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Come Across Last Minute Flight S

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					Come Across Last Minute Flight S
There’s simply no question the idea , the very best and also very least nerve-racking method of
getting a low priced trip should be to publication early on or perhaps once the air carriers are
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So, you might have decided that you desire to go when , today the task associated with discovering
that , apparently incredibly elusive , very last minute trip.
With the age of the web the past instant traveler's arranging horizon may be extended dramatically.
Will no longer do you think you're relying on travel specialists -- nevertheless do not write off the
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Late trip Discounts
Airline sites tend to be the 1st port associated with call up while service providers occasionally offer
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Another great way should be to connect to the discounts brokered through a number of the big ,
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Auction web sites may also be a wonderful way to protected which crucial vacation at the correct
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the location and also favored price (recommendations are given through the internet site and stay
mindful using providing very low rates as the variety of rates for bids you may make is limited ). If the
bet complements an amount the actual flight will permit any couch to consider , it is the one you have.
You can just identify the actual night out and placement associated with journey so you might get the
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Travel cheap for the Vacation
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prior to the advent of cheap flights. An evening trip in a individual buggy will likely save you any night
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Driving may be a choice and if you need to escape the feeling each day lifestyle , maybe retain the
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of getting presently there , but if occasion is just not a worry , permit another person do the actual
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If there exists a extend associated with h2o for your location , think about punching the sea. nOt likely
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But in case traveling is really a desire or perhaps a need to , there are still ways to save the your trip.
The very best savings may be gained by taking any deal if you are planning to your vintage trip
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added discounts , the most common option being hotel and also trip reservations. Test Expedia or
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Last instant trip Deals
You may well immediately go to the price range air carriers to obtain a cheap , very last minute cope ,
nevertheless be sure to shop around. 1st , you should prevent these air carriers in the event you may
need to reprogram your schedules. nEvertheless subsequent , it is best to check a final price using
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service fees , couch allocation costs and also food and drink are actually factored in , it may very well
be related or even cheaper , to take flight using the apparently costlier flight.
Either look into the particular person flight web sites or perhaps , on top of that , use an flight
assessment internet site similar to Skyscanner or perhaps journey superstore. Assessment sites
clean the info coming from a wide range associated with air carriers and give you the outcomes. Who
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Frustrated through flight statements associated with thousands of prices sold at very cheap rates
however can not find people flights , have a look at MSE Flightchecker. This site is built to find these
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away an excellent very last minute cope.
One more internet site you should absolutely think about will be Hotwire which deals with flight
oversupply. The location could possibly be inside. Looking at charter flights is another good bet.
These flights are usually chartered with regard to package holiday seasons nevertheless as the trip
occasion gets near and also seating remain unbooked, there exists a chance with regard to self-
sufficient people to seize a good deal.
Whatever you need to do , don’t merely count on the net. Have a look at travel specialists – they
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you need to check out Seoul and also understand in which your local small Korea will be , brain
presently there so you may get a whole lot.
However a person manage to find the past due cope , have a fantastic getaway.
Also find an article about last instant hotels here.

best vacation deals

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Elmiron for interstitial cystitis

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					Welcome to the WestCanadaDrugs
                       Toll Free Number

 An Online Canadian Pharmacy
• Elmiron (Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium) Capsules is used for
  the treatment of pain or discomfort of interstitial cystitis (IC).
• Elmiron is an oral medicine for interstitial cystitis or painful
  bladder syndrome.
 Take Elmiron medication exactly as prescribed for you.

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  it is recommended by your doctor or pharmacist.

 Use this medicine on a regular basis to get the maximum benefit from it.

 Always follow the directions on your prescription label.

 Take it at the same times each day.
 This product may contain inactive ingredients that may
  cause allergic reactions or other problems.

 Consult with your doctor if you are pregnant , because it may harm to your
  unborn baby.

 Before taking Elmiron capsule , Tell your Doctor if you are allergic to it
  or you have any other allergies

 Before using this medicine, tell your pharmacist or doctor your
  medical history, especially of

             •    Blood vessel disorders
             •    Spleen disorders
             •    Liver disease

For more info :
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          Enjoy the Healthy and fit life !!

Description: Buy Elmiron (Pentosan Polysulfate Sulfate) Cap from ARTHROPHARM Online at Lowest Price. Buy Cheapest Brand Prescription Drugs at Canadian Online Pharmacy.


text:
Things to Consider While Buying a Hiking Gear

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					                        Things to Consider While Buying a Hiking Gear

Finding all the required gear at conventional stores can be a tedious task considering the fact that a single store
might not be having all the things required. This means that you would have to search the required gear at different
stores, which consumes a lot of time. A better way to look for the required gear is at the online stores from the
convenience of your home. You can even compare the prices charged on different products by various stores.
However, before buying hiking gear, you need to consider certain things. These include:

   1. Find your requirement: If you are interested in buying the right hiking gear, you need to know what exactly
      your requirement is. The first thing required is hiking shoes. Whether you are looking for support or extra
      protection with your shoes is your choice. Once you decide on your requirement, you can find the products

   2. Features: All stores and manufacturers portray their products to be the best. But you have to read the fine
      print and find yourself the best products. This requires you to go through their features carefully and decide
      after considering its performance, usability and versatility.

   3. Price: An important factor while buying hiking gear is the price. Different websites quote different prices for
      similar products. You have to choose from these different varieties considering not just the price but also its
      features. While cheap goods seem attractive, they may be ineffective when put to test. Therefore, always go
      for the high quality products from well-known companies to be assured of quality.

   4. Read Reviews: Talking to other hikers is a good way to know the best places to buy hiking gear. You could
      also visit forums and chat with the hikers on where to find the best gear at low rates. People who have
      bought such gear online previously will be able to help you in staying away from fraud sites and focus the
      genuine ones.

   5. Return Policy: When looking for genuine stores that deal in hiking gear, you must choose one that offers a
      generous return policy. This is important because then you can let the manufacture know of any defective
      materials being sold and return the goods.

It is recommended that you invest in quality gear as it would never let you down in terms of usability and
performance compared to cheap low quality ones, which can’t be relied upon much. is an online marketplace to sell and buy outdoor gear. Both new and used gear is listed on the
site. It serves as a good platform where buyers and sellers get the best deals for the products listed.
For more information on used bike and cheap outdoor gear please visit

1678 West Redstone Center Drive Suite 210
Park City, UT 84098

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					            Boundary Element Method (BEM) for Wave Making
                        Resistance of Displacement Catamaran
                                        S.H. Sadathosseini, M. S.Seif
                                       Mechanical Engineering Department
                                        Sharif University of Technology
                                           Tehran, Iran 11365-9567

   Nowadays, various numerical methods are developed to extend computational fluid dynamics in
   engineering applications. One of the most useful methods in free surface modeling is Boundary Element
   Method (BEM). BEM is used to model inviscid fluid flow such as flow around ships. BEM solutions
   employ surface mesh at all of the boundaries. In order to model the linear free surface, BEM can be
   modified to a simple form called Green Function Method (GFM).
   In this paper a developed code is applied GFM to several problems including flows around ships and the
   results are presented.
   To verify the accuracy and application of the code, it is applied to flows around an analytically body which
   is Wigley hull and results are in good agreement with available data.
   The wave-making properties are also investigated. Variations of the wave pattern versus the speed are
   studied, and a quantitative investigation of the forces is performed. In addition, the effects of linear solution
   are studied.
   The computer code is applied to catamaran hull form for wave pattern calculation. Moreover, contours of
   some quantities on the free surface are illustrated. Presented results and computer code can be used to
   optimize the hull form for lower wave making resistance.

   Keywords: Free Surface, Wave Making resistance, Catamaran, Boundary Element Method, Green
   Function Method

   Ω     : Three dimensional domain                     n             : Direction of normal vector
   Γ     : Boundary of domain                           (x,y,z)       : Cartesian coordinates
   φ     : Potential of velocity                        (ξ ,η , ζ )   : Coordinates of singular point
   w     : Weight function                              θ             : Direction on free surface
   δ     : Dirac-Delta function                         L             : Overall length of ship
   G     : Green function                               B             : Breadth of midship
   K     : Wave number                                  T             : Draft
    p    : Arbitrary point inside the domain            Fr            : Froude Number
   α     : Internal angle at point p

1. Free surface waves created by ships cause one of the most important drag components
   which is called wave making resistance. Several methods are used to compute wave

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Nettimer Tool for Measuring Bottleneck Link Bandwidth USENIX

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					       Nettimer: A Tool for Measuring Bottleneck Link
                                    Kevin Lai   Mary Baker
                                {laik, mgbaker}
                       Department of Computer Science, Stanford University
                                             January 29, 2001

Abstract                                                      dominant application and transport protocols in the
                                                              Internet, other applications and transport protocols
Measuring the bottleneck link bandwidth along a               (e.g. for video and audio streaming) have diﬀerent
path is important for understanding the perfor-               performance characteristics. Consequently, their per-
mance of many Internet applications. Existing tools           formance cannot be predicted by HTTP and TCP
to measure bottleneck bandwidth are relatively                throughput. Available bandwidth (when combined
slow, can only measure bandwidth in one direction,            with latency, loss rates, and other metrics) can predict
and/or actively send probe packets. We present                the performance of a wide variety of applications and
the nettimer bottleneck link bandwidth measure-               transport protocols. However, available bandwidth de-
ment tool, the libdpcap distributed packet cap-               pends on both bottleneck link bandwidth and cross
ture library, and experiments quantifying their util-         traﬃc. Cross traﬃc is highly variable in diﬀerent places
ity. We test nettimer across a variety of bottle-             in the Internet and even highly variable in the same
neck network technologies ranging from 19.2Kb/s               place. Developing and verifying the validity of an avail-
to 100Mb/s, wired and wireless, symmetric and                 able bandwidth algorithm that deals with that variabil-
asymmetric bandwidth, across local area and cross-            ity is diﬃcult.
country paths, while using both one and two packet               In contrast, bottleneck link bandwidth is well un-
capture hosts. In most cases, nettimer has an error           derstood in theory [Kes91] [Bol93] [Pax97] [LB00], and
of less than 10%, but at worst has an error of 40%,           techniques to measure it are straightforward to validate
even on cross-country paths of 17 or more hops. It            in practice (see Section 4). Moreover, bottleneck link
converges within 10KB of the ﬁrst large packet ar-            bandwidth measurement techniques have been shown
rival while consuming less than 7% of the network             to be accurate and fast in simulation [LB99]. Further-
traﬃc being measured.                                         more, in some parts of the Internet, available band-
                                                              width is frequently equal to bottleneck link bandwidth
                                                              because either bottleneck link bandwidth is small (e.g.
1    Introduction                                             wireless, modem, or DSL) or cross traﬃc is low (e.g.
                                                              LAN). In addition to bottleneck link bandwidth’s cur-
Network bandwidth continues to be a critical resource         rent utility, it can help the development of accurate
in the Internet because of the heterogeneous band-            and validated available bandwidth measurement tech-
widths of access technologies and ﬁle sizes. This can         niques because of available bandwidth’s dependence on
cause an unaware application to stream a 5GB video            bottleneck link bandwidth.
ﬁle over a 19.2Kb/s cellular data link or send a text-           However, current tools to measure link bandwidth
only version of a web site over a 100Mb/s link. Knowl-        1) measure all link bandwidths instead of just the bot-
edge of the bandwidth along a path allows an applica-         tleneck, 2) only measure the bandwidth in one direc-
tion to avoid such mistakes by adapting the size and          tion, and/or 3) actively send probe packets. The tools
quality of its content [FGBA96] or by choosing a web          pathchar [Jac97], clink [Dow99], pchar [Mah00], and
server or proxy with higher bandwidth than its replicas       tailgater [LB00] measure all of the link bandwidths
[Ste99].                                                      along a path, which can be time-consuming and un-
   Existing solutions to this problem have examined           necessary for applications that only want to know the
HTTP throughput [Ste99], TCP throughput [MM96],               bottleneck bandwidth. Furthermore, these tools and
available bandwidth [CC96a], or bottleneck link band-         bprobe [CC96b] can only measure bandwidth in one di-
width. Although HTTP and TCP are the current                  rection. These tools, tcpanaly [Pax97], and pathrate

[DRM01] actively send their own probe traﬃc, which                                              flow direction
can be more accurate than passively measuring existing
traﬃc, but also results in higher overhead [LB00]. The
nettimer-sim [LB99] tool only works in simulation.                                                 packets
   Our contributions are the nettimer bottleneck
link bandwidth measurement tool, the libdpcap dis-

tributed packet capture library, and experiments quan-
tifying their utility. Unlike current tools, nettimer can
passively measure the bottleneck link bandwidth along
a path in real time. Nettimer can measure bandwidth
in one direction with one packet capture host and in
both directions with two packet capture hosts. In addi-
tion, the libdpcap distributed packet capture library
allows measurement programs like nettimer to eﬃ-
ciently capture packets at remote hosts while doing ex-               (t   1
                                                                           0   - t 00   )   <
                                                                                =   (t   1
                                                                                - tn   )
                                                                                b lb
pensive measurement calculations locally. Our exper-
iments indicate that in most cases nettimer has less
than 10% error whether the bottleneck link technol-             Figure 1: This ﬁgure shows two packets of the same size
ogy is 100Mb/s Ethernet, 10Mb/s Ethernet, 11Mb/s                traveling from the source to the destination. The wide part
WaveLAN, 2Mb/s WaveLAN, ADSL, V.34 modem,                       of the pipe represents a high bandwidth link while the nar-
                                                                row part represents a low bandwidth link. The spacing
or CDMA cellular data. Nettimer converges within
                                                                between the packets caused by queueing at the bottleneck
10308 bytes of the ﬁrst large packet arrival. Even when
                                                                link remains constant downstream because there is no ad-
measuring a 100Mb/s bottleneck, nettimer only con-              ditional downstream queueing.
sumes 6.34% of the network traﬃc being measured,
and 4.52% of the cycles on the 366MHz remote packet
capture server and 57.6% of the cycles on the 266MHz
bandwidth computation machine.                                  where t0 and t1 are the arrival times of the ﬁrst and
                                                                          n     n
   The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sec-       second packets respectively at the destination, t0 and
tion 2 we describe the packet pair property of FIFO-            t1 are the transmission times of the ﬁrst and second
queueing networks and show how it can be used to                packets respectively, s1 is the size of the second packet,
measure bottleneck link bandwidth. In Section 3 we              and bl is the bandwidth of the bottleneck link.
describe how we implement the packet pair techniques               The intuitive rationale for this equation (a full proof
described in Section 2, including our distributed packet        is given in [LB00]) is that if two packets are sent close
capture architecture and API. In Section 4, we present          enough together in time to cause the packets to queue
preliminary results quantifying the accuracy, robust-           together at the bottleneck link ( s1 > t1 − t0 ), then the
                                                                                bl     0    0
ness, agility, and eﬃciency of the tool. In Section 6,          packets will arrive at the destination with the same
we conclude.                                                    spacing (t1 − t0 ) as when they exited the bottleneck
                                                                            n   n
                                                                link ( s1 ). The spacing will remain the same because
                                                                the packets are the same size and no link downstream
2     Packet Pair Technique                                     of the bottleneck link has a lower bandwidth than the
                                                                bottleneck link (as shown in Figure 1, which is a vari-
In this section we describe the packet pair property of         ation of a ﬁgure from [Jac88]).
FIFO-queueing networks and show how it can be used                 This property makes several assumptions that may
to measure bottleneck link bandwidth.                           not hold in practice. First, it assumes that the two
                                                                packets queue together at the bottleneck link and at
                                                                no later link. This could by violated by other packets
2.1    Packet Pair Property of FIFO-                            queueing between the two packets at the bottleneck
       Queueing networks                                        link, or packets queueing in front of the ﬁrst, the sec-
                                                                ond or both packets downstream of the bottleneck link.
The packet pair property of FIFO-queueing networks
                                                                If any of these events occur, then Equation 1 does not
predicts the diﬀerence in arrival times of two packets
                                                                hold. In Section 2.2, we describe how to mitigate this
of the same size traveling from the same source to the
                                                                limitation by ﬁltering out samples that suﬀer undesir-
same destination:
                                                                able queueing.
                               s1 1                                In addition, the packet pair property assumes that
             t1 − t0 = max
              n    n             , t − t0            (1)        the two packets are sent close enough in time that they
                               bl 0     0

queue together at the bottleneck link. This is a prob-  case that satisﬁes the assumptions of the packet pair
lem for very high bandwidth bottleneck links and/or     property and three cases that do not. There are other
for passive measurement. For example, from Equa-        possible scenarios but they are combinations of these
tion 1, to cause queueing between two 1500 byte pack-   cases.
ets at a 1Gb/s bottleneck link, they would have to be      Case A shows the ideal packet pair case: the packets
transmitted no more than 12 microseconds apart. An      are sent suﬃciently quickly to queue at the bottleneck
active technique is more likely than a passive one to   link and there is no queueing after the bottleneck link.
satisfy this assumption because it can control the size In this case the bottleneck bandwidth is equal to the
and transmission times of its packets. However, in Sec- received bandwidth and we do not need to do any ﬁl-
tion 2.2, we describe how passive techniques can detect tering.
this problem and sometimes ﬁlter out its eﬀect.            In case B, one or more packets queue between the
   Another assumption of the packet pair property is    ﬁrst and second packets, causing the second packet to
that the bottleneck router uses FIFO-queueing. If the   fall farther behind than would have been caused by the
router uses fair queueing, then packet pair measures    bottleneck link. In this case, the received bandwidth is
the available bandwidth of the bottleneck link [Kes91]. less than the bottleneck bandwidth by some unknown
   Finally, the packet pair property assumes that trans-amount, so we should ﬁlter this sample out.
mission delay is proportional to packet size and that      In case C, one or more packets queue before the ﬁrst
routers are store-and-forward. The assumption that      packet after the bottleneck link, causing the second
transmission delay is proportional to packet size may   packet to follow the ﬁrst packet closer than would have
not be true if, for example, a router manages its buﬀersbeen caused by the bottleneck link. In this case, the re-
in such a way that a 128 byte packet is copied more     ceived bandwidth is greater than the bottleneck band-
than proportionally faster than a 129 byte packet.      width by some unknown amount, so we should ﬁlter
However, this eﬀect is usually small enough to be ig-   this sample out.
nored. The assumption that routers are store-and-          In case D, the sender does not send the two pack-
forward (they receive the last bit of the packet before ets close enough together, so they do not queue at the
forwarding the ﬁrst bit) is almost always true in the   bottleneck link. In this case, the received bandwidth is
Internet.                                               less than the bottleneck bandwidth by some unknown
   Using the packet pair property, we can solve Equa-   amount, so we should ﬁlter this sample out. Active
tion 1 for bl , the bandwidth of the bottleneck link:   techniques can avoid case D samples by sending large
                               s1                       packets with little spacing between them, but passive
                      bl = 1      0
                                                    (2) techniques are susceptible to them. Examples of case D
                            tn − tn
                                                        traﬃc are TCP acknowledgements, voice over IP traf-
We call this the received bandwidth because it is band- ﬁc, remote terminal protocols like telnet and ssh, and
width measured at the receiver. When ﬁltering in the instant messaging protocols.
next section, we will also use the the bandwidth mea-
sured at the sender (the sent bandwidth):
                                                        2.2.1 Filtering using Density Estimation
                                                    (3) To ﬁlter out the eﬀect of case B and C, we use the in-
                         t1 − t0
                          0     0
                                                        sight that samples inﬂuenced by cross traﬃc will tend
                                                        not to correlate with each other while the case A sam-
2.2 Filtering Techniques                                ples will correlate strongly with each other [Pax97]
In this section, we describe in more detail how the as- [CC96b]. This is because we assume that cross traﬃc
sumptions in Section 2.1 can be violated in practice will have random packet sizes and will arrive randomly
and how we can ﬁlter out this eﬀect. Using measure- at the links along the path. In addition, we use the
ments of the sizes and transmission and arrival times insight that packets sent with a low bandwidth that
of several packets and Equation 1, we can get samples arrive with a high bandwidth are deﬁnitely from case
of the received bandwidth. The goal of a ﬁltering tech- C and can be ﬁltered out [Pax97]. Figure 3 shows a
nique is to determine which of these samples indicate hypothetical example of how we apply these insights.
the bottleneck link bandwidth and which do not. Our Using the second insight, we eliminate the case C sam-
approach is to develop a ﬁltering function that gives ples above the received bandwidth = sent bandwidth
higher priority to the good samples and lower priority (x = y) line. Of the remaining samples, we calculate
to the bad samples.                                     their smoothed distribution and pick the point with
   Before describing our ﬁltering functions, we diﬀer- the highest density as the bandwidth.
entiate between the kinds of samples we want to keep       There are many ways to compute the density func-
and those we want to ﬁlter out. Figure 2 shows one tion of a set of samples [Pax97] [CC96b], including us-

                                                      < ___                            s1
                                                                                = ___                                  s1
                                                                                = ___
                                                         bl                            bl                                  bl

                                                      < ___                        s1
                                                                                > ___                                       s1
                                                                                > ___
                                                         bl                        bl           cross traffic               bl

                                                      < ___                  s1
                                                                          = ___              cross traffic                       s1
                                                                                < ___
                                                         bl                  bl                                                  bl

                                                                                > ___
                                                              > ___

Figure 2: This ﬁgure shows four cases of how the spacing between a pair of packets changes as they travel along a path.
The black boxes are packets traveling from a source on the left to a destination on the right. Underneath each pair of
packets is their spacing relative to the spacing caused by the bottleneck link. They gray boxes indicate cross traﬃc that
causes one or both of the packets to queue.

ing a histogram. However, histograms have the dis-                                          10,000 could ﬂatten an interesting maxima. Another
advantages of ﬁxed bin widths, ﬁxed bin alignment,                                          disadvantage is ﬁxed bin alignment. For example, two
and uniform weighting of points within a bin. Fixed                                         points could lie very close to each other on either side of
bin widths make it diﬃcult to choose an appropriate                                         a bin boundary and the bin boundary ignores that re-
bin width without previously knowing something about                                        lationship. Finally, uniform weighting of points within
the distribution. For example, if all the samples are                                       a bin means that points close together will have the
around 100,000, it would not be meaningful to choose                                        same density as points that are at opposite ends of a
a bin width of 1,000,000. On the other hand, if all                                         bin. The advantage of a histogram is its speed in com-
the samples are around 100,000,000, a bin width of                                          puting results, but we are more interested in accuracy
                                                                                and robustness than in saving CPU cycles.
                                                                                To avoid these problems, we use kernel density esti-
                                                                                mation [Sco92]. The idea is to deﬁne a kernel function
                                                                                K(t) with the property
   Received Bandwidth

                                      C                                                                            +∞
                                  C                       C   C                                                         K(t)dt = 1                 (4)
                        x=y                               C
                                          A       A                                         Then the density at a received bandwidth sample x is
                                              B                                                                     1             x − xi
                                          B                                                                  d(x) =           K                    (5)
                              B                                                                                n   i=1
                        Sent Bandwidth                                Density
                                                                                where c is the kernel width ratio, n is the number of
                                                                                points within c ∗ x of x, and xi is the ith such point.
Figure 3: The left graph shows some packet pair samples
                                                                                We use the kernel width ratio to control the smooth-
plotted using their received bandwidth against their sent
bandwidth. “A” samples correspond to case A, etc. The
                                                                                ness of the density function. Larger values of c give a
right graph shows the distribution of diﬀerent values of re-                                more accurate result, but are also more computation-
ceived bandwidth after ﬁltering out the samples above the                                   ally expensive. We use a c of 0.10. The kernel function
x = y line. In this example, density estimation indicates                                   we use is
the best result.                                                                                1+t t≤0
                                                                                K(t) =                               (6)
                                                                                1−t t>0

                                                                         Unfortunately, given two samples with the same sent
Received Bandwidth

                                                                       bandwidth (7) favors the one with the smaller received
                                                                       bandwith. To counteract this, we deﬁne the received
                                                                       bandwidth ratio to be
                     x=y                                                                         ln(x) − ln(xmin )
                                   A            A                                    r(x) =                                    (8)
                                                                                ln(xmax ) − ln(xmin )

                        D                                              2.2.3    Composing Filtering Algorithms
                                                                       We can compose the ﬁltering algorithms described in
                            Sent Bandwidth               Density       the previous sections by normalizing their values and
                                                                       taking their linear combination:
Figure 4: This ﬁgure has the same structure as Figure 3.
In this example, the ratio of received bandwidth to sent                                     d(x)
                                                                           f (x) = 0.4 ∗           + 0.3 ∗ p(x) + 0.3 ∗ r(x)   (9)
bandwidth is a better indicator than density estimation.                                   d(x)max

                                                       where d(x)max is the maximum kernel density value.
                                                       By choosing the maximum value of f (x) as the bottle-
This function gives greater weight to samples close to neck link bandwidth, we can take into account both the
the point at which we want to estimate density, and it density and the received/sent bandwidth ratio without
is simple and fast to compute.                         favoring smaller values of x. The weighting of each of
                                                       the components is arbitrary. Although it is unlikely
2.2.2 Filtering using the Received/Sent Band- that this is the optimal weighting, the results in Sec-
        width Ratio                                    tion 4.2 indicate that these weightings work well.
Although density estimation is the best indicator in
many situations, many case D samples can fool density                  2.3     Sample Window
estimation. For example, a host could transfer data in
two directions over two diﬀerent TCP connections to                    In addition to using a ﬁltering function, we also only
the same correspondent host. If data mainly ﬂows in                    use the last w bandwidth samples. This allows us to
the forward direction, then the reverse direction would                quickly detect changes in bottleneck link bandwidth
consist of many TCP acknowledgements sent with large                   (agility) while being resistant to cross traﬃc (stability).
spacings and a few data packets sent with small spac-                  A large w is more stable than a small w because it
ings. Figure 4 shows a possible graph of the resulting                 will include periods without cross traﬃc and diﬀerent
measurement samples. Density estimation would indi-                    sources of cross traﬃc that are unlikely to correlate
cate a bandwidth lower than the correct one because                    with a particular received bandwidth. However, a large
there are so many case D samples resulting from the                    w will be less agile than a small w for essentially the
widely spaced acks.                                                    same reason. It is not clear to us how to deﬁne a w for
  We can improve the accuracy of our results if we                     all situations, so we currently punt on the problem by
favor samples that show evidence of actually causing                   making it a user-deﬁned parameter in nettimer.
queueing at the bottleneck link [LB99]. The case D
samples are unlikely to have caused queueing at the
bottleneck link because they are so close to the line
                                                                       3       Implementation
x = y. On the other hand, the case A samples are                       In this section, we describe how nettimer implements
on average far from the x = y line, meaning that they                  the algorithms described in the previous section. The
were sent with a high bandwidth but received with a                    issues we address are how to deﬁne ﬂows, where to take
lower bandwidth. This suggests that they did queue at                  measurements, and how to distribute measurements.
the bottleneck link.
  Using this insight we deﬁne the received/sent band-
width ratio of a received bandwidth sample x to be                     3.1     Deﬁnition of Flows
                                                    In Section 2.1, the packet pair property refers to two
                                 p(x) = 1 −     (7) packets from the same source to the same destination.
                                                    For nettimer, we interpret this ﬂow to be deﬁned by
where s(x) is the sent bandwidth of x. We take the a (source IP address, destination IP address)
log of the bandwidths because bandwidths frequently tuple (network level ﬂow), but we could also have in-
diﬀer by orders of magnitude.                       terpreted it to be deﬁned by a (source IP address,

source port number, destination IP address,              for TCP. Unfortunately, TCP does not have a strict
source port number) tuple (transport level ﬂow).         per-packet acknowledgement policy. It only acks every
The advantage of using transport level ﬂows is that      other packet or packets out of order. Furthermore, it
they can penetrate Network Address Translation           sometimes delays acks. Finally, the acks could be de-
(NAT) gateways. The advantage of network level           layed by cross traﬃc on the reverse path, causing more
ﬂows is that we can aggregate the traﬃc of multiple      noise for the ﬁltering algorithm to deal with. We show
transport level ﬂows (e.g. TCP connections) so that      in Section 4 that the non-per-packet acknowledgements
we have more samples to work with. We chose network      make SBPP much less accurate that the other packet
level ﬂows because when we started implementing          pair techniques. We describe a solution to this problem
nettimer, NAT gateways were not widespread while         in Section 5.
popular WWW browsers would open several short               ROPP works by using only the arrival times of pack-
TCP connections with servers. We describe a possible     ets. This prevents us from using some of the ﬁlter-
solution to this problem in Section 5.                   ing algorithms described in Section 2.2 because we can
                                                         no longer calculate the sent bandwidth. One applica-
3.2 Measurement Host                                     tion of this technique would be to deploy measurement
                                                         software at a client and measure the bandwidth from
In Section 2.1, we assume that we have the transmis- servers that cannot be modiﬁed to the client. We show
sion and arrival times of packets. In practice, this in Section 4 that in some cases where there is little
requires deploying measurement software at both the cross traﬃc, ROPP is close in accuracy to RBPP.
sender and the receiver, which may be diﬃcult. In this
section, we describe how we mitigate this limitation in 3.3 Distributed Packet Capture
nettimer and the trade-oﬀs of doing so.
                                                         In this section, we describe our architecture to do dis-
3.2.1 Two Hosts                                          tributed packet capture. The nettimer tool uses this
                                                         architecture to measure both transmission and arrival
In the ideal case, we can deploy measurement soft- times of packets in the Internet. We ﬁrst explain our
ware at both the sender and the receiver. Using this approach and then describe our implementation.
technique, called Receiver Based Packet Pair (RBPP)
[Pax97], nettimer can employ all of the ﬁltering algo- 3.3.1 Approach
rithms described in Section 2.2 because we have both
the transmission times and reception times. However, Our approach is to distinguish between packet cap-
in addition to deploying measurement software at both ture servers and packet capture clients. The packet
the sender and the receiver, nettimer also needs an ar- capture servers capture packet headers and then dis-
chitecture to distribute the measurements to interested tribute them to the clients. The servers do no cal-
hosts (described in Section 3.3). We show in Section 4 culations. The clients receive the packet headers and
that RBPP is the most accurate technique.                perform performance calculations and ﬁltering. This
                                                         allows ﬂexibility in where the packet capture is done
                                                         and where the calculation is done.
3.2.2 One Host
                                                            Another possible approach is to do more calculation
When we can only deploy software at one host, we at the packet capture hosts [MJ98]. The advantage of
measure the bandwidth from that host to any other approach is that packet capture hosts do not have to
host using Sender Based Packet Pair (SBPP) [Pax97] consume bandwidth by distributing packet headers.
or from any other host to the measurement host using        The advantages of separating the packet capture and
Receiver Only Packet Pair (ROPP) [LB99].                 performance calculation are 1) reducing the CPU bur-
   SBPP works by using the arrival times of transport- den of the packet capture hosts, 2) gaining more ﬂex-
or application-level acknowledgements instead of the ibility in the kinds of performance calculations done,
arrival times of the packets themselves. One applica- and 3) reducing the amount of code that has to run
tion of this technique would be to deploy measurement with root privileges. By doing the performance calcula-
software at a server and measure the bandwidth from tion only at the packet capture clients, the servers only
the server to clients where software could not be de- capture packets and distribute them to clients. This is
ployed. The issues with this technique are 1) transport- especially important if the packet capture server re-
or application-level information, 2) non-per-packet ac- ceives packets at a high rate, the packet capture server
knowledgements, and 3) susceptibility to reverse path is collocated with other servers (e.g. a web server),
cross traﬃc. nettimer uses transport- or application- and/or the performance calculation consumes many
level information to match acknowledgements to pack- CPU cycles (as is the case with the ﬁltering algorithm
ets. Currently it only implements this functionality described in Section 2.2). Another advantage is that

clients have the ﬂexibility to change their performance
                                                                Table 1: This table shows the diﬀerent path characteristics
calculation code without modifying the packet capture
                                                                used in the experiments. The Short and Long column list
servers. This also avoids the possible security prob-           the number of hops from host to host for the short and
lems of allowing client code to be run on the server.           long path respectively. The RTT columns list the round-
Finally, some operating systems (e.g. Linux) require            trip-times of the short and long paths in ms.
that packet capture code run with root privileges. By
separating the client and server code, only the server              Type                  Short   RTT     Long    RTT
runs with root privilege while the client can run as a              Ethernet 100 Mb/s         4      1      17      74
normal user.                                                        Ethernet 10 Mb/s          4      1      17      80
                                                                    WaveLAN 2 Mb/s            3      4      18     151
                                                                    WaveLAN 11 Mb/s           3      4      18     151
3.3.2   libdpcap                                                    ADSL                     14     19      19     129
                                                                    V.34 Modem               14    151      18     234
Our implementation of distributed packet capture is
                                                                    CDMA                     14    696      18     727
the libdpcap library. It is built on top of the libpcap
library [MJ93]. As a result, the nettimer tool can
measure live in the Internet or from tcpdump traces.
   To start a libdpcap server, the application spec-            sizeof(cap len) (2 bytes) + sizeof(ﬂags) (2 bytes). For
iﬁes the parameters send thresh, send interval,                 TCP traﬃc, nettimer needs at least 40 bytes of packet
filter cmd, and cap len.           send thresh is the           header. In addition, link level headers consume some
number of bytes of packet headers the server will               variable amount of space. To be safe, we set the cap-
buﬀer before sending them to the client. This should            ture length to 60 bytes, so each libdpcap packet report
usually be at least the TCP maximum segment size                consumes 72 bytes. 20 of these headers ﬁt in a 1460
so fewer less than full size packet report packets will         byte TCP payload, so the total overhead is approxi-
sent. send interval is the amount of time to wait               mately 1500 bytes / 20 * 1500 = 5.00%. On a heavily
before sending the buﬀered packet headers. This                 loaded network, this could be a problem. However, if
prevents packet headers from languishing at the server          we are only interested in a pre-determined subset of
waiting for enough data to exceed send thresh.                  the traﬃc, we can use the packet ﬁlter to reduce the
The server sends the buﬀer when send interval or                number of packet reports. We experimentally verify
send thresh is exceeded. The filter cmd speciﬁes                this cost in Section 4.2.5 and describe some other ways
which packets should be captured by this server                 to reduce it in Section 5.
using the libpcap ﬁlter language. This can cut
down on the amount of unnecessary data sent to the
clients. For example, to capture only TCP packets be-           4     Experiments
tween and the
filter cmd would be “host and                   In this section we describe the experiments we used to
host and TCP”.              cap len        quantify the utility of nettimer.
speciﬁes how much of each packet to capture.
   To start a libdpcap client, the application speciﬁes
a set of servers to connect to and its own filter cmd.
                                                                4.1    Methodology
The client sends this filter cmd to the servers with            In this section we describe and explain our method-
whom it connects. This further restrict the types of            ology in running the experiments. Our approach is
packet headers that the client receives.                        to take tcpdump traces on pairs of machines during a
   After a client connects to a server, the server re-          transfer between those machines while varying the bot-
sponds with its cap len and its clock resolution. Dif-          tleneck link bandwidth, path length, and workload. We
ferent machines and operating systems have diﬀerent             then run these traces through nettimer and analyze
clock resolutions for captured packets. For example             the results. Our methodology consists of 1) the net-
Linux < 2.2.0 had a resolution of 10ms, while Linux             work topology, 2) the hardware and software platform,
>= 2.2.0 has a resolution < 20 microseconds, almost a           3) accuracy measurement, 4) the network application
thousand times diﬀerence. This can make a signiﬁcant            workload, and 5) the network environment.
diﬀerence in the accuracy of a calculation, so the server          Our network topology consists of a variety of paths
reports this clock resolution to the client.                    (listed in Table 1) where we vary the bottleneck link
   To calculate the bandwidth consumed by the packet            technology and the length of the path. WaveLAN
reports that the distributed packet capture server              [wav00] is a wireless local area network technology
sends to its clients, we start with the size of each            made by Lucent. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Sub-
report: cap len + sizeof(timestamp) (8 bytes) +                 scriber Line) is a high bandwidth technology that uses

                                                                 sure both bandwidths and 2) we want to take measure-
Table 2: This table shows the diﬀerent software versions
                                                                 ments where the bottleneck link is the ﬁrst link and the
used in the experiments. The release column gives the RPM
package release number.
                                                                 last link. A ﬁrst link bottleneck link is the worst case
                                                                 for nettimer because it provides the most opportunity
         Name                  Version    Release                for cross traﬃc to interfere with the packet pair prop-
         GNU/Linux Kernel       2.2.16         22                erty. A last link bottleneck link is the best case for the
         RedHat                     7.0         -                opposite reason.
         tcpdump                    3.4        10                   We copy a 7476723 byte ﬁle as a compromise between
         tcptrace                 5.2.1         1                having enough samples to work with and not having
         openssh               2.3.0p1          4                so many samples that traces are cumbersome to work
         nettimer                 2.1.0         1                with. We terminate the tracing after ﬁve minutes so
                                                                 that we do not have to wait hours for the ﬁle to be
                                                                 transferred across the lower bandwidth links.
                                                                    The network environment centers around the Stan-
phone lines to bring connectivity into homes and small           ford University campus but also includes the networks
businesses. We tested the Paciﬁc Bell/SBC [dsl00]                of Paciﬁc Bell, Sprint PCS, Harvard University and the
ADSL service. V.34 is an International Telecommuni-              ISPs that connect Stanford and Harvard.
cation Union (ITU) [itu00] standard for data commu-                 We ran ﬁve trials so that we could measure the eﬀect
nication over analog phone lines. We used the V.34               of diﬀerent levels of cross traﬃc during diﬀerent times
service of Stanford University. CDMA (Code Divi-                 of day and diﬀerent days of the week. The traces were
sion Multiple Access) is a digital cellular technology.          started at 18:07 PST 12/01/2000 (Friday), 16:36 PST
We tested CDMA service by Sprint PCS [spr00] with                12/02/2000 (Saturday), 11:07 PST 12/04/2000 (Mon-
AT&T Global Internet Services as the Internet service            day), 18:39 PST 12/04/2000 (Monday), and 12:00 PST
provider. These are most of the link technologies that           12/05/2000 (Tuesday). We believe that these traces
are currently available for users.                               cover the peak traﬃc times of the networks that we
   In all cases the bottleneck link is the link closest to       tested on: commute time (Sprint PCS cellular), week-
one of the hosts. This allows us to measure the best and         ends and nights (Paciﬁc Bell ADSL, Stanford V.34,
worst cases for nettimer as described below. The short           Stanford residential network), work hours (Stanford
paths are representative of local area and metropolitan          and Harvard Computer Science Department networks).
area networks while the long paths are representative               Within the limits of our resources, we have selected
of a cross-country, wide area network. We were not               as many diﬀerent values for our experimental param-
able to get access to an international tracing machine.          eters as possible to capture some of the heterogeneity
   All the tracing hosts are Intel Pentiums ranging from         of the Internet.
266MHz to 500MHz. The versions of software used are
listed in Table 2.                                               4.2     Results
   We measure network accuracy by showing a lower
                                                                 In this section, we analyze the results of the experi-
bound (TCP throughput on a path with little cross
traﬃc) and an upper bound (the nominal bandwidth
speciﬁed by the manufacturer). TCP throughput by it-
self is insuﬃcient because it does not include the band-         4.2.1   Varied Bottleneck Link
width consumed by link level headers, IP headers, TCP            One goal of this work is to determine whether
headers and retransmissions. The nominal bandwidth               nettimer can measure across a wide variety of network
is insuﬃcient because the manufacturer usually mea-              technologies. Dealing with diﬀerent network technolo-
sures under conditions that may be diﬃcult to achieve            gies is not just a matter of dealing with diﬀerent band-
in practice. Another possibility would be for us to mea-         widths because diﬀerent technologies have very diﬀer-
sure each of the bottleneck link technologies on an iso-         ent link and physical layer protocols that could aﬀect
lated test bed. However, given the number and types              bandwidth measurement.
of link technologies, this would have been diﬃcult.                 Using Table 3, we examine the short path Receiver
   The network application workload consists of using            Based Packet Pair results for the diﬀerent technologies.
scp (a secure ﬁle transfer program from openssh) to              This table gives the mean result over all the times and
copy a 7476723 byte MP3 ﬁle once in each directions              days of the TCP throughput and Receiver Based result
along a path. The transfer is terminated after ﬁve min-          reported by nettimer.
utes even if the ﬁle has not been fully transferred.               The Ethernet 100Mb/s case and to a lesser extent the
   We copy the ﬁle in both directions because 1) the             Ethernet 10Mb/s case show that using TCP to mea-
ADSL technology is asymmetric and we want to mea-                sure the bandwidth of a high bandwidth link can be

                                                                In the WaveLAN cases, both the nettimer estimate
Table 3: This table summarizes nettimer results over all
                                                             and the TCP throughput estimate deviate signiﬁcantly
the times and days. “Type” lists the diﬀerent bottleneck
technologies. “D” lists the direction of the transfer. “u”
                                                             from the nominal. However, another study [BPSK96]
and “d” indicate that data is ﬂowing away from or towards reports a peak TCP throughput over WaveLAN 2Mb/s
the bottleneck end, respectively. “Path” indicates whether of 1.39Mb/s. We took the traces with a distance of less
the (l)ong or (s)hort path is used. “N” lists the nomi- than 3m between the wireless node and the base station
nal bandwidth of the technology. “TCP” lists the TCP and there were no other obvious sources of electromag-
throughput. “RB” lists the nettimer results for Receiver netic radiation nearby. We speculate that the 2Mb/s
Based packet pair. (σ) lists the standard deviation over the and 11Mb/s nominal rates were achieved in an optimal
diﬀerent traces.                                             environment shielded from external radio interference
  High bandwidth technologies (Mb/s):
                                                             and conclude that the nettimer reported rate is close
  Type         D P          N      TCP (σ)         RB (σ)    to the actual rate achievable in practice.
  Ethernet     d    s     100 21.22 (.13)      88.39 (.01)
                                                                Another anomaly is that the nettimer measured
  Ethernet     d    l     100     2.09 (.41)   59.15 (.04)   WaveLAN bandwidths are consistently higher in the
  Ethernet     u    s     100 19.92 (.05)      90.16 (.06)   down direction than in the up direction. This is un-
  Ethernet     u    l     100     1.51 (.58)   92.03 (.02)   likely to be nettimer calculation error because the
  Ethernet     d    s    10.0     6.56 (.06)    9.65 (.00)   TCP throughputs are similarly asymmetric. Since the
  Ethernet     d    l    10.0     1.85 (.14)    9.62 (.00)   hardware in the PCMCIA NICs used in the host and
  Ethernet     u    s    10.0     7.80 (.03)    9.46 (.00)   the base station are identical, this is most likely due to
  Ethernet     u    l    10.0     1.66 (.21)    9.30 (.02)   an asymmetry in the MAC-layer protocol.
  WaveLAN d         s    11.0     4.33 (.16)    6.52 (.20)      The nettimer measured ADSL bandwidth consis-
  WaveLAN d         l    11.0     1.63 (.13)    7.25 (.22)
                                                             tently deviates from the nominal by 15%-17%. Since
  WaveLAN u         s    11.0     4.64 (.17)    5.30 (.12)
  WaveLAN u         l    11.0     1.51 (.32)    5.07 (.14)
                                                             the TCP throughput is very close to the nettimer mea-
  WaveLAN d         s     2.0     1.38 (.01)    1.48 (.02)   sured bandwidth, this deviation is most likely due to
  WaveLAN d         l     2.0     1.05 (.09)    1.47 (.02)   the overhead from PPP headers and byte-stuﬃng (Pa-
  WaveLAN u         s     2.0     1.07 (.05)    1.21 (.01)   ciﬁc Bell/SBC ADSL uses PPP over Ethernet) and the
  WaveLAN u         l     2.0     0.87 (.26)    1.17 (.00)   overhead of encapsulating PPP packets in ATM (Pa-
  ADSL         d    s     1.5     1.21 (.01)    1.24 (.00)   ciﬁc Bell/SBC ADSL modems use ATM to communi-
  ADSL         d    l     1.5     1.16 (.01)    1.23 (.00)   cate with their switch). Link layer overhead is also the
                                                             likely cause of the deviation in V.34 results.
  Low bandwidth technologies (Kb/s):                            The CDMA results exhibit an asymmetry similar to
  Type         D P          N      TCP (σ)         RB (σ)    the WaveLAN results. However, we are fairly certain
  ADSL         u    s     128 96.87 (.19) 109.28 (.00)       that the base station hardware is diﬀerent from our
  ADSL         u    l     128 107.0 (.01) 109.51 (.00)       client transceiver and this may explain the diﬀerence.
  V.34         d    s    33.6 26.43 (.04)      27.04 (.03)
                                                             However, this may also be due to an interference source
  V.34         d    l    33.6 26.77 (.04)      27.52 (.04)
                                                             close to the client and hidden from the base station. In
  V.34         u    s    33.6 27.98 (.01)      28.62 (.01)
  V.34         u    l    33.6 28.05 (.00)      28.82 (.00)   addition, since the TCP throughputs are far from both
  CDMA         d    s    19.2     5.30 (.05)   10.88 (.05)   the nominal and the nettimer measured bandwidth,
  CDMA         d    l    19.2     5.15 (.09)   10.83 (.09)   the deviation may be due to nettimer measurement
  CDMA         u    s    19.2     6.76 (.24)   18.48 (.05)   error.
  CDMA         u    l    19.2     6.50 (.53)   17.21 (.11)      We conclude that nettimer was able to measure the
                                                             bottleneck link bandwidth of the diﬀerent link tech-
                                                             nologies with a maximum error of 41%, but in most
                                                             cases with an error less than 10%.
inaccurate and/or expensive. For both Ethernets, the
TCP throughput is signiﬁcantly less than the nominal           4.2.2   Resistance to Cross Traﬃc
bandwidth. This could be caused by cross traﬃc, not
being able to open the TCP window enough, bottle-              We would expect that the long paths would have more
necks in the disk, ineﬃciencies in the operating system,       cross traﬃc than the short paths and therefore inter-
and/or the encryption used by the scp application. In          fere with nettimer. In addition, we would expect that
general, using TCP to measure bandwidth requires ac-           bandwidth in the up direction would be more diﬃcult
tually ﬁlling that bandwidth. This may be expensive            to measure than bandwidth in the down direction be-
in resources and/or inaccurate. We have no explana-            cause packets have to travel the entire path before their
tion for the RBPP result of 59Mb/s for the down long           arrival time can be measured.
path.                                                             However, Table 3 shows that the RBPP technique

and nettimer’s ﬁltering algorithm are able to ﬁlter out
                                                            Table 4: This table shows 11:07 PST 12/04/2000 nettimer
the eﬀect of cross traﬃc such that nettimer is accurate
                                                            results.“Type” lists the diﬀerent bottleneck technologies.
for long paths even in the up direction.                    “D” lists the direction of the transfer. “u” and “d” indi-
   In contrast, ROPP is much less accurate on the up        cate that data is ﬂowing away from or towards the bottle-
paths than on the down paths (Section 4.2.3).               neck end, respectively. “P” indicates whether the (l)ong or
   It was pointed out by an anonymous reviewer that         (s)hort path is used. “Nom” lists the nominal bandwidth of
there may be environments (e.g. a busy web server)          the technology. “RO” and “SB” list the Receiver Only or
where packet sizes and arrival times are highly cor-        Sender Based packet pair bandwidths respectively. (σ) lists
related, which would violate some of the assumptions        the standard deviation over the duration of the connection.
described in Section 2.2.1. There are deﬁnitely parts
of the Internet containing technologies and/or traﬃc         High bandwidth   technologies (Mb/s):
patterns so diﬀerent from those described here that          Type       D      P   Nom          RO (σ)         SB (σ)
they cause nettimer’s ﬁltering algorithm to fail. One
                                                             Ethernet   d      s   100.0     87.69 (.12)   29.22 (.46)
example is multi-channel ISDN, which is no longer in         Ethernet   d      l   100.0     63.65 (.27)   22.56 (1.8)
common use in the United States. We simply claim             Ethernet   u      s   100.0 697.39 (.12)      52.28 (.22)
that nettimer is accurate in a variety of common cases       Ethernet   u      l   100.0 706.34 (.04)      13.96 (1.1)
which justiﬁes further investigation into its eﬀective-      Ethernet   d      s    10.0      9.65 (.03)   92.80 (.49)
ness in other cases.                                         Ethernet   d      l    10.0      9.65 (.04)   12.44 (2.5)
                                                             Ethernet   u      s    10.0     84.03 (.47)    4.63 (.04)
4.2.3   Diﬀerent Packet Pair Techniques                      Ethernet   u      l    10.0     97.85 (.04)    6.42 (2.6)
                                                             WaveLAN d         s    11.0      8.00 (.22)    3.40 (3.1)
In this section, we examine the relative accuracy of         WaveLAN d         l    11.0      8.36 (.25)    2.11 (.33)
the diﬀerent packet pair techniques. Table 4 shows the       WaveLAN u         s    11.0     11.30 (.03)    2.43 (.29)
Receiver-Only and Sender-Based results of one day’s          WaveLAN u         l    11.0     11.56 (.03)    1.77 (.31)
traces.                                                      WaveLAN d         s      2.0     1.46 (.03)    0.76 (.03)
                                                             WaveLAN d         l      2.0     1.46 (.04)    0.74 (.05)
   Sender Based Packet Pair is not particularly accu-
                                                             WaveLAN u         s      2.0     1.20 (.03)    0.60 (.00)
rate, reporting 20%-50% of the estimated bandwidth,
                                                             WaveLAN u         l      2.0     1.20 (.03)    0.59 (.06)
even on the short paths. As mentioned before, this is        ADSL       d      s      1.5     1.24 (.03)    0.59 (.04)
most likely the result of passively using TCP’s non-per-     ADSL       d      l      1.5     1.24 (.04)    0.59 (.05)
packet acknowledgements and delayed acknowledge-
ments. We discuss possible solutions to this in Sec-         Low bandwidth technologies (Kb/s):
tion 5.                                                      Type       D P      Nom         RO (σ)            SB (σ)
   In the down direction for both long and short paths,      ADSL       u    s   128.0 465.34 (.04)        54.53 (.01)
Receiver Only Packet Pair is almost as accurate as           ADSL       u    l   128.0 390.58 (.07)        53.89 (.04)
RBPP. In contrast, Receiver Only Packet Pair is amaz-        V.34       d    s    33.6    26.43 (.04)       6.94 (.95)
ingly inaccurate in the up direction. For ROPP to            V.34       d    l    33.6    28.54 (.07)       5.35 (1.3)
make an accurate measurement, packets have to pre-           V.34       u    s    33.6 831.67 (3.6)        14.45 (.05)
                                                             V.34       u    l    33.6 674.15 (2.7)        14.50 (.03)
serve their spacing resulting from the ﬁrst link during
                                                             CDMA       d    s    19.2    11.40 (.17)       9.85 (.36)
their journey along all of the later links. ROPP cannot
                                                             CDMA       d    l    19.2    12.07 (.09)      12.45 (.36)
ﬁlter using the sent bandwidth (Section 2.2.2) because       CDMA       u    s    19.2 508.12 (1.5)        11.08 (.26)
it does not have the cooperation of the sending host.        CDMA       u    l    19.2 484.07 (1.2)         7.56 (2.0)
Consequently, ROPP has poor accuracy compared to

4.2.4   Agility                                            round trips to authenticate and negotiate the encryp-
In this section, we examine how quickly nettimer cal-      tion.
culates bandwidth when a connection starts. Figure 5          If we measure from when the data packets begin to
shows the bandwidth that nettimer using RBPP re-           ﬂow, nettimer converges when the 8th data packet
ports at the beginning of a connection. The connection     arrives, 8.4 ms after the ﬁrst data packet arrives, 10308
begins 1.88 seconds before the ﬁrst point on the graph.    bytes into the connection. TCP would have reported
nettimer initially reports a low bandwidth, then a         the throughput at this point as 22.2Kb/s. Converging
(correct) high bandwidth, then a low bandwidth, then       within 10308 bytes means that an adaptive web server
converges at the high bandwidth. The total time from       could measure bandwidth using just the text portion
the beginning of the connection to convergence is 3.72     of most web pages and then adapt its images based on
seconds. It takes this long because scp requires several   that measurement.

                                                         machine and this functionality does not need to be col-
                   Ethernet 10Mb/s down long
                                                         located with the machine providing the actual service
                                                         being measured (in this case the scp program).
     1e+07                                                  Transferring the packet headers from the libdpcap
     1e+06                                               server to the client consumed 473926 bytes. Given that
    100000                                               the ﬁle transferred is 7476723 bytes, the overhead is
                                                         6.34%. This is higher than the 5.00% predicted in Sec-
                                                         tion 3.3.2 because 1) scp transfers some extra data for
                                                         connection setup, 2) some data packets are retrans-
       100                                               mitted, and most signiﬁcantly, 3) the libdpcap server
        10                                               captures its own traﬃc. The server captures its own
                                     RBPP                traﬃc because it does not distinguish between the scp
         21.00 21.50 22.00 22.50 23.00 23.50 24.00       data packets and its own packet header traﬃc, so it
                                                         captures the headers of packets containing the headers
Figure 5: This graph shows the bandwidth reported by of packets containing headers and so on. Fortunately,
nettimer using RBPP at a particular time for Ethernet there is a limit to the recursion so the net overhead is
10Mb/s in the down direction along the long path. The Y- close to the predicted overhead.
axis shows the bandwidth in b/s on a log scale. The X-axis
shows the number of seconds since tracing began.
                                                              5   Future Work
                                                           In this section, we describe some possible future im-
Table 5: This table shows the CPU overhead consumed by     provements to the nettimer implementation. One
nettimer and the application it is measuring. “User” lists
                                                           improvement would be to determine what the opti-
the user-level CPU seconds consumed. “System” lists the
                                                           mal weighting of components in the ﬁltering algorithm
system CPU seconds consumed. “Elapsed” lists the elapsed
time that the program was running. “% CPU” lists (User (Section 2.2.3) is. Another improvement would be to
+ System) / scp Elapsed time.                              allow runtime choice of ﬂow deﬁnition (Section 3.1), so
                                                           that we could measure bandwidth behind NAT gate-
    Name            User System Elapsed % CPU              ways. Another improvement would be to allow dis-
    server           .31      .43     32.47     4.52%      tributed packet capture servers to randomly sample
    client          9.28      .15     26.00     57.6%      traﬃc to reduce the amount of bandwidth that packet
    scp             .050      .21     16.37     1.59%      reports consume. Finally, we could add an active prob-
                                                           ing component like [Sav99] which can cause large pack-
                                                           ets to ﬂow in both directions from hosts without special
                                                           measurement software and can cause prompt acknowl-
4.2.5 Resources Consumed                                   edgements to ﬂow back to the sender. The pathrate
                                                           [DRM01] tool shows that active packet pair can be very
In this section, we quantify the resources consumed accurate.
by nettimer. In contrast to the other experiments
where we took traces and then used nettimer to pro-
cess the traces, in this experiment, nettimer captured 6         Conclusion
its own packets and calculated the bandwidth as the
connection was in progress. We measure the Ethernet In this paper, we describe the trade-oﬀs involved in
100Mb/s short up path because this requires the most implementing nettimer, a Packet Pair-based tool for
eﬃcient processing. We use scp and copy the same ﬁle passively measuring bottleneck link bandwidths in real
as before. The distributed packet capture server ran on time in the Internet. We show its utility across a wide
an otherwise unloaded 366MHz Pentium II while the variety of bottleneck link technologies ranging from
packet capture client and nettimer processing ran on 19.2Kb/s to 100Mb/s, wired and wireless, symmetric
an otherwise unloaded 266MHz Pentium II.                   and asymmetric bandwidth, across local area and cross
   Table 5 lists the CPU resources consumed by each of country paths, while using both one and two packet
the components. The CPU cycles consumed by the dis- capture hosts.
tributed packet capture server are negligible, even for a     In the future, we hope that nettimer will ease the
366MHz processor on a 100Mb/s link. Nettimer itself creation of adaptive applications, provide more insight
does consume a substantial number of CPU seconds to for network performance analysis, and lead to the de-
classify packets into ﬂows and run the ﬁltering algo- velopment of more precise performance measurement
rithm. However, this was on a relatively old 266MHz algorithms.

7     Acknowledgments                                        [Kes91]    Srinivasan Keshav. A Control-Theoretic Ap-
                                                                        proach to Flow Control. In Proceedings of ACM
We would like to thank several people without whom                      SIGCOMM, 1991.
this research would have been extremely diﬃcult. The         [LB99]     Kevin Lai and Mary Baker. Measuring Band-
anonymous USITS reviewers provided many valuable                        width. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM,
comments. Margo Seltzer and Dave Sullivan at Har-                       March 1999.
vard University graciously allowed us to do the critical     [LB00]     Kevin Lai and Mary Baker. Measuring Link
cross-country tracing at one of their machines. Brian                   Bandwidths Using a Deterministic Model of
Roberts gave us the last available 100Mb/s Ethernet                     Packet Delay. In Proceedings of ACM SIG-
switch port on our ﬂoor. Ed Swierk hosted one of our                    COMM, August 2000.
laptops in his campus apartment. T.J. Giuli lent us his      [Mah00]    Bruce      A.     Mah.              pchar.
laptop for several weeks.
   This work was supported by a gift from NTT Mo-                       pchar/, 2000.
bile Communications Network, Inc. (NTT DoCoMo).
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In addition, Kevin Lai was supported in part by a                       Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-
USENIX Scholar Fellowship.                                              level Packet Capture. In Proceedings of the 1993
                                                                        Winter USENIX Technical Conference, 1993.
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Easy Video Suite Set For January Launch

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					Easy Video Suite Set For January Launch

Murrieta, CA, 25-JAN-2013 - Wolfe Web Marketing, LLC and owner Matt Wolfe
are pleased to announce that Easy Video Suite will be launched on January
15. The marketing firm has had early access to the specifics of the
software package and is preparing to launch an all-out campaign to get
the information before the general public.

According to Matt Wolfe, speaking to interviewers recently, "Easy Video
Suite is launching on January 15th. Only one person received early access
to it and that was me, Matt Wolfe. At, I've made sneak
peek videos, shared tips, interviewed Josh, reviewed the product, and
created bonuses for the product. My website is the number one resource
for all information about Easy Video Suite."

The creator of the video is Josh Bartlett, a seasoned marketer. Matt
Wolfe, also a marketing guru, became the first Beta tester for the
software. The package features were perfect for the applications that
Wolfe needed in his company. The Easy Video Suite software does a number
of previously complicated tasks, such as posting videos to a site so that
they can only be viewed by site members.

The list of software package features is significant. For example, EVS
has an iPhone and Android app which will allow the user to record videos
directly into EVS. This is in addition to the desktop app for PC and Mac.
Recording can be done from a camera or from the screen. Conversion of the
videos is automatic so that they appear in the best Web format. Videos
can have chapter breaks to make viewing easy. Playlists string together
multiple videos. There are social sharing buttons embedded in the videos.
Other features are useful for advanced users and novices alike.

Learn more about the features and advantages of the comprehensive
software package by visiting the web pages at
today. Members of the press and others who have additional questions
about the materials presented in this press release are encouraged to
contact Matt Wolfe at the location provided below.

Contact Person Name: Matt Wolfe

Company Name: Wolfe Web Marketing, LLC

Address: 25060 Hancock Avenue, Suite B103 #212, Murrieta, CA 92562

Contact Phone Number: (619) 312-4630

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Description: Wolfe Web Marketing, LLC and owner Matt Wolfe offer a comprehensive video software suite that makes creating, editing, and posting videos to a website easy. Even non-technical people can take advantage of the features to place great content on a marketing site.