, and developing a well-prepared service sector capable of contributing to GDP.

MSEs and ILO

Even though women entrepreneurs in MSMEs contribute a lot for the economic development of a country, there are a number of challenges that affect them associated with different factors. For example, according to World Bank and ILO women entrepreneurs in MSEs are affected by lack of entrepreneurial. The ILO’s Women’s Entrepreneurship Development Programme (ILO-WED) is part of the Small and Medium Enterprises Unit (SME). ILO-WED works on enhancing economic opportunities for women by carrying out affirmative actions in support of women starting, formalizing and growing their enterprises, and by mainstreaming gender equality issues into the ILO's work in enterprise development. This approach to WED is highlighted in the ILO WED Strategy that was adopted by the Governing Body in March, 2008. The ILO-WED approach is threefold, working with governments, employers' organizations, trade unions, and local community-based organizations to: create an enabling environment for WED that generates quality jobs; build institutional capacity in WED; and development of tools and support services for women entrepreneurs. It does so both through targeted approaches and gender mainstreaming, with a clear objective to contribute towards gender equality and women's economic empowerment. ILO WED Strategy was built from the expertise developed under WEDGE, (Women's Entrepreneurship Development and Gender Equality). WEDGE is comprised of technical cooperation projects that are funded by donors such as Irish Aid and NORAD and enable the WED strategy to be operationalised. Building on local partnerships, WEDGE projects have developed a series of tools and approaches, based on the research and experience from pilot projects organized with local partners and country offices. WED has been working with the ILO's skills department to mainstream disability into women’s entrepreneurship development, targeting women with disabilities and HIV/AIDS within WEDGE projects. The WED Strategy provides a flexible and innovative response to promote women's entrepreneurship development based on local needs and circumstances. Gender Equality is and will remain at the forefront of the WED strategy.

Women Entrepreneurs in India

Today, Indian women are breaking stereotypes and moving away from traditional roles and corporate profiles to turn entrepreneurs. It is not just the educated, urban woman, but also women from smaller towns and rural villages who are turning to entrepreneurship and setting-up independent businesses. Women entrepreneurs, in general, are faced with the dichotomy of managing both the home and their business - equally well. This may generally leave them with much less time for business development. In India, though, the challenge entrepreneurial women face is gaining visibility and acceptability. It has traditionally been a challenge for women to set up an enterprise. It is a known phenomenon that women entrepreneurs are not taken seriously, particularly in the business community. In the initial days of establishment of a business, women usually face preliminary barriers by different individuals of this eco-system, be it banks, suppliers or vendors. According to the recent ‘Women and men in India 2012 report’ by the Central Statistics Office, there are 12% of ministerial positions held by women and 9% of the women are judges in different high courts in India. Another report by the World Economic Forum seconds that India is on a growth trajectory. The “Global Gender Gap Report 2012” compiled by the World Economic Forum, ranks India at the 105th position on the list for economic participation and opportunity of women among 135 countries. This indicates that women, though in small percentages, are participating in the decision-making process of India, thus proving that women can be competitive and efficient when it comes to delivering results. Helping to involve Indian women in the business environment is the internet; it is a great leveler. It is a very potent business tool that is far-reaching and cost-effective.

Though the position of women in India is not very different when compared to the women in other countries, it still presents certain distinct features. Traditions are deep rooted in the Indian society and a woman assimilates them in her life and plays a vital role in preserving these. Women have been among the most disadvantaged and oppressed sections of our society particularly with regard to access and control over resources. Problems faced by them continue to be grave particularly for illiterate and semi literate women of rural and urban areas. The gender disparity in the opportunities for access to work is clearly evident in the latest sex disaggregated data at the national level as compiled by the Central Statistics Office in 2011. The figures depict female workforce participation rate at 25.51 per cent as compared with males at 53.26 per cent. The rural sector shows an enhanced female workforce participation rate at 30.02 per cent as compared with that for males at 53.03 per cent, whereas in the urban sector, it is 15 per cent for females and 53.76 per cent for males.

The Government of India has been taking several measures for the welfare, upliftment and empowerment of women. The various provisions of the Constitution of India and legislative interventions aim at providing positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the various socio-economic inequalities and educational and political disadvantages faced by them. Besides, the State has taken several other initiatives as well. These include women and girl centric policies, plans, establishment of a National Commission for Women in 1992 and launching of the National Mission for Empowerment of Women in 2010. The National Commission for Women is entrusted inter alia with facilitating redressal of grievances of women and advising the Government on all policy matters affecting women. The National Mission for Empowerment of Women operationalized during 2011-12, seeks to assess the current Government interventions and align future programmes so as to translate the provisions of women centric policy instruments into reality. It has developed a model of convergence of women focused schemes, policies and programmes at the district level, named as ‘Poorna Shakti Kendra.’ the following are the main challenges that women entrepreneurs are facing.

·         Difficulty in obtaining loan from commercial banks

·         failure of business/bankruptcy

·         Failure to convert profit back into investment

·         Shortage of technical skills

·         Poor managerial skills

·         Low level of education

Other problems include lack of suitable location or sales outlet; stiff competition; low purchasing power of the local population; lack of marketing knowhow; seasonal nature of the business; lack of market information; inadequate infrastructure; shortage of time (due to multiple tasks); shortage of raw materials; Shortage of working capital are constraints of women entrepreneurs

Measures to support women entrepreneur in SMMEs

Recommendations of the National Consultation on the Maternity Benefit Act held at New Delhi on 2 July 2013. The deliberations highlighted issues pertaining to the Maternity Benefit Act and sought universal standards in this regard for the women of the entire country whether in the organized, unorganized or the private sector. It was also emphasized that crèches should be maintained in every establishment and that the coverage should be broadened in the unorganized sector. The private sector can think of introducing some kind of flexi hours for the benefit of their women employees. A number of Government run programmes and institutional mechanisms along with a plethora of banking and non-banking financial institutions in the formal, semi-formal and informal sectors are providing assistance to women entrepreneurs for setting up and running their businesses

The CII’s ‘Indian Women Network’ which aims to involve women from all walks of life with its primary focus on entrepreneurship development, is also addressing a host of other women centric issues  such as work-personal life balance, gender sensitization, domestic violence, sexual harassment, etc. I am hopeful that as intended, the ‘Indian women Network’ would also focus on reaching out to a larger community of women including those at the grass-root level through the imparting of necessary technical and professional expertise, support and training.

In order to promote women entrepreneurship in the country, NSIC - the National Small Industrial Corporation, a public sector undertaking under the administrative control of the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises - has launched a special incubation programme for unemployed girls and women to set up their own businesses. The NSIC has set up 45 Training cum Incubation Centers with one centre each in the Northern region of India in the states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. Punjab has 6 centers while Uttar Pradesh has 12 centres. The gamut of services provided by NSIC inter alia includes imparting of technology and training, market assistance scheme and bank credit facilities.

 Recognizing the need for financial inclusion of women as an effective tool for empowerment of women and eradication of poverty, the Government of India started a programme of linking the self-help groups – which is an informal group of people coming together for credit support, savings and other services - with banks during the early 1990’s. This has emerged as an effective instrument to promote entrepreneurship and self-confidence among women, particularly in rural areas. Pioneered by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development – the NABARD, the SHG-Bank linkage programme is now being implemented vigorously by many commercial banks, regional rural banks and cooperative banks. The NABARD later on assumed the nodal responsibility of providing refinance assistance to banks for financing SHGs and Micro Finance Institutions. The notable feature of self-help groups is the active participation by women. At the end of 2013, a total number of 1, 13,042 women self-help groups had been saving linked with banks in 150 districts, of which 23,451 had been credit linked. The predominant activities that these women self-help groups engage in, range from manufacture of sarees, handicrafts, toys, food items and in the farming, fisheries and animal husbandry sectors, service parlours, auto garages, irrigation, dairying and so on. In Gujarat, the Lijjat Papad Udyog and Amul Dairy- the globally acclaimed entrepreneurial role models - are a mark of women’s success.

In order to facilitate and support the microfinance sector, the Government of India has facilitated creation of Micro Finance Development and Equity Fund - to be funded by RBI, NABARD and commercial banks in the ratio of 40:40::20. Besides NABARD, other institutional mechanisms in place for this are the SIDBI – the Small Industries Development Bank of India and the RMK-the Rashtriya Mahila Kosh. The Rashtriya Mahila Kosh set up as a society under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, extends collateral security free micro credit for livelihood support and asset creation to women in the unorganized sector. There is also a special Government scheme aimed at economic empowerment of women through trade related training and credit assistance, namely TREAD - the trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development. Under this, a Government grant up to 30 percent of the total project cash as appraised by lending institutions is being provided.

In furtherance to its cause of providing a more enabling environment for women, the government established the ‘Bharatiya Mahila Bank’ with its first branch inaugurated on 19 November 2013. The first of its own kind in India, this is a bank exclusively meant for the women clientele.   By December 2013, its 9 branches were made functional in major metropolitan cities across India. The Bank’s Corporate Office is located at New Delhi. Besides proposals to grant loans to self-help groups in the country, the bank is providing education loans to girl students at a concessional rate.

With the enactment of the Companies Act, 2013, every listed company is now mandated to have at least one female director. This will create a wide career growth for women and enable them rise up the corporate ladder and also open doors for other women candidates in managerial positions. Further, as mandated by the Companies Act, 2013, the CII should also incorporate relevant clause of empowerment of women and gender equality in its Corporate Social Responsibility policy which, is at the formulation stage as of now.

CII had setup at the national level a Committee on Women’s Empowerment as early as in 2002 to take cognizance of the needs of women in the organized sector and to recognize women achievers at the grass-root level. It has been honouring women achievers who have taken development initiatives defying all odds at grass-root level in the diverse fields by instituting and awarding the annual CII women Exemplar Awards since the year 2005. The CII has also been successfully catalyzing a change by encouraging companies to adopt gender informed policies at workplace by holding workshops in different regions and States. To identify industry’s role in mitigating and tackling crimes against women effectively, the CII has also constituted a National Task Force on the Safety and Security of Women in 2013.

The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 seeks to facilitate the development of these enterprises as also enhance their competitiveness. It provides the first-ever legal framework for recognition of the concept of “enterprise” which comprises both manufacturing and service entities. The Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises Development Organisation (MSME-DO), the various State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs), the nationalized banks and even NGOs are conducting various programmes including Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs). To cater to the needs of potential women entrepreneurs, who may not have adequate educational background and skills, MSME-DO has introduced process/product oriented EDPs in areas like TV repairing, printed circuit boards, leather goods, screen printing etc. A special prize to "Outstanding Women Entrepreneur" of the year is being given to recognize achievements made by and to provide incentives to women entrepreneurs. The Office of DC (MSME) has also opened a Women Cell to provide coordination and assistance to women entrepreneurs facing specific problems.

There are also several other schemes of the government like the Income Generating Scheme, implemented by the Department of Women and Child Development, which provides assistance for setting up training-cum-income generating activities for needy women to make them economically independent. The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) has been implementing two special schemes for women namely Mahila Udyam Nidhi which is an exclusive scheme for providing equity to women entrepreneurs and the Mahila Vikas Nidhi which offers developmental assistance for pursuit of income generating activities to women. The SIDBI has also taken initiative to set up an informal channel for credit needs on soft terms giving special emphasis to women. Over and above this, SIDBI also provides training for credit utilisation as also credit delivery skills for the executives of voluntary organizations working for women. Grant for setting up a production unit is also available under Socio-Economic Programme of Central Social Welfare Board.

Today, with the growing use of e-commerce, women entrepreneurs can access information, build and sustain business networks and contribute to their family’s household income. There are many online platforms today that offer aspiring women entrepreneurs virtual workplaces and digitally mobile lifestyles thereby providing the needed flexibility to achieve their business objectives.

Despite all the odds that a working woman of today faces, there is an unprecedented rise in women entrepreneurship in India Today, more women than ever before earn a better living than previous generations in India’s history. In the business sector, they are on the wheel of increasing entrepreneurship and new business ideas and are reaching new professional heights. There may be many women who want to work but are not getting the opportunity to even attempt to do so. For this, they need access to the necessary information, education, credit, training and above all motivation to take on the challenges. In India, women today have emerged as a force to reckon with. Women need to believe in themselves and create an ecosystem to achieve success. And this can be done through education, continuous learning, sharing, support for each other and above all creating women’s support networks. Despite the growth MSMEs, there still lies a vacuum which can be filled by women entrepreneurs to not only achieve stable monetary growth, but also break the socio-economic barriers prevalent in the society. So, it is a wake-up call for women to embrace and increasingly leverage the benefits of the internet and e-commerce A capable and empowered woman can pick up a job any day, but if she becomes an entrepreneur, she can provide livelihood to many people.

·         Birley, S. J., (1987). Britain’s new enterprise programmes. Journal of Small Business Management,23(4), 6-12.

·         Bruni, A. Gherardi, S, & Poggio, B. (2004). Entrepreneur-Mentality, Gender and the Study of Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Organizational Change Management.Vol. 17 No. 3. (pp. 256-268). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

·         Das, D. Jayadeva, (2000) ‘Problems faced by women entrepreneurs’, in K. Sasikumar (ed.), Women Entrepreneurship, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House.

·         Das, Keshab,( 2007)  ‘SMEs in India: Issues and Possibilities in Times of Globalisation’, in Hank Lim (ed.), ‘Asian SMEs and Globalization’, ERIA

·         Dhameja, S.K., B.S. Bhatia and J.S. Saini, 2002, ‘Problems and constraints of  women entrepreneurship’, in D.D. Sharma and S.K. Dhameja (eds.)., Women  and Rural Entrepreneurship, Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications).

·         Eshetu, B. and Zeleke, W. (2008).Women entrepreneurship in micro, small and medium enterprises: The case of Ethiopia. Journal of international women’s studies.

·         Ganesan, S. (2003) Status of Women Entrepreneurs in India,New Delhi: Kanishka Publications

·         Green, E., & Cohen, L. (1995). Women’s businesses: Are women entrepreneurs breaking new ground or simply balancing the demands of ‘women’s work’ in a new way? Journal of Gender Studies, 4 (3), 297-314.

·         Helms, M. (1997). Women and Entrepreneurship: The Appealing Alternative. Business Perspectives. Vol. 10, i1 (pp. 16-19). Gale Group – Information Integrity.

·         Hisrich, R.D. (2005). Entrepreneurship: New Venture creation.5th edition .Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

·         ILO .(2008).Women Entrepreneurs in Kenya. Factors affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Micro and Small Enterprises in Kenya. Geneva. International labor organization.

·         Mahbub, U.H. (2000).Human Development Centre, Human Development in South Asia: The Gender Question (Oxford University Press).

·         Malaya, M. (2006) A Gender-based Analysis of Performance of Small and Medium Printing Firms in Metro Manila .Journal of International Women’s Studies Ministry of Trade and Industry.(1997). Micro and Small Enterprises Development

·         Raju, G., (2000) ‘Women entrepreneurship development through DWCRA’, in K. Sasikumar (ed.), Women Entrepreneurship. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

·         Stuti, K. ( 2005). “Overcoming Barriers to Innovation for Indian SMEs”, Ministry Small ScaleIndustries, New Delhi, India.

·         Tambunan, Tulus T.H. (2008) Development of SMEs in ASEAN, New Delhi: Readworthy Publications, Ltd.

·         Tan, J and. Young, E.(200). “Entrepreneurial Infrastructure in Singapore: Developing a Model and Mapping Participation.” Journal of Entrepreneurship. Vol. 9, No. 1,

·         UNIDO .(2001). Women Entrepreneurship Development in Selected African Countries.Working Paper No.7.Legos

·         Walokar, Deepak M., (2001) Women Entrepreneurs. New Delhi: Himalaya Publishing House.

·         World Bank .(2003).Importance of SMEs and the Role of Public Support in Promoting SME Development.

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Phone : +91-294-2494506, +91-294-2494507

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6 Tips for Choosing the Right Auckland Property Management Company

Not all the property management companies in Auckland will look out for your best interest. Be careful when you are screening your options. Interview several property management companies before picking one. Consider the fees of the property managerAuckland Property Management . Choosing a reputable and trustworthy Auckland property management company is easy. The right property management company will improve the quality of your life. Do not pick the first property management you come across.

The following are the best tips for choosing the right property management in Auckland.

Make sure that the property management company you want to hire is familiar with Auckland. This ensures that company can attract the right renters because they know what the people in this area are looking for. This makes it easier for the company to screen the tenants. Problem tenants won’t rent your property.

Make sure that the property management company you want to hire has well-trained employees. The staff must know the different accounting principles so that they can handle the financial side of the property with integrity and accuracy.

Internet Research

Auckland Property Management Finding a good property manager is not easy when you don’t live in Auckland. The best place for finding the names of the best property management companies is the internet. Visit the website of these companies because they use their website to promote their services.

Read the reviews of the different companies in Auckland. There are some property management companies that get positive reviews. Hire them. Avoid the ones that get negative reviews.

Meet the Property Manager

Meet the property manager of the company to make sure the property manager has excellent customer service that meets your needs. The manager should have more time for you.

There are property managers that won’t want to meet you. They rush to take on your property without talking with you. Make sure that the property manager has time for you.

Do not be afraid to ask the property management company for previous Auckland Property Management management experience and references of the owners of the properties that they manage. The company will be in charge of your property so you have to make sure that the company is able to handle the responsibility.

Talk to the property owners and ask them to tell you their experience with the property management company. Some of these people may tell you to avoid certain property managers. Follow their advice if you don’t want to hire a property management company that will never do a perfect job.

Ask Around

Do you know any people in real estate? If so, these are people you should talk to. They can refer you to the right property management company. Attend meetings of the local real estate groups and ask other professionals about their experience with the different Auckland property management companies.

These are the best tips for finding the best property management in Auckland. Do a thorough research before picking an Auckland property management company. Hire reputable companies to manage your properties. Watch this video for more information:


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HIPAA Compliance for MTs

Comprehensive look at new HIPAA regs as they pertain to the MT as Business Associate

Written by Tes Rodriguez

(click here for pdf )

Privacy involves:

· Electronic transactions

· Code sets

· National identifiers

· Use and disclosure

· Written Policies &Procedures

· Written BA agreements

· Training

· Safeguards

o Administrative

o Physical

o Technical

· Privacy regulations define PHI as individually identifiable health information transmitted or maintained in any form or medium – this includes dictations.

· The Security Regulations extend this to electronic protected health information (ePHI) as well.

· Identifiable elements:

· Names

· Geographic subdivisions

· Dates, except year

· Birth date

· Phone #

· Fax #

· Email and/or web addresses

· Device identifiers

· SS #

· Health plan #

· Account #

· DL #

· Vehicle serial #

· IP address

· Biometric identifiers

· Photographic images

· Other unique identifiers

Ø Covered Entities are Healthcare Providers, Health Plans, or Healthcare Clearinghouses.

Ø Business Associates (Company or Individual) perform functions for CEs and work directly with them. They must have a written Business Associate agreement. Use and disclosure of PHI must be only as agreed per contract and per HIPAA regs. MTs fall under this as well.

· What is a Breach?

o Unprotected is Unencrypted!

§ Any CE or BA that "accesses, maintains, retains, modifies, records, stores, destroys, or otherwise holds, uses or discloses” unsecured PHI must notify individuals whose unsecured PHI has been (or is reasonably believed to have been) accessed, acquired, or disclosed as a result of a breach.

§ "Unsecured” PHI means PHI that is not secured per HHS guidance (which will be issued annually)

o Harm Threshold

§ Poses a significant risk of financial, reputational, or other harm to the individual.

o Not Reportable if it is an….

§ Unintentional access by a member of the workforce acting under authority of a CE or BA, thus it is forgivable provided the PHI was reviewed in good faith, under the workforce umbrella and was not further disclosed.

· ie: MT picked the wrong patient – clicked on them and then got out and chose the correct patient.

o Reportable if it is….

§ Unprotected personal data in any media (paper, CDs, computer hard drive, email, etc.)

§ Electronic media must be cleared, purged, or destroyed according to the guidelines in the NIST publication on Guidelines for Media Sanitization.

· ie: Dr. David Smith moved and the fax # is now a gas station. The level of significant risk is a full breach.

· Sanction Policies for Breaches

§ List sanction policies here

§ ….

o Breach Sanction Categories

§ Category 1: Unintentional breach of privacy or security that may be caused by carelessness, lack of knowledge, or lack of judgement, such as a registration error that causes a patient billing statement to be mailed to the wrong guarantor.

§ Category 2a: Deliberate unauthorized access to PHI without PHI disclosure.

· Example: snoopers accessing confidential information of a VIP, coworker, relative, or neighbor without legitimate business reason;

· Example: failure to follow policy without legitimate reason, such as password sharing.

§ Category 2b: Deliberate unauthorized disclosure of PHI or deliberate tampering with data without malice or personal gain.

· Example: snooper access and redisclosure to the news media

· Example: unauthorized modification of an electronic document to expedite a process.

§ Category 3: Deliberate unauthorized disclosure of the PHI for malice or personal gain.

· Example: selling information to the tabloids

· Example: stealing individually identifiable health information to open credit card accounts.

· Employees or other staff (contractors) who work for BAs or CEs will be individually subject to civil penalties.

· Formal compliance program (training) with sanctions for their workforce.

· A complete audit trail for access of the data will be in place.

o Audit Trail = the chronological set of records that provides evidence of information system activity. Data are collected about every system event (log-in, log-out, file access, etc.) and used to facilitate the determination of security violations.

o For MTs:

§ Your system activity will be tracked by the audit trail system.

· Log-in

· Access

· Time spent

· Actions performed

§ These activities can be matched to the actions needed to perform your duties.

§ Remember it is NOT a reportable breach if:

· It is unintentional access by a member of the workforce acting under authority of a CE or BA, thus it is forgivable provided the PHI was reviewed in good faith, under the workforce umbrella, and was not further disclosed.

· Audit trails can provide the proof needed to confirm that a breach was unintentional… or not!

§ Remember you are not allowed to use or disclose PHI for any purpose beyond the scope of your duties. This purpose is defined within the BA agreement.

§ The audit trail will be the proof needed to verify that you acted appropriately within the scope of your duties… or the evidence needed to prove that you did not.

· New BA agreements will need to be crafted with these changes and executed between the MT service and the CE.

o An amendment can be used for current clients when BA agreements are already in place.

New Laws Bring New Risks to MTs

· Any PHI on your PC will need to be encrypted both at rest (stored) and in motion (transmitted)

· Training on compliance is required

· Patients can sue MT companies and/or individuals (MTs) for damages using HIPAA as the standard for care of their PHI.

· Be Alert to Risks

o De-identify reports whenever possible (i.e. sample reports, reports used for the QA process)

o Protect backup media from unauthorized access through physical security measures and encryption

o Do not keep PHI (even audio) stored any longer than necessary to minimize risks for a potential breach.

§ Delete by end of day all PHI

§ Delete after use

o Implement tight security within your (home) office.

§ Restrict others from using your PC

§ Protect materials with PHI from viewing and accessing by others.

§ DO NOT PARTICIPATE in unsafe security practices.

o Shred all paper that contains any PHI. Do not put any paper with PHI in trash bins.

o Do not leave any materials with PHI in unattended areas where unauthorized individuals may have access to it.

o Locate printers and fax machines in a secured area away from access by others.

o Abide by established P&Ps that protect privacy and security of PHI

o Do not disclose PHI for any purpose beyond the scope of your current responsibilities.

o Report to your supervisor when dictation is performed in a public location.

§ This practice could be a breach – so it needs to be reported.

o Be proactive for ways to prevent potential breaches.

· BAs can be fined $100 to $50,000 (and more) per violation with a tiered system that could go to a total of $1.5 million per year.

· Individuals and BAs are subject to civil and/or criminal penalties.

· Individuals and BAs can be also held accountable to state courts for violating these rules on behalf of state residents.
· HIPAA –Health Insurance Portability and accountability Act
· PHI – Protected health information (information in any form or medium that is individually identifiable)
· CE (Covered Entity) – healthcare provider or facility, insurance plan, HMO
· BA (Business Associate) – Business or Individual who works directly with and performs functions for a CE
· ARRA – American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, aka The Stimulus Plan
· HITECH – Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (title XIII of ARRA)
· HHS – Health and Human Services · OCR – Office of Civil Rights
· AHIMA – American Health Information Management Association
· POA – Present on Admission
· RAC – Recovery Audit Contractors
· E/M – Evaluation and Management
· CMS – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Check This Out

0781741807 Stedmans Abbreviations, Acronyms, & Symbols, 4th Edition

Available On-line