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Open House Week

For those of you who don’t know, our ministry puts on an open house every year where we invite the surrounding community to come and see what is going on here (people are always curious). We advertise it on the TV stations around, and expect at least 1000 people or so to come and eat a free steak dinner. So, what does that mean for me? BUSIER than BUSY. So…I thought I would post these cute videos and pic of the hayride we had on my birthday with the daycare, and Noah reading his favorite book. Have a great week…hopefully it will go smoothly for us!

Aren’t they the cutest? It took FOREVER to get this one good picture…Noah is going through some kind of stranger anxiety thing…or photo phobia, I don’t know which.

Please Pray

This is Noah’s friend, Julienne. Last night an accident happened and hot boiling water went down the front side of her. She was rushed in a helicopter to a hospital burn unit far away, but luckily our pastor found out and flew the parents to be with her. They made it just as the helicopter landed.

The Dr.’s are hopeful, and we as a church are praying for our family. It’s not as bad as it could have been, she may not even have to have skin grafting, but this is too hard on the parents. Please pray that they will have peace and feel the comfort of Jesus at this time.

We also lost a great woman of God last night. Our school’s librarian Lillie went to be with the Lord. She was funny, spirited, loved to sell our cheese and was sometimes cranky! She loved this ministry and prayed diligently for our kids here at hland. I will miss her so much, but her family will miss her more. Please pray that as they are comforted that she is now not in pain, they will know the power of God in their lives.

18 Months Old

I have been thinking and thinking about how to start this blog. I could write a letter to you, Noah, about all of the things you are doing now. I could have you write the letter, but then that wouldn’t be long b/c you won’t sit still long enough for anything! So, I think I will write a top 18 list…18 things I love about you!

1. You are talking up a storm now…even when we can’t understand you, you still talk and expect us to listen RIGHT NOW!
2. You can tell us where your eyes, ears, nose, mouth teeth and tongue are. You love to show my your tongue. Just this week you figured out your BELBOW!! too, and get so excited about that one!
3. Eating is still your favorite thing…you love broccoli, green beans and carrots, and corn on the cob. Any kind of fruit will do too! But you favorite? Trix cereal. It’s a treat your grandpa Mike got you hooked on, so now every time you see him, you KNOW you are getting some!
4. Boots. You can say the word quite clearly, and if you see them in your room that is the only thing you will put on. It has become a challenge for me to find shirts that go with your boots now that it is getting cooler. I dread the day when the boots are too small. Let me just say that I am looking for another pair already!
5. You are a helper…at least you try to be! Yesterday you tried to vacuum and instead hit your head with the hose. You also love to sweep and use the dustpan. If the garage door is open, you are immediately there ready to grab it. Cooking is your favorite time of the night…I have to plan ahead so that I have enough time for you to help me. Yesterday you helped me put the beans in the pot and spilled the juice out of the can…then you got a rag and wiped up the mess. Wow. I just had to stare at you! Today you wanted to help put away the toilet paper…you stacked and unstacked them in the kitchen!

6. You have started singing in this sweet beautiful voice. You love for me to sing, and love to listen to music all of the time. You start singing along and move from side to side whenever music comes on.
7. I don’t know if I really like this, but you have figured out where your belly button is, and love to show it to everyone. You also are trying to start the habit of putting your finger there when you are distressed or thinking. I have resorted to putting you into the snap shirts because it is a habit I am trying to break!
8. You are still on goat’s milk. I decided to put you on this b/c your dirty diapers were driving me crazy. So many of them! When I switched your milk, you went from 6 or so a day to 3. That is still a lot, but so much better for your bottom!
9. Your hemangioma’s you had when you were born? They are still there but not so noticeable now. I don’t worry as much at all!
10. You LOVE LOVE LOVE your bath time. You put your toys in the water as the tub fills up and you love to dump the water all over you. Sometimes if I wait too long, though, you get a little impatient!
11. Elmo. You love Elmo, and you love to say his name. Who knew what I was doing when I got that stuffed toy for you? You sleep with him now, only at night, and it is just too cute to see you tuck your knees and hands under you while grabbing at Elmo. I also found an Elmo that does the chicken dance…it makes you laugh every time…you hop up and down and try to flap your wings with Elmo.
12. The potty. Well, this is a little interesting. I bought you a potty chair b/c you were getting pretty good at letting us know when you were going to go, and are aware of what’s going on down there. I would love to get you out of diapers before the new little one arrives! I got you an Elmo potty. He talks to you when you give him a high five, in Spanish and English, and you love to hear him talk. You were TERRIFIED of sitting on the potty, though. So, we have just kept it in the bathroom, and play with it every night. For the past week you have been not so scared, and will sit on the potty! One time you even went in the potty! WHOO HOO! I am taking it easy on this one, really…I don’t want to stress you out too much!
13. Basketball! You love to play basketball or with any kind of ball for that matter. You just started trying to sit on the ball like the big boys do…it cracks me up every time!
14. The Itsy Bitsy Spider is you favorite song. You can kind of do the actions to it, and it’s really cute. Your favorite action is when we “wash the spider out.”
15. Dudley is still your bestest friend ever. Daniel and I still wonder how in the world this dog has not bitten you yet. In the mornings you go and lay on his bed with him, and he shares it with you!
16. You love the farm and everything about it. And I am so happy about that! Lately you have been helping daddy get eggs from the chickens. You go around the pen and looks for the eggs, pick them up and put them in the crate. Sometimes you get so happy you clap your hands (that just happen to be full of eggs) and get it all over you! Your favorite thing to do? Pick up dirt and throw it on the chickens…and yourself. You are covered from head to toe with dirt when you get back. You are ALL BOY!

17. Every time I walk into the room you look at me and say…”daddy!” or “Dudley!” I can’t really tell which. Then, I put my hands on my hips and you say…”mommy” in this tone that let’s me realize that you really do know who I am, you are just joking with me…I think!
18. Our most favorite thing is when you grab us so hard to hug us that it hurts…boy does it make everything alright! It’s really funny too, when Daddy and I hug each other you get really jealous and want in there too!

Now, before everyone thinks there is this perfect little boy out there, remember, I am writing about all he does at this age! He also is a great fit-throwin, foot-stompin’, refuses to nap taken’, Dudley chasin’ little guy. And I love him, although I am about to fall asleep right now!


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Planning a kids birthday party, need any ideas?

If your child has a birthday coming up then look no further than DaWanda for kids birthday party goodies. Benefit from our many products and kids birthday party ideas that we offer online for your child to have the best party ever. Check out paper straws, children's birthday cards, party games for kids along with many birthday party ideas. Don't waste time shopping on the High Street, get everything you need in one fell swoop from the comfort of your home!

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The 1977 World Series was the 74th edition of Major League Baseball's (MLB) championship series.[1] The best-of-seven playoff was contested between the New York Yankees, champions of the American League (AL) and defending American League champions, and the Los Angeles Dodgers, champions of the National League (NL). The Yankees defeated the Dodgers, four games to two, to win the franchise's 21st World Series championship, their first since 1962, and the first under the ownership of George Steinbrenner. The Series was played between October 11 and 18, broadcast on ABC.

1977 World Series
Team (Wins) Manager(s) Season
New York Yankees (4) Billy Martin 100–62, .617, GA: 2 12
Los Angeles Dodgers (2) Tommy Lasorda 98–64, .605, GA: 10
Dates October 11–18
MVP Reggie Jackson (New York, the 2nd time)
Umpires Nestor Chylak (AL), Ed Sudol (NL), Larry McCoy (AL), Jerry Dale (NL), Jim Evans (AL), John McSherry (NL)
Hall of Famers Yankees: Catfish Hunter, Reggie Jackson, Bobby Cox (1st base coach)
Dodgers: Tommy Lasorda (mgr.), Don Sutton
ALCS New York Yankees over Kansas City Royals (3–2)
NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers over Philadelphia Phillies (3–1)
Television ABC
TV announcers Keith Jackson, Howard Cosell and Tom Seaver
Radio CBS
Radio announcers Ross Porter (Games 1–2, 6), Bill White (Games 3–5) and Win Elliot
World Series Program
1977 World Series Program.gif
← 1976 World Series 1978 →

During this Series, Reggie Jackson earned his nickname "Mr. October" for his heroics. Billy Martin won what would be his only World Series title as a manager after guiding the Yankees to a second straight pennant.

Route to the seriesEdit

New York YankeesEdit

The Yankees signed free agent Reggie Jackson before the 1977 season.

The New York Yankees returned to the Fall Classic after being swept by the Cincinnati Reds the previous year. In free agency, the Yankees signed slugging right fielder Reggie Jackson for US$2.96 million ($12,729,731 in current dollar terms) over five years[2][3] and Cincinnati Reds ace pitcher Don Gullett for $2 million ($8,601,170 in current dollar terms) over six years.[4] Two other key players were acquired by the Yankees through trades. Shortstop Bucky Dent was picked up from the Chicago White Sox for outfielder Oscar Gamble, pitcher LaMarr Hoyt, and $200,000. And after only one year with the Oakland Athletics, pitcher Mike Torrez was acquired in exchange for pitcher Dock Ellis and utilitymen Marty Perez and Larry Murray.

After a lackluster first half, the Yankees finished strong, winning 38 of their last 51 games edging both the Boston Red Sox and the Baltimore Orioles by 2 12 games. In amongst the star-laden lineup was an emerging superstar in the left arm of Ron Guidry. Early in the season Guidry was moved from the bullpen into the starting rotation, finishing with sixteen wins against just seven losses with a 2.82 ERA. The Yankees advanced to the World Series after beating the Kansas City Royals in an exciting fifth and final 1977 American League Championship Series (ALCS) game, winning it with three runs in the top of the ninth on a string of singles and a costly error by George Brett.

Los Angeles DodgersEdit

The National League champion Los Angeles Dodgers were skippered by Tommy Lasorda, who was in his first full season as manager.[5] The 1977 Dodgers became the first team to have four players hit thirty or more home runs in one season,[6] as Steve Garvey hit 33, Reggie Smith hit 32, Ron Cey hit 30, and Dusty Baker hit 30.[7] The pitching staff, which led the National League in ERA, 3.22, were led by twenty-game winner, Tommy John and closer Charlie Hough with 22 saves. The Dodgers won 22 of their first 26 games, winning the Western Division by ten games over the Cincinnati Reds, then eliminated the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1977 National League Championship Series (NLCS) in four games.

Series previewEdit

The matchup of the Yankees and the Dodgers hearkened back to the World Series matchups between the two teams of the 1950s.[5]

Series statisticsEdit

AL New York Yankees (4) vs. NL Los Angeles Dodgers (2)

Game Date Score Location Time Attendance
1 October 11 Los Angeles Dodgers – 3, New York Yankees – 4 (12 innings) Yankee Stadium 3:24 56,668[8]
2 October 12 Los Angeles Dodgers – 6, New York Yankees – 1 Yankee Stadium 2:27 56,691[9]
3 October 14 New York Yankees – 5, Los Angeles Dodgers – 3 Dodger Stadium 2:31 55,992[10]
4 October 15 New York Yankees – 4, Los Angeles Dodgers – 2 Dodger Stadium 2:07 55,995[11]
5 October 16 New York Yankees – 4, Los Angeles Dodgers – 10 Dodger Stadium 2:29 55,955[12]
6 October 18 Los Angeles Dodgers – 4, New York Yankees – 8 Yankee Stadium 2:18 56,407[13]
Composite box score
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R H E
New York Yankees 4 5 0 5 3 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 26 50 4
Los Angeles Dodgers 7 1 8 4 3 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 28 48 1
Total attendance: 337,708   Average attendance: 56,285
Winning player's share: $27,758   Losing player's share: $20,899[14]

Game 1Edit

Tuesday, October 11, 1977 8:15 pm (ET) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 R H E
Los Angeles 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 6 0
New York 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 11 0
WP: Sparky Lyle (1–0)   LP: Rick Rhoden (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: None
NYY: Willie Randolph (1)

The Dodgers scored twice in the top of the first inning, when Davey Lopes walked and scored on a Bill Russell triple off Don Gullett.[15] Ron Cey made it 2–0 on a sacrifice fly. In the bottom of the inning, the Yankees responded with consecutive two-out singles by Thurman Munson, Reggie Jackson, and Chris Chambliss, scoring Munson.[15]

In the top of the sixth, Steve Garvey beat out a bunt and, with one out, attempted to score from first on a hit-and-run single to center field by Glenn Burke. Mickey Rivers, who did not possess a strong throwing arm, threw home. Replays showed Garvey clearly beat the tag but he was called out at the plate.[citation needed] The Yankees tied it in their half of the sixth when Willie Randolph hit a home run off Don Sutton.[15]

The Yankees took the lead in the eighth when Munson doubled home Randolph. Later in the inning, the Yankees loaded the bases with one out, but Dodger reliever Elías Sosa struck out Lou Piniella and retired Bucky Dent on a forceout to end the threat.[15]

The Dodgers tied it at 3–3 in the ninth. Dusty Baker led off with a single and was almost picked off first when pinch-hitter Manny Mota failed on a bunt attempt. Mota flied out, but Steve Yeager walked and pinch-hitter Lee Lacy drove Baker home with a single.[15]

In extra innings, the Yankees got their leadoff hitters on in both the tenth and eleventh innings, but did not score due to failure to lay down sacrifice bunts. Finally, in the twelfth, Randolph led off and doubled and Munson was walked intentionally. Yankee manager Billy Martin at first wanted Paul Blair, the next hitter, to try to sacrifice again, but after two failed attempts, Martin had Blair hit away and Blair singled home Randolph with the game-winner.

Game 2Edit

Wednesday, October 12, 1977 8:15 pm (ET) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
Los Angeles 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 9 0
New York 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0
WP: Burt Hooton (1–0)   LP: Catfish Hunter (0–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Ron Cey (1), Steve Yeager (1), Reggie Smith (1), Steve Garvey (1)
NYY: None

With aces Ron Guidry and Mike Torrez having both pitched in Game 5 of the ALCS, Billy Martin was forced to use a sore-shouldered Catfish Hunter in Game 2.[15] The Dodgers hit three homers in the first three innings off Hunter, as Ron Cey hit a two-run home run in the first, Steve Yeager a solo home run in the second, and Reggie Smith a two-run home run in the third.[6] Steve Garvey hit a solo home run in the ninth off of Sparky Lyle. Burt Hooton pitched a five-hit complete game, allowing only run one in the fourth on Reggie Jackson's ground ball double player after Willie Randolph and Thurman Munson led off the inning with back-to-back singles. Hooton made amends for his meltdown in Game 3 of the 1977 NLCS.

About an hour before the first pitch, a fire had started in Public School 3, an abandoned elementary school a few blocks east of Yankee Stadium. During the game, ABC cut to a helicopter camera for an overhead view of Yankee Stadium and the surrounding neighborhood, catching the fire. Howard Cosell intoned, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is burning."[16] This became the title for a book and television miniseries focusing on the year 1977 in New York City.

Game 3Edit

Friday, October 14, 1977 5:15 pm (PT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
New York 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 10 1
Los Angeles 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 1
WP: Mike Torrez (1–0)   LP: Tommy John (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
LAD: Dusty Baker (1)

The Yankees struck for three runs in the first off Tommy John. Knowing that John was a control pitcher who liked to keep the ball down, the Yankee hitters' strategy was to go the opposite way. And, in the first, it paid off. Mickey Rivers led off with a double to right and scored on a Thurman Munson double to right. Reggie Jackson singled to left to score Munson and went to second when Dodger left fielder Dusty Baker fumbled the ball bare-handed. Lou Piniella then scored Jackson on an opposite-field RBI single to make it 3–0.

Baker atoned for his first-inning error by connecting for a three-run homer in the third off Yankee starter Mike Torrez. The Yankees regained the lead with single runs in the fourth and fifth on an RBI groundout by Rivers, who finished the game with three hits (including two doubles), and an RBI single by Chris Chambliss. Torrez settled into a groove after Baker's home run, shutting out the Dodgers for the rest of the way. Torrez finished with nine strikeouts in the complete-game win.

Game 4Edit

Saturday, October 15, 1977 1:15 pm (PT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
New York 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 7 0
Los Angeles 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0
WP: Ron Guidry (1–0)   LP: Doug Rau (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: Reggie Jackson (1)
LAD: Davey Lopes (1)

With Don Sutton needing another day of rest, Dodger manager Tommy Lasorda started left-hander Doug Rau to counter the Yankees' left-handed power. Rau was rusty, having only pitched in relief in one game of the 1977 NLCS. After a relatively easy first inning, Reggie Jackson greeted Rau with a leadoff double in the second. Lou Piniella singled Jackson home with the first run and was doubled to third by Chris Chambliss. Lasorda then pulled Rau in favor of Rick Rhoden, resulting in a heated argument between Lasorda and Rau on the mound. The Yankees scored two more runs in the inning on an RBI groundout by Graig Nettles and an RBI single by Bucky Dent.

The Dodgers pushed across two in the third. Rhoden, a good hitting pitcher, hit a ground-rule double to left and Davey Lopes followed with a two-run homer off Yankee starter Ron Guidry. The Dodgers scored nothing else off Guidry, as he settled down and pitched a four-hit complete game.

The Dodgers almost tied the game in the fourth when Ron Cey sent a drive to deep left that Lou Piniella leaped up and caught, robbing him of a home run. Jackson ended the scoring with an opposite-field solo homer off Rhoden in the sixth.

Game 5Edit

Sunday, October 16, 1977 1:15 pm (PT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 4 9 2
Los Angeles 1 0 0 4 3 2 0 0 X 10 13 0
WP: Don Sutton (1–0)   LP: Don Gullett (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: Thurman Munson (1), Reggie Jackson (2)
LAD: Steve Yeager (2), Reggie Smith (2)

Needing a win to send the Series back to New York, the Dodgers took out their frustrations in Game 5 on Don Gullett. Davey Lopes led off the first with a triple and came home when Bill Russell singled. In the fourth, the Dodgers broke the game open on an RBI single by Dusty Baker and a three-run homer by Steve Yeager. Baker added another RBI single in the fifth, Lee Lacy singled home a run, and Yeager batted in another run with a sacrifice fly. Reggie Smith completed the rally with a two-run homer in the sixth.

The Yankees pushed across two runs each in the seventh and eighth; the two runs in the eighth coming on back-to-back homers by Thurman Munson and Reggie Jackson. Nevertheless, Dodger starting pitcher Don Sutton pitched a complete game for the win.

Jackson's solo shot in the eighth came on the first pitch from Sutton, setting the stage for a memorable finale.

Game 6Edit

Tuesday, October 18, 1977 8:15 pm (ET) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx, New York
Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E
Los Angeles 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 9 0
New York 0 2 0 3 2 0 0 1 X 8 8 1
WP: Mike Torrez (2–0)   LP: Burt Hooton (1–1)
Home runs:
LAD: Reggie Smith (3)
NYY: Chris Chambliss (1), Reggie Jackson 3 (5)

Game 6, shifted the series back to New York, where 56,407 fans filled Yankee Stadium.[13]

Steve Garvey put the Dodgers on the board first with a two-out, two-run triple in the first off Mike Torrez. The Yankees came back and tied it in the second on a Chris Chambliss two-run homer after Reggie Jackson walked on four pitches. Reggie Smith put the Dodgers up 3–2 with his third homer of the Series, a solo shot in the third.

Jackson hit a two-run homer in the fourth on the first pitch he saw from starter Burt Hooton to give the Yankees the lead.[17] Lou Piniella made it 5–3 by adding a sacrifice fly.

Once again, in the fifth with a man on, Jackson connected on the first pitch off Elías Sosa to make the score 7–3.[17] In the eighth, Jackson strode to the plate, amid the chants of "REG-GIE, REG-GIE, REG-GIE!", and drove the first Charlie Hough knuckleball he saw 475 feet (145 m) into the stands, becoming the first player to hit three home runs in a World Series game since Babe Ruth (in 1926 and 1928). The score was now 8–3.[17] With his Game 5 first-pitch homer (in the eighth) and his four-pitch walk in the second inning of Game 6, Jackson homered on his last four swings of the bat in the Series, each off a different Dodger pitcher. Indeed, the last eight pitches delivered to Jackson in the Series were all productive for the Yankees—the four-pitch walk in the second inning allowed him to score on the Chambliss homer.

The Dodgers pushed across a run in the ninth, but Torrez pitched his second complete game win of the Series.

This was the first World Series televised by the ABC network since 1949, and the first since television of the Series started in 1947 not to be televised, at least in part, by rival network NBC. NBC had been the exclusive television network of the Series from 19501976, and had covered that year's YankeesRoyals and DodgersPhillies playoff series that year.

It was also the first time that the participating teams' local announcers were not featured during game play on the network telecast, though the Yankees' Bill White and the Dodgers' Ross Porter did pre-game TV features and White handled the post-game celebration in the Yankee clubhouse after they clinched the title. White and Porter also split the CBS Radio play-by-play for the Series.

Impact and aftermathEdit

This World Series cemented Jackson's legacy as a postseason performer, giving him the nickname "Mr. October".[17] 24 years later a similar nickname would be given to another Yankee, shortstop Derek Jeter, after a walk-off home run in Game 4 of the 2001 World Series (by which point the game had gone past midnight into November).

Jackson won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award and Babe Ruth Award.[18] Lyle won the AL Cy Young Award. Nettles and Garvey both won Gold Glove Awards.

The Yankees and Dodgers met again in the 1978 and 1981 World Series.

In popular cultureEdit

The 1977 New York Yankees is one of the key plot points, along with the Son of Sam and the New York City Blackout of 1977, in the movie Summer of Sam directed by (Yankees fan) Spike Lee.

In the film BASEketball, Reggie Jackson is shown hitting his third home run of the game.

The 1977 Yankees season, including the World Series, is one of the subjects of Jonathan Mahler's 2005 non-fiction book Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx Is Burning, which was subsequently adapted into the 2007 ESPN mini-series The Bronx Is Burning.

After the 1977 World Series, Melissa Ludtke, a reporter for Sports Illustrated, sued MLB Commissioner Bowie Kuhn for having been denied access to the Yankees' clubhouse during the series, asserting that her 14th Amendment right was violated. Ludtke won her case.[19]

The 1977 television movie Murder at the World Series centered around a fictionalized version of this year's Fall Classic, in which the Houston Astros were playing the Oakland Athletics. At the time, it had been three years since the A's last appeared in a World Series, and would be eleven years until their next appearance; the Astros did not make the playoffs until 1980, win their first pennant until 2005, or their first championship until 2017.

  1. ^ "Playoff and World Series Stats and Results". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
  2. ^ Chass, Murray (November 28, 1976). "Yankees To Sign Reggie Jackson". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. New York Times News Service. p. 1B. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  3. ^ Donaghy, Jim (August 2, 1993). "Reggie Jackson homers in Hall". The Free Lance-Star. p. C2. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  4. ^ "Yankes snare a 'new Ford': Don Gullett". St. Petersburg Times. UPI, AP. November 19, 1976. p. 1C. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Rothenberg, Larry (October 11, 1977). "Just Like Old Times ... Yankees, Dodgers In World Series: 1977 Matchup Stirs Baseball Memories". The Youngstown Vindicator. Associated Press. p. 15. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  6. ^ a b Rothenberg, Fred (October 13, 1977). "Dodgers wallop four homers off Catfish, beat Yankees". Williamson Daily News. p. 14. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  7. ^ Forman, Sean L. (ed.). "1977 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, & Fielding Statistics". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  8. ^ "1977 World Series Game 1 – Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  9. ^ "1977 World Series Game 2 – Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  10. ^ "1977 World Series Game 3 – New York Yankees vs. Los Angeles Dodgers". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  11. ^ "1977 World Series Game 4 – New York Yankees vs. Los Angeles Dodgers". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  12. ^ "1977 World Series Game 5 – New York Yankees vs. Los Angeles Dodgers". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  13. ^ a b "1977 World Series Game 6 – Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
  14. ^ "World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  15. ^ a b c d e f "Yanks Win Opener; Rhoden Gets Loss". The Palm Beach Post. October 12, 1977. p. D. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
  16. ^ Grimes, William (March 30, 2005). "A City Gripped by Crisis and Enraptured by the Yankees". New York Times.
  17. ^ a b c d "1977 World Series | Game 6". October 18, 1977. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  18. ^ Anderson, Dave (February 6, 1978). "Jackson Hopes for Nice, Quiet Season as One of the Boys". The Miami News. p. 1B. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
  19. ^ Symposium, Journalism & Women (2012-01-27). "Melissa Ludtke – JAWS". JAWS. Retrieved 2016-10-13.

  • Cohen, Richard M.; Neft, David S. (1990). The World Series: Complete Play-By-Play of Every Game, 1903–1989. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 365–370. ISBN 0-312-03960-3.
  • Reichler, Joseph (1982). The Baseball Encyclopedia (5th ed.). Macmillan Publishing. p. 2203. ISBN 0-02-579010-2.
  • Forman, Sean L. "1977 World Series". — Major League Baseball Statistics and History. Retrieved December 9, 2007.

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Ethan C. Dizon is an American actor, best known for playing Pete in The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete.

Ethan Dizon
Born Ethan C. Dizon
2002 (2002) (age 16)
Los Angeles, California
Nationality American
Occupation Actor
Years active 2008–present
Notable work The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete

Early lifeEdit

Ethan C. Dizon was born in 2002 in Los Angeles, California, to an American family of Chinese and Filipino descent.[1] He is the great-grandson of well-known World War II veteran and US postmaster Lim Poon Lee, and the grand-nephew of Chinese actress Chow Kwun-Ling. His mother is actress Corinne Chooey, and his two younger brothers are also actors.[1]

In 2008, Dizon made his acting debut from the CBS's comedy series How I Met Your Mother.[1] In 2009, he played a guest role in the series 'Til Death, and in the Grey's Anatomy in 2012. He played the titular role in the short film Paulie.[1]

In 2013, Dizon played the titular role of Pete in the drama film The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete along with Skylan Brooks, Anthony Mackie and Jennifer Hudson, and the film was directed by George Tillman, Jr..[2] The film was released on October 11, 2013 by Lionsgate Entertainment. Dizon was highly praised by media and film critics.[2][3][4] He has also played the role of Ricky Irvine in the comedy-drama Bad Words.

Dizon has played the role Kwan in the comedy Get a Job, which was released in 2016.[1]

Year Title Role Notes
2011 Bad Mom Rod TV film
2012 Prodigy Bully Hugo Kim TV film
2012 Paulie Paulie Short film
2013 The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete Pete
2013 Bad Words Ricky Irvine
2015 Table 58 Kid TV film
2016 Get a Job Kwan
2017 Spider-Man: Homecoming Tiny McKeever
2018 Avengers: Infinity War

Year Title Role Notes
2008–2009 How I Met Your Mother Ben 2 episodes
2009 'Til Death Chung He 1 episode
2012 Grey's Anatomy Sean 1 episode
2013 Sullivan & Son Quan 1 episode
2013 Awkward The Accountant 2 episodes
2013 Jimmy Kimmel Live! Himself – Guest 2 episodes
2013 Made in Hollywood Himself 1 episode
2014 Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street Zao 1 episode
2014 About a Boy Boy #3 1 episode
2014 The League Classmate #1 1 episode
2015 Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn Dougie 1 episode

  1. ^ a b c d e LAVENTURE, TOM (March 22, 2013). "Ethan Dizon comes from proud roots". Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  2. ^ a b SPELLING, IAN (October 11, 2013). "Young stars Skylan Brooks and Ethan Dizon triumph in 'The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete'". Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  3. ^ HERNDON, JESSICA (October 10, 2013). "Child Actors In 'The Inevitable Defeat Of Mister & Pete' Are Incredibly Impressive". Retrieved August 6, 2015.
  4. ^ HERNDON, JESSICA (October 10, 2013). "Kid stars of 'Mister & Pete' show impressive range". Retrieved August 6, 2015.

External linksEdit


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Hans Albrecht Bethe (German: [ˈhans ˈalbʁɛçt ˈbeːtə]; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German and American nuclear physicist who made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics and solid-state physics, and won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.[1][2]

Hans Bethe
Hans Bethe.jpg
Born Hans Albrecht Bethe
(1906-07-02)July 2, 1906
Strasbourg, Germany
Died March 6, 2005(2005-03-06) (aged 98)
Ithaca, New York, United States
Residence Germany
United States
Nationality German
Alma mater University of Frankfurt
University of Munich
Known for
Rose Ewald (married in 1939; two children)
Scientific career
Fields Nuclear physics
Doctoral advisor Arnold Sommerfeld
Doctoral students
Other notable students Freeman Dyson
Hans Bethe (signature).jpg

For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.[3] During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons and developing the theory behind the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.

After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb, though he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign, respectively, the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (SALT I).

His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties, making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career – which, in Bethe's case, spanned nearly seventy years. Freeman Dyson, once one of his students, called him the "supreme problem-solver of the 20th century".[4]

Early yearsEdit

Bethe was born in Strasbourg, which was then part of Germany, on July 2, 1906, the only child of Anna (née Kuhn) and Albrecht Bethe, a privatdozent of physiology at the University of Strasbourg.[5] Although his mother, the daughter of a professor at the University of Strasbourg, was Jewish,[6] he was raised a Protestant like his father.[7] Despite having a religious background,[8] he was not religious in later life, and described himself as an atheist.[9]

Hans Bethe, aged 12, with his parents

His father accepted a position as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of Kiel in 1912, and the family moved into the director's apartment at the Institute. He was initially schooled privately by a professional teacher as part of a group of eight girls and boys.[10] The family moved again in 1915 when his father became the head of the new Institute of Physiology at the University of Frankfurt am Main.[7]

Bethe attended the Goethe-Gymnasium in Frankfurt, Germany. His education was interrupted in 1916, when he contracted tuberculosis, and he was sent to Bad Kreuznach to recuperate. By 1917, he had recovered sufficiently to attend the local realschule, and the following year he was sent to the Odenwaldschule, a private, coeducational boarding school.[11] He attended the Goethe-Gymnasium again for his final three years of secondary schooling, from 1922 to 1924.[12]

Having passed his abitur, Bethe entered the University of Frankfurt in 1924. He decided to major in chemistry. The instruction in physics was poor, and while there were distinguished mathematicians in Frankfurt like Carl Ludwig Siegel and Otto Szász, Bethe disliked their approaches, which presented mathematics without reference to the other sciences.[13] Bethe found that he was a poor experimentalist who destroyed his lab coat by spilling sulfuric acid on it, but he found the advanced physics taught by the associate professor, Walter Gerlach, more interesting.[13][14] Gerlach left in 1925, and was replaced by Karl Meissner, who advised Bethe that he should go to a university with a better school of theoretical physics, specifically the University of Munich, where he could study under Arnold Sommerfeld.[15][16]

Bethe entered the University of Munich in April 1926, where Sommerfeld took him on as a student on Meissner's recommendation.[17] Sommerfeld taught an advanced course on differential equations in physics, which Bethe enjoyed. Because he was such a renowned scholar, Sommerfeld frequently received advance copies of scientific papers, which he put up for discussion at weekly evening seminars. When Bethe arrived, Sommerfeld had just received Erwin Schrödinger's papers on wave mechanics.[18]

For his PhD thesis, Sommerfeld suggested that Bethe examine electron diffraction in crystals. As a starting point, Sommerfeld suggested Paul Ewald's 1914 paper on X-ray diffraction in crystals. Bethe later recalled that he became too ambitious, and, in pursuit of greater accuracy, his calculations became unnecessarily complicated.[19] When he met Wolfgang Pauli for the first time, Pauli told him: "After Sommerfeld's tales about you, I had expected much better from you than your thesis."[20] "I guess from Pauli," Bethe later recalled, "that was a compliment."[20]

Early workEdit

After Bethe received his doctorate, Erwin Madelung offered him an assistantship in Frankfurt, and in September 1928 Bethe moved in with his father, who had recently divorced his mother. His father met Vera Congehl earlier that year, and married her in 1929. They had two children, Doris, born in 1933, and Klaus, born in 1934.[21] Bethe did not find the work in Frankfurt very stimulating, and in 1929 he accepted an offer from Ewald at the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart. While there, he wrote what he considered to be his greatest paper,[22] Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie ("The Theory of the Passage of Fast Corpuscular Rays Through Matter").[23] Starting from Max Born's interpretation of the Schrödinger equation, Bethe produced a simplified formula for collision problems using a Fourier transform, which is known today as the Bethe formula. He submitted this paper for his habilitation in 1930.[22][24][25]

Sommerfeld recommended Bethe for a Rockefeller Foundation Travelling Scholarship in 1929. This provided $150 a month (about $2,000 in 2017 dollars[A]) to study abroad. In 1930, Bethe chose to do postdoctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England, where he worked under the supervision of Ralph Fowler.[26] At the request of Patrick Blackett, who was working with cloud chambers, Bethe created a relativistic version of the Bethe formula.[27] Bethe was also known for his sense of humor, and with Guido Beck and Wolfgang Riezler, two other postdoctoral research fellows, created a hoax paper On the Quantum Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero where he calculated the fine structure constant from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units.[28] The paper poked fun at a certain class of papers in theoretical physics of the day, which were purely speculative and based on spurious numerical arguments such as Arthur Eddington's attempts to explain the value of the fine structure constant from fundamental quantities in an earlier paper. They were forced to issue an apology.[29]

For the second half of his scholarship, Bethe chose to go to Enrico Fermi's laboratory in Rome in February 1931. He was greatly impressed by Fermi and regretted that he had not gone to Rome first.[30] Bethe developed the Bethe ansatz, a method for finding the exact solutions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain one-dimensional quantum many-body models.[31] He was influenced by Fermi's simplicity and Sommerfeld's rigor in approaching problems, and these qualities influenced his own later research.[32]

The Rockefeller Foundation offered an extension of Bethe's fellowship, allowing him to return to Italy in 1932.[33] In the meantime, Bethe worked for Sommerfeld in Munich as a privatdozent. Since Bethe was fluent in English, Sommerfeld had Bethe supervise all his English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, including Lloyd P. Smith from Cornell University.[34] Bethe accepted a request from Karl Scheel to write an article for the Handbuch der Physik on the quantum mechanics of hydrogen and helium. Reviewing the article decades later, Robert Bacher and Victor Weisskopf noted that it was unusual in the depth and breadth of its treatment of the subject, yet required very little updating for the 1959 edition. Bethe was then asked by Sommerfeld to help him with the handbuch article on electrons in metals. The article covered the basis of what is now called solid state physics. Bethe took a very new field and provided a clear, coherent and complete coverage of it.[33] His work on the handbuch articles occupied most of his time in Rome, but he also co-wrote a paper with Fermi on another new field, quantum electrodynamics, describing the relativistic interactions of charged particles.[35]

In 1932, Bethe accepted an appointment as an assistant professor at the University of Tübingen, where Hans Geiger was the professor of experimental physics.[36][37] One of the first laws passed by the new National Socialist government was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. Due to his Jewish background, Bethe was dismissed from his job at the University, which was a government post. Geiger refused to help, but Sommerfeld immediately gave Bethe back his fellowship at Munich. Sommerfeld spent much of the summer term of 1933 finding places for Jewish students and colleagues.[38]

Bethe left Germany in 1933, moving to England after receiving an offer for a position as lecturer at the University of Manchester for a year through Sommerfeld's connection to William Lawrence Bragg.[38] He moved in with his friend Rudolf Peierls and Peierls' wife Genia. Peierls was a fellow German physicist who had also been barred from academic positions in Germany because his parents were Jewish. This meant that Bethe had someone to speak to in German, and did not have to eat English food.[39] Their relationship was professional as well as personal. Peierls aroused Bethe's interest in nuclear physics.[40] After James Chadwick and Maurice Goldhaber discovered the photodisintegration of deuterium,[41] Chadwick challenged Bethe and Peierls to come up with a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. This they did on the four-hour train ride from Cambridge back to Manchester.[42] Bethe would investigate further in the years ahead.[40]

In 1933, the physics department at Cornell was looking for a new theoretical physicist, and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe. This was supported by Bragg, who was visiting Cornell at the time. In August 1934, Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor. Bethe had already accepted a fellowship for a year to work with Nevill Mott at the University of Bristol for a semester, but Cornell agreed to let him start in the spring of 1935.[43] Before leaving for the United States, he visited the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen in September 1934, where he proposed to Hilde Levi, who accepted. However, the match was opposed by Bethe's mother, who did not want him marrying a Jewish girl, despite being Jewish herself, and Bethe broke off their engagement a few days before their wedding date in December.[44] Niels Bohr and James Franck were so shocked by Bethe's behavior that he was not invited to the Institute again until after World War II.[45]

United StatesEdit

Bethe arrived in the United States in February 1935, and joined the faculty at Cornell University on a salary of $3,000.[46] Bethe's appointment was part of a deliberate effort on the part of the new head of its physics department, Roswell Clifton Gibbs, to move into nuclear physics.[47] Gibbs had hired Stanley Livingston, who had worked with Ernest Lawrence, to build a cyclotron at Cornell.[47] To complete the team, Cornell needed an experimentalist, and, on the advice of Bethe and Livingston, recruited Robert Bacher. Bethe received requests to visit Columbia University from Isidor Isaac Rabi, Princeton University from Edward Condon, University of Rochester from Lee DuBridge, Purdue University from Karl Lark-Horovitz, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from Francis Wheeler Loomis, and Harvard University from John Hasbrouck Van Vleck. Gibbs moved to prevent Bethe from being poached by having him appointed as a regular assistant professor in 1936, with an assurance that promotion to professor would soon follow.[48]

Together with Bacher and Livingston, Bethe published a series of three articles,[49][50][51] which summarized most of what was known on the subject of nuclear physics until that time, an account that became informally known as "Bethe's Bible", and remained the standard work on the subject for many years. In this account, he also continued where others left off, filling in gaps in the older literature.[52] Loomis offered Bethe a full professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, but Cornell matched the offer, and the salary of $6,000.[53] He wrote to his mother:

I am about the leading theoretician in America. That does not mean the best. Wigner is certainly better and Oppenheimer and Teller probably just as good. But I do more and talk more and that counts too.[54]

Illustration of the proton–proton chain reaction sequence
Overview of the CNO-I cycle. The helium nucleus is released at the top-left step.

On March 17, 1938, Bethe attended the Carnegie Institute and George Washington University's fourth annual Washington Conference of Theoretical Physics. There were only 34 invited attendees, but they included Gregory Breit, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, George Gamow, Donald Menzel, John von Neumann, Bengt Strömgren, Edward Teller and Merle Tuve. Bethe initially declined the invitation to attend, because the conference's topic, stellar energy generation, did not interest him, but Teller persuaded him to come. At the conference, Strömgren detailed what was known about the temperature, density and chemical composition of the Sun, and challenged the physicists to come up with an explanation. Gamow and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker had proposed in a 1937 paper that the Sun's energy was the result of a proton–proton chain reaction:[55][56]

→  2

But this did not account for the observation of elements heavier than helium. By the end of the conference, Bethe, working in collaboration with Charles Critchfield, had come up with a series of subsequent nuclear reactions that explained how the Sun shines:[57]

→  3

→  4

→  7

→  7

→  4

That this did not explain the processes in heavier stars was not overlooked. At the time there were doubts about whether the proton–proton cycle described the processes in the Sun, but more recent measurements of the Sun's core temperature and luminosity show that it does.[55] When he returned to Cornell, Bethe studied the relevant nuclear reactions and reaction cross sections, leading to his discovery of the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle (CNO cycle):[58]

→  13

    →  13

→  14

→  15

    →  15

→  12

The two papers, one on the proton–proton cycle, co-authored with Critchfield, and the other on the carbon-oxygen-nitrogen (CNO) cycle, were sent to the Physical Review for publication.[59] After Kristallnacht, Bethe's mother had become afraid to remain in Germany. Taking advantage of her Strasbourg origin, she was able to emigrate to the United States in June 1939 on the French quota, rather than the German one, which was full.[60] Bethe's graduate student Robert Marshak noted that the New York Academy of Sciences was offering a $500 prize for the best unpublished paper on the topic of solar and stellar energy. So Bethe, in need of $250 to release his mother's furniture, withdrew the CNO cycle paper and sent it in to the New York Academy of Sciences. It won the prize, and Bethe gave Marshak $50 finder's fee and used $250 to release his mother's furniture. The paper was subsequently published in the Physical Review in March. It was a breakthrough in the understanding of the stars, and would win Bethe the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967.[61][59] In 2002, at age 96, Bethe sent a handwritten note to John N. Bahcall congratulating him on the use of solar neutrino observations to show that the CNO cycle accounts for about 7% of the Sun's energy; the neutrino observations had started with Raymond Davis Jr., whose experiment was based on Bahcall's calculations and encouragement, and led to Davis's receiving a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize.[62]

Bethe married Rose Ewald, the daughter of Paul Ewald, on September 13, 1939, in a simple civil ceremony.[63] They had two children, Henry and Monica.[64] (Henry was a contract bridge expert and former husband of Kitty Munson Cooper.)[65] He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in March 1941.[66] Writing to Sommerfeld in 1947, Bethe confided that "I am much more at home in America than I ever was in Germany. As if I was born in Germany only by mistake, and only came to my true homeland at 28."[67]

Manhattan ProjectEdit

Bethe's Los Alamos Laboratory ID badge

When the Second World War began, Bethe wanted to contribute to the war effort,[68] but was unable to work on classified projects until he became a citizen. Following the advice of the Caltech aerodynamicist Theodore von Kármán, Bethe collaborated with his friend Teller on a theory of shock waves which are generated by the passage of a projectile through a gas. Bethe considered it one of their most influential papers. He also worked on a theory of armor penetration, which was immediately classified by the Army, making it inaccessible to Bethe, who was not an American citizen at the time.[69]

After receiving security clearance in December 1941, Bethe joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory, where he invented the Bethe-hole directional coupler, which is used in microwave waveguides such as those used in radar sets.[70] In Chicago in June 1942, and then at the University of California, Berkeley, in July, he participated in a series of meetings at the invitation of Robert Oppenheimer, which discussed the first designs for the atomic bomb. They went over the preliminary calculations by Robert Serber, Stan Frankel, and others, and discussed the possibilities of using uranium-235 and plutonium. Teller then raised the prospect of a thermonuclear device, Teller's "Super" bomb. At one point Teller asked if the nitrogen in the atmosphere could be set alight. It fell to Bethe and Emil Konopinski to perform the calculations to prove that this could not occur.[71] "The fission bomb had to be done," he later recalled, "because the Germans were presumably doing it."[72]

When Oppenheimer was put in charge of forming a secret weapons design laboratory, Los Alamos, he appointed Bethe director of the T (Theoretical) Division, the laboratory's smallest but most prestigious division. This move irked the equally qualified but more difficult to manage Teller and Felix Bloch, who had coveted the job.[73][74] A series of disagreements between Bethe and Teller between February and June 1944 over the relative priority of Super research led to Teller's group being removed from T Division and placed directly under Oppenheimer. In September it became part of Fermi's new F Division.[75]

Bethe's work at Los Alamos included calculating the critical mass and efficiency of uranium-235 and the multiplication of nuclear fission in an exploding atomic bomb. Along with Richard Feynman, he developed a formula for calculating the bomb's explosive yield.[76] After August 1944, when the laboratory was reorganized and reoriented to solve the problem of the implosion of the plutonium bomb, Bethe spent much of his time studying the hydrodynamic aspects of implosion, a job which he continued into 1944.[77] In 1945, he worked on the neutron initiator, and later on radiation propagation from an exploding atomic bomb.[78] The Trinity nuclear test validated the accuracy of T Division's results.[79] When it was detonated in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945, Bethe's immediate concern was for its efficient operation, and not its moral implications. He is reported to have commented: "I am not a philosopher."[80]

Hydrogen bombEdit

After the war, Bethe argued that a crash project for the hydrogen bomb should not be attempted, though after President Harry Truman announced the beginning of such a project, and the outbreak of the Korean War, Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon's development. Though he would see the project through to its end, Bethe hoped that it would be impossible to create the hydrogen bomb.[81] He would later remark in 1968 on the apparent contradiction in his stance, having first opposed the development of the weapon and later helping to create it:

Just a few months before, the Korean war had broken out, and for the first time I saw direct confrontation with the communists. It was too disturbing. The cold war looked as if it were about to get hot. I knew then I had to reverse my earlier position. If I did not work on the bomb, somebody else would — and I had thought if I were around Los Alamos I might still be a force for disarmament. So I agreed to join in developing the H-bomb. It seemed quite logical. But sometimes I wish I were a more consistent idealist.[82]

As for his own role in the project, and its relation to the dispute over who was responsible for the design, Bethe later said that:

After the H-bomb was made, reporters started to call Teller the father of the H-bomb. For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the midwife.[82]

In 1954, Bethe testified on behalf of J. Robert Oppenheimer during the Oppenheimer security hearing. Specifically, Bethe argued that Oppenheimer's stances against developing the hydrogen bomb in the late 1940s had not hindered its actual development, a topic which was seen as a key motivating factor behind the hearing. Bethe contended that the developments which led to the successful Teller–Ulam design were a matter of serendipity and not a question of manpower or logical development of previously existing ideas. During the hearing, Bethe and his wife also tried hard to convince Edward Teller against testifying. However, Teller did not agree, and his testimony played a major role in the revocation of Oppenheimer's security clearance. While Bethe and Teller had been on very good terms during the prewar years, the conflict between them during the Manhattan Project, and especially during the Oppenheimer episode, permanently marred their relationship.[83]

Later workEdit

Lamb shiftEdit

Hans Bethe lecturing at Dalhousie University, 1978.

After the war ended, Bethe returned to Cornell. In June 1947, he participated in the Shelter Island Conference. Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and held at the Ram's Head Inn on Shelter Island, New York, the conference on the "Foundations of Quantum Mechanics" was the first major physics conference held since the war. It was a chance for American physicists to come together, pick up where they had left off before the war, and establish the direction of post-war research.[84][85]

A major talking point at the conference was the discovery by Willis Lamb and his graduate student Robert Retherford shortly before the conference began that one of the two possible quantum states of hydrogen atoms had slightly more energy than predicted by the Paul Dirac's theory; this became known as the Lamb shift. Oppenheimer and Weisskopf suggested that this was a result of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field. Pre-war quantum electrodynamics (QED) gave absurd, infinite values for this; but the Lamb shift showed that it was both real and finite. Hans Kramers proposed renormalization as a solution, but no one knew how to do the calculation.[86][84]

Bethe managed to work it out on the train from New York to Schenectady. He arrived at a value of 1040 MHz, extremely close to that obtained experimentally by Lamb and Retherford. He did so by realising that it was a non-relativistic process, which greatly simplified the calculations. His paper, published in the Physical Review in August 1947 was only two pages long and contained just 12 mathematical equations, but was enormously influential. Hitherto, it had been assumed that the infinities meant that QED was fundamentally flawed, and that a new, radical theory was required. Bethe demonstrated that this was not necessary.[87]

One of Bethe's most famous papers is one he never wrote: the 1948 Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper.[88] George Gamow added Bethe's name (in absentia) without consulting him, knowing that Bethe would not mind, and against Ralph Alpher's wishes. This was apparently a reflection of Gamow's sense of humor, wanting to have a paper title that would sound like the first three letters of the Greek alphabet. As one of the Physical Review's reviewers, Bethe saw the manuscript and struck out the words "in absentia".[89]

Bethe believed that the atomic nucleus was like a quantum liquid drop. He investigated the nuclear matter problem by considering the work done by Keith Brueckner on perturbation theory. Working with Jeffrey Goldstone, he produced a solution for the case where there was an infinite hard-core potential. Then, working with Baird Brandow and Albert Petschek, he came up with an approximation that converted the scattering equation into an easily solved differential equation. This then led him to the Bethe-Faddeev equation, a generalisation of Ludvig Faddeev's approach to three-body scattering. He then used these techniques to examine the neutron stars, which have densities similar to those of nuclei.[90]

Bethe continued to do research on supernovae, neutron stars, black holes, and other problems in theoretical astrophysics into his late nineties. In doing this, he collaborated with Gerald E. Brown of Stony Brook University. In 1978, Brown proposed that they collaborate on supernovae. These were reasonably well understood by this time, but the calculations were still a problem. Using techniques honed from decades of working with nuclear physics, and some experience with calculations involving nuclear explosions, Bethe tackled the problems involved in stellar gravitational collapse, and the way in which various factors affected a supernova explosion. Once again, he was able to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations, and solve them.[91][92]

At age 85, Bethe wrote an important article about the solar neutrino problem, in which he helped establish the conversion mechanism for electron neutrinos into muon neutrinos proposed by Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov and Lincoln Wolfenstein to explain a vexing discrepancy between theory and experiment. Bethe argued that physics beyond the Standard Model was required to understand the solar neutrino problem, because it assumed that neutrinos have no mass, and therefore cannot metamorphosize into each other; whereas the MSW effect required this to occur. Bethe hoped that corroborating evidence would be found by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Ontario, Canada, by his 90th birthday, but he did not get the call from SNO until June 2001, when he was nearly 95.[93][94]

In 1996, Kip Thorne approached Bethe and Brown about LIGO, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, designed to detect the gravitational waves from merging neutron stars and black holes. Since Bethe and Brown were good at calculating things that could not be seen, could they look at the mergers? The 90-year-old Bethe quickly became enthused, and soon began the required calculations. The result was a 1998 paper on the "Evolution of Binary Compact Objects Which Merge", which Brown regarded as the best that the two produced together.[95][96]

Political stancesEdit

Bethe being interviewed by journalists

In 1968, Bethe, along with IBM physicist Richard Garwin, published an article criticising in detail the anti-ICBM defense system proposed by the Department of Defense. The two physicists described in the article that nearly any measure taken by the US would be easily thwarted with the deployment of relatively simple decoys.[97] Bethe was one of the primary voices in the scientific community behind the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty prohibiting further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.[98]

During the 1980s and 1990s, Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of nuclear energy. After the Chernobyl disaster, Bethe was part of a committee of experts that analysed the incident. They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and human error also had significantly contributed to the accident. "My colleagues and I established," he explained "that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power."[99] Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy, which he described in 1977 as "a necessity, not merely an option."[100]

In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the Strategic Defense Initiative missile system conceived by the Ronald Reagan administration.[101] In 1995, at the age of 88, Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to "cease and desist" from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture.[102] In 2004, he joined 47 other Nobel laureates in signing a letter endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would "restore science to its appropriate place in government".[103]

Historian Gregg Herken wrote:

When Oppenheimer died, Oppie's long-time friend, Hans Bethe, assumed the mantle of the scientist of conscience in this country. Like Jefferson and Adams, Teller and Bethe would live on into the new century which they and their colleagues had done so much to shape.[104]

Personal lifeEdit

Bethe's hobbies included a passion for stamp-collecting.[105] He loved the outdoors, and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life, exploring the Alps and the Rockies.[106] He died in his home in Ithaca, New York on March 6, 2005 [107] of congestive heart failure.[72] He was survived by his wife Rose and two children.[108] At the time of his death, he was the John Wendell Anderson Emeritus Professor of Physics Emeritus at Cornell University.[109]

Honors and awardsEdit

Bethe received numerous honors and awards in his lifetime and afterwards. He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947,[110] and that year was received the National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal.[111] He was awarded the Max Planck Medal in 1955, the Franklin Medal in 1959, the Royal Astronomical Society's Eddington Medal and the United States Atomic Energy Commission's Enrico Fermi Award in 1961,[112] the Rumford Prize in 1963,[113] the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967,[64] the National Medal of Science in 1975,[114] Oersted Medal in 1993,[115] the Bruce Medal in 2001,[116] and the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences by the American Philosophical Society posthumously in 2005.[117]

Bethe was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1957,[1] and he gave the 1993 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on the Mechanism of Supernovae.[118] In 1978 he was elected a Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.[119]

Cornell named the third of five new residential colleges, each of which is named after a distinguished former member of the Cornell faculty, Hans Bethe House after him,[120] as was the Hans Bethe Center, 322 4th St. NE, Washington, DC, home to the Council for a Livable World, where Bethe was a longtime board member,[121] and the Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics at University of Bonn in Germany.[122] He also has an asteroid, 30828 Bethe, that was discovered in 1990 named after him,[123] as was the American Physical Society's Hans Bethe Prize.[124]

Selected publicationsEdit

  1. ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.

  1. ^ a b c Lee, S.; Brown, G. E. (2007). "Hans Albrecht Bethe. 2 July 1906 -- 6 March 2005: Elected ForMemRS 1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 53: 1. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2007.0018.
  2. ^ Horgan, John (1992). "Illuminator of the Stars". Scientific American. 267 (4): 32. Bibcode:1992SciAm.267d..32H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1092-32.
  3. ^ Available at [1] are the class notes taken by one of his students at Cornell from the graduate courses on Nuclear Physics and on Applications of Quantum Mechanics he taught in the spring of 1947.
  4. ^ Wark, David (11 January 2007). "The Supreme Problem Solver". Nature. 445 (7124): 149. Bibcode:2007Natur.445..149W. doi:10.1038/445149a.
  5. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 7.
  6. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 8.
  7. ^ a b Schweber 2012, pp. 32–34.
  8. ^ "Interview with Hans Bethe by Charles Weiner at Cornell University". American Institute of Physics. November 17, 1967. Retrieved 25 April 2012. When asked by Charles Weiner if there was religion in his home, Bethe replied: "No. My father was, I think, slightly religious. I was taught to pray in the evening before going to bed, and I attended the Protestant religious instruction, which was given in the schools in Germany. I was also confirmed, and the instruction which I got in this connection got religion out of my system completely. It was never very strong before, and the confirmation had the consequence that I just didn't believe."
  9. ^ Brian 2001, p. 117.
  10. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 30–31.
  11. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 36–40.
  12. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 45.
  13. ^ a b Bernstein 1980, pp. 11–12.
  14. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 70–73.
  15. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 13.
  16. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 93.
  17. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 118–119.
  18. ^ Bernstein 1980, pp. 15–16.
  19. ^ Bernstein 1980, pp. 20–21.
  20. ^ a b Schweber 2012, p. 142.
  21. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 156–157.
  22. ^ a b Bernstein 1980, pp. 25–27.
  23. ^ Bethe, Hans (1930). "Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie". Annalen der Physik (in German). 397 (3): 325–400. Bibcode:1930AnP...397..325B. doi:10.1002/andp.19303970303.
  24. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 181.
  25. ^ Brown & Lee 2006, p. 7.
  26. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 182–183.
  27. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 187.
  28. ^ Corlin, Axel; Stein, J. S.; Beck, G.; Bethe, H.; Riezler, W. (1931). "Zuschriften". Die Naturwissenschaften. 19 (2): 37. Bibcode:1931NW.....19...37C. doi:10.1007/BF01523870.
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  30. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 193.
  31. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 199–202.
  32. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 195.
  33. ^ a b Schweber 2012, pp. 202–208.
  34. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 32.
  35. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 211, 220–221.
  36. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 33.
  37. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 223–224.
  38. ^ a b Bernstein 1980, p. 35.
  39. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 237–240.
  40. ^ a b Schweber 2012, p. 244.
  41. ^ Chadwick, J.; Goldhaber, M. (1934). "A 'Nuclear Photo-effect': Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays". Nature. 134 (3381): 237. Bibcode:1934Natur.134..237C. doi:10.1038/134237a0.
  42. ^ Brown & Lee 2009, p. 9.
  43. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 262–263.
  44. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 272–275.
  45. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 279.
  46. ^ Brown & Lee 2006, p. 136.
  47. ^ a b Schweber 2012, pp. 296–298.
  48. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 305–307.
  49. ^ Bethe, H.; Bacher, R (1936). "Nuclear Physics. A: Stationary States of Nuclei". Reviews of Modern Physics. 8 (2): 82–229. Bibcode:1936RvMP....8...82B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.8.82.
  50. ^ Bethe, H. (1937). "Nuclear Physics. B: Nuclear Dynamics, Theoretical". Reviews of Modern Physics. 9 (2): 69–244. Bibcode:1937RvMP....9...69B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.69.
  51. ^ Bethe, H.; Livingston, M. S. (1937). "Nuclear Physics. C: Nuclear Dynamics, Experimental". Reviews of Modern Physics. 9 (2): 245–390. Bibcode:1937RvMP....9..245L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.245.
  52. ^ Brown & Lee 2009, p. 11.
  53. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 313.
  54. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 370.
  55. ^ a b Bernstein 1980, pp. 45–47.
  56. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 345–347.
  57. ^ Schweber 2012, p. 347.
  58. ^ Schweber 2012, pp. 348–350.
  59. ^ a b Schweber 2012, pp. 351–352.
  60. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 39.
  61. ^ Bernstein 1980, pp. 51–52.
  62. ^ Brown & Lee 2006, p. 149.
  63. ^ Bernstein 1980, pp. 54–55.
  64. ^ a b "Hans Bethe – Biographical". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
  65. ^ Truscott, Alan. "Bridge: Son of Nobel Prize Winner Is Famed in His Own Right". The New York Times. February 24, 1988. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
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  68. ^ Bernstein 1980, p. 61.
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  70. ^ Brown & Lee 2009, p. 13.
  71. ^ Hoddeson et al. 1993, pp. 42–47.
  72. ^ a b Weil, Martin (March 8, 2005). "Hans Bethe Dies; Nobel Prize Winner Worked on A-Bomb". The Washington Post. p. B06.
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  85. ^ Brown & Lee 2009, p. 15.
  86. ^ H. Bethe (1947). "The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels". Physical Review. 72 (4): 339–341. Bibcode:1947PhRv...72..339B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.72.339.
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  88. ^ Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. (1 April 1948). "The Origin of Chemical Elements" (PDF). Physical Review. 73 (7): 803–804. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..803A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
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  94. ^ Bahcall, J.N.; Bethe, H.A. (1990). "A solution of the solar neutrino problem". Physical Review Letters. 65 (18): 2233–2235. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..65.2233B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2233.
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  96. ^ Bethe, Hans A.; Brown, G. E. (1998). "Evolution of Binary Compact Objects That Merge". Astrophysical Journal. 506 (2): 780–789. arXiv:astro-ph/9802084 . Bibcode:1998ApJ...506..780B. doi:10.1086/306265.
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  • Bernstein, Jeremy (1980). Hans Bethe, Prophet of Energy. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02903-7.
  • Bethe, Hans A. (1991). The Road from Los Alamos. New York: American Institute of Physics. ISBN 978-0-88318-707-4.
  • Brian, Denis (2001). The Voice Of Genius: Conversations With Nobel Scientists And Other Luminaries. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Pub. ISBN 978-0-7382-0447-5.
  • Brown, Gerald E.; Lee, Sabine (2009). Hans Albrecht Bethe (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
  • Brown, Gerald E.; Lee, Chang-Hwan, eds. (2006). Hans Bethe and his Physics. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 9812566090.
  • Herken, Gregg (2002). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6588-1.
  • Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
  • Schweber, Silvan S. (2000). In the Shadow of the Bomb: Bethe, Oppenheimer, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04989-2.
  • Schweber, Silvan S. (2012). Nuclear Forces: The Making of the Physicist Hans Bethe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-06587-1.
  • Szasz, Ferenc Morton (1992). British Scientists and the Manhattan Project: the Los Alamos Years. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-06167-8. OCLC 23901666.

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