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Re: Tragedy in the USA

Subject: Re: Tragedy in the USA
From: Marc Sayer <>
Date: Tue, 11 Sep 2001 22:12:28 -0700
Well Les and I have been watching the news coverage of the events all day and
trying to go on with our regular work, but it has been hard. While I do have
family in that immediate aream of the WTC, I am not close to them and can not
possibly comprehend what those who are from the area or have loved ones in the
area are feeling just now. A lot has been said on the list today, some in
frustration, some in anger, and some in an attempt to refocus people. I agree
with the comments that called for restraint when painting entire ethnic or
religious groups. We do not yet know for sure who was behind this and even if
our current guesses turn out to be right, the actions of these people are in
direct opposition to the Koran. While "Islamic fundamentalists" may frequently
hide behind their religion, they are not true practitioners of it. To condemn
all Muslims for their behavior would be a travesty.

Having said that... I believe, and I chose that word rather than the word feel
for a reason, that the US needs to react to this event in a devastating way. I
believe that our response needs to be so horrific that no one would ever
contemplate supporting this sort of act again. We need to find who was
responsible and who aided, abetted, or gave any sort of support to them, and we
need to make the cost of doing this, or supporting those who did, so high and so
terrible that people will shudder at the thought of it.

We must make the act of terrorism, be it direct action or simple support and
assistance, unthinkable and counterproductive. We can not maintain a free
society and also prevent people who want to do something like this from doing
it. No amount of airport security etc., is going to work, and even if it did we
would lose our free society in the process. OTOH we can dissuade people from
wanting to do these sorts of things by making the results of them so unpleasant
it just isn't worth it.

This is simple behavior modification. It works to train and retrain animals and
humans, and it will work for this. We as a society have been negotiating,
placating, and being the compromiser for too long. It isn't working. Yes in the
short term placation and negotiation may avoid some unpleasantness, but in the
long run it leads to more and more situations where placation and negotiation is
needed. You can negotiate with a kidnapper and get one specific person back, you
can not fight kidnapping in general by negotiating with kidnappers. In the US
bank robberies are generally up. Why? because policy is to allow the robbers to
take the money and then worry about catching them afterwords. While this does
often avoid injuries and deaths on an incident by incident basis, it leads to
more and more people being put at risk because bank robbing has become a
relatively safe crime for the criminal. The robbers know it and know they almost
certainly will not be shot during a robbery. Does this make bank patrons safer
in the long run? I do not think so.

I believe we should nuke the country or countries responsible for harboring the
perpetrators, and nuke them into the stone age. We failed to fully eliminate the
source of the problem in the Gulf War and that was a mistake that has cost
thousands of lives, both of US troops, and of Islamic and other ethnic groups. I
do not say we should retaliate with nukes in anger, or from a need for revenge.
I feel neither of those emotions. I say it because those countries are
responsible for what happened as sure as if they had launched the attack
themselves, and they must be made to pay an unacceptably high price for their
involvement. No effective terrorist group can function without the support of
the local government. You can't set up a functioning terrorist camp where you
can plan and practice for this sort of international terrorism unless the
government at least turns a blind eye. We need to make it so costly to any
government to do so, that they will refuse to support terrorists.

The attack was clearly an act of war. In fact it was worse than an act of war
because it hides behind anonymity and because it was perpetrated on an
unsuspecting civil population. Wars must be fought to be won as quickly and
decisively as possible. Yes there will be people who did not support their
country's actions, but who will pay the ultimate price for those actions. That's
life. And the leaders can not be allowed to hide behind their populace. Leaders
can not be allowed to profit from holding their populace hostage. Ultimately, a
populace is responsible in a way for the actions of its leaders, and even in a
country as repressive as some of these countries are, the populace must still
pay for the actions of the country. It can't be helped, and allowing the country
to go unpunished would lead to far worse events and far more innocent lives

Often people will say we can't retailiate because these terrorists want to die
and that they do not fear death. That by getting us to retaliate they will win.
Maybe so. I figure if they really are that rabid, and unfit for living with
others, then removing them from the planet is like killing off a cancer. If we
continue to allow them to attack the healthy body, more and more healthy cells
(or innocent people) will be killed. If we take our medicine some healthy cells
might die along with the cancer, but the cancer will be killed off too, and no
more healthy cells will be put at risk. We didn't create this situation, we
don't like being put in this position, but we damn well are in it and we damn
well need to start doing something about it. We all know the old saw, I didn't
start this fight, but I am going to finish it.

One last thought. Why were the Palestinians celebrating in the streets because
of this? Aren't they the ones who keep complaining about the Israelis attacking
innocent civilian targets and condemning such actions as criminal? How do they
then celebrate the targeting of innocent civilians here in the US? The case can
be made that the Pentagon was a valid military target, but the WTC was a
*civilian* target. Perhaps these innocent Palestinian civilians aren't quite so
innocent as they claim to be. Maybe instead of trying to negotiate a peace
between the Israelis and the Palestinians we should instead be helping Israel
hold and defend its lands. The Israeli government may be repressive, but it is
not a supporter of international terrorism and its people do not rejoice in the
streets at the deaths of innocent civillians in another country.

Okay I am off my soapbox. :-0

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On the evening of April 27 a ferocious rain raked the windows beside Jamie Williams’s cubicle as the physicist sat, exhausted, immersed in the minutiae of food science. On the computer screen before him were raw tables of information from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, containing data on 7,000 foods, from blackberries to beef. He and a four-person team were “curating” the data, readying it for a new kind of online search. He combed through the tabs that identified 150 properties (nutrients, calories, carbohydrates, and so on), making sure the various abbreviations were consistent and readable by computers. He organized foods into groupings to facilitate natural-language queries. A search for nutritional information on “milk” would provide an average value, for example, while “skim milk” would provide a specific answer.

Williams wasn’t toiling in a redoubt of Silicon Valley Web entrepreneurs but in a midwestern citadel of science geeks: Wolfram Research, in Champaign, IL, housed in an office block overlooking a Walgreens and a McDonald’s. This was the corporate lair of Stephen Wolfram, the physicist and maker of Mathematica, which is generally acknowledged to be the most complete technical and graphical software for mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. Williams was working on something his company was calling a “computational knowledge engine”: Wolfram Alpha. In response to questions, Alpha was meant to compute answers rather than list Web pages. It would consist of three elements, honed by hand in Champaign: a constantly expanding collection of data sets, an elaborate calculator, and a natural-language interface for queries.

What might Wolfram’s system do that Google can’t? Say you wanted to know how much cholesterol and saturated fat lurked in a slab of your grandmother’s cornbread. You’d transcribe its ingredients from her yellowed index card to an online query bar, and Alpha would run computations and produce a USDA-style nutrition label. “Sure, you could go to Google, find out calories in a standard egg, and so on–but what a pain in the ass it would be!” exclaimed Wolfram Research cofounder Theodore Gray. “You’d need the data. And you’d need the data to be in forms that can be readily converted, if need be. And you’d need to add them up. You can do it, just as in earlier decades–you could go to the library to find a reference, and today you can go to Google or another search engine to get started. But we make it far easier.” With a conventional search engine, he added, “enter ‘one cup of sugar, one pound of flour,’ and it completely throws up all over your screen.”

This is one example of the sort of thing Alpha was meant to do: provide deeper, more specific, and more graphically dressed-up answers to certain kinds of questions–though a limited set at first. Queries for “D# major” would produce graphics of the musical scale, queries for “Venus” would produce detailed, current maps of the night sky; queries on pairs of companies would produce comparative charts and graphs. It would add extra information: a search for “New York London distance” would produce the answer in miles, kilometers, and nautical miles; a map showing the flight path; and a comparison of how long it would take a jet, a sound wave, and a light beam to make the trip. Ask it about a word (prefaced by the word word), and it would generate etymology tables and synonym networks. To do these sorts of things, it would start with math and science data sets and formulas already held in Mathematica, and build from there. Some of the new information, such as government data on food, would just need minor reorganization. That’s what Williams was doing. Other kinds, such as real-time stock data, required licensing. Still others, such as data on aircraft, would be gathered from open Web sources such as Wikipedia and Freebase, and cleaned up–curated.

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Credits: Roy Ritchie
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Tagged: Computing, Web, Google, data mining, search engine, Wolfram Alpha, Web search

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The report’s estimates, although based on reputable data, still contain some uncertainties. One of these, Koomey says, involves measuring the number and type of Google’s servers. Google–and potentially other companies–uses servers that don’t fall into any of the three main categories of server that the report includes: volume-class servers (which cost less than $25,000 per unit), mid-range systems (between $25,000 and $500,000 per unit), and high-end systems (more than $500,000 per unit). The company instead buys motherboards, the main circuitry of a PC, and uses them to custom-design servers. “Those wouldn’t come under the IDC definition of ‘server,’” says Koomey. “They fall under the PC category.” To estimate the potential impact of Google’s servers on the findings, Koomey used a New York Times-reported estimate of 450,000 Google servers. Assuming this and other power estimates are correct, Koomey claims that Google’s servers would increase electricity consumption in the volume class of server by about 1.7 percent.

Still, the starting point is solid enough for researchers to use the findings as input for a study on data-center power consumption mandated by a recent Congressional bill. In December 2006, the Senate approved legislation introduced by Representatives Anna G. Eshoo, D-California and Mike Rogers R-Michigan, requiring research into reducing the power consumption of servers and data centers. “This will be used to inform that process,” Koomey says.

Koomey expects that the report will spark industry-wide improvements, from energy-saving microprocessors and chip architectures to more-efficient cooling technology and software that helps distribute the workload in data centers more resourcefully. “I think in the data-center area, there is a lot of opportunity for improvement,” Koomey says.

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Pump Players Clan V.2

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#6701 konner09

    Another Clinically insane Canadian

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Posted 02 June 2011 - 11:18 AM

I am on pretty often i could create the new thread i guess :?

We are waiting behind every bunker, hiding around every corner, waiting for you to make a wrong move.

from MCB

#6702 TMSballer

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Posted 02 June 2011 - 12:59 PM

Doesn't matter just sandbag someone and the do work :tup: so who ever wants to just go for it make the club and then pm groundfire

#6703 chadders

    brb getting more tea

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Posted 02 June 2011 - 01:25 PM

i'll make pump players v3 if its ok with all of you
uk field list http://www.techpb.co...howtopic=122343 (work in progress) [Yankee Paintball] Mine's a little bigger then cute
http://www.techpb.co...howtopic=146647 my mod app, help me help you(if you want if not then have a good day)

bit its a karnivor... only way to make it look good is to cut it up, lol

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Everyone is feeling the pinch at the moment. We've all stared down the barrel of the penny jar, emptied it onto the rug and scrambled around looking for something silver, hoping to cobble together enough small change for a single sheet of 1ply toilet paper.

But even in this 1ply toilet paper world, we still yearn for the latest toy to keep us entertained, to distract us from this modern dystopia of meal deals and miserable commutes. The latest toy in 2013 is the tablet PC. However, if you want to roll with the big boys by brandishing your tablet's Apple logo then you need a really, really big penny jar.

For those who would rather impress the bank manager than strangers on public transport, there is a plethora of cheap non-branded tablet PCs flooding the market.

So are they any good? Is it worth saving a few pennies but (in some cases) gaining hours of frustration? Can you really skimp on major purchases like this? Well, we've assembled an unruly group of cheap misfit tablets and put them under the microscope. Here's what we found.

Acer Iconia B1

Price: £100/US$150/AU$150
Score: 3.5/5

5 budget tablets tested

The Acer Iconia B1 is the 7-inch pretender, the upstart, the promising intern - the tablet with stars in its eyes and a dual-core processor in its back pocket. It's a tablet that looks, feels and functions like a mid-range tablet such as the Google Nexus 7, iPad mini or Samsung Galaxy Note.

It's built to last but sacrifices on aesthetics. The solid black frame feels like it could survive a few rounds with one of the Klitschko brothers, but it also looks like it's had a few rounds with one of the Klitschko brothers. The border around the screen is unnecessarily thick and verges on intruding, which gives the tablet a cheaper overall look. The thick frame is probably the reason it weighs in at a whopping 789g (1.74lbs) - almost double that of the Nexus 7. A heavyweight in the truest sense of the word.

5 budget tablets tested

Running Android Jelly Bean 4.1.2, the wannabe houses an ARM 1.2GHz dual-core processor, 512MB of DDR2 SDRAM and 8GB of onboard memory, with an SD card slot. Those are reasonable specs, but when you consider that the Acer Iconia B1 will cost £100 / US$150 / AU$150, it's a pretty solid deal.

It's quick, doesn't suffer from much lag and can happily play videos on Netflix and switch back to browsing without blowing up. The 1200 x 600 resolution, too, means you'll get a reasonably clear and sharp image.

5 budget tablets tested

This is a device that's marketed to entry-level tablet users or kids, but in reality it's just fine for people who aren't looking to do anything too serious. If you want something to read books, watch some films and browse the internet on, but you're on a budget, this is probably the best sub option at this price point.

It doesn't come with the connectivity that other cheaper tablets in this list come with - much like the bigger brands, it's simply USB and headphone-jack. Everything else is wireless, which, in our opinion, isn't a plus point. A good reason to buy one of the cheaper, lesser-known brand tablets, is because of their ability to transform into more than just a tablet. With HDMI and multiple audio-out ports, your tablet can operate as an entertainment hub and a smart box for your TV.

5 budget tablets tested

Quick verdict

The Acer Iconia B1 is essentially at the high-end of the low-range tablets. It's bulky and isn't the most attractive tablet out there, but it does the job. The job being providing you with a quick, clear and rage-free tablet experience.


text:
YouTube has revealed that it now plays host to 3 billion videos a day – a massive 50 per cent increase of video views year on year.

This little factoid was released by the video service to celebrate its sixth birthday, along with other video-related trivia that paints a picture of just how large YouTube has become.

Watch word

According to the video kings, 3 billion views is "the equivalent of nearly half the world's population watching a YouTube video each day, or every US resident watching at least nine videos a day."

Another stat to stick in your fact hat is that more than 48 hours of video are uploaded to the site every minute. This is a 37 per cent increase over the last six months and 100 per cent over last year.

We would love to offer up more statistical niceties but this is where the number crunching ends.

The YouTube post does go on to say that "the first six years of a person's life are incredibly important for development" but when Google starts speaking about YouTube as if it is a real child, it all gets a bit too close to Skynet territory for our liking.

We will leave you with the sad but true fact that the most viewed video ever on YouTube is Justin Bieber execrable track Baby, with close to 550 million views.

That sound you can hear is 3 billion people simultaneously crying Bieber tears.


text:
Images: Google maps life on Mars

From the farthest zoom back, you can see the map repeats three times.

Bill Detwiler is Managing Editor of TechRepublic and Tech Pro Research and the host of Cracking Open, CNET and TechRepublic's popular online show. Prior to joining TechRepublic in 2000, Bill was an IT manager, database administrator, and desktop supp...


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Article published Dec 29, 2012

Hometeam: Saturday's Games

Men’s Basketball

Holy Cross at Boston College, 2 p.m.

East Coast Classic

At Stonehill College

Assumption vs. Holy Family, 1 p.m.

NYU Holiday Classic

Clark vs. Wentworth, 8 p.m.

Women’s Basketball

Bowdoin Classic

Clark vs. Regis, 4 p.m.

D.C. Winter Classic

At Washington, D.C.

Assumption vs. Shaw, 1 p.m.

Tiger/Panther Classic

At Occidental College, Los Angeles

Worcester State vs. Chapman, 6 p.m.

Boys’ Basketball

St. Bernard’s at Northbridge, 1:30 p.m.

Bromfield at Clinton, 7 p.m.

Worcester Tech at Whitinsville Christian, 7 p.m.

Abby Kelley Christmas Classic

Assabet at Abby Kelley, 5 p.m.

Southbridge vs. Tahanto, 7 p.m.

BB&N Holiday Tournament

Bancroft vs. Nobles, 11 a.m.

Bancroft vs. TBD, 7 p.m.

BMR Holiday Classic

Avon vs. Burrillville, 2 p.m.

Cohasset at Blackstone-Millville, 3:30 p.m.

Inter-High Holiday Tournament

At Burncoat

North at Burncoat, 11:30 p.m.

Doherty vs. South, 2:30 p.m.

Laska Yuletide Tournament

At Assumption

Holy Name vs. Shrewsbury, 6 p.m.

Wachusett vs. St. John’s, 8 p.m.

Girls’ Basketball

Clinton at Bromfield, 7 p.m.

Franklin Holiday Tournament

Westboro at Franklin, 6:30 p.m.

Inter-High Holiday Tournament

At Burncoat

South vs. North, 10 a.m.

Doherty at Burncoat, 1 p.m.

Boys’ Hockey

Shrewsbury at Ludlow, noon (Olympia)

Milford at Bellingham, 12:30 p.m. (Pirelli)

Leominster at Hopkinton, 1 p.m. (Navin)

SPM at Newton North, 4 p.m. (Fessenden)

Westboro at Holliston, 6:30 p.m. (Pirelli)

Groton-Dunstable at N. Middlesex, 7 p.m. (WCC)

Dover-Sherborn at Northbridge, 8:30 p.m. (NSYF)

MetroWest Cup

Hudson vs. Algonquin, 5 p.m. (NESC)

Medway vs. Marlboro, 7 p.m. (NESC)

Mark Bushnoe Tournament

Fitchburg vs. Littleton, 3 p.m. (WCC)

Lunenburg vs. Oakmont, 5 p.m. (WCC)

Silverback Classic

St. John’s vs. Framingham, 8 p.m. (Loring)

BB&N Tournament

Worcester Academy vs. Pingree, 9 a.m. (Dexter)

St. Mark’s vs. TBA, TBA

Watkins Tournament

At Cushing Academy

Lawrence Academy vs. Pomfret, 1:20 p.m.

Northfield Mt. Hermon at Cushing, 3:30 p.m.

Girls’ Hockey

Auburn at Algonquin, 3 p.m. (NESC)

Gardner at Masconomet, 7 p.m. (Talbot)

Schedule may change due to weather, postponements or rescheduled games.

Order the Telegram & Gazette, delivered daily to your home or office! www.telegram.com/homedelivery
Copyright Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp.


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Article published Jan 14, 2013

Former Holden girl to appear on 'NCIS'

Gabi Coccio, 13, formerly of Holden, will appear at 8 p.m. Tuesday night on the CBS crime drama “NCIS,” which stars Mark Harmon.

According to her father, Mark Coccio, Gabi and her family moved to Burbank, Calif., in July 2010, “to allow Gabi and her brother Niko to pursue their dream of acting.”

The episode is titled “Shiva,” and also guest stars former “Ally McBeal” star Greg Germann.

According to an episode description on the CBS website, “In the aftermath of an event that strikes close to home, the NCIS team unites to seek answers and demand justice in order to protect their most vulnerable colleagues.”

According to their father, “both Gabi and Niko have done a variety of things, most notable, Niko did a national Oreo commercial I bet you have seen. Gabi has done some other things but this is her first national appearance and first on a show like this.”

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Thursday, February 14, 2013
Grafton Hill gas leak snarls traffic for hours
Firefighters enter the basement of a building on Grafton Street as they try to locate the source of the leak. (T&G Staff/BETTY JENEWIN)
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 - A massive natural gas leak on Grafton Hill Wednesday night prompted authorities to shut down Grafton Street and evacuate local businesses.

Just after 6 p.m. firefighters went to the lower Grafton Street area and encountered extremely high readings for natural gas in the area, District Chief Frank DiLiddo said.

Typically, firefighters wait for utility crews from NStar to arrive, but because of the high levels of gas detected in the area, they started opening up manhole covers to vent the gas. The chief said venting the manholes can help prevent the gas from traveling horizontally into nearby basements.

NStar crews arrived and eventually narrowed down the area of the leak to Houghton Street. The distinctive odor, added to the normally odorless gas to make leaks more noticeable, was obvious on Houghton Street. Firefighters forced entry into a building to determine if gas had reached the basement. Checks of several other area homes revealed the leak was contained to the street, Chief DiLiddo said.

The hilly, snowbank-narrowed neighborhood became a traffic nightmare, as traffic spilled onto side streets barely able to handle two-way traffic. Police officers and firetrucks blocked as many streets as possible.

Chief DiLiddo said he understood the inconvenience caused by shutting down one of the city's busiest arteries — Grafton Street was shut down from around Walgreens up to the Hamilton Street rotary — but said it was for everyone's safety.

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Monday 14 July 2014

Rare pictures of the Queen show moments of glamour and tragedy

They are snapshots that show both the glamorous and the gruelling aspects of the life of the jetsetting young Queen. These rare pictures of the monarch are among those collected for a new book cataloguing her 60-year reign.

The Queen driving her children Prince Charles and Princess Anne at Windsor, watched by a group of onlookers in 1957
The Queen driving her children Prince Charles and Princess Anne at Windsor, watched by a group of onlookers in 1957 Photo: TASCHEN/Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS

The images include photographs of state visits and meetings with dignitaries as well as unguarded personal moments such as the Queen driving through Windsor in her Daimler in 1957, with Prince Charles in the passenger seat and Princess Anne in the back of the car.

The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II on June 2, 1953 (TASCHEN/Bettmann/CORBIS)

While some of the pictures are formal studies taken by well-known photographers, others were snapped by bystanders.

The book, published by Taschen, records the Queen's hectic schedule of international travel as well as her "meeting and greeting" with many of the famous names of the time who have long since passed into the annals of history.

The more glamorous side of being a monarch can be seen in a picture of her meeting a line-up of stars, including Marilyn Monroe, at a glittering film premiere in Leicester Square in 1956.

Queen Elizabeth meeting stars, including Marilyn Monroe, at the premiere of The Battle of the River Plate in Leicester Square in 1956

But a sober and poignant photograph taken in Aberfan ten years later captures the Queen's role providing solace during a time of national tragedy.

She is seen surrounded by the people of the village, which had been shattered by the deaths of more than 100 people, most of them children, when a coal slag heap buried a school.

The Queen and Prince Philip visited Aberfan in South Wales on October 29, 1966 after the collapse of a colliery spoil tip killed 116 children and 28 adults (TASCHEN)

Some previously unseen shots, unearthed by the book's editor Reuel Golden, are among those featured.

They include one of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh waving goodbye from the steps of an aeroplane as they prepare to return home at the end of a tour of the West Indies in 1966.

TASCHEN/Harry Benson

The image, taken by Glaswegian photographer Harry Benson, was found undeveloped in a roll of archived film.

Works by Sir Cecil Beaton, Lord Snowdon and Lord Lichfield, as well as more contemporary photographs by Rankin and Annie Leibovitz, are also included.

Golden, a former editor of the British Journal of Photography, told the Observer: "While some of the images will be familiar, we have also unearthed many hidden gems."

Cecil Beaton photographing the Queen at Buckingham Palace in 1955

She said the book was intended to focus on the Queen's working life.

"The formal portraiture has to be an important part of the book but we also wanted to convey the relentless travelling, the rituals of meeting and greeting, whether it be in Ghana, France or the US - especially in the 1950s to 1960s, when she was perceived as a glamorous figure, who would draw huge crowds wherever she went."

The book, entitled Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, goes on sale for £99 this week.

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A department within Student Affairs

The Office of Leadership Development staff consists of one full-time professional, one graduate extern and a number of volunteers including faculty, staff, students and alumni. The staff is responsible for coordinating four initiatives in the office - Student Leadership Challenge, Diamond Leader program, Academic Connections and the LeaderShape Institute.

Program Director - Lauren Bullock

Lauren Bullock has been a member of the Temple University community since her freshman year in the Fall of 1999.

She joined the Division Student Affairs team in June of 2012 as the Program Director for Leadership Development. During her tenure, she has introduced the StrengthsQuest Seminar and Cultural Leadership Speaker Series to the program offerings. Additionally, she has continued the partnership with the national non-profit LeaderShape Institute, bringing consecutive sessions of the program to Temple for the first time since 2009. Bullock is a leadership development and training facilitator for on- and off-campus workshops and serves as an adjunct faculty in the Main Campus Division of University Studies and the School of Media and Communication.

Before transferring to the Office of Leadership Development, Bullock served as the Coordinator of Student Activities in the Office of Student Life at Temple University Ambler. Her duties and responsibilities included planning campus events, coordinating leadership development, oversight of student organizations, and serving as the liaison between the Office of Student Life and the General Activities Fee (GAF) Committee at Main campus.

Prior to her service at Ambler, Bullock worked in athletics administration at the University of Texas at Austin and Florida State University in Tallahassee. During her time at FSU, she served as the primary sports information contact for the 2006 NCAA Division I National Champion men’s track and field team. While at UT-Austin, she worked with the two-time Big 12 champion women's soccer program and the reigning, national champion women's track and field team.

Bullock is a 2003 graduate of Temple’s School of Tourism and Hospitality Management and a 2005 graduate of the College of Education at Florida State University. In Spring of 2010, she completed the graduate certificate program in Diversity Leadership offered through Temple’s College of Education.

A native of central New Jersey, she is a member of the Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education (NASPA) organization and the Association of College Unions International (ACUI). She is in her first term as the financial secretary for the Philadelphia chapter of the Association of Black Women in Higher Education (ABWHE).

Graduate Extern - Sarah Hamilton

Sarah Hamilton joined the Office of Leadership Development in August of 2012 as a graduate intern and then moved into the graduate extern position at the beginning of the 2013-14 academic year. She earned a B.S. in Business Administration at Marshall University and upon graduation in 2006, she already had more than a decade of experience working with entrepreneurs and artists in various capacities. While in college she participated in a study abroad program at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College and traveled extensively throughout Europe. It was not only an opportunity to study International Business but it was also an opportunity to be immersed in a different culture and adapt to that culture and its people.

Sarah started the M.S. in Communications program at Temple in the Fall of 2012. Through various retail and entrepreneurship experiences, she needed to obtain an advanced degree in communications. Her goals graduate school are to exceed all expectations and be open to the many opportunities that are presented.


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Computers buying guide

Buying a computer can be a confusing experience. With so many different types of computers, and so much jargon to understand, it's hard to know which computer is right for you. We've put together this buying guide to help you get to grips with what's on offer.

Laptop, netbook, desktop or tablet?

Probably the first decision you'll have to make when buying a computer is whether to get a notebook, a netbook or a desktop machine. All offer their own benefits and drawbacks.

  • Notebooks: otherwise known as a laptop, a Notebook is a small portable computer that can run on batteries for typically two to three hours. Notebooks are now a serious consideration over a desktop PC.

    Pros: usually lightweight, portable and can run on battery power.

    Cons: hard to upgrade internal hardware, less powerful compared to similarly priced desktops, less hard drive space and generally more expensive.

  • Netbooks: the netbook is a recently invented name for small lightweight, but good value notebooks. They typically have a screen size of around 10 inches or less, relatively low power processors, smaller hard drives than laptops and have no optical disc drive. Some have "solid state" hard drives (like flash memory) that are more robust than traditional hard drives with lots of moving parts. Other features, such as the ability to connect to a 3G mobile, may also be available.

    Pros: Lightweight, small and can run on battery power, often for quite a long time.

    Cons: Hard to upgrade internal hardware, less powerful than a fully featured laptop/notebook, less hard drive space. They sometimes come with the older Windows XP operating system to keep things simpler and costs lower. Although with Windows 7 now available on Netbooks it's not an issue anymore, as Windows 7 was engineered with Netbooks in mind.

  • Desktops: as the name suggests, a desktop is a personal computer that is small enough to fit on or under a desk. They are not usually portable and often consist of a separate desktop monitor and case to house the processor, hard drive and other components. These are usually used for more intensive programs such as the latest games, or serious photo or film editing, and you can use them with a big screen.

    Pros: Upgradeable, typically more powerful than similarly priced notebooks, better hard drive storage space.

    Cons: Not portable and take up more space than notebooks and netbooks.

  • Tablet: highly portable computing devices give you full control of the screen, features and applications. By using your finger or a stylus, you can directly touch the screen to make gaming more interactive, and the hands-on approach provides a more tactile experience than a mouse for drawing and illustrating.

    Pros: Compared to laptop computers, these products are small. Most tablets offer anywhere from a 7-inch to a 10-inch display screen and weigh less than 1 pound. You can store all your music, capture photos or videos, video chat and even read books on their built-in eReaders.

    Cons: They may have a durable body, but the touchscreen display is exposed. And if the touchscreen is damaged, your device could become useless.

Using your computer

The second question you should ask is what you want your computer to do. Computers vary in price according to power and functionality. For example, there is no point spending thousands on a state-of-the-art gaming computer if you only use it for Internet browsing and word processing. We've classified all our computers into different usage types, described below. You should decide which one fits your needs best, and then look for it on our website.

  • General light use: for simple tasks, connecting to the internet and occasional email, basic word processing etc.
  • Entertainment: for regular multi-purpose use and for storing and playing music and video.
  • High performance: for high-end performance, game playing and applications such as graphic design and video editing.
  • Ultra mobile: for internet and email on the go!

Computer terminology explained

Whether you choose to buy a laptop or a desktop, you will probably encounter the same types of jargon. Here is our guide to some of the key terms:

  • Processors

    The processor (or CPU) is the brain of the machine, controlling all aspects of the computer. Processors are made up of millions of tiny transistors that can process huge numbers of instructions per second. The speed of a processor is measured in Gigahertz (GHz).

    There are two manufacturers of processors - Intel and AMD. Each manufacturer has different processors for laptops and desktops, and depending on how demanding the computer's performance is:

    Desktop General light use Entertainment High performance
    AMD Sempron Athlon x2 Phenom x3 or Phenom x4
    INTEL Celeron Pentium Dual Core or
    Core 2 Duo
    Core 2 Duo or Core 2 Quad or
    i3/i5/i7 Series CPU
    Notebook General light use Entertainment High Performance
    AMD Sempron mobile Turion 64 Turion 64 x2 or Athlon x2
    INTEL Celeron M Centrino or Pentium Dual Core Core 2 Duo/Quad or i3/i5/i7 Series CPU
    Netbook Ultra mobile
    AMD Atom Neo Processor
    Coming soon
    INTEL Atom Processor

    Basic processors are found in most inexpensive computers and are fine for simple tasks such as word processing and spreadsheets. For more complicated tasks, such as simpler gaming and running multiple applications, intermediate processors offer extra power.

    For high-end performance, for example graphic design and complex video editing, you may want the most powerful processors. These are "dual core" - basically two processors running together and handling different tasks - or even "quad core", with four processors.

    Both Pentium and AMD make dual core processors in their power range (for example the Athlon 64 X2 in a desktop and The Centrino Duo in a laptop).

    The AMD Phenom x4 and Intel core 2 Quad are both four processor CPU's. Now available, the Intel Core i3/5/7 range is capable of processing up to eight threads at a time; it's like having 8 cores on a single chip.

  • Memory

    Memory is temporary storage used by programs and files currently running on your computer. Memory is known as RAM, or Random Access Memory, and needs power to be able to store information. So, when your computer is switched off, the information is forgotten about.

    Memory or RAM is not to be confused with your hard drive, which provides permanent storage for programs and files. Memory is measured in Megabytes (MB) and Gigabytes (GB). More memory is usually the easiest way of improving performance on a computer without changing the processor. Typically 2GB is suitable for Vista Premium, though you should see better performance with 3GB or more.

  • Hard drive

    The hard drive is where you store all your data. It keeps hold of the data when the computer is switched off. Desktop computers generally offer more hard drive space than laptops. The size of your hard drive is important if you want to save lots of music and videos.

    Laptops typically now come with 250GB or more. If you have a desktop with lots of music or media to be stored, then look for 500GB or even 1TB (a Terabyte - which is 1000GB).

    Remember, though, the more data you store on your computer, the more important it is to back it up! We suggest you also buy an external hard drive at least as large as your computer's hard drive to backup your data.

  • Optical drives

    Optical drives are the tray drives in the front or side of a computer, similar to those found on your stereo or DVD player. Drives allow you to load and install software and write (or "burn") data to a disc. New computers usually have a DVD drive that can read and write to DVDs and CDs. However, optical drives come in many formats:

    • CD-ROM - only reads CDs
    • CD-RW - record and play CDs
    • DVD-ROM - reads CDs and DVDs
    • DVD-RW - record and play CDs and DVDs
    • DVD Dual Layer - loads double DVD
    • BD-R - reads Blu-ray discs
    • BD-RE - record and play Blu-ray discs
  • Operating systems

    An operating system is what allows you to use applications and generally access all of the information you have on your computer. By far the most popular operating system is Microsoft Windows, the most recent version being Microsoft Windows 7. All computers sold by Tesco include a windows operating system pre-installed. Windows 7 is now available.

  • Graphics cards

    Graphics cards enable computers to display graphic information. They can either be integrated, or dedicated. Integrated graphics cards share memory with your computer, whereas dedicated graphics cards have their own memory and operate faster and at higher quality. If you are looking for gameplay and video playback, look for a computer with a dedicated graphics card.

  • Security & Safety

    It's vital that you take steps to ensure your computer is protected from viruses and other attacks from the Internet. Every computer comes with the Windows standard firewall and we recommend you use an anti-virus package along side it. In addition to this, if you have children, you should consider setting up Parental Controls which are built into Windows Vista and Windows 7 as standard. Finally, as mentioned above, computers now store the history of our lives in terms of pictures, music and videos - it's crucial to make sure you backup this data, as computer hard drives don't last forever. We strongly suggest using an external hard drive to backup your data. More information, including details of our Anti-Virus software, is in our Security & Safety guide.

Printers, monitors and other computer extras

There are lots of different pieces of hardware (or "peripherals") that you can buy. Some of these are a very important part of a home computer set-up. A printer allows you to print anything you're working on. A wireless keyboard and mouse can make things a little less cluttered on your desk. Scanners allow you to make copies of other documents and photos. A new speaker system can boost the sound from your computer. And, if you're buying a desktop, the most crucial item of all is the monitor.

Flat screen, or TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) displays have all but replaced older CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) displays. The biggest advantage is that flat screens save space and energy. Screens come in different sizes - 15", 17", 19", 22" and bigger, with widescreen versions now becoming more common. Specifications to look out for include refresh rates. These are measured in milliseconds (ms) and determine how quickly a pixel can change from black to white.

Another thing to consider is resolution. The higher the resolution, the better the image quality.

Finally, consider contrast ratio. A higher contrast ratio means a screen can better differentiate fine colour details. A 500:1 contrast ratio is better than a 150:1 contrast ratio, for example.

Wireless internet

A wireless network enables you to share a broadband Internet connection around the computers in your home. Dad can be online banking in the study, Mum ordering home shopping from Tesco on the laptop in the lounge while the kids are researching their homework online from their bedroom desktop PC - all at the same time. What's more, it's all done without cables. Wireless is also referred to as Wi-Fi.

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Head & Shoulders Apple Fresh Shampoo 500Ml - Groceries - Tesco Groceries

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Up to 100%* flake free *visible flakes from 2ft with regular use

Effective dandruff control with HydraZinc formula also combined with our water activated Scent Burst technology

Revitalizing freshness – cleans your hair with a clean fresh scent that lasts

Gentle formula suitable for everyday use

With the fragrance of green apples, this anti dandruff shampoo cleans your hair and scalp leaving a fresh scent that lasts.

Aqua,Sodium Lauryl Sulfate ,Sodium Laureth Sulfate ,Glycol Distearate ,Zinc Carbonate ,Sodium Chloride ,Sodium Xylenesulfonate ,Zinc Pyrithione ,Cocamidopropyl Betaine ,Dimethicone ,Parfum ,Sodium Benzoate ,Guar Hydroxypropyltrimonium Chloride ,Hydrochloric Acid ,Magnesium Carbonate Hydroxide ,Hexyl Cinnamal ,Magnesium Nitrate ,Sodium Polynaphthalenesulfonate ,Methylchloroisothiazolinone ,CI 42090 ,CI 19140 ,Magnesium Chloride ,Methylisothiazolinone

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Using product information

While every care has been taken to ensure this information is correct, food products are constantly being reformulated and nutrition content may change. We would therefore recommend that you do not rely solely on this information and always check products labels.

Where further dietary information is important to you, for example because you have an allergy or specific dietary requirement, you should contact Tesco Customer Services if the product is Tesco branded or the product manufacturer if the product is not Tesco branded.

Nutritional and guideline daily amounts (GDA) information is based on the typical composition of the product. Guideline daily amounts are those for a typical adult (men and women).

GDA information for non Tesco products is calculated by Tesco based on information provided to Tesco. Tesco has no control over the recipe or nutritional content of such products and information on this site may differ from that given on the product label. We would therefore recommend that you do not rely solely on this information and always check products labels.

Although this information is regularly updated, Tesco are unable to accept liability for any incorrect information.

This does not affect your statutory rights.

This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Tesco Stores Limited nor without due acknowledgement.

Tesco © Copyright 2009

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Applied Calculus - 5th edition

Applied Calculus (ISBN10: 1439049238; ISBN13: 9781439049235)
ISBN13: 978-1439049235
ISBN10: 1439049238

This edition has also been released as:
ISBN13: 978-0538733229
ISBN10: 0538733225

Summary: Full of relevant and current real-world applications, Stefan Waner and Steven Costenoble's APPLIED CALCULUS, Fifth Edition helps your students relate to mathematics! Throughout the text is clearly delineated, thorough Microsoft Excel and Graphing Calculator instruction, optional so instructors can include any amount of technology instruction in their courses. Acclaimed for accuracy and readability, APPLIED CALCULUS, Fifth Edition connects with all types of teaching a morend learning styles. Resources like the accompanying website allow the text to support a range of course formats, from traditional lectures to strictly online courses. less

Edition/Copyright: 5TH 11
Cover: Hardback
Publisher: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Published: 01/01/2010
International: No

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Hiroshima SparkNotes - 02 edition

Hiroshima SparkNotes (ISBN10: 1586635212; ISBN13: 9781586635213)
ISBN13: 978-1586635213
ISBN10: 1586635212

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ISBN13: 978-0593352120
ISBN10: 0593352122

Summary: From Our Editors
Created by Harvard students for students everywhere, SparkNotes is a new breed of study guide: smarter, better, faster. Geared to what today's students need to know, SparkNotes provides chapter-by-chapter analysis; explanations of key themes, motifs, and symbols; and a review quiz and essay topics. Lively and accessible, these guides are perfect for late-night studying and writing papers.

From the Publisher
Each S moreparkNote gives you just what you need to succeed in school with:

  • Summaries of every chapter and thorough Analysis
  • Explanation of the key Themes, Motifs, and Symbols
  • Detailed Character Analysis
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  • Author's Historical Context
  • Identification and explanation of Important Quotations
  • A 25-question review Quiz, Study Questions and Essay Topics to help you prepare for papers and tests
Get your A in Gear with SparkNotes.

What do you get when a group of Harvard Students creates study guides for the 21st century? Better grades. Not long ago our writers were acing their classes. Now they're loading SparkNotes with concise critical analysis that won't yellow with age. With SparkNotes you'll have an easier time understanding and enjoying great works of literature. SparkNotes -- the smarter, better, faster way to an "A." less

Edition/Copyright: 02
Cover: Paperback
Publisher: Sparklit
Published: 08/01/2003
International: No

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Rest in Peace 1843 - 2020

Aerial Wire Toll Lead Obituaries

Here we enumerate many of the major and some minor departed . . . aerial wire leads having passed into time invisible. . .  Only photos, a few artifacts and memories can do them partial justice . . . in our recollection of them.  Cable trenches became their graves and . . . the 'spirit of service' passed to a new generation of technology.

1920s Dakota Central's open wire lead

This photo of the Geddes, South Dakota Community Methodist Church dedication in the late 1920s, clearly includes a 12-pin Dakota Central Telephone Company open wire structure in the far right of the photo.  Twelve pin arms were the same length as a 10A or 10B arm.  They essentially utilized a 10B arm and then simply added an additional pole pair pin set.  Arms: 10-foot in length.

While this line did not last beyond the 1940s, Geddes had 12-pin arms on an old lead which extended west out of town to S.D. 50 Highway up until the summer of 1973.

Long Gone: New York City-Boston, Massachusetts AT&T Open Wire Lead

Long Gone: New York-Washington AT&T Open Wire Lead, 1885-1951

Long Gone: New York-Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Long Gone: New York-Chicago AT&T Open Wire Lead, 1892-1952

Long Gone: Philadelphia-Chicago AT&T Open Wire Toll Lead, 1901-1952

Long Gone: Denver, Colorado-El Paso, Texas-Los Angeles, California AT&T Toll Lead

Northern Transcontinental AT&T Open Wire Lead

Minneapolis, Minnesota to Seattle, Washington

"H-Fixture" from original line still standing.

Fourth Transcontinental AT&T Open Wire Lead

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma-Amarillo, Texas-Albuquerque, New Mexico-Los Angeles, California

One of the last remaining southern transcontinental structures in the southwestern desert east of Tucson. The line originally had four arms and 40 wires.

Telephone engineering not only portends to resolving problems of the present but predicting the needs of the future.  After 1937, telephone and other signal traffic on the Central Transcontinental lead was burgeoning to such an extend that planners realized another major toll lead would be necessary in the near future.

As 1937 approached, open wire lines were yet important investments fulfilling the traffic requirements of the major telecommunications companies.  The Bell System, among them, had flung major cables as far west as Omaha (the A & B Cable), to Kansas City, Missouri, and Oklahoma City as well as Dallas, Texas to the south.  Much thought was put into building this new route.  Planning engineers realized both the geographic challenges as well as the weather extremes in building a new transcontinental route.

In doing so, the route skirted many areas where sleet and ice was a threat to open wire by deriving a route through desert and semi-arid areas of the American southwest.  This 1200 mile route comprised the length from Oklahoma City to Whitewater, California.  Sixteen telephone circuits (!) were spun on four pairs of wires throughout most of this distance, using C-Carrier.  After completion, the single voice channel and four three-channel carrier phone systems were impressed on these four pairs.

The Fourth T. C. anticipated a major step in the introduction of high quality, long haul carrier technology and was built for the potential future adoption of "J" Carrier systems.

During 1938, Bell Laboratories introduced a new carrier system called "Type J."  This twelve-channel carrier, was capable of twelve channels simultaneously on one pair of wires at 140,000 cycles per second!  Combined with the previous "Type C" carrier system imposed on a pair, twelve individual telephone conversations were possible over an open wire pair!

Tests of Type J were carried out on specially constructed modifications to open wire lines from Dallas-Ft. Worth to Austin and Houston, Texas, where the bugs were ironed out.  When this preliminary project succeeded beyond expectation, the Type J was added to other projects, namely the DBR, or Defense Backbone Route, the West's New Telephone Route for World War II communications.

El Paso, Texas - Denver, Colorado Toll Lead (1920s? - 2010)

Eian pens in late March 2014: "I can report that the last of this line came down in 2010, in northern Pueblo County, CO near the Pinon Rest area. The Bulk of the line came down in the mid 1970s. Attached are a few images of the newly felled  poles, to be absorbed into the neighboring ranch for fence posts, & etc."

Remaining structures of the El Paso-Denver Lead. Photo Courtesy Eian Greene
A straggler from the original route of the El Paso-Denver toll lead c. 2014. Photo by Eian Greene.

Transcontinental: Chicago - Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska

Early 1906 communications cable suspension designs with steel strand.

While this website is ferverently devoted to open wire, there are occasions where aerial cable needs to be included in any discussion.  This is one important case, where cable rightfully belongs.

As of late 1975, some of the poles from the first transcontinental open wire line were still standing in a field just north of I-80 at Dexter, Iowa.  By the late 1990s, the farmer had cut them down and they were gone.  However, what replaced the open wire lead from Chicago to Council Bluffs, Iowa was the famous "A and B Cable."

Constructed to take the place of the often storm-damaged open wire lead, with its important special circuits and then only route across the continental U. S., the "A" Cable (later joined by its companion, "B" strung on the same low poles) was a lead cable constructed in 1936.  It weighed 12 lbs. per square foot!

This cable was the only armored cable of its kind and provided with a lead sheath over a quarter of an inch thick!  To place this cable, special equipment was devised to hoist it into place on 25' class two poles.  Some poles were higher to account for the terrain it covered over rolling prairie particularly between Des Moines and Council Bluffs.

When the cable was finally retired in the late 1970s, satellite and buried cable having taken its place, wrecking crews found that poles couldn't be simply "pulled" but had to be sawed and felled like trees, because equipment of the 1970s could not reach the cable hangers and bolts.  A "monster cutter" was used to cut the cables into servicable sections for scrap.  A 1500 foot section had to be fed into the cutter.  1500 feet equals 1800 lbs!

Loading trucks with the segments of cable also presented a dilema: if the 30,000 lbs. of cable on each truck wasn't sorted properly, then the truck bed would be unbalanced and the axles would be stressed.  There were many times when the cable had to be removed and re-loaded.

Labor costs were basically balanced by the amount of money made possible by salvaging the copper and lead.  In the late 1970s, one truckload of scrap cable was worth more than $45,000.00.  Because the copper market was desirous of the extra commodity, 300 miles of scrap encouraged a quick sale!

Of all the states in the United States, Iowa has the greatest percentage of territory in the state under civilized use.  That also meant this cable had to be wrecked out at times which would not conflict with crop planting, growth--as the path of this line did not follow highway easements--but strut out in a nearly straight line from Des Moines to Council Bluffs.  When fields had been harvested of their corn crops and soybeans, the wrecking crew set to work.  Most of the cable wrecking took place in the late fall/early winter months.  The ground had to be frozen enough to hold the burden of heavy trucks but not so cold the crews froze removing the cable, as some climbing had to be done as well.

Two miles per day of cable wrecking could be accomplished, if the weather was good; that meant pulling poles and dragging cable and strand.  This cable was hung by horseshoe clamps on a strand (in power, we call this the "messenger").

Not all the cable was removed.  There were some buried and underground segments which were left in place in Nebraska.  Because of the different levels of impedance, capacitance and other electrical peculiarities of the cable, new terminal equipment was installed near Omaha, in order to connect these older armored cables with new cable technology.

By the way, the cable contained 280 pairs of paper-wrapped copper conductors.  Different guages were combined in early cable design.  A section was saved and you may view it below:

"A" Transcontinental Armored Aerial Cable (actual size) as removed near Underwood, Iowa.

Three Survivors: Chicago-Northwestern Railway Signal, Telegraph and Telephone Lead in Council Bluffs, Iowa

Three Survivors: Chicago-Northwestern Railway Company, Council Bluffs, Iowa 1920s-1968 period.

This will be a short but important article for several reasons.  I have included the holy trilogy of Chicago-Northwestern Railway Company open wire preservation here.  These Council Bluffs, Iowa natives remain because either someone in the CNW Signal Department loved these old lines and wanted to keep them as a reminder, or the company believed that their lingering presence might serve as an icon of the company's substantial investment in this technology and service.

At one time, the Council Bluffs, Iowa rail yards were the fifth largest in the nation; Omaha was, I am told, fourth largest.  Between them, and central to the entire United States, converged an overwhelming number of railroads.  Among them Union Pacific, the Great Northern, Burlington Route, the KATY (in Omaha), Milwaukee Road, Rock Island Railroad, Missouri-Pacific Railroad and Chicago Northwestern Railway, among many others I'm forgetting to include here.  In essence, the number of railroad open wire systems meeting at these two points was pretty amazing.

Rock Island Railroad went through some tough times.  At the time of its bankruptcy, there were many employees in the Iowa area facing unemployment.  While my recall is a bit foggy, I believe that the State of Iowa passed legislation to create the Iowa State Railroad Authority during that troubled time by purchasing the former RI rolling stock, locomotives, engines, easment and track of this company.  This new incarnation exists today and operates successfully as a modern rail company.  One of the major issues with Rock Island's demise, besides endangering the jobs of Iowa railroaders, was removal of many rail companies' small town connector branches to small towns.  Removing the rails caused acute problems with agricultural shipping needs and no access to grain elevators.  Essentially, everything was "trucked" in to these smaller locations.  By the 1970s, small towns saw rail connections severed.  Milwaukee Road did this stridently in South Dakota and northern Iowa which impacted agribusiness negatively and severely.  The Iowa legislation to create the new state-owned rail authority saved jobs and connections.  The Rock Island Railroad open wire languished after these years, lingering as deralict reminders of a more successful time, and linewrecked rather recently. Occasionally, a few RI open wire poles with their unique design are distinguished amidst the tall trees on former RI easments.

I was told by a railroad veteran that "Rock Island did their own thing," meaning their communications and signal open wire was remarkably different in design than the conventional systems of the other railroads.  "If you saw open wire in the form of something pretty unlikely marching down the easement of a rail line," my Union Pacific Communications Department tech told me, "it was probably Rock Island."

I can recall the old Chicago Northwestern Route with its six open wire ten pin arms and cables down 9th Avenue in Council Bluffs, Iowa, past the Golden Spke Monument (built in commemoration of the transcontinental railroad history movie's release).  These were removed in the early 1970s.  Many of the stout poles do remain and are supporting secondary power drops to warehouses and businesses.

My commentary here must fall short, because after most CNW aerial wire fell victim to linewreckers relatively early (I can remember some big leads going down in the 1967-1970 era), however these veterans remain.  I must salute whomever committed to do this as all three structures are excellent examples of 1915-1920s open wire railway communications art.  Note the WRS iron terminal boxes, double arming techniques, wooden bracket assemblies (double!), lift transposition brackets, strand with horseshoe clamp suspenders for cable, a Double A terminal box with sporting two door entry, an H-fixture with double arms and varying heights on structures, among other things.

Perhaps there is some railroader/retiree in the Southwestern Iowa area whom might communicate concerning this uniquely obvious preservation in Council Bluffs and provide answers.  I recall when these were what little remained all the way back when in High School.  The little trees left between the spans were seedlings and reaching the intact bottom iron wire spans was not possible.  Today, the trees have extended their reach and have severed by tension the connecting spans which were lazily strung between each of the three poles.

Answers, anyone?

Remaining mid-span pole of Chicago-Northwestern aerial wire preservation project, Council Bluffs, Iowa. Note the open iron WRS terminal enclosure.

Reno, Nevada - Battle Mountain, Nevada AT&T Long Lines (Later Nevada Bell) Central Transcontinental Toll Lead

The 1929 Transcontinental lead from Salt Lake City, Utah to Reno, Nevada was had two striking characteristics: first, it was the more subtantial working streamlined replacement for the 1915 transcontinental line.  This original 1915 period line, built of square redwood supports and a single 10A single arm linking both coasts, could not meet the burgeoning transcontinental communications traffic needs of the North American business and residential population by the mid-1920s.  Its 8-guage BWG copper conductor weighed 870 lbs. a loop mile.  Secondly, subsequent technical achievements had rendered it obsolete, with the advent of carrier systems impressed on wire pairs, low leakage insulator design, better conductors and gradual mechanical improvements throughout open wire construction and maintenance.

While in 1926, carrier systems were applied to the earlier line between Chicago and Sacramento.  This was the advent of "C" carrier or three-channel systems for one pair of wires.

The 1929 replacement was a steadfast, sturdy and highly functional major link between the coasts, built at considerable expense by AT&T Long Lines and engineered to exacting specifications.  While the 1915 line had pioneered the "audion" vacuum tube for signal strength re-generation, additional research was imployed to make the 1929 Central Transcontinental a major link between New York and San Francisco.

Thanks to Lee DeForest, a native of Council Bluffs, Iowa, his early vacuum tube technology extended the--then--early physical limits of communications: New York to Denver.  Previously, a voice frequency call lost one-tenth of its initial energy traversing the first 60 miles of line.  This was "attenuation."  With such a small fraction of energy remaining, reproduced speech loud enough to be understood, was a major problem.

Early pioneers used loading coils to increase the inductance of the early lead.  In doing so, engineers offset the capacitance of the circuits.  Because the line was open wire--and not cable--with a separation between the conductors either 12, 8 or six inches, attention was less a factor by their use.  With iron cores, loading coils enhanced the induction effect, but only if they were spaced properly.  Early problems with applying loading coils to open wire (and later cable pairs) was the spacing problem.

On the early transcontinental lead, the loading coils were spaced eight miles apart--and this nearly doubled the transmission efficacy--at least for the portion from New York to Denver.  With a higher boost in efficiency brought higher line voltage than a non-loaded line, so new insulators: the "CS" borocilicate glass type was conceived, with low leakage results.

Then the "repeater" technology came to the fore--first a mechanical one patented by Herbert E. Shreeve, used with success in 1904.  The major problem with the early mechanical repeater was "insensitivity" when the incoming voice current was very small and on top of that problem, it could only amplify certain noise pitches.  With a series of these mechanical repeaters, a good voice might degrade into incomprehensible sounds by the length of a longer line.

The mechanical repeater had one incredible drawback for "loaded" open wire lines: it failed completely.  And, interestingly enough, out of the drive to produce a reliable repeater for long distance systems came the nucleus of Bell Laboratories.  During the winter of 1910-1911, the Transmission & Protection Engineer of AT&T, Dr. F. B. Jewett, consolidated a staff of scientific and technical brainpower to convene a concerted attack on the problem.  From this intense reserch came the Mercury Arc Repeater Tube of 1912 developed by H. D. Arnold.  But the idea of electrified molecules in gas gave way to a much more useful option: the 1908 DeForest "vacuum tube" or audion device.  While Edison and Fleming had recognized "one-way conductivity" in such a device, it was Council Bluffs, Iowa native Lee DeForest who contributed a wire grid which furnished a path from filament to grid.  Because the location of the grid could enhance sensitivity in the flow of electrons, it could be applied to telephone technology whereby modulation could be achieved in speech or telegraph signals.  By improving the tube by creating a better vacuum and less noise, this initial transcontinental line with four strands of hard-drawn copper joined with great joy at the Utah-Nevada State Line could never have been operated successfully.

Let us now direct our attention to the remarkable telephone line which Wisconsin University English Professor George Stewart wittingly paid tribute in his fascinating pictorial volume, U. S. 40, while traveling from coast to coast by auto in 1950.

Southern California was develping quite rapidly with half the calls over the continent originated in that region.  New repeaters, filters for noise and network capabilities demonstrated that open wire could be built without loading and bandwidth of non-loaded open wire pairs could be measurably increased.  Furthermore, impedance characteristics allowed higher quality voice and data transmission.  It became clear that a major improvement was necessary and the addition of four major transcontinental routes ought to be added for traffic demands.

According to Nevada Bell officials, the improved 40-wire transcontinental which took the place of the original square redwood posted single ten-pin arm line, was designed and built during 1928-1929.  This line marched along the same easement of the original "T. C." but offered substantial improvements in its design, construction and operation.

First of all, the 1929 T.C. utilized the "W8" crossarm configuration: a ten foot arm, drilled for CS galvanized steel crossarm pins utilizing the new "CS" and later CSC and CSA tempered clear glass low leakage insulators on non-pole pairs of eight-inch separation.  Pole pairs were "phantomed" or offered "side circuits" using Type B steel pins with wooden cobs for No. 42 Hemingray DP glass insulators of the soda lime variety.

Each pair was rigorously and consistently transposed at every other pole using the "R2-5 Type Transposition" scheme.  This design called for a point type transposition at every other pole using heavy duty break irons.  By staggering the transpositions, every other pole would repeat the process of breaking induction on the pairs and thus remove crosstalk more efficiently.

None of these poles were "joint use" and thus removed the potential condition of bleeding a. c. currents in the neighboring communications wires.

The break irons utilized CB short shank steel pins with CS Corning Pyrex-brand insulators.  By utilizing the "modified horseshoe tie," the 165 and 128 mil conductors were fastened to each insulator.  Each end of the conductor was placed in a shotgun barrel sleeve and then twisted to offer a very secure mechanical connection to each length of wire.  No pressed sleeve joints or strand vice (conventions of a much later era) were used on original construction.  Occasionally, there were some "quickie" Western Union-style wire joining--but this was presumably due to urgently joining storm damaged circuits.

Upon initial operation, the line offered 20 voice frequency physical circuits, two phantom voice frequency circuits, 48 high quality carrier circuits, 40 D.C. telegraph circuits, and 40 telegraph circuits in carrier format.  Total capacity was 70 telephone and 80 telegraph circuits--and . . . for its time, a great achievement!

Wire spacings and spans were precisely installed.  Thirty-five feet was the limit to which deviations in pole placement could be made.  In this way, the line was stabilized to a preciseness whereby the sags could be adjusted to a fraction of an inch and the quality of conversational tone was unsurpassed.

In 1940, just before World War II started, this nation had 170 circuits (!) available for transcontinental telephone service.

Council Bluffs, Iowa to Kansas City, Missouri AT&T Long Lines Lead

Having driven the toll lead's route from Kansas City (Platte City) to Council Bluffs, I can assure readers these are the last crosarms intact of the entire 170 miles of line.
Last remaining erect crossarms from the Kansas City-Council Bluffs, Iowa AT&T Long Lines Lead. Note the multiple gains cut into the pole for the other (non-existent) three crossarms.
Only two poles with crossarms remain from this historic regional Long Lines lead wrecked out in the late 1960s.
This is a small pile of debris from the linewrecking of the C. B. - K. C. lead, 1983. Hamburg, Iowa.

Phantom point-type transposition bracket used on the C.B.-K.C. Lead

This particular toll lead was probably built by AT&T Long Lines and operated by them between Council Bluffs, Iowa (Omaha) and Kansas City, Missouri from the mid-1920s to its wrecking in 1970.  It's unique feature was the adoption of phantom-point-type transposition brackets.  The line was heavily adorned with them as well as the use of CS steel pins with CS, CSC and CSA glass.  Point-type 12" transposition break irons were liberally spaced throughout its length nearly at every other structure.  The poles were particularly stout, the number of arms approximately five per pole (near Sidney, Iowa following U. S. 275) and caried several lead cables intermittantly throughout its length.

The line was heavily guyed and anchored with H-fixtures.  It is possible the span distance was 135 feet or less, owing to the large 165 and 128 mil copper conductor sizes used on the upper three arms.  While the line used CS pins and insulators, the spacing was the traditional 10A type arm, drilled for 1/2" pins.  The base of each CS steel pin was bonded to the neighboring pin by a length of 109 line wire attached between the pins associated with that pair.  Pole pairs, on wooden pins, were installed so that phantomed construction could be applied to them.

The toll lead heavily intersected many alternating current electric power transmission links as it traveled north and south by crossing the Iowa-Missouri border for approximately 180 miles.  The line defied conditions relative to a very heavy sleet and ice loading district.  Owing to this fact, the toll lead fetured tight design features, such as applying highly repetitive storm-guyed H-fixtures, double arming on most corners and other heavy strength construction techniques.

As late as 1974, remnants of the original line still stood near Platte City, Missouri, just west of I-29 prior to its intersection with I-35.  By 1985, these remaining poles had disappeared.  Today, just one pole (carrying some aerial cable) exists.  There is a single denuded arm.  Unique, because one carries a phantom bracket with CS type insulators and pins--and  lonely without wires.

In 1979, a pile of old poles, arms and hardware was located just west of Hamburg, Iowa between I-29 and the city.  These were gone by the late 1990s.

Conventional "P" two-piece phantom transposition bracket

These poles are still in use. Note cable and idenfication tags on them as shown below.
Pole tag says "we're still in business" with working aerial cable despite ruins overhead.

Omaha, Nebraska to South Sioux City, Nebraska Northwestern Bell Toll Lead, 1926-1977

In February of 1977, the linewrecking by Northwestern Bell of the last remaining open wire toll lead in Nebraska was in full swing.  NWB News, the "Nebraska-North Dakota-South Dakota" edition, published a front page article about the work then being done, entitled: "Memories buried with toll line's demise."

This process was accompanied with lots of muscle and motor power, and the remaining links between Ft. Calhoun and Omaha, were ones with which several of the linewreckers themselves had possessed considerable personal working experience when it was an operating lead.

Quoting from the construction supervisor on the job, "Man, am I ever glad to see them go.  I must have climbed every pole between Omaha and Sioux City at least twice while I was a lineman."

The bittersweet episode of seeing the last of Nebraska's Bell open wire toll lead come down was not without some regret.  And it was clear the line was putting up quite a fight to relinquish its ground: "It was kind of sad, but it was time for a change.  Those old poles had been in there so long, that they just didn't want to come out," remarked Construction Manager John Severin.

See the full article in NWB News, Volume 7; No. 9, published February 11, 1977.

Omaha, Nebraska to Denver, Colorado AT&T Open Wire Transcontinental Lead

1929 - 1975?

Wet and dry process porcelain DP insulators used on the lead.

This line, which roughly followed re-named I-80S and later I-76, was quite unique.  Not that it employed the traditional 10A arms, conventional phantomed construction and span widths, but its Sterling, Colorado segment where I-76 and Colorado State Highway 71 meet, was nearly completely devoid of glass insulators--dry process brown porcelain DP insulators were installed!  For whatever reason, the line in that particular northeast portion of Colorado, glared back with this unusual crockery bounty.

Defense Backbone Route, Yakima, Washington-Danby, California (1942-2008?)

The "DBR" or Defense Backbone Route was constructed in a "Damned Big Rush," as many of those who had a close connection to its design could attribute.  The 1,317 miles of copperweld aerial wire was hung on two W6 ten-foot fur treated arms, with eight CS steel insulator pins on each arm, each arm separated by 36 inches instead of 24" as in conventional spacing.

Poles were typically 30 foot, but terrain dictated variances at canyons and river crossings.  "Type J" carrier was imployed on the open wire pairs and no phantom construction was used.  Tightness and accuracy of stringing wire necessitated the use of a stop watch to time the wire's oscillations before tying in conductor on CS Pyrex borocilicate clear glass insulators.

Contributing crews to build this new line, which was to serve as a protected and alternative communications route free from Japanese attack on the west coast, included employees of Northwestern Bell, Southwestern Bell, Mountain States, Illinois Bell, and the Long Lines Department of AT&T.

Pacific Bell could spare few men to build this line, so these other companies were called upon to "loan" personnel.

When it came to construction equipment to build the line, again Northwestern Bell, Mountain States, Wisconcsin, Ohio, Southern Bell and New Jersey Bell Companies offered trucks, pole trailers and other stringing equipment for the DBR job.

This particular line was never attacked by the Japanese, nor did it suffer any undue damage until it was linewrecked a few short years ago.  Today, it lives on in memories of Telephone Pioneers.

Southwestern Bell (Gainesville, TX) to Muenster Telephone Company (Ind.), Muenster, TX Unknown date of origin; Died 1963.

View of both tangent and terminal structures, 1999.
These arms still possess the 4-inch point-type transpositions and insulators and remain a monment to the day when the line was dismanted in 1963.

Unfortunately, I have more photos than explanation for this particular lead.  Apparently this line was built back in the 1940s-1950s, then Southwestern Bell spent a considerable amount of money to rehab it in 1962.  I knew one of the people, whose first work for Southwestern Bell was a groundsman on this little project.

Ironically, the next year, the line was taken out of service and dismantled.

The line was the Southwestern Bell interconnection with Muenster Telephone Company, an independent company operating in the "very" German town of Muenster, Texas.  Gainesville was the county seat of Cooke County, Texas, and this author spent many years working in this area.

The line was discovered by a trip to survey a new buried cable route near Lindsay, Texas (west of Gainesville on U. S. 82).  Returning with field notes, one hot summer day in 1998, one last stop took me to a customer just outside of Lindsay.  It was a little residential development with five or six houses requiring buried services.

Spying a terminal pole (looking for wear and tear, older than sin) with disconnected wires on one side of the country road and across from it, a pole in an agricultural storage yard (yet removed) with the crossarms ascance, I stopped to ask the owner about the history of this line.  He mentioned that the original toll lead had crossed his property and always remembered it as long as he had done business there.  Out of respect for some history and homage to his favorite pole, he convinced the linewreckers to leave a few poles.

Shortly before the month of our conversation together (June 1998), two young culprits entered his property, without permission, desiring to remove and steal the crosarms remaining on this pole, nearest the road.  Shimying up the pole with a wrench and gloves, one atop the pole--with another helping on the ground--had only managed to take braces, lag bolts, but knocked the arms helter skelter.  The ten-pin arms remained stubborn and intact.  No arms, insulators, pins or brackets were taken.  He had noticed the change in the early morning when he came out to feed his cows.  Sometime during the night, they worked rather ineffectually and then were frightened off by lights or cars' occupants reporting their suspicious nature on his property.  Since most rural residents in Texas are . . . armed . . . it took some real gumption to try this little stunt.

If you followed the little paved road--County Road 438--from Lindsay, Texas, you would find occasional reminders of the old lead back in the 1990s.  Here are some photos taken during 1999, when a weekend trip took me down those roads.

One farmer so loved the line that when the line wrecking commenced, he informed them that the poles, arms, insulators and hardware were to stay on his land--remove only the wires--he'd keep the six or so poles trotting across his feedlot a living memory.

You'll notice not much left except for one drop bracket on the second set of dead-end arms, a few C-dead-ends remaining and a few strands of bridle wire.  The electronics have been removed, as have the insulators.  There are a couple of CS pins.  The author stopped along a very isolated area of highway and managed to step on something round--which digging around in the grass--revealed a pristine PYREX CS insulator from the line's dismantling.

Railroads Intend To "Wreck Out" Their Open Wire By 2020.

This central Kansas former Missouri-Pacific Lines pole stands on what is now a jogging trail.

Former Plattsmouth, Nebraska Lincoln Telephone & Telegraph (now Alltel) Toll Lead: Unk. Origin-1982(?).

Old U. S. 73-75 highway with former LT&T toll lead, 1979.
This lead used drop brackets only for transpositioning; no phantoms or point-type units were ever seen.

Outside Aerial Plant - Tri-County Telephone Association, Council Grove, KS Died: 1938-2006

Council Grove Telephone, the precursor to Tri-County Telephone Association, a well-managed independent east central Kansas telephone organization, retired their open wire carrier a few years before the last of the aerial wire came down.  The Electric Orphanage took possession of the entire open wire physical plant (with the exception of poles) from Tri-County Telephone Association after linewrecking in 2005-2006.

Tri-County had many two wire bracket leads extending from their extensive network of ten-pin single arm poles.  There was also extensive aerial cable which was also removed during the open wire wrecking.  This was part of a very aggressive campaign by the utility to improve customer services.  While this independent was the last in the state to remove their open wire plant, it buried nearly--if not all--their aerial cable and coax facilities, replacing them with remote subscriber terminals and buried/underground optical fiber.

RST3: Rural Subscriber Terminal No. 3, supplied with fiber from the Council Grove Central Office and located a few miles north of town on K-177.  This particular photo will introduce you to Tri-County's (then) C. O. Manager, Phil Brockmeier, as he opens the access to this ADC-supplied unit.  Note that this illustration portrays three major types of communication media: fiber optic, aerial cable and of course, open wire.

Just north of Council Grove Lake, Kansas.
Burying multi-pair copper to take the place of aerial cable and open wire at Tri-County Telco, autumn of 2006.
300 pair pic cable goes into the ground to serve the future needs of Tri-County Telephone Association and its great people.

During the autumn of 2006, we assembled the crew to have a few photos taken of this event.  The Orphanage Director obtained many excellent photos to utilize for a commemorative 50th anniversary drawing montage.  Naturally, the weather was a contributing major factor to the quality of these illustrations.  We thank Tri-County Telephone for their cooperation of their personnel to have achieved these stunning photos.

AT&T Council Bluffs/Omaha - Sioux City Toll Lead (1925-1973)

Looking south on old U. S. 75 (now Iowa State Highway 183) near Loveland, Iowa.  Line was wrecked out in the summer of 1973.  The aerial cable was maintained until the early 1980s, when it, too, bit the dust and was replaced by buried fiber.  Today, nothing exists here except the highway and empty cornfields.

40-wire toll leads were the most common on this route, however near Missouri Valley and Sioux City, Iowa, one could encounter as many as eight ten-pin 10A arms and several lead cables attached beneath.  When this line was wrecked out in sections during 1971-1973, copper thieves attacked it.  Northwestern Bell alarmed the remaining circuits.  When thieves cut conductors, alarms sounded and the central office personnel could promptly notify authorities.

Dragged and scattered remains of the Council Bluffs-Sioux City, Iowa lead. The Director scavenged items off this farmer's land (with his permission) in order to save a number of artifacts and to assist the Yankton Territorial Musem in 1983.
Double-armed "H" fixture two pole structure from the C. B. - Sioux City lead. Note the Chicago-Northwestern Railway tracks paralleling the Lincoln Highway Extension (old U. S. 75). That CNWRR open wire line was dismantled this year (2011).

Interesting structure as the lead was crossing U. S. 75 and had to make an abrupt turn despite having been assigned to be transposition pole.  Note the phantom or "butterfly" brackets attached to the arms.  Linewreckers picked off the Hemingray No. 42 insulators with the copper conductor.

Tyndall-Wagner/Tyndall-Mitchell, South Dakota Northwestern Bell Toll Lead (1931-1982)

This is a photo of the northbound remains of the Tyndall-Mitchell Toll Lead.  This linewrecking was commenced in 1979, however due to the obstructionist methods undertaken by The Electric Orphanage's Director, complete demolition did finish until late autumn 1982.

This line was one of two toll leads bi-secting at a terminal/junction pole at the northwest corner of the city limits of Tyndall, South Dakota.  The Orphanage's Director, with the assistance of many sympathetic Northwestern Bell personnel (behind the scenes), U. S. Congressional representatives, historical collector associations, the Smithsonian Institution, and a host of other local state cultural officials, attempted to nominate several structures in both north and west directions for inclusion into the National Register of Historic Places in situ.  It would have been the first on record to have been nominated.

Terminal/Junction Structure, 1982.

This Terminal/Junction Pole was located where the toll entrance cables commenced to bring their pairs to Tyndall's Central Office.  The large white boxes are carrier filters, eliminating noise and echo from voice carrier.  Inside them were fuses, which after stormy days, required occasional replacement.  This author met the installer who painfully recalled scampering up and down that particular pole to replace overcurrent protective links which lightning knocked out.

The smaller gray boxes are 24A Auto-transformers.  They matched the impedance of bridle wire (for emergency restoration of circuits) to the values of the 109 line wire, until new wire could be replaced.

Further down the pole were two NC-25 terminals to transition 16-guage bridle wire to ANTW-50 plastic sheathed cable at the base of the pole.  There, at another compound-filled splice, connected the buried portion of the cable to the central office.

August 1982, looking one mile north of Tyndall, South Dakota
Looking east along South Dakota 50A Highway: Tyndall-Wagner Lead, 1982.
Looking east towards Tyndall.
This highway would shortly lose its companion, appearing much more lonely today.

Burlington Northern Santa Fe Omaha-Lincoln-Seward Open Wire Segment, Unk. Origin - Died 2003.

Note variety of 10B (top arm and lowest arm) and 10A arms (middle two). U. S. 6 East towards Greenwood, Nebraska, 1975.
Looking west down Burlington main tracks towards Lincoln, Nebraska, 1979. U. S. 6 is to the left of the photo.
Bird's eye view of Burlington Northern main line lead between Waverly and Greenwood, Nebraska, 1979.
Remains of BNSF Seward-Lincoln, Nebraska portion of retired open wire, 2003
Burlington Northern lead with point-type Hubbard transposition brackets visible. Note the fiberglass spool insulators on the near pole location top arm bracket.

Burlington Northern Santa Fe Ft. Worth-Denver main line tracks, Bowie-Bellevue-Wichita Falls, Texas. WWI period - June 1999.

In Bellevue, Texas city limits, the BNSF main tracks between Ft. Worth and Denver. Leaning non-functional signal circuits with horseshoe clamp strand for cable also visible.
In nearly complete disrepair, this portion was dismantled by 2001.
Many of these artifacts, after linewrecking in 2000, were provided to The Electric Orphanage through BNSF.
Looking east along U. S. 287 South. Bellevue, Texas in background, 1997.
Ruins of the age of aerial wire . . .
Left to die . . .


text:
Perth Glory interested in signing Michael Owen

PERTH, Australia (AP) -- Former England striker Michael Owen is reported to be interested in playing for Perth Glory in the A-League.

A local Western Australian newspaper report quoted a team spokesman as saying the club was interested in signing the current Stoke City player who has scored 40 goals in 89 internationals for England.

It said Owen's agent had been in contact with the team, but that negotiations were in their early stages.

The 33-year-old Owen, who has also played at Liverpool, Real Madrid and Manchester United, would join Juventus and Italy great Alessandro Del Piero (Sydney FC), former England striker Emile Heskey (Newcastle) and Japan's Shinji Ono (Western Sydney) as recent A-League marquee signings.


text:
Committee OKs two Ohio nominees for appeals court

By JESSE J. HOLLAND Associated Press Published:

WASHINGTON Two nominees from Ohio for federal appeals court judgeships were approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee as Democrats complained that majority Republicans were rushing them through the confirmation hearing. Democrats objected on Wednesday to being forced to question Columbus, Ohio attorney Jeffrey Sutton and Ohio Supreme Court Justice Deborah Cook, along with a third judge, on the same day.