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Inflection of the Scottish Gaelic lexeme for "dog", which is for singular, chù for dual with the number ("two"), and coin for plural

In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and one can refer to the inflection of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, determiners, participles, prepositions, postpositions, numerals, articles etc, as declension.

An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change.[1] For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning "I will lead", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause "I will lead", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.

The inflected form of a word often contains both one or more free morphemes (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and one or more bound morphemes (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.

Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.

Requiring the forms or inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible with each other according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in "the choir sings", "choir" is a singular noun, so "sing" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix "s".

Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected (such as Latin, Greek, Spanish, Biblical Hebrew, and Sanskrit), or weakly inflected (such as English). Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.

Examples in English

In English most nouns are inflected for number with the inflectional plural affix -s (as in "dog" → "dog-s"), and most English verbs are inflected for tense with the inflectional past tense affix -ed (as in "call" → "call-ed"). English also inflects verbs by affixation to mark the third person singular in the present tense (with -s), and the present participle (with -ing). English short adjectives are inflected to mark comparative and superlative forms (with -er and -est respectively). In addition, English also shows inflection by ablaut (sound change, mostly in verbs) and umlaut (a particular type of sound change, mostly in nouns), as well as long-short vowel alternation. For example:

  • Write, wrote, written (marking by ablaut variation, and also suffixing in the participle)
  • Sing, sang, sung (ablaut)
  • Foot, feet (marking by umlaut variation)
  • Mouse, mice (umlaut)
  • Child, children (ablaut, and also suffixing in the plural)

For details, see English plural, English verbs, and English irregular verbs.

Regular and irregular inflection

When a given word class is subject to inflection in a particular language, there are generally one or more standard patterns of inflection (the paradigms described below) that words in that class may follow. Words which follow such a standard pattern are said to be regular; those that inflect differently are called irregular.

For instance, many languages that feature verb inflection have both regular verbs and irregular verbs. In English, regular verbs form their past tense and past participle with the ending -[e]d; thus verbs like play, arrive and enter are regular. However, there are a few hundred verbs which follow different patterns, such as sing–sang–sung and keep–kept–kept; these are described as irregular. Irregular verbs often preserve patterns which were regular in past forms of the language, but which have now become anomalous. (For more details see English verbs and English irregular verbs.)

Other types of irregular inflected form include irregular plurals, such as the English mice, children and women (see English plural) and the French yeux (the plural of œil, "eye"); and irregular comparative and superlative forms of adjectives or adverbs, such as the English better and best (which correspond to the positive form good or well).

Irregularities can have four basic causes:

  1. euphony—where regular inflection would result in forms that sound esthetically unpleasing or are difficult to pronounce (English farfarther or further, Spanish tenertengo, tendré vs. comercomo, comeré)
  2. principal parts—These are generally considered to have been formed independently of one another, so the student must memorize them when learning a new word. Example: Latin dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum > Spanish digo, decir, dije, dicho.
  3. strong vs. weak inflection—Sometimes two inflection systems exist, conventionally classified as "strong" and "weak." For instance, English and German have weak verbs that form the past tense and past participle by adding an ending (English jumpjumped, German machenmachte) and strong verbs that change vowel, and in some cases form the past participle by adding -en (English swimswam, swum, German schwimmenschwamm, geschwommen). Ancient Greek verbs are likewise said to have had a first aorist (ἔλῡσα) and a second aorist (ἔλιπον).
  4. suppletion—The "irregular" form was originally derived from a different root. The comparative and superlative forms of good in many languages display this phenomenon.

For more details on some of the considerations that apply to regularly and irregularly inflected forms, see the article on regular and irregular verbs.

Declension and conjugation

Two traditional grammatical terms refer to inflections of specific word classes:

An organized list of the inflected forms of a given lexeme or root word, is called its declension if it is a noun, or its conjugation if it is a verb.

Below is the declension of the English pronoun I, which is inflected for case and number.

singular plural
nominative I we
oblique me us
possessive determiner my our
possessive pronoun mine ours
reflexive myself ourselves

The pronoun who is also inflected in according to case. Its declension is defective, in the sense that it lacks a reflexive form.

singular and plural
nominative who
oblique whom (formal), who (informal)
possessive whose

The following table shows the conjugation of the verb to arrive in the indicative mood: suffixes inflect it for person, number, and tense:

Tense I you he, she, it we you they
Present arrive arrive arrives arrive arrive arrive
Past arrived arrived arrived arrived arrived arrived

The non-finite forms arrive (bare infinitive), arrived (past participle) and arriving (gerund/present participle), although not inflected for person or number, can also be regarded as part of the conjugation of the verb to arrive. Compound verb forms, such as I have arrived, I had arrived, or I will arrive, can be included also in the conjugation of the verb for didactical purposes, but they are not overt conjugations of arrive. The formula for deriving the covert form, in which the relevant inflections do not occur in the main verb, is

pronoun + conjugated auxiliary verb + non-finite form of main verb.

Inflectional paradigm

A class of words with similar inflection rules is called an inflectional paradigm. Typically, the similar rules amount to a unique set of affixes. Nominal inflectional paradigms are also called declensions, and verbal inflectional paradigms are also called conjugations. For example, Old English nouns could be divided into two major declensions, strong and weak, inflected as shown below:

gender and number
Masculine Neuter Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
case Strong noun declension
engel 'angel' scip 'ship' sorg 'sorrow'
Nominative engel englas scip scipu sorg sorga
Accusative engel englas scip scipu sorge sorga/sorge
Genitive engles engla scipes scipa sorge sorga
Dative engle englum scipe scipum sorge sorgum
case Weak noun declension
nama 'name' ēage 'eye' tunge 'tongue'
Nominative nama naman ēage ēagan tunge tungan
Accusative naman naman ēage ēagan tungan tungan
Genitive naman namena ēagan ēagena tungan tungena
Dative naman namum ēagan ēagum tungan tungum

The terms "strong declension" and "weak declension" are primarily relevant to well-known dependent-marking languages[citation needed] (such as the Indo-European languages,[citation needed] or Japanese). In dependent-marking languages, nouns in adpositional (prepositional or postpositional) phrases can carry inflectional morphemes.

In head-marking languages, the adpositions can carry the inflection in adpositional phrases. This means that these languages will have inflected adpositions. In Western Apache (San Carlos dialect), the postposition -ká’ 'on' is inflected for person and number with prefixes:

Singular Dual Plural
1st shi- on me noh- on us two da-noh- 'on us'
2nd ni- on you nohwi- 'on you two' da-nohwi- 'on you all'
3rd bi- 'on him' da-bi- 'on them'

Traditional grammars have specific terms for inflections of nouns and verbs but not for those of adpositions.[clarification needed]

Compared to derivation

Inflection is the process of adding inflectional morphemes that modify a verb's tense or a noun's number, rarely affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. In English, there are eight inflections.[which?]

In contrast, derivation is the process of adding derivational morphemes, which create a new word from existing words and change the semantic meaning or the part of speech of the affected word, such as by changing a noun to a verb.[2]

Here are some of the major differences that can be seen within the mood of change that occurs mainly in derivational morphemes:

  1. Realis moods - Factual
    1. Indicative - Factual and Promising
  2. Irrealis moods
    1. Subjunctive - Hypothetical, Opinions and polite requests
    2. Conditional - Depends on another event
    3. Optative - Hopes and wishes
    4. Imperative - Direct commands
    5. Jussive - Pleading and insistent
    6. Potential - Likely occurrence of speakers opinion
  3. Inferential - Non-witnessed event as in history lessons or political news
  4. Other moods
    1. Interrogative - Asking questions
    2. Deity - Universal truths

Words are rarely not listed in dictionaries (in which case they would be lexical items) on the basis of their inflectional morphemes. However, they often are listed on the basis of their derivational morphemes. For instance, English dictionaries list readable and readability, words with derivational suffixes, along with their root read. However, no traditional English dictionary lists book as one entry and books as a separate entry; the same goes for jump and jumped.

Inflectional morphology

Languages that add inflectional morphemes to words are sometimes called inflectional languages, which is a synonym for inflected languages. Morphemes may be added in several different ways:

Affixing includes prefixing (adding before the base), and suffixing (adding after the base), as well as the much less common infixing (inside) and circumfixing (a combination of prefix and suffix).

Inflection is most typically realized by adding an inflectional morpheme (that is, affixation) to the base form (either the root or a stem).

In various languages

Indo-European languages (fusional)

Because the Proto-Indo-European language was highly inflected, all of its descendant Indo-European languages, such as Albanian, English, German, Ukrainian, Russian, Persian, Kurdish, Italian, Irish, Spanish, French, Hindi, Marathi, Urdu, Bengali, and Nepali, are inflected to a greater or lesser extent. In general, older Indo-European languages such as Latin, Ancient Greek, Old English, Old Norse, and Sanskrit are extensively inflected because of their temporal proximity to Proto-Indo-European. Deflexion has caused modern versions of some Indo-European languages that were previously highly inflected to be much less so; an example is Modern English, as compared to Old English. In general, languages where deflexion occurs replace inflectional complexity with more rigorous word order, which provides the lost inflectional details. Most Slavic languages and some Indo-Aryan languages are an exception to the general Indo-European deflexion trend, continuing to be highly inflected (in some cases acquiring additional inflectional complexity and grammatical genders, as in Czech & Marathi).

Old English was a moderately inflected language, using an extensive case system similar to that of modern Icelandic or German. Middle and Modern English lost progressively more of the Old English inflectional system. Modern English is considered a weakly inflected language, since its nouns have only vestiges of inflection (plurals, the pronouns), and its regular verbs have only four forms: an inflected form for the past indicative and subjunctive (looked), an inflected form for the third-person-singular present indicative (looks), an inflected form for the present participle (looking), and an uninflected form for everything else (look). While the English possessive indicator 's (as in "Jane's book") is a remnant of the Old English genitive case suffix, it is now considered not a suffix but a clitic.

Other Germanic languages

Old Norse was inflected, but modern Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish have lost much of its inflection. However, adjectives, nouns and articles still have different forms according to number and gender. Icelandic preserves almost all of the inflections of Old Norse and has added its own. Modern German remains moderately inflected, retaining four noun cases, although the genitive started falling into disuse in all but formal writing in Early New High German. The case system of Dutch, simpler than that of German, is also simplified in common usage. Afrikaans, recognized as a distinct language in its own right rather than a Dutch dialect only in the early 20th century, has lost almost all inflection.

Latin and the Romance languages

The Romance languages, such as Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese and Romanian, have more overt inflection than English, especially in verb conjugation. Adjectives, nouns and articles are considerably less inflected than verbs, but they still have different forms according to number and grammatical gender.

Latin, the mother tongue of the Romance languages, was highly inflected; nouns and adjectives had different forms according to seven grammatical cases (including five major ones) with five major patterns of declension, and three genders instead of the two found in most Romance tongues. There were four patterns of conjugation in six tenses, three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, plus the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive, and supine) and two voices (passive and active), all overtly expressed by affixes (passive voice forms were periphrastic in three tenses).

Baltic languages

The Baltic languages are highly inflected. Nouns and adjectives are declined in up to seven overt cases. Additional cases are defined in various covert ways. For example, an inessive case, an illative case, an adessive case and allative case are borrowed from Finnic. Latvian has only one overt locative case but it syncretizes the above four cases to the locative marking them by differences in the use of prepositions.[3] Lithuanian breaks them out of the genitive case, accusative case and locative case by using different postpositions.[4]

Dual form is obsolete in standard Latvian and nowadays it is also considered nearly obsolete in standard Lithuanian. For instance, in standard Lithuanian it is normal to say "dvi varnos (plural) – two crows" instead of "dvi varni (dual)". Adjectives, pronouns, and numerals are declined for number, gender, and case to agree with the noun they modify or for which they substitute. Baltic verbs are inflected for tense, mood, aspect, and voice. They agree with the subject in person and number (not in all forms in modern Latvian).

Slavic languages

All Slavic languages make use of a high degree of inflection, typically having six or seven cases and three genders for nouns and adjectives. However, the overt case system has disappeared almost completely in modern Bulgarian and Macedonian. Most verb tenses and moods are also formed by inflection (however, some are periphrastic, typically the future and conditional). Inflection is also present in adjective comparation and word derivation.

Declensional endings depend on case (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental, vocative), number (singular, dual or plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and animacy (animate vs inanimate). Unusual in other language families, declension in most Slavic languages also depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective. Slovene and Sorbian languages use a rare third number, (in addition to singular and plural numbers) known as dual (in case of some words dual survived also in Polish and other Slavic languages). Modern Russian and Czech also use a more complex form of dual, but this misnomer applies instead to numbers 2, 3, 4, and larger numbers ending in 2, 3, or 4 (with the exception of the teens, which are handled as plural; thus, 102 is dual, but 12 or 127 are not). In addition, in some Slavic languages, such as Polish, word stems are frequently modified by the addition or absence of endings, resulting in consonant and vowel alternation.

Arabic (fusional)

Modern Standard Arabic (also called Literary Arabic) is an inflected language. It uses a system of independent and suffix pronouns classified by person and number and verbal inflections marking person and number. Suffix pronouns are used as markers of possession and as objects of verbs and prepositions. The tatweel (ـــ) marks where the verb stem, verb form, noun, or preposition is placed.[5]

Singular Plural Dual
Present Tense
Present Tense
Present Tense
Person First أَنَا ʾanā "I" ـــِـي, ـــيَ, ـــنِي
—ī, —ya, —nī
أ ʾ— نَحْنُ naḥnu ـــنَا —nā نـــ n— same as plural
Second masc. أَنْتَ ʾanta "you" ـــكَ —ka تـــ t— أَنْتُمْ ʾantum ـــكُمْ —kum تــــُونَ t—ūn أَنْتُمَا ʾantumā ـــكُمَا —kumā تــــَانِ t—āni
fem. أَنْتِ ʾanti "you" ـــكِ —ki تــــِينَ t—īna أَنْتُنَّ ʾantunna ـــكُنَّ —kunna تــــْنَ t—na
Third masc. هُوَ huwa "he" ـــهُ —hu يـــ y— هُمْ hum ـــهُمْ —hum يــــُونَ y—ūna هُمَا humā ـــهُمَا —humā يــــَانِ y—āni
fem. هِيَ hiya "she" ـــهَا —hā تـــ t— هُنَّ hunna ـــهُنَّ —hunna تــــْنَ t—na

Arabic regional dialects (e.g. Moroccan Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic), used for everyday communication, tend to have less inflection than the more formal Literary Arabic. For example, in Jordanian Arabic, the second- and third-person feminine plurals (أنتنّ antunna and هنّ hunna) and their respective unique conjugations are lost and replaced by the masculine (أنتم antum and هم hum), whereas in Lebanese and Syrian Arabic, هم hum is replaced by هنّ hunna.

In addition, the system known as ʾIʿrāb places vowel suffixes on each verb, noun, adjective, and adverb, according to its function within a sentence and its relation to surrounding words.[5]

Uralic languages (agglutinative)

The Uralic languages are agglutinative, following from the agglutination in Proto-Uralic. The largest languages are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian—all European Union official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.

Hungarian and Finnish, in particular, often simply concatenate suffixes. For example, Finnish talossanikinko "in my house, too?" consists of talo-ssa-ni-kin-ko. However, in the Finnic languages (Finnish, Estonian etc.) and the Sami languages, there are processes which affect the root, particularly consonant gradation. The original suffixes may disappear (and appear only by liaison), leaving behind the modification of the root. This process is extensively developed in Estonian and Sami, and makes them also inflected, not only agglutinating languages. The Estonian illative case, for example, is expressed by a modified root: majamajja (historical form *maja-han).

Altaic languages (agglutinative)

The three language families often united as the Altaic languagesTurkic, Mongolic, and Manchu-Tungus—are agglutinative. The largest languages are Turkish, Azerbaijani and Uzbek—all Turkic languages. Altaic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.

Basque (agglutinative nominal inflection / fusional verb inflection)

Basque, a language isolate, is a highly inflected language, heavily inflecting both nouns and verbs.

Noun phrase morphology is agglutinative and consists of suffixes which simply attach to the end of a stem. These suffixes are in many cases fused with the article (-a for singular and -ak for plural), which in general is required to close a noun phrase in Basque if no other determiner is present, and unlike an article in many languages, it can only partially be correlated with the concept of definiteness. Proper nouns do not take an article, and indefinite nouns without the article (called mugagabe in Basque grammar) are highly restricted syntactically. Basque is an ergative language, meaning that inflectionally the single argument (subject) of an intransitive verb is marked in the same way as the direct object of a transitive verb. This is called the absolutive case and in Basque, as in most ergative languages, it is realized with a zero morph; in other words, it receives no special inflection. The subject of a transitive verb receives a special case suffix, called the ergative case.[6]

There is no case marking concord in Basque and case suffixes, including those fused with the article, are added only to the last word in a noun phrase. Plurality is not marked on the noun and is identified only in the article or other determiner, possibly fused with a case marker. The examples below are in the absolutive case with zero case marking, and include the article only:[6]

txakur-a (the/a) dog
txakur-ak (the) dogs
txakur polit-a (the/a) pretty dog
txakur polit-ak (the) pretty dogs

The noun phrase is declined for 11 cases: Absolutive, ergative, dative, possessive-genitive, benefactive, comitative, instrumental, inessive, allative, ablative, and local-genitive. These are signaled by suffixes that vary according to the categories of Singular, Plural, Indefinite, and Proper Noun, and many vary depending on whether the stem ends in a consonant or vowel. The Singular and Plural categories are fused with the article, and these endings are used when the noun phrase is not closed by any other determiner. This gives a potential 88 different forms, but the Indefinite and Proper Noun categories are identical in all but the local cases (inessive, allative, ablative, local-genitive), and many other variations in the endings can be accounted for by phonological rules operating to avoid impermissible consonant clusters. Local case endings are not normally added to animate Proper Nouns. The precise meaning of the local cases can be further specified by additional suffixes added after the local case suffixes.[6]

Verb forms are extremely complex, agreeing with the subject, direct object, and indirect object; and include forms that agree with a "dative of interest" for intransitive verbs as well as allocutive forms where the verb form is altered if one is speaking to a close acquaintance. These allocutive forms also have different forms depending on whether the addressee is male or female. This is the only area in Basque grammar where gender plays any role at all.[6] Subordination could also plausibly be considered an inflectional category of the Basque verb since subordination is signaled by prefixes and suffixes on the conjugated verb, further multiplying the number of potential forms.[7]

Transitivity is a thoroughgoing division of Basque verbs, and it is necessary to know the transitivity of a particular verb in order to conjugate it successfully. In the spoken language only a handful of commonly used verbs are fully conjugated in the present and simple past, most verbs being conjugated by means of an auxiliary which differs according to transitivity. The literary language includes a few more such verbs, but the number is still very small. Even these few verbs require an auxiliary to conjugate other tenses besides the present and simple past.[6]

The most common intransitive auxiliary is izan, which is also the verb for "to be". The most common transitive auxiliary is ukan, which is also the verb for "to have". (Other auxiliaries can be used in some of the tenses and may vary by dialect.) The compound tenses use an invariable form of the main verb (which appears in different forms according to the "tense group") and a conjugated form of the auxiliary. Pronouns are normally omitted if recoverable from the verb form. A couple of examples will have to suffice to demonstrate the complexity of the Basque verb:[6]

Liburu-ak saldu dizkiegu.

Book-plural.the sell Auxiliary.3rd/Pl/Absolutive.3rd/Pl/Dative.1st/Pl/Ergative

"We sold the books to them."

Kafe-a gusta-tzen zaidak.

Coffee-the please-Habitual Auxiliary.Allocutive/Male.3rd/Sng/Absolutive.1st/Sng/Dative

"I like coffee." ("Coffee pleases me.") (Used when speaking to a male friend.)

The morphs that represent the various tense/person/case/mood categories of Basque verbs, especially in the auxiliaries, are so highly fused that segmenting them into individual meaningful units is nearly impossible, if not pointless. Considering the multitude of forms that a particular Basque verb can take, it seems unlikely that an individual speaker would have an opportunity to utter them all in his or her lifetime.[8]

Mainland Southeast Asian languages (isolating)

Most languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area (such as the varieties of Chinese, Vietnamese, and Thai) are not overtly inflected, or show very little overt inflection, so they are considered analytic languages (also known as isolating languages).

Chinese, in general, does not possess overt inflectional morphology. Chinese words generally comprise one or two monosyllabic written characters, each of which can also stand alone as an unbound morpheme. Since morphemes are monosyllabic in Chinese,[9] Chinese is quite resistant to inflectional changes; instead, Chinese uses lexical means for achieving covert inflectional transparency.

While European languages more often use overt inflection to mark a word's function in a sentence, Chinese tends to use word order as a grammatical marking system. Whereas in English, the first-person singular nominative "I" changes to "me" when used in the accusative – that is, as the object of a verb – Chinese simply uses word order to mark such a distinction. An example from Mandarin: 我给了他一本书 (wǒ gěile tā yī běn shū) 'I gave him a book'. Here 我 () means 'I' and 他 () means 'him'. However, 'He gave me a book' would be: 他给了我一本书 (tā gěile wǒ yī běn shū). 我 () and 他 () simply change places in the sentence to indicate that their case has switched: there is no overt inflection in the form of the words. In Classical Chinese, pronouns were overtly inflected to mark case. However, these overt case forms are no longer used; most of the alternative pronouns are considered archaic in modern Mandarin Chinese. Classically, 我 () was used solely as the first person accusative. 吾 () was generally used as the first person nominative.[10] Examples of inflection can still be found in some Chinese varieties: in Hakka, the possessive adjectives are formed by inflection (unlike in Mandarin, where they are formed by adding the particle 的 after the personal pronoun).[dubious ] In Shanghainese, the third-person singular pronoun is overtly inflected as to case and the first- and second-person singular pronouns exhibit a change in tone depending on case.[citation needed]

Japanese (isolating/agglutinative)

Japanese shows a high degree of overt inflection of verbs, less so of adjectives, and very little of nouns, but it is mostly strictly agglutinative and extremely regular. Some fusion of morphemes does take place (e.g. causative-passive され -sare- as in　行かせられる ikaserareru "is made to go", and non-past progressive ている -teiru- as in 　食べている tabeteiru "is eating"). Formally, every noun phrase must be marked for case, but this is done by invariable particles (clitic postpositions). (Many grammarians consider Japanese particles to be separate words, and therefore not an inflection, while others consider agglutination a type of overt inflection, and therefore consider Japanese nouns as overtly inflected.)

Auxiliary languages

Auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido, and Interlingua have comparatively simple inflectional systems.

In Esperanto, an agglutinative language, nouns and adjectives are inflected for case (nominative, accusative) and number (singular, plural), according to a simple paradigm without irregularities. Verbs are not inflected for person or number, but they are inflected for tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, infinitive, conditional, jussive). They also form active and passive participles, which may be past, present or future. All verbs are regular.

Ido has a different form for each verbal tense (past, present, future, volitive and imperative) plus an infinitive, and both a present and past participle. There are though no verbal inflections for person or number, and all verbs are regular.

Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural), and the accusative case may be shown in certain situations, typically when the direct object of a sentence precedes its verb. On the other hand, adjectives are unmarked for gender, number or case (unless they stand on their own, without a noun, in which case they take on the same desinences as the missing noun would have taken). The definite article "la" ("the") remains unaltered regardless of gender or case, and also of number, except when there is no other word to show plurality. Pronouns are identical in all cases, though exceptionally the accusative case may be marked, as for nouns.

Interlingua, in contrast with the Romance languages, has no irregular verb conjugations, and its verb forms are the same for all persons and numbers. It does, however, have compound verb tenses similar to those in the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages: ille ha vivite, "he has lived"; illa habeva vivite, "she had lived". Nouns are inflected by number, taking a plural -s, but rarely by gender: only when referring to a male or female being. Interlingua has no noun-adjective agreement by gender, number, or case. As a result, adjectives ordinarily have no inflections. They may take the plural form if they are being used in place of a noun: le povres, "the poor".

See also

  1. ^ Brinton, Laurel J. (2000). The structure of modern English: a linguistic introduction. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 104.
  2. ^ Anderson, Stephen R. (1985), "Inflectional Morphology", in Shopen, Timothy, Language typology and syntactic description, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–164
  3. ^ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Grammar and typology. Volume 2: Grammar and Typology. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 672.
  4. ^ Hewson, John; Bubeník, Vít (2006). From case to adposition : the development of configurational syntax in Indo-European languages. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science, Volume 4. Amsterdam: Benjamins. p. 206.
  5. ^ a b Ryding, Karin C. (2005). A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic.
  6. ^ a b c d e f King, Alan R. The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction. University of Nevada Press. Reno, Nevada
  7. ^ Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of Grammar," doctoral dissertation in Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London.
  8. ^ Manandise, Esméralda. "Evidence from Basque for a New Theory of Grammar," doctoral dissertation in Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics: A Garland Series, Jorge Hankamer, general ed. Garland Publishing, Inc. New York & London.
  9. ^ Norman, p. 84.
  10. ^ Norman, p. 89.

  • Agirre, E.; et al. (1992), "XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology", Proceedings of the Third Conference of Applied Natural Language Processing (PDF), pp. 119–125, archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-09-30
  • Bubeník, Vit. (1999). An introduction to the study of morphology. LINCOM coursebooks in linguistics, 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 3-89586-570-2.
  • Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29653-6 (pbk).

Further reading

  • Bauer, Laurie (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-343-4.
  • Haspelmath, Martin (2002). Understanding morphology. London: Arnold, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-340-76025-7 (hb); ISBN 0-340-76026-5 (pbk).
  • Katamba, Francis (1993). Morphology. Modern linguistics series. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-10101-5 (hb); ISBN 0-312-10356-5 (pbk).
  • Matthews, Peter (1991). Morphology (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41043-6 (hb); ISBN 0-521-42256-6 (pbk).
  • Nichols, Johanna (1986). "Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar". Language. 62 (1): 56–119. doi:10.1353/lan.1986.0014.
  • De Reuse, Willem J. (1996). A practical grammar of the San Carlos Apache language. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 51. LINCOM. ISBN 3-89586-861-2.
  • Spencer, Andrew; Zwicky, Arnold M., eds. (1998). The handbook of morphology. Blackwell handbooks in linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-18544-5.
  • Stump, Gregory T. (2001). Inflectional morphology: A theory of paradigm structure. Cambridge studies in linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78047-0.
  • Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (2001). An introduction to syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63566-7 (pbk); ISBN 0-521-63199-8 (hb).

External links

SIL articles

  • SIL: What is inflection?
  • SIL: What is an inflectional affix?
  • SIL: What is an inflectional category?
  • SIL: What is a morphological process?
  • SIL: What is derivation?
  • SIL: Comparison of inflection and derivation
  • SIL: What is an agglutinative language?
  • SIL: What is a fusional language?
  • SIL: What is an isolating language?
  • SIL: What is a polysynthetic language?

Lexicon of Linguistics articles

  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Agglutinating Language, Fusional Morphology, Isolating Language, Polysynthetic Language
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Inflection, Derivation
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Conjugation, Declension
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Base, Stem, Root
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Defective Paradigm
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Strong Verb
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Inflection Phrase (IP), INFL, AGR, Tense
  • Lexicon of Linguistics: Lexicalist Hypothesis
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Ingvaeonic languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Originally the North Sea coast from Friesland to Jutland; today, worldwide
Linguistic classification Indo-European
Glottolog nort3175[1]
The distribution of the primary Germanic languages in Europe in around AD 1:

Ingvaeonic /ˌɪŋvˈɒnɪk/, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages, consisting of Old Frisian, Old English, and Old Saxon, and their descendants.

Ingvaeonic is named after the Ingaevones, a West Germanic cultural group or proto-tribe along the North Sea coast. It is not thought of as a monolithic proto-language, but rather as a group of closely related dialects that underwent several areal changes in relative unison.

The grouping was first proposed in Nordgermanen und Alemannen (1942) by German linguist and philologist Friedrich Maurer, as an alternative to the strict tree diagrams that had become popular following the work of 19th-century linguist August Schleicher and that assumed the existence of a special Anglo-Frisian group.[2] The other groupings are Istvaeonic, from the Istvaeones, including Dutch, Afrikaans, and related languages; and Irminonic, from the Irminones, including the High German languages.

Linguistic evidence for Ingvaeonic are common innovations observed in Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon such as the following:

  • The so-called Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law: converted *munþ "mouth" into *mūþ (compare Old English mūþ).
  • The loss of the reflexive pronoun
  • The reduction of the three verbal plural forms into one form ending in
  • The development of Class III weak verbs into a relic class consisting of four verbs (*sagjan "to say", *hugjan "to think", *habjan "to have", *libjan "to live")
  • The split of the Class II weak verb ending *-ō- into *-ō-/-ōja-
  • Development of a plural ending *-ōs in a-stem nouns
  • Possibly, the monophthongisation of *ai to ē/ā, and *au to ō/ā (but that may represent independent changes in Old Saxon and Anglo-Frisian)

Several, but not all, of the characteristics are also found in Dutch. It did not generally undergo the nasal spirant law (except for a few words), it kept the three plural endings distinct and it did not have the -s plural. However, it underwent near-full monophthongization (some instances of -ei- persisted), lost the reflexive pronoun (even if it later regained it by borrowing) and had the same four relic verbs in weak class 3.

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "North Sea Germanic". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ^ "Friedrich Maurer (Lehrstuhl für Germanische Philologie - Linguistik)". Retrieved 2013-12-01.

Further reading

  • Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009). An Introduction to Old Frisian. Amsterdam: John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 978-90-272-3255-7.
  • Euler, Wolfram (2013). Das Westgermanische - von der Herausbildung im 3. bis zur Aufgliederung im 7. Jahrhundert - Analyse und Rekonstruktion (West Germanic: from its Emergence in the 3rd up until its Dissolution in the 7th Century CE: Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9812110-7-8.
  • (in German) Maurer, Friedrich (1942) Nordgermanen und Alemannen: Studien zur germanischen und frühdeutschen Sprachgeschichte, Stammes- und Volkskunde, Strasbourg: Hüneburg.
  • Ringe, Donald R. and Taylor, Ann (2014). The Development of Old English - A Linguistic History of English, vol. II, 632p. ISBN 978-0199207848. Oxford.
  • (in German) Sonderegger, Stefan (1979). Grundzüge deutscher Sprachgeschichte. Diachronie des Sprachsystems. Band I: Einführung – Genealogie – Konstanten. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-003570-7.
  • Volyes, Joseph B. (1992). Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Post-Germanic. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-728270-X.
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Menu: January 20-27

Still suffering the after-effects of three weeks of running around, over-medicating on pain killers, and pushing my anxiety to the limits. I'm ever so grateful that Past Me thought to make a monthly menu plan so that our weekly menus haven't been thinking in a vacuum. I'm definitely going to do that again for next month.

What's for Dinner?

Sunday: Stir Fry

Monday: Turkey & Dumplings

Tuesday: Spaghetti for the 'Rents, C-Bar for my birthday

Wednesday: Salmon burgers

Thursday: On Your Own (Birthday party!)

Friday: Tomato Soup & Grilled Cheese

Saturday: Pesto Shrimp Alfredo

Sunday: On Your Own

Monthly Menu Ideas:
Beef/Pork: Beef & Broccoli stir fry; corned beef

Bird: Roast Turkey; Turkey Stew & Dumplings; Chicken Cordon Bleu; Orange Rosemary Chicken; White Bean Chicken Chili

Fish: Pan Fried White; baked casserole with rice; salmon burgers; pesto shrimp Alfredo

Vegetarian: Tortilla soup; Split pea soup; Lasagna; Black Bean Burgers; Spaghetti; Lentil soup; Broccoli mac; Mushroom stroganoff; African peanut soup; french onion soup

OYO ideas for me: Ribs; chicken wings; zucchini meatball sub; barbacoa tacos; chicken alfredo; thai curry chicken; stuffed peppers (with quinoa and barbacoa); gyros (with lots of leftovers for lunches)

Popular posts from this blog

Recipe: Instant Oatmeal Jars

Food Storage: Dry goods and Freezer goods, all in one day!

Menu Planning: A weekly endeavor


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Saturday, September 7, 2013

What's for Dinner?

Whats for dinner tonight?! Spaghetti! Mmmm, nothing like nice tender angel hair pasta; except for the fact that delicious dinner will turn to sugar in your stomach before you get up from the dinner table. Fortunately for you spaghetti lovers there is an alternative! Its called spaghetti squash! Spaghetti squash is great because it takes on the taste of whatever you mix with it, whether it be good ole Spaghetti meat sauce, or you can switch it up and make Alfredo. There are endless possibilities with this dish you just have to be willing to give it a try!

1 Spaghetti Squash
1/2 can of any type of sauce you prefer (I go with the organic basil sauce)
1 serving of chicken or lean sausage
Pick your favorite veggie!

Preheat the oven to 425 degrees

Cut the Spaghetti squash in half (careful, this part is a little dangerous. Be sure to have a super sharp knife)
set the timer for 20 min (it may be longer depending on how big the squash is and how tender you like it)

When the squash has about ten minutes left, start cooking the meat. I like to ground up my turkey when eating spaghetti but you can also make meat balls with it.

Heat up the sauce in a sauce pan on medium heat

Take a fork and start shredding out the in side of the squash onto a plate. It should come out smoothly and look like spaghetti noodles.

Add your meat and sauce to the top of it, put your veggie on the side and PRESTO! You have a worry free, guilt free delicious meal.

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Monday, May 29, 2017

Zbigniew Brzezinski, National Security Adviser to Jimmy Carter, Dies at 89

"Mr. Brzezinski, a descendant of Polish aristocrats (his name is pronounced Z-BIG-nyehv breh-ZHIHN-skee), was a severe, even intimidating figure, with penetrating eyes and a strong Polish accent. Washington quickly learned that he had sharp elbows as well. He was adept at seizing the spotlight and freezing out the official spokesman on foreign policy, Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance, provoking conflicts that ultimately led to Mr. Vance’s resignation."

Continued @

Excerpts From Brzezinski's Selective Global Commitment

Foreign Affairs Magazine Fall 1991....

There is a pervasive sense that the world is on the threshold of a new era. The dilemmas, passions and especially utopias of the recent past have suddenly become irrelevant. Yet before a new world order is proudly proclaimed and majestically inaugurated, some serious geostrategic rethinking is necessary, lest global disorder comes to dominate the onset of the post-Cold War era.

The end of the Cold War marks this century's third grand transformation of the organizing structure and motivating spirit of global politics. The first two great transformations did not enhance international security. The question now is, will the third?

The catalyst for the third transformation is the success of the West and, specifically, the United States in the outcome of the Cold War. Much therefore depends on the geostrategic implications drawn from the conclusion of that era, especially by America and those nations that were its principal partners in that prolonged engagement.....

The revolution in behavior among the most advanced countries is reinforced not only by the growing interaction and personal familiarity among their governing elites, but also by a profound alteration in public values. For the average citizen the imperatives of consumption are now more important than those of territory or ideology. Neither the desire for complete national independence nor ideological self-righteousness are the overriding motivations shaping the coalition's public opinion....

Threats to international security have traditionally been defined in terms of state-to-state relations. That was especially the case in an age in which the nation-state was the principal vessel of decisive political action. But in the emerging age of organic global politics, it is just as likely that major threats could originate from within states, either through civil conflicts or because of the increased technological sophistication of terrorist acts.

The character of the security challenges now facing the global community was dramatically defined by EC Commission President Jacques Delors in his important March 1991 address to the International Institute for Strategic Studies: "All around us, naked ambition, lust for power, national uprisings and underdevelopment are combining to create potentially dangerous situations, containing the seeds of destabilization and conflict, aggravated by the proliferation of WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION."

This general description could be amplified by a long list of specific problems, some due to the end of the Cold War, some long-lasting regional conflicts or legacies of imperialism, others likely to arise because of the emergence of new regional powers, and still others inherent in the inequality and poverty of the human condition-exacerbated by the population explosion. But all will be made potentially more lethal because of the inevitable further diffusion of WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION.....

And how the Middle East evolves depends very heavily on the degree to which America chooses to play a passive or active role. Indeed, the American role in helping to shape these answers will be critical simply because today's global politics include only one superpower, the United States. No other power currently possesses the attributes needed for effective global leverage: military reach, political clout, economic impact as well as social and cultural appeal.12

America's special status, however, is threatened by its own domestic shortcomings. To be sure it would be rash to underestimate the innate capacity of American society for rapid renovation. A burst of economic and technological renewal could well be sparked in America, drastically reversing even in the 1990s some of the downward trends in the country's economic indices. Unless America pays more attention to its domestic weaknesses a new global pecking order could emerge early in the next century, in the event that a unifying Europe and an economically dynamic Japan were to assume large political and military responsibilities.

Accordingly, U.S. policy will have to strike a more deliberate balance among global needs for continued American commitment, the desirability of some devolution of U.S. regional security responsibilities and the imperatives of America's domestic renewal. This will require a more subtle American contribution to sustaining global security than was the case during the Cold War. More emphasis will have to be placed on cooperation with genuine partners, including shared decision-making in world security issues. American influence is in fact likely to be higher if the homeward redeployment of some of its forces precedes-not follows-the host country's demand.

The emerging global system thus is likely neither to be based on American hegemony nor derived from genuine international harmony. Though America is today admittedly the world's only superpower, global conditions are too complex and America's domestic health too precarious to sustain a worldwide Pax Americana. A truly new world order, based on consensus, rule of law and peaceful adjudication of disputes, may eventually become a reality. But that day is still far off. As of now, the phrase is a slogan in search of substantive meaning.

Isolationism, given the emergence of the global economy and the impact of modern communications, is also not a practical option. Thus the real alternatives are these: either a world of intensifying disorder-with a divided Europe, a Soviet Union plunging into violent chaos, a Far East destabilized by new power shifts and a Middle East marked by continued conflict-cumulatively producing a catastrophic breakdown in global security; or an incipient global security structure, derived from widening and increasingly self-reliant regional cooperation, backed by selective and proportionate American commitments.

Via: John Adams

Sunday, May 28, 2017

Our Third Life

Via: Thee Lion

So now you know why I've been pickling and storing my own gravity since the late 80's-C

FORGET FLAT EARTH! The Video that the P.T.B. Doesn't Want You To See! DEEPER THAN FLAT EARTH!

Hoax Busters Call

“People are suckers for a mystery”-Mark Sargent

Everyone who knows that NASA is engaged in fraud also know with about 112% degree of certainty that the earth is actually flat.

Utilizing the same “Truther” (non)logic formula that brought you the “Flat Earth Movement”, we can concoct another great truth…

Since James Cameron is a known director and producer of Hollywood films we can be reasonably assured that his “Deep Sea” missions were fake and CGI. With that fact established we can rampage forward to the inevitable conclusion that, NOWHERE in ANY of the worlds oceans is the water deeper than 100 feet.

Welcome, my friends, to Deep Truth™, a fresh new bowl of conspiracy candy that we can all provide the truths that establish Deep Truth™ though rigorous application of Citizen Science(Assertions, Conjecture, False Dichotomies and LOTS AND LOTS of pure speculation).

Flat Earth was settled once and for all when we figured out the simple formula: NASA Lies = Flat Earth.

Now it’s time for Deep Truth™…
James Cameron Lies = Oceans No Deeper than 100 ft…FACT. Now all that remains is to go out there and find the proof!

“Remember, line barnacles must be accounted for, they’re tricky little bastards, they usually drop off your depth gauge lane when you pull it up.”-Deep Truth™ Facts Book

Deep Sea - Perfect Dark Music Extended

Again with Jeranism

Via: John Adams

Thursday, May 25, 2017

Tuesday, May 23, 2017

Hoax Busters-The Mystic Chords of Henry Ford

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Call No.514

Our acceleration in adaptability to change makes the new and unexpected quickly appear familiar and habitual. So we soon forget the past- an ominous fact at this time, when a thousand crazy novelties press for adoption and the steadying tradition of the past restrains nobody. - William Roscoe Thayer , Historian-1921, Mystic Chords of Memory book by Michael Kammen, Henry Ford, History is Bunk, Science and Progress, Fat Earth Theory, 9/11, No Planes Theory, Sputnik, Cosmonauts, NASA, The Cold War, Communism, Darwinism, Speciation, Pseudoscience, Petrified Wood, Chicago across Lake Michigan, Jerry Lees Cosmology according to Glen Kealey.

Endcap: Jeranism on Jeranism, Flat Earth Caveman Cosmology(youtube), Mark Sargent FAQ, Lenny and his Ducks.

Chat Transcripts

Sunday, May 21, 2017

‘Rare as winning the lottery’: New dinosaur fossil so well-preserved it looks like a statue

Before being assembled into something recognizable at a museum, most dinosaur fossils look to the casual observer like nothing more than common rocks. No one, however, would confuse the over 110 million-year-old nodosaur fossil for a stone.

The fossil, being unveiled today in Canada’s Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, is so well preserved it looks like a statue.

Even more surprising might be its accidental discovery, as unveiled in the June issue of National Geographic magazine...

Continued @

Via: Peter Fugelsang

Saturday, May 20, 2017

John Adams Afternoon Commute

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Pancake Earth: Flat and gluten free....

The Mystic Chords of Memory book by Michael Kammen, Hypernormalization, Taxes, Rigged Economy, History and Heritage, Progress, Manufactured Culture, Foreign Affairs Magazine, Cold War to Terror, The Parallel Universe, National Ride Your Bike to Work Day, Sustainability, Meat Tax, Carbon Tax, Flat-Earth-Vegan-Gluten-Free-Philadelphia-Eagle-Fan, Flat Earth Gurus and Their Social Engineering Psyop, Boston Bombing Fakery means the earth is flat, 9/11 fakery means the earth is flat, Appollo Fakery mean the earth is flat, Joe Rogan, Shaquille O'Neal, Trump said earth is flat(bogus story), Organic Food, Soy Chorizo, Wheat Chorizo, Spanish Language is Sexist.

Commute Music: by design by Trevor Bastow

John Adams's Recommended Reading List.

Tuesday, May 16, 2017

NASA ISS "Astronaut" Caught Faking Space Uses A Harness During Live Feed With Boise State

This new species of dinosaur looks like Zuul from Ghostbusters

"If you're a paleontologist naming a newly discovered species, it's important to know your beloved critter's place in the pecking order. Not all animals—or dinosaurs, even—were masters of their domain. Not everyone can be a Rex. Case in point: Zuul crurivastator, a short-snouted Late Cretaceous dinosaur whose new name translates to "destroyer of shins."

Continued @

Via: Questioning Our Reality

Hoax Busters: Bringing You The Hardest Data and the Dankest Memes.

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Call No. 512

Trying to Critically Thinking,Flat Earth Theory, Mick West, Joe Rogan, Micro Meteorites,Souther Hemisphere Flights, Check for Yourself H.B.C. Citizen Science Corps Report(submit your data to, One Giant Leap of Logic, Chris get really sarcastic, maybe excessively (?), The Girls Got a Gun,Debate and Argument,Shit Talking Trolls, Dinosaurs in the Natural World, Fossil Fuels, Fresh Dino Meat, Viruses, Pharmaceuticals, Hey Kids!Legos are made with Dinosaur Bones(petrol), Chemicals, Paint Huffing for Science, Chemtrails, Cotton Wood Tees, Native Americans, Primitive Cultures, Blight, Land Management, President Actors, Okies, Sod Houses, The Dust Bowl, The Aerospace Industry, California Culture, Charles Phoenix, The Kerrville Folk Festival, The Goat Guy Lawn Mowing, Prairie Dogs,Canada Geese, Dank Memes.

Endcap: 80's Predictive Programming,Putting your child to bed post citizen science revolution of 2025, Ad Sponsored by Hoax Buddy Benefactor, Shelton

H.B.C. Citizen Science Report[hard data]
[sample]frog egg membrane [location]commanche co fairgrounds runoff canal
susistinol level=12%, actigen levels=43%, ketigen=.04 %[ppm-ml]

Chat Transcripts

H.B.C Citizen Science Corps...

Monday, May 15, 2017

Just look at it, would you?!....

click on image for full resolution

H.B.C. Contributing Correspondent and Citizen Scientist, Nino Teauoneaux snapped this photo of the moon in question with his cell phone camera rigged to a telescope.Good detail visible with some vignetting from the telescope giving it an appealing artsy vibe. Go Science! Nice work, Nino! -C

Tomorrow's World: Home Computer Terminal 20 September 1967 - BBC

1966 prediction of the home computer

News report from 1981 about the Internet

Via: John Adams

Sunday, May 14, 2017

Continued @ The Four Horses Asses of the Apocalypse

Avatar fans suicidal because planet Pandora is not real

"Fans of the film have flooded the internet to express their distress at realising they will never be able to visit the utopian planet.

On one website, Avatar Forums, the topic "Ways to cope with the depression of the dream of Pandora being intangible" has more than 1,000 posts."

Continued @

Pentagon Plans $7 Million Real Life 'Avatar' Remake

"the Avatar program will develop interfaces and algorithms to enable a soldier to effectively partner with a semi-autonomous bi-pedal machine and allow it to act as the soldier’s surrogate."

Via: Jay Dyer

"semi-autonomous bi-pedal machine"...I vote that they make it beaver-like-C

Joe Rogan Experience #959 Mick West, Metabunk Debunked and the Flat Earth False Dichotomy

Hoax Busters Call

Being aware of the fact the NASA is a fraudulent “scientific” agency DOES NOT make you a believer in Flat Earth cosmology any more than it would make you a believer in Donut Earth Cosmology, Mobius Strip Cosmology, Computer Simulation Cosmology or ANY OTHER cosmology.

It just means that NASA is a fraud and it does not necessarily follow that we actually live inside a giant flat petri dish under a giant glass dome and fake moon projection.

What is the “great awaking” that Flat Earthers proclaim is happening? We are awakening to WHAT exactly? That an advanced alien race built the giant petri dish so they could study us? Giant leaps of logic, that this crowd is demonstrably prone to, certainly could lead them to that conclusion based on what the new flat-earth authorities tell them.

The Flat Earth Movement that erupted on the internet back in 2015 when certain personas emphatically declared…”NASA is lying to us, the earth is actually flat, go check it for yourself”.

Fast forward to the year 2017 and these self-styled citizen scientist or now proclaiming themselves experts on atmospheric lensing and air travel in the slipstream AFTER it became painfully obvious that the matter was not resolved by “check it yourself”…”looks flat, must be flat”.

NOW the Flat Earth gurus explain the “anomalies” of empirical reality by way of speculation and conjectures related to various atmospheric effects and laws of perspective to help explain the fact that, objects in the distance or often times observed to be partially or even wholly obscured by the horizon line.

Point is…it isn’t so simple, is it? “check it for yourself” has now become “let me explain to you how light bends to fool your eye”…”trust me, the flat earth expert because…I’m not NASA”.

Of course, this is where people like Mick West can step up to reinforce belief in scientism by positioning himself at the opposite end of this logically fallacious false dichotomy that has been craftily constructed by way of the fabricated “Flat Earth Truth” Movement.

LOGIC 101:

Oh, one more thing..NASA fakery does not prove, or even so much as suggest that the moon is a hologram, sorry Jeran!-C

Marshall Ships Skylab Mockup to California

Ransomware "Attack" and Mr. Robot Prescriptive Programming

Season 2
In episode 1, Darlene prepares an attack using a variant of Cryptowall, capable of spreading through the network once it has infected a victim. The use of this kind of malware to force E Corp to pay a ransom is simple but effective, especially if we take into account that the company does not have backup copies of many of its records, because they were erased in the attack against Steel Mountain in season 1.

Episode 3 reminded us of the almost inevitable relation between cryptocurrency and cybercrime, since they are used in day-to-day operations of the Dark Web and also to collect the monies that victims of ransomware pay. Ray’s business, Midland City, is an example of the first case: a hidden market where the most obscure things are traded.

The fact that cryptocurrency is decentralized also makes it an element of financial speculation in the series; in episode 11, E Corp plans to impose its E Coin to replace Bitcoin, claiming it could be centralized and offering the government the possibility to monitor transactions through a backdoor, unlike what happens with Bitcoin.

Ransomware Attacks Hits 99 Countries

Ransomware Attack In The Season Premier Of Mr. Robot Probably Could Have Been Stopped By CryptoDrop

Via: John Adams

Saturday, May 13, 2017

HyperNormalisation 2016

Interesting limited hangout, partial fakery reveal by Adam Curtis of BBC.-C

H.B.C. Special Report: The Billionaire Boys Club

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

All in the Family...

NOTE: There's some discontinuities due to editing out multiple call drops-C

Bradley Cooper, Boston Bombing, Craft International, Seth Rogan, Jeff Skunk Baxter, Philip Taylor Kramer, Ralph Lauren, Laren Bush, Neil Bush, Chevy Chase, Kathleen Crane, Abigail Folger, John F. Kerry, Jack Valenti, Lyndon Johnson, JFK, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Peter Sarsgaard,Maggie Gyllenhaal,Glora Vanderbilt, Anderson Cooper, Diana Vreeland,Hugh Waldorf Astor, Frank Sinatra, David Mayer de Rothschild.

Intro Music: A Well Respected Man by the Kinks

Outtro Music: The Boys Are Back In Town by The Cardigans

John Adams's Recommended Reading List.

Bellarmine College Preparatory is a private, Jesuit, all-male secondary school located in San Jose, California. Founded in 1851, it and Notre Dame High School are the oldest secondary schools in the state. Bellarmine is a Catholic school within the Diocese of San Jose and sponsored by the Society of Jesus.

Jeran Campanella(jeranism), Class of 1998

Let's now examine Jeranisms continuing education...

Majors in Social Science with Emphasis on Global Studies gain durable tools to enrich and empower the global community by promoting social justice. By taking courses in anthropology, cultural geography, economics, history, political science, psychology, and sociology, students become competent to analyse, contextualize, and change global realities.

...In the process, students create link- ages between local and national issues, movements, and ideas as they relate to the rest of the world, and prepare both for a variety of careers and for all-important responsibilities as global citizens...

Boy, I just can't help but wonder if maybe they could influence change by performing science denial skit comedy where they illustrate the follies of uncritical thinking and shoddy scientific method applications with the end result being to create a dialectic for scientism endorsers to push against? Just a thought.-C

Via: Mahatma Levolence

Thursday, May 11, 2017

Columbus and the Flat Earth Myth

"How and why did the flat-earth myth get started? The legend entered history when Washington Irving published his three-volume History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828). Irving, best known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle,” used his fiction-writing skills to fabricate a supposed confrontation that Columbus had with churchmen who maintained that the Bible taught that the earth was flat. No such encounter ever took place.

Samuel Eliot Morison, a noted Columbus biographer, describes the story by Irving as “misleading and mischievous nonsense, . . . one of the most popular Columbian myths."

Continued @

Via: John Adams

Jeranism in the Slipstream...

Data from:

This is the authority that Jeranism appealed to to round out our excellent discussion.

Jeranism:(paraphrase) "We know that the moon appears spherical from our observation but don't trust your own eyes, consider what I'm suggesting as possibility,never minding how implausible and counterintuitive it sounds because we know we have been lied to about everything we have been told" Which was basically the core tenet of his discourse.

From that, to...

..."heres some data from MMAB / EMC / NCEP / NWS / NOAA that helps bolster my claim"

MMAB / EMC / NCEP / NWS / NOAA FTW! - Nice job, Jeran!

Oh wait, then's there's this...

Jeranism:(paraphrase)"we know we have a problem coming up with a coherent map"...

Jeranism:(paraphrase)"jet travel in the slipstream can account for the observed flight time discrepancy problem".

OK, then you really wouldn't have a problem with the AE map, would you?

Maybe a lesson that can be learned here is don't drink sweet sweet conspiracy koolaid to the point where you go in to an allegorical diabetic coma.-C

Wednesday, May 10, 2017

No, I really don't think that I am.....

Flat Earth International Conference

Via: Questioning Our Reality

Hmmmm, looks like there are no refunds on the flat earth.

OK, but if you self-identify as a flat earther will you receive extra frequent flyer miles on flights in the Southern Hemisphere?

Behold all of the well spoken photogenic pitch men and ladies that have all the answers for you! Maybe they have a theory as to how they all simultaneously exploded out of nowhere for no apparent reason?-C

Atmospheric Lensing Proves the Curve...Atmospheric Lensing Proves the Plane

The point I was trying to make with Frank, on the most recent Hoax Busters Call is that the refrain of "go check it out for yourself" is not quite as common sense and cut and dry as one would think.

When you dig into to this subject you must accommodate these various optical illusions that you may encounter that potentially distort reality. Mirages are real phenomena, both sides seem to agree on this point. Can you now maybe understand my frustration when I'm encountering flat-earthers that are offering me simplistic catch phrase memes as opposed to actually dealing with these different issues?

Does this atmospheric lensing effect disprove curvature? Can the observed effect possibly coexist with curvature? Do we now dismiss the footage of the sun appearing to get smaller at it sets because Rob Skiva has demonstrated now that we should anticipate the sun appearing bigger as it sets, due to lensing? Can you always observe Chicago from across lake Michigan using a telephoto lens? Is it nearly always invisible as the globalist scientist state in their video? Is that a phenomena that can be accounted by invoking this lensing effect on a flat plane?(invisibility). Are superior mirages acknowledged as real now, since they can now invoke optical illusions in into their observations?

Mr. Skiva points out that the top of the tower he was referring to appeared to be too large and therefore must be because of atmospheric magnification. Is there a reason why he did not also consider the possibility that maybe the device connected to the front of his camera also acts as a lens?(the lens)...

A telephoto lens makes distant objects appear much larger. Image by Brenda Anderson.

Can we really consider ourselves to be honest investigators when we accept evidence that supports our position and then arbitrarily dismiss or ignore the evidence that does not?

Can we regard ourselves as truth seekers and at the same time firmly take positions that we cannot adequately defend with our own words, depend on selected gurus to represent our positions, offer arm chair critique and congratulate ourselves for being open minded and "awake"?

Is there any sense whatsoever to the concept that flat-earth research is going to bring to a new area of "awakened" minds. Would not the first order of business be to undermine NASA's credibility FIRST, with the overly abundant circumstantial evidence of NASA fakery? Would not the world be more receptive to radically new ideas AFTER NASA is exposed, not BEFORE? Huge cart before the horse situation, if you ask me.

Tuesday, May 9, 2017

"Discredit By Association": the oldest trick in the mind-control book

Dear Cluesforum readers and contributors,

I think it is high time for us to react / address and call out the current, escalating yet all-too-transparent "DBA-strategy" (Discredit By Association) adopted by NASA's propaganda dept - clearly designed for damage control: NASA has by now been roundly exposed as a total fraud - and, of course, they weren't going to just sit back and let a growing number of honest / legitimate grass-root researchers "lead" the fledgling 'NASA truth movement' (for lack of a better term - *sigh*) and tranquilly diffuse their findings to the general public - in any sort of snowballing / or unimpeded fashion.

What NASA has rolled out is a carefully planned and coordinated, 'viral' DBA / co-opting campaign centered on the 'Flat Earth' meme and - I will hastily add - (with respect to those who may honestly entertain alternative cosmic models of their own) this fact should be clear as day to anyone, regardless of whether you reckon we live on a globe, a cube, a pancake or a Wiener würstel. The point being, it is by now painfully obvious that the objective of this NASA-campaign is to associate & equate (in the general public's psyche) anyone questioning NASA to mentally challenged / raving crackpots:

Tim: "Hey, Joe - did you watch that NASA rocket launch last night on TV? Heck - there was 'CGI' written all over it!"

Joe: "Omg, Tim... Taken your meds lately? Duh, I bet you also believe the earth is flat? HA HA HA! "

Continued @

Celbritards are on board...

The Short List of Famous People Who Think the Earth Is Flat (Yes, Really)

Oooh, celebrity endorsements! Yeah, that wouldn't be too suspicious would it?

An excellent point that John Adams made in this regard is that the media seems to have no problem drawing attention to this "massive secret" that the controllers have worked so hard to conceal for hundreds of years!

It is noteworthy that being critical of flat-earth guru, Jeranism make me the suspicious one in certain circles.

Flat earth theory prevails by sticking to cults of personality and allowing a pass for whatever fallacious noxious bullshit they want to peddle. Permit him to accuse me of "appealing to authority" when I stated that we can directly observe the tendency for liquids to coalesce into a sphere under certain conditions and at the same time he wants to refer to official NOAA weather maps to support his "planes in the slipstream" claim...criticize me for "shilling for Max Igan" when it was Jeranisms' own video.HA! Your 30ft bias wears christmas lights and runs through the streets with it's head on fire.

No, I'm not going to flatten my brain for the sake of flat-earth, ball-earth skepticism, or whatever the hell you want to call it.

Flat Earth: Skull and Bones...

FLAT EARTH... thesis!!!! anti thesis scientism and the synthesis occult paranormal hybrid worshiping grey aliens... hahaha

Via: Nino Teaoneaux

Hoax Busters-Conclusion, You Can't Get There from Here

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Call No.509

War, Arguments from Authority, Flat Earth, Santiago to Sydney, Frank from Australia, NASA, Globalism, Santiago to Sydney on the Pizza Pie, Jeranism, Eric Dubay, Flat Earth and Other Hot Potatos, Flat Earth Psyop?, Predictive Programming, Logic Discourse, Establishing Truth via Repetitive Assertions, Chris declares himself a globe earth shill, Chris declares himself a flat earth shill, No curve-only lensing, All optical illusions are proof we live on a globe, All optical illusions provide proof that the earth is flat, Nothing regarding any of this can be gleaned by any material that can be obtain via the internet, please disregard the previous call post and the majority of this audio and get a telescope and prove it to yourself.

End Cap: Logan’s Run Trailer,

J Peter Puller(John Adams)-How to Survive a Nuclear Blast Dot Com Sponsored by Hoax Buddy Benefactors: Will Saar, Greg Passmore, Jan Van Gompel, Kelito Brigante.

Chat Transcripts

Saturday, May 6, 2017

Jeranism and Chris Kendall Discuss Flat Earth Theory

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

..."and if you look out the cabin window you'll see New Zeal..uh, never mind. We passed it already..."

Chris Kendall(myself )did a Skype call with Jeran (jeranism) and we spoke a bit about flat earth theory. As far as I’m concerned, the reality of air travel and the time that it takes to get between two points confirms that the earth is a globe.

I have since checked out what Jeran said was what the diameter of the earth would need be if it were indeed flat. From what I gather and I suggest people check it against whatever source they deem reliable, that the diameter would need to be at least 22,000 miles as apposed to Jerans’ 16,000 mile estimate.

That would necessitate Max Igan traveling an additional 15,000 miles(?) in his documented journey from Sydney to Santiago.

Tail wind or no, that’s not happening, in my estimation.

As far as I’m concerned, this baby’s been put to bed. Goodnight!

John Adams's Recommended Reading List.

Report: Man Spends over $32,000 to Become ‘Trans-Species’ Elf

After undergoing the “medically unapproved” eye color-changing surgery, which was performed without anesthesia, Padron was forced to use eye drops and wear black sunglasses to combat the “extreme photosensitivity” side-effects, which he claimed made “even watching stars in the sky” painful for days after the operation.

“I don’t consider this an obsession, but in fantasy you have all of the hope, love, friendship and good feelings,” Padron concluded. “This helps me to feel like a good person but in fantasy you have to be beautiful not only on the inside but the outside too."

Via: Jay Dyer

This video contains some interesting references to government conferences and
programs that reveal some of the completely unhinged mentally ill qualities of our "leaders".

The "Transhuman Terrorist" threat? Is it real? Um, no. Can it be made to appear real with psychological operation theater starring cosplay crisis actors? Yes, of course it could. The future look like it's going to include a lot more Luis Padrons, a bunch of mutilated mentally ill folks running around pretending they are elves and cyborgs when in reality they are arrested development adolescents playing pretend with permanently affixed halloween costumes.

Will we maybe be able to witness what Elon Musk says is necessary, the "merging of man and machine" a wet wired computer interface directly to the brain? Wikipedia for the brain? Direct access to consensus "facts and figures" that will transform an individual into a "super intelligence"?

Will they also be regarded as "trans-species" because of their undeniable affiliation with parrots?

Thursday, May 4, 2017

Call to Ken Miller Regarding Chromosome 2

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Kenneth Miller

"Kenneth Raymond Miller is an American cell biologist and molecular biologist who is currently Professor of Biology and Royce Family Professor for Teaching Excellence at Brown University."

I (Chris Kendall) speak with Ken Miller, Professor of Biology at Brown University to speak about, what I was told, is the single greatest piece of evidence for Evolution Theory. From what I gather, chromosome fusion happen regularly but usually not regarded as evolutionarily significant. Also of interest, Mr. Miller was not familiar with the convergent evolution claim in regards to squid bioluminescence trait that is regarded as an example of "convergent evolution".

In Evolutionary Biology, does the right hand know what the left hand is doing? Hmmm...

"Striking" similarity in gene sequencing can be observed in unrelated animal species, as in the case of unrelated squid that both possess the bioluminescence trait, have "strikingly similar" genetic "synteny"and are regarded as examples of convergent evolution, meaning that the similarities are not the result of ancestry yet, in the case of humans, any sequencing we share with the great apes, is regarded as highly significant.

So basically the question is this, why is a given set of observations regarded as significant to make a case for a certain conclusion and yet, in another instance, comfortably accommodates the opposite conclusion?

That's really the question I had for Ken, but failed to wedge it in when he launched into to his human/squid eye comparison dissertation.

"In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches."

"Unless there are strong constraints, the probability of complex organs originating multiple times through similar trajectories should be vanishingly small. Here, we report that similar light-producing organs (photophores) evolved separately in two squid species, yet each organ expresses similar genes at comparable levels. Gene expression is so similar that overall expression levels alone can predict organ identity, even in separately evolved traits of squid species separated by tens of millions of years. The striking similarity of expression of hundreds of genes in distinct photophores indicates complex trait evolution may sometimes be more constrained and predictable than expected"

Another question...How qualified is Ken to make emphatic declarations about DNA, at this point?...

"In fact, the human genome is littered with pseudogenes, gene fragments, "orphaned" genes, "junk" DNA, and so many repeated copies of pointless DNA sequences that it cannot be attributed to anything that resembles intelligent design. If the DNA of a human being or any other organism resembled a carefully constructed computer program, with neatly arranged and logically structured modules, each written to fulfill a specific function, the evidence of intelligent design would be overwhelming. In fact the genome resembles nothing so much as a hodgepodge of borrowed, copied, mutated, and discarded sequences and commands that has been cobbled together by millions of years of trial and error against the relentless test of survival. It works, and it works brilliantly; not because of intelligent design, but because of the great blind power of natural selection to innovate, to test, and to discard what fails in favor of what succeeds. The organisms that remain alive today, ourselves included, are evolution's great successes."
"Life's Grand Design," Technology Review 97, no. 2 (1994): 28-29, by Kenneth R. Miller

"For years, the vast stretches of DNA between our 20,000 or so protein-coding genes" more than 98% of the genetic sequence inside each of our cells" was written off as "junk" DNA. Already falling out of favour in recent years, this concept will now, with Encode's work, be consigned to the history books."

Yet another question...Why is it that biologist aren't required to be highly conversant in coding?...

John Adams Afternoon Commute

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Mmmm,styrofoam peanut soufflé...

Vaccines, Left-Right Health Paradigm, LA County Coroner, Special Effects, Consensus Reality, Tucker Carlson, James William Fulbright, Anderson Astor Vanderbilt Cooper, Breast Feeding, Evolution, Freemasonic Science, Social Engineering Alchemy, Culture against man Book by Jules Henry.

Sponsored Ad: Duty Commandos ATDs sponsored by a donation from David Culham

Commute Music: Another Rise, Another Fall by Miami Horror

John Adams's Recommended Reading List.

Wednesday, May 3, 2017

Richard Feynman, Super Genius of Quantum Quackery Fails on Magnetism

The Sock Puppet Paper...

"The first challenge is to understand the mechanisms by which conspiracy theories prosper; the second challenge is to understand how such theories might be undermined.

Government agents (and their allies) might enter chat rooms, online social networks, or even real-space groups and attempt to undermine percolating conspiracy theories by raising doubts about their factual premises, causal logic or implications for political action."

Tuesday, May 2, 2017

Hoax Busters-Do Fairies Live In The Multiverse?

Hoax Busters: Conspiracy or just Theory? - Live & Recorded Episodes:

Call No. 505

Insomnia, Futureshock book by Alvin Toffler,Science, Scientism, Bill Nye Saves the World, Evolutionism, Consensus Reality, Logical Fallacies, Netflix, Naturalistic Materialism, Dogma, Transexuals, Extraterrestrials, Postmodernism, GMO Rice, Population Problem, DJ Oke, CO2: Planetary Death Gas, Quakwatch, Corn Flakes, Abolitionism, Hair Metal, New Wave, Punk Rock, Katy Perry, Donald Trump, David Crosby sperm donar Melissa Etheridge, Miles Mathis, Transvestigation, Richard Gere, Three Generations, The Staggering Implications of the Multiverse.

Intro Hold Music Snippet:Steel Mill by Al Petty

Intermission Music:Pushin Pedals by Jimmy Day

Endcap: Phillip E. Johnson on Darwinism(Religion), Bill Nye by ToNlit(youtube), The Moon is Essentially Grey by NASA

Nino 210 and Ricdstroi on the call

Call 505 brought to you by Hoax Buddy Benefactors: Keli,David and Peter

Chat Transcripts

Monday, May 1, 2017

Even North Korea’s Combat Sunglasses Are Fake

Most weapons on display in North Korea’s military parades are fake, a military expert has claimed.

Michael Pregend, a former Army intelligence officer in the US, was asked to examine pictures from a parade on April 15 in the capital, Pyongyang. ‘This was more about sending a message than being combat effective,’ he told Fox News. Many of the guns and projectiles appear to be dummies, he said, adding even the ‘flat-face frame’ sunglasses worn by soldiers are not combat ready.

US soldiers wear wraparound ballistic eyewear to protect their eyes from shapnel and projectiles. But he said the glasses worn by soldiers in North Korea would provide little protection.

Continued @

Via: Questioning Our Reality

The two faces of Rumsfeld

2000: director of a company which wins $200m contract to sell nuclear reactors to North Korea
2002: declares North Korea a terrorist state, part of the axis of evil and a target for regime change

Via: Jay Dyer

Snowden must have watched The Rockford Files...

Via: John Adams

Follow by Email


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Friday, March 15, 2013

Lucky Ducks. Dallas Stars Game 26: 2-1 Shootout Loss to the Anaheim Ducks

Getty Images

The Dallas Stars suffered their first home loss to a Pacific Division opponent this season when the Anaheim Ducks earned a 2-1 shootout victory Thursday night.

The Stars have now lost the first two matches (0-1-1) of the current 4-game home stand. It was a fast-paced, heavy-shooting goalie duel, and it took a disallowed goal and three rounds of a shootout to decide the winner.

Kari Lehtonen made 29 saves and Jonas Hiller stopped 33 shots, and both teams blocked 20 shots in the game. Both teams failed to score on the power play. The Stars were 0-for-5 and the Ducks were 0-for-3.

Dallas took the lead 12:35 into the first period on a play that began with Lehtonen cutting off a Teemu Selanne forecheck and sending the puck to the right wing boards. Loui Eriksson collected the puck and skated it out of the zone and to the Anaheim blue line. He passed to Ray Whitney on his left who then dropped the puck back for Alex Goligoski. Goligoski shot the puck, but it hit Eriksson in front of the net as he fell. Whitney was in position to backhand the puck over Hiller’s glove and into the net.

Andrew Cogliano tied the game 7:28 into the second period when he was left alone in front of the Stars net to shoot on Lehtonen and then score on his own rebound.

With 9:33 left in the second period, Whitney shot the puck at Hiller. Hiller went down on his knees to cover the puck, but it bounced off his stick and back out in front of him. Derek Roy was skating to the goal and put the puck into the back of the net, but it was waved off by the referee. The referee had blown his whistle when the puck bounced of Hiller because he thought Hiller had covered the puck and secured it.

It would prove to not be the Stars’ night when both Reilly Smith and Jaromir Jagr both shot pucks that bounced off the upper portion of the right post, off the crossbar and out.

Lehtonen stopped Selanne’s shootout attempt, but Bobby Ryan and Ryan Getzlaf both scored similar goals to give the Ducks the win. They skated in nearly straight at Lehtonen, took the puck to their left and lifted a backhand shot into the net. Eriksson’s shootout attempt was stopped by Hiller and Whitney’s attempt went wide of the right post.

The Stars continue their home stand Saturday night against the Western Conference-leading Chicago Blackhawks.

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All Part of A Bigger Picture

On Tuesday afternoon, January 19, myself and other members of the board of the Headwaters Charitable Trust (HWCT) took a field trip to the Tuscarora Organic Growers Cooperative (TOG) located in the beautiful rolling south central mountains of Pennsylvania. Founded in 1988. In TOG’s own wonderful words, here’s how they got started…

“Tuscarora Organic Growers (TOG) took root in 1988 when three neighboring organic fruit and vegetable farmers  in South Central Pennsylvania came together to share a common problem they each had.  Each farm marketed their produce in the Baltimore-Washington area at their farmer’s market every weekend in season.  Each was becoming overwhelmed by requests from food co-ops, retailers and restaurants for their produce. They decided to hire someone to manage the sales as well as to cooperate in providing produce for the venture. They went through several individuals in short order until they found a young man by the name of Chris Fullerton. Chris managed the cooperative for fourteen years and is credited with developing, along with the growers, a successful cooperative business model.

 They soon discovered that by working together, they could coordinate crop production to complement one another rather than compete.  Each could grow for their markets and grow for the co-op. Each grower could focus on crops they do well and purchase produce through the co-op from the other growers. The cooperative form of business fit the farmers’ needs, allowing ownership and market access to be divided fairly and decisions to be made jointly.  And through cooperation, the growers were able to serve their customers better, by providing a diversity of crops and a level of service that no one grower could provide on his own.”

Our group was simply on a fact-finding mission. Based on a survey conducted in the Elk County area in the Summer of 2015, it was discovered there is a great interest by members of our communities in the expansion of local foods and community gardens. What will that look like? What can it look like? This trip was part of that mission to find out what our region could support and make the most sense given our topography, weather, economic factors and levels of interest.

Jim Crawford, one of the founding members of both TOG and the Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA), was generous enough to donate two hours of his very busy schedule – operating both TOG and his own Farm (New Morning Farm) – to tell us his experiences helping develop TOG, as well as answering all our questions and sharing his “gut instincts” on our opportunities in the PA Wilds region.

Jim Crawford, owner of New Morning Farm and one of TOG's founders, giving Headwaters Charitable Trust board members a grand tour.

Jim Crawford, owner of New Morning Farm and one of TOG’s founders, giving Headwaters Charitable Trust board members a grand tour.

There are many aspects of our region that are similar to where TOG operates such as our mountainous topography, smaller and disparate plots of lands being farmed and our soil types, however there are many that are quite different. TOG serves the very large Washington D.C. market, the PA Wilds region is primarily geographically removed from most major markets like Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Erie. TOG is working with a very large base of experienced farmers who grow a wide variety of crops. Our region has seen a significant decrease in the number of operating farms, most who do continue to farm do it on a part-time basis and specialize with a smaller focus of crops. Although TOG is located in the central part of the state like the PA Wilds, it’s southern geographic location gives it a slightly longer growing season, warmer weather and smaller ice and snowfall than the PA Wilds.

As we explore the many possibilities that lie ahead, both for our Farm itself and most certainly as part of this larger groundswell of our region’s desire to better produce and feed itself, we’ll pass along those moments here…stay tuned!

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Soine Details
Back to Properties      Print this page

12 N Court St; Morris

Exceptional updated and spacious rambler--large addition great room with gas fireplace! 4 bedroom, 2 bath home and an oversized attached & finished garage--house has new kitchen and bath cabinets and appliances, tiled shower, kitchenette, and 5th small bedroom or office on the lower level. Hardwood, tile, and carpet flooring, new shingles, newer windows, steel siding, maintenance-free welcoming front porch and private rear deck, complete with hot tub, garden shed, sprinkler system and wide-open backyard. Style, quality and location!

Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 1.75
Sq. Ft. on Main Floor: 1452

The Facts

Construction : Wood Frame
Area: East Side of Morris
Style: Rambler
Stories: 1
Lot Size: 0.28 acres
School District: Morris
Year Built: 1967
Parcel #: 20-1573-000
Possession: Negotiable
Legal Desc.: Block 4 Lot 8 Elles University Addition

Woodwork: Mixed
Window Treatments: As Shown
Flooring: Carpet, Hardwood, Laminate
Exterior: Steel
Roof: Asphalt
Garage: Attached
Garage Dimensions: 24 x 30 Attached & Finished

The Numbers

Taxes: 2160  (2016)
Special Assessments: 65
Electric: $114 per Month
Gas: $42 per Month

View all photos

Home Floorplan

Room Dimensions

Bedroom #1: 12 x 13-3 (ML)
Bedroom #2: 9-1 x 10 (ML)
Bedroom #3: 15-9 x 9-4 (ML)
Bedroom #4: 10 x 10-8 (LL)
Kitchen/Dining/Great Room : 22 x 26 (ML)
Laundry Room : (LL)
Living Room : 17-4 x 11-6 (ML)
Office : 8 x 10'6 (LL)

Appliances & Mechanical

Fireplace: Gas
Heating: Nat Gas F/A
A/C: Central
Elec. Service: 200  amp Breaker
Water Heater: Electric
Water Softener: Owned
Appliances: Fridge, Stove, DW, Micro, RO, W&D, Softner
Water: Public
Sewer: Public

This information is correct to the best of our knowledge, but we will not be responsible if incorrect.

613 Altantic Ave. Morris, MN 56267      Toll Free 1-888-644-2159


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After 3 years of intensive talks, the first steps toward integrating the economies and
militaries of the two Koreas have begun. The plan calls for an opening of the border
between the two nations, a dismantling of the Demilitarized Zone, and an audit of the
prisoners in North Korea's notorious labor camps. North Korea's new leader, Kim Jong-un has
been proactive in releasing prisoners from his father's system of labor camps and allowing
officials from Amnesty International and the Red Cross to examine both prisoners and
their living conditions.

"What we found in those camps was both horrifying and encouraging," said Dr. Steven
Haldeman, an American doctor working with the international organization Doctors Without
Borders. "The fact that so many lived in such terrible conditions for so long is truly
horrifying. But the fact that aggressive steps are being taken to fix the problem fills one
with hope." Haldeman is part of an international aid group working with the UN to provide
relief to the bedraggled, but recovering nation.

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Tuesday, 3 May 2011

dress a girl

hi, the last few months i have been busy making dresses for the dress a girl project, http://www.dressagirlaroundtheworld.com/
it is a very worthwhile organisation and if you can sew then you should at least make a few, and if you cant then what a great project for beginners, pillowcase dresses are easy. give it a go.
even though it is an american website, they benefit the world.

I have been trying to get them noticed here in britain and managed to convince SEW HIP magazine to run a story which they have published this month ( April edition, check it out) so thank you to them for bringing this great story to all the british sewers where "every girl around the world will own at least one dress".

If anyone wants to help but can only manage a few you can send them to me and i will post them to america with my lot to save postage, also if anyone has any pillowcases that they could donate to me to make the dresses then i would be very grateful.

  1. Hi Margo, Am following you now! Well done for getting the article into Sew Hip magazine. Thats fab! It really inspired me to get involved and I have managed to get a few other bloggers involved now too. I think you left me a comment on the website today but for some reason it isn't showing and the email I got only has the beginning bit of the message. Could you email me through my blog maybe as I think you were about to give me really good advice re postage! Also if you have any photos of the dresses you have made, I would love to do a post about you and the dresses you have already sent maybe?
    Best wishes

    Louise (Sew Scrumptious)


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Tuesday, April 19, 2011

We Have Moved

Hi Guys!

We have moved this blog over to our own domain so please check out:

Home and Decor

Here you will find more exciting home decorating ideas, color schemes and all types of awesome home decor detailing!

Tuesday, April 5, 2011

Old Ladders as Shelving

When you open your mind to the world of creativity available to you in interior design the concepts you can come up with knows no bounds!

A simple, exciting and chic way to create more storage space in your home while creating a unique decorating feature is to incorporate a ladder! You do not need to hold a degree in interior design to do this, all you need is to open up that part of you that is waiting to spill out creativity, we all have this ability inside of us!

So you need a new way to get storage or shelf space that is cheap?? There are many ways in which you can do this, let's have a look!

Firstly we have a simple wooden step ladder with a few planks of wood used to create an all purpose shelf of a shabby chic nature. This is what re-purposing and recycling is all about! With a few simple things you can create something so chic and wonderful!

 Ladders used to create a bookshelf of pure art, this looks like an installation that would not be out of place in any museum of modern art!
 So simple yet so cool! Great shelving ideas incorporating cheap aluminum ladders and a few planks of wood. Beautiful touch with the guitars on the wall! This would be great in any boys room young or older!
 Paint the ladder and planks of wood in green or any other color to suit your room and mood for this country home effect.

An old ladder used to create this vintage looking bookshelf which will undoubtedly become the main feature of the room. Perfect for a home studio.

A gorgeous idea to use an old wooden ladder as a kitchen piece! hang it from your ceiling with old kitchen implements to create that sense of Je ne sais quoi!

 Muted, vintage and chic!
 A ladder with baskets for a true eclectic, vintage vibe.

Simply place an old ladder with  a vintage vibe next to your favourite armchair and place your books on it's steps!
And ere is a more modern version of the same idea above!
An old rustic ladder with a sweet little chandelier hanging off it can be the new art installation in your own home!